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Non-Toxic Shot & Non-Toxic-Shot-Only-Areas
Kansas requires non-toxic shot for hunting ALL migratory game birds except dove and woodcock. This includes ducks, geese, coots, mergansers, rails, sandhill cranes, and snipe. Legal shot is steel, bismuth-tin, tungsten-polymer, tungsten-iron, tungsten matrix, tungsten-nickle-iron, tungsten-ironnickel- tin, and steel shot coated with copper, nickel, zinc chromate, or zinc chloride.
It is illegal to possess lead shot while hunting waterfowl or hunting in a Non-Toxic-Shot-Only area. "Possession" means that lead shot cannot be in a hunter's gun, pockets, or in reach while in the process of hunting. Lead shot left in a vehicle is not considered "in possession."
In these areas, non-toxic shot is the only shotgun load allowed, whether ducks, upland game, or other small game are being hunted.
- Benedictine Bottoms Wildlife Area
- Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area
- Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge
- Herron Playa Wildlife Area
- Isabel Wetlands Wildlife Area
- Jamestown Wildlife Area
- Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge
- Marais des Cygnes NWR
- Marais des Cygnes Wildlife Area
- McPherson Wetlands Wildlife Area
- Neosho Wildlife Area
- Otter Creek Wildlife Area
- Quivira NWR
- Slate Creek Wildlife Area
- Stein Playa Wildlife Area
- Texas Lake Wildlife Area
- Wild Turkey Playa Wildlife Area
- other areas as posted
NOTE: Birds such as pelicans, cormorants, grebes, herons, gulls, and shorebirds not listed in this brochure are illegal to take or possess under federal and state law.

subset: commoncrawl


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News Republic, known for its global news aggregation app, is launching version 3.0 with several new features on 26 February.
Beyond the user-interface enhancements, version 3.0 of News Republic will give users the ability to build their own news channels, custom tailored to what they want to see -- similar to Google Currents.
Hundreds of selected news sources, blogs, and other forms of media will be broken up into categories, allowing users to split the news into topics they want and be alerted in real time.
In a Flipboard-like user interface, users can swipe between stories and categories. There's also a feature in the article reading mode that allows readers to express their mood with other readers: astonished, pleased, indifferent and so on. The typical Facebook integration is also present for easy sharing.
When reading an article, users can swipe the screen for more stories in the categories. News Republic's Tagnav feature also presents different categories, related to what you like to read.
News Republic 3.0 will be available free on iPhone and iPad from 26 February on the App Store.


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The Chevy Impala is still one of the most sought after cars to lowride and recently it has been growing in popularity amongst the hot-rod community as well. This constant demand has sent car builders looking far and wide for these cars, and with this demand, the non-compliant builders have moved to building custom four-door and station wagon versions of our beloved Impala. From clean daily drivers to weekend family cruisers and all-out custom rides, theses wagons have graced the pages of LRM and cruised low on streets across the US.
Wagons are great for all of those builders who desire the best of an Impala and the functionality of a midsize SUV. To maximize the storage capacity and to use the extra passenger room available with the flip-up seat, the factory provided the perfect space for a modest sound system to live in the spare tire area. The beauty of the spare tire well is that it's out of the way and will provide your bass out of the rear side panel much like the newer GM SUVs.
In the past, we've shown you how to design and lay out different types of custom enclosures and usually it's for a hot look or to maximize space. In the case of our wagon, we need to maximize space, make the enclosure fully removable, and of course we want it to look good. The theme for this particular installation was stealth with custom flare. To achieve this, we opted to build the entire system into the side panel and contain it within the factory cover for the stealth effect and dress the installation properly so that when the cover is removed there will be something to write about.
There are always obstacles to contend with in a custom installation, and in our case the decision to mount everything in the side panels could cause heat issues with the amplifiers. To overcome this, we will be using the moving air from the subwoofer to keep things from getting stale. To do this, we need to make sure that there's a constant supply of fresh air for the subs to use and that the amplifiers have enough room around them to take advantage of this moving air.
Dressing the enclosure and its surrounding area is another key to this installation. In the area under the package tray, we have many luxuries that cannot be taken advantage of in this particular type of installation. First, we have the wide open space that allows us to build a standard box. Next, we have many squared-off areas that provide us plenty of edges to use for a clean-looking yet simple to build beauty panel.
The last thing that immediately comes to mind is the simplicity of the upholstering of this beauty panel. In our confined area, we have multiple angles to contend with, which makes it virtually impossible to create a simple enclosure that will both maximize space and still remain fully removable. As for the beauty panel, or panels in this case, we have compound angles that turn in, up, over and around, thus taking the simple out of our beauty panel. Follow along and watch our small enclosed area turn into an upholstered work of automotive art.


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LA Eggman necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 74 diseños de 17 diseñadores freelance.
The Mighty Egg / themightyegg.com
I am a filmmaker and independent reseller of The Egg technology, which is an online distribution system for film and video content. We are a grassroots company, a group of friends with some great ideas, and I want the logo to reflect that (as opposed to looking like a big corporation with DEEP pockets). It's all about street cred.
The Egg is a customized digital vessel which keeps the video content safe from pirates, while offering full HD trailers and video, and bonus materials to consumers, and gives the filmmaker/content provider advertising and merchandising capabilities from within the viewing platform, or to put it another way, from within the fully customized player itself. Our Silver-ray video compression rivals Blu-Ray. Sorry Sony!
The way we work is that filmmakers come to me to get access to our content providers' application website eggup.com, and then their projects populate our consumers' website goeggit.com.
In case you're wondering, NO, we will NOT be handling porn. After all, I'm a dad!
We are reaching filmmakers and distribution companies in the U.S. and abroad, and in the first phase, we'll be contacting mostly indies.
The age range is just as broad as their backgrounds. The real ages are anywhere from 18-60, but the mentality-age is about 25-30; youthful, but experienced, and with the foresight to see that the internet will soon be fully integrated into our daily lives if it isn't yet.
Filmmakers in general are a cool and hip type of people. Trendy (iphones are standard) but not openly so (you won't find Calvin Klein printed on their Calvin Klein T-shirts). Macs are a must. They usually like to be the first to participate in a new trend or new way of doing things. But before doing so, they need to be able to trust the trend.
And they can be quite a bit fussy.
The logo should be an egg. It will be our graphic identity. Street Cred!
.jpg is fine.
Some or a lot of 3D in the design would be great if possible! Anime style is ok, too!
I would like for it to be sleek, cool, sexy, professional, trustworthy, and embracing of the current internet culture.
I would not like for the logo to look cheap, cheesy, hokey, bogus.
The company name doesn't NEED to be included, but if you feel like it, go ahead and throw it in!
One way to think about it is Banksy meets Dali. Or, rather, if Dali was a graffiti artist. If this perspective doesn't work for you, disregard it. I just find their work inspiring.
The concept for the Logo is that the egg is "bursting" at its seams. I don't necessarily mean exploding. More like receding, retreating, evaporating smoothly. The electric blue within the egg should be very energetic, the old moving while standing still trick; rippling, writhing.
Colors: Silver/chrome, mercurial, quicksilver surface of the egg; Electric Blue light (possibly a solid, liquid or smoke) emanating from within. Possible colors: black, grey, white.
The attached files are pretty straightforward. Included are the logos from our content providers' site as well as our consumers' site. The 'Eggsterior' sketch is conceptually what I had in mind for the egg exterior.
These are simply guidelines, a place to start. Rock that Egg!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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I guess I'll have to tout this myself. Last week, the Hill newspaper put me on its list of "the 100 people you can't ignore this fall if you're wondering how events in Congress and the White House will play out." Here's the write-up:
Michael Cannon Director of health policy studies at the Cato InstituteThink the Supreme Court has settled the question of ObamaCare's legality? Not if Cannon has anything to say about it. Cannon is a tireless advocate for the argument that the IRS has illegally implemented the healthcare law's insurance subsidies, which will help low-income households cover the cost of their premiums.His argument is that healthcare law, as written, does not allow for the subsidies to be used in healthcare marketplaces that are set up by the federal government.He helped the state of Oklahoma file a lawsuit against the subsidies, and a group of small businesses filed a separate suit on the same grounds, in case Cannon's runs into procedural roadblocks.If the lawsuits Cannon has spearheaded are successful, they could have a devastating impact on the healthcare law. A final decision in favor would stop the flow of tax subsidies to people in more than half of the states, making ObamaCare far less attractive to consumers and stripping away much of the law's promise of affordability.
Corrections and amplifications. The argument is as much Jonathan Adler's as mine; we develop it together in this law-journal article. The argument is not that the IRS is illegally implementing otherwise lawful subsidies; it is that the IRS is trying to dispense some $700 billion in illegal subsidies that Congress expressly did not authorize, and impose illegal taxes on millions of employers and individual Americans starting in 2014; that the Obama administration is attempting to tax, borrow, and spend nearly $1 trillion without congressional authorization. Finally, I am neither a party nor counsel nor financier to either Pruitt v. Sebelius or Halbig v. Sebelius.


