text: AOSIS OpenJournalshttp://email@example.com://www.koedoe.co.za1683-75842071-078XClassification and mapping of the composition and structure of dry woodland and savanna in the eastern Okavango Delta The dry woodland and savanna regions of the Okavango Delta form a transition zone between the Okavango Swamps and the Kalahari Desert and have been largely overlooked in terms of vegetation classification and mapping. This study focused on the species composition and height structure of this vegetation, with the aim of identifying vegetation classes and providing a vegetation map accompanied by quantitative data. Two hundred and fifty-six plots (50 m × 50 m) were sampled and species cover abundance, total cover and structural composition were recorded. The plots were classified using agglomerative, hierarchical cluster analysis using group means and Bray-Curtis similarity and groups described using indicator species analysis. In total, 23 woody species and 28 grass species were recorded. Acacia erioloba and Colophospermum mopane were the most common woody species, whilst Urochloa mossambicensis, Panicum maximum, Dactyloctenium gigantium and Eragrostis lehmanniana were the most widespread grasses. Eleven vegetation types were identified, with the most widespread being Short mixed mopane woodland, Tall mopane woodland and Tall mixed mopane woodland, covering 288.73 km2 (28%), 209.14 km2 (20%) and 173.30 km2 (17%) of the area, respectively. Despite their extensive area, these three vegetation types were the least species-rich, whilst Palm thornveld, Short mixed broadleaf woodland and Open mixed Acacia woodland were the most taxonomically variable. By contrast, Closed mixed Acacia woodland and Closed Acacia–Combretum woodland had the most limited distribution, accounting for less than 1% of the mapped area each. Conservation implications: The dry woodland and savanna vegetation of the Okavango Delta comprises a much wider suite of plant communities than the Acacia-dominated and Mopane-dominated classifications often used. This classification provided a more detailed understanding of this vegetation and essential background information for monitoring, management and research. Michelle J. Tedder1 1School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Kevin P. Kirkman1 1School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Craig D. Morris1 1School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Winston S.W. Trollope2 2Working on Fire International, Nelspruit, South Africa Mpaphi C. Bonyongo3 3Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Botswana Michelle Tedder firstname.lastname@example.com Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa 110055110.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1100 15 July 201211 June 201331 July 2013Tedder, M.J., Kirkman, K.P., Morris, C.D., Trollope, W.S.W. & Bonyongo, M.C., 2013, 'Classification and mapping of the composition and structure of dry woodland and savanna in the eastern Okavango Delta', Koedoe 55(1), Art. #1100, 8 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1100 © 2013.The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.Introduction De Cáceres and Wiser (2011:387) state that, 'Vegetation classification is a useful tool for basic and applied research as well as for environmental management.' The major goal when conducting such an exercise is to simplify a complex continuous pattern of change in vegetation composition and structure across the landscape in order to understand how species are distributed and why, as well as to predict how species, communities and landscapes will respond to environmental changes (Symstad 2002). As a result of the varied applications of vegetation classification, the properties utilised in their construction are equally varied (De Cáceres & Wiser 2011; Symstad 2002). The more commonly used properties, listed by Symstad (2002) are: structure, taxonomy, resource use, response to change and role in ecosystem function. Vegetation classification becomes an even more powerful research and management tool when combined with some form of mapping indicating the distribution and spatial coverage of the groupings produced. Current vegetation mapping practices are strongly influenced by the availability of remote-sensing tools (Bredenkamp et al. 1998). Over reliance on these remote sensing tools may, however, result in map inaccuracies because poor resolution of the available predictor variable maps and low levels of correlation between predictor variables and vegetation units may affect map accuracy (Van Etten 1998). But remote sensing can be an extremely powerful tool if used in conjunction with appropriate ground truthing (Bredenkamp et al. 1998). One of the more efficient methods for the construction of multipurpose vegetation maps is a floristic-based classification, supported by multivariate analysis and structural data (Dias, Elias & Nunes 2004). This allows the classification to be used to investigate both long-term change indicated by the floristic composition and short-term change indicated by the structural composition (Lux & Bemmerlein-Lux 1998). Vegetation maps and descriptions can also be used for a range of purposes such as: landscape planning, development and implementation of management plans, forestry, conservation, monitoring and many varied forms of research (Bredenkamp et al. 1998; Dias et al. 2004). Although a vegetation map covering the whole of Ngamiland (110 000 km2), the north-western region of Botswana, was produced in 2002 (Jellema, Ringrose & Matheson 2002), it has limited applicability to research within the Okavango Delta as the Delta itself only comprises 26% of the mapped area (Ramberg et al. 2006). Several other maps focused on the peripheral dryland regions of the Okavango Delta (McCarthy, Gumbricht & McCarthy 2005; Ringrose, Van Der Post & Matheson 2003; Rűbbel & Child 1976; Tinley 1966), referring to woody cover at a finer scale than the broad division of Acacia-dominated woodland and tall and short C. mopane-dominated woodlands (Ellery & Ellery 1997).The objectives of this study were to, firstly, taxonomically and structurally classify the vegetation of the dry woodland and savanna regions in the eastern Okavango Delta. Secondly, they aimed to provide a broad description of those vegetation types in terms of their, (1) woody species composition, (2) mean canopy cover, (3) indicator woody species, (4) diversity, (5) height structure of the woody species layer (based on the relative cover of pre-defined tree height classes) and (6) composition of the most prominent grasses. Thirdly, was to produce a vegetation map that provides background data for the ongoing research in the Eastern Okavango Delta. Research method and design Setting The study was conducted in the southern Okavango Delta, Botswana, in the controlled hunting areas NG33 and NG34 and a portion of Moremi Game Reserve (NG28) (Figure 1). These three sections of the study area cover an area of 60.55 km2, 851.68 km2 and 579.59 km2, respectively. These dry woodland regions in the south-eastern Okavango Delta function as a transition zone between the Okavango swamps and the Kalahari Desert, resulting in a region of high species richness and endemism (Mazizi Resources Pty Ltd 2009). The selected area is predominantly dry woodland and savanna and provides good representations of both Acacia-dominated savanna and mopane-dominated woodland. The area experiences a dry winter season from April to September, with minimum temperatures dropping to 15 °C, and a warm summer from October to March, with maximum temperatures rising to 40 °C (Mazizi Resources Pty Ltd 2009). The mean annual rainfall is 560 mm, with the majority falling between November and March (Mazizi Resources Pty Ltd 2009). The area provides habitats for a wide range of mammal, reptile and bird species, many of which are rare and protected (Mazizi Resources Pty Ltd 2009). Sampling procedure The composition and structure of the dryland woody-dominated vegetation in NG33 and NG34 was sampled between February and May 2009 using 256 plots, each 50 m × 50 m in size. This plot size is considered to be suitable for mapping vegetation on a landscape scale as it minimises standard error over sampling cost (Xiao et al. 2004). Sample sites were systematically located along existing tracks, with the minimum distance between any two sites being 1 km, to cover the study area as extensively as possible and to facilitate access. At each sample plot, all woody species were recorded and each species was allocated an absolute cover abundance value (Goodall 1980). This was achieved by estimating the percentage of the whole site cover occupied by each species separately. In addition, the total woody cover was visually estimated and GPS coordinates were recorded for each plot. The structural composition of the woody layer was sampled by visually estimating the absolute cover of each of the following height classes, < 0.50 m, 0.50 m – 0.99 m, 1.00 m – 1.99 m, 2.00 m – 2.99 m and > 3.00 m. Absolute cover (aerial) of each grass species in the understory was also estimated and later relativised so that total plot cover equalled 100% to describe the grass species composition. Identification was performed to species level and nomenclature was according to Coates-Palgrave (2002), Roodt (1998) and Van Oudtshoorn (1999) and names were confirmed as current by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (accessed through the SIBIS portal, http://sibis.sanbi.org on 05 April 2013). Data analysis The woody species absolute cover data were subjected to an agglomerative, hierarchical cluster analysis via the software program PRIMER (Clarke & Gorley 2006), using the group mean clustering method and Bray-Curtis similarity to create groups. A similarity profile test (SIMPROF), also conducted in PRIMER (Clarke & Gorley 2006), was used to identify sub-groups for which species composition was not statistically distinguishable (p ≥ 0.05, n = 10 000 permutations) and thus could be retained as a single branch of the dendrogram. The woody layer within each vegetation type was described in terms of species composition, based on mean cover abundance of each species in that vegetation group, and indicator species. In addition, mean woody canopy cover and species richness were calculated for each vegetation type. Vegetation classes with a mean woody canopy cover of greater than 50% were considered to have a closed canopy and those with a mean woody canopy cover of less than 50% were described as open canopy. Indicator species for each vegetation type were identified using indicator species analysis, conducted in PC-ORD (McCune & Mefford 1997) using 9999 permutations in a Monte Carlo test for indicator values (McCune & Mefford 1997). Diversity within the vegetation types was described using mean Hill's diversity indices and mean Pielou's evenness co-efficient (Begon, Townsend & Harper 2005) using the following formulae: Hill's N1 = eH'where H' = -Σpi.ln(pi) and pi = the proportion of species i in the sample. Hill's N2 = 1/λ [Eqn 2] where λ = Σni(ni – 1)/N(N-1), ni = number of individuals of species i in the sample and N = total number of individuals in the sample. Pielou's evenness co-efficient = H'/lnS [Eqn 3] where S = total number of species in the sample. Hill's diversity numbers N1 and N2 describe the diversity of abundant and very abundant species respectively, whilst Pielou's evenness co-efficient ranges from 0 to 1 with low values indicating dominance by a few species (Begon et al. 2005). Differences in height structure between the vegetation types were examined using an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) in PRIMER based on Bray-Curtis similarity and tested with 9999 permutations (Clarke & Gorley 2006). The p-values were controlled for false discovery rate using the Benjamani and Hochberg procedure (Verhoeven, Simonsen & McIntyre 2005). A similarity percentages routine (SIMPER), also conducted in PRIMER (Clarke & Gorley 2006) was then used to determine the contribution of each height class to the difference in Bray-Curtis similarity between vegetation types. Vegetation was considered to be tall if more than 35% of the woody layer fell into the height class > 3 m, whilst it was considered to be short if less than 30% of the woody component fell into this height class. The vegetation types were named according to their dominant species, height structure and level of woody cover. To provide a complete overview of the vegetation types, the mean abundance for each grass species occurring in each vegetation type was calculated. The vegetation types were then mapped using ArcMap 10 (Esri 2010) by overlaying the categorised sample sites on aerial photographs obtained from the Okavango Research Institute. Results Twenty-three woody species belonging to 16 genera and 28 grass species belonging to 19 genera were identified in the study area. The cluster analysis and SIMPROF test produced 18 groups, which were significantly different from one another (p < 0.05). These groups were examined and those with a mean similarity of greater than 70% and comparable woody cover and species richness were combined. This resulted in 12 final groups, of which one (with two sites) was subsequently excluded from the woody classification because it had less than 5% woody cover (Group A) (Figure 2). The vegetation types were then named according to the dominant species, and then further differentiated according to their dominant height classes (tall or short) and percentage canopy cover (open or closed). If there were numerous co-dominant species present, then the term mixed was used. The 11 vegetation types derived from this classification are as follows (Figure 2): Group B: Tall mopane woodland. Group C: Tall mixed mopane woodland. Group D: Short mixed mopane woodland. Group E: Short mixed broadleaf woodland. Group F: Open mixed Acacia veld. Group G: Closed Acacia–Combretum woodland. Group H: Closed mixed Acacia veld. Group I: Closed Acacia erioloba savanna. Group J: Tall mixed broadleaf woodland. Group K: Open Acacia erioloba savanna. Group L: Palm thornveld. Tall mopane woodland (Group B) Tall mopane woodland almost solely comprised the indicator species C. mopane (p < 0.001) (Table 1) and was the densest of all 11 woody vegetation types, with a mean woody cover of 92.0% (± 0.9%) (Table 2). The majority of this cover was taller than 3 m (Table 4). Tall mopane woodland covered an area of 209 km2 (Table 2), occurring mainly in the northern and eastern regions of NG34 and continuing north into Moremi Game Reserve (Figure 3). It had a low mean species richness (1.90 ± 0.14) (Table 2), with a small proportion of the woody cover comprising Acacia, Combretum and Grewia species growing in the understory (Table 1). The grass layer was fairly diverse, comprising 18 species, but was dominated by U. mossambicensis (25.0%) and Eragrostis rigidior (19.0%) (Table 3). Tall mixed mopane woodland (Group C) Tall mixed mopane woodland was dominated by the indicator species C. mopane (p < 0.001) (Table 1), with some A. erioloba occurring in more open patches. Tall mixed mopane woodland had a mean woody cover, predominantly taller than 3 m (Table 4), of 75.0% (± 3.4%) (Table 2) and a mean species richness of 3.30 (± 0.32) (Table 2). Other species contributing to the understory cover were Acacia hebeclada, Acacia luederitzii, Boscia albitrunca, Combretum species and Terminalia sericea (Table 1). The grass layer comprised 14 species with U. mossambicensis (21.0%) and P. maximum (19.0%) dominating (Table 3). Tall mixed mopane woodland, covering 173 km2, occurred mainly in the central and eastern regions of NG34 along the edges of the Tall mopane woodland (Figure 3) (Table 2). Short mixed mopane woodland (Group D) Short mixed mopane woodland had the lowest cover of the three mopane-dominated vegetation types, with a mean woody cover of 66.0% (± 3.1%) (Table 2). This cover was spread evenly between the three tallest height classes (Table 4). Colophospermum mopane comprised approximately one-third of the woody cover, with the remainder a mix of Acacia species, B. albitrunca, Grewia species, Philenoptera nelsii and T. sericea (Table 1), resulting in a mean species richness of 5.20 (± 0.32) (Table 2). The grass layer predominantly comprised E. lehmanniana (17.0%), D. gigantium (16.0%), P. maximum (14.0%), Pogonarthria squarrosa (13.0%) and U. mossambicensis (12.0%), with occasional occurrences of eight other species (Table 3). Short mixed mopane woodland, the most widespread vegetation type covering 288 km2, occurred in large patches in NG34 south of the boundary of NG33 and east of the Gomoti River and as small patches on the boundaries of Tall mopane woodland and Tall mixed mopane woodland in the central and northern sections of NG34 (Figure 3). Short mixed broadleaf woodland (Group E) Short mixed broadleaf woodland covered an area of 43 km2 and was characterised by the indicator species P. nelsii (p = 0.034), T. sericea (p = 0.003) and Dichrostachys cinerea (p = 0.030) (Table 1). Short mixed broadleaf woodland had a mean woody cover of 66.0% (± 3.2%) (Table 2), which was generally shorter than 3 m in height (Table 4) and contained small proportions of Acacia species, B. albitrunca and C. mopane (Table 1), resulting in a mean species richness of 5.0 (± 0.3) (Table 2). Eragrostis lehmanniana (18.0%), Stipagrostis hirtigluma (15.0%) and P. maximum (14.0%) dominated the grass layer, with limited cover of 11 other species (Table 3). Short mixed broadleaf woodland occurred mainly between the southern tip of NG33 and the southern buffalo fence, with some patches occurring east of the boundary of NG33 and along the cutline between NG33 and Moremi Game Reserve (Figure 3). Open mixed Acacia woodland (Group F) Open mixed Acacia woodland was characterised by the presence of widely scattered individuals of the indicator species A. hebeclada (p = 0.001) and A. luederitzii (p = 0.009) growing with A. erioloba. Other species that were present but with low canopy cover include Boscia mosambicensis, C. mopane, Combretum imberbe, Croton megalobotrys, Diospyros lycioides and P. nelsii (Table 1). Open mixed Acacia woodland had a mean canopy cover of 41.0% (± 4.9%) (Table 2), the majority of which was taller than 2 m (Table 4) and a mean species richness of 5.20 (± 0.57) (Table 2). The grass layer comprised 14 species with U. mossambicensis (24.0%) and E. lehmanniana (17.0%) being dominant (Table 3). Open mixed Acacia woodland covered an area of 14 km2 (Table 2) and occurred mainly along the northern boundary of NG33 and NG34, in small patches in the central and eastern regions of NG34 and east of the Gomoti River in Moremi Game Reserve, north of the NG34 boundary (Figure 3). Closed Acacia–Combretum woodland (Group G) Closed Acacia–Combretum woodland had a mean woody cover of 67.0% (± 14.5%) (Table 2), a mean species richness of 5.70 (± 0.33) (Table 2) and was dominated by A. erioloba and the indicator species C. imberbe (p = 0.001) (Table 1). Acacia hebeclada, B. mosambicensis, C. mopane, C. megalobotrys, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Hyphene petersiana and Searsia tenuinervis contributed a small proportion to the canopy cover (Table 1). The majority of the woody cover was between 1 m and 3 m tall (Table 4). The grass layer comprised 11 species, with U. mossambicensis (32.0%) being dominant and E. lehmanniana (15.0%) and P. maximum (15.0%) being sub-dominant (Table 3). Closed Acacia–Combretum woodland covered an area of approximately 1 km2 and occurred in small patches in central and western NG34 (Figure 3).Closed mixed Acacia veld (Group H) Closed mixed Acacia veld had a mean canopy cover of 73.0% (± 22.5%) and was characterised by the presence of the indicator species Acacia nigrescens (p < 0.001), A. hebeclada (p = 0.001) and B. albitrunca (p = 0.013) growing with A. erioloba (Table 1). The woody cover was mostly between 1 m and 3 m tall and had a mean species richness of 7.0 (± 1.0) (Table 2). The grass layer was dominated by E. lehmanniana (25.0%) and U. mossambicensis (25.0%), with D. giganteum (15.0%) and P. maximum (15.0%) being sub-dominant and four other species occurring occasionally (Table 3). Closed mixed Acacia woodland occurred in small patches in south-western NG34 close to the Gomoti River (Figure 3), totalling an area of 7 km2 (Table 2).Closed Acacia erioloba savanna (Group I) Closed A. erioloba savanna was dominated by tall A. erioloba trees (Table 1), the indicator species for this structural vegetation type (p = 0.009), with low cover of A. hebeclada, C. mopane, C. imberbe, C. megalobotrys, P. nelsii and Ziziphus mucronata in the understory (Table 1). Closed A. erioloba savanna had a mean woody cover of 50.0% (± 1.8%) (Table 2), with half the woody cover taller than 3 m (Table 4), and a mean species richness of 4.20 (± 0.24) (Table 2). The grass layer comprised 14 species, with D. giganteum (17.0%) and Digitaria eriantha (17.0%) dominating (Table 3). Closed A. erioloba savanna covered an area of 73 km2 (Table 2) and occurred in large patches in central NG33, in NG34 south and east of the NG33 boundary and in smaller patches between the C. mopane-dominated belts in eastern NG34 (Figure 3).Tall mixed broadleaf woodland (Group J) Tall mixed broadleaf woodland is characterised by a combination of tall A. erioloba with an understory of C. megalobotrys, the indicator species for this vegetation type (p < 0.001) (Table 1). A small proportion of the woody cover also comprised C. mopane, C. imberbe, G. senegalensis, P. nelsii, S. tenuinervis and Z. mucronata (Table 1), resulting in a mean species richness of 5.90 (± 0.64) (Table 2). The mean woody cover in Tall mixed broadleaf woodland was 66.0% (± 4.5%) (Table 2), with 70.0% of this being taller than 2 m (Table 4). The grass layer comprised 15 species, but was dominated by P. maximum (22.0%), D. giganteum (19.0%) and U. mossambicensis (19.0%) (Table 3). The 30 km2 of Tall mixed broadleaf woodland (Table 2) occurred in scattered patches in NG34, mainly east of the NG33 boundary and in central and western NG33 along the Moremi Game Reserve boundary (Figure 3). Open Acacia erioloba savanna (Group K) Open A. erioloba savanna was characterised by an open canopy (23.0% ± 12.7%) (Table 2), with a scattered distribution of tall A. erioloba (Table 1) as an indicator species (p = 0.009). Other species present included C. mopane, P. nelsii, T. sericea, A. hebeclada, B. albitrunca, C. imberbe, H. petersiana and Z. mucronata (Table 1), resulting in a mean species richness of 4.40 (± 1.98) (Table 2). The woody cover was predominantly taller than 1 m, with a fairly even spread between the three tallest height classes (Table 4). The grass was dominated by D. giganteum (20.0%) and U. mossambicensis (17.0%), with 14 other species occurring occasionally (Table 3). Open A. erioloba savanna occurred in two main patches: in NG34 south of the boundary of NG33 and Moremi Game Reserve and in central NG34 between the C. mopane-dominated belt to the north and the closed A. erioloba savanna to the south (Figure 3), totalling an area of 122 km2 (Table 2).Palm thornveld (Group L) Palm thornveld had an open canopy (36.0% ± 4.3%) (Table 2) and was characterised by a sparse cover of Z. mucronata and the indicator species H. petersiana (p = 0.017), with some occurrences of A. erioloba, A. hebeclada, A. nigrescens, C. megalobotrys, D. lycioides, P. nelsii and C. imberbe (Table 1), resulting in a mean species richness of 4.40 (± 0.34) (Table 2). The majority of the woody cover was between 2 m and 3 m tall. The grass layer comprised 15 species, with Cynodon dactylon (27.0%) dominating (Table 3). The 60 km2 area (Table 2) of Palm thornveld was limited to the old floodplain regions south of NG33 and east of the Gomoti River (Figure 3).Discussion Overall, the structure of the woody vegetation in the eastern Okavango Delta was short (< 3 m) according the broad-scale classification guidelines stated by Edwards (1983). The two most widespread woody species occurring in varying densities in every vegetation type were A. erioloba and C. mopane, whilst the most widespread grass species were U. mossambicensis, P. maximum, D. gigantium and E. lehmanniana. The three C. mopane-dominated vegetation types accounted for approximately half the woody cover in NG33 and NG34. The structural differences observed between the tall and short C. mopane vegetation may be caused by several factors. Nutrient poor, sandy soils (Roodt 1998) and the associated decrease in available moisture can result in stunted C. mopane trees (February et al. 2007), whilst disturbance factors such as fire, wood harvesting and extensive utilisation by elephants result in multi-stemmed coppice growth (Lombard 2003; Van Voorthuizen 1976) and may cause the development of Short mixed mopane woodland in areas where soil conditions allow for tall mopane woodland. By contrast, tall stands of C. mopane trees tend to occur on nutrient-rich alluvial soils (Roodt 1998) and, although slow-growing initially, they can reach heights of up to 30 m (Venter & Venter 2002). There is great variation in the number of woody vegetation classes previously described by the four vegetation studies conducted in the dryland regions of the Okavango Delta between 1966 and 2005. Tinley (1966) describes eight vegetation classes predominantly based on species composition but including structure in some descriptions, whilst Rübbel and Child (1976) described five, distinguished mainly by flooding frequency and dominant woody species. Ringrose et al. (2003) described twelve ecological units in total, of which seven are woody dominated, whilst McCarthy et al. (2005) described only four. Both Ringrose et al. (2003) and McCarthy et al. (2005) base their descriptions on plant species composition. Of these four studies, the one which is most closely correlated to the eleven vegetation types described here is the oldest classification, conducted by Tinley (1966) in Moremi Game Reserve. Seven of the eight vegetation types described by Tinley (1966) can be matched to groups produced by this classification, whilst the same can be said for only five of the seven groups described by Ringrose et al. (2003), who mapped vegetation in the Xudum region of the south-western Okavango Delta. Ringrose et al. (2003) do, however, provide a slightly more detailed description of the species composition within the C. mopane-dominated vegetation types, describing three distinct groups, whilst Tinley (1966) describes only two forms of C. mopane woodland focusing on structural composition. The absence of any broadleaf-dominated communities in the ecoregions described by Ringrose et al. (2003) and the limited description given by Tinley (1966) emphasises the level of variation observed in the dry woodland and savanna vegetation in different regions of the Okavango Delta and also the importance of using detailed field-based vegetation studies in conjunction with remote-sensing techniques. Conclusion This study highlights the broad suite of vegetation communities present in the dry woodland and savanna vegetation of the eastern Okavango Delta. The vegetation classification and map produced by this study not only provides valuable geo-referenced field data to augment the Delta-wide maps produced in 2002 (Ramberg et al. 2006), but also important background data for both the habitat-based monitoring projects to be conducted in NG33 and NG34 and the carnivore and herbivore research being conducted in the area. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Mr R.G. Fuhr for his generous financial support for the duration of this project and the staff and fellow researchers of Dubatana Camp and the Okavango Research Institute for their assistance and support in the field. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article. Authors' contributions All field work was conducted by M.J.T. (University of KwaZulu-Natal) as part of a PhD project. K.P.K. (University of KwaZulu-Natal) was the main supervisor and C.D.M. 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Goodall, D.W., 1980, 'Numerical methods of classification', Classification of plant communities 5(1), 247–286. 12. Jellema, A., Ringrose, S. & Matheson, W., 2002, 'Northern Botswana vegetation mapping project', Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, Maun. 13. Lombard, P., 2003, 'The long-term effects of fire frequency and season on the Colophospermum mopane shrubveld of the Kruger National Park', Magister Technologiae thesis, Faculty of the Built Environment, Port Elizabeth Technikon. 14. Lux, A. & Bemmerlein-Lux, F., 1998, 'Two vegetation maps of the same island: Floristic units versus structural units', Applied Vegetation Science 1, 201–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1478949 15. Mazizi Resources Pty Ltd, 2009, 'Management Plan for NG33 and NG34', Mazizi Resources Pty Ltd, Maun. 16. McCarthy, J., Gumbricht, T. & McCarthy, T., 2005, 'Ecoregion classification in the Okavango Delta, Botswana from multitemporal remote sensing', International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 4339–4357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160500113583 17. McCune, B. & Mefford, M., 1997, PC-ORD multivariate analysis of ecological data version 6, MJM Software Design, Gleneden Beach. 18. Ramberg, L., Hancock, P., Lindholm, M., Meyer, T., Ringrose, S., Sliva, J. et al., 2006, 'Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana', Aquatic Sciences 68, 310–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y 19. Ringrose, S., Van Der Post, C. & Matheson, W., 2003, 'Mapping ecological conditions in the Okavango delta, Botswana using fine and coarse resolution systems including simulated SPOT vegetation imagery', International Journal of Remote Sensing 24, 1029–1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160210155046 20. Roodt, V., 1998, The Shell field guide series: Part I – Trees and shrubs of the Okavango Delta: Medicinal uses and Nutritional value, Shell Oil Botswana (Pty) Ltd, Gaberone. 21. Rűbbel, H. & Child, G., 1976, 'Notes on the ecology of the Moremi Wildlife Reserve', Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism, Botswana. 22. Symstad, A., 2002, 'An overview of ecological plant classification systems', in R. Ambasht & N. Ambasht (eds.), Modern trends in terrestrial ecology, pp. 13–50, Kluwer Academic, New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0223-4_2 23. Tinley, K.L., 1966, 'An ecological reconnaissance of the Moremi Wildlife Reserve, Northern Okavango Swamps, Botswana', The Okavango Wildlife Society, Johannesburg. 24. Van Etten, E., 1998, 'Mapping vegetation in an arid, mountainous region of Western Australia', Applied Vegetation Science 1, 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1478948 25. Van Oudtshoorn, F., 1999, Guide to grasses of southern Africa, Briza, Pretoria. 26. Van Voorthuizen, E., 1976, 'The mopane tree', Botswana Notes and Records 8, 223–230. 27. Venter, F. & Venter, J., 2002, Making the most of indigenous trees, 2nd edn., Briza Publications, Pretoria. 28. Verhoeven, K.J.F., Simonsen, K.L. & McIntyre, L.M., 2005, 'Implementing false discovery rate control: Increasing your power', Oikos 108, 643–647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13727.x 29. Xiao, X., Gertner, G., Wang, G. & Anderson, A.B., 2004, 'Optimal sampling scheme for estimation landscape mapping of vegetation cover', Landscape Ecology 20, 375–387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-004-3161-z


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One of the main ways that family and friends tried to find people who emigrated to the US or Australia was through 'Information Wanted' adverts in different newspapers. Word of mouth was the key with some reunited and others never to be found. Below is a selection of these adverts where Paulstown is mentioned. Some of the people placing adverts wrote that Paulstown was in county Carlow. Varying amounts of information are provided and all entries without a footnote are from the Boston Pilot newspaper.[1]
John Cooke – 1836 Of John Cooke, a native of Shanakil, county Kilkenny, Ireland. When last heard from he was in Boston, his father is now in New York, and is anxious to hear from him. Any information respecting him will be thankfully received, addresses to Lawrence Langton, No 232 Mulberry street, New York.[2]
Michael Dooley – 1850 From the townland of Paulstown, first location after arrival was Fall Springs, Massachusetts. John Dooley, his brother seeks information and can be reached at Michael Hughes, 47 Rensse (St?), Albany, NY. Date of advertisement 21 September 1850
Martin Stanton – 1851 From the towland of Paulstown, Co. Kilkenny, first location after arrival was ONT (Ontario?) in 1848. Last heard from in UCN in 1848. Information sought by Patrick Cane, a cousin, and can be reached at 85 So. 2nd St, New Bedford, MA. Date of advertisement 13 December 1851.
Garrett Healey – 1855 From the townland of Paulstown, Co. Carlow. Information sought by Pierce Healey, a brother. Can be reached at 2 Pleasant St. Court, Boston, MA. Date of advertisement 10 February 1855.
Catherine Doyle – 1856 From the townland of Paulstown or Garryduff, intended destination was New York City, arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia. Sailed on the Winchester, leaving Liverpool in January 1853. Margaret Doyle, her sister, seeks information and can be reached at Patrick O'Carroll, South Trenton, New Jersey. Date of advertisement 15 November 1856.
James Mahon – 1861 From the townland of Grange Lower near Paulstown, barony of Gowran, poor law of Kilkenny, county Kilkenny. Aged 24 and first location after arrival was Ohio. John Nowlan, a friend, seeks information and can be reached at S.Brookfield, MA. Date of advertisement 26 October 1861.
[1] "Information Wanted: A Database of Advertisements for Irish Immigrants Published in the Boston Pilot", database, Bostoncollege.edu (http://infowanted.bc.edu: accessed 24 May 2011), entries for Paulstown location
[2] Murphy DeGrazia, Laura and Fitzpatrick Haberstroth, Diane. 2005. Voices of The Irish Immigrant: Information Wanted Ads in The Truth Teller New York City 1825-1844.New York: The New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, p.81.

subset: commoncrawl


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|First Year Cost
Other models available
What is an EE upgrade deal?
If you love EE but your contract is coming to an end and you are ready for a new and improved handset. Or maybe your data use has gone through the roof in recent years and the tariff with a 2GB data limit you originally signed up to is no longer cutting the mustard. Then getting an EE upgrade is the thing for you.
An EE upgrade deal is the opportunity for existing EE customers to get a new phone, and a better minutes, texts and data tariff without changing providers (or your phone number). No fuss, and no new credit checks and all the 4G you know and love from EE.
Upgrading is usually an option for any customers with less than 45 days left to run on their current contract. Explore this page to find your perfect upgrade.
Can I get a better deal by upgrading with my current network or by changing providers?
Even if you are very happy with your existing network provider, it is worth having a browse of what is currently on offer both on your current network and from other providers. There are often great deals and discounts to be found if you compare deals.
The best offers often go to new customers, and as you can port your existing mobile phone number over to a new phone/SIM (a.k.a. take your existing number with you) you may have nothing to lose by moving networks.
If you can't bear to leave your current provider then use our upgrade deals table for your provider to find and compare the best upgrade deals currently on the market. Choose from the drop down filter options to find the perfect upgrade deal for you.
Can I get an early upgrade on EE?
Some EE customers, including those on a 12, 18 or 24 month SIM only contract; or customers who have been on their current contract for more than 6 months and have less than 45 days until the contract ends, may be eligible for an early upgrade. However, be warned that you will incur a charge to upgrade early.
You can confirm your eligibility and check any fees you may face online via your �My EE' account or by calling EE on 150.
Can I upgrade via mobilephonechecker?
Yep, even if you didn't sign up to your existing contract through us you can upgrade via this site.
Find an EE upgrade by manufacturer
If you are looking to get a particular phone as part of your upgrade you can use the filters in our deals table to choose the manufacturer or model that you have your eye on:
- Find Apple iPhones - Apple is the long standing king of the smartphone market delivering phone after phone that is top of (almost) everyone's most wanted list. Select --- All Apple --- in the handset filter drop down box to see upgrade options with Apple phones.
- Find Samsung phones - if Apple is the smartphone king, Samsung is the young pretender to the throne bringing some super desirable phones to the market. If you want to upgrade to a Samsung handset, select --- All Samsung ---, or choose the particular model from the handset drop down in the results filter.
- Find Huawei phones - the Chinese phone manufacturer has a great range of phones catering for all budgets. Huawei is a massive player in the global smartphone market. If you are interested in getting a Huawei phone select --- All Huawei --- from the handset drop down box to see the best deals for you.
- Find Google phones - if you are more Android than iOS, then maybe a Google phone will float your boat. For a start the pricetag is a big plus, with the highest spec Google Phone retailing at a significantly lower price than its Apple equivalent. Also Google Pixel phones have a fantastic camera feature with great quality photos from both front and rear facing cameras. If you are interested in checking out Google phones select --- All Google --- from the handset drop down box to find all the best Google phone deals.
Compare mobile phone upgrades by network
02 mobile contract upgrades - O2 offers some great customer perks so it's understandable you might not want to leave. O2 has comprehensive network coverage and great options for pay as you go customers. Check out O2 upgrades - you can then use the drop down boxes at the top of the page to filter by phone, data limits, upfront costs and more to find the perfect deal.
Vodafone mobile contract upgrades - with one of the most reliable 4G networks in the UK, great coverage, and SIM only options well worth a look, there are many reasons to upgrade with Vodafone. Check out Vodafone upgrades. Use the results filters to select by all the elements you want from your upgrade: phone model, minutes, data, even by free gifts, and see the best deals for you.
Refurbished phones on EE
If you really want to bring the cost of your mobile phone contract down when you upgrade, make sure you tick the box to include refurbished and clearance handsets when you are selecting your preferences. Refurbish phones are phones that have been returned to the manufacturer by a customer, have been checked over, and restored to full working order.
Find a refurbished phone on EE
Find an EE sim only deal
If you are still happy with your phone but are reaching the end of your contract and want a better deal then it is worth taking a look at SIM only deals. A SIM only deal, unsurprisingly, gets you a SIM but not a new phone. There are various SIM only options available from each network from fully unlimited minutes, texts and data for a set monthly amount; to pay as you go SIMs where you only pay for what you use.
If you want to stay flexible, a 30 day SIM contract - also known as a rolling contract - may be the best option for you.
Do I have to stay with my current network to upgrade?
You can also get a great new phone and deal by moving to a different network. Although this isn't the conventional meaning to the term �upgrading', as you aren't sticking with the same provider, by porting your phone number across to the new network you can keep your contact details and still get a better phone and tariff.
What is EE's coverage like in my area?
Check out the coverage for your preferred provider here.


text:
Kaka Senior Citizens Service
Like other porgrammes of Fantsuam Foundation, the Kaka Senior Citizens Service grew up in response to a grwoing challenge in our host communities. Grandparents were struggling with the care of their orphaned grandchildren. This service provides Financial, Psycho-Social, Nutritional, Home-Based and Legal support for the older persons who are enrolled in the service. As an Affiliate of HelpAge International, Fantsuam Foundation is able to make inputs into the various policy process taking place at Regional and Global levels.


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April 18, 2009
NEW LONDON, CT-The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth's outdoor track and field teams turned in strong performances at the Silfen Invitational at Silfen Field Saturday.
The Corsair men scored 151 points to finish second in a 14-team field. Coast Guard was first with 291.5 points. The women were fourth of 14 teams with 85 points, Rhode Island College was first with 133.5 points.
The men won three events. Freshman Robert Yarbrough (Fall River, MA/Durfee HS) won the shot put on his last throw, which was a personal best toss of 46 feet, 6 ¼ inches. Freshman Gerald Arneaud (Dorchester, MA/Newton North HS) won at 400 meters for the second week in a row in 50.68 seconds, which qualified him for the ECAC Championships, while the 4 x 400 meter relay team won the meet's final event in 3:29.39, with a team of senior Tyler Buck (Valley Center, CA/Valley Center HS), senior Jimmy Knuuttila (Lunenburg, MA/Lunenburg HS), junior Matt Lemanski (East Longmeadow, MA/East Longmeadow HS) and Arneaud.
In the 400 meter hurdles, Knuuttila finished second in 58.14 seconds and qualified for the New England Division III Championships, while freshman Tom Barry (Wilmington, MA/Wilmington HS),who was fourth in 58.96 seconds, and sophomore James Morgan (Stoneham, MA/Stoneham HS/Assumption), fifth in 59.67 seconds, turned in personal best efforts. Barry was fourth in the javelin with a throw of 161 feet, one inch, while Yarbrough was fifth in the hammer throw at 108-6. At 100 meters, freshman Hymlaire Lamisere (Newton, MA/Newton North HS) was second in 11.44, while junior Corey Sleep (Fall River, MA/Durfee HS) was fourth in 11.63 and sophomore Kevin Markie (North Attleboro, MA/North Attleboro HS/Nichols) was fifth in 11.66. Markie was third in the triple jump at 44-3 ½, a personal best, while sophomore Jeff Beal (Townsend, MA/North Middlesex HS) was seventh at 41-4. Lamisere was fifth at 200 meters in 23.54 seconds and sixth in the long jump at 20-6 ¼, while sophomore Marcus Williams (Worcester, MA/Doherty HS) was seventh, also at 20-6 ¼. Buck was third at 800 meters in 1:59.60, while sophomore Eric Nygaard (Medway, MA/Medway HS) was fifth in 2:00.72 and third at 1500 meters in 4:10.29. In the 3000 meter steeplechase, junior Derek Stevens (Swampscott, MA/Swampscott HS) was fifth at 1;31.60 and sophomore Wes Meserve (Merrimac, MA/Pentucket Regional HS) was fifth in 10:51.44. The 4 x 100 meter relay team of Sleep, Knuuttila, Markie and Lamisere was second in 44.48 seconds.
On the women's side, sophomore Linee Mello-Frost (New Bedford, MA/New Bedford HS) won the 100 meter hurdles in 16.34 seconds, which qualified her for the ECAC Championships. Freshman Kristina Lundquist (Yarmouthport, MA/Dennis-Yarmouth HS) was sixth in 17.77 seconds. Sophomore Jermai Harrison (Brockton, MA/Brockton HS) broke the school record when she won the shot put with a toss of 39 feet, 3 ½ inches, while freshman Brittany Cole (Dartmouth, MA/Dartmouth HS) was third at 33-11 1.2 and sophomore Ashley Kelly (Middleboro, MA/Middleboro HS) eighth at 30-9. Lundquist was third in the long jump with a personal best leap of 16-7 that qualified her for the ECACs, Harrison was third in the discus at 108 feet, four inches, freshman Stacey Dybel (Littleton, MA/Notre Dame HS) was second at 3000 meters in 13:08.14, Cole was fourth in the hammer throw with a personal best toss of 113-2, and Emily Migre was third in the javelin at 109-2 and freshman Emily Hall (Seekonk, MA/Seekonk HS) fifth at 101-4. Junior Jess Carpenter (Rutland, MA/Wachusett Regional HS) was seventh at 800 meters in 2:28.83, the 4 x 100 meter relay team of Mello-Frost, Lundquist, Sandy Fitzsimmons and sophomore Briley Morrill (Whitman, MA/Whitman-Hanson Regional HS) was fourth in 52.45 second, and the 4 x 400 meter relay team of Migre, freshman Megan Oliveira (Somerset, MA/Somerset HS), freshman Meaghan Bohigian (Barre, MA/Quabbin Regional HS) was fourth in 4:33.96.
"It took good weather to bring it out, and I was very pleased with our performance," said UMass Dartmouth Head Coach Steve Gardiner. "We had a very good day. In the last three invitational meets, our men have finished third, first and second. Our women had 15 people and scored 85 points, which speaks well of their effort and commitment. We are looking forward to the conference meet." The Corsairs will return to action at the Little East Conference and New England Alliance Championships at Westfield State next Saturday.


text:
this project was a challenge for me from beginning to end.
Although, with some help from friends and
family, the throw is complete and I just love the way it turned out.
materials and equipment
tailor's chalk, tape measurer and long ruler
solid color fabric, preferably with a good drape so that it hangs well.
fusible web
floral fabric with motifs that can be cut out
pins, needle, and sewing thread
embroidery needle and floss
i decided to make the throw into a larger more functional sized blanket,
that my boys and I could snuggle
up with whether on the couch, or in a park...
or that the sweetest little girl in the entire world
could have her six month old photographs taken atop.
i added a quilters batting and backed the throw with a lovely Amy Butler fabric.


text:
One of the continuing pleasures of being a Barnard alumna is the opportunity to audit classes on campus and participate in the intellectual life of the College. Recognizing that alumnae beyond the tristate area crave the same intellectual engagement, this fall Barnard launched its first online course, The Modern Novel, taught by best-selling author and Millicent C. McIntosh Professor in English and Writing Mary Gordon '71.
"I was looking for things we could do online," says Dorothy Urman Denburg '70, vice president of college relations. "Mary proposed it after we were together in Chicago in the fall of 2010; she did a reading from her novel The Love of My Youth. She said she was willing to be a pioneer, and I leapt at it. I know her to be one of our most gifted teachers."
The demand was clearly there, affirms Gordon. "When I would go around the country and meet with alumnae groups, they would ask for this," she says. "I thought this might be a good way [for alumnae outside New York] to connect with the College."
The seminar was originally designed for 40 participants. Almost double—75 alumnae—signed up. "I was pleasantly surprised that we could have filled it twice," says Denburg. The course focused on five modern novels, Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent, Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier, E.M. Forster's Howards End, James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Virginia Woolf's Mrs.Dalloway. Gordon delivered two lectures for each novel; alumnae participated fully in a webinar, a real-time session for each text with viewers submitting questions or comments (unlike the auditing experience). The first 40 enrollees were also able to submit their journal entries about the works to Gordon.
"We wanted to make it a unique Barnard product," says Denburg, who emphasizes that this online venture is "not about modifying the undergraduate experience." What makes it distinctly "Barnard" is that the alumnae are "engaged, and having a conversation with Mary."
Still, as Gordon says, "The ability to talk to each other through the discussion board makes it a much more personal use of online education. It is not something I would do with undergraduates. It's not a substitute for personal relationships."
The experience has been gratifying for alumnae participants. "The lectures were interesting and well organized," says Alison Hayford '68, a retired professor of sociology and social studies, who participated in the webinars. She admitted that she found "writing 500 words much harder than writing 5000," although she enjoyed doing the journal entries.
Nicole Vianna '81, an economics major who was in the non-journal writing cohort, signed up because "I had read some of the books before, and I wanted to revisit them in a more formal way," she says. "The level was very high. It's Barnard women, which is what made it fun." Plus, there was Mary Gordon herself. "Her presence was the best thing," says Vianna. Carol Cohen '59, an English major who hadn't read all of the novels as an undergraduate, adds, "I like the way Mary looks at literature. I'm taken by her insights. This was intellectually stimulating."
Working with alumnae was just as enriching an experience for Gordon. "These are [women] who've done lots of things," she says. "What's been thrilling is having them say, 'I want serious intellectual engagement,' or 'Our reading group isn't good enough for me.' One woman who is a judge responded to the unreliable narrator in The Good Soldier. That rocked my world: [The response] so wonderfully expanded a hope I'd always had that literature does connect to life . . . but also made it clear to me how it could perhaps be the opposite of useful, and that paradox, in a way, embodies all the complexities that make literature invaluable.
"The level of the responses was incredibly high. It was very exciting to talk to people around the world and feel that Barnard spirit of tough, demanding, insightful and close reading. It's not over when you graduate."
Another online course is being planned for the fall of 2013 and will be announced when the dates and syllabus have been confirmed.


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Chain Reaction: Burger Lounge Lands in Los Angeles With Great Success
Reviews of burgers at chain restaurants.
Burger Lounge
8539 West Sunset Blvd.,West Hollywood CA 90069 and five other locations(map); 310-289-9250; burgerlounge.com
Cooking Method: Griddled
Short Order: A San Diego area fast casual burger chain comes to LA with little fanfare and lots of great burgers
Want Fries with That? Yes; these twice-fried spuds are kept at the highest quality by mixing up potato varieties based on season
Prices: The Lounge Burger, $7.95; french fries, $2.95/$3.99; onion rings, $3.95/$4.99
Burger Lounge isn't new to the pages of A Hamburger Today. Their grass fed beef burger first got a look by Colin Parent in San Diego. My lovely and talented colleague currently covering all things sweet and burger-y in the San Diego area, Erin Jackson, went beyond the beef when she stopped in for a turkey and veggie burger. What is new about Burger Lounge is their recent arrival in Los Angeles with the opening of their West Hollywood outpost smack dab in the middle of our yawning spectacle, the Sunset Strip.
I am not usually one to partake of the nightlife (or any of the life, such as it is) on the Strip, but tell of this professionally run outfit's burger proficiency got me out of my comfort zone and into my car to see what all the fuss was about. The folks behind burger lounge are full-fledged restaurant pros and it shows. J. Dean Loring (President/CEO) and Michael (Mike) Gilligan (CFO) founded Burger Lounge back in 2007, but this duo are serious industry veterans with an eye for detail. The interior of this restaurant (now pretty standardized across locations) is polished and highly designed. The servers greet you with a trained politeness that is undeniably more pleasant than Los Angeles's usual studied indifference of the aspiring actor who happens to be passing time as a server. Of course, for me the proof is in the burger, and I'm happy to report that Burger Lounge stands and delivers.
The Lounge Burger is this outfit's signature offering (they've trademarked the name) and after few bites it's clear why. The bun is a recipe-tested affair that Culinary Director Jim Little (who has been with Burger Lounge since opening) came up with. They refer to it as the Lounge Bun. I'm not sure if they went through the trouble of trademarking this one, but Little certainly poured some inspiration into it. It's a blend of organic whole wheat and organic white flours and gets its distinctive sweetness from a touch of blackstrap molasses. It's also Kosher and dairy-free for those of you keeping score at home. The five-ounce patty is made of 100 percent grass-fed beef (a blend of chuck and brisket) from Rain Crow Ranch in Jackson, Missouri, and is held to a hearty 75/25 meat-to-fat ratio. They top it off with lettuce, tomato, housemade Thousand Island, and a choice of organic white cheddar or organic American cheeses, as well as a choice of raw or grilled onions. I got mine with American cheese and grilled onions; I recommend you do the same.
The patty itself was exercise in grass-fed simplicity. The griddle is one of those technological marvels that delivers consistent heat and perfect crust even when it's loaded with patties. The beef had that clean beefiness with a little bit of richness that's indicative of the chuck and brisket blend. The restaurant is committed to using grass fed beef—it's actually finished with grass feed unlike the usual "grass-fed" beef that is really finished with a corn feed—which I know can be a turn off when compared to the rich fattiness of corn fed beef. In this case, the 25 percent fat more than makes up for that.
The toppings were all beyond reproach. The lettuce and tomato were fresh and crisp. The American cheese and grilled onions were a one-two punch of fatty flavor and sweet caramelization. The housemade Thousand Island is in the running as one of the best versions I've come across.
The one hesitation you might have from looking at the cross-section is the beef-to-bun ratio. The bun looks rather overpowering, but the truth is it plays nicely with the beef. Unlike most house recipes, this one still has a fantastic airy and spongy quality that makes for the best burger buns. I'd consider tweaking the recipe to reduce the molasses slightly since the sweetness is readily apparent and seems almost unnecessary. That said, this is still a very good bun.
Burger Lounge trades in secrets—at least when it comes to their menu—so I'm happy to report that my investigation unearthed a little inside information.This recently workshopped burger is inspired by the traditional McDonald's cheeseburger and it is, indeed, an inspired piece of work. The thing is, you won't find it on their menu. Ask for it by name: The Classic. Not only will you get the thrill of being in the know, but you'll also get what may be my favorite Burger Lounge burger. The grass fed beef is served with ketchup, mustard, American cheese, pickles, and raw onion on the Lounge Bun. The flavor profile is certainly reminiscent of a McDonald's burger, but this is probably better described as the cheeseburger you dreamed McDonald's would actually make. It's tangy and full of beefy flavor—definitely worth a try.
The fries are truly excellent. They are done in the Belgian style: a long blanch (4 minutes) at 325°F and finished at 375°F until done. They use 100 percent peanut oil and, more impressively, change up their potato order based on the starch content the varieties are displaying. Mine were Yukon Gold, but yours could be Kennebecs depending on what's coming in just right.
Housemade onion rings were less interesting for me, but still a creditable execution. They're made with fresh yellow onions dipped in buttermilk, dredged in flour, then coated in panko (Japanese-style bread crumbs). These are fried only once, then served with housemade barbecue sauce and housemade buttermilk ranch dressing.
There's no surefire recipe for success in the fast casual burger business, but the way Burger Lounge puts their operation together is damn close. I walked in expecting a standard fast casual meal and they managed to serve me something much better than that. Los Angeles is no easy market when it comes to flipping burgers for a living, but I'd expect Burger Lounge is going to go the distance.
Love hamburgers? Then you'll Like AHT on Facebook! And go follow us on Twitter while you're at it!
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


text:
The Thorp Faculty Engaged Scholars (FES) program brings together selected faculty from across campus to engage in a two-year experiential, competency-based curriculum designed to advance their engaged scholarship. Scholars participate in sessions in community settings to learn from Carolina faculty and their community partners. While developing individual projects, each class of scholars forms a learning community along with the faculty and community course directors to support one another's projects and community partners. The growing network of Thorp Faculty Engaged Scholars reports outcomes including new interdisciplinary collaborations, successful grant applications and both traditional and non-traditional products of scholarship.
Dr. Ronald Strauss serves as faculty director and Mr. Melvin Jackson as community director.
Program benefits
- Award amount of $5,000 per year, for each of the two years ($10,000 in total)
- Interactions with like-minded colleagues from a variety of disciplines around issues related to engaged scholarship
- Support from experienced faculty and community partners
- Information on engaged scholarship via a series of workshops, panels and case studies by leading UNC faculty, community and national experts and funding program officers
Scholars participate in a highly interactive, experiential and competency-based curriculum involving field visits, exposure to a number of ongoing projects and discussions with community members and faculty partners. Sessions address such topics as funding and dissemination of engaged scholarship, navigating disciplinary expectations while addressing community needs, and partnering with local communities in North Carolina and beyond.
Scholar selection
A faculty committee selects eight to 10 faculty members every other year to participate in the two–year program aimed at learning about and pursuing community engagement through scholarly endeavor. Since the program began in 2007, 53 faculty members have been selected from 10 professional schools and the College of Arts and Sciences, representing more than 20 departments. For information about the participants, see current and previous scholars.
Applications for the Thorp Faculty Engaged Scholars program are closed.
The Carolina Center for Public Service at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is committed to providing reasonable accommodations for its events and programs. If you need accommodations, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com or call 919-843-7568. Every reasonable effort will be made to implement accommodations in an effective and timely manner.


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Autumn 5
Autumn 5
Aurora 2
Aurora Borealis in the White Mountains, NH. Taken from Mt. Jackson.
Bloodmoon Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse, full moon, Autumn 2015.
Chocorua 2
Night sky over Mt. Chocorua and Chocorua Lake, in Tamworth, New Hampshire. August 2014
Elephant Head 2
View from Elephant Head in Crawford Notch, NH. December 2014.
Fall Flowering
Fall Flowering
Foliage 8
Fall Foliage 2013-Square Ledge, Pinkham Notch
Highland Center 2
AMC Highland Center in Crawford Notch, NH, during a snow shower.
Foliage 15
View of Mount Washington thru Fall Foliage along Mount Clinton Road.
Mount Major 11
Summit of Mount Major looking over Lake Winnipesaukee on New Years day 2014
Mount Pierce 1
Cairns lining the alpine trail to Mount Pierce along the Crawford Path, Crawford Notch, NH 2013.
Mt Washington 2
Great Glen, Looking at Mount Washington, Summer 2015.
Mount Pierce 2
Fog rolling thru the forest on the Crawford Path, Crawford Notch NH 2013.
Summer Sunset
Summer Sunset
Tuckerman Ravine Trail
Icy falls a short way up the Tuckerman Ravine Trail in Pinkham Notch, NH
Untitled 5
Untitled 5
Untitled 53
Untitled 53
Tuckerman Ravine 2
Tuckerman Ravine trail leading up towards Mount Washington, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
River Camping 1
Camping along the river in the White Mountains.
Lincoln Woods 2
Bridge along the Kancamagus Highway, Lincoln Woods NH, during fall in the White Mountains.
Camping Stars 1
Long exposure of hte night sky and Pemi River while camping, near Lincoln, NH, Summer 2017.
Lincoln Woods 1
Lincoln Woods Bridge crossing hte Pemigewasset River with foliage beginning.
Tuckerman Ravine 4
Tuckerman Ravine trail up to Lunch Rocks at the bottom of the bowl, looking across to Wildcat Mountain.
Tuckerman Ravine 3
MountPierce2013New HampshireNicholas GagnonSummerWhite Mountainsalpinecairncolorfoggrassgreenmistmorningmountainpathpilesrocksstonestrail


text:
CD-i Emulator 0.5.3-beta2 released
>> Monday, January 31, 2011
The bug that was reported in the beta limited edition version of CD-i Emulator has been fixed in version 0.5.3-beta2 which is available for download now.Read more...
The bug that was reported in the beta limited edition version of CD-i Emulator has been fixed in version 0.5.3-beta2 which is available for download now.Read more...
CDifan just posted a quote which sounds like a reason why controls on CD-i games is a though job. "One of the requirements of Philips was that "every CD-i title should be playable with every CD-i pointing device". Although originally a very hard requirement, this was quickly softened somewhat, especially for games. Technically, all pointing devices behave like a mouse to the CD-i software; there is no way to get "direction" signals from e.g. the joypad (except by detecting them in software, of course): all you get from the system is an X/Y coordinate pair and two button bits. This can produce some control lag if the detection is not quite right... "Read more...
CDifan fixed the bug in CD-i Emulator 0.53 that was reported January 15 and posted here on Interactive Dreams. CDifan: "It's generic and not related to Windows version or x86/x64 issues. There were some leftover vestiges from date-limit checking in earlier versions that erroneously started triggering earlier this month. The problem is fixed and I will release a new beta tomorrow (have to do a little cleanup in the development version first)." We'll let you know when any updates arrive.Read more...
Alan posted a link to a 'What was CD-i' article on the web, this time on a wordpress blog named 'The Magic Robot'. I always enjoy to read about what others have to say about CD-i: You can read it here. CDifan rapidly responds that, while the article states "The Philips CDi was the next step on from VCD", which is factually wrong, as CD-i predates VideoCD for several years.
I have to add to another quote from this article, ""typing" an eMail one letter at a time with your remote control on a virtual keyboard made it more of a novelty than a useful tool", that the writer obviously doesn't know about the CD-i KeyControl.
PS, I tagged the title with a (1) because I thought it's a nice start of a series on Interactive Dreams to find out what the web thinks of the CD-i, so let's find more 'What was CD-i' articles on the web and post them in the comments, on the forum or by email. Thanks! [Thanks, Alan]
There are some basic rules for CD-i which are not always clear to newcomers: For example that the CD-i is region free and all CD-i titles of the world will work on any local player (with a few exceptions). Another thought frequently asked is if the Mouse is exclusive to certain titles. That's not true, the CD-i Mouse is really just a pointing device just like the gamepad. It is basically compatible with every single CD-i title, but it's true some works better than another. For example, you don't want to play The Apprentice with a mouse, do you? You'd be rolling the ball constantly.
Titles which use a pointer on screen are controlled well with a mouse, like shooting games and point&click adventure games. It's not about if a title is compatible with the mouse, it's just that you make the choice what will work the best for you. Also the Peacekeeper Gun is basically compatible with all CD-i titles. It just doesn't work when you play Micro Machines with the Peacekeeper Gun, if you know what I mean! Good titles to use with the Mouse: Escape from Cyber City, Burn:Cycle, Mad Dog McCree , Mad Dog II, CD Shoot, 7th Guest, Myst, Creature Shock, Thunder in Paradise, Lemmings, Inca, Chaos Control, Solar Crusade, Defender of the Crown, Voyeur, Who Shot Johnny Rock?, L'Affair Morlov, you know any more?
CD-i Magazine (UK) issue 3 is now available here, and member 'some stupid japanese name' uploaded them to Rapidshare for a more convenience download without an Underground Gamer account. Download Issue 2 here and download issue 3 here. It's not all good news unfortunately, as SpoonMan reported in the comments: "I hate to say anything bad about it, but after viewing these I noticed that everything on the right margins of the mag is cut off quite a lot, making it nearly impossible to make sense of those reviews. :(" We hope k1ngArth3r and SpoonMan can work together to get a complete scan. Anyway guys, thanks a alot for all the efforts!Read more...
A few members reported problems with CD-i Emulator 0.53, like Luigiblood: "I just changed my PC, with better hardware, and with Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit, and for some reason : I can't start anything. Not even the BIOS. .I have three BIOS ROMs, two of them used Mono-I boards (i think, but at least one of them uses it).
And CD-i Emulator says i've exceeded the time limit, AT 00:00.04 ! Which is obviously wrong."
The problem has been confirmed by someone else using Win7 x64 and today new member NaoikiS reports that it doesn't work on x86 either. CDifan is currently looking into this! We'll post any updates as soon as we get them.
Gamesauce recently visited game developer Codeglue in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Codeglue is running by Peter de Jong and Maurice Sibrandi, who you heard of before five years ago on Interactive Dreams, when we posted our first article about Creative Media.
"Back when De Jong and Sibrandi were just starting with their technical engineering degrees, the Dutch company DIMA ('Dutch Interactive Media Associates', red.) paid a visit to our department and gave a presentation about internships to make games. "Maurice and I had similar interests, so we quickly decided to both do it," De Jong recalls. "There was no Dutch game industry back then. There were some studios making CD-i games, that was it." Already making games themselves on their Amigas, De Jong and Sibrandi didn't have a breakthrough by themselves yet. In 1993 both decided to take on that internship and work on CD-i titles.
After graduating from university, the duo continued to work at DIMA. Back then the company became well-known for producing some of the more popular CD-i games. The studio's main objective was to produce low-budget CD-i games in relatively short production times. While at DIMA, de Jong and Sibrandi worked on titles such as Family Games, Christmas Chrisis and Christmas Country. The studio would later go independent and rename itself to 'Creative Media' after Philips pulled the plug from it's CD-i production." Read more here.
[Thanks, Gamesauce]
CD-i member "K1ngArth3r" started scanning the UK CD-i Magazines as PDF files, just like Mathias did five years back with the dutch CD-i magazines (available here). He just finished the first PDF (Issue 2) and it is available for download here. More updates on his scanning project of all the UK CD-i Magazines you can find right here. K1ngArth3r: "The project was put on hold until now due to various reasons. I've currently started scanning and completed Issue 02 so far (Only took a couple of hours because the magazine is quite thin. I have 2 other issues with me at the moment which I plan to scan this week. The other magazines should be scanned by the end of February with a bit of luck, however I'm still missing Issue 01. Unless the magazines can be hosted here I will upload the first 3 magazines at the weekend to underground gamer."Read more...
Our longest running CD-i website (since 2001) is sleeping since July 2010 but as always it will return also in 2011 with some great articles. First coming up is an in-depth article about Tox Runner on CD-i, the follow-up to Video Speedway CD-i created by ISG Productions. Devin tracked down the creator of the project to tell us more behind the progress until the cancellation and the reasons for stopping it. Here's a first glimp of this unreleased CD-i game:
In 2010 a new direction was chosen by re-creating reviews on CD-i games made pretty by Devin, originally written by Chris Adamson. Expect more reviews from Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon, Burn:Cycle and many more to be published in 2011 on The Black Moon Project.
Further on more steps are made uncovering grand unreleased CD-i games including Star Wars: Rebel Assault and Discworld. I can tell you this is big stuff for our websites and I'm sure more than enough to keep the old workhorse 'Black Moon' interesting in 2011.
But first, you have to wait before the website awakes from its beautiful dreams...
Considering the low reception of the 0.53 update on CD-i Emulator it is perhaps expected that an updated compatibility report list is long in the making. Unfortunately no updates has been made on the CD-i Emulator 'Title Support' page since the 0.53 release October 10, 2010. The way to report compatibility issues has never been easier though since cdifan implemented a menu system on the cdiemu site right here. In this page you can easily share your experience with any title and it will pop up in a (hopefully) large list to show you how complete the emulation is.
If you haven't started yet emulating CD-i, read the tutorial on how to get it running on your PC in this article. If you have any problems/questions, don't hesitate to drop here a question or go to the CD-i Emulator Forum.
I think most of us marked CD-Ice being dead for years, but it is the first time Pete showed more of it than just Rise of The Robots running on it. On December 31st we showed you CD-Ice running Frog Feast and according to Pete CD-Ice was able to run games like Micro Machines, International Tennis Open and Striker Pro as well. You can't download CD-Ice anymore as far as I know, but Pete's version was further in development than the RotR crippled version we got anyway.
Pete: "I didn't (don't) really have any intention of resuming development [on CD-Ice]. [...] The process handling could all do with a rewrite now that the info is available and I can probably fill some gaps in some other things but I doubt it's really worth it so I think it's best to mark CD-ice as permanently dead. [...] But as I am intending on coding a new CD-i game I thought why not use my own emulator to develop it on. I think until the latest beta version cdifan's emu didn't run RotR and as I'd be using the same code as a base it wasn't going to be very helpful. My current dabbling with the emulator is just to check how compatible it is (was), just out of interest because I couldn't remember. As you say, only the RotR crippled version was ever released. btw, that just checks which file is the "boot" file on the cd and if it's not rise_cdi it wont run."
It's hard not to get excited on a new CD-i game in 2011, based on existing CD-i code from Rise of the Robots as it automatically makes me think about Pete's Digital Video version of Rise of the Robots. Remember Rise of the Robots on CD-i was supposed to be a Digital Video title equipped with drilling backgrounds and visual enhancements. Together with Charles Doty that would be excellent stuff for Frog Fighter CD-i!
Digital art as created for use in a three spot commercial for the Philips CD-i. Can you guess what titles it is used for?Read more...
© Interactive Dreams Version 5 by The Black Moon Project 2013
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Board Certified in Plastic Surgery - Miami, Florida
Dr. Sam Gershenbaum maintains a reputation for cosmetic surgery excellence as Miami, Floridas master surgeon. Acclaimed for his artistry, Dr. Gershenbaum regularly see's patients from across the county and from around the world; a regular point of service for national and international models, show business personalities and professional sports figures. A virtual who's who, our patient list includes cover girls, super-models, playboy centerfolds, pro athletes and tv celebrities. Dr. gershenbaum also has the honor and trust of physicians and surgeons who choose to have their surgery at Aventura Center for Cosmetic Surgery.
Dr. Gershenbaum is not only the top choice for Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, Palm Beach and Miami patients for breast augmentation in Florida, but also the premier plastic surgeon for breast augmentation revision. Dr. Gershenbaums meticulous attention to detail has earned him a reputation as a "perfectionist." His reputation for beautiful breast augmentation results has him sought out by patients who desire the most natural results, as well as those requiring corrective surgery for breast implants as well.
Dr. Gershenbaum is Board Certified in Plastic Surgery. A renowned specialist in aesthetic plastic surgery, he also has specialized training in reconstructive surgery for birth defects, traumatic injuries, and deformities from cancer including microsurgery and breast reconstruction. Dr. Gershenbaum has completed a rigorous general surgery residency at Wyckoff Heights Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York prior to his Plastic and Reconstructive surgery at the University of Medicine and Health Sciences in Des Moines, Iowa. He has also studied under several world-renowned authorities in plastic surgery. He is a Diplomate of the National Osteopathic Board of Medical Examiners, a Diplomate of the American Osteopathic Board of Surgery, and a Diplomate of the America Board of Hair Restoration Surgery. He is a member of the American Osteopathic Association, the Greater Society of Miami Plastic Surgeons
About Aventura Center For Cosmetic Surgery
Our beautiful, state-of-the-art cosmetic surgery center is located in North Miami, Florida. The Center is Certified by the American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities, Inc. (AAAASF) and exceeds state requirements for a safe operating facility. Your safety and well-being always come first, and our experienced and compassionate staff will attend to all of your needs. The Aventura Center was voted best cosmetic surgery center by the Sun Post.At the Aventura Center For Cosmetic Surgery, we strive for excellence and natural appearing results on a consistent basis. Miami Plastic Surgeon - Dr. Gershenbaum is committed to fully educating his patients about their individual procedures and will spend the time necessary to discuss all possible techniques and alternatives. We offer all aspects of plastic surgery of the breast, body and face. Dr. Gershenbaum is also one of the leading experts in the placement of body sculpting implants. An international reputation has patients flying in from around the world for calf implants, gluteal implants and male "pec" implants Those who have put off having quality cosmetic surgery can now do so with peace of mind knowing that they are receiving the ultimate in cosmetic surgery and care. Non surgical procedures and treatments including Juvederm, Restylane, Sculptra, Radiesse and BOTOX injections are available for facial rejuvenation. Laser hair removal, photo facials and microdermabrasion are available in our medical day spa as well.
Breast augmentation has given women throughout Miami and Florida added confidence in their appearance. Breast Augmentation is one of the most frequently performed procedures in the United States today. Breast implants enhance the size and shape of the breast by adding firmness and fullness. Breast augmentation can be used to enhance body symmetry and self-image primarily or following pregnancy. Breast implants can also be used for correcting asymmetry and for reconstructive purposes. We offer complimentary breast augmentation consultations at our Miami office.
The following is a review of the information you discussed personally with Dr. Gershenbaum regarding possible breast enlargement or augmentation. It is presented to aid you in making a decision regarding this surgery. Remember, each persons surgery will receive very close special attention and individual thought, planning and care.There are many details you will want to know and although you discuss them personally with Dr. Gershenbaum, this packet is made available to you so that you may refer to it and review it at your leisure. Please read all the information several times. Discuss any questions or comments with Dr. Gershenbaum prior to making any final decision regarding breast augmentation.
Breast Augmentation is one of the most frequently performed cosmetic surgery procedures in the United States today. Breast implants enhance the size and shape of the breasts adding firmness and fullness while improving body image and self esteem. Breast Augmentation can be performed to make smaller breasts appear larger, balance breasts that are asymmetrical, or restore fullness that has diminished with age or as a result of pregnancy. Breast Implants can also be used for reconstructive purposes.
Breast augmentation surgery is more popular than ever, with the vast majority of patients thrilled with their new proportions. There are however many patients that require additional surgery to correct problems with breast implants, to exchange outdated silicone gel implants, or simply to change to different size implants.
An internationally renowned surgeon, Dr. Sam Gershenbaum is known throughout Florida for his outstanding ability to create beautiful, shapely breasts. At his practice just north of Miami, he performs breast lift surgery for discriminating patients. A breast lift, or mastopexy, is a surgical procedure designed to perform the same role as a properly fitting bra, namely supporting the breast in an uplifted position revealing more fullness, shape, and cleavage. A breast lift generally removes only excess and loose skin, as compared to breast reduction, which reduces the amount of actual breast tissue besides skin reduction.
Many women from the Miami area have choosen to undergo breast lift, particularly those whose breast shape and contour does not fit their self-image. Body image is an important part of feeling good, desirable, and normal. Most women compare themselves to a cultural idea of beauty.
Commonly, women with sagging breasts and breasts with loose, stretched skin are dissatisfied with their physical appearance. These changes can be a result of genetics, pregnancy, weight loss, and aging or any combination thereof.
Miami breast reduction surgeon, Dr. Sam Gershenbaum combines modern technology with vast experience to offer the best breast reduction surgery in Florida.
For many women, the size, shape, and contour of their breasts do not fit their self-image. Women with unusually large, sagging, or uneven breasts are dissatisfied with their physical appearance. Some experience pain and discomfort due to the weight of their breasts and the pressure of bra straps on their shoulders and neck. Excessively large breasts can affect posture, limit physical activity and exercise, and make it difficult to find properly fitting clothes. Ungainly stares and rude comments may further promote a feeling of self-consciousness, limiting confidence and adding psychological strain to the physical symptoms.
Available at the Aventura Center in Miami, Florida, "scarless" breast reduction is yet another modality selected to reduce breast size with virtually no visible scars. Standard breast reduction techniques can produce dramatic changes in size and shape; however, there are usually obvious and noticeable scars. Many likely candidates for breast reduction have avoided the procedure because of these scars. With the use of this relatively new liposculpture-only breast reduction, a virtually "scarless" procedure is available.
Liposculpture-only breast reduction surgery uses the tumescent liposuction technique where saline mixed with epinephrine (a medication to constrict blood vessels) is infiltrated throughout the breasts. Several small incisions (as used in standard liposuction) are hidden in the crease under the breast, in the armpit, and on the border of the areola. Liposculpture then reduces the breasts in the deep, middle, and superficial layers allowing a reduced breast size and a modest elevation of the nipple level.
In Miami, Florida, it is especially important to look your best. Abdominoplasty or "Tummy Tuck" is a surgical procedure to remove excess skin and fatty tissue from the abdomen, as well as tighten the underlying musculature. An abdominoplasty from our Miami, Florida center will tighten stretched, wrinkled skin, creating a firmer, flatter abdomen and narrower waistline.
A protruding abdomen or an abdomen with loose, wrinkled, or hanging skin and fatty tissue causes distress to thousands of people. Weak abdominal muscles, weight fluctuations, pregnancy, and surgical scars can wreak havoc on our lower midsections. In many people, this area simply does not respond to diet and exercise.
Abdominoplasty is not, however, a substitute for weight reduction, and it is not meant as a treatment for obesity. The ideal candidate for an abdominoplasty is of relatively normal weight with weak abdominal muscles and excess skin and fat of the lower abdomen. Loss of skin elasticity, which frequently occurs with slight obesity in older patients, or extreme fluctuations in weight, can result in loose, stretched, hanging skin, and fat in the lower abdomen. These conditions can be markedly improved with this procedure. If stretch marks are a problem, only the stretch marks on the excess or hanging skin will be removed. Abdominal wall hernias and/or abdominal scars can sometimes be complicating factors that may also be corrected
during abdominoplasty surgery.
At the Aventura Center in Miami, liposuction brings contour and youthfulness to many areas of the body and face. Dr. Sam Gershenbaum utilizes tumescent liposuction with many other procedures, including facelift and abdominoplasty, performed at our cosmetic surgery center in Miami, Florida. Liposuction, also known as liposculpture, can be used for the removal of large or small amounts of fat to add shape and contour to your body, taking years off your appearance, and helping you live a healthy lifestyle.+ Liposuction is an approach to body contouring that removes excess subcutaneous fat through tiny incisions. Liposuction can be used alone or in combination with other procedures for cosmetic, posttraumatic, or reconstructive surgery. The distribution of fat is determined by three factors - heredity, metabolism and diet. Heredity determines the location and number of individual fat cells, which are generally fixed and unchanged after puberty. Your metabolism and diet may increase or decrease the amount of fat in each cell, however will not affect the total number of fat cells or their distribution.
Many men and women are simply dissatisfied with the size, shape and contour of their buttocks.
Underprojected, flat and/or sagging buttocks do not fit their ideal self-image. Body-image is an important part of feeling good, desirable and confident. For many this surgical procedure can make a dramatic impact in the quest for the body beautiful.
Buttock implants, also known as gluteal augmentation, gluteal implants or gluteoplasty, is a surgical procedure designed to add fullness and projection to the underprojected or flat buttock area. This procedure involves inserting a soft high grade, solid silicone implant into the muscular space of the buttock area. To the touch, it has the feeling and consistency of a flexed muscle. Unlike breast augmentation, after this procedure is properly completed and healed, there is no reason to require additional surgery in the future. These implants can be round or oval and come in a variety of sizes. A consultation and physical exam is needed to determine the appropriate size and shape for each individual.
Male chest enhancement, known as "pec" implants, is now more popular than ever. Increasing numbers of men are choosing to enhance their physique, body symmetry, and self-image with pectoral implants. This procedure can be performed to enhance an already shapely physique, or pectoral implants may be used for those who simply do not have the time or desire to spend countless hours at the gym.
Pectoral augmentation, commonly referred to as "pec" implants, is a surgical procedure designed to add fullness, size, and shape to the male chest. This procedure involves inserting a soft, high-grade, solid silicone implant into a space created under the pectoral muscles. To the touch, it has the feeling and consistency of a flexed muscle. Unlike female breast augmentation, after this procedure is properly completed and healed, there is no reason to require additional surgery in the future. Frequently, liposuction of the love handles, abdomen, waist and back or any combination thereof is performed to further enhance the overall shape and contour of the upper torso.
Many men and women are dissatisfied with the size and shape of their calves. Calf augmentation, or calf implants, is a surgical procedure that uses soft, solid silicone implants to increase the size and enhance the shape of the calves. Reasons for calf augmentation vary from cosmetic enhancement to reconstructive. Men and women body builders often use calf augmentation to enhance the fullness, shape and bulk of the calf muscles when exercise falls short on further development. Others choose calf implants to improve proportions, definitions and curves of the lower legs for simple muscular enhancement or to correct the appearance of thin and/or bowed legs. Calf implants can also be used to correct asymmetry in calf muscles from trauma or genetic birth deformities such as in polio, spina bifida and clubfoot.
Many women are unhappy with the size of their Labia Minora (inner vaginal lips) which may cause insecurity or embarrassment with a sexual partner, discomfort in tight fitting pants or swim wear or other hygienic problems. Women have became more aware of differences in genital appearance owing in large part to increasing publications of nudity in magazines and nude presentation in movies. When Labia Minora are enlarged or unequal in size, some women harbor feelings of deformity or being abnormal, with loss of self esteem. Most women do not desire the smaller inner vaginal lips to project much beyond the larger outer lips. Many women desire the smaller inner lips not to extend beyond the outer lips at all.
Vaginal Rejuvenation is designed to increase and/or restore sexual gratification. Over time, the vaginal muscles can lose strength, tone, and most of all, control and support. The inside and outside dimensions can also increase. These changes can cause a decrease in sexual feeling and gratification. Vaginal rejuvenation is designed to correct the anatomic deformities, and thus increase and restore sexual pleasure for women (and men)!
Add looks to your years... A facelift can improve the most visible signs of aging by sculpting and tightening the deeper structures and foundation of the face and neck. During the natural aging process, the effects of gravity, sun exposure, weight fluctuations, smoking, heredity, and the daily stresses of life begin to reveal the passage of time in our faces. Facelift surgery can
bring youth back to your face. In youth, the face is firm and smooth due to good skin elasticity
and proper positioning of normal facial fat. During the aging process, skin elasticity and muscle tone weaken, and facial fat descends, causing prominent skin folds, deep creases between the nose and corner of the mouth. Jowls become prominent along with fat deposits and loose skin in the neck.
Miami brow lift surgeon, Dr. Sam Gershenbaum, provides expertise in creating the youthful, more awake appearance that brow lift surgery offers. The contour and position of the skin, fat, muscles, and brow around the eyes is largely responsible for facial expression. Wrinkles and lines often first appear in the brow and forehead area along low positioned eyebrows and heavy lids, which all become more prominent as time goes on. Sun exposure, genetic influences, weight fluctuations, and smoking can be contributing factors that together produce a tired, older, and even sometimes a scowling appearance.
At the Aventura Center for Cosmetic Surgery, located just north of Miami, eyelid surgery is one of our most highly requested, and most satisfying procedures. Dr. Sam Gershenbaum uses an advanced approach to this life-changing procedure, and has become known as a leader for eyelid surgery in the Miami region. Eyelid surgery at our center is performed only with the latest techniques and technology, because we understand that the eyes are responsible for an important part of facial expression; they project the feelings and emotions of happiness, sorrow, anger and fear. Many feel the eyes are the "windows to our soul." Yet, the eyes themselves are essentially expressionless structures. In actuality, it is the contour of the skin, muscle, fat, brow and lashes around the eyes that produce expression. Wrinkles, lines, loose skin and fatty bulges slowly develop and become more prominent as time goes on. Sun exposure, genetic predisposition, weight fluctuations and smoking can also be contributing factors that together produce a tired and older appearance.
Rhinoplasty, or nasal surgery, is popular among men and women who are dissatisfied with the size and/or shape of their nose. Being such a prominent feature, the size and shape of the nose may be the most defining characteristic of one's face. Dr. Samuel Gershenbaum performs rhinoplasty for both cosmetic and functional (breathing) indications at our facility in Miami, Florida.
Rhinoplasty surgery frequently involves the external appearance, as well as the internal structure and breathing apparatus.
Dr. Gershenbaum offers a wide range of facial implants to enhance facial features for Florida residents. Facial implants can be used alone, but are often incorporated with other facial cosmetic surgery procedures such as a facelift, rhinoplasty, brow lift, or eyelid surgery.
Facial implants add contour to the facial structure and create more attractive proportions. They are commonly used for the chin, jaw, and cheeks. Facial implant surgery is performed on an outpatient basis at our state-of-the-art cosmetic surgery center in Miami, Florida. A similar procedure is performed for most facial implants: a small incision is made (often inside the mouth) near the location of implant, the implant is inserted, and the incisions are sutured for healing. Normal activities may be resumedapproximately one week following surgery. Strenuous activity is not recommended for at least one month.
Lip enhancement, including lip augmentation with implants, can change the size and shape of your lips, increasing fullness and overall appearance and feel. With the use of safe injectables like Restylane®, collagen, and fat injections, Dr. Gershenbaum can give you the pouty, sexy lips youve always wanted. Lip enhancement with injectables must be repeated over time because the body will eventually absorb the substance injected. These non-surgical lip enhancements are convenient because you can return to your normal activities immediately. Lip augmentation is a popular, safe procedure that offers a permanent solution utilizing synthetic lip implants to
create full, sexy lips.
Otoplasty cosmetic surgery, also referred to as ear shaping or ear pinning, can correct protruding or deformed ears for children and adults. Many parents choose to have their childrens ears pinned at an early age, usually between four and fourteen, to prevent ridicule during adolescence. However, many adults also request otoplasty to correct misshapen or oversized ears.
Miami plastic surgeon's featured patients include the Playboy Playmates and Maxim Models shown
below. Playmates and models who desire the most artistic and exquisite treatment visit Aventura
Cosmetic Surgery to achieve consistently superior results.


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IOPHY(4) NetBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual IOPHY(4) NAME iophy -- Driver for Intel i82553 10/100 Ethernet PHYs SYNOPSIS iophy* at mii? phy ? DESCRIPTION The iophy driver supports the Intel i82553 10/100 Ethernet PHYs found on some Intel i82557-based Ethernet cards. SEE ALSO fxp(4), ifmedia(4), intro(4), mii(4), ifconfig(8) NetBSD 7.1.2 November 3, 1998 NetBSD 7.1.2
You can also request any man page by name and (optionally) by section:


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Cosmetic Dentist
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