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AR Philosophy > Morality of AR > Speciesism - Index
The Case for the Personhood of Gorillas
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by Francine Patterson and Wendy Gordon
For twenty-five years Francine Patterson has been communicating with Koko, a gorilla. Patterson began to study communication with Koko by means of sign language in 1972. Basing her thesis on this work, she received her doctorate in developmental psychology from Stanford University in 1979. Today she serves as President of the Gorilla Foundation, which serves as a trust on behalf of Koko and two other gorillas, Michael and Ndume, currently working to establish a preserve in Hawaii where gorillas will be able to live semi-free in a protected natural environment. Wendy Gordon has worked at the Gorilla Foundation since 1990 as a research assistant, working regularly with both Koko and Michael; before that she spent four years as a zoo volunteer, educating the public about gorillas. This chapter describes some of the interaction in the 'multi-species family' of gorillas and the human beings who live and work with them.
We present this individual for your consideration:
She communicates in sign language, using a vocabulary of over 1000 words. She also understands spoken English, and often carries on "bilingual" conversations, responding in sign to questions asked in English. She is learning the letters of the alphabet, and can read some printed words, including her own name. She has achieved scores between 85 and 95 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
She demonstrates a clear self-awareness by engaging in self-directed behaviors in front of a mirror, such as making faces or examining her teeth, and by her appropriate use of self-descriptive language. She lies to avoid the consequences of her own misbehavior, and anticipates others' responses to her actions. She engages in imaginary play, both alone and with others. She has produced paintings and drawings which are representational. She remembers and can talk about past events in her life. She understands and has used appropriately time-related words like before, after, later, and yesterday.
She laughs at her own jokes and those of others. She cries when hurt or left alone, screams when frightened or angered. She talks about her feelings, using words like happy, sad, afraid, enjoy, eager, frustrate, mad, and, quite frequently, love. She grieves for those she has lost-a favorite cat who has died, a friend who has gone away. She can talk about what happens when one dies, but she becomes fidgety and uncomfortable when asked to discuss her own death or the death of her companions. She displays a wonderful gentleness with kittens and other small animals. She has even expressed empathy for others seen only in pictures.
Does this individual have a claim to basic moral rights? It is hard to imagine any reasonable argument that would deny her these rights based on the description above. She is self-aware, intelligent, emotional, communicative, has memories and purposes of her own, and is certainly able to suffer deeply. There is no reason to change our assessment of her moral status if I add one more piece of information, namely that she is not a member of the human species. The person I have described - and she is nothing less than a person to those who are acquainted with her - is Koko, a 26-year-old lowland gorilla.
For over 25 years, Koko has been living and learning in a language environment that includes American Sign Language (ASL) and spoken English.1 Koko combines her working vocabulary of over 500 signs into statements averaging three to six signs in length. Her emitted vocabulary-those signs she has used correctly on one or more occasions-is about 1000. Her receptive vocabulary in English is several times that number of words.
Koko is not alone in her linguistic accomplishments. Her multi-species "family" includes Michael, an 18-year-old male gorilla. Although he was not introduced to sign language until the age of three and a half, he has used over 400 different signs. Both gorillas initiate the majority of their conversations with humans and combine their vocabularies in creative and original sign utterances to describe their environment, feelings, desires, and even what may be their past histories. They also sign to themselves and to each other, using human language to supplement their own natural communicative gestures and vocalizations.
Sign language has become such an integral part of their daily lives that Koko and Michael are more familiar with the language than are some of their human companions. Both gorillas have been known to sign slowly and repeat signs when conversing with a human who has limited signing skills. They also attempt to teach as they have been taught. For example, one day Michael had been repeatedly signing chase (hitting two fisted hands together) but was getting no response from his companion who did not know this sign. He finally took her hands and hit them together and then gave her a push to get her moving. Similarly, Koko has often been observed molding the hands of her dolls into signs.
Tests have shown that the gorillas understand spoken English as well as they understand sign. In one standardized test called the Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension, novel phrases corresponding to sets of pictures were given to the gorillas under conditions in which the tester did not know the correct answers. Koko's performance (see Table 1) was twice as good as might have been expected by chance, and there was no significant difference in her performance whether the instructions were given in sign only or English only.2
Table 1
Percent Correct
The results of chi-squared tests (1 degreee of freedom) indicate that Koko's performance on the ACLC in all modes and at all levels of difficulty was significantly better than chance, and that there was no significant difference in her comprehension whether the instructions were given in sign, English, or sign plus English.
Because the gorillas understand linguistic instructions and questions, we have been able to use standardized intelligence tests to further assess their abilities.3 Koko's scores on different tests administered between 1972 and 1977 yielded an average IQ of 80.3 (see Table 2). More significant than the actual scores is the steady growth of Koko's mental age. This increase shows that she is capable of understanding a number of the principles that are the foundation of what we call abstract thought.
Table 2
Chronological age in months
Many of those who would defend the traditional barrier between Homo Sapiens and all other species cling to language as the primary difference between humans and other animals. As apes have threatened this last claim to human uniqueness, it has become more apparent that there is no clear agreement as to the definition of language. Many human beings-including all infants, the severely mentally impaired people, and some educationally deprived deaf adults of normal intelligence-fail to meet the criteria for "having language" according to any definition. The ability to use language may not be a valid test for determining whether an individual has rights. But the existence of even basic language skills does provide further evidence of a consciousness which deserves consideration.
Conversations with gorillas resemble those with young children and in many cases need interpretation based on context and past use of the signs in question. Alternative interpretations of gorilla utterances are often possible. And even if the gorillas' use of signs does not meet a particular definition of language, studying that use can give us a unique perspective from which to understand more directly their physical and psychological requirements. By agreeing on a common vocabulary of signs we establish two-way communication between humans and gorillas. We can learn as much from what they say as we can by evaluating how they say it.
Some of what they tell us can be anticipated: "What do gorillas like to do most?" "Gorilla love eat good." Or, "What makes you happy?" "Gorilla tree." "What makes you angry?" "Work." "What do gorillas do when it's dark?" "Gorilla listen (pause), sleep." Some responses, on the other hand, are quite unexpected: "How did you sleep last night?" (expecting "fine," "bad" ; or some related response). "Floor blanket" (Koko sleeps on the floor with blankets). "How do you like your blankets to feel?" "Hot Koko-love." "What happened?" (after an earthquake). "Darn darn floor bad bite. Trouble trouble."
Gorillas have suffered from a reputation for aloofness, low level of motivation, and a contrary nature. Such gorilla stubbornness and negativism have been encountered and documented in our work with Koko and Michael, but certain findings indicate that this is evidence of intelligence and independence rather than of stupidity. And it is just this ornery independence that seems to spark episodes of humor and verbal playfulness. A characteristic incident involved Koko and assistant Barbara Hiller. Koko was nesting with a number of white towels and signed, "That red," indicating one of the towels. Barbara corrected Koko, telling her that it was white. Koko repeated her statement with additional emphasis, "That RED." Again Barbara stated that the towel was white. After several more exchanges. Koko picked up a piece of red lint, held it out to Barbara and, grinning, signed, "That red."
Our approach has been to give Koko and Michael vocabulary instruction but no direct teaching of any other language skill. Most of the signs were learned either through the molding of the gorillas' hands into signs or through imitation. But Koko and Michael have both created signs and used the language in diverse ways not explicitly taught. In a very real sense, the study has involved the mapping of skills, rather than the teaching of skills. This mapping is being done through observations in relatively unstructured and uncontrolled situations and through rigorous tests. The best possible linguistic and cognitive performances are likely to be given in the informal setting, with support coming from tests.
The gorillas have taken the basic building blocks of conversation (signs) and, on their own, added new meaning through modulation, a grammatical process similar to inflection in spoken language. A change in pitch or loudness of the voice, or the addition (or substitution) of sounds, can alter the meaning of a spoken word. In sign language this is accomplished through changes in motion, hand location, hand configuration, facial expression, and body posture. The sign bad, for instance, can be made to mean very bad by enlarging the signing space, increasing the speed and tension of the hand, and exaggerating facial expression. Koko, like human signers, has exploited this feature of sign language to exaggerate a point, as when she signed thirsty from the top of her head to her stomach, instead of down her throat.
The gorillas have been observed to use these kinds of variations to mark relations of size (e.g., small versus large alligator sign), number ( birds versus bird by repeating the sign), location (scratch-on-back), possession (Koko's-baby signed simultaneously), manner, degree, intensity or emphasis (tickle signed with two hands), agent or object of an action (you-sip signed by moving the signing hand toward the intended agent), negation (negating the attention sign by changing its location), to express questions (through eye contact and facial expression), and as a form of word play akin to wit or humor (simultaneously signing sad frown when asked to "smile" for the camera).
A conversation with Koko that involved this kind of creativity with the sign rotten has been documented on film. Koko demonstrated the standard form of the sign in an exchange of insults after her companion called her a "stinker." Koko then inflected the sign by using two hands (perhaps meaning "really rotten" ) and in the same sequence, brought the sign off her nose toward her companion, conveying the idea "you're really rotten." Koko's use of rotten in this conversation also demonstrates her grasp of the connotation of a word rather than its denotation or concrete or specific meaning.
The meaning of the gorillas' signs are not necessarily identical to the most common meanings, and in some cases they are entirely different. To interpret the gorillas' conversations correctly, one must discover what the signs mean to them. Word-association games provide some clues. The gorillas are asked, "What do you think of when I say _____?" Examples of stimulus-response pairs from sessions with Michael include: Teacher "hand," Michael "foot," and similarly, afraid-hug, dead-stink, and hungry-eat. The gorillas have also simply been asked to give definitions. Examples from data on Koko follow:
12 February 1984
Teacher: What's an insult?
Koko: Think devil dirty.
Teacher: What's a stove?
Koko: Cook with.
12 July 1984
Teacher: What's an injury?
Koko: There bite (pointing to a cut on her hand).
13 July 1984
Teacher: What is crazy?
Koko: Trouble surprise.
8 February 1985
Teacher: Why do people say darn?
Koko: Work obnoxious.
21 April 1983
Teacher: What can you think of that's hard?
Koko: Rock ... work.
9 February 1984
Teacher: What's a smart gorilla?
Koko: Me.
There are also words that Koko does not understand, and she sometimes corrects her companions when they apply them to her: On Christmas evening in 1984 Koko picked up the telephone, listened to the dial tone, then signed "I" and handed the receiver to Barbara Hiller. When another companion commented, "She's a goofball!" Koko responded, "No, gorilla." She has given similar responses when referred to as a "juvenile" or a "genius."
Another way Koko and Michael have created novel meanings for basic vocabulary signs is through an unusual coining process in which they employ signs whose spoken equivalents match or approximate the sounds of English words for which no signs have been modeled. For example, Koko uses a modulated knock sign to mean obnoxious. This indicates that she knows:
1. That the sign knock is associated with the spoken word "knock." 2. That knock sounds like the spoken word "obnoxious." 3. That the sign knock can therefore be applied semantically to mean something or someone obnoxious. Other examples include the substitution of the sign tickle for "ticket," skunk for "chunk," and lip stink for "lipstick." When Michael was asked to "say bellybutton," he first signed "bellybutton" (pointing to it), then signed "berry bottom."
When signs have been repeatedly demonstrated that are difficult or impossible for Koko to form, her solution has often been to make substitutions based on the sound of the corresponding English word: knee for "need," red for "thread," lemon for "eleven," and bird for "word."
The gorillas also communicate new meanings by making up their own entirely new signs. The intended meanings of some of the gorillas' invented nouns have been obvious (nailfile, eyemakeup, barrette) because of their iconic form. The meanings of more abstract words such as verbs and prepositions (above, below, take-off), have to be worked out over time from records of the situations in which they occurred.
An analysis of the 876 signs emitted by Koko during the first ten years of the project4 revealed that 54 signs, 6% of her total emitted vocabulary, were her own inventions. Another 2% (15 signs) were compounded by Koko from signs she was taught. Originally, only ten signs (1%) were counted as natural gorilla gestures. New data from detailed observations of the gestures used by uninstructed gorillas indicates that these categories are fluid, and some of Koko's inventions are shared by other gorillas.
These invented signs indicate that the gorillas, like human children, take initiative with language by making up new words and by giving new meanings to old words. On the next level, there is evidence that Koko and Michael can generate novel names by combining two or more familiar words. For instance, Koko signed "bottle match" to refer to a cigarette lighter, "white tiger" for a zebra, and "eye hat" for a mask. Michael has generated similar combinations, such as "orange flower sauce" for nectarine yogurt and "bean ball" for peas. Other examples in the samples of the gorillas' signing are "elephant baby" for a Pinocchio doll and "bottle necklace" for a six-pack soda can holder. Critics have commented that such phrases are merely the pairing of two separate aspects of what is present. Many of the above examples, however, cannot be explained in this way - when Koko signed "bottle match," neither a bottle nor a match was present.
The gorillas have applied such new descriptive terms to themselves as well as to novel objects. When angered, Koko has labeled herself a "red mad gorilla." Once, when she was drinking water through a thick rubber straw from a pan on the floor after repeatedly asking her companion for a drink of juice which were not forthcoming, she referred to herself as a "sad elephant."
Intrigued by examples of language use such as these, we went on to obtain more empirical evidence of the gorillas' metaphoric capacity. Koko was given a test devised by Howard Gardner5 in which she was asked to assign various descriptive words to pairs of colors. The adjective pairs used were light-dark, happy-sad, loud-quiet, hard-soft, and warm-cold. In videotaped sessions administered under conditions in which Koko could see only the stimulus and not the experimenter, she had no difficulty identifying literal dark versus light (two shades of green), red (versus blue) as warm, brown (versus blue- gray) as hard, violet-blue (versus yellow-orange) as sad, and lemon-yellow (versus spring green) as loud. Koko indicated her answers either by pointing or by verbal descriptions (e.g. "orange that fine," when asked which color was happy). Ninety percent of her responses were metaphoric matches as determined by Gardner and by three project research assistants who took the same test. Preschoolers in Gardner's study made only 57 percent metaphoric matches; 7-year-olds, 82 percent.6
Another creative aspect of the gorillas' language behavior is humor. Humor, like metaphor, requires a capacity to depart from what is strictly correct, normal, or expected. For example, when asked to demonstrate her invented sign for stethoscope for the camera, Koko did it on her eyes instead of on her ears. Asked to feed her chimp doll, she put the nipple to the doll's eye and signed "eye." Appreciation of this kind of wit is sometimes dependent on recognizing the sign behind the distortion. A skeptic might see this as a simple error, but in the case of signs that the gorillas themselves invent, such as stethoscope, this is not likely, and there are consistencies that run across the gorillas' humorous use of signs.
We have often noticed Koko giving an audible chuckling sound at the results of her own and her companions discrepant statements or actions. She discovered that when she blew insects at her companions, a predictable shrieking and jumping response could be elicited. Originally, she laughed at this outcome, but now she chuckles in anticipation of the prank as well. Accidents and unexpected actions by others can also cause Koko to laugh. Chuckles were evoked, for instance, by a research assistant accidentally sitting down on a sandwich and by another playfully pretending to feed sweets to a toy alligator. Developmental psychologists have found that the earliest form of humor in young children, incongruity-based humor, relies on similar principles of discrepancy applied to objects, actions, and verbal statements.
Koko has also made verbal "jokes." On 30 October 1982 Barbara Hiller showed Koko a picture of a bird feeding her young:
Koko: That me. (pointing to adult bird)
Barbara: Is that really you?
Koko: Koko good bird.
Barbara: I thought you were a gorilla.
Koko: Koko bird.
Barbara: Can you fly?
Koko: Good. (i.e., yes)
Barbara: Show me.
Koko: Fake bird, clown. (Koko laughs)
Barbara: You're teasing me. (Koko laughs.) What are you really?
Koko: Gorilla Koko.
In stark contrast to the gorillas' ability to express humor is their ability to communicate their thoughts and feelings about death. When Koko was seven, one of her teachers asked, "When do gorillas die?" and she signed, "Trouble, old." The teacher also asked, "Where do gorillas go when they die?" and Koko replied, "Comfortable hole bye." When asked "How do gorillas feel when they die-happy, sad, afraid?" she signed, "Sleep." Koko's reference to holes in the context of death has been consistent and is puzzling since no one has ever talked to her about burial, nor demonstrated the activity. That there may be an instinctive basis for this is indicated by an observation at the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle, Washington. The gorillas there came upon a dead crow in their new outdoor enclosure, and one dug a hole, flicked the crow in, and covered it with dirt.7
In December of 1984 a tragic accident indicated the extent to which gorillas may grieve over the death of their loved ones. Koko's favorite kitten, All Ball, slipped out the door and was killed by a speeding car. Koko cried shortly after she was told of his death. Three days later, when asked, "Do you want to talk about your kitty?" Koko signed, "Cry." "What happened to your kitty?" Koko answered, "Sleep cat." When she saw a picture of a cat who looked very much like All Ball, Koko pointed to the picture and signed, "Cry, sad, frown." Her grief was not soon forgotten.
17 March 1985 with Francine Patterson (on videotape):
Penny: How did you feel when you lost Ball?
Koko: Want.
Penny: How did you feel when you lost him?
Koko: Open trouble visit sorry.
Penny: When he died, remember when Ball died, how did you feel?
Koko: Red red red bad sorry Koko-love good.
Arthur Caplan argues that animal interests and human interests should not be counted equally, claiming that non-human animals lack certain traits that make a moral difference. He uses the following example to illustrate his point: "If you kill the baby of a baboon the mother may spend many weeks looking for her baby. This behavior soon passes and the baboon will go on to resume her normal life. But if you kill the baby of a human being the mother will spend the rest of her life grieving over the loss of her baby. Hardly a day will go by when the mother does not think about and grieve over the loss of her baby."8
But in this example the comparison is between outward behavior in the case of the baboon mother, and a private mental state in the case of the human mother. In most such cases, the human mother also resumes her normal life; returning to her workplace, caring for her other children, going about her daily activities as before. Her grief is not necessarily apparent to the casual observer. Because the baboon mother cannot (or chooses not to) communicate to us her internal feelings about the death of her baby, it is assumed that it does not matter to her. While we cannot make any claims here about the emotional life of baboons, we have considerable evidence that Koko continues to mourn the loss of her adopted "baby," All Ball, even years after his death.
19 March 1990 Koko comes across a picture of herself and All Ball in a photo album. Koko: That bad frown sorry (emphatic) unattention (Koko's negation of the sign for attention, covering her eyes with her hands).
Through conversations such as these the gorillas show not only that they are capable of experiencing emotions, but that they are aware of their emotions and can use language to describe them. Koko, at age six, was given a test that parallels a study with human children 5 to 13 years old by Wolman, Lewis, and King.9 Koko was asked a series of questions with these frames:
(1) Do you ever feel ______? (2) When do you feel ______?
The target feeling states were anger, fear, happiness, sadness, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and nervousness. Like the younger human subjects, Koko most frequently reported external events as conditions of emotional arousal; for example, when asked, "When do you feel hungry," she answered, "Feel time." A possible explanation of this reply is that when it is time (to eat), she feels hungry. Koko regularly uses an emphatic time sign to tell her companion to bring out the next scheduled meal. Her replies to questions about anger seem to be related to events of the months preceding the test. Her responses to "When do you feel mad?" included "Koko-love Marjie bye" and "Koko mad girl." At the time this test was given Koko had been having a difficult time with a new assistant named Marjie.6
Koko has displayed a capacity for empathy in her comments about the emotional states of others:
24 September 1977 - Koko is shown a picture of the albino gorilla Snowflake struggling against being bathed. Koko signs "Me cry there," indicating the picture.
3 November 1977 - with companion Cindy Duggan Koko looks at a picture of a horse with a bit in his mouth. K: Horse sad. CD: Why? K: Teeth.
27 December 1977 - Michael has been crying because he wants to be let out of his room. Koko, in the next room, is asked how Michael feels. K: Feel sorry out.
7 April 1986 - Mitzi Phillips tells Koko about a problem that is making her feel sad. MP: What could I do to feel better? K: Close drapes... Tug-of-war. As Mitzi writes in the diary, Koko quietly comes up to her. K: Sad? (Making the sign a question by raising her eyebrows and leaning forward, a standard ASL question form.) MP: I feel better now. Koko smiles.
The gorillas have also been asked to represent feeling states such as love, hate, happiness and anger with paints on canvas. Given free choice of ten or more colors, the gorillas produced works of contrasting color and form. Asking them to paint emotions seemed a reasonable request because they had earlier demonstrated some primitive representational ability in their drawings and paintings done from models or from memory. Both Koko and Michael titled these works appropriately. One example of Michael's representational art is a work he called "Apple Chase," for which he used our black and white dog named Apple as a model. The black and white painting bears a resemblance to Apple's head. (It is interesting to note that Michael and Apple have a special relationship. They frequently play "chase" together, and Michael often initiates the game by signing chase to Apple.)
Michael frequently expresses himself creatively through sound play. He uses various objects and parts of his body to produce a wide variety of sounds and intricate rhythms. In creating his "sound tools" he experiments with different materials in his environment. In addition to rhythmic drumming and tapping, for example, he sometimes strums a rope or fabric strip held taut between his feet and his mouth. He made a rattle by filling a PVC pipe end with hard nutshells and shaking it vigorously with his hand covering the open end. Then he filled his mouth with the nutshells and shook them around, making a contrasting "wet" rattling sound.
Koko regularly expresses her creativity through fantasy play, alone or with her companions. Often this play involves her plastic reptile toys and centers on their tendency to "bite."
13 October 1988 with Mitzi Phillips: Koko is lying down with one of her toy alligators. She looks at it and signs "Teeth." She examines its mouth. She kisses it, puts two alligators together as if to make them kiss each other, then gives them a three-way kiss. She puts her hand into the toy's mouth, then pulls it out and shakes her hand. MP: Oh, did it bite you? K: Bite. MP: Oh, no! Does it hurt? Koko kisses her finger. MP: May I see that bad alligator? Koko gives it to Mitzi. Mitzi "asks" the alligator why it bit Koko and pretends to listen to the answer, then hands it back to Koko. Koko kisses the toy again and again. K: Alligator. Gorilla. Bite. Gorilla nut nut nut. Stomach toilet.
They are intelligent and emotional, they express themselves creatively through language, art, music and fantasy play; but are gorillas self-aware? Once considered unique to human beings, self-awareness is an elusive concept. Its many definitions are both varied and vague, although almost everyone has some notion of what it means. Through their signing, Koko and Michael have shown a number of generally accepted cognitive correlates of self-awareness, including the use of personal pronouns, references to their own internal and emotional states, humor, deception and embarrassment.
While self-awareness is probably best determined through the use of language, self- recognition in mirrors is an accepted indicator of self-awareness in human infants and other non-verbal individuals. In formal mirror-marking tests, the subjects are first exposed to a mirror and observed for any self-directed behavior. Then their appearance is altered in such a way that they can only detect the change with the aid of a mirror. Nonhuman primates undergoing these tests are normally anesthetized and marked on the face with red dye. Human children are marked surreptitiously with a spot of rouge while they are distracted. Once marked, subjects are again exposed to a mirror. Touching the mark while looking in the mirror is considered confirming evidence of self-recognition. Chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans have demonstrated a capacity for self-recognition in mirror tests, but the six gorillas previously tested failed to do so. It was concluded that gorillas lacked the cognitive capacity for self-awareness, in spite of informal reports to the contrary.
We gave a comparable mirror test to Koko10 in which she demonstrated for the first time that gorillas, too, are capable of mirror self-recognition. For Koko, we used a modified procedure so that she would not have to be anesthetized. During a series of 10-minute sessions videotaped over a three-day period, Koko's brow was wiped with a warm, damp, pink washcloth. During one of these sessions, the washcloth had been dipped in clown paint of the same pink color. In the sessions in which she was unmarked, Koko touched the target area an average of only one time per session. During the fifth session when her brow was marked, she touched the target area 47 times, only after viewing it in the mirror. As she attempted to remove the paint, she also spent the most time viewing her reflection during the session in which she was marked. It is evident that Koko recognized the altered image as her own.
Koko had previously passed an informal "mark test" when she attempted to rub away a dark spot of pigment on her upper gum, a spot that she had precisely located by looking into her mouth with a mirror. Captured on videotape, this spontaneous experiment of nature eliminated any possibility that Koko sensed the presence of the mark before noticing it in the mirror.
Why did the other gorillas fail to pass the mirror test? There are a number of possible explanations, including their age, rearing histories and social situation, their individual sensitivity to anesthesia, or lack of motivation. There may also have been methodological problems, as at least two of the subjects touched the mark before exposure to the mirror. However, a more likely explanation is that the gorillas were inhibited by the presence of unfamiliar observers. Primatologists who have worked closely with gorillas have long been aware that the presence of strangers can profoundly affect gorilla behavior, and this has been our experience as well. In certain situations Koko and Michael show a sensitivity to being watched even by familiar companions. Ironically, it may have been the gorillas' very capacity for self-consciousness that prevented them from exhibiting behaviors indicative of self-recognition in the test situation.
Mirrors have been part of Koko's environment from her infancy. At about age three and a half, Koko began to exhibit self-directed behaviors in front of a mirror. She would groom her face and underarms, pick at her teeth, and examine her tongue while studying her reflection. She would also comb her hair, make faces, and adorn herself with hats, wigs, and makeup. Michael has exhibited similar behaviors which have been documented on videotape, even though his exposure to mirrors has been much more limited. These mirror-guided behaviors are normally exhibited by human children by the time they are two years old. Before that age children respond to their mirror image as they would to another child.
We took advantage of Koko's linguistic abilities to cross-validate the evidence of self- awareness provided by her response to mirrors. Two "Who are you?" questions were asked during each of the first four test sessions while Koko was away from the mirror. After the fifth (marking) session Koko was asked this question once more while away from the mirror, and also "Who is that?" of her mirror reflection. Although correct answers to these questions can simply be learned responses, the data argue otherwise in Koko's case. Her responses (listed in Table 3) were all different, multi-sign utterances, but had one consistent theme. Each reply to the questions contained one or more of the three signs: gorilla, me, Koko. Koko does not use these three words in response to all "who" questions. When asked "who" questions about her closest companions, her responses were different for each individual but consistent over repeated questions about each individual.
Table 3
"Who are you?"
"Who is that?" (to mirror)
Me there Koko good teeth good.
Human children begin using personal pronouns and self-referents in their speech at about the same time that they begin to recognize themselves in mirrors. Similarly, at the same age that she began to exhibit self-directed behaviors in front of a mirror, Koko acquired the signs for me, mine, myself, you, and proper nouns, including Koko. The gorillas have also demonstrated self-awareness in their ability to describe themselves as the same as or different from others. For example, research assistant Maureen Sheehan questioned Koko about the differences between gorillas and humans:
Michael was once asked a related question: "What makes you different from your cat?" He responded, "Gorilla me Mike."
Self-awareness is also shown by the gorillas when they talk about themselves in situations removed in space or time from the current one. This capacity for displacement is clearly and repeatedly demonstrated in conversations such as the following:
10 July 1984 with Francine Patterson, six days after Koko's birthday:
F: What happened on your birthday?
K: Sleep eat.
F: Didn't something special happen on your birthday?
K: Old gorilla.
F: Yes, you're 13 years old and big.
Michael began at an early age to tell stories about past events. In 1979, when the project was still located on the Stanford University campus, the gorillas witnessed a violent, screaming argument between a red-haired woman and a research assistant at a nearby laboratory building. The woman apparently hit the assistant and had to be subdued at gunpoint by the police. When Michael's companion Barbara Weller arrived, knowing nothing of the incident, she found him at the window:
Michael Lewis11 suggests that there are certain emotional states that only the self-aware can have. One such state is embarrassment. In order to be embarrassed animals must be capable of reflecting on their own behavior and comparing it to standards set by society or themselves. Koko seems embarrassed when her companions notice that she is signing to herself, especially when the signing involves her dolls. One incident recorded when Koko was five years old provides an example. Her companion observed her creating what appeared to be an imaginary social situation between two gorilla dolls. She signed, "Bad, bad," while looking at one doll, and "Kiss," while looking at the other. Next, she signed, "Chase, tickle," hit the two dolls together, and then wrestled with them and signed, "good gorilla, good good." At this point she noticed that she was being watched and abruptly put the dolls down.
There is no reason to think that Koko and Michael are significantly different from other gorillas in their inherent linguistic capacities, self-awareness, or other mental abilities. They are two individuals selected more or less at random from the total population of gorillas, and the circumstances of their first few years were very different. So it is fair to assume that they are representative of their species. Nor is there reason to consider them essentially different from other gorillas because of their experience with human language. Indeed, a few zoo gorillas who have been exposed informally to sign language have shown that they, too, can learn signs, even later in life and without intensive teaching. By teaching sign language to Koko and Michael we have not imposed an artificial system on them, but rather have built upon their existing system to provide a jointly understood vocabulary for mutual exchange.
Detailed observation and analysis of the communicative gestures used by "uninstructed" gorillas in a zoo group indicate that their own gestural communication system is much more complex than previously thought.12 This ongoing study involves analyzing a videotaped compilation of these gestures and classifying them according to context and apparent functions. The gorillas have been observed to use communicative gestures in the following contexts: play invitation, anticipatory play reaction, play inhibition, indication of play location and action, sexual activities, antagonistic interaction, group movement, body positioning, and solitary play. One type of gesture involves touching to position the body of another, usually in the context of sexual activity. Another significant type of gesture uses the hands for deception, for example to hide a "playface" grin in order to alter the signal being received by another gorilla. So far, over sixty apparently discrete and meaningful gestural types have been identified in one five-member population. Gorillas in this particular group have been observed using conversational strings of up to eight gestures, and there seems to be an element of request and response in their dialogs.
While we are a long way from any comprehensive understanding of natural gorilla communication, it is clear that non-signing gorillas use gestures to communicate with one another. Field researchers may not have always recognized the significance of semantic gestures used by free-living gorillas, because they were unfamiliar with the gorillas' communicative habits or with gestural communication in general, or because the presence of human observers inhibits the gorillas' normal behavior. Recognition of semantically significant gestures and sounds becomes easier as we become more familiar with gorillas as communicators.
Perhaps our most interesting findings relate to how astonishingly like us gorillas are or how like them we are. But the striking similarities between gorillas and humans are hardly surprising in light of the most recent studies of our genetic kinship. The scientific classification of living organisms is based on the apparent similarities between those organisms. Within the order Primates, human beings have always been set apart in a separate family. More recent studies involving comparisons of chromosomes and analysis of DNA leave little doubt that apes and humans should be classed together in the family Hominidae. Some researchers now propose that humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees also belong in the same subfamily, though the arrangement within this subfamily is still to be determined.13,14
Through what they have taught us about gorillas, Koko and Michael are helping to change the way we view the world. They force us to reexamine the ways we think about other animals. With an emotional and expressive range far greater than previously believed, they have revealed a lively and sure awareness of themselves as individuals. Asked to categorize herself, Koko declared "fine animal gorilla." Indeed. Fine animal-persons, gorillas.
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subset: commoncrawl


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When you hear the word "vigilantes" in financial markets, it's usually referring to "bond vigilantes" the quasi-mythical creatures that drive interest rates up, and force governments and their central banks to either cut spending or tighten monetary policy.
The debate about the existence of vigilantes is tired, but it's a useful term in the sense that some market movements do inspire policy responses.
In Europe, high rates for government borrowing have prompted all kinds of action on the part of official figures.
In the US it's been ages since anyone cared about high interest rates, or saw them as a threat.
But the stock market is a different story, and there's this belief that if the Fiscal Cliff situation got too bad, then the market would tank, and that would force a resolution.
Says BofA's Ethan Harris:
Historically the bond market has been a disciplining force for policymakers. When the Fed was too soft on inflation or the fiscal deficit was out of control, interest rates spiked higher. In our view, this has changed and today the stock market is the disciplining force for Washington. Stocks have generally endorsed Fed policy. We estimate that stock prices rose a cumulative 15% in the past three years in response to Fed announcements or actions. While some investors have misgivings about what the Fed is doing, the overall market likes it. By contrast, the stock market is giving a clear no-confidence vote to fiscal policymakers. This was particularly clear when the TARP bailout plan failed to pass and at the end of the debt ceiling debate.
Today, the stock market "vigilantes" are gathering again. In early September we argued that "there is a high risk of a risk-off trade in the markets after [the Fed meeting on] September 13." We argued that market focus would shift from Fed and ECB easing to fiscal policy risks. In the event the Fed meeting did mark a turning point in the markets, and with the election over and the fiscal cliff taking centre stage, the downward pressure has accelerated. This weakness has occurred despite better news on the economy and an unremarkable earnings season.
It's possible that the latest market selloff is being over-fitted to the Fiscal Cliff negotiations, and that the relationship is weaker than assumed.
For one thing, there really haven't been many signs of deep acrimony… certainly nothing like there was in the weeks/months leading up to hitting the Debt Ceiling. Furthermore, there have been other negatives facing the market. Furthermore, this downturn in the market has coincided with a decline in earnings optimism.
That being said, investors are clearly thinking about the cliff a lot.
Morgan Stanley's Vincent Reinhart recently published this chart, asking investors how significant the issue was in their thinking/investing decisions.
Less than 10% of respondents didn't think the Fiscal Cliff was an important consideration in making decisions.
So for folks hoping for a decent resolution, it's hopeful that there's some kind of feedback going on, where investors can pressure policymakers into defusing the bomb.
SEE ALSO: Everything you need to know about The Fiscal Cliff >
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Crocaneers wrote:Thanks Z .
Do you cut DVD's for those? Is it easy or do you need software? We would want some video as well as pictures.
Appreciate your feedback .. we are pretty excited .. Our nephew loves his . they have been taking pictures in the pool all day
Mountaineer Buc wrote:There's a tree there.
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What drives our food culture? For many Americans, it's convenience and speed of delivery. But how is that different from the rest of the world?
Grasscutter: The Other, Other White Meat
We had been on the road for nearly six hours. I was fighting a pretty bad case of jet lag, trying hard not to nod off so I could take in the Ghanaian countryside. We stopped for fresh coconuts about two hours in, but I was getting hungry, and I knew exactly what I wanted for lunch.
The day before this journey to visit poultry projects in Techiman, about an eight-hour drive from Accra, Dr. Ebenezer Ghamli, a Heifer programs officer and veterinarian, took us to visit grasscutter farmers.
As it turned out, Ghamli wasn't just a helpful guide but also a great salesman. He touted the grasscutter meat's sweetness, and mentioned its health benefits, too. It's a white meat and is higher in protein and lower in fat and cholesterol than beef. Though I don't typically think of myself as an adventurous eater, he convinced me to try it for myself. Trying new cuisines is actually one of the most fun parts of traveling for Heifer. I've tasted some pretty weird stuff—goat brains to name just one dish—but it has usually been at the insistence of my hosts.
This time no one was pushing me to try grasscutter.
So when we pulled into the restaurant in Kumasi, I asked Roland Kanlisi, the interim country director for Heifer Ghana and my guide for this part of the trip, if getting grasscutter might be possible. It was. I let him order for me. I figured he knew what was best.
While I was waiting for my meal, I tasted a few other Ghanaian favorites. Jane Hahn, the photographer working with me, let me sample some of her red red, a bean stew made with red pepper and red palm oil, and kele wele (pronounced "killy willy"), which are fried plantains on the not-too-sweet side.
Both were delicious. I was certain that if the other food was this good, my meal wouldn't disappoint.
My dish appeared: a tomato soup with two large pieces of bone-in meat at its center and a side of white rice. I dug in.
As I took my first bite, Kanlisi waited for my reaction. "Any meat to compare it to?" he asked. I thought for a second. Took a second bite. "Not really," I answered. It truly has a flavor of its own. Gritty. Earthy. No "it tastes like chicken" from me. Also, if someone says it tastes like chicken? They're lying.
It wasn't bad, though. Closest in flavor, at least to me, of goat, which isn't exactly my favorite. So, if I ever make it back to West Africa, I doubt I'll ask for grasscutter soup again. But I had to try.
-Annie Bergman


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Yellen Plays Down Chances of Getting Fed Job
White House Deliberations Over Central Banker and Summers Enter Final Stages
White House deliberations over a successor to Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke are entering their final stages, and the Fed's No. 2 official, Janet Yellen, has played down her chances of getting the job, according to people who have spoken to her.
The other leading contender for the post is Lawrence Summers, who served as the head of the White House National Economic Council under President Barack Obama in 2009 and 2010.


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Doug Hebenthal, who helped create the Xbox game console and the original Zune media player, has left the company after 21 years. We're told he's planning to join Amazon.com, and we've reached out to him to learn more about the role he's taking on at the online retailer.
"Over the last nearly 22 years I have been involved with, impacted, and in some cases instigated major life changing experiences, world changing products, and I have built lifelong friendships," Hebenthal writes in an email to colleagues and friends. "This has been an amazing ride. But like all amazing rides, it has to come to an end sometime and now is my time."
He adds in a blog post:
"I wish my friends and Microsoft all the best! You never know, someday we may work together again, we may change the world again, we may just find that magic moment when all the stars align and you can't help but smile."
Hebenthal also shares a bunch of stories about the old days at Microsoft, including this recount of his time getting Zune off the ground.
After Xbox 360 shipped I moved to Zune, the single hardest 6 months of my career. "Landing a 747 on a postage stamp" is the way I described the project, but it was amazing to be a part of such a passionate team. Leading that project to the finish line was an impossible task, and those are the ones I relish the most. The impact that Zune has had on Microsoft, not in terms of sales or success, but in terms of culture, product design, and how Microsoft thinks about consumers cannot be over sold. Those that are leading the charge now probably don't even know that many of the great ideas that are manifested today in Windows Phone, Windows 8, Xbox and more started in Zune.
Amazon.com continues to gobble up talent from both the startup and big company ranks in Seattle, and Hebenthal's addition is the latest example. Among other Microsofties who've made the leap to Amazon are Brian Valentine (Senior Vice President of Ecommerce Platform) and Brandon Watson (who is leading the charge on Kindle Apps).
It is hard to compete with Amazon's stock price, which is up 142 percent in the past five years. (Microsoft is down 21 percent in the same period).
Amazon.com also is expanding into a host of new areas, including tablets, publishing and video game development.


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The final view to the typed sprintf and sscanf
This code defines a simple domain-specific language of string patterns and demonstrates two interpreters of the language: for building strings (sprintf) and parsing strings (sscanf). This code thus solves the problem of typed printf/scanf sharing the same format string posed by Chung-chieh Shan. This code presents scanf/printf interpreters in the final style; it is thus the dual of the code in PrintScan.hs
Version: The current version is 1.1, Sep 2, 2008.
- The complete Haskell98 code with many examples. http://okmij.org/ftp/typed-formatting/PrintScanF.hs
- The final view on typed sprintf and sscanf http://okmij.org/ftp/typed-formatting/PrintScanF.txt
- The message posted on the Haskell mailing list on Tue, 2 Sep 2008 00:57:18 -0700 (PDT)
class FormattingSpec repr whereSource
lit :: String -> repr a aSource
int :: repr a (Int -> a)Source
char :: repr a (Char -> a)Source
fpp :: PrinterParser b -> repr a (b -> a)Source
data PrinterParser a Source
|PrinterParser (a -> String) (String -> Maybe (a, String))
fmt :: (FormattingSpec repr, Show b, Read b) => b -> repr a (b -> a)Source
showread :: (Show a, Read a) => PrinterParser aSource


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This month's Hazfi Cup final saw Persepolis and Iran fans dealt a double blow. The Tehran giants lost not only the game and thus the cup to Sepahan, but also a pair of the club's most notable names. Mehdi Mahdavikia and Ali Karimi, whom won the AFC Player of the Year award in 2003 and 2004 respectively, announced their retirement from football after the match.
"I was really interested in ending my career with a cup, however this didn't happen," said 35-year-old Mahdavikia, arguably Iran's most successful overseas-based player who made 208 appearances for Hamburg. "I am really sorry for the fans who came to the stadium," he said, referencing 85,000 spectators who turned out at Tehran's Azadi Stadium for the match.
Mahdavikia is among the country's legendary players having represented Iran in two FIFA World Cups™. Inheriting the captain's armband from Ali Daei after Germany 2006, he led Team Melli to within three points of qualification for South Africa 2010 going into the concluding qualifier against hosts Korea Republic.
The decider, unfortunately, ended in a 1-1 draw, Park Jisung scored on 82 minutes to cancel out Masoud Shojaei's opener and condemn Iran to a heart-breaking elimination. That proved to be the last Team Melli game for Mahdavikia, who is Iran's fourth most-capped international player with 111 appearances.
The following year saw Mahdavikia, nicknamed Der Teppich (The Carpet) by German fans for his smooth dribbling style, move back home from Eintracht Frankfurt. After short spells with Steel Azin and Damash, he returned to Persepolis last year where his illustrious career had begun.
Captain Karimi says farewell
If Mahdavikia's retirement brought the curtain down on the golden generation that made it to France 1998, then Karimi's announcement saw Iran coach Carlos Queiroz lose a captain. Upon his appointment as Iran coach in 2011, the former Portugal manager called Karimi back to the national team, naming him joint captain alongside Javad Nekonam.
"I am very happy with Karimi and Nekounam," Queiroz told FIFA.com last year. "Both players have valuable international experience which they are trying to share with the rest of the team. They have been playing key educational roles in the group. "
As the coach said, the former Bayern Munich midfielder featured significantly, including being on target in a 4-0 defeat of Maldives, as Iran stormed into Asia's final qualifying round for Brazil 2014. Surprise 1-0 losses to Lebanon and Uzbekistan last year, though, put Iran's campaign in jeopardy.
Thus, in a sense, Karimi's retirement came as something unexpected, with Iran, who trail leaders Uzbekistan by four points, faced with a trio of crucial qualifiers next month. They travel to Doha to challenge Qatar on 4 June, before entertaining Lebanon a week later. Awaiting them in the concluder is none other than Korea Republic.
"I announce my retirement from football tonight," the 34-year-old Karimi said after the Hazfi Cup final, "I think it's time for me to concentrate on my personal life. I also quit my international career." Karimi's last appearance was last November's home loss to Uzbekistan.
Shocked they may be, though, the Iranian fans know they owe thanks to the player, who accumulated 38 goals from 127 caps across 14 years for Iran as the country's third top international goal-scorer, behind only Daei and Karim Bagheri. Having won Asia's top individual accolade in 2004, he was nominee for last year's award following some brilliant displays with both club and country.
Queiroz is, for his part, all too aware his side must win all remaining matches if they are to secure one of the group's two automatic spots for Brazil 2014.
"Three crucial matches are ahead of us," Queiroz said. "We will reach our goal or lose everything. But our dream will come true and it's time to be united. My message to you is 'fight in the fields'."


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As someone who is involved in public speaking on a regular basis – and not being a fan of PowerPoint – I've really embraced Apple's Keynote application. I've gleaned a ton of tips on delivering a great talk from experts like Garr Reynolds and Nancy Duarte, but when it comes to dealing with Keynote, I've had to learn in bits and pieces as I've gone along. In my case, I've had the time to learn it – and I've taken my time to as well. But if you're a startup with a fresh idea that you want to get out in front of people who will pay for it, then this Cult of Mac Deals offer is just what you need.
And we're offering this course — normally valued at $39 — for absolutely free.


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Animating Graphics in ASP.NET with GDI+
At some level, I suspect most programmers want the best of Windows development—rich clients—and Web development—high bandwidth and easy deployment. The fact is that many people and entities seem to be working on it, openly.
Asynchronous HTTP (which you have probably heard of as ATLAS or AJAX) is blurring the line between always connected rich Windows forms clients and highly available web forms clients. Microsoft's implementation of AJAX (now called ASP.NET AJAX 1.0) permits programmers to roundtrip to the web server in a way that is almost completely transparent to the end user. Non-transparent roundtrips cause a full page repaint. AJAX roundtrips do not. AJAX trips to the server can be implemented to update only a very small part of a client page.
Reviewing Rendered Images
In the first half of this project, you were shown how to create a dynamic bitmap, draw on it, and write the result to the response stream. By writing to a user control's response stream, you avoided disrupting the rest of the page. Here is a summary of the elements used to create the dynamic clock from "Rendering Graphics in ASP.NET with GDI+":
- Create an ASP.NET Web project (VS2005 was used for the demo)
- Add a UserControl to that project
- In the UserControl's code behind dynamically create a Bitmap object, draw on the bitmap, rendering the dynamic image
- Save the drawn bitmap to the output stream for the request
- Add a web page and drag and drop the UserControl onto the web page
- Add a second web page with an HTML image wherever you will want to the rendered drawing to appear
- Set the image's () source property (for example, ) to the web page with the UserControl on it not to an actual image URL
That's all you need to do. For the code, see the referenced Part 1 of this article.
Animating the Rendered Image
Now that you have an image, how do you animate it?
Everyone knows about animated GIFs, but these are generally a half dozen images that are predefined and stored in one GIF like a repeating slide show. For your purposes, I am talking about images that are rendered based on real, dynamic data, like the changes in a stock price. To animate rendered images, you need the basic rending mechanism from the first part of this article, and you need AJAX.
Built on top of AJAX are the ScriptManager, TimerControl, and UpdatePanel. (There are more AJAX Web controls, but these will do for your purposes.)
The main page—named default.aspx—contains an HTML image control. The image control's source property loads the rendered image dynamically; hence, you need to use AJAX to send requests to update the image part of the web page. To do this, you need to add a ScriptManager, UpdatePanel, and TimerControl to the default page.
Adding AJAX Controls to Your Project
You can download and install the AJAX controls from http://ajax.asp.net/Default.aspx. The Microsoft.Web.Atlas.dll can be added to your Toolbox, permitting you to drag and drop the needed controls from Visual Studio's toolbox onto your web page.
Adding the ScriptManager
Once ASP.NET AJAX 1.0 is installed and the Microsoft.Web.Atlas.dll has been added to your toolbox, drag a ScriptManager from the Toolbox onto the default.aspx page (or whatever page you are using). Right-click on the ScriptManager's smart tag and check EnablePartialRendering (see Figure 1). You will need only one ScriptManager per AJAX-enabled page.
Figure 1: Enabled partial rendering for the ScriptManager.
The ASP that includes the ScriptManager should look something like the code in bold in Listing 1. Refer to Listing 1 for the remainder of the article.
Listing 1: The default.aspx page's (elided) ASP listing.
<%@ Language AutoEventWireup="false" CodeFile="Default.aspx.vb" Inherits="_Default" %> <%@ Register Assembly="Microsoft.Web.Atlas" Namespace="Microsoft.Web.UI.Controls" TagPrefix="cc1" %> <%@ Register Assembly="Microsoft.Web.Atlas" Namespace="Microsoft.Web.UI" TagPrefix="cc2"%> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">   <title>Untitled Page</title>   <id="form1" runat="server"> <cc2:ScriptManager ID="ScriptManager1" runat="server" EnablePartialRendering="True"> </cc2:ScriptManager> <cc1:TimerControl ID="TimerControl1" runat="server" Interval="1000"> </cc1:TimerControl>

 <cc2:UpdatePanel ID="UpdatePanel1" runat="server"> <ContentTemplate>  </ContentTemplate> <Triggers> <cc2:ControlEventTrigger ControlID="TimerControl1" EventName="Tick" /> </Triggers> </cc2:UpdatePanel>

 </form>
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BEDFORD, N.Y. -- For the past 23 years, Terry Elsberry has seen people at their highest and lowest points.
Elsberry, who lives in Greenwich, recently retired as rector of St. Matthew's Episcopal Church in Bedford after serving for 23 years.
As rector, Elsberry oversaw a period of change for the church. It increased in parishioners and doubled the size of the parish house. It celebrated its bicentennial in 2010 and started a preschool and chamber music concert series.
"We've had a lot of fun," Elsberry said.
The church has been also been active in helping other Episcopal churches, including rebuilding churches in the Gulf Coast damaged by Hurricane Katrina.
Elsberry turned to the ministry after battling emotional problems when he was younger.
"People prayed for me and I was completely healed," Elsberry said. "God did a miracle in my life. I said, 'Okay, God, do what you want me to do.' This is what God wanted me to do. You never know where life will take you."
As rector, Elsberry has gotten to officiate weddings and baptize babies. Having been at St. Matthews for so long has allowed him to officiate weddings of people he knew as little kids.
"There have been so many people I've gotten to know," Elsberry said. "It's a great honor."
The flipside of the job has meant Elsberry also deals with people at their lowest point- people who are sick and dying and people dealing with family tragedies.
"It is hard," Elsberry said. "I hurt for them so much, no question about it. The pain is offset by the joy in doing baptisms and weddings. It balances out. I spend a lot of time praying so God will help me."
Elsberry encourages his congregation to realize how being Christian means getting to live a life of joy.
"God is always with us," Elsberry said. "You are never alone. God has a plan for every one of our lives. He created us, he knows what's best for us."
In retirement, Elsberry said he plans to help out at a church in Greenwich and do some writing.
Click here to sign up for Daily Voice's free daily emails and news alerts.


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Strategic Workforce Planning across National Borders
- Authors:
Publication Date:
July 2012
The four broad categories of human capital issues that need attention when companies decide where in the world to locate work are labor market data, external talent supply and demand, the employment environment, and flexible labor strategies. Strategic workforce planning (SWP) can direct focus to these areas and, with experience, produce relevant data and analysis. This report describes common challenges in capturing external information and offers 10 recommendations for overcoming them, based on the experiences of SWP leaders and other seasoned practitioners from several companies across various industries.


text:
From inside the book
10 pages matching palm wine in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-3 of 10
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Common terms and phrases
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When looking for a record of your ancestor, simple fill in the information on the search screen (as shown above). I was searching for the birth records of Rachel Cohen, who was born in 1903. I entered that information into the search box and received the following result (below).
Clicking on the view Image icon I was then able to access the original record (below). The original record added the age of the parents as well as their places of birth.
Since the histories of so many Jewish families included Ohio, this should be an incredible database to find the records of our ancestors.


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Edward Malnick
London Telegraph
December 24, 2012
The study warns that Christians suffer greater hostility across the world than any other religious group.
And it claims politicians have been "blind" to the extent of violence faced by Christians in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
The most common threat to Christians abroad is militant Islam, it says, claiming that oppression in Muslim countries is often ignored because of a fear that criticism will be seen as "racism".
It warns that converts from Islam face being killed in Saudi Arabia, Mauritania and Iran and risk severe legal penalties in other countries across the Middle East.
This article was posted: Monday, December 24, 2012 at 6:34 am


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49ers sign punter Anthony Santella to one-year deal, add 12 undrafted free agents
SANTA CLARA, Calif. – The San Francisco 49ers have signed punter Anthony Santella to a one-year contract.
A 25-year-old Illinois product, Santella began in the NFL as an undrafted free agent with the Carolina Panthers in 2011. He went through training camp with them before his release on Aug. 27 that year.
The NFC champion Niners also signed the following undrafted free agents: center Sherman Carter, fullback Alex Debniak, halfback MarQueis Gray, running back D.J. Harper, wide receiver Chuck Jacobs, tackle Luke Marquardt, long snapper Kevin McDermott, cornerback Darryl Morris, defensive lineman Lawrence Okoye, guard Patrick Omameh, nose tackle Mike Purcell and cornerback Lowell Rose.


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for Trending Naked Network of Websites
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You, the User - As the user of these Websites, this policy will refer to the user as "you" or through any second-person pronouns, such as "yours," etc. Hereinafter, the user of the Websites shall be referred to in applicable second-person pronouns.
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Work on new Subway progressing
Work on Borger's new Subway restaurant is continuing to progress.Frank Wingate, one of the operating partners of Subway, said work on the new location is going well, although things have gone a little slower than anticipated."We had a delay of some of the materials that has slowed us up some," he said. "We definitely won't be serving turkey for Thanksgiving at the store."However, Wingate did say the store equipment is due to arrive now at the end of November and they will get everything up and running and training folks in the early days of December. He said he hopes to be open by mid-month, if not sooner."We will definitely be open by Dec. 15 and working everyday to beat that date," he said.Wingate said there has been a good response of applications and hiring will begin in the next couple of weeks. "We are looking at longer open hours at the new store and perhaps a couple of optional food items now that we have room for inventory," he said. "Thanks to everyone for their support."Wingate and his wife Sherry, along with Jeff and René Brain, are the operating partners of Subway in Borger.


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Quiche Lorraine Recipe
Quiche Lorraine, as its name indicates, is a savory tart that originated in the north-eat region of France, la Lorraine. The word quiche is derived from the word "Küchen", which means "cake" in German. What makes the quiche Lorraine stand out is the addition of bacon or lardons to the traditional quiche ingredients.
I made mine with turkey bacon, herbes de Provence and leeks and prepped the dough the night before. I flavored it with herbes de Provence and caramelized onions. You can prepare both the crust and filling separately in advance and assemble at the last minute for a quick and easy dinner meal. Accompany with a salad, serve the dish on your patio (or anywhere outdoors) and you'll feel as if you're sitting on the terrace of a café in France!
Yields: 6 servings2¾ cups all-purpose flour
1½ tablespoons xanthan gum (see tips)
3 tablespoons granulated sugar
5 eggs, at room temperature
2 tablespoons canola oil
8 tablespoons salted butter
2 tablespoons shortening
½ yellow onion, thinly sliced
2 baby leeks (green part), thinly sliced on the bias
¼ teaspoon salt
¼ teaspoon red chili powder (optional)
2 teaspoons Herbes de Provence (see tips)
2 ounce sliced turkey bacon, chopped into small pieces
2 tablespoons smoked turkey breast, diced
⅔ cup heavy cream
⅔ cup milk
¼ teaspoon nutmeg, freshly grated
¼ teaspoon cream of tartar
½ teaspoon black pepper, freshly ground
2 tablespoons crème fraîche
1 (2"-thick) slice Gruyère cheese, freshly grated
2 tablespoons chives, snipped
Preheat the oven to 375°F.
How to caramelize onions: Heat about 1 tablespoon of oil in a non-stick pan. Add the thinly sliced onions. Cook over medium-low heat for about 10-15 minutes, stirring frequently to prevent the onion from burning, until the color is evenly golden brown. Transfer to a chopping board leaving as much oil as possible in the pan. Once they're cool enough to handle, finely chop them.
Making the crust:
Using a handheld mixer, whisk 3 eggs with sugar for 3-4 minutes. The consistency should be very thick and airy.
Lightly oil the bowl of your food processor with a silicone brush. Alternately add the flour, xanthan gum and ½ cup ice water. Pulse 2-3 times, then add the 6 tablespoons cold diced butter and the shortening. Pulse the mixture until it forms a sticky dough. Add the egg mixture. Pulse another 3-4 times until it combines and forms a dough again. Add the chopped caramelized onions and 1 teaspoon Herbes de Provence. Knead the dough until combined. Chill in the refrigerator for about 20-30 minutes.
Once chilled, transfer the dough onto a pastry board lined with a sheet of parchment paper. Place another sheet of parchment paper on top of the dough like a sandwich. Using a rolling pin, even out the dough to about ½-inch thick. Create 6 disks of dough and place them in individual molds lined with parchment paper. Crimp the dough against the edges. Leave a little excess above the edge because the dough will settle a bit in the oven. Prick the dough with a fork. Chill in the refrigerator for about 20-30 minutes.
For the quiche filling: In the same pan, add 1 tablespoon oil. Add the leeks. Cook until shiny, stirring frequently to prevent them from burning. Transfer to a plate and let cool to room temperature. Add 1 tablespoon oil to the pan (if necessary). Add the bacon. Cook for 2-3 minutes. Add smoked turkey and cook for an additional minute. Transfer the bacon and leeks to the tart shells.
For the quiche batter: In a mixing bowl, whisk the 2 egg yolks with red chili powder (optional) and black pepper for about 2-3 minutes. Add cream, milk, crème fraîche, chives, the remaining Herbes de Provence and nutmeg. Place the egg whites in a glass or stainless steel mixing bowl. Add salt and cream of tartar. Beat the egg whites for about 2 minutes at medium speed until frothy. Pour ⅓ of the egg white mixture into the egg yolk mixture and gently stir to soften the batter. Add the rest of the egg whites and gently fold the egg whites into the egg yolks with a spatula to get an airy batter.
Assembly time: Fill the tart shells with quiche batter. Cover with cheese. Bake for 20 minutes at 375°F. Rotate the quiche and bake for another 10 minutes until the egg mixture is set and the top is golden.
Serve warm or at room temperature with a green salad.
Bon appétit!
You can vary the dish by substituting smoked salmon, other vegetables (such as spinach) or other cheeses for the bacon.
For faster prep time, you could use store-bought pie crust.
I used Willie Bird Sonoma brand honey cured boneless smoked turkey breast coated with cracked peppercorns. It's delicious!
Xanthan gum is a fine powder used as a binder and emulsifier (it helps getting the crust to be firm). If you look at the list of ingredients for salad dressings or ice cream at the supermarket, you'll find they contain xanthan gum. I use it for texture and as an egg white substitute. You can find it online or in any specialty food store such as Whole Foods.
I always beat the egg yolks first, add spices and then add the egg whites; it removes the eggy smell from the quiche.
Herbes de Provence is a combination of herbs originating from the Mediterranean region. I used a store-bought blend. You can also make your own; check the ingredients here.
Check out more savory tart recipes.Published By: on June 18, 2012.


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Owner Operator, Team CDL A, Drop & Hook
Forward Air, Inc.
$40,620.00 -60,710.00/year*
Bentonville , AR
1701 Kimmel Rd
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2019 Forward Air.*All statements and requirements defined in this advertisement are for marketing purposes only. Actual revenue, bonuses, benefits & opportunities may vary from the advertised rates depending on division and the individual driver's qualifications and experience. Leasing & financing options are through a third party financing company not legally affiliated with Forward Air
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Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
|Sure, you can buy a fancy inverted planter that turns your tomato plant on its head, but why not make one yourself? In this segment, a do-it-yourself garden gadget guru talks about improvisation in the vegetable garden, including methods for growing plants upside down.


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The band's most recent music video was shot in Marion County.
Growing up in Anthony, A Day to Remember lead singer Jeremy McKinnon was both the first and last guy one might look at as a future rock star.
He had talent. Exceptional talent. And he loved music, often spending hours alone in his bedroom playing his guitar and writing lyrics while grounded for coming home from North Marion High School with grades far less inspiring than a ditty that might take him 20 minutes to compose.
But he also wasn't very outgoing.
"I didn't really talk to people, just my band," he said.
And the girlfriends-in-each-city stereotype? Well, it never was going to be him.
"To me, Jeremy McKinnon has always been a hopeless romantic nerd," said Summer Hudson, a friend dating back close to a decade. "He is such a nice guy, and he would just get trampled on by anyone he was dating. And, ultimately, when they would break up with him, it would tear him apart."
However, pain often delivered inspiration in the form of "this is what you did to me" songs. And with inspiration came part of the foundation for A Day to Remember, now in its 11th year together and arguably the most successful band Ocala has ever produced.
That said, the group that features McKinnon, rhythm guitarist Neil Westfall, bass guitarist Joshua Woodard, drummer Alex Shelnutt and lead guitarist Kevin Skaff didn't get to the point where it was promoting its fifth album ("Common Courtesy") and planning a 22-date "Parks & Devastation" tour of the U.S. through only skill and heartbreak.
It also took some compromise, a lack of compromise, and the willingness to fight for themselves.
Initially, the band sought to forge an identity in pop punk, looking to create melodious Top 40-friendly sounds. But the best way to be heard in Marion County was to have more of a hardcore edge.
By 2003, Seventh Star had become the first group to gain a national following, and it wanted to give back. So, the band would book concerts as a way to showcase other local acts.
McKinnon and his bandmates found themselves inspired by Seventh Star, but wondered if they could fit in on one of the shows. So, they got creative, infusing an edgier element without abandoning their roots.
"Really, the Ocala taste in music clung to us, and it helped us grow into who we are," said McKinnon, who often would lead rehearsals in his parents' garage.
But the new sound didn't come without detractors.
"They sent a demo out to several record labels, and the replies they would get would say, 'You'll never make it because you can't mix the music,' " Hudson said. "Jeremy actually came to my house one day and said, 'Can you believe this? They said we can't do this!'
"Soon after, the band met and asked themselves if they should give into what the record labels said or stay true to what they wanted to be.
"Fortunately, they didn't give in."
Ultimately, Indianola, an independent label based out of Valdosta, Georgia, signed ADTR to its first contract, and releasing its first album, "And Their Name Was Treason," which sold around 8,000 copies.
The group signed with larger Victory Records for its next three albums, "For Those Who Have Heart" in 2007, "Homesick" in 2009 and "What Separates Me From You" in 2010. The first included a DVD of ADTR performing at the Capitol; the second has sales numbers near 250,000, and the latter was recorded in Ocala.
However, the relationship with Victory became strained, and the band sued for breach of contract, claiming it was owed more than $75,000 in royalties. This triggered an ugly and prolonged legal fight preceding the release last October of "Common Courtesy."
ADTR eventually won the right to self-release the album.
"We were in Detroit when we got the call about the judge's ruling," McKinnon said. "That was really a celebration. It was an amazing year, the one we were most proud of in our (then) 10 years together."
Blending catchy fast-paced songs like "Right Back at it Again" with thought-provoking ballads like "End of Me," as well as the hometown tribute "City of Ocala," the album has received positive reviews, receiving an 80 (of 100) grade from Metacritic.com and four (of five) stars from ultimate-guitar.com.
The video for "City of Ocala" was filmed all over town a couple of weeks ago, and will be released at a soon-to-be-determined date.
"If you look closely, you might even find yourself in it," McKinnon said.
And that is the kicker with ADTR. While success has taken them all over the world, an affinity for home remains.
They visit Marion County as often as possible, and McKinnon's girlfriend lives in Belleview. Much like Seventh Star before it, ADTR has made it a goal to tell anyone listening about where it came from.
"Ocala really made us who we are," McKinnon said. "We'll never forget that."


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i need some help in how to respond to my older sisters religious bs
she has thrown in my face that i am huring mom b/c i don't believe and i refuse to go to church
i moved back home to take care of her b/c of she has cancer.
my older sister and little sister are coming on easter and they are all expecting me to go to church, do i go agaist my values and go or not go?
Views: 619
I would not go. You can reinforce the "personal relationship" thing that christians claim they have with their god substance, and simply state that you don't share that relationship with them. Your lack of a relationship with a god substance would have no impact on theirs, so it is irrelevant to anyone else's happiness.
My solution to this was to go to church and let everybody know that I didn't believe a word that was being spoken from the pulpit; that I would not recite any prayers; and that I would not bow my head. I did stand when the others stood, because I detected no connotation of religious practice in that act. I attended church regularly for several years for complicated, NON-religious reasons; and I don't believe I compromised my values by my mere attendance. Everybody knew I was an atheist, through and through, and avoided talking to me about it, because I assaulted them with logic.
That being said, if you feel that church attendance would go against your values, please don't go! Betraying your values is unacceptable. If I had to choose between living without my values and living without my friends and relatives, I would unhesitatingly choose the latter.


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Friends encouraged to visit Rivertree founder Pat Mahoney
At Thanksgiving, the family of Rivertree Theatre co-founder Pat Mahoney would like his friends to know Mahoney has moved into the Sunrise at Orchard assisted-living facility, where he is receiving physical and speech therapy for a stroke. Notes and visits are encouraged. "He needs the support," says his son, Michael. "Anything you can do for him will be appreciated."
Mahoney's address is 5975 S. Holly St., Littleton, CO, 80121. The facility number is 303-773-1609. His direct number is 303-224-4387.
Read more…


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Digiprints back covers are the best attractive accessory to make your mobile Xiaomi Motorola Moto G4 Plus unique from other models .The Premium case is made out of a light, durable plastic called Polycarbonate.Print on the case have life time durability. It is flexible enough to snap on to your phone with ease and strong enough to protect it from bumps, drops and scratches. The raised lip on the sides of the case also protects your phone's screen.The Precision cutouts on this case leave all buttons, ports, speakers and microphones completely open. This case is 100% compatible with your regular charger and headphones.
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In case you have already paid for your order, refunds will be made in the same form that the payment is received within 10 working days from the date of cancellation of order. (As per Bank/Payment gateway norms.)
I wish to change my order. Will it be possible?
You can always update your confirmed order (before the order is processed), but unfortunately you cannot add any more products to your order once the order is confirmed. However, if you wish to make any changes or edits in your order (before the order is processed), please write to us at firstname.lastname@example.com or you can also call us on-9999108377. Our customer care team will have you sorted with all possible customized solutions.
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We provides free replacements for any manufacturing defects reported to mydigiprints.in within 4 days of receiving the order or if you feel that you do not wish to have a replacement you could just ship the product back to us on the address mentioned below and we could provide you with Refund amount into your bank account.


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