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Varga Runs for 220 Yards Playing Quarterback
NEW YORK – The Yale football team, playing with sophomore tailback Tyler Varga filling in as quarterback with the top three signal-callers all out due to injury, came within 45 seconds of finding a way to win at Columbia. But ultimately, the Lions were able to overcome an outstanding effort by Varga in his new role -- he ran for 220 yards and three touchdowns -- and beat the Elis 26-22 on a last-minute touchdown pass.
Yale (2-5, 1-3 Ivy League) was coming off a win over Penn that proved costly in terms of injuries. Freshman quarterback Eric Williams, who had started the first six games, was injured early in that game. The Bulldogs won with senior Derek Russell and freshman Logan Scott filling in, but injuries sidelined those two as well. That left Varga as the best option, as he had played some quarterback in high school and had already established himself as a key part of the offense, averaging 103 rushing yards per game.
"No team expects what happened [losing three quarterbacks]," said Varga. "But Coach [Tony] Reno [Yale's Joel E. Smilow '54 Head Coach of Football] has been harping on it all year, telling us to expect the unexpected. What happened, happened. You've just got to keep moving forward."
The scoring started slowly. Columbia (2-5, 1-3 Ivy League) drove to the Yale 11 on its opening drive before pressure forced quarterback Sean Brackett into an incompletion on third down. The Lions settled for a 28-yard field goal by Luke Eddy.
Varga came out as Yale's starting quarterback shortly after returning the kickoff. While that drive was unsuccessful, the Bulldogs began clicking with him at the helm in the second quarter. Varga's first and only completed pass came early in the second quarter, when he raced to his left before tossing the ball forward to senior tailback Mordecai Cargill, who took off for an 18-yard gain with a 15-yard Columbia penalty tacked on at the end. Two plays later, Varga kept the ball for himself and raced into the end zone for a 28-yard touchdown. That capped a 94-yard drive that took just seven plays and 2:35 to put Yale up 7-3.
The Bulldogs gave up two points later in the quarter when Varga was tackled in the end zone for a safety after he could not handle a snap deep in Yale territory.
Meanwhile, the Yale defense continued to keep the pressure on Columbia. Sacks by senior defensive end Dylan Drake and junior defensive end Beau Palin on consecutive drives in the second quarter helped keep the Lions offense from getting any closer than the Yale 39.
A Yale fumble enabled Columbia to start a drive that got to the Yale one-yard line late in the first half. But the Bulldogs stuffed a fourth-and-one run from there, with Palin and senior cornerback Kurt Stottlemyer making the play. Stottlemyer also picked off a last-second heave by Brackett on the final play of the first half, keeping Yale's 7-5 lead intact at the break.
The Bulldogs fumbled on the opening play of the third quarter, setting Columbia up at the Yale 32. But Drake stopped a pair of runs from there, and after an incompletion Columbia was facing fourth-and-four from the Eli 26. A pass attempt from there fell incomplete, getting the Yale offense right back on the field.
Varga then engineered another touchdown drive, running for 52 yards on seven carries -- including a three-yard dash up the middle into the end zone at 8:33 of the third. One of his best plays was not even a run -- while trapped behind the line of scrimmage and in danger of getting sacked, he stayed on his feet long enough to throw the ball away for an incompletion to avoid a loss of about 10 yards.
Columbia answered with its first touchdown drive of the day, with Brackett tossing a four-yarder into the end zone for wide receiver Jake Wanamaker to cap a 14-play, 75-yard drive with 1:51 left in the third.
A 30-yard punt return set the Columbia offense up at the Yale 48 late in the third, but the Bulldogs' third sack of the day (by Palin and senior defensive tackle Nick Daffin) quickly knocked the Lions off schedule. But Columbia converted a pair of third downs to get to the Yale two for a first-and-goal. Brackett scored on a keeper from a yard out to put Columbia up 19-14 with 11:38 to play.
The Columbia defense still had no answer for Varga, though. On the next drive he ran for 71 yards, with his only blemish being an incompletion on his fourth pass attempt of the day. He more than made up for that by cutting a run back to the left sideline on second-and-10 from the Lion 25, outracing the defense to get the ball in for a touchdown at the near pylon. The Bulldogs got the two-point conversion with Cargill running the ball up the middle to put Yale up 22-19 with 7:30 to play.
Senior placekicker Philippe Panico had to make a touchdown-saving tackle on the ensuing kickoff, and the Lions started at the Yale 44. A tackle for loss by Drake helped force Columbia to try a 41-yard field goal that went wide left.
Yale took over at its own 24 looking to run out the clock with 5:37 to play, and the Bulldogs appeared on pace to do so until disaster struck. Varga followed a block by Cargill to get a crucial third-down conversion in the final minutes, but two plays later a fumble gave the ball back to the Lions. They then drove 59 yards for the go-ahead touchdown, a pass from Brackett to tailback Marcorus Garrett from two yards out to make the score 26-22 Columbia with 45 seconds to play.
The final score overshadowed Varga's big day, as no quarterback in Yale history had ever run for more yards in a game (the previous rushing record for a quarterback was 204 by Nick Crawford '92 in 1991 vs. Penn). Overall, Varga's effort ranked sixth all-time at Yale, 56 yards away from the record set by Mike McLeod '08 in 2007 vs. Lehigh.
"It's fun to play under pressure, in my opinion," Varga said. "But I don't really like losing, to be honest with you."
Yale travels to Brown next Saturday.
Report by Sam Rubin '95 (email@example.com), Yale Sports Publicity
Be the first to know what's going on with the Bulldogs -- Follow @YaleAthletics on Twitter, become a fan of Yale Athletics on Facebook!.


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Daily Chapel has been a valued Oklahoma Christian tradition since the university began in 1950. It provides a time to focus on our Creator, worship together as a community, deepen faith, and seek inspiration.
In addition to "Big Chapel," offered each weekday at 11:00 am in Hardeman Auditorium, OC also offers specialized gatherings like Missions Chapel, Seekers Chapel, Women's Chapel, Great Songs Chapel and Departmental Chapels.
Chapel programs are part of the "Worship" dimension in OC's ETHOS Spiritual Life initiative.
First Chapel Traditions
Here are some of the classic traditions that make up the experience of the first day of Chapel every fall.
Space Chapel
Astronaut Doug Wheelock spoke to the OC community in Chapel after he returned from his mission as commander of the International Space Station.
Astronaut Weelock from the ISS
Astronaut Doug Wheelock appeared live from the International Space Station in a first-of-its-kind "Space Chapel."
International Chapel
Special "International Chapels" celebrate the rich diversity of OC students and the opportunities our students have to study abroad.


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Bulleit 95 Rye Whiskey, 45% abv (90 Proof), $25
Bulleit 95 Rye is the latest product from Bulleit Distilling Co. Owned by Diageo, Bulleit doesn't technically distill its Bourbon or their new Rye. They contract with other distilleries to produce both of these whiskeys (the bourbon is made at Four Roses). The new 95 Rye gets its name from the 95% rye grain mash bill from Lawrenceburg Distillers Indiana (LDI). Originally meant to be used as a blending whiskey, a number of bottlers have begun contracting or purchasing "juice" from LDI to independently bottle. This is the latest to do so, and it's one of the best.
Color: Deep Golden
Nose: Pungent aroma of gin botanicals, pine needles, fresh lemon zest and honey, ground cinnamon, clove. Bit of mint in the background
Palate: The gin botanicals never leave for long, are spiked with white pepper, hot cinnamon, chili, and wrapped around a moderately sweet core of vanilla infused honey and burned sugar.
Finish: Dry, peppery spice, juniper, and fresh clean oak. A wave of warmth and cinnamon spice remains.
Overall: Bulleit 95 Rye is a welcomed addition to the Rye Whiskey world. Like much of the LDI whiskeys out there, it's distinct, well made, and delivers great rye flavor. It could do well with a touch more sweetness and weight, but it keeps you coming back for more with an array of high notes and spicy flavors. Factor in the $25 price tag and there's a lot of value here. This rye sips perfectly well on its own and will shine in cocktails where the whiskey is the star.
Sour Mash Manifesto Rating: 8.7 (Very Good/Excellent)


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Wednesday, February 22, 2012
Y'know, my problem with this isn't that the original was only 13 years ago. My problem is that the THIRD movie - which was also about them all being adults wistful about their high-school days - was barely NINE years ago.
Also, I've got to ask... these movies are largely being made by people much older than the characters themselves; but am I the only one who notices how incongruous the whole "mid-30s adulthood grind" thing mus feel compared to what seems to be the REAL situations of the generation that graduated when these kids are supposed to have? I mean, did no one writing this look at the current economy, demographic studies, the THOUSANDS of books written about "Boomerang Kids" etc and pick up that Generation Y is by-and-large NOT at the "world wear rat-race" point that they (the writers/producers) may have been? I mean, Jim is married, has kids and a house of his own in his mid-30s!? Dear lord, what's he got to be weary about - compared to the rest of his generation his fucking SUPERMAN!!!"
16 comments:
- Angry Man said...
oh god, I didn't know the "American" movies were still a thing... buggggggggggggggggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
As someone the same age/demographic as you, Bob, I'm very much inclined to agree. These guys are supposed to be a year younger than us? I was class of '98. Most of my old high school friends are lost in their own miasma or trying to parley a Master's of Fine Arts into managing a taco truck (true story.)
While I can't say I'm going to boycott this movie on principle that it's an entirely unrealistic view of my generation (the whole series is hyperbole, anyway) I will likely end up seeing it when it's on Netflix streaming 6 months after release.
To be perfectly honest: I *like* American Pie, at least the first two films. I'm pretty much the exact same age as you are (I turned 31 a week ago), and when the first movie hit cinemas back in '99 I hated it out of principle, because I was all alternative and goth and edgy. Sigh. Whoever said the 90s sucked? :D
Anyway. After repeated viewings and some maturing I've come to a realization: American Pie might not be a John Hughes movie, but it pulls all the right strings at all the right places. I feel about it the same way I feel about, for example, Judd Apatow's output (chiefly among them: Superbad) or the first Harold&Kumar: Yes, it's sophomoric and crude, but it has fucking heart. It is sincere. The characters might be exagerated, but they are real.
And that's, essentially, what makes those movies efficent and, yes, good comedies.
They might not be great, but they are way, way better films than abominable imintations like the Hangover movies.
- J.C. Hedges said...
I think it's interesting that while I'm super nostalgic about 90's cartoons like Mighty Max, I'm not at all nostalgic about the movie that introduced me to BREASTS when I was ten. You'd think I'd be more greatful. Either way I'm not watching this.
- Popcorn Dave said...
Ahh, too true. I'm 26 and very few of my classmates have anything close to the suburban 9-to-5 wife-and-kids ideal. Seems like a wasted opportunity really, it would have been nice to at least pay lip service to the fact that this generation has bigger problems than being tempted by super-hot 18 year olds.
- Gavin McQue said...
As someone 20 who lives with a bunch of 20 year olds, these movies do have a lot of nostalgic value to them and they're looking forward to it (I wasn't allowed to watch them so not so much for me). So yeah, not so much a reflection of real life as it is wish-fulfillment, even this plot seems to be wish fulfillment about the future our generation will be avoiding for as long as possible.
Does anyone think that this movie is going to be a box office hit?
I'm afraid I can't get to excited about it either. At least many of those in the cast that were lacking in a theatrical released gig got another much needed job though.
- Uncle Tim said...
Are you seriously and without irony saying you're disappointed that a comedy film series whose defining moment is a guy fucking a pie doesn't accurately reflect the social and economic conditions of the generation it depicts?
- Mads said...
I'm 26, and all my mates are 25-28.
I was the target age group of the original, so I'm probably supposed to be the person who's excited about this...
Except this film is obviously for dudebro's. What kind of dudebro?, The kind that went to business school of course. Accountants and controllers, financial analysts and salesmen.
Obviously, the problems are first world problems, every one of them...but this demographic is marrying when they're a couple of years out of university and they have a steady job. My 28 years old cousin just got married 6 months ago, and while he doesn't have a kid, he could easily have a one-years-old right now.
These people aren't intellectuals, they buy houses or apartments, like to party (and they bartend or have at some point, obviously), and they're doing boring ass work so they feel their life outside of work must be their identity.
And you know, even though I was the target demographic, I was always a nerd and budding intellectual, so I wasn't _really_ ever the target demographic. But this kid in my class who currently attends customers at a bank and arrange loans for them? Who played soccer really well, was a prick and a bully, and took the safest path of least education onto the job market and is now living down a hellishly boring career?
He was the target demographic then and probably is now.
Don't get me wrong, I did watch american pie, and I did have fun - but it's a dumb fuckin' movie for people who made boring ass choices in life, but who _are_ probably financially secure.
- Mister Linton said...
@everyone whining about Jim's life situation in his mid thirties: u jelly?
- biomechanical923 said...
I agree with Bob on this one.
High School movies are not for high-schoolers. They're for kids, who watch it and say "I can't WAIT until I'm 16-18, it's gonna be AWESOME".
I never liked high school movies because they're all the same: "Somebody's parents went away on vacation, party time!"
I guess it's hard to embrace and support other people's sexual liberation when my appearance pretty much made me untouchable.
- MovieBob said...
I wouldn't say it like that... but yeah, I kinda am.
Part of what was supposed to be noteworthy about the original "American Pie" was that it was pulling the then-moribund "Teen Sex Comedy" genre out of the Hughes/Heckerling retread loop it'd been stuck in for a bit and placing it in a context that more directly reflected of the social/sexual dynamics of actual high-school aged audiences of the moment: AIDs etc not being the ultimate hovering black cloud, helicopter/buddy parents instead of "invasive prude" parents, the web etc. being part of the equation and so forth.
As such, it's kind of off-putting - at least to me - that what is positioning itself as THE "Surprise! You're grownups!" movie for Generation Y looks like EXACTLY the same movie you could make for any other generation's HS Reununion movie. Especially considering that there's MUCH more potential for both comedy and (theoretical) poignancy in a version where these guys get together for their "wow, look how much we've changed!" reunion and realize that they really HAVEN'T progressed hardly at all since High School - which I imagine would be genuinely relevent to GenY now in the same way that the Jim & Jim's Dad stuff or "wait - SHE used ME!?" stuff in the first one was to them back then.
- biomechanical923 said...
what is positioning itself as THE "Surprise! You're grownups!" movie for Generation Y
I think Hollywood has been doing this for a few years already now. Apatow's been pushing that message since "Knocked Up" and there's been a wave of the same sentiment coming this year with movies like "Young Adult"
- Mads said...
On that point, Bob, you're right - I mean, I _do_ think it strikes a cord with a number of gen y'ers...but something like "funny people" _does_ really strike such a cord...Or Clerks 2, for that matter.
In my oppinion, anyway.
- Uncle Tim said...
Perhaps your mileage may vary, but most of my friends from high school, who are at about the generation level of those depicted in the film (I graduated a few years before the release of the first film) seem to be at exactly the "world-weary rat-race" point the film seems to depict: they have families and careers and children and mortgages and the high school years seem far away indeed, so I'd say that does reflect real situations. A lot of people do experience that progression and it's a scary realization, one that I think is much more interesting that a state of arrested development (although Stifler seems to be about there from what we see in the trailer).
Beyond all that, in the end it is a comedy and not a hard-hitting depiction of a generation's woes. As you mention earlier in your initial rant, it is a fantasy more or less, one that's designed to entertain. Along those lines, one might as well complain that Captain America fails to accurately depict the trauma felt by WWII soldiers in the field or the horrors of the Holocaust.
- Philbo said...
As a 21 year old Brit, I enjoyed the originals because I was too young to be watching them, because they were funny, and because they described an Ideal of American highschool life that I enjoyed as an outsider the same way I enjoyed American Graffiti, Porkies, and Dazed and Confused.
It doesn't matter to me that these movies are not comparable to my life.
Not everyone gets to be the Quarterback, not everyone goes to Oxford/Cambridge, not everyone etc etc.
I will watch the movie, and if the characters are relateable enough to the previous movies that their progression seems believable, and the way they act in this movie is realistic enough to the situations this movie presents, AND IT IS FUNNY, I'll enjoy it.


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South African Journal of Science
On-line version ISSN 1996-7489
Print version ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.110 n.5-6 Pretoria Mar. 2014
A review on opportunities for the development of heat pump drying systems in South Africa
Thomas Kivevele; Zhongjie Huan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
Recently, it has been discovered that heat pump drying is an efficient method of drying for drying industries. Heat pumps deliver more heat during the drying process than the work input to the compressor. Heat pump drying is a more advanced method than the traditional South African industrial and agricultural drying methods, such as direct/indirect sunlight, wood burning, fossil fuel burning, electrical heating and diesel engine heating. Heat pump dryers provide high energy efficiency with controllable temperature, air flow and air humidity and have significant energy-saving potential. In the last decade the market for heat pump systems for water heating and space cooling/heating has grown in South Africa, but the development of heat pumps for industrial and agricultural drying is very slow. As a result of high increases in fossil fuel prices and electricity in South Africa, as well as the problem of CO2 emissions, green energy, energy saving and energy efficiency are imperative. The development of heat pump drying systems in South Africa is an efficient way to solve energy problems in drying applications as this technology is still in its infancy. We review studies on heat pump drying and compare the methods therein with the most common methods of drying in South Africa.
Keywords: heat pump; drying; specific moisture extraction rate; coefficient of performance; energy efficiency
Heat pump drying (HPD) is a technology by which materials can be dried at low temperature and in an oxygen-free atmosphere, using less energy than common drying methods. HPD is therefore advantageous for drying biological materials which are thermally sensitive and oxygen sensitive.1 Drying is a key process in many food industries and in many agricultural countries; large quantities of food products are dried to improve shelf life, reduce packaging cost, lower shipping weights, enhance appearance, encapsulate original flavour and maintain nutritional value.1 The primary objective of drying is to remove moisture from the food so that bacteria, yeast and mould cannot grow and spoil the food. Economic consideration, environmental concerns and product quality aspects are the three main goals of drying process research in the food industry.2 In many cases, the drying process is applicable to seasonal biological materials such as fruits and vegetables, so that they can be stored for as long as possible and be available out of season.3
Traditional methods of drying biological materials such as fruits, grains, nuts and vegetables have been widely employed in South Africa. The well-known drying methods employ direct/indirect sunlight, wood and fossil fuel burning, electrical heating and diesel engine heating. However, the majority of these methods result in smoke and other emissions which have negative effects on human health and contribute to climate change. In addition, a review of the literature reveals that commercial dryers are highly inefficient. A reason for this inefficiency is that commercial dryers are generally not equipped with heat recovery facilities, whereas heat pumps can provide a very efficient means of recovering both sensible as well as latent heat. A heat pump also delivers more heat than the work input to the compressor. Heat pump assisted dryers are approximately 10 times more efficient than traditional drying systems.2 A limited number of studies have reported the benefits of HPDs for industrial and agricultural applications in South Africa as depicted in Table 1. Therefore, application of HPD systems in South Africa is of great importance.4
Meyer and Greyvenstein4 performed an economic analysis of drying grain using heat pumps and other methods such as direct electrical heating and diesel engine burning. They discovered that using heat pumps was more economical than using direct electrical heaters, provided that the apparatus was used for 3 months or longer. They also reported that for a working period of less than 3 months, open heat pumps were cheaper than closed heat pumps and vice versa for an active period of 3 months or longer. However, they did not elaborate on the coefficient of performance (COP) of the designed heat pump or the specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) - the main factors which describe the efficiency of the heat pumps when compared to direct electrical dyers.3
In South Africa, 80% of farmers use diesel burners to heat the air to dry biological materials such as grains.4 Most of these diesel burners were installed when diesel was relatively cheap. However, the price of diesel has increased considerably over the past few years and diesel heating is no longer the first choice for drying. South Africa also has experienced an increase in the number and types of drying processes for various industrial, commercial and residential applications, which has resulted in increased energy consumption. It is important to develop the market for HPD systems in South Africa, as the technology is still in its infancy. Most research in this area has been conducted in Europe and Asia (see Table 1). Therefore, the results are based on European and Asian environmental and climatic conditions, and cannot be directly applied to another region with different conditions, like South Africa. With the high consumption of energy in South Africa and pressure from the government and concerned bodies, it is important that such technologies (HPD systems) are investigated for local applications.4 The objective of this review was to provide an overview of heat pump dryers and a comparison with traditional drying methods in South Africa.
Historical development of heat pump drying
Traditional methods for drying biological material have been widely employed around the world. As stated before, the most common methods employ direct or indirect sunlight and wood burning. Although these methods are cheap, there are problems associated with them, such as poor-quality dried products, no control over the drying process, possible contamination of the product by dirt, possible interference by rodents and other animals, infestation by insects or mould and exposure of the product to rain and wind, which causes repeated wetting and re-drying. HPD has been found to be more economical than these traditional drying methods.26
Heat pumps are heat-generating devices that transfer heat in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from an area of low temperature and releasing it to a warmer area. Heat pumps are widely used in water and space heating applications. They generally work via vapour-compression cycles or absorption-compression cycles. Although vapour-compression cycles date to 1834, the first commercialised machine was produced in 1850; heat pumps were not originally very popular because of their high installation costs.27 Heat pumps were first commercially produced in the USA in the 1930s, but only became popular in the 1970s because of reduced operating costs. Approximately one-third of all single-family homes built in the USA were heated by heat pumps in 1984.27 Recently, progress has been made in alternative industrial applications of heat pumps, especially in the dehumidification and drying of agricultural products.4,28,29
Hodgett's30 and Geeraert's31 studies reported on the first heat pump dehumidifier in 1973. Hodgett reported that the energy consumption of HPDs was lower than that of conventional steam-heated dryers, and the results concurred with those of Geeraert31 who studied the application of HPD in timber drying. Tai et al.32 reported advantages of HPDs such as high energy savings and a wide range of drying conditions with respect to temperature and humidity. Zylla et al.33 concluded that the SMER increased as the relative humidity of the dryer outlet air increased. Cunney and Williams34 reported that a well-designed engine-driven heat pump could achieve a reduction of about 30-50% in drying energy cost. Newbert35 showed that energy consumption could be reduced by 40% when drying malt with a coupled gas engine heat pump dryer. In 1988, about 7% of industrial heat pumps were used for drying. These heat pumps represented an installed capacity of 60 MW.14 In 1992, Meyer and Greyvenstein4 analysed the life-cycle cost of HPD applications for grain drying in South Africa.
Principle of HPD
A HPD system consists mainly of two subsystems: a heat pump (refrigeration system) and a drying chamber. Heat pumps can transfer heat from natural heat sources in the surroundings (such as the air, ground or water), or from industrial or domestic waste, or from a chemical reaction or dryer exhaust air. The drying chamber can be a tray, fluid bed, rotary or band conveyor. A basic heat pump dryer consists of a heat pump (including a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator), a dryer and air cycling circuits, which connect the heat pump and the dryer (Figure 1). The working principle of closed HPDs (as shown in Figure 1) is that the exhausted air from the dryer enters the evaporator of the heat pump, where it is cooled and the moisture in the air is condensed and removed. The cool and dry air from the evaporator then goes into the condenser of the heat pump and is heated. The hot and dry air then enters the dryer and absorbs the moisture in the materials being dried in the dryer and becomes exhausted air at the outlet of the dryer, and the cycle repeats. Because the heat pump retrieves the heat in the exhausted air to heat the air entering the dryer while it removes the moisture in the exhausted air, it achieves a high energy efficiency in the drying of biological materials which are thermally and oxygen sensitive. In an open cycle, exhausted air is not re-circulated and the HPD uses ambient air as the heating source.
The energy efficiency of the HPD is strongly influenced by the relative humidity of the exhausted air from the dryer in the closed-cycle HPDs depicted in Figures 1 and 2. When the relative humidity of the exhausted air is low, a low evaporating temperature in the heat pump evaporator is needed to remove the moisture in the exhausted air, which leads to a large temperature difference between the evaporator and the condenser, resulting in low energy efficiency in the heat pump and the heat pump dryer. The way to remedy this situation is to let some of the exhausted air flow through the evaporator and condenser, and the remaining air bypass the evaporator, and then the two portions mix before the dryer or use a damper as shown in Figure 2 (air mix). This process may raise the relative humidity of the exhausted air and reduces the energy consumption of the heat pump dryer, but it needs a careful capacity control of the heat pump.
Another way to solve the problem of low relative humidity of the exhausted air is by adding a desiccant unit which is parallel with the evaporator to share part of the moisture-removing load, as depicted in Figure 3. There are two parallel air ducts in this system. One is the heat pump air duct which includes air valve 1, the evaporator and condenser. The other is the desiccant duct which includes air valve 2 and the desiccant unit. The desiccant unit is a moisture storage container and is filled with steam adsorbents. The heat pump and the desiccant unit work alternately. The heat pump in this system is different from that in the basic heat pump dryer (Figure 1) in that there are two parallel refrigerant circuits. The first circuit consists of the compressor, valve 1, the heat sink, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator, and the second circuit consists of the compressor, valve 2, heating tubes, expansion valve and the heat sink. The heat pump refrigerant cycles through different circuits in different drying stages. A working period is divided into three stages for the batch drying of biological materials. In the first stage, there is more water in the material and the heat and mass transfer between the hot air and material is extensive, so the relative humidity of the exhausted air is high. In this stage, the heat pump works with valve 1 open and valve 2 closed, and the heat pump refrigerant flows in the first circuit. At the same time, air valve 1 is open and air valve 2 is closed. The exhausted air flows through the heat pump duct, the moisture in the exhausted air is condensed and removed in the evaporator, and then heated in the condenser. After most moisture in the materials has been removed, the hot air cannot get enough water from the materials in the dryer, and so the relative humidity of the exhausted air becomes low, and the drying process enters the second stage.
In the second stage, the heat pump stops, air valve 1 is closed and air valve 2 is open, the exhausted air flows through the desiccant duct, and the desiccant unit begins to work. The moisture in the exhausted air is absorbed by the desiccant, and the dry air is heated simultaneously by the heat of adsorption. When the water content in the materials reduces to the required level, the second stage ends and the drying process of the materials is also over. After the dried materials have been taken out of the dryer, the third stage begins. In this stage, the heat pump works to regenerate the desiccant. As valve 1 is closed and valve 2 is open, the heat pump refrigerant flows in the second circuit, and the heat pump gets heat from the heat sink and heats the desiccant in the desiccant unit. At the same time, air valves 1 and 2 and the dryer door are all open. As fresh air flows in the desiccant unit, it is heated and carries water vapour discharged by the desiccant out of the desiccant unit. When the water content in the desiccant has been reduced to the required level, the third stage ends and the process is complete. The desiccant assisted heat pump dryer has great potential for energy saving for batch drying of thermally sensitive biological materials. The energy consumed by this heat pump can be 30-50% lower than that of a basic heat pump dryer (Figure 1).36 However, its energy efficiency is mainly affected by steam capacity and the regeneration temperature of the desiccant. The low regeneration temperature can help achieve a high COP of the heat pump (COPHP) and a high SMER.
The performance of HPD is indicated by the COP The COP is not an efficiency but an energy characteristic. It describes what you get over what you spend. The theoretical and the actual COP can be calculated with the following equation, by either inserting theoretical or real measured values:
where QH is the heat rejected at the condenser and Wc is the work input to the compressor and
The integration of a heat pump system into a dryer requires an additional energy consuming unit: a blower. In order to be precise, the energy input for this device must also be included in the calculations. So the overall COP of a heat pump dryer is defined as:
where W, is the work input to the fan or blower (kJ).
The performance of the dryer is determined by exergy efficiency (η).37 Recently, the exergy efficiency has been used rather than the energy efficiency in the performance analysis of food processes.38,39 In drying processes, the driving force behind heat losses is the temperature difference between the drying chamber and the environment.38 Increasing heat losses and irreversibility decrease the exergy efficiency. The exergetic efficiency of the drying chamber (η) is the ratio of the total exergy gained by the air stream to the total exergy that enters the system. Thus, the general form of exergy efficiency is written as38,40:
Therefore, the exergy (£x) values (J/s) at the dryer can be calculated using the general form of the exergy equation applicable for steady-flow systems reported in the literature by Midilli and Kucuk41 as most applicable for a batch dryer:
where ma is the air mass flow rate (kg/s), Cp is the thermal capacity of air (J/kg.K), T is the temperature (K) and Tref is the reference (ambient) temperature (K).
The SMER is used to evaluate the performance of a whole heat pump dryer system. The SMER is the only performance measure that considers both the dryer and heat pump system. The SMER reflects directly on how efficient the energy usage is. It is defined as the ratio of the mass of water removed from the product (condensed water in the evaporator in kg) to the required energy for this (kWh).
where Δx is the amount of water removed (kg) and Δh is the amount of energy consumed (kJ).
Types of heat pump dryers
There are different types of HPD systems available on the market. Air, chemical, ground source and hybrid systems are discussed in detail here.
Air source heat pump drying systems
Air source heat pumps are the most widely used heat pumps.42 An air source heat pump (ASHP) is a heating and cooling system that uses outside air as its heat source and heat sink. An ASHP uses a refrigerant system consisting of a compressor and a condenser to absorb heat at one place and release it at another. ASHPs usually are called reverse-cycle air conditioners' when used as space heaters. In domestic use, an ASHP absorbs heat from the outside air and releases it inside during winter, and can often do the converse in summer. When appropriately set up, an ASHP can offer a full central heating solution and domestic hot water with an efficiency of up to 80%.43,44 However, in the past few years, ASHPs have also become applicable for the drying of biological materials. Xanthopoulos et al.45 designed a closed-cycle ASHP for drying whole figs. In their study, they presented a mathematical single-layer drying model to predict the drying rate of whole figs. They concluded that, among the models tested, the best model in terms of fit was the logarithmic model. The ASHP is shown schematically in Figure 2. Chua and Chou46 designed, fabricated and tested a two-stage prototype evaporator heat pump assisted mechanical drying system for enhancing heat recovery, which performed efficiently when compared with other traditional drying methods. More studies on ASHP are outlined in Table 1.
Chemical heat pump drying system
Chemical heat pumps (CHPs) are those systems that utilise a reversible chemical reaction to change the temperature of the thermal energy stored by chemical substances.47 These chemical substances play an important role in absorbing and releasing heat.48 The advantages of thermochemical energy storage - high storage capacity, long-term storage of both reactants and products, lower heat loss, etc. - make CHPs a good option for energy upgrading of low temperature heat as well as storage. Sources of low temperature heat are industrial heat waste, solar energy, dryer exhaust, geothermal energy, etc.49 The working principle of CHP comprises adsorption/synthesis/production and desorption/regeneration/decomposition. The synthesis stage is the cold production stage, which is followed by the regeneration stage, during which decomposition takes place. This regeneration stage can take place in the same or different reactors depending on the system design. Figure 4 depicts a simple CHP with its main components.
In summary, CHP systems are a potentially significant technology for effective energy utilisation in drying. CHPs are designed in a way that they can store energy in the form of chemical energy via endothermic reactions in a suitably designed reactor. Energy is released at various temperatures during the heat-demand period by exo- or endothermic reactions.42 Several researchers have recommended CHP Ogura and Mujumdar50 reported that the calcium oxide hydration/dehydration system was found to be the most feasible for CHP dryer systems from the perspective of temperature level, safety, corrosion and cost. Ogura et al.51 undertook an experimental study focusing on the heat and mass transfer performance in batch drying using a CHP and found the performance to be highly efficient. Rolf and Corp52 developed a CHP dryer for the drying of bulky materials such as bark and lumber and recommended this method of drying as it is easy to adapt to any industrial drying process, specifically the drying processes in the pulp and paper industries.
Ground source heat pump drying systems
There is limited information on ground heat pump drying systems, despite the many studies that have been undertaken. Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a ground source HPD system.47 This system consists of three subsystems: a ground source heat exchanger, a heat pump system and a drying chamber. The main components of the heat pump system are an evaporator, a condenser, a compressor and an expansion valve. In this system, heat is extracted from the ground by the ground source heat exchanger, which contains a circulating water-antifreeze solution. The heat is transferred to the refrigerant in the evaporator, added to the heat pump cycle, and supplied to the drying chamber. In here, heat is transferred to the drying air and this heated air enters the drying chamber.42,47
Hybrid heat pump drying systems
The hybrid heat pump drying system includes a solar-assisted heat pump drying system, microwave and infrared or convectional energy.42 To date, few studies have been conducted on hybrid drying because of its higher initial costs, although this technology has great energy-saving potential compared with other technologies because of its multipurposeful applications. For example, Hawlader and Jahangeer5 investigated a hybrid solar-assisted heat pump drying system which also functioned as a water heater. Hybrid concepts are likely to make rapid inroads into industrial drying in the coming decades. These concepts consist of intelligent combinations of well-established drying technologies and hence involve less risk. Hybrid HPD systems combine the advantages as well as the limitations of each individual technology. Hence, care must be exercised in their design.7
Types of dryers
The two most commonly used dryers in the market are batch dryers and conveyor dryers, which will be discussed further here. However, there are other dryers which are used and reported on in the literature, such as fluidised beds and rotary dryers.42
Batch dryers
Batch dryers are more widely reported on than other dryers. Batch drying systems allow total recirculation with a very low air leakage rate, giving rise to high thermal efficiencies.42 They are also good for low capacity applications, such as laboratory experiments.28
Conveyor dryers
Continuous bed drying or /conveyor dryers show promising results compared with batch dryers and are potentially a better option for drying specialty crops. However, very few studies have been done on these types of dryers, possibly because they are suitable for high capacity needs.42,53
Advantages and limitations of heat pump dryers
The main advantages of HPD are:
- High energy efficiency (reduced energy consumption) - up to 60% reduction in energy costs compared with traditional drying technologies.
- Controlled temperature profile to meet product requirements -sensors and advanced controllers are used to adjust the temperatures of the condenser and evaporator to obtain suitable drying temperatures, which is not possible with traditional drying methods. It is also possible to control the speed of the fans to achieve optimal air flow.
- More environmentally friendly - 80-100% reduction in emissions of chemicals released as a result of drying some products and up to 60% reduction in CO2 emissions.
- Consistent output of products - heat pumps can operate 24 hours per day, so the production potential is higher than for traditional drying.
- A wide range of drying conditions (from -20 °C to 80 °C) - because of the moderate climate in South Africa, heat pumps can operate under ambient conditions, which saves energy compared to Asian and European countries.
- Better product quality - HPD conditions such as temperature and air flow rates are controlled to meet specific requirements.
- Business opportunities for both farmers and industry. The limitations of HPD are:
- Higher initial costs - the initial costs of HPD may be higher than those for traditional drying methods. Most of the initial costs pertain to equipment such as the controllers, compressor, heat exchangers. However, if the period of use is longer than 1 year, the return on investment is received within a short period.
- Refrigerant leakage - refrigerant system pressure can cause cracks in the pipes and valves, resulting in the leakage of refrigerant, which pollutes the environment. Once a leakage occurs, the pressure drops and performance is reduced. In order to reduce gas emissions that harm the environment, the use of green refrigerants such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides has been encouraged.54,55
- Maintenance - the compressor, heat exchangers (condensers and evaporator) and refrigerant filters need regular maintenance to keep the dryers operating optimally. Charging of the refrigerant is required when any leak is detected.
Mechanism of drying
The mechanism of drying is a complex phenomenon involving combined heat and mass transfer, which, in most cases, results in products with modified properties. Depending on the drying conditions, food products may undergo various degrees of browning, shrinkage, loss of nutrients, and so on. According to Chou and Chua1, the degradation of food occurs mainly in three areas: chemical, physical and nutritional (Table 2). It should also be noted that when the product loses moisture during drying, the concentration of nutrients in the remaining mass is increased. Hence, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are present in larger amounts per unit weight in dried food than in fresh food. Foods like fruits and vegetables consist of water, carbohydrates, proteins and fractions of lipids. These compounds are easily modified by high temperatures which results in degraded food quality.56 Thus, the use of appropriate temperatures is important during drying.
The drying of biological materials follows a falling rate profile, and the falling rate period is controlled by the mechanism of liquid and/or vapour diffusion. Thin-layer drying models that describe the drying of these materials fall mainly fall into three categories - theoretical, semi-theoretical and empirical - which are generally based in mass transfer, neglecting the effect of heat transfer. Assuming that the resistance to moisture flow is uniformly distributed throughout the material, the diffusion coefficient is constant and the volume shrinkage is negligible, Fick's second law of diffusion can be stated as57:
where M is the local moisture content (kg water/kg dry solids), r is the diffusion path (m), t is the time (s) and D is the moisture dependent diffusivity (m2/s).
The analytical solution of Equation 7 was given by Crank57 for various regularly shaped bodies, such as rectangular, cylindrical and spherical. The drying of many foodstuffs such as tomatoes58, carrots59, pine nut seeds60 and pineapple61 has been predicted using the analytical solution of Equation 7. It should be noted that most cereals, such as rice, corn and wheat, change little in volume during the drying process. Therefore, the analytical solution of Equation 7 applies satisfactorily to the study of these materials. However, for foods with a high moisture content, such as fruits and vegetables, the analytical solution of Equation 7 obtained for constant diffusivity and volume is not always applicable, because shrinkage and diffusivity as functions of moisture content often need to be taken into account. In these cases, simpler models should be a wiser option.62
The Lewis model is analogous to Newton's law of cooling and assumes that the internal resistance to moisture movement, and thus the moisture gradients within the material, is negligible.23 The model considers only the surface resistance and is given by:
where MO and ME are the initial and equilibrium moisture contents, respectively, and kL is the Lewis drying coefficient. This model was used primarily because it is simple. The only drawback of this model is that it tends to overpredict the early stages of the drying curve.63 The Page model was introduced as a modification of Equation 8 to overcome this shortcoming. This model has produced good fits in predicting drying times of food and agricultural materials.
where kp and n are the Page drying coefficients which determine the precise shape of the drying curve. While neither of them has a direct physical significance, empirical regression equations have been developed which relate both parameters to drying conditions.64-66 Therefore, the drying rate for the Page equation is given by:
A modified Page drying coefficient can be defined as:
If n<1, k decreases during the drying process. Thus higher values of kp can be used to more closely approximate the diffusion equation in the initial stages of drying without overpredicting drying in the later stages. If n=1, Equations 9 and 10 reduce to the Lewis model, approaching the solution of diffusivity equation. Several authors have compared different drying models and have obtained better results for the Page equation than for other existing drying models.64-67
Comparison of HPD with South African traditional drying methods
Currently, the market for heat pump systems for water heating and space cooling/heating is well developed in South Africa. However, many developed and other developing countries are interested in applications of heat pumps for energy saving and they have invested much money and time on HPD research. However, the development of heat pumps for industrial and agricultural drying in South Africa is still in its infancy, possibly because:
- The concept of HPDs is not well known in South Africa and is less understood than that of traditional drying methods
- The prices of electricity and fossil fuels have rapidly increased only recently
- There is a lack of techno-economical information regarding HPDs
- Products of HPD have become known in South Africa only recently because the market has increased in the past few years.
A comparison of HPD with the most common South African traditional drying methods for biological materials is given in Table 3. It is clear that the advantages of HPD far outweigh those of traditional South African methods for drying biological materials. South Africa currently is experiencing an increased need for drying processes for various industrial, commercial and residential applications. Therefore, development of HPD systems in South Africa is imperative. The development of HPD systems will not only reduce energy consumption - by 6% if utilised effectively - and be more environmentally friendly, but will also increase business opportunities for both farmers and industrialists.4
Comparison of different drying methods
A comparison of the efficiencies and advantages of heat pump dryers, vacuum and hot air dryers is shown in Table 4. Heat pump dryers have a higher SMER range (1.0-4.0 kg H20/kWh) than other drying methods. HPD is therefore an efficient and energy-saving alternative for drying industries.
Economic analysis
Limited studies have been conducted comparing the economics of HPD and other convection electrical dryers.2,68,69 Meyer and Greyvenstein4 carried out a techno-economic analysis of grain drying using HPDs in South Africa. They found that the life-cycle cost of an electrical heater and diesel engine were three and four times higher, respectively, than that of HPD systems. Teeboonma et al.21 reported on the optimisation of heat pump fruit dryers and analysed the annual total cost per unit of evaporating water and found that this cost was linearly proportional to both interest rate and electricity price, and decreased with increasing lifetime. In general, heat pumps have enormous potential for saving energy simply because they are the only heat-recovery systems which enable the temperature of the waste heat to be raised to a more useful level.68
Different types of heat pump drying systems are appropriate for the drying of many products, especially heat-sensitive products. Many researchers have concluded that HPDs use energy more efficiently than electrical dryers. Also, the quality of heat pump dried products is better than those of conventional drying systems. The widely reported measures for determining efficiency of a HPD system are SMER and COP Moreover, it has been found that the desiccant-assisted heat pump dryer has a greater energy-saving potential than basic heat pump dryers for batch drying of thermally sensitive biological materials. In comparison with different South African traditional drying methods, the advantages of a HPD are outstanding. Now is the time to develop and expand the applications of HPD systems in South Africa, especially in industrial and agricultural drying. The market for HPDs will benefit South Africa in many sectors and will help to reduce the high energy consumption that South Africa has been experiencing recently.
We acknowledge funding from the National Research Foundation (South Africa) and Tshwane University of Technology in support of this study.
Authors' contributions
T.K. was responsible for writing the manuscript; Z.H. was the project leader and provided advice on the data analysis and manuscript structure.
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30. Hodgett DL. Efficient drying using heat pump. Chem Eng. 1976;311(July/ August):510-512.
31. Geeraert B. Air drying by heat pumps with special reference to timber drying. In: Camatini E, Kester T, editors. Heat pumps and their contribution to energy conservation. NATO Advanced Study Institute Series, Series E, Applied Sciences. Leiden: Noordhoff; 1976. p. 219-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7571-5_8 [ Links ]
32. Tai KW, Devotta S, Watson RA, Holland FA. The potential for heat pumps in drying and dehumidification systems III: An experimental assessment of the heat pump characteristics of a heat pump dehumidification system using R114. Int J Energ Res. 1982;6:333-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440060404
33. Zylla R, Abbas P, Tai KW, Devotta S, Watson FA, Holland FA. The potential for heat pumps in drying and dehumidification systems I: Theoretical considerations. Energy Res. 1982;6:305-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440060402 [ Links ]
34. Cunney MB, Williams P. An engine-driven heat pump applied to grain drying and chilling. In: Watts GA, Stanbury JEA, editors. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Large Scale Applications of Heat Pumps; 1984 Sep 25-27; York, England. Cranfield, Bedford: BHRA; 1984. p. 283-294. [ Links ]
35. Newbert GJ. Energy efficient drying, evaporation and similar processes. J Heat Recov Syst. 1985;5:551-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-7593(85)90223-1
36. Atuonwu JC, Jin X, Van Straten G, Van Deventer Antonius HC, Van Boxtel JB. Reducing energy consumption in food drying: Opportunities in desiccant adsorption and other dehumidification strategies. Procedia Food Sci. 2011;1:1799-1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.264 [ Links ]
37. Erbay Z, Icier F. Optimization of drying of olive leaves in a pilot-scale heat pump dryer. Dry Technol. 2009;27(3):416-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930802683021
38. Dincer I, Sahin AZ. A new model for thermodynamic analysis of a drying process. Int J Heat Mass Tran. 2004;47(4):645-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.08.013
39. Corzo O, Bracho N, Vasquez A, Pereira A. Energy and exergy analyses of thin layer drying of coroba slices. J Food Eng. 2008;86:151-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.05.008 [ Links ]
40. Akpinar EK. Energy and exergy analyses of drying of red pepper slices in a convective type dryer. Int Commun Heat Mass. 2004;31(8):1165-1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2004.08.014
41. Midilli A, Kucuk H. Energy and exergy analyses of solar drying process of pistachio. Energy. 2003;28(6):539-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00158-5
42. Colak N, Hepbasli A. A review of heat-pump drying (HPD): Part 2 - Applications and performance assessments. Energ Convers Manage. 2009;50(9):2187-2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.04.037
43. Daghigh R, Ruslan MH, Zaharim A, Sopian K. Air source heat pump system for drying application. ICOSSSE-63 Conference; 2010 Oct 4-6; Japan. Stevens Point, WI: World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS); 2010. p. 404-409. [ Links ]
44. Daghigh R, Ruslan MH, Sulaiman MY, Sopian K. Review of solar assisted heat pump drying systems for agricultural and marine products. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2010;14(9):2564-2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.04.004
45. Xanthopoulos G, Oikonomou N, Lambrinos G. Applicability of a single-layer drying model to predict the drying rate of whole figs. J Food Eng. 2007;81(3):553-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.11.033
46. Chua KJ, Chou SK. A modular approach to study the performance of a two-stage heat pump system for drying. Appl Therm Eng. 2005;25(8-9):1363-1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.08.012
47. Colak N; Hepbasli A. Exergy analysis of drying of apple in a heat pump dryer. In: Second International Conference of the Food Industries and Nutrition Division on Future Trends in Food Science and Nutrition; 2005 Nov 27-29; Cairo, Egypt. p. 145-158. [ Links ]
48. Goetz V Elie F, Spinner B. The structure and performance of single effect solid-gas chemical heat pumps. Heat Recov Syst CHP 1991;13(1):79-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(93)90027-S
49. Mbaye M, Aidoun Z, Valkov V Legault A. Analysis of chemical heat pumps (CHPs): Basic concepts and numerical model description. Appl Therm Eng. 1998;18(3-4):131-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(97)00027-6 [ Links ]
50. Ogura H, Mujumdar AS. Proposal for a novel chemical heat pump dryer. Dry Technol. 2000;18(4-5):1033-1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930008917752
51. Ogura H, Yamamoto T, Kage H, Matsuno Y, Mujumdar AS. Effects of heat exchange condition on hot air production by a chemical heat pump dryer using CaO/H2O/Ca(OH)2 reaction. Chem Eng J. 2002;86(1-2):3-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00265-0 [ Links ]
52. Rolf R, Corp R. Chemical heat pump for drying of bark. Annual Meeting of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association; 1990. Montreal: Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association; 1990. p. 307-311.
53. Adapa PK, Schoenau GJ. Re-circulating heat pump assisted continuous bed drying and energy analysis. Int J Energ Res. 2005;29:961-972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1103
54. Schmidtt EL, Kliicker K, Flacke N, Steimle F. Applying the transcritical CO2 process to a drying heat pump. Int J Refrig. 1998;21(3):202-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007(98)00021-8
55. Sarkar J, Bhattacharyya S, Gopal MR. Transcritical CO2 heat pump dryer: Part 1. Mathematical model and simulation. Dry Technol. 2006;24(12):1583-1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930601030903 [ Links ]
56. Mujumdar A. Handbook of industrial drying. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1987.
57. Crank J. The mathematics of diffusion. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1975.
58. Hawlader MNA, Uddin MS, Ho AB, Teng ABW. Drying characteristics of tomatoes. J Food Eng. 1991;14:259-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(91)90017-M
59. Reyes A, Alvarez PI, Marquardt FH. Drying of carrots in a fluidized bed: Effects of drying conditions and modeling. Dry Technol. 2002;20(7):1463-1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DRT-120005862
60. Karatas S, Pinarli I. Determination of moisture diffusivity of pine nut seeds. Dry Technol. 2001;19(3-4):701-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DRT-100103946
61. Nicoleti JF, Telis-Romero J, Telis VRN. Air-drying of fresh and osmotically pre-treated pineapple slices: Fixed air temperature versus fixed slice temperature drying kinetics. Dry Technol. 2001;19(9):2175-2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DRT-100107493
62. Madamba PS, Driscoll RH, Buckle KA. The thin-layer dryingncharacteristics of garlic slices. J Food Eng. 1996;29:75-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(95)00062-3
63. Parti M. A theoretical model for thin-layer grain drying. Dry Technol. 1990;8(1):101-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939008959866
64. Wang J. A single-layer model for far-infrared radiation drying of onion slices. Dry Technol. 2002;20(10):1941-1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DRT-120015577
65. Hossain MA, Bala BK. Thin-layer drying characteristics for green chilli. Dry Technol. 2002;20(2):489-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DRT-120002553
66. Cronin K, Kearney S. Monte Carlo modeling of a vegetable tray dryer. J Food Eng. 1998;35:233-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(98)00011-9
67. Panchariya PC, Popovic D, Sharma AL. Thin-layer modeling of black tea drying process. J Food Eng. 2002;52:349-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00126-1
68. Söylemez MS. Optimum heat pump in drying systems with waste heat recovery. J Food Eng. 2006;74(3):292-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.020
69. Hepbasli A, Colak N, Hancioglu E, Icier F, Erbay Z. Exergoeconomic analysis of plum drying in a heat pump conveyor dryer. Dry Technol. 2010;28(12):1385-1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2010.482843 [ Links ]
Thomas Kivevele
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Tshwane University of Technology
Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Received: 30 July 2013
Revised: 27 Nov. 2013
Accepted: 28 Nov. 2013


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Diabetes 24/7
Diabetes 24/7 is a personal health record that allows you to manage your diabetes and share valuable health information with others on your health care team. This application integrates with Microsoft's HealthVault, which allows you to securely import data from your doctor, pharmacy or laboratory and share the data with anyone you choose, such as your doctor, a family member or a school nurse.
Diabetes 24/7 gives users tools to help monitor their diabetes and to track data such as:
- Blood glucose
- Blood Pressure
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- Physical activity
- Weight
- Medications
When you have diabetes, you need to make day-to-day and often hour-to-hour decisions about treating blood glucose, exercise and healthy eating. Making those decisions is much easier if you keep track of that data, but tracking that data can be overwhelming. Diabetes 24/7 makes it easier to organize and act on your diabetes management information either easy to use graphs and charts that can be viewed online or printed out.
Diabetes 24/7 has the ability to transmit and share data from HealthVault enabled devices such as pedometers, blood pressure monitors and blood glucose meters, to make it easier to manage diabetes. Diabetes 24/7 also seamlessly integrates information from other HealthVault applications so that users only have to download or input results once.


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Responsible Business
Taking responsibility for the environment and local community has been an important part of the broader commitment of the Radisson Hotel Group for many years. In 2001, this commitment was fortified and placed within the scope of a program called Responsible Business (RB). Each hotel has a unique RB Action Plan covering areas such as community outreach, cultural heritage, employee and children's rights, health and safety and environmental improvements.
The hotels are engaged with both local charity groups and the corporate international charity organization supported by the Radisson Hotel Group, the World Childhood Foundation. The mission of this foundation is to defend the rights of the child and promote better living conditions for vulnerable and exploited children all over the world.
Activities and achievements of this hotel include
- April Children's Bayram Celebration
- Blood donation in cooperation with Turkish Crescent Society
- Collecting waste papers for recycling in cooperation with Tema
- Helping obtain electrical wheelchairs for disabled people
- Visiting animal shelters and making donations to feed the animals
- Visiting orphanage houses and giving gifts to the children
- Working in cooperation with Lösev to help children with leukemia
- Collecting glass bottles for recycling in cooperation with Ataşehir Municipality
- Donations to the Recycle into Goodness campaign


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Talihina hits road once more, faces Gore Pirates tonight
The Talihina Golden Tigers opened the 2011 season with a 31-7 win on the road over the Haileyville Warriors last Friday night. The win was pleasing in a lot of ways for Talihina Coach Kelly Gravitt."I thought that over the first three weeks of practice we were slow," he said. "We were anxious to see what the kids would do on their first Friday night. We had kids who stepped up, and they came into their own. Clark (Austin) really did a great job at quarterback. He did a good job of making his reads and throwing the ball. He, too, came into his own. We just need to get better each week. Our kids stepped up, and they hadn't really done that in the two previous scrimmages, and we opened up with a win."


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Yahoo will open its mobile search to third-party content providers and let users search just by saying a term or asking a question.
The OneSearch 2.0 tool announced Tuesday will also show up on the home screens of some handsets, said Marco Boerries, executive vice president and head of Yahoo's Connected Life Division, in a keynote address at CTIA Wireless on Wednesday.
OneSearch 2.0 will bring up direct links to results from sites such as Yelp and Facebook that will take users to those companies' sites. For example, searching for a person's name will be able to automatically bring up results from major social-networking sites giving the number of members with that name on each system.
A click on that result will send the user directly into a results page on that social network's mobile site. Similarly, a search for a restaurant will be able to bring up links to customer-review sites such as Yelp and Zagat. Which third parties come up will depend on relevance, Boerries said at a news conference following the keynote.
Last year, partners could arrange for these kinds of results by setting up business relationships with Yahoo. Now there is an open API (application programming interface) for it, the same one used for Yahoo's online search.
Yahoo has been aggressively pushing its presence on mobile phones, which could prove a potent market for advertising and content alongside the PC-based Internet. Despite Google's lead in online search, Yahoo has a richer set of tools on its mobile browser site and offers a downloadable application for phones.
Opening up OneSearch is just the latest attempt by Yahoo to make strides in the mobile Internet through openness. In January, Yahoo introduced new versions of both its mobile portal application and its site for mobile browsers. At the same time, it released documentation for developers to create "widgets" that can be added to both of them. Developers are allowed to include display ads and sponsored search, even from advertising networks that compete with Yahoo's.
"Opening up to other people's content ... can really drive extreme customer value that is good for both of us," Boerries said. The open search results are expected to start appearing in the second quarter.
With the voice-based search, users will be able to press a key and then say a term or ask a question and have search results appear on the phone's screen.
Voice search in English will be rolled out in July and August. BlackBerry users can get a preview of the voice search function today at http://m.yahoo.com/voice, and previews will be available later for other platforms, Boerries said.


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Paris Hotels
Number of hotels in this location - 93
Map Key:
A romantic and enchanting world-famous city, Paris is a classic short break destination. Located on the banks of the River Seine, the French capital is home to celebrated monuments, tree-lined boulevards and tonnes of stylish boutiques.
Famed as the home of superb French cuisine, there's much to enjoy in Paris. A fun place to be no matter what your age, there's something for everyone in the French capital. Travel there with ease on one of our Eurostar breaks to the city , or choose to fly from your local airport, wherever you are in the UK.
- With a great range of hotels in central Paris, you can find the ideal place to stay whatever you're doing in the French capital - stay near top attractions like the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre and the Champs-elysees, or pick a trendy area away from the busy centre in the outskirts of central Paris
- Our Disneyland Paris hotels are in the perfect position for visiting Europe's most famous and popular theme park - a real treat for the whole family, you can also book your tickets to Disneyland Pariswith us too!
France has a location for everyone to soak up the country's unique culture -explore more of the hotels in France we have available.
Choose Hotels by Availability
Hotels in Paris
By booking a hotel in Paris you are setting yourself up to experience one of Europe's most famous cities. Visit one of the world's most romantic and enchanting capitals rich in famous landmarks, monuments and inspirational museums. Admire spectacular panoramic views from the Eiffel Tower, walk the elegant boulevards, shop in the exclusive boutiques along Champs Elysees and enjoy iconic cabarets at Paradis Latin whilst on your stay in one of the many amazing hotels in Paris.
Parisian hotels vary depending on where you are in the city and how much you have to spend. Here at SuperBreak, we offer everything from 5 star grandeur in hotels on the Place de la Republique to affordable 2 and 3 star hotels all over the city. There are hotels in Paris for everyone! You can choose to travel to Paris via Eurostar or fly from your local airport with our Paris flight breaks.
Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Paris is located in Marne-la-Vallee 19 miles east of central Paris and we have many Disneyland Paris hotels on offer with a great range of facilities and family friendly features. Many of our hotels near Disneyland Paris also offer a free shuttle bus to the parks, so you will be at the heart of the action in no time. Plus for added convenience we can also add a Eurostar journey to your Disneyland Paris hotels to make your trip even easier, and you can even book your park tickets with us too.
Paris Outer & Airports
The Île-de-France and Picardie regions have many historical sites and attractions within easy access of the capital Paris. 15 miles to the north-east of Paris is Charles de Gaulle International Airport.
Please note that information contained in these location guides was correct at the time of research, but may be liable to change. Any mentioned attractions/points of interest can change or close. Maps are a guide only. If you do find any inaccuracies or know of something you feel deserves inclusion in our guides, please email your comments to email@example.com.


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Neon colors are no longer considered a faux pas in fashion. Fashionphiles can experiment with the endless palette of colors during the season, creating real outfit masterpieces. Try neon colored accessories, clothes as well as nail art, but apply the following tips not to go OTT with the strong colors. - Wearing bright colors can be risky if you're not trying to ameliorate the appearance with neutral and simple colors. Black and white as well as beige and khaki are perfect choices, for example if you have an acid green or electri... Read More


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THQ follows Philips-Nintendo deal *update*
>> Friday, October 19, 2007
Producer and publisher THQ signed a deal with Nintendo
where it gets the rights to use the characters like Mario and Zelda in their own games. Including the deal is that the games are to be published on Wii, advertised and traded in western half of the world until October 13, 2009. This deal sounds like the Philips-Nintendo deal as was announced in 1991 although you know Philips never signed a deal to use the Nintendo characters. Let me point back to a quote made by a very close source:
"The deal to do the deal with Nintendo was given to us. It was in essence a gift as a result of other negotiations that Philips and Nintendo were having. Philips was to produce a gaming system for Nintendo that was CD based. There were significant discussions on this and in fact, at one point and announcement that there was joint development. Nintendo changed their mind pure and simple and elected to go another no CD based route."
As with the Zelda CD-i titles, Nintendo always kept the veto right for usage of their IP, and even the CD-i got approved by Nintendo, according to another CD-i developer: "I remember that Nintendo had final approval rights over the product, and they did see and approve all the Zelda games, but I think they thought of CD-i as some little niche product that they could safely ignore."
Thanks to: Aart, Tweakers, and our own sources for the quotes.
UPDATE: A THQ representative has since stated that the filing is a standard Wii developer agreement, suggesting that there is no specific Nintendo character/franchise being licensed.


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rich.longtin needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 78 designs submitted by 17 freelance designers.
Boba Tea/Coffee shop that also serves snacks/sandwiches and desserts
We want our customers to fall in love with the entire experience. Quality fresh products, efficient service and beautiful spacious environment to enjoy our products and hang out with friends/family while doing so. Boba tea is the focus and then through advertising/marketing/branding raise awareness of all the other products we offer.
We prefer bolder or thicker letters for the name but can blend the first set of EA letters after T so the name isn't too long on the logo
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.