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The Tudeh Party of Iran ("Party of the Masses of Iran"; Persian: حزب توده ایران Hezb-e Tudeh Iran) is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mohsen Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddeq's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and his term as prime minister. The crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddeq is said to have "destroyed" the party,[1][2] although it continued. The party still exists, but is much weaker as a result of the banning of the party and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982 and the executions of political prisoners in 1988.
- 1 Definition
- 2 History
- 2.1 Birth of the communist movement in Iran
- 2.2 Foundation of the Tudeh Party
- 2.3 Early peak
- 2.4 1949 crackdown
- 2.5 Mosaddeq era, his overthrow and aftermath
- 2.6 Late 1950s and 1960s
- 2.7 Iranian Revolution of 1979
- 2.8 Islamic Republic
- 3 Current status
- 4 General-Secretaries of the Tudeh Party
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
The party has generally been described as "communist" by historians (for example: "The Tudeh Party was a classical pro-Soviet Union communist party, but wrapped itself at the time in nationalism to be more attractive to Iranians"[3]), but is sometimes described simply as "leftist" or even "left-leaning" by more sympathetic sources.[4]
Birth of the communist movement in Iran
The history of the communist movement in Iran dates back to the late 19th century, when Marxism first became introduced to the nation's intellectual and working classes as a result of the rapid growth of industry and the subsequent transformation of the country's economy from a feudalistic system into a capitalistic one. Being close to Russia and Azerbaijan, northern Iran became the primary center of underground Marxist and social democrat political activity, and many such groups came into being over the years.
The Communist Party of Iran was founded in June 1920 in Bandar-e Anzali, in the province of Gilan, as a result of the first congress of Iranian social democrats. Heidar Amou Oghly, who was one of the leaders of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, became the secretary-general of the new party. At the same time, Mirza Koochak Khan Jangali, another major leader of the Constitutional Revolution and also leader of the revolutionary Jangali (Foresters Movement), established the Soviet Republic of Gilan with the assistance of the Soviet Red Army.
The British, who were a dominant influence in the Qajar court of Tehran, sent agents to infiltrate the Foresters Movement in a carefully prepared plot which would ultimately result in the defeat of both the newly formed Soviet Republic of Gilan and the Communist Party, which came to be banned and persecuted by the central government.[citation needed] Communist and social democrat activity once again went underground. In the early 1920s the Qajar dynasty finally collapsed, and Reza Shah ascended to the throne in 1925, establishing the Pahlavi dynasty. The new Shah introduced many reforms, such as limiting the power of the Shi'a clergy, but also in turn established an authoritarian dictatorship.
In 1929–30, the party organized strikes in an Isfahan textile mill, the Mazandaran railways, Mashed carpet workshops, and most importantly, in the British-owned oil industry. The government cracked down heavily and some 200 communists were arrested; 38 were incarcerated in Qasr Prison in Tehran. "Seven died there - all from natural causes."[citation needed] Along with the Stalin purges, which took a heavy toll from Iranian communist exiles living in the Soviet Union, these arrests meant the Communist Party of Iran "ceased to exist for all practical purposes outside the walls of Qasr." [5]
Foundation of the Tudeh Party
The British-Soviet Allied invasion of 1941–42 resulted in the end of Reza Shah's reign and his forced exile to South Africa. Many political prisoners were subsequently released and under this new atmosphere, nationalist and socialist groups once again flourished. Iraj Iskandari and his closest colleagues decided to form a Marxist–Leninist party appealing to the broad masses.[6] They founded the Tudeh party on 29 September 1941, electing Soleiman Mohsen Eskandari as chairman.
Initially the party was intended to be "a liberal rather than a radical party," with a platform stressing the importance of "constitutional" and "individual rights", protecting "democracy" and "judicial integrity" from fascism, imperialism and militarism. "At Soleiman Eskandari's urging," the party initially attempted to appeal to non-secular masses by barring women from membership, organizing Moharram processions, and designating "a special prayer room in its main clubhouse." This orientation did not last and the party moved "rapidly to the left" within months of its founding.[7]
Early peak
In 1944, the party entered the 14th Majlis elections and eight of its candidates were elected. It also established the secret Tudeh Party Military Organization of Iran, or TPMO (Sazman-e Nezami-ye Hezb-e Tudeh-ye Iran) made up of officers in the military. The TPMO provided the party with intelligence and information from the military to protect it from the security forces and give it military strength, though historians believe the party had no plan at that time to use the TPMO to stage a coup.[8]
From this point on the party grew immensely and became a major force in Iranian politics. By early 1945, the party had managed to create the first mass organization in Iran's history. Police records later revealed it had an estimated 2,200 hard-core members – 700 of them in Tehran – "10,000s of sympathizers in its youth and women's organizations, and 100,000s of sympathizers in its labor and craft unions." [9] Its main newspaper, Rahbar (Leader), boasted a circulation of more than 100,000 – triple that of the "semi-official newspaper" Ettela'at. British ambassador Reader Bullard called it the only coherent political force in the country, and the New York Times reckoned it and its allies could win as much as 40% of the vote in a fair election.[10]
This period has been called the height of the party's intellectual influence which came in large part from the prestige and propaganda of the Soviet Union as "the world's most progressive nation." Few intellectuals "dared oppose" the party "even if they did not join." Marking the end of the "near hegemony of the party over intellectual life" in Iran was the resignation from the party of celebrated writer Jalal Al-e-Ahmad circa 1948 to form a socialist splinter group in protest against the Tudeh's "nakedly pro-Soviet" policies.[11]
Tarnishing the appeal of the Tudeh in the next two years 1944–46 were Soviet demands for a petroleum concession in northern Iran and the Soviet sponsoring of ethnic revolts in Kurdestan and Azerbaijan. Despite the fact that Tudeh deputies in the Majles had previously vigorously demanded the nationalization of the whole petroleum industry, the Tudeh party supported granting the Soviet petroleum industry in Iran its wishes on grounds of "socialist solidarity", "internationalism," and "anti-imperialism."[12]
International Cold War context
During this time the rest of the international communist movement was also thriving. The communist world expanded dramatically in the decade following World War II with Eastern Europe, China, North Korea, and Vietnam all becoming states dominated by their respective communist parties, usually via military victory. In the United States, Iran was seen as the holder of reserves of petroleum with "vital strategic" value to western countries,[13] and as part of "a Northern Tier" of countries (along with Greece and Turkey) that constituted a geopolitical "first line of defense" for the Mediterranean and for Asia,[14] To counter the activities of the USSR, the CIA established Operation TP BAD OMEN in the late 1940s, funded at $1 million a year. It prepared both "disguised (`gray` propaganda) or deliberately misrepresented black propaganda" in the form of "newspaper articles, cartoons, leaflets, and books" which it translated into Persian, most of which "portrayed the Soviet Union and the Tudeh as anti-Iranian or anti-Islamic, described the harsh reality of life in the Soviet Union, or explained the Tudeh's close relationship with the Soviets and its popular-front strategy."[15] In addition it paid "right-wing nationalist organizations" and some Shia religious figures. Its agents provoked "violent acts" and blamed them on the communists, and hired "thugs to break up Tudeh rallies."[16] Nonetheless the party was able to fill the streets of Tehran and Abadan "with tens of thousands of enthusiastic demonstrators" for May Day in 1946.[17]
1949 crackdown
In February 1949 there was an attempt on the life of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The party was blamed by the government and banned. The government "confiscated its assets, dissolved affiliated organizations, especially the Central Council and rounded up some 200 leaders and cadres." [18]
The party continued to function underground however and by 1950 it had organized its supporters under the banner of the Iran Society for Peace (Jam'iyat-e Irani-ye Havadar-e Solh) and was publishing three daily papers, Razm, Mardom, and Besui-ye Ayandeh.[8] In December 1950, the TPMO, its military organization, managed "to arrange for escape of key members of the party leadership who had been in jail since early 1949." [8]
Mosaddeq era, his overthrow and aftermath
The party played an important role both directly and indirectly during the pivotal era of Iranian history that began with the 1951 nationalization of the British Anglo Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), and ending with the 1953 overthrow of Mohammad Mosaddeq by a CIA-led coup. The party's policy "fluctuated," first attacking Mosaddeq as `an agent of American imperialism,` then giving him some support during and after the July 1952 uprising. On August 15 a coup attempt against Mosaddeq was thwarted thanks in part to information uncovered by the Tudeh TPMO military network, but two days later party militants inadvertently helped destabilized the government by staging demonstrations to pressure Mosaddeq to declare Iran a democratic republic. As this would have overturned Iran's constitutional monarchy, Mosaddeq reacted by calling out troops to suppress the demonstrators. The party then demobilized late the next day making it unavailable to fight the coup the day after.[19] By 1957 the TPMO was crushed and thousands of party members had been arrested.
Oil nationalization
Following World War II, Iranian public support was growing for nationalization of the British Anglo Iranian Oil Company (AIOC)[20] whose profits had greatly exceeded its royalty payments to the Iranian government.
In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddeq, head of the nationalist movement known as the National Front of Iran, led parliament in the nationalization of AIOC, and shortly after was appointed prime minister by the Shah. Mosaddeq oversaw the takeover of British oil facilities and rising economic difficulty and polarization in Iran as the AIOC withdrew its employees and retaliated with a boycott of Iranian oil.[21]
In early April 1951 the Tudeh revealing its "true strength" by launched strikes and riots protesting low wages and bad housing in oil industry and delays in nationalization of the oil industry. "Street demonstrations and sympathy strikes in Tehran, Isfahan, and the northern cities." Police opened fire on demonstrators. A result was "panic" in Iran's parliament at the power of Marxist forces in Iran.[22]
During this period the Tudeh followed a "leftist" rather than "popular front" strategy, refusing to ally with Mosaddeq. Despite the fact that Mosaddeq had introduced a new policy of tolerance toward the party,[23] that both the Tudeh and Mosaddeq had worked for nationalization of the AIOC,[24] and that expropriation of capitalist Western-owned resource extracting corporations by poor countries was central to Marxist-Leninist doctrine, the party vigorously and relentlessly opposed Mosaddeq and his program. In a June 1950 article in its daily Mardom it described the effects of Mosaddeq's policy thusly:
Already we can be sure that revisions in the southern oil contract will not be in favor of our people and will only result in the consolidation of England's position in our country. ... The solution of the oil question is related to the victory of our party, that is, the people of Iran.[25]
On July 16, 1952, Mosaddeq resigned after the shah refused to accept his nominatation for War Minister. Mosaddeq appealed to the general public for support, but Tudeh press continued to attack him, describing his differences with the shah "as merely one between different factions of a reactionary ruling elite."[26] It was only after the explosion of popular support for Mosaddeq in the street that "many rank-and-file" Tudeh party members "could see first hand Mosaddeq's popularity",[26] and came to his aid.
According to one observer:
although diverse elements participated in the July uprising, the impartial observer must confess that the Tudeh played an important part - perhaps even the most important part. ... If in the rallies before March 1952 one-third of the demonstrators had been Tudeh and two-thirds had been National Front, after March 1952, the proportions were reversed.[27]
Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani, who later switched sides and supported the Shah, "sent a public letter to the pro-Tudeh organizations thanking them for their invaluable contribution" during the uprising toward Mosaddeq's victory .[28]
Mosaddeq capitalized on the uprising to establish emergency rule, which allowed him to bypass the Majles, and also to institute socialist reforms.[29]
1953 coup
During this time the US government became more and more frustrated with Mosaddeq and the stalemate over negotiations with the UK government on control and compensation, with the American ambassador even questioning Mosaddeq's "mental stability".[30] At the same time the cold war struggle continued to dominate foreign policy thinking in the west. Soviet tanks crushed an anti-Stalinist uprising of strikes and protests in East Germany in June 1953.[31][32]
As Americans gave up hope on Mosaddeq, their propaganda and covert action campaign against the Tudeh expanded to include him. In 1953, American CIA and British intelligence agents, began plotting to overthrow Mosaddeq in a coup d'état, in large part because of their fear that "rising internal tensions and continued deterioration ... might lead to a breakdown of government authority and open the way for at least a gradual assumption of control by Tudeh," just as a local communist party had led a coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948, replacing a democratic regime and constitution with a pro-Soviet, one-party Communist government.[33]
The Tudeh also sensed a coup might be coming, and created "vanguard cells" that along with the TPMO, "identified key military installation, army depots, and command and control centers in the capital" Tehran "to react violently to any coup attempt."[34]
The plotters first attempt involved persuading the shah to issue an edict dismissing Mosaddeq and replacing him with retired General Fazlollah Zahedi, while arresting Mosaddeq and taking over other possible centers of opposition. On August 15 the plot was uncovered by Tudeh supporters in the military, and a contingent sent to arrest Mosaddeq were intercepted and arrested themselves. Colonel Mohammad Ali Mobasherri, was a member of the TPMO's (secret) three-man secretariat, but also an active member of Tehran Military Governor, the center of the coup operation. Major Hehdi Homaouni served in the shah's Imperial Guard and discovered and reported the August plot to the party.[35]
The coup attempt created a backlash against its perpetrators, including the shah. The already anti-monarchical, Tudeh supporters were radicalized and on the morning of August 17 "an angry crowd began to attack symbols of the monarchy" and demanded its abolition. Mosaddeq, who was aware of Western fears of the Tudeh and who had worked to limit the power of the shah but had "never suggested he was in favor of abolishing the constitutional monarchy," saw these attacks as a challenge, as removing the shah would violate the constitution.[36] The next day his regime ordering the military into the streets, and "up to 600 mid and low-level Tudeh activists were arrested in Tehran alone."[37] With its network "severely damaging" the party reversed course once again, and "ordered a demobilization" of its preparations to fight a coup.[38]
Taking advantage of the quiet, the CIA and its Iranian allies struck again, and on August 19 the coup d'état replaced Mosaddeq with Zahedi. The coup was a major event in Third World and 20th Century history and there is debate as to how much of the blame for the overthrow can be traced to bribes paid by the CIA and how much to domestic dissatisfaction with Mossadeq.[39][40][41] Whatever the motivations, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi thereafter assumed dictatorial powers and banned most political groups, including Mossadegh's National Front, which along with the Tudeh Party, continued to function underground.
Crackdown following coup
The mass arrests, destruction of its organization and execution of some 40–50 leaders following the coup has been said to have "destroyed" the Tudeh.[1] Between 1953 and 1957, Iranian security forces using "brute force, together with the breaking of the cryptographic code – probably with CIA know-how – … tracked down 4,121 party members." This constituted the whole Tudeh underground and "more than half the party membership". Tudeh infiltration of the military by the TPMO[42] totaled 477 members in the armed forces, "22 colonels, 69 majors, 100 captains, 193 lieutenants, 19 noncommissioned officers, and 63 military cadets." Ervand Abrahamian notes that none of these were in the "crucial tank divisions around Tehran" that could have been used for a coup d'état and which the Shah had screened carefully. "Ironically, a Tudeh colonel had been in charge of the Shah's personal security – as well as that of Vice President Richard Nixon when he visited Iran. The Tudeh had the opportunity to assassinate the Shah and the U.S. vice president but not to launch a coup."[43] Maziar Behrooz is more optimistic about the party's chances of stopping the coup, saying that while "most of the Tudeh officers were in non-combat posts," they "were in a position to access and distribute weapons. In their memoirs, TPMO high- and middle-ranking members have confirmed their ability to distribute weapons and even to assassinate key Iranian leaders of the coup. Hence, with a disciplined party membership, backed by military officers with access to weapons, the Tudeh had a strong hand."[44]
With the TPMO decimated, the Tudeh network was compromised as the TPMO had "acted as a shield for the party" and helped preserve it immediately after Mosaddeq's overthrow. "Many high- and middle-ranking Tudeh leaders were arrested or forced to flee the country. The arrest and execution of Khosro Roozbeh in 1957-8 signaled the end of this process."[45]
Tudeh verdict
After the fact, the party engaged in self-criticism of its policies toward Mosaddeq at its Fourth Plenum held in Moscow in July 1957. They found them "sectarian and leftist" and not to recognizing "the progressive nature" of the oil nationalization movement.[clarification needed][46]
Late 1950s and 1960s
The Sino–Soviet split caused some splintering of the party in the early 1960s, with at least one Maoist group breaking away.[47] In the mid 1960s, the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1500.[48]
In 1965, the party faced a second division between the mainstream of the organization and the splinter faction, which advocated violent struggle against the government by arming the tribes of southern Iran. This faction caused a great deal of damage and three years passed before the unity of the party was restored. The remnants of this faction are known as the Labour Party of Iran.
In 1966, several party members, including Ali Khavari and Parviz Hekmatjoo of the Central Committee, and Asef Razmdideh and Saber Mohammadzadeh, were arrested and sentenced to death. This sparked international outcry and hunger strikes in Europe which forced the government to reduce the sentences to life imprisonment. These events created much international sympathy for the worker's struggle in Iran and helped unify the party after the split. The Tudeh Party from this point on becomes established as one of the strongest underground movements and helps to pave the way for the forthcoming Iranian Revolution of 1979.
Iranian Revolution of 1979
In the early 1970s, the Iranian guerrilla movement began in northern Iran in the province of Mazandaran. The 1970s also witnessed the birth of widespread worker's strikes and demonstrations, and university campuses became a hotbed of revolutionary activity. The Tudeh Party drastically increased its activities, recruiting many youth and organizing regional committees.
Islamic Republic
After the revolution, many political prisoners were freed and the Tudeh Party and other leftist groups were able to participate in the presidential and parliamentary elections for the first time in many years. However, the majority of seats in the Majlis were won by the Islamic Republican Party of Ayatollah Beheshti and leftist and nationalist organizations were forced out of the loop. The newly elected President, Abolhassan Bani Sadr, who had originally been close with Khomeini, also became increasingly frustrated with the developments that had been taking place and opposed the domination of the clergy and the religious factions in Iranian politics. In addition, the party denounced Amnesty International's call to end the summary executions and called it "blatant interference in Iranian affairs".[49]
In 1981, the Majlis, dominated by the Islamic Republican Party, forced Bani Sadr out of office, which initiated a wave of protests and demonstrations from all segments of the populace. Bani Sadr later fled the country. Armed revolutionary committees loyal to Khomeini (which came to be known as the Pasdaran) arrested many thousands of youth and activists from both nationalist and leftist groups, many of whom were later tried by Lajevardi, who was known as the Hanging Judge, and executed.
While other leftist parties opposed the Islamist forces at this time, and were suppressed as a result, Tudeh Party leadership as well as the Fadaian Aksariat decided to oppose politically with the new clerical theocratic regime and support the crackdown on the militant Armed opposition. This may have been to try to take advantage of the lack of competition from the many now suppressed rival leftist groups, or to follow the pro-Tehran line of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
In 1982, however, the Tudeh broke ranks. The Islamist government of Iran had closed down the Tudeh newspaper, and purged Tudeh members from government ministries. According to the Mitrokhin Archive, Vladimir Kuzichkin a KGB officer stationed in Tehran who had defected to the British in 1982. MI6 used this Information and shared Information with CIA. Their information was shared with the Iranian government by the CIA, which was secretly courting Iran, as part of the Iran-Contra deal.
Quite quickly the government arrested and imprisoned its leadership and later more than 10,000 members of the party. During February 1983, the leaders of the Tudeh Party were arrested and the Party disbanded, leaving Iran effectively a one-party state.[50] The Tudeh arrests revealed that once again the party had managed to find supporters among the armed forces, as a number of officers prominent among them Admiral Bahram Afzali commander of the Iranian navy were arrested.[51]
From 1 May 1983 to May 1984 almost all the Tudeh leadership appeared in videos, first individually and then jointly in an October 1983 "roundtable discussion," confessing to "treason", "subversion", "horrendous crimes", praising Islam and proclaiming Islamic government's superiority over atheistic Marxism-Leninism.[52]
On May 1984 Ehsan Tabari, appeared on television. A man with "50 years of leftist experiences" told viewers he had read "great Islamic thinkers" such as Ayatollah Motahhari in prison following the 1982 crackdown and had now come
to repudiate the works he had written over the past 40 years. He now realized that his entire life's work was 'defective', 'damaging', and 'totally spurious' because it had all been based on unreliable thinkers – Freemasons nourished by the Pahlavis; secularists such as Ahmad Kasravi; Western liberals and Marxists linked to 'imperialism' and 'Zionism' …[53]
In his recantation Tabari made frequent references to religion, the Twelve Imams and Islamic thinkers and "praised Islam for its `great spiritual strength.`" [54]
The suspicions of outside observers that the confession was not given freely were reinforced by the absence of Taqi Keymanash and "13 other members" of the Tudeh central committee, who died during prison interrogation.[55] The rapid disintegration of the Tudeh at the hands of the state, and the confessions of its leaders led opposition and remaining party members to seek answers. Explanations ranged from ideological capitulation to the use of Stalinist methods of trial. The remnant of the party outside the country resorted to strange explanations that special drugs created by the CIA and MI-6 were used. The simplest explanation came several years after the television racantations, from a prison visit by a United Nation's human rights representative (Galindo Pohl) to Iran. The Tudeh Party General Secretary Noureddin Kianouri was reported to have told the representative that he and his wife had been tortured to give false confessions. As evidence, he held up his badly set broken arm. Pohl added that Maryam Firuz had difficulty hearing, swallowing food, and sitting down because of beatings suffered eight years earlier.[51][56] Kianouri later wrote an open letter to the Ayatollah detailing his mistreatment.[57]
As a result of these purges the party gradually collapsed,[citation needed] with a great number of members leaving the country into exile. It is likely many hundreds Tudeh prisoners were killed during the 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners when thousands of Mojahedin and leftist prisoners were killed. One report lists 90 Tudeh killed in just some blocks of Evin and Gohar Dasht prisons.
Current status
Despite repression, the party has managed to survive. Though since the Iranian Revolution the party is officially banned in Iran and individuals found to be affiliated with communist or socialist groups risk imprisonment, active members have remained and it continues to operate as an underground political organization there.
Today, however, the party leadership is mainly based in exile, as is the new Central Committee, elected in 1992.
General-Secretaries of the Tudeh Party
- Reza Radmanesh (1948–1969)
- Iraj Eskandari (1969–1978)
- Noureddin Kianouri (1979–1983)
- Ali Khavari (1984 -2004 )[58]
See also
- Political parties in Iran
- Constitutionalist movement of Gilan
- Soviet Republic of Gilan
- Co-ordinating Committee of Communist Parties in Britain
- ^ a b Abrahamian, Ervand, A History of Modern Iran, p.122
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), p.92
- ^ The Nationalist-Religious Movement | Part 1: Patriots and Mosaddeghists by MUHAMMAD SAHIMI Tehran Bureau in Los Angeles| 28 Jun 2011
- ^ US Foreign Policy in Perspective : Clients, enemies and empire by David Sylvan and Stephen Majeski, Routledge, 2009, p.85
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran by Ervand Abrahamian, (University of California Press, 1999) p. 28–29
- ^ Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran (2008) p. 107
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions (1999), pp. 77–78
- ^ a b c Behrooz writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, p.103
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999) p. 81
- ^ Ettela'at, 24 September 1979, quoted in Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran (2008) pp. 108–09
- ^ Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p. 290
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions (1999) p. 82
- ^ Byrne, p. 213
- ^ Byrne, p. 214
- ^ Gasiorowski writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, p. 243
- ^ Byrne writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, p.217
- ^ Kinzer, All the Shah's Men, 2003, p. 65
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999) p.84
- ^ Behrooz writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, p.121
- ^ Saikal, Amin, The Rise and Fall of the Shah, (Princeton University Press, 1980), p.42. Note: AIOC later became British Petroleum (BP)
- ^ Saikal, The Rise and Fall of the Shah, (1980), p.43-4
- ^ "Abrahamian, 1982, p.266"
- ^ Azimi writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, p.72
- ^ Hussein Fateh, "the anticommunist leader of the defunct Comrade's party": Panjah Saleh-e Naft-i Iran Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions (1982), p.320
- ^ Behrooz writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, p.108
- ^ a b Behrooz, p.109
- ^ Comment of Hussein Fateh, "the anticommunist leader of the defunct Comrade's party": Panjah Saleh-e Naft-i Iran Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions (1982), p.320
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions (1982), p.320
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions by Ervand Abrahamian, (Princeton University Press, 1982), p.323
- ^ Byrne, writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, p. 222
- ^ "Books And Arts: How to change a regime in 30 days; Iran", The Economist. London: Aug 16, 2003. Vol. 368, Iss. 8337; pg. 74
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen, All the Shah's Men : An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, p. 84
- ^ Gasiorowski writing in Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, Edited by Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne, Syracuse University Press, 2004, pp. 230–31
- ^ Behrooz, p. 116
- ^ Behrooz, p. 117
- ^ Behrooz, p. 119, 120
- ^ Behrooz, p. 120
- ^ Behrooz, p. 121
- ^ Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, (2005), p. 124
- ^ Mackay, Sandra, The Iranians, Plume (1997), pp. 203–04
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, pp. 276–77
- ^ Office of the Military Governor of Teheran: Black Book on Tudeh Officers Organization. 1956. ISBN 978-3-8442-7813-2. [1]
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), p. 92
- ^ Behrooz, p. 106
- ^ Behrooz, p. 124
- ^ Behrooz, p. 123
- ^ *"In the early 1960s, moreover the Tudeh was further weakened by defections. With the eruption of the Sino-Soviet dispute, three Tudeh leaders left the party and formed a party called the Organization of Marxist-Leninists. At the same time, some members of the party's youth section left and formed the Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh Party." Iran in Revolution: The Opposition Forces, Ervand Abrahamian
- ^ Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. Communism and Economic Development, in The American Political Science Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Mar., 1968), pp. 122.
- ^ Milani, Mohsen M. (April 1993). "Harvest of Shame: Tudeh and the Bazargan Government". Middle Eastern Studies 29 (2): 307–320. doi:10.1080/00263209308700950. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^ Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 297
- ^ a b Maziar Behrooz, Rebels with a Cause, (2000), p. 129
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), p. 177
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), p. 204
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), pp. 204–05
- ^ United Nations (Economic and Social Council) Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran (New York, November 1990), p.53. quoted in Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), p.191
- ^ Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), p.223
- ^ Haleh Afshar, "Maryam Firouz", Obituary, The Guardian, 31 March 2008
- ^ Interview-Aug09.pdf
External links
- Invalid language code. Tudeh Party of Iran
- Party anthem


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Make it a family day! Special $5 child ticket (plus tax & fee) with the purchase of one adult ticket at Battle For Texas: The Experience. Must present coupon OVER 250 ARTIFACTS TOGETHER FOR THE FIRST TIME. Bowie, Travis, Crockett, Sequin and Santa Anna. They're all represented in this incredible collection of many never-before-seen artifacts. This unforgettable, curated exhibition provides views with an in-depth perspective on the stirring story of the Battle of the Alamo. You'll come away inspired by the historic battle and beaming with Texas pride .
Jul. 31st, 2019
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Take a Peace of My Heart!
I love you & want you to love my debut track, Piece of My Heart!
Do me a favor & check out my video first & then
check out a few of the tracks you think you might like & then
let me know what you think, okay?
And then let me know how to stay in touch with you!
Love XOXO ~


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Download Riddick High QualityWatch Movie Riddick Full Movie HD with duration 119 Min and released on 2013-09-06 and MPAA rating is 884.
- Original Title : Riddick
- Movie title in your country : Riddick
- Year of movie : 2013
- Genres of movie : Action, Science Fiction, Thriller,
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- Release date of movie : 2013-09-06
- Companies of movie : One Race Productions, Radar Pictures, Riddick Canada Productions,
- Countries of movie : United States of America,
- Language of movie : English,
- Durationof movie : 119 Min
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- Noah Danby ( Nunez )
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- Keri Hilson ( Santana's Prisoner )
- Dave Bautista ( Diaz )
- Matthew Nable ( Boss Johns )
- Andreas Apergis ( Krone )
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Writer : David Twohy, Producer : Ted Field, Producer : Vin Diesel, Producer : Samantha Vincent, Executive Producer : Mike Drake, Executive Producer : Samantha Vincent, Executive Producer : George Zakk, Original Music Composer : Graeme Revell, Director of Photography : David Eggby, Editor : Tracy Adams, Production Design : Joseph C. Nemec III, Casting : Anne McCarthy, Costume Design : Simonetta Mariano, Director : David Twohy, Makeup Department Head : Adrien Morot,
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The third annual Behler Award for freshwater turtle conservation has been presented to Dr. Peter Pritchard, at a joint symposium of the Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA), and the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG).
Dr. Pritchard received the award for his inspirational leadership and huge commitment to the conservation of turtles and tortoises. Having written several important texts on the subject he also founded the Chelonian Research Institute, which houses the world's largest collection of turtle specimens at around 13,000 exhibits. His influence has led to three types of turtle being named after him and Time Magazine has hailed him a 'Hero of the Planet'.
The award was announced in September at the 6th Annual Symposium on Conservation and Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises in Tuscon, Arizona. It was presented by the Chair of the IUCN/SSC TFTSG, Anders Rhodin and Co-Chair of the TSA, Rick Hudson. The award includes an honorarium of $3000.
As well as lifetime achievements, the Behler Award has plans to honour the efforts of young conservationists, providing inspiration and reward for all those working on the front line of turtle conservation around the world.


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In Search of the Novel: Ten Novels
Things Fall Apart
by Chinua Achebe
It is late-nineteenth-century Nigeria, and life is measured by ancient rhythms of market weeks, dry and wet seasons, and war and rituals. Men grow in stature as they become strong and generous. Through transition rites, they grow closer to their ancestors. Okonkwos life flourishes in this rich and sometimes violent culture until events overwhelm himan accidental murder, his subsequent exile, and the arrival of Europeans, with their Christianity and government. Tribal customs are disregarded and outlawed, prisons are built, and clans are thrown into confusion. Men lose their manliness and their very lives: Our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart.
The story of Okonkwo and the Ibo people of Nigeria is the story of British colonization and the collapse of the indigenous culture. The first to arrive were the missionaries, who appear to the village outcasts as having a superior faith. Then came the army and the government. The disintegration of the culture becomes complete when Okonkwo hangs himself and the Commissioner appropriates that fact for material for his book, The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger. Obviously, the tribes had been peaceful; it was the British who had brought violence. As Reed Way Dasenbrock writes, Colonialism in a sense deprived Africans of both their past and their future. They were assured that they had no past worth bothering about, only a past of brutish savagery. Europe was the continent with the glorious, rich past, and the history they studied in school was the history of Europe and the European presence in Africa And when today we speak of developed and underdeveloped countries, we are of course subscribing to the same sense of history. (Creating a Past: Achebe, Naipaul, Soyinka, Fara, Salmaguni, Nos. 68 BS 69, Fall 1985 and Winter 1986, pp. 312 ff.)
Web Sites
- Study Guide
Information on the author and study guide.
- Books and WritersChinua
Biography and information about his books.
- Chinua Achebe
Biographical information on the author and an overview of the regional problems of Nigeria.
- Things Fall Apart: Reader's Group Companion
Information on the author and discussion questions, from Random House Publishing.


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Achieve with us.®
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The End of ONM
January - September
We begin at the beginning, which is to say, we start with the end of ONM. The signs were there for a good while, with a decline in content on the website (which by the end had hardly had a single update in months), and the loss of most of the magazine staff. For most of the year the forums had continued on in the way that they are used to (although lets not all forget that glorious day the new leaders were installed time we got some new mods, including myself!), but then at the end of September it was announced that the magazine, along with the website and forums, would be closing - in one month's time!
Despite a fumbled closure (someone forgetting to actually take the forum part of ONM offline), the Official Nintendo Magazine is now confined to the history books. Although the writing had been on the wall for a long time, it was a sad day when it's death was announced, and of course the desire to not lose the community that existed on the forums was what spurred us on to the creation of this new forum. Our name itself, Super ONM, pays homage to our roots, and of course the vast majority - if not all - of our current userbase came over from the ONM forums.
Some small good did come out of the closure, like a silver-lined Lakitu to add to the Mario-styled cloud, and that was the return of many old faces. The announcement of the closure brought back many members of old who had long since grown inactive, and the sense of nostalgia and community that grew out of the final weeks on the forum was something to see. It was also great to see some of those people move over here to SONM, and help bring that feeling of community with them!
If you long to see the ONM forums again, don't worry - thanks to some considerable commitment all of the forums have been archived over here.
Super Beginnings
October - November
Super ONM opened its doors mid October, and a flood of activity helped kick off the forums with a bang. Topics both old and new were created, some with a super twist - including old favourites like HDYFRN and COTPAY and the revival of Member of the Week - and it seemed like the changeover from the ONM forums was a rousing success. In November the results of ONM Forums Top 100 Games were announced, concluding a huge community-encompassing vote carried over from the end of ONM, with The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker taking the top spot - we even commemorated this with Toon Link appearing in the banner! There are too many great topics to link to here that have already been made across the forum, but suffice to say there have been plenty of them since SONM opened! Of course, with December approaching, thoughts across the membership turned to a traditionally big occasion on ONM - Christmas.
Christmas and the Holiday Season
Christmas was always a big event on the ONM forums, and we wanted to continue that tradition over here on Super ONM. As December dawned we opened the Christmas 2014 subforum, along with announcing the winner of the SONM Christmas Banner Competition that had been open for entries throughout November. Casplen was the winner, with his banner design taking pride of place on the forum for the entire month! The GAAW community also came together for Christmas, revealing the Countdown to Christmas project, which saw some absolutely fantastic contributions displaying a wealth of ability and creativity from the dozen members involved. Activity continued across the the rest of the forum too, of course, with December and Christmas just now drawing to a close as we bring in the new year, this topic being just one of several planned changes and events for the beginning of 2015. All in all, a successful start to the forums!
So, there we have it! In just the two and a half months that we've been open Super ONM has had over 400 members sign up, over 500 topics created, and over 30,000 posts made! That's a great start to what you all hopefully see as a great forum, and with your help may it long continue. We hope you had a wonderful 2014, we hope you have an even better 2015, and of course most of all we hope to see you around Super ONM in the new year and beyond. Here's to 2015!


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Patient Center
September 12, 20192:30 AM
"Thank you for choosing Dr. Hadstate for your medical needs.If you are unable to find a desired time, please contact the office at 843-497-7772 option 2 and the receptionist will be happy to accommodate you.To reschedule an appointment, call us directly at 843-497-7772 option 2 . In order to expedite your visit, please bring the following items:· A list of current medications.· Insurance card(s) and a Photo ID.New Patients please contact our office directly.For questions about insurance and billing, call us directly at 843-497-7772 option 2 .Thank you again, and we look forward to seeing you!"
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The official Gravesend RFC app
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What's wrong with Egyptians?
No, not everything. There are lots of wonderful Egyptian individuals, who have many good characteristics and who are able to excel in various fields of life.
There are many efforts done by individuals in an attempt to develop this country too. All the efforts are sporadic and random however, that the net effort amounts to zero. Some think of zero as a good number, a neutral number. But its actually a very degrading number. Try to multiply a number with it, or divide it by another number and you get no where. Try dividing a number by it and its an undefined operation (not a number).
So unfortunately, the good efforts done by so many Egyptians seem to maintain the survival level of this country more than to develop it in any way, and that is the zero number I'm talking about. It looks like we're standing still and surviving, but we aren't. Survival alone without development is a degraded state of being, and that's what we're living.
There are a few great Egyptian individuals whom are well known, but many more aren't. What makes great individuals even greater is being able to achieve what they do in the tough environment they're in, fighting back all the factors that are fighting them, instead of supporting them.
At a younger age, I used to think that one cannot achieve except outside of this country. But small achievements here are worth a great deal. Helping a few helpless help themselves here and being part of the early trivial development activities that could happen here (if ever), could be as worthwhile as getting to the moon and researching rocket science elsewhere, and sometimes its just as hard.
Every moral man and woman in this country that is holding tight to their morals, in this lawless swamp of immorality is making a great achievement.
Humans are the same everywhere. Some of the differences arise from the surrounding culture and from how we're raised. Yet we all have the same traits and chracteristics, needs and desires, just balanced differently. But Egyptians as a group have common factors that can be attributed to us in general, which are a result of the surrounding culture, and the environment we're being raised in.
I claim that what's wrong with Egyptians is not the individual within us. But what's wrong with Egyptians is us, as a group of people. Its how we function together, and how we perceive others. In fact, its how we are not able to function together. The problem is with Egyptians as a society functioning through our culture.
How we are governed by our regime is not an exception. Its from us, onto us --wa min a3malekom ma solleta 3alaykom. If we take snapshots of our society at any level, we'll find that every sample mini-government in our society functions the exact same way. Every power figure acts the same way, and every group of governed people in our society act the same way. We personify leadership (sometimes to an idol status, intentionally or not), blow them up, then suck up to them so we can be closer to them to benefit from their power, and when their time is up, we throw them over to take their place or work through the next powerful figure. And those who don't do that, allow those who do to rule.
For some reasons that anthropologists and sociologists can analyze, cutting corners has become a theme of our culture, where its important to get the job done, but not important how it gets done. Ana wa men ba3dy eltofan (I come first, and the tsunami can destroy the rest), is the definition of being smart in this culture, and if you care and work with others then you are by definition naive and dumb.
Lawlessness is at the core of our problems. What is not an attribute of a culture can become so with the application of suitable laws that are enforced effectively and justly, and which eventually over time become natural laws of the society. I see the West applying more of God's laws than we do here. Not Islam per se, but God's laws in general. They've managed to create man-made laws that in many aspects reflect God's will on Earth, and we haven't been able to do so. Look at some of the basic laws. Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt pay your taxes, and others shall benefit from it. Thou shalt not harass women, not even with an offending gaze. Thou are equal infront of God, except through your deeds and actions. Thou shalt respect others' rights, including right of belief and religion. And so on. All these are laws in the West which are applicable there, but not here (either because they're not written, or because they're not applied). So its not really a matter of whether to apply the Islamic Shari'a or not. I think its a matter of working hard and sincerely on having relevant and suitable man-made laws to start with, and if those laws are well-thought of and genuinly for the benefit of the people, then they will resemble God's will on Earth and they will be God's Shari'a. Then, such laws should be justly applied in form and in spirit. If we can't come up with such laws and apply them justly, then we'll never understand God's Shari'a.
All that is not the main problem however. The problem is with our monolithic culture that accepts no criticism and no diversity. We are not allowed to criticise us and our culture. We think one way, and its the right way, and if you deviate from the group thinking, you are un-Egyptian, have ulterior motives, a traitor, or a kafir.
Yet most of those who do deviate, and criticize, do so with such an extreme manner that it just proves how similar they are to the culture that they're criticizing. Well, they're Egyptians. They too are unwilling to see the others' point of view. They too are not willing to be criticized, thinking that they hold the truth. Well, they too are obviously part of this culture that don't accept criticism.
I read some of the Egyptian blogs and opposition papers for example, and see an outlet for criticizm of everything Egyptian, which is wonderful. In blogs specifically, there's criticizm that is hardly acceptable --not by the regime-- but by our culture in general. Yet still, it is criticizm that is too extreme and too rigid most of the time. Criticizm that is not to be criticized. Egyptian style criticizm. We are the kind of culture that want everyone to think the same way, our way.
I see the problem is as much with the Islamic fundamentalist extremists as much as it is with the Secularist extremists for example. Both act the same way, both would govern the same way, both are bred from the same culture obviously.
The way I see it, is that every culture has major flaws. Yet a culture that is not capable of self-criticism in a constructive manner, of embracing all of the diverse thoughts within, and of self-correction, cannot progress. So the problem with us, is not the different flaws we have --which are all treatable, but its that we are not willing to admit that we (as a culture) have flaws and work on them in a constructive manner. We blame everything, especially individuals, but not us as a group.
We're not necessarily doomed however. I've learnt that everytime I make a criticism I should provide atleast one alternative solution (and I didn't learn that in Egypt). So one of the solutions to me does come from changing the top of the pyramid. Although I've argued that our problem is with us as a group of people, yet it is almost impossible for this culture to change itself, to change without leaders.
That's why I question the application of democracy here sometimes. We governing ourselves, through our own self-bloated culture, won't make us work on our problems. The general overwhelming traditions, thoughts, taboos and approach to life will be more general and entrenched even further. I'm only afraid that our cultural traits would eat up the good that might come out from democracy.
What we might need is a group of good leaders that take us through the leap. That work, first and foremost at mending the way we function as a group. But they could turn into a group of good dictators, and there's no such thing as a good dictator. So go figure.
* I dedicate this post to the wonderful jog that I enjoyed running this morning which motivated me to put my thoughts together for this post. Little things motivate little things.


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Roma Downey, star of the TV series "Touched By an Angel" and co-creator of the new miniseries based on the Bible told CBS News that the idea for the show "was God's idea placed in my heart." With the help of her husband, "Survivor" creator Mark Burnett, the pair brought "The Bible" adaptation to millions of modern viewers.
Last night's episode featured the biblical story of the temptation in the desert, and Twitter noticed right away that Satan was played by an Obama look-alike.
Anyone else think the Devil in #TheBible Sunday on HIstory Channel looks exactly like That Guy? twitter.com/glennbeck/stat…— Glenn Beck (@glennbeck) March 17, 2013
The fact the Obama looks identical to the devil in the bible is not a coincidence... twitter.com/LaurenTurner95…— Lauren Turner (@LaurenTurner95) March 18, 2013


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Stockton, CA
Rhonda Suzanne Bustamante (nee Williams)
Nov. 5, 1961 - Dec. 11, 2013
Rhonda Suzanne Bustamante (nee Williams), born Nov. 5, 1961, passed away in her sleep on Dec. 11, 2013. Rhonda attended Edison High School and Delta College. A 27 year member of the AA community, Rhonda served as an inspiration for many. She exemplified the concept, "It's not the falling down, it's the getting up that counts. Rhonda possessed a fierce and loving spirit that forever sought it's equal; and an endless reserve of compassion for anyone in need. She was preceded in death by her father, Billy Ray Williams, and her nephew, Adam David Hamel. She is survived by her son, Duston Scott Houser, the light of her Life, and her daughter-in-law, Gracie Acosta-Houser; her beloved partner-in-life, Daniel G. Fernandez; her mother, Joyce
Ellis; stepfather, Jim Ellis; sisters Cindy Williams Adams (Greg);
Karen Williams Salem (Didier); Vicki Rae Thomas; and numerous nieces and nephews. A memorial service will be held on Saturday, December 21, 2013 at 2:00 pm at Central Church of Christ Multi-Purpose Room, 4368 N. Sutter Street, Stockton, Ca 95204. Friends and family are welcome to attend and share their favorite
remembrances of Rhonda.
Memorial Donations may be made in Rhonda's honor to the Gospel Central Rescue Mission, 445 S. San Joaquin St, Stockton, CA. 95203.


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Our Head of Group Security Darren Carter is the Vice Chairman of the Institute of Hotel Security Management. This organisation exists to research and develop hotel security best practise across all levels of the industry. It is also an intelligence sharing community and provides a secure information sharing alert system which assists the UK hotel industry in crime prevention and detection.
Its members are formed of heads of security for major and smaller hotel groups, independent hotels, general managers and heads of finance. Many of its members are also law enforcement and government agencies, such as the police, fraud and diplomatic protection units, NCA, Nactso and UK Security Services.
We also work closely with colleagues within the travel and tourism industry primarily in the fight against fraud.
We research and utilise the latest technologies as part of a constant product development program. We have committed significant investments to develop electronic and physical security systems which include: state of the art CCTV surveillance systems, robust in-room security for our guests, Home Office approved electronic identity document verification as part of our recruitment program and global access control which spans our entire group of hotels.
RFID key cards
We have introduced contactless cards for bedrooms. These can be instantly activated and deactivated, to ensure that access to rooms can be easily controlled. For added peace of mind, only cardholders can operate the lifts in all our hotels
Culture and service
At Radisson Blu Edwardian, we promote the importance of ownership and empowerment in all our staff with thorough training. Through this 'security through service' culture, our staff feel part of a family and take shared responsibility for everyone's safety and security. As a result, we have lower levels of crime than some of our competitors.
Tips for travellers
When planning business, travel seek advice from whoever manages travel risk within your company. As a leisure traveller, contact your destination hotel and seek advice on local crime or personal safety issues if they exist.
When using public transport, always have your luggage in sight. Ensure valuables such as wallets, purses, phones etc are safe in zipped pockets particularly when amongst congested streets and tube journeys. When not using your mobile phone keep it out of sight in your zipped or closed pocket. Finally, never keep all your travel documents, identity documents, money, credit cards etc in one place.
Whilst at your hotel
If your luggage isn't in your room, leave it with a luggage porter and ensure you collect a receipt. If your room key, along with key wallet, is lost ensure you report this to the hotel reception staff immediately.
Always use your room safe for valuables and make sure that you lock your room safe after use. If you are suspicious of the behaviour of any person whilst at the hotel please report this to a member of staff. Also, always use your spy glass viewer and your door chain in your door to verify the identity of unexpected visitors or knocks at the door.
If you have specific security needs or would just simply like some advise, our Group Security team are always there to assist, you may contact them via our
To confirm the validity of any questionable notification or communication supposedly involving Radisson Blu Edwardian hotels, or if you are contacted in this regard, please contact our Customer Support.


text: As season three begins, the Lannisters hold absolute dominion over King's Landing after repelling Stannis Baratheon's forces. Yet Robb Stark, King in the North, still controls much of the South as well, and has yet to lose a battle. In the Far North, Mance Rayder has united the wildlings into the largest army Westeros has ever seen. Only the Night's Watch stands between him and the Seven Kingdoms, but nobody knows what happened to its Lord Commander and the force he led beyond the Wall. Across the Narrow Sea, Daenerys Targaryen - reunited with her three growing dragons - ventures into Slaver's Bay in search of ships to take her home and allies to conquer it.


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Yes, yes, whine about how overly-saturated the pickup truck racing genre has gotten during the past console generation. That's a poor excuse to miss out on what some remote cultures might consider the greatest Dodge Ram-centric racer ever created.
Had to throw that little Ram caveat in there, just in case the Excite Truck crowd show up and start raising hell. Freaking fanboys could never appreciate the majesty and glory of Ram Racing. Their little imaginary vehicles couldn't possibly compare to the raw power of a Dodge Ram roaring down the street, bumping off walls and other Dodge Rams without as much as one scratch. This is what truck racing is all about, ladies and gentlemen. The only way it gets more realistic than this is if they gave players a choice of gun racks to mount on the rear windshield.
Why, we loved the game so much we mocked up our own trailer for it, complete with titles that acknowledge its finer points.
Now I know what you're thinking: Didn't this game come back in October of last year? Why yes, it did, but don't worry. There's plenty of copies to go around over at Amazon. Get 'em while they're hot!
And remember, if you ain't racing in a truck, then you're probably racing in something smaller, faster, and more maneuverable. Also, you might be a tart.
Games don't lie.


text: Bullying can affect everyone—those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying. Bullying is linked to many negative outcomes including impacts on mental health, substance use, and suicide. Although kids who are bullied are at risk of suicide, bullying alone is not the cause. Many issues contribute to suicide risk, some of which include depression, substance abuse, problems at home, and trauma history. James Wright is at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in the Suicide Prevention Branch. Mr. Wright is the project officer for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline and works with states receiving funding for youth suicide prevention through the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Act.


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Business Hours:
Monday - Saturday: 9:00-18:00
Japan Time:
December 02,2016
Nissan Titan Vs Ford Ranger
Toyota Corolla Axio Vs Honda Accord
Toyota Prado Vs BMW X5
BMW i3 Vs Nissan Titan
November 29,2016
Toyota Hilux Vs Acura Integra
Given below is a list of popular cars with their freight from Japan to Fiji. Please note that these are estimated rates. Final car freight rates to Bahamas will be calculated at the time of puchase.


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On December 8, 2012, Joseph Loughrey accidentally shot and killed his 7-year-old son, Craig, in the parking lot of a Pennsylvania gun store. On December 11, bullets fired by Jacob Roberts took the lives of Cindy Yuille and Steven Forsyth in an Oregon mall. Many were likely spared when his weapon jammed. Three days later, at Sandy Hook Elementary School, in Newtown, CT, it was Adam Lanza's turn. His gun worked perfectly.
Three moments in time during one, agonizing week in America. Thirty-two people dead. Twenty-one of them children. And one, inescapable conclusion.
None of us should own a gun.
Arguments to the contrary simply do not hold water. Not the Constitutional ones. Not the self-protection ones. Not the hunting or collection ones. And to insist otherwise is either selfish, delusional, or both.
Demanding the right to own a gun for recreation purposes fulfills a "want," not a need -a rationale roughly equivalent to that of a two-year old child. Deaths by firearm, be they deliberate, accidental, or collateral, exponentially exceed the number of lives hypothetically saved by armed homeowners and carriers of concealed weapons. And if an outspoken minority truly believes that the best way to respond to their distrust of government is by arming themselves to the teeth, then we have far more serious problems in this country than we think.
Care to experience the great outdoors, bond with your children and demonstrate a healthy respect for life? Take your kids on a hike and bring along a camera instead of a shotgun. Appreciate antique rifles and pistols? Visit a museum or a library. Concerned about your family's safety? Start a neighborhood watch-group or volunteer to work with at-risk youth. Don't like the direction the United States is headed? Then think long and hard about whom you vote for or get involved in politics, yourself.
Many feel that laws monitoring background checks, gun registration and firepower are enough to save us from ourselves. Others view the Supreme Court's razor-thin (5 to 4) decision on the Second Amendment as a fait accompli, and derive comfort from the Court's tacit approval of prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill.
But the truth of the matter is that all three of these notions are fatally flawed for one, irrefutable reason. Simply put: it is impossible to forecast anyone's state of mind from one day (or one year) to the next, making the prediction of who is -or who will be- a "responsible gun owner" subject to the same rules as Russian Roulette. This cold, hard reality -one we've chosen to ignore for decades- is the Elephant in the Room. And he has a gun.
Our nation loses 30,000 mothers, fathers, sons, and daughters to gun violence each year. That's the equivalent of three Sandy Hook massacres per day.
Stay with that thought for a moment…Think about where you were and how you felt when you first heard the news about Newtown…Now imagine two more equally horrific shootings unfolding within hours of that nightmare. It is almost impossible to comprehend that much pain.
If we truly want a safer and saner society, we need to make profound changes in our priorities and in the way we live. For starters, we must foster communities that emphasize the value of caring for one another -a way of life that cultivates trust rather than fear; collective purpose rather than individual entitlement. Inherent in such a purpose are remedies for many of the issues that contribute to the violence that is endemic to our homes and to our streets: from the scarcity of available, comprehensive mental heath services, to the prevalence of poverty and its accompanying despair -a lethal combination that can, perversely, make violent crime seem like an attractive option for the most desperate among us.
We all want to protect ourselves and our loved ones from harm, which makes embracing the fantasy of having control over the circumstances in our lives all the more alluring. Owning a gun contributes to that deadly illusion, their very presence assuring that the next ghastly headline is just around the corner. By design, they are instruments of death.
And there's already far too much of that to go around.


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Professional Dance Lessons Inner West: Dance Classes including: Ballroom, Latin, Salsa, Waltz, