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Blanche Viola (White Violet) Bunch
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Our History
Osiyo! Welcome to my website. My name is Darren McCathern. I am a former member of the advisory board of the WorldGenWeb, and have worked on several projects in many countries around the world, in an effort to help others find their roots. :)
Genealogy is very close to my heart. It is my hope that our people will find that vital piece of information that will bring them closer to their heritage and will enable us to unite and gather our families as a way to honor our ancestors.
I am happy to announce that I am offering lookups on several important
Cherokee Census Rolls
to help assist you in your research.
Searching for answers can sometimes be very difficult and confusing with all of the different records available. Many are not able to prove their connection due to the absence of written documentation.
One of the contributing factors is a lack of evidence. This stems from historical events that forced people to move from one place to another to avoid problems that took place in the past.
So let's review some of the events that have made our quest so difficult. To gain a perspective of the mindset of our ancestors, let's attempt to walk in their moccasins and try and trace the footsteps of our loved ones.
The Ani-Yun-Wiya once inhabited great expanses of lands on the American continent, and our earliest ancestors were known to control the majority of vital waterways throughout the times prior to the establishment of the colonies.
The Ani-Yun-Wiya was known to exercise dominion over all the lands on the east side of the Alleghany Mountains, including the headwaters of the Yadkin, Catawba, Broad and Savannah Rivers and from there westward they claimed the land as far as the Ohio and from there to the headwaters of the Chattahoochee and Alabama.
According to early writers, the Principal People as they are known claimed that they arrived in their homeland after migrating from the west on the upper waters of the Ohio where they had errected the mounds on Grave Creek.
They then gradually moved eastward across the Alleghany mountains to the neighborhood of Monticello, VA, and along the Appomattox River.
From here they were reported to have moved into Tennessee Country around 1623 where the Virginians attacked them and massacred all throughout the colony. After this event, the Ani-Yun-Wiya then lived in settlements along the New River, including founding a village at the headwaters of the Holston.
As a result of constant warfare, the people moved to the Little Tennessee where they began establishing towns that became known as the Middle Settlements.
Another group reportedly came from the area of Charleston SC, and settled lower down the Tennessee. These people were known as the Ketawanga and were the last to come into the country.
In a petition presented to Congress on behalf of the
in 1819, they spoke of a tradition among their people concerning the Ani-Yun-Wiya.
The legend had been handed down from their ancestors that many thousands of moons ago before the white man came over the great water, that the Lenni Lenape lived on the banks of the Delaware River where they enjoyed many years of peace and prosperity.
During this time of peace and prosperity, the Ani-Yun-Wiya, Nanticokes and some other Nation whose name has been forgotten were envious of the Delaware, and came from the south with a great army and made war upon them.
This army vanquished the Delaware and drove them to an island in the river. The Lenape quickly requested the assistance of the Mohicans who came to their relief and the invaders were defeated with a great slaughter and put to flight.
The invaders at this time then sued for peace, and it was granted with the condition that they should go home to their families and never again make war upon the Lenni Lenape or their allies.
These terms were agreed to and the Ani-Yun-Wiya and Nanticokes forever remained faithful to the treaty.
Pretty neat legend! As a researcher and a descendant, I truly enjoy the stories among Native people, they are by far some of the most interesting tales of anyone in the world. :o)
The first known contacts to have taken place between the Ani-Yun-Wiya and the Europeans were the expeditions of DeSoto in the 1540's which resulted in massive epidemics that decimated the tribe. Most conservative estimates agree that at least 1/2 of Tsalagi living at the time of the arrival of the Europeans died due to disease after contact with the Spanish.
The Ani-Yun-Wiya, because of their mountain homes, had sporadic and limited contact with the Europeans which was more or less comprised of small trade when the very first colonies were established. This contact rapidly increased as the Newcomers began to explore and discover the richness and beauty of the lands under their control.
This lust and greed for land by the arriving Europeans soon resulted in their settlement of lands belonging to the Ani-Yun-Wiya which eventually resulted in hostilities between the colonies and the Tribe.
In the year 1654, the English at Jamestowne and some Pamunkey associated with the
attacked the Tsalagi of Virginia who were known as the Rickahocken or the "Round Town People."
This first ever encounter in battle between the Ani-Yun-Wiya and the White Man resulted in the English and their allies being soundly defeated by the Tsalagi, who proved to be far superior in warfare than the colonists.
A peace then ensued where the English promised not to encroach on their lands, and the tribe for quite some time was left alone by the colonists, who no doubt never forgot receiving their stunning defeat at the hands of the The Principal People. :o)
Trade relations were eventually undertaken by the English in later years, and this indeed proved to be a difficult task. Extraordinary measures were required as means to establish trade between the Colonies and the Ani-Yun-Wiya due to complications arising from interference by the Occaneechi Tribe.
In 1670, a delegation of five Virginia Rickahokans visiting on tribal business were murdered during the festivities of a dance supposedly held in honor of their visit by the Occaneechi.
Apparently the Occaneechi had planned to murder the visitors the night before the peace delegation had even arrived. The diplomats were surprised unawares and killed during the dance festivities by their hosts.
This act earned the Occaneechi the reputation as being completely untrustworthy as a result of their having killed the peace delegation after the smoking of the pipe.
This act of treachery was followed by several other well known historical occurances where the English, desiring to engage in trade with the Ani-Yun-Wiya, were blockaded several times by the Occaneechi who desired to act as middlemen between the Tsalagi and the colonial traders.
Hostilities in the region reached the boiling point when a trader named James Needham was sent by the Colony of Virginia to conduct trade relations with the Tsalagi. Needham was in fact murdered by his Occaneechi guide after returning from making a treaty with those Ani-Yun-Wiya who were living over the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Trade was eventually established when the Virginians took action and broke the power of the Occaneechi who had refused to allow the English safe passage over the Blue Ridge.
In later years, most of these Occaneechi who are sometimes known as Saponi, moved north to Pennsylvania after the Iroquois had made a treaty.
One of the first major contacts between Colonists and the Ani-Yun-Wiya took place in 1693 when twenty headmen visited Charleston with proposals of friendship and requested the help of the Governor in operations against the Esau and Coosaw tribes who had captured and carried off some of their members.
These captives were then sold to colonial authorities for slavery. The headmen asked for help concerning this situation.
The Governor offered to protect the people from further trouble from these tribes, but told the leaders there was little that could be done about those who had previously been sold as slaves, as they had already been shipped to the West Indies, making the captives' rescue impossible.
In the early 1700's, the Ani-Yun-Wiya began moving further west of their traditional lands to both follow game and to avoid the settlers that were squatting on their hunting grounds. This migration westward placed them in conflict with other tribes which often resulted in hostilities.
In the year 1712, Tsalagi Warriors numbering 218 accompanied Coloniel Barnwell and fought against the
which resulted in defeat for their tribe.
Around the year 1714, the Tsalagi & Chickasaws expelled the
from the Cumberland Area and used their lands for hunting grounds and a buffer between their two tribes.
Some years later this shared hunting land gained by the Ani-Yun-Wiya &
resulted in a terrible war.
According to some historical reports, the Chickasaw apparently were victorious.
In later years when the United States sought to purchase this land, the U.S. Government was required to also compensate the Tsalagi for their part of this land.
In 1715, the Tsalagi allied with the Yamasee and also the Creeks and they declared war against the settlers of South Carolina.
It was at this time that Governor Robert Johnson of South Carolina took a census of the tribe where it was estimated that they had 30+ towns and a population of 11,210 and could muster no less than 4,000 warriors.
This number drastically was decreased in the year 1738 due to a smallpox epidemic which decimated the Ani-Yun-Wiya. At the time, it was sadly estimated that after the plague that year, the number of survivors was less then half of the population.
The first formal treaty with the English took place in 1721 which was an agreement of peace and commerce confirmed with the Governor of South Carolina. This was established by the smoking of the pipe and the presentation of gifts to delegates from 37 towns. Boundries were also confirmed and an agent was appointed to superintend their affairs.
It is well known in oral legend that many families crossed the Mississippi River sometime around 1721. Many have speculated these folks left at this time because of the internal conflict that this treaty apparently caused.
In 1730 the authorities of North Carolina sent Sir Alexander Cumming to make a treaty of alliance with the Tsalagi in which delegates then acknowledged King George as their Sovereign. This was followed by six headmen being taken to England to give homage to the crown in Europe.
These treaties angered many Ani-Yun-Wiya who began leaving for lands outside of the political influence of those who had allied themselves with the English, and some of these Tsalagi eventually supported the French in later years.
The people had long been known to have been living West of the Mississippi since the earliest times of French Occupation of the Louisiana Territory. The Ani-Yun-Wiya were a vital part of the trade for beaver furs and other important hides.
French Europeans out of Canada and the trading posts in the Gulf States supplied such things as trade cloth, guns and ammunition which eventually led to the establishment of places such as Arkansas Post at the
village of Osotouy.
The trade in this region was coveted by all the Europeans, and often these countries would attempt to incite tribes one against another as a means to control commerce.
On several occasions between 1740-1742, England attempted to encourage Tsalagi in the area to attack the French using the Mississippi River, however the Ani-Yun-Wiya in fact refused.
Some Tsalagi had ceased supporting the English during thier wars with the French around the year 1748 and began supporting France around 1754.
As a result of this alliance with the French, the Ani-Yun-Wiya literally controlled the Mississippi River and its tributaries in the territories claimed by France.
The increasing settlement of lands by the colonists was causing the People to seek lands further West continually. This then resulted in hostilities between the Tsalagi and the
for lands that together they had traditionally shared.
These hostilities then led to the Battle of Taliwa in 1755 in which a small band of Ani-Yun-Wiya under the leadership of Oconostota defeated a much larger band of Muscogee and took possession of land.
These lands in fact helped those who supported the British and were very valuable in the region for trade and commerce among the Ani-Yun-Wiya.
Also in 1755, the Ani-Yun-Wiya entered into a treaty with the English which ceded massive lands to South Carolina under Governor Glenn which included areas such as Abbeville, Edgefield, Laurens, Union, Spartenburg, Newberry, Chester, Fairfield, Richland and York.
In the year 1756, England officially declared war against France, and in this same year there was a council held at New Orleans, whereas the French promised that if the Tsalagi supported them during this war, that they would provide the means such as arms and other goods as a way to encourage them to make war against the English.
There were many battles and wars that took place during these times, and the Tsalagi fought in the great majority of these fights. Both the English and the French believed that the Ani-Yun-Wiya was key to securing victory on this continent.
In 1757 it was reported that Attacullaculla sold 15 square miles of land south of the Tennessee River to Captain Patrick Jack for a sum of four hundred dollars $400.
The majority of the Ani-Yun-Wiya supported France during these wars.
In 1760 the British took 28 people hostage which in turn resulted in warriors attacking Ft. Prince George where the hostages were being held.
After the warriors had killed the commander of the Fort, the British executed the hostages. Later that year, the tribe attacked Ft. Loudoun on the Little Tennessee River and killed all stationed there.
In 1760 the Ani-Yun-Wiya were allied with the French due to the hostilities between them and England. As a result, Governor Littleton of South Carolina marched against the Tsalagi and attacked their villages killing many which resulted in yet another treaty.
This treaty demanded of the Tsalagi to kill or imprison any and all Frenchmen who should come into their lands as long as England was at war with France.
Many still continued to fight the English which again resulted in several more battles.
At this time Colonal Grant began burning crops and destroyed no less than 15 towns. Then then led to the treaty of 1761 at Ashley Ferry later known as Charleston.
In 1763 Chief Pontiac who was an Ottawa Chief made war on the British and began what has become known as Pontiac's Rebellion. Runners were sent by the Shawnee to encourage the Ani-Yun-Wiya to join in the conflict. Despite the refusal of the leadership to officially support this war due to recent losses with the British, there were indeed many warriors who went north to fight.
On May 9th of 1763, Pontiac laid siege to Detroit with Ottawa's, Chippewa, Potawatomi,
, Shawnee, and Delawares. These then began an all out offensive against the British and soon had taken the great majority of the Forts West of the Allegheny Mountains.
Shawnee Chief Keigh-tugh-qua, or Cornstalk, led attacks on western Virginia settlements at this same time.
In August of 1763, British Colonel Henry Bouquet retaliated and destroyed Delaware and Shawnee forces at Bushy Run in western Pennsylvania, ending the hostilities.
In order to keep peace between the Natives and the settlers, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, prohibiting settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains.
The British eventually gained the upper hand on the continent after the ultimate defeat of the French & Tsalagi alliance, and peace eventually came to Europe between England, Spain & France in 1763 as a result of the Treaty of Paris.
In 1768 the Ani-Yun-Wiya were approached for a treaty and land purchase by Stuart the British Agent. This agreement was supposed to protect the people from further encroachments on their lands by settlers by fixing permanant boundries in the region of the North Fork of the Holston River and the headwaters of the Kanawha.
As a result of further encroachments on the lands established in the treaty of 1768, a new treaty and purchase was made with the Ani-Yun-Wiya in 1770 at Lochabar, South Carolina.
This again was promised to ensure protection of lands from encroaching settlers.
Another treaty quickly followed in 1772, offered by Virginia to secure defined boundries between the colony and the Ani-Yun-Wiya which was to run West from White Top Mountain.
This boundry left settlers west of this line within the lands held by the Ani-Yun-Wiya.
This treaty resulted in these lands being leased for a period of eight years. The price was set for trade goods to be delivered that was equal to the amount of five or six thousand dollars for all the land on the Watauga River.
As a result of this lease, a deed was then drafted up by the settlers for this land in which an additional two thousand dollars was paid by the Watauga Settlers Association in the year 1775.
For the next few years under the guise of leasing lands, these crafty settlers began a series of bartering which resulted in even more land cessions.
In 1772, Jacob Brown traded a horse load of goods for a lease on a large tract of land on the Watauga & Nonachucky Rivers. He then purchased this land three years later for 10 shillings in which he was granted a deed which included additional property of a considerable size.
In 1773 another treaty was made with both the Tsalagi & Creeks by the British, where the signers ceded a large parcel of land to Great Britain located between the Broad and Oconee Rivers that included many miles of traditional hunting ground.
These treaties opened the door to what became known as the
Henderson Purchase
of 1775 which resulted in the Ani-Yun-Wiya becoming divided between the Traditionals who refused to honor these treaties, and the Civil Chiefs who had signed them.
These successive treaties and land purchases one after the other outraged the more traditional families and some began leaving to go westward. Some of these banded together and began undertaking raids upon the settlements that some held responsible for the loss of their homeland.
These circumstances in effect began many years of pitched hostilities between the soon to be emerging United States, and the Ani-Yun-Wiya. Many Tsalagi attempted to stay out of the conflict known as the Revolutionary War, yet many warriors joined up with the British as a way to raid those settlers who encroached on their traditional hunting lands.
European interests desiring their support carried on well through the Revolutionary War in so much that England supported the Tsalagi by supplying arms and encouraged the angry traditionals to attack American settlements as well as those who supported them.
The reason there was this unique relationship with the English was a result of several illegal treaties made by those colonists who favored revolution, which prompted them to quickly seek allies as a war looming with the colonies was clearly imminent.
Consequently, England later supported the great War Chief known as Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni or Dragging Canoe who was against the settlement of traditional lands by the colonists.
This hostility and anger towards the colonists was growing rapidly as a result of what Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni believed to be coersion and intrigue on behalf of those headmen making agreements that affected his homeland.
He in fact vowed to make war on the settlers in the event they attempted to settle on traditional hunting grounds. This willingness to raid the white man caused a split between the Civil leaders and the War Factions of the Ani-Yun-Wiya.
Many at the beginning of the Revolution in fact made an alliance with the Shawnee and began attacking Settlements.
Captain Robert Benge was among those Ani-Yun-Wiya who allied with the Shawnee and began making raids against white settlements and soon became famous as being among the most feared natives in colonial times.
During 1775, the British began to supply large amounts of guns and ammunition and offered bounties for American scalps.
This eventually gave way to a great many Ani-Yun-Wiya leaving the tribe forever.
Many of the Overhill Tsalagi soon began leading their people to the lower towns as a result of the continuing encroachments on their ancient lands in the Blue Ridge.
In the time just prior to the United States seeking independence from England, several treaties were signed that deeded massive areas of land that many greatly opposed.
These events opened up lands for settlement and thousands of white settlers arrived in droves that resulted in the wild game leaving, and the absolute destruction of Hunting Grounds used by many.
This angered the more traditional people to such an extent that war was declared by as a means to stop further encroachment by settlers.
As a result of these conditions, there was a division between those who believed that it was necessary to drive the settlers off the lands by war, and the headmen who were more partial to accepting the agreements they had signed.
During the course of these times many chose to leave and undertake raids as a means to resist the influx of settlers encroaching on their lands.
Many leaders believed that because of the signing of these treaties, that it would not be very long before all Ani-Yun-Wiya were forced off their land.
These leaders believed that they must remove to keep their culture in tact, and they believed that to capitulate to these treaties meant the absolute destruction of the Ani-Yun-Wiya.
The Civil Chiefs refused to support Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni and held fast to the idea that it was better to continue making treaties as a means to avoid further war with the whites that they believed would ultimately destroy the people.
The Civil leaders believed that the Ani-Yun-Wiya could not survive a prolonged war with the Americans.
As you can see, there was already a division taking place that was a direct result of these treaties. Some supported them, while others refused to comply.
This caused a split among the leaders whereas some resisted in war, and others supported those whom the Ani-Yun-Wiya resisted. It really was a no-win situation for many families.
Many traditionals, on the other hand, were disgusted at the placating of the whites and the politics of those headmen who desired to accept money for land in illegal treaties rather than to fight their enemies in battle.
They were very much against the settlement of their hunting grounds in Kentucky and elsewhere. The settlement of these lands had damaged their ability to trade and was forcing the people to depend more on agriculture as a means to feed their families.
This angered many warriors who believed it was better to fight the settlement of their lands by war rather than to be forced to relinquish their ancient ways which depended on hunting and war as an important part of society.
There was a political split taking place with the Ani-Yun-Wiya - Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni and others desired to fight, whereas honored leaders such as Groundhog Sausage opposed war entirely.
Those that followed Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni were of the opinion that the Civil leaders were selling out to the white man and they were becoming more and more angry at the continued requests to sell their lands.
The father of Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni was known as Little Carpenter or Attakullakulla and was instrumental in pursuading Groundhog Sausage and other leaders to accept the terms of treaties such as the
Henderson Purchase
which was really an illegal land sale according to English Law.
This agreement was designed to cause the Ani-Yun-Wiya to deed extensive lands to a group of financers known as the Transylvania Company. This area included all the area embraced by the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers as a means to establish a 14th Colony called Transylvania.
Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni opposed this land purchase of the area known to the Ani-Yun-Wiya as Ken-Tahteh or as it translates to "Land of Tomorrow" or "Meadowland."
Dragging Canoe told the white man that the land they wished to settle would prove to be to them a Dark and Bloody Ground, and it indeed did become known as an area in which many battles were fought.
In 1775 the
Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
was signed, and this agreement proved to be the breaking point for many. The people opposed to these circumstances chose to leave rather than agree to its demands.
The area of Sycamore Shoals was a very well known area to the Ani-Yun-Wiya for both trade and commerce with the Creek.
This location is just up river from a place known as McCathern Springs which is located near the Doe River in this historical area.
The traditionals made the choice to denounce the terms of this treaty to avoid being forced to capitulate to demands that they refused to live under. Under the leadership of Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni these folks then chose to resist by making war on their enemies.
This resulted in a very powerful Confederacy of Tribes under his leadership and he quickly became the most deadly enemy of the Anglo-Americans that they ever encountered on this continent.
Some leaders, such as Springfrog who was otherwise known as Dustu, were also present at these councils and could see well in advance the coming trouble.
Around this time he began to encourage others to move westward as a means of protecting the people and preserving their ancient culture.
Dustu was was known to have foreseen the coming forced removal that was imminent. Those that followed him were mostly fullbloods.
He was in fact the Grandson of Raven of Chota.
Raven in turn was the son of Caulunna leader of the Seven Clans, and Nancy Moytoy.
The Ani-Yun-Wiya of this large extended group were among the first to re-locate West of the Mississippi.
Dustu or Tooantuh as he was also known was the nephew of Hanging Maw who was his mother's brother.
Around 1775, the Ani-Yun-Wiya drove off the French lead miners from Missouri and soon began to carry out revenge raids for attacks on their camps by the
which resulted in a 60 year war ending in 1835.
In May of 1776, a northern delegation of tribes consisting of
, Mohawks, Ottawa, Nantucas, Shawnee & Delawares arrived at Chota after a 70 day journey to plea for assistance in resisting the white man.
Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni was selected by these tribes as their leader in an organized resistance.
A grand council was held in the Capitol City of Chota where everyone came dressed in their war regalia and painted themselves black. The Mohawks presented him with a belt of wampum signifying the alliance. Then the Ottawa presented theirs which was also received.
Raven of Chota then was given the wampum belt of the Nantucas and the Delawares. The Shawnee then presented theirs to Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni which he accepted and the declaration of war against the settlers was confirmed.
A group of Ani-Yun-Wiya with some British Tories attacked South Carolina in June. In July of this year, Nancy Ward who was known as the War Woman, warned settlers by letter that Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni was about to attack Ft. Watauga, Eton Station and the Holston Settlements.
This resulted in the American soldiers at these locations being warned of the coming attack which resulted in the loss of the strategy that was dependant on surprise.
This warning to the colonists at the Eton Station caused the advantage of surprise to be diminished and no doubt contributed to the attackers being unable to take the fort.
The leaders in the meantime were now aware that they had been betrayed, yet they still attacked the Holston River settlements including Eton Station with 700 warriors, and Raven of Chota then follwed in an attack on Carter's Valley, and Old Abram then attacked Ft. Watauga.
Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni attacked the settlements and was consequently shot and wounded through both of his legs. His brother Little Owl was also shot in the battle and soon the Tsalagi ceased the attack due to its failure.
Soon after these battles, Oconostota and several other elder chiefs offered a bounty of 100 pounds on his head. This inspired him to move near the Chattanooga area and was soon joined by others from the lower towns.
These raids resulted in a series of attacks with the help of the Upper Creeks on settlements in Tennessee and Alabama. Consequently, John Sevier and his militia traveled deep into their lands and burned villages in retribution.
It has been said by historians that the persistance of the Tsalagi in attacking the Americans greatly prolonged the Revolutionary War. In fact the Continental Congress ordered troops from North & South Carolina and Virginia to attack the Ani-Yun-Wiya.
During this time the Colonists decimated over 50 towns and murdered and killed many innocents despite the assistance of Nancy Ward.
Rather than kill all the captured, Americans began setting up slave auctions and sold women and children to the highest bidder to raise money for their militia.
Regardless of the denouncing of the traditionals as renegades by the Civil Chiefs, the Americans continued to attack Villages despite this knowledge.
In 1777, Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni began gathering warriors among many tribes to form a confederacy. This was the begining of perhaps the largest movement of resistance in all of America's past.
Around 1779, warriors went to Georgia to support the British. During the absence of most of the fighters, Commander Shelby of Virginia then attacked the lower towns.
In 1779, Shelby led a militia force to destroy the resistance.
Shelby came down the Tennessee River with his militia force to engage hostiles.
The Virginians captured a man that was fishing for some food, and Shelby forced the captured fisherman to guide them to the main headquarters.
The troops surprised the village and destroyed it. Apparently most of the warriors were elsewhere and somewhere around 40 people were killed. Shelby then continued down the creek and destroyed many other places.
Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni soon learned of the attacks on his villages and quickly returned to assess the damage. The Shawnee also came to the area with the desire to know if the resistance had been broken by the burning of the towns.
At this time he then assured the Shawnee that the resistance was very much in tact and that the Ani-Yun-Wiya would continue to fight where he then told them..."We are not yet conquered!"
Warriors then went with the Shawnee to fight with them in their battles as a means to consolidate their alliance.
In return, some Shawnees including the famous Tecumseh and the Prophet came to learn the art of war from Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni.
Dragging Canoe then made the choice to move to the west side of Lookout Mountain. This area was even more inaccessible than the east side and afforded him extraordinary protection from his enemies.
In the year 1780, tribes among the Delaware, Miami, Shawnee, Sauk & Fox, Creeks, &
among numerous other tribes also joined in league as a means to resist the encroaching white man.
Seven new villages were built to live in, these towns were known as Crawfish, Ocee (also known as the White River), Red Clay, Lookout, Chestua, Running Water, & Crow Village.
Meanwhile the Spanish were much pleased to have the Ani-Yun-Wiya drive off the French from the major rivers, and as a result they befriended the Tsalagi and made overtures and gave gifts of powder, guns and other important resources.
These events severely damaged the trade of the French in the Gulf Coast area. As a result, The Kingdom of Spain was overwhelmed with elation and made peace with the Ani-Yun-Wiya.
As a result of these things, the Spanish offered land as a means to encourage the Tsalagi to pursuade the French to leave the continent altogether.
The French were greatly afraid of the Ani-Yun-Wiya, and usually fled just at the mention of the possibility that they were nearby. France was well aware of what excellent and tenacious warriors made up the people of the Seven Clans.
In 1782, John Sevier led a militia deep into Tsalagi lands in an attempt to kill Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni.
This campaign resulted in what has become known as the First Battle of Lookout Mountain.
This battle has also gone down as the last battle of the American Revolution.
The Tassel, head chief of the nation, admitted his inability to restrain Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni, and advised General Martin to go against the lower towns and burn them, so that the people in the lower towns would be forced to return and submit to his control.
This resulted in a campaign of North Carolina Militia making an expedition which proved to be a disasterous event.
After realizing that his troops were about to be slaughtered due to the natural lay of the land, General Martin then ordered a retreat where the Militia then returned back home.
In 1785 after the Treaty of Hopewell, Springfrog and many other families dissatisified with the agreement began descending the Tennessee, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers in their Canoes, they then reached and ascended the St. Francis into the Spanish provinces of Louisiana where they formed a settlement.
In 1788, a Headman known as Toquo, or Turkey petitioned Don Manuel Perez who was the Governor of Spanish Illinois in St. Louis to grant refuge in the regions held by the King of Spain.
In spite of their fear, Don Esteban Miro Governor of Louisiana approved the emigration of no less than six viliages.
Springfrog and other important leaders first settled in Missouri near a place called Mine de Mota which was near the location of the lead mines. He then later moved to the White River and many others soon followed and began living there via the permission of the Spanish Government.
From time to time these were joined by other families from the east, where they numbered between two and three thousand people prior to the treaty of 1817.
Soon after arriving in the area, disputes broke out in an all out war with the Osage and the Quapaw. At one particular time after the Wassasi had attacked Springfrog's village, it was reported that he then tracked the war party for several hundred miles and killed the entire raiding party that had dared to attack his settlement.
In 1791 a combined force of Ani-Yun-Wiya, Creek,
, Shawnee, Delaware, Iroquois, Miami, Wyandot & Dakota
totally annihilated the forces of American Gen. Arthur St. Clair at the Wabash River.
This has since become known as St. Clair's Defeat. This proved to be the worst defeat for the United States Army by the hands of Native Americans.
In February of 1792, Chief Glass and Dragging Canoe's brother, Turtle At Home, waylaid the John Collingsworth family near Nashville, killing the father, mother, and a daughter, and capturing an eight-year-old girl.
Returning to Lookout Town, they held a scalp dance with Tsi'ui-Gunsin'ni grinding one of the scalps in his teeth as he danced. He had recently returned from Mississippi after meeting with the
, and he apparently celebrated the occasion so strenuously that he died the following morning at around 54 years of age.
Leadership was then passed to John Watts who managed to keep the Confederacy together for two more years. The Tsalagi during this period were relentless in attacking American Settlements and making war with the Tennessee Militia.
On August 20, 1794, General "Mad" Anthony Wayne and his Legion of the United States met and defeated the confederated tribes, led by Weyapiersenwah (Blue Jacket) of the Shawnee and Michikinikwa (Little Turtle), at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The British failed to support their allies during this battle which caused resentment.
After this war the Ani-Yun-Wiya fighting along with the Ohio Shawnee then returned home to Tennessee.
The warriors continued waging war on American settlements until 1794 when the Lower Towns were burned for the final time by Americans.
After 1794, the majority of these folks began arriving in the area instead of returning back east.
The Migration was complete by 1799 and open warfare between the Ani-Yun-Wiya and Americans ended.


text:
Aug 18, 20140
Death From Above 1979 : Government Trash
A metal shredfest care of DFA1979!
A metal shredfest care of DFA1979!
All music shared on this site is copyrighted by the artists and are only meant as samples, please buy their music, buy their merchandise, see them live, support them, tell your friends about them, love them, cheers.
If you want me to blog about you, have any questions, comments, recommendations, requests, requests to remove tracks, love for me, or want to advertise on my blog email: firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- 4 Beds
- 3 Full, 1 Half
- 4,599,500 +/- Sqft
Property TypeLand – Farm/Ranch
Listing Date07/12/18
Year Built2002
AreaOut of County
Lot Size105.59 Acres (4,599,500 SqFt)
Parking2 Car Garage
Property Description
Tranquility Ranch is a 105 acre mountain retreat featuring a dramatic architect-designed home & separate guest quarters in a setting that boasts total peace & serenity. Even though exceedingly private the property is just 8 mi from the amenities of the town of Westcliffe, CO in the beautiful Wet Mountain Valley. The very private home, w/ touches of Frank Lloyd Wright design style, is low-maintenance stucco & has a total of 4621 SF of finished space & the guest quarters of 1650SF.
Presented By
- Creek or River
- Mountains
- Woods
- None
- Zoned for Horses
- Deck
- Fireplace - Gas
- Hot Tub / Spa
- Vaulted Ceilings
- WaterSense Toilet(s)
- WaterSense Shwrhead
- Natural Gas Avail.
- Satellite
- Septic In Place
- Radiant
- Ceiling Fan
Financial Information
Area Information
We're sorry, but community information for this property could not be found.
We get asked this question a lot. Below is a tool that gives you the ability to see what the market is like in your community. Find out what homes like your own are selling for right in your back yard. Simply enter in your address, choose the proximity of the search and find out market data for other homes that are selling near you.
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Until then, enjoy the tools!
The data relating to the real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of the Vail Multi-List Service, Inc.
Copyright © 2019 Vail Multi List, Inc. (VMLS). The information displayed herein was derived from sources believed to be accurate, but has not been verified by VMLS. Buyers are cautioned to verify all information to their own satisfaction. This information is exclusively for viewers' personal, non- commercial use. Any republication or reproduction of the information herein without the express permission of the VMLS is strictly prohibited.
Listing courtesy of Engel and Volkers Beaver Creek


text:
MANAMA, Bahrain (NNS) -- A Liberian-flagged very large crude tanker, Sirius Star, was attacked more than 450 nautical miles southeast of Mombasa, Kenya, Nov. 15.
The ship is owned by the Saudi Arabian-based Saudi Aramco and is operated by Vela International. The crew of 25 includes citizens of: Croatia, Great Britain, Republic of the Philippines, Poland and Saudi Arabia.
This attack comes amid a decrease in the rate of successful pirate attacks on merchant vessels off the coast of Somalia. Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) data analysis has shown that the combination of both military and civilian involvement in the area has reduced the percentage of successful piracy attacks from 53 percent in August to 31 percent in October.
"Our presence in the region is helping deter and disrupt criminal attacks off the Somali coast, but the situation with the Sirius Star clearly indicates the pirates' ability to adapt their tactics and methods of attack" said Vice Adm. Bill Gortney, commander, Combined Maritime Forces.
"Piracy is an international crime that threatens global commerce. Shipping companies have to understand that naval forces can not be everywhere. Self-protection measures are the best way to protect their vessels, their crews and their cargo."
Out of 15 recent pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden, at least 10 involved ships operating outside the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) recommended traffic corridor or failing to employ recommended self-protection measures, making them more vulnerable to a successful attack.
"Most notably, none of the vessels had embarked security teams. Embarked security teams would have prevented these successful attacks," said Gortney. "Companies don't think twice about using security guards to protect their valuable facilities ashore. Protecting valuable ships and their crews at sea is no different."
To put the challenge into geographic perspective, the area involved off the coast of Somalia and Kenya as well as the Gulf of Aden equals more than 1.1 million square miles. That is roughly four times the size of the U.S. state of Texas or the size of the Mediterranean and Red Seas combined.
In response to a noticeable increase in piracy attempts, the Combined Maritime Forces directed Aug. 22 the establishment of a maritime security patrol area (MSPA), a moveable area overlaying the IMO's recommended traffic corridor. Merchant mariners have been actively encouraged to travel through the IMO-designated traffic corridor and employ reasonable self-protection measures to deter piracy attempts.
"The sea is the lifeblood of our global economy, and it is appropriate the coalition, NATO and other international partners work together to address this problem," said Royal Navy Commodore Tim Lowe, deputy commander, Combined Maritime Forces. "The reduction in the rate of successful piracy attempts shows that the coalition's efforts to deter and disrupt piracy while supporting the shipping industry as they implement appropriate self-protection measures is working."
In addition to coalition naval forces, ships and aircraft from several other nations, including a NATO task force, are operating in the region. Their ranks are soon to be augmented by an European Union force of an undetermined composition. While no formal agreement exists between the navies, communication has been constant and effective to ensure optimal use of assets in a unified goal.
"While a military force cannot solve the problem, the solution lies ashore, we welcome the assistance of additional forces," said Lowe. "The long-term solution to piracy requires an international and interagency response. More forces allow us to address this issue and 'hold ground' while also continuing our ongoing maritime security operations in the area."
As it is evident with the attack on Sirius Star, increasingly daring attacks are being conducted by Somali pirates on a variety of merchant vessels. On Nov. 11, a United Kingdom warship successfully thwarted a pirate attack on a Danish shipping vessel and boarded the pirate ship responsible. During the course of the boarding, the team engaged the pirates in self-defense resulting in a number of fatalities. Such incidents highlight the complications associated with operating in this environment and the need for a permanent and effective land-based solution to the security situation in the region.
Coalition maritime forces conduct maritime security operations under international maritime conventions to develop security, which promotes stability and global prosperity in the maritime environment. These operations complement the counterterrorism and security efforts of regional nations.
For more news Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command/U.S. 5th Fleet, visit www.navy.mil/local/cusnc.


text:
UPDATE: Police announce they made a DNA link to the suspect in Aleszandra "Alie" Berrelez case. But no arrests can be made because the suspect is dead.
Name: Aleszandra "Alie" Berrelez, 5
Where kidnapped:
Investigative agency: Englewood Police Department
Date body found: May 22, 1993
Cause of Death: Never revealed
Suspect: Nick Stofer
As Greeley police scoured fields and culverts for signs of Kayleah Wilson, 60-year-old Richard Berrelez was searching too, along with a hounddog.
It was one of many such searches he has made in the 17 years since his 5-year-old granddaughter Aleszandra "Alie" Berrelez was kidnapped and killed. The discovery of 12-year-old Wilson's body in an irrigation ditch on May 19 ended the latest search.
It likely won't be the last for Berrelez, who has made the search for lost children his mission ever since a very personal discovery turned his life upside down on May 22, 1993.
That is when Yogi, an Aurora police bloodhound discovered Alie's body a dozen miles from his Englewood apartment in Deer Creek Canyon four days after she vanished while playing outside with her brother.


text:
Police Chief Greg Suhr on How 'Batkid' Saved San Francisco
"Batkid" aka 5-year-old leukemia patient Miles Scott, attracted over 10,000 people as he moved through the city of San Francisco Friday, fighting crime, capturing criminals and rescuing a damsel in distress.
Organized and executed by Make-A-Wish Foundation,the day of superheroism was all pretend, but it surely felt as good as the real thing to Batkid.
The city's Police Chief, Greg Suhr, served as Scott's master of ceremonies, having prerecorded a series of messages to help guide the superhero through the city, ultimately resulting in the capture of the Riddler and Penguin.


text:
Re: set list command?
Just found ViEmu and I'm super excited! I've been using vim in a command window for years but I have been missing out on some of the other nice features of MSDEV by doing this... anyway, when I first tried out ViEmu I did notice one command that I use often that wasn't implemented: set list. Are there any plans to add this soon? I'm sure you are familiar with what it does, but just in case it's one that you haven't used, it converts "invisible" control codes in your source file to symbols. For example, the end of line is marked with a $ and tabs are shown as ^I. I often use this when cutting and pasting code from several sources into one file to make sure that the use of tabs or spaces is consistant.


text:
When writing about states, follow these Associated Press guidelines.
The names of the 50 U.S. states should be spelled out when used in the body of a story, whether standing alone or in conjunction with a city, town, village or military base.
Place one comma between the city and the state name, and another comma after the state
name, unless ending a sentence or indicating a dateline: He was traveling from Nashville,
Tennessee, to Austin, Texas, en route to his home in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Zip Code Abbreviations: Use the two-letter Postal Service abbreviations only with full addresses, including ZIP code. These abbreviations are two capitalized letters, with no periods.
Alaska (AK)
Arizona (AZ)
Arkansas (AR)
California (CA)
Colorado (CO)
Connecticut (CT)
Delaware (DE)
Florida (FL)
Georgia (GA)
Hawaii (HI)
Idaho (ID)
Illinois (IL)
Indiana (IN)
Iowa (IA)
Kansas (KS)
Kentucky (KY)
Louisiana (LA)
Maine (ME)
Maryland (MD)
Massachusetts (MA)
Michigan (MI)
Minnesota (MN)
Mississippi (MS)
Missouri (MO)
Nebraska (NE)
Nevada (NV)
New Hampshire (NH)
New Jersey (NJ)
New Mexico (NM)
New York (NY)
North Carolina (NC)
North Dakota (ND)
Ohio (OH)
Oklahoma (OK)
Oregon (OR)
Pennsylvania (PA)
Rhode Island (RI)
South Carolina (SC)
South Dakota (SD)
Tennessee (TN)
Texas (TX)
Utah (UT)
Vermont (VT)
Virginia (VA)
Washington (WA)
West Virginia (WV)
Wisconsin (WI)
Wyoming (WY)
Washington, D.C.: Use state of Washington or Washington state when necessary to distinguish the state from the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.).


text:
We teamed up this month with our friends at Revlon to showcase a hair and nail trend this month. We present you our take on braids and nail art. I think I missed a very important life lesson as a child: properly braiding my hair. In the past year, I've conquered the fishtail and am trying very hard to do a French braid on myself. It's a work in progress. But the one braid I can do practically sleeping is a traditional one. Especially when they are tiny, peek-a-boo style braids like I show you in the video above. I like to call this style something I do on day two/three hair to make the texture seem more styled.
For the nail art, this one is pretty simple thanks to Revlon Top Speed™ Nail Enamel and Revlon Nail Art Stencil. I applied two coats of the Top Speed in Sterling, a shiny silver then placed the Nail Art Stencil sticker on my dry nail. From there, it just took one coat of Orient (a classic red) on the top. I love how easy it was, and would be interested in seeing more Revlon Nail Art Stencils in other varieties in the future. Perhaps chevron stripes?
Our friends at Revlon are once again gifting 10 Product Girl readers with a product featured in this video. This month, we've got a Revlon Top Speed Nail Enamel up for grabs! Leave a comment on this post by Saturday, October 27, telling us your thought on braids (tips and how-to advice welcome, please!) and we'll pick 10 winners.*
For more braid action, click on over here to see the other Revlon bloggers take on the trend.
*Winners to U.S. residents only.
NOTE: Click on the video image above to watch on YouTube.
Disclosure: This is a sponsored post. Revlon has contracted us to develop videos each month to highlight trends on InStyle.com.


text:
Chiefs release fifth-round pick De'Quan Menzie, backup offensive lineman Lucas Patterson
KANSAS CITY, Mo. – The Kansas City Chiefs have released former fifth-round draft pick De'Quan Menzi, who spent all of last season on injured reserve, and reserve offensive lineman Lucas Patterson.
Chiefs coach Andy Reid announced the moves Tuesday, shortly after the Chiefs finished off the first of their voluntary full-squad workouts.
Menzie was a standout defensive back at Alabama, but missed most of the offseason program as a rookie because of a hamstring problem. He wound up on IR and never played in a game.
The Chiefs have turned over much of their offensive line this offseason, drafting Eric Fisher first overall Eric Kush in the sixth round. They also signed several players in free agency to provide depth, ultimately making Patterson expendable.


text:
While national trends for troubled properties are improving, there are 19 states where newly started foreclosures are heading higher, according to data released Thursday.
In March, there were foreclosure filings on about 117,000 properties throughout the country, up 4% from February, but down 23% from a year earlier, online foreclosure marketplace RealtyTrac said. Such filings include default notices, scheduled auctions and bank repossessions. In addition, trends show national improvement: For the first quarter, there were about 342,000 properties with foreclosure filings, also down 23% from a year earlier.
Looking nationally, the pipeline of foreclosures has narrowed since the housing bubble burst. The past year in particular has seen a rebound for the U.S. housing market, with rapidly rising prices enabling many troubled borrowers to gain equity. But at the state level, the foreclosure news is somewhat darker, with 19 states posting annual growth in foreclosure starts for the first quarter. A start is the first public notice of a foreclosure, such as notices for default or a trustee's sale. Check to see whether your state is among the 19 where foreclosures are headed higher.
"Now that the foreclosure deluge has dried up, banks are turning their attention back to properties that have been sitting in foreclosure limbo for some time," said Daren Blomquist, a vice president at RealtyTrac. "Banks will also now be able to devote more resources to dealing with the lingering inventory of nearly half a million already-foreclosed homes that still need to be sold."
In New Jersey, foreclosure starts in the first quarter were up 83% from a year earlier, while starts in Maryland rose 43%, and California posted its first annual growth since the second quarter of 2012. Starts trends are rising in states where lenders must go through the court system to move a borrower into foreclosure, as well as in non-judicial states, Blomquist said.
–-Ruth Mantell
Follow Ruth on Twitter @RuthMantell.
Follow the Capitol Report blog on Twitter @CapitolReport.
Check out these Capitol Report posts:
See the 19 states with annual growth in foreclosure starts
Mortgage credit most available in at least three years, gauge says
Hurdles seen in House for pairing tax breaks, unemployment insurance


text:
Located at the southwest corner of Central Park, the neighborhood of Columbus Circle spans a handful of blocks surrounding the traffic circle by the same name. A monument of Christopher Columbus stands at the center of the traffic circle, inspiring the name. Columbus Circle functions as the geographic center of New York City and is a heavily trafficked area that has undergone multiple renovations throughout the years to improve traffic around the circle.
The most recent renovation occurred between 2003-2005 and included a new water fountain as well as the addition of plenty of benches and greenery. Columbus Circle offers a desirable Midtown West location near Central Park, the Upper West Side, Rockefeller Center, and Times Square at just-above-average Midtown prices.
Columbus Circle Office Space | Lease Data & Trends
Nearly three-quarters of the 24 million square feet of Columbus Circle office space is Class A inventory, with options ranging from executive suites to entire floors in prominent buildings. The area has a low vacancy rate of 7.5% (the Manhattan average is 10%), and there is very little new inventory under construction.
Despite its small size, the average Columbus Circle office space rent is greater than about half of the other Midtown submarkets due to its prime location. Class A office space in Columbus Circle rents at an average of $78 per square foot. Class B properties rent at much lower prices, with an average closer to $61.
What Our Brokers Say About Columbus Circle Office Space
Many banks, business management consultants, real estate consultants, and stockbrokers operate in the area. Other notable companies leasing office space in Columbus Circle include Hearst Media (which occupies Hearst Tower), Penguin Random House, PDT Partners, Young & Rubicam, Rhodium Group, and Red Fuse Communications.
Time Warner Center anchors Columbus Circle on the west side. In addition to the corporate headquarters of Time Warner, CNN's NYC headquarters and Related Companies, the largest private real estate developer currently developing Hudson Yards, both lease office space in Time Warner Center. The ground floors house the Shops at Columbus Circle mall and a Whole Foods. The Shops at Columbus Circle is home to major retailers such as Amazon Books, MAC Cosmetics, Swarovski, Williams-Sonoma, and Coach.
Emerge212 has a location at 3 Columbus Circle, providing office space for a variety of new and established businesses in the 29-story Class A building.
Getting Around Columbus Circle
The Columbus Circle-59th Street subway station is the eighth busiest station in NYC and located underneath Columbus Circle. The station provides access to the 1, 2, A, B, C, and D trains. Bus lines serving the neighborhood include M5, M7, M10, M20, and M104.
Although the neighborhood is centered around a traffic circle, driving in the area is not a popular option due to heavy traffic. Commuting by foot, bus, or subway are the preferred methods of transportation.
Columbus Circle Neighborhood & History
Designed in 1857, Columbus Circle was initially a continuation of the vision for Central Park. The traffic circle faces the Merchant's Gate entrance to Central Park on its northeast side. The installation of the Christopher Columbus statue 35 years later helped Columbus Circle establish a separate identity from Central Park.
Office workers in Columbus Circle are never more than a ten-minute walk to Central Park, which provides an ideal outdoor location for a lunch break. TurnStyle Underground Market spans a full city block beneath 57th and 59th Streets and has nearly 40 local eateries to grab a bite, along with a variety of other food vendors, retail shops, and kiosks. Other convenient and popular spots in Columbus Circle include Bareburger, Le Pain Quotidien, Patsy's Italian Restaurant, Guantanamera, Kashkaval Garden, and Burrito Box.


text:
Thursday, December 24, 2009
Wednesday, December 23, 2009
Photos taken at Nakama
Elegant Lady in Red
click on photo to enlarge
Dress: Vita's Boudoir Christmas Delight red dress
Earrings: *Primagine* - Harlow sim grand opening gift - chandelier earrings - gold
Shoes: see below
Pose: **yuiyui** standpose6 - natural stand pose set (not sure if it is free)
Click on photo to enlarge
Dress: Baiastice Christmas 2009 Female gift
Shoes: ETD Starly Pumps - Gold
Pose: .::KSCreations::. Pose Package 2 - KSCreations_Pose30_30
Click on photo to enlarge
Dress: *GF* Corset Dress Lilith - holiday red - group gift (comes with beautiful shoes to match)
Hair: Junwave Marie Type B Orange-Brown - group gift
Skin: Dulce Secrets - Eirlys Vodka Skin version 8 - snowflake hunt item
Eyes: Poetic Colors - Beryll - small (not free) (worn with the fairy tale eye lights, which you can get in the recent free gift)
Pose: **yuiyui** standpose1 - natural stand pose set (not sure if it is free)
Location: The Rose Theatre
Monday, December 21, 2009
Sunday, December 20, 2009
Envy on the Coast
Saturday, December 19, 2009
Strawberry Room
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Leaving on a Jet Plane
Scarf/Muffler: Amrita ~ Machiko Muffler FREE (also comes with green)
Hair: ETD ~ Christina $5 Elika Color Pack in the discount section
Skin: Curio ~ Petal Elf FREE group gift
Sunglasses: Deco ~ Swank Glasses --Past 50L Friday item
Top: Ivalde ~ Part of the 16th Advent Gift ~ Lila White & Black Dress FREE (you can still buy advent gifts if you're not in the group)
Leggings: Source ~ Le Look Gift FREE
Suitcase: Magi Take FREE (a purple one is actually free, pink is not but it's only $20-$25)
Ring: Donna Flora ~ Bice Ring FREE xmas gift at store
Boots: YourSkin&YourShape ~ Big Sur Boots FREE xmas gift
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
City Lights
Skin: Curio ~ Sundust Elf FREE group gift (search for Gala & Rita Design Announcements)
Lashes: Glow Studio ~ Innocent --past 50L Friday item
Cheek Piercings: Buried ~ Basic Piercings Pack $1
Fur Coat: Pop Feel ~ Fur Jacket in Christmas Red FREE -- join group first and touch sign
Dress: Shampoo ~ Stone Wanpi FREE --join group and touch sign (took off sleeves and collar)
Gloves: Part of Acid & Mala Creations ~ Reaction Outfit FREE -- Down the Chimney Hunt
Clutch: Bare Rose FREE --lucky chair
Stockings: Ivalde ~ Fishnet Stay ups FREE --on the wall near dresses
Heels: Dominion Fashion District ~ Dangerous Stiletto Pack FREE
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
Daydreaming Barista
Hair: Clawtooth by Clawtooth ~ Good Morning FREE group gift through subscribo
Skin: Curio ~ Moonbeam April-Pure 4 $1000
Shirt: Magi Take ~ Gingham Check Shirt FREE look upstairs and join group first
Skirt: Narwhal ~ High Waist Super Skirt FREE Down The Chimney Hunt
Cami: Fri.day ~ White Cami FREE
Tights: Part of Ivalde ~ Totra Dress FREE? Think it was an advent gift or might be in the discount section for $10
Glasses: Miel ~ Genius Peepers $175 color change!
Boots: COCO ~ Flat Ankle Boots FREE group notices
Name Tag: !BF! ~ Hello My Name Is $1 (you can change the letters up to 7 characters)
Tea Kettle and Tea cup: BP* FREE at the Starlust Motel
If you're wondering who the cartoon character is, it's Trent from MTV's Daria *swoooon*
Question for the comments: Weirdest crush you've ever had?
Monday, December 14, 2009
Xmas Pretty
paper.doll Sophie Winter Special skin (cleavage options not shown)
from left to right: deep tan, pale, tan
paper.doll ShimmerMini dresses
from left to right: Mistletoe, Cranberry
Shoes: Heart & Sole Breezy - H & S Hunt 24 of 25 (old hunt item)
Skin shown above: Curio Elf-Happy Holidays Pale (search for Gala & Rita Design Announcements group, join and check notices for the set of skin)
Want this sweater dress? Head over to paper.doll and buy it for only 12L!
Sweater dress: paper.doll SweaterDress Green (hunt for the Xmas gift at the main shop)
Eyes: Poetic Colors - Christmas Fairy Eyes - Freebie Bright (m)
Note: I'm wearing these with the eye lights that are included in the gift.
Hair: Tiny Bird D.A.N.C.E. Fat (but still pretty) Pack - Cream
Stun your friends this Xmas with these cute and free ensembles.
Thursday, December 10, 2009
50L Friday L.Fauna Skin!
Hair, dress and tattoo are from the current Artilleri sale, everything is 50% off!
Hair: Sabina $100 on sale (color change bandana)
Dress: Lovely Leo $90 on sale
Tattoo: Maggie
80s Roller Girl
I was so sad because I didn't have any roller skates ;( If you know where I can get some cute ones, please let me know!
Location: Harmony Deschanel Roller Skating
Hair: Exile: Maren Touch of Pink (highlight is tintable!)
Skin: Exile: group gift HSB skin Crush: Tan-LB:XX Crush
Eyes: Poetic Colors, old gift: gold flakes - opal, medium size (don't forget the newbie eye set available for avatars 30 days old or younger)
Sunglasses: [Mokoptica] Disco sunglasses (color scripted!)
Sweater: dollface - cozy pullover - (rose)
Skirt: [Miseria] Sugar dress - Holly (pant and skirt prim from the dress)
Necklace: PRIMALOT Starry Mist FabFreeGift (scripted)
Ring: ::Gabriel:: - ::GB::-flower-ring*Yellow
Tattoo: Pussy Liquor, Inkorporated (this one is not for sale)
Socks: *Fleur* Fair Isle OTK socks grey
Boots: J&F's store - free gift
Monday, December 7, 2009
Down the Chimney Hunt
1) Jacket: Kyoot
Skirt: Couverture
Flats: Petunia
2) Vest/Sweater: Zenith Fashion
3) Hair: Soap Co
Outfit: Doppleganger
Gloves: Acid & Mala Creations
4) Outfit: So Many Styles
5) Tshirt: Pig
Highwaist Skirt: Narwhal
Cardinal: Eleutheria
Heels: Epoque
6) Pink Parka Vest: Touche
Tshirt: Meu! and Ska Shack
Belt: Kunstkammer
Pants: NachtMusik
7) Bulky Sweater: RunoRuno
Ankle Boots: RRS
8) Necklace: Kunstkammer
Dress: Miseria
9) Jacket: Blue Blood
10) Earmuffs: Artilleri
Sweater: Fishy Strawberry
Boots: Duh!
11) Scarf and mittens: Reek
Sweater: Boom
12) Jacket: Modd.G
Turtleneck Sweater: Shiki Designs
13) Dress: Sari's
14) Earrings and Bangle: Ticky Tacky
15) Outfit (minus bikini top and bottom): Chanimations
16) Tshirt: Pig
Heart on Sleeve: Scribble
Flats: Petunia
17) Scarf: Shiki Designs
Top: Tyranny Designs
Boots: Duh!
*I didn't finish the whole hunt yet so this post doesn't include everything
Hunt Stars Here at Kunstkammer
Sunday, December 6, 2009
Weekend Fever Picks
The boots pictured are from R2 Fashion, I had never heard of the store before so I almost skipped it but I'm glad I didn't! Make sure you check out the stores even if you haven't heard of them before, you might be surprised with what you find. R2 Fashions has great boots and heels for under $300 which is fairly cheap in comparison to other places.
Other Items Shown:
Hair: Fri.day Tatum $75 on sale
Military Jacket: Fri.day $100 on sale
Dress: COCO FREE group gift
Earrings: Glow Studio
Heels: Line ~ Dazzle
Friday, December 4, 2009
50L Friday Picks
Hoodie/Hair Combo: Kookie ~ Ono Goldie Snood w/ Jacket
Blazer: Milk Motion ~ My Bf Blazer
Lingerie: Fishy Strawberry ~ Ignition
Hair Style on the Left: Clawtooth by Clawtooth ~Love Letters
on the right: Clawtooth by Clawtooth ~ How Soon is Now
Don't forget about Weekend Fever for more 50L items (theme is red this week) and 60L Sundays!
Starlust Trash Hunt 2
Tank Tops: Ohmai Basics Thrash Tank
Leggings: Duboo
Jumpsuit: Kid Asia
Earrings: Periquita ~ Trash Ring Earring
Outfit on the Left: WhoNose
Earrings: Le Melange ~ Grunge Leaf Hoop


text:
|South East US Carolinas across to Texas.
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Road trip
Two hours before sun rise, Ed drew a rubber mat across the thin layer of limestone gravel concealing one of the various fireproof safes secreted about about the room in the converted barn's floor. He cast one last tired, red eye over the room satisfied anyone who forced their way in would find little more than empty workbenches and a rogue washer or two. Freak fire couldn't be helped-- but anything else would be safe. He'd brought out what he'd needed from the house shortly before midnight. His dog Mo slept soundly on the truck's passenger seat despite being overweight and too big for the bucket.
He'd only managed an hour or two for reloading--dawn up til sunset the previous day had been spent packing and finishing the truck's rig. The smart pad was already in its pedestal, blackbox linked into the series. He walked over and pulled himself up into the driver's seat.
A finger tap brought the third-gen smartpad to life, the plasma monitor winked to life, still displaying the last screen. The black box was in full sync with an orbiting satellite, the aerial shot of the around him was fresh and being updated constantly in realtime finally. He drew an "X" in the lower right portion of the screen, the computer responded by showing him the hijiack signal. He'd piggy backed onto a weather satellite--registry was scrawled down the right side of the screen, listing capabilities.
He drew a circle on the screen to bring in magnification-- localizing his signal and the surround twenty miles by the scale. A thermal switch and another magnification request brought the image into a resolution equal to a rough five mile radius and clear enough to pick out heat signatures. He was shielded in the cab and metal exterior, however, only the generators registered in his direct vicinity. The generator on the house had been allowed to run dry after being disconnected the 500 gallon reserve tank. Four hours later it was still a red blob on the map, the shop gennie still plugging away, glowed almost white.
The only other heat trace he could see was a lonely red dot about an eighth of an inch from him-- he drew his finger around the pixel and was given a 200 magnification. The roof of a modest ranch-style house squated in the center of the screen as the radius shifted and narrowed to a 500 yard picture. The red pinprick was barely larger, but it was clearly moving in the center of the house.
The man who called himself Armorer frowned-- his brother was awake. The heavy-set younger sibling has obviously more than worked up. They'd spoken briefefly over shortwave that afternoon-- roughly sketching a route and provisions. Hadley was seldom talkative, slow to anger, and simply grim on his best days. Yet, he'd responded to taking off more eagerly than Ed has anticipated, especially after refusing to take up residence with the elder brother once he'd been left alone in the family home.
When it all hit the fan, the old man as a surgeon had been called in to help with the rash of bites and other injuries-- the populace still unaware of what was happening. Despite his eldest son's warnings, he'd still managed to get bitten and snuck out of the hospital. He'd made it home and to bed before the boys mother came in on him. The brothers had been out on a raid--they'd discussed the possibilities of a zombie invasion, though only one brother jokingly.
Ed pushed it out of his mind. Hadley hadn't taken the "what-ifs" too seriously, it was his trauma, his shock and dismay, and his big brother couldn't wish that out of him. Ed could only hope the kid didn't crack-- three and a half months after the fact, it was still no guarentee that he'd manage the stress of what they were about to do.
He shut down the smartpad but kept the satellite link up--he'd want access to the web for a while yet, he'd already managed to save some images of Wickenburg. He hoped he'd still be able to meet PT and MK23 there-- they'd have at least a good 7 hours to prepare for when Ed got there with the rest. Knowing what kind of men he was buddied with, he could only hope whatever puddle jumper they snagged could manage all the gear they'd be packing.
He ushered Mo into the back of the truck and grabbed a small device from a crate behind the seat. After rolling up the metal door and driving out, he ran back inside to lock up. As he closed the small walk-through door, he paused to rig the small explosive from the truck. It was a simple concussive-- a modified, glorifiad flashbang to blow back anyone who tried to jimmy the door. No dead-head would manage to accidentally disable it-- and the strucker wouldn't get more'n some blacking, but it'd be enough to dissuade any honest thief. He hoped the couple packages of MRE's he'd left on the kitchen counter with the note, "take these and leave: mess anything up, and I'll hunt you down and fucking kill you" would help get a picture across to anyone who tried the house first.
A minute later he pulled into his parent's shaded driveway-- he was a good hour and change early, but it wouldn't do to keep Hadley waiting. The smartpad was reactivated, still perched above the house in thermal. He'd learned that zeds, though long dead, still could show up as blue green masses, their rotting throwing off enough putrescent ambient heat. Only the angry red dot buzzed around the house, the truck's warming engine just beginning to outline.
He pulled around back and parked. Through a shrouded french door, lights glowed. Again the frown returned, he hoped the little bastard had gotten some sleep-- it wouldn't do for both of them to have spent the night awake-- now Ed could grab some Z's while his brother took over the wheel. It'd be at least 13 hours to UZI's. He cursed and was responded with a growl in his stomach. Great-- now he was hungry and exhausted.
He jumped out of the truck and pulled his .45 as he sprinted across the lawn. A couple of raps at the back door and he could hear the deadbolt retract into the frame. As the door opened, he almost fell backwards as a duffel bag and his brother's weatherby was thrust out to him.
"Take these."
Ed holstered the TRP as he grabbed the duffel in his left hand before taking the .308 in his right.
"Jeez, calm down. You're friggin wired, tell me you got some shut eye because i've been going nonstop since 6 yesterday morning."
"No," the younger brother said, hefting a sptting scope case in one hand and an ammo box in the other, a large pack already on his back. "We're driving the better'n halfway across the country after the better part of hell has just erupted in our laps....I couldn't get a wink no more than you. You load up your desktop?"
"Of course," Armorer said, "too much shit on it, and there's not enough room to drump everything to the pad."
"You mean too much porn. You also remember the box of noise makers?"
Ed's stomach gurgled again, he was getting frustrated. His brother might as well have been a zombie for the last couple of months, he'd kept'em going, and with the drive on their heads, this sudden bossy tone wasn't settling him. A day in the car wouldn't help either.
"You're lucky we share the same mother and I don't have a comeback. I've packed everything, you're not fit to drive and I'm starving." Sensing the conflict, Mo didn't offer a tailwag as the truck's camper back popped open and ed slid everything into their expectant places. "So stow it, and let me go get something to eat."
As he turned to walk back to the house, Hadley tossed his two cases into the truck ran over to his big brother.
He grabbed a shoulder as he dropped his backpack, opening the large drawstring mouth. He shoved an MRE into Ed's hands.
"We shared the same mom. Past tense. She's gone. Dad's gone. Everything is gone...there's nothing left for us here."
Ed stood mute, before handing back the ready-packaged meal.
"Save it for the ride, we've no idea what UZI's situation is and we might be forced to ration. I'll grab something from the pantry."
He again turned to walk towards the house, leaving Hadlen holding the MRE. Silently Hadlen dropped it into the pack and walked over to the truck, opening the driver's door.
Ed grabbed the door handle to the house and started to turn the knob when the window beside him crashed inward. He whirled around to see Hadlen run over to the pack and back to the truck to close up the hatch.
"The was one of those firebombs you cooked up, I set the fuse to forty seconds!"
Ed turned and ran. He planted a foot as he drew near and jumped for the drivers seat, the door still ajar as he threw it into gear. Hadlen sat calmly in the passenger seat, his sack open between his legs as he sat digging for something.
"What the fuck did you do!" Ed bellowed as he fishtailed coming around the front of the house, gunning for the driveway."
"I dumped remaining gas out and punctured generator's tank."
Behind them the house's windows exploded outward, the concussive force of the igniting gas fumes enough to blow shingles straight up into the air as the house they grew up in turned into an arsonist's jack-o-latern. The bright flare-up in the rearview blinded Ed as he stared into the mirror in shock. He slammed on the breaks at the mouth of the driveway, wiping at his eyes and blinking. In the pale glow, Ed could see a weak, tired smile on his brother's face.
"Good thing you got here early, those fumes were giving me a headache."
"Aha," with relish he pulled a lever-action from the bag. Since everything had gone down, he'd had Ed cut down .45 long colt's barrel and shave the stock down to a pistolgrip. He dropped it down to his lap and put a box of shells on the dashboard before handing Ed back the MRE from before.
"Well, Wagon Master, figure we'd better get this train headed west. I'll crash out till Atlanta and you'll take shotgun til Birmingham-- that way we'll have had four hours between us to last until Texas."
Ed tried not to gape as he pulled out of the drive onto the deserted, dark highway. He used his teeth to rip open the foil pack to hide a slight smile. Maybe this was the end of his brother's madness-- he'd already long since lived his. They'd need their wits about them.
He checked the pad again, closing out the aerial and opening a simple prompt command. The encrypted coordinates TJ had sent him would take a while to decode. Having Hadlen take the smartpad, he dictated a brief message for Ryan and Pierangelo to be sent through passive messaging should either guy get a line tap before they met up in Wickenburg.
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American Riviera Bank (OTCBB: ARBV) announced record pre-tax income for the year, which increased 113% to $1,971,000 at December 31, 2012, compared to $923,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011. The Bank had unaudited net income of $1,193,000 ($0.47 per share) for the year ended December 31, 2012. Unaudited net income for the quarter ending December 31, 2012 was $386,000 ($0.15 per share) versus $353,000 ($0.14 per share) for the comparable quarter of 2011. American Riviera Bank provides a unique community banking experience delivered through knowledgeable bankers and innovative technology. Year over year, the Bank grew non-interest bearing demand deposits by 85%, reaching $43 million or 31% of total deposits as of December 31, 2012. Loans outstanding increased 18% compared to one year ago, reaching $128 million at December 31, 2012. The combination of growth in non-interest bearing deposits and active lending in our community enabled the Bank to increase net interest income after provision by 29% in 2012 and to grow average net interest margin to 5.13% compared to the average of 4.87% for 2011. Jeff DeVine, President and Chief Executive Officer, stated, "Our significant growth in loans, deposits, and earnings proves that community banking with a commitment to building relationships is the key to success. We look forward to the March opening of our new branch in Montecito and continuing to provide an unmatched brand of community banking." The Bank had no nonaccrual loans or loans past due 30 or more days at December 31, 2012. Management and the Board of Directors believe that the allowance for loan losses equating to 2.01% of total loans is adequate at December 31, 2012. The Bank has $172 million in total assets, and maintains a strong capital position with Tier 1 Capital to total average assets of 13% as of December 31, 2012; well above the regulatory guideline of 5% for well capitalized institutions. The book value of one share of American Riviera Bank stock is $9.29 at December 31, 2012, an increase from $8.81 at December 31, 2011.
Company ProfileAmerican Riviera Bank is a full-service community bank, focused on serving the lending and deposit needs of businesses and consumers in our community. The Bank was founded in 2006 by over 400 local shareholders and has one branch located at 1033 Anacapa Street in downtown Santa Barbara. Statements concerning future performance, developments or events concerning expectations for growth and market forecasts, and any other guidance on future periods, constitute forward-looking statements that are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from stated expectations. Specific factors include, but are not limited to, effects of interest rate changes, ability to control costs and expenses, impact of consolidation in the banking industry, financial policies of the US government, and general economic conditions.


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1880-1920 Otago Daily Times Births Deaths Marriages, Anniversaries Index, Dunedin, New Zealand
See the details near the end of this page.
Australian Family Tree Connections - BDMs
Australian and New Zealand BDM registry addresses, certificate costs plus links to their searchable indexes.
Births, deaths and marriages - dia.govt.nz
From The Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand.
Index of the Wellington, New Zealand newspaper notices for births, deaths, marriages, anniversaries, and in memoriam published daily since 1st January 2000.
New Zealand Birth and Death Entries
Shows the format of these civil registration records and what information they record.
New Zealand Certificates Online
We supply official New Zealand birth, death and marriage certificates at an affordable price with free delivery. We cover all civil registration periods for England & Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland and New Zealand certificates. England: 1837 to 2011. Scotland: 1855 to 2011. We can also supply transcripts of baptisms and marriages back to 1564. Ireland: 1864 to 2010 and also 1845-1863 for Protestant marriages. Northern Ireland: 1922 to 2010. New Zealand: 1848 - 2011 for births and deaths, 1854-2010 for marriages. Australia: Historical certificates only.
CD for sale from the New Zealand Society of Genealogists. New Zealand marriages searchable on surname, given name or initial, and date. Includes soundex or partial search options.
Register of New Zealand Presbyterian Marriages
Register of Presbyterian Marriages within the Provinces of Otago & Southland, New Zealand 1848 to 1930.
Saint Johns in the City - Parish Registers - Marriages
Transcripts of marriages at St Johns Presbyterian Church, Wellington, New Zealand, 1866-1897.
The First Church of Otago Genealogy Database
The First Church of Otago Genealogy Database: Marriages, Communicant Rolls and Baptisms for this Church in Dunedin New Zealand 1848 to 1920.
Varcoe's New Zealand Marriages Index
Covering 1840-1956, the database is designed to be used in conjunction with the microfiche Marriages Indexes published by the New Zealand Registrar-General's Office.
New Zealand » Birth, Marriage, Death
15 Links


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Antonio Brown has officially been ruled out for the Pittsburgh Steelers' Week 10 matchup against the Kansas City Chiefs on Monday night.
The wide receiver could miss more time beyond that.
ProFootballTalk.com cited "a source with knowledge of the situation" in reporting Saturday that Brown will miss "a few games" with the ankle injury suffered during Week 9's win over the New York Giants.
NFL.com and NFL Network's Albert Breer later confirmed the report, per a source who's spoken with the player.
Brown is a consistent performer who emerged last season as a favorite target of Ben Roethlisberger. In eight games this season, Brown has 42 receptions for 499 yards and a touchdown.
Emmanuel Sanders -- who was fined last week by the league for allegedly faking an injury -- will start in place of Brown on Monday night when the Steelers (5-3) host the Chiefs (1-7).Safety Troy Polamalu (right calf), tackle Marcus Gilbert (ankle) and linebacker Stevenson Sylvester (hamstring) are also out against the Chiefs. Running back Rashard Mendenhall is questionable while battling a strained right Achilles.
Running back Isaac Redman, who rushed for a career-high 147 yards in last week's 24-20 win over the New York Giants, said Saturday he will start in Mendenhall's place. Rookie running back/return specialist Chris Rainey will play despite cracked ribs and running back Jonathan Dwyer -- who missed the Giants game with a right quadriceps injury -- is also expected to play.
The Associated Press contributed to this report
Follow Dan Hanzus on Twitter @danhanzus.


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Fishing provides an opportunity to spend time together, away from the distractions and stress of everyday life. The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission is participating in the Recreational Boating and Fishing Foundation's Vamos A Pescar program, which creates more opportunities for all people to fish. Through the program, grants are available to non-profit organizations in Nebraska for local efforts to educate and engage families in high-density Hispanic communities through programs, classes and fishing activities held in 2017.
Programs will be considered that introduce fishing and or boating to youths and families, provide hands-on fishing skills development, teach and reinforce water and safe boating, and provide hands-on conservation and aquatic stewardship activities.
- Interested organizations must contact Larry Pape at Nebraska Game and Parks by Oct. 5.
- The grant application can be downloaded below.
- Grant submissions are due by Oct. 31.
- Submissions are to be emailed to firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Grant awards will be announced between December 31, 2016 and January 4, 2017.
- For more information, contact Larry Pape at 402-471-5447.


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Microsoft charging more, giving more?
Introducing Office server... and more expensive CALs
Microsoft is planning more expensive versions of Office and Windows during the next few years, to sustain growth and mitigate customer opposition to upgrades. Chief executive Steve Ballmer said Thursday that Microsoft wants to increase Office revenues fourfold by the end of the decade, with a new "Office Server" product and more expensive client access fees key to the strategy.
Alongside the new Office Server category, Microsoft is also developing a Premium edition of Office, and an "enterprise edition" of Windows Vista, the delayed Windows client that Windows client senior vice president Will Poole said would ship during the 2006 holiday season.
But likely to prove controversial is Microsoft intention to charge users an additional "premium" client access licenses (CAL) to use these higher-end versions of Office and Windows. Ballmer and other executives were light on specifics today, although in the Office market at least Microsoft seems to be going beyond its current high-end edition of Office Professional Edition, which is priced at $388.49 per copy.
"We have plans in the Windows Vista generation to introduce an enterprise edition," Ballmer told Wall St during Microsoft's annual financial analyst summit in Redmond, Washington.
"We think of a new concept that we call the Office Server," Ballmer continued. "It will have associated with it a new premium client access license. And when you take a look at all of the premium work that we're doing in management, and security and e-mail, we think about a new premium client access license also for our Windows product."
Ballmer outlined the plan as part of a strategy to increase revenue in what he defined as Microsoft's anchor business, consisting of Windows, Office and servers.
"We will... introduce higher-value versions of existing products that really help us drive new growth and new value. We did that with the Professional edition of our Windows product, and it drove literally billions of dollars of revenue growth versus the home version," Ballmer said.
The move to create new, higher-price product stock keeping units (SKUs) appears to be an attempt to offset the negative affect on future growth caused by reluctance from customers to upgrade to new versions of software, especially Office.
According to recent figures, just 15 per cent of PCs are running the latest version of Office 2003, yet its successor, Office 12, successor is now firmly on the horizon.
An Office Server SKU and new CALs is an attempt by Microsoft to shift the perception away from Office as something comprised of "just" Word and Excel, to a perception of Office as an integrated server-based environment. The Office bundle market, Microsoft said, is worth $10bn, while it wants the latter will be worth $40bn by the end of the decade.
Information Worker division president Jeff Raikes, speaking after Ballmer, said: "The key is to get into new business and successfully execute in those markets."
Microsoft also sought to address the potential desktop challenge from rival open source products like OpenOffice and StarOffice. We sell more Office licenses and solutions per week than OpenOffice and StarOffice combined do in a year. We are doing very, very well from a competitive stand point," Raikes claimed.
Microsoft's decision to introduce more SKUs and charge higher prices, though, will expose the company to more accusations from competitors that is gouging customers while IT budgets are tight. Sun Microsystems has been pushing StarOffice as a low-priced, subscription-based alternative to Office to help customers overcome the pricing issue.®
Related stories
Window closing on Office 2003
Microsoft's Ballmer tells lurvely partners to stick it to IBM
Vista - searching for something fresh


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How to Use
the Readings
Inquiry Question
Reading 2: Ybor City's Cigar Workers
The men and women of Ybor City who made the hand-rolled cigars earned good wages for the times and had a certain amount of control over their work day. Because they were paid by the number of cigars they turned out each day rather than by the hour, they set their own rate of production. These cigar workers were artisans, and the goal for both the factory owner and the individual worker was to produce perfect handcrafted cigars.
The first step in cigar manufacturing was to age the filler, binder, and wrapper tobacco under controlled climate conditions. Then they were prepared for blending with different tobacco types to control the flavor. Next, workers called "strippers" selected and stripped from the tobacco plant the leaves to carry to the cigar makers. From a supply of leaves beside him, a cigar maker picked up several filler leaves of tobacco, laying them one by one on the palm of the hand until he could tell by the weight that he had enough for the cigar. Each of the filler leaves had to be pointed in just the right direction so that the cigar would burn evenly and hold its ash properly. The filler was then wrapped with a binder to form a "bunch" (see Drawing 1). Then the wrapper leaf was placed on a wood board and trimmed, the bunch placed on top of it, and the cigar was rolled in one smooth, flowing motion. The wrapper was sealed with a dab of gum tragacanth, the sap of a tree grown in Iran. The worker then trimmed the finished cigar with his blade (a thin wedge-shaped steel knife), and it was ready for seasoning (or storage) for up to three years before it was considered aged enough to be sold. Workers called "pickers" sorted the finished cigars according to color, size, and shade to ensure that all cigars in a box would look roughly the same. Packers then took the sorted cigars, placed a paper ring on each one and put them in the boxes that were then ready to be shipped and sold.
Each worker in the factories' large workrooms contributed about 25 cents per week for the services of lectors (readers). A lector sat on a platform above the workers and in a loud, clear voice, read through several daily newspapers, often commenting on their contents. He also might read aloud from Spanish poets, or from the works of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, author of novels, plays, and tales. Cervantes' Don Quixote has long been one of the world's best loved books (perhaps better known now from the musical, Man of La Mancha). Because they listened to the reader for several hours a day, the workers probably were better informed than most Americans of the time. These readers were talented, well-paid men who commented on the news with wit or irony and who used their voices to indicate different characters in the poems and novels they read.
After work hours, most cigar workers took advantage of Ybor City's mutual aid societies. Different ethnic groups founded these social and cultural organizations to help members adapt to a new land while retaining their ethnic traditions. Mutual aid society members could gather at their clubhouse to socialize over dominoes or cards, attend a performance or dance, or participate in a variety of other recreational activities. However, these societies provided more than entertainment. For a small fee collected weekly from their members, clubs contracted with doctors and hospitals to provide medical care. The societies also operated pharmacies and provided burial services for their members. The Spanish-speaking population founded four of these clubs. Italian and German immigrants each established a club as well.
El Centro Espanol, founded in 1891, was the first mutual aid society in Ybor City. To join, applicants had to be either Spaniards by birth or loyal to Spain. Members paid 25 cents a week to enjoy social privileges as well as death and injury benefits. In 1975 the club still had some 2,000 members who used its restaurant and coffee shop, and attended movies during the week and live performances on weekends. El Centro Espanol has been vacant, however, since the mid-1980s. Three of Ybor City's mutual aid society clubhouses, El Centro Asturiano, El Circulo Cubano, and L'Unione ltaliana, have remained in continuous use since they were constructed in the first quarter of the 20th century. By providing everyday services such as recreation and medical care, Ybor City's mutual aid societies successfully helped immigrant residents maintain their ethnic identity while adapting to life in a new country.
Questions for Reading 2
1. In your own words, how was a hand-rolled cigar made?
2. How did lectors make the cigar makers' workplace more pleasant? How did they affect the workers' knowledge of politics?
3. Why were mutual aid societies founded? What services did they provide for their members?
4. Do you think that the life of immigrants in Ybor City was better or worse than that of most immigrants in America during the same time period? Why?
Compiled from James H. Charleton, "Ybor City Historic District" (Hillsborough County, Florida) National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1990; Charles A. Harner, A Pictorial History of Ybor City (Tampa: Trend Publications, Inc., 1975); Allen Freeman, "A Sense of Belonging," Historic Preservation (March/April 1994): 29-34, 118-19; Michael Zimny, "Cradles of Mutual Aid," Florida Heritage (Winter 1995): 16-19; Gary Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, "The Cradle of Mutual Aid: Immigrant Cooperative Societies in Ybor City," Tampa Bay History 7, no. 2 (1985): 36-55; and information provided by Robin Gonzalez, Education Coordinator, Tampa Preservation, Inc.


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In early 2018, social media users were sharing a football-themed video clip, one which exhorted viewers "Do Not Adopt a Pit Bull" and featured scenes of cheering crowds overlaid with text statements reading "They killed the most kids," "They killed the most family members," and "One breed killed 75% of the people who were mauled to death in 2017."
Kenneth M. Phillips, member of the State Bar of Cailfornia is responsible for this video, which he used as a tool to gain viral social media exposure as a dog bite law attorney.
Whatever little he may have gained by this deliberate campaign of spreading misinformation and hate against innocent animals, the harm done is magnitudes greater.
While there is no such breed as 'pit bull,' educated dog owners and lovers know that breeds associated with this label have been severely disadvantaged in reputation and rights, occasionally even unfairly legislated against.
These innocent animals get left behind and put down by the hundreds of thousands every year around the United States. In reality they're just like any individual dog of any breed. Hoping for a home, a family and a chance to prove what a great dog they are.
Is it right that one attorney can spread so much misinformation and hate against this already disadvantaged group of animals? Is it right for him to further ruin these innocent animals' chance to have a life? Is it right to do so much damage only to win a few more cases for himself?
Please sign my petition to request the State Bar of California to suspend Kenneth Morgan Phillips's license in recognition of his wrong doing, and in hope that he will refrain from such unethical practice in the future.
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In Super Scibblenauts, the follow up to the critically acclaimed Scribblenauts players now have the ability to write any object that comes to mind and modify it in any way they desire using adjectives to reach the specified goal in each level. Adjectives can change the color, size, elements, behaviors, and many other aspects of the object they are describing. Multiple adjectives can be combined together to produce incredibly creative objects, allowing the player's imagination to run wild for a truly unique and individualistic experience.
Rated 8.8 out of 10 by Game Informer.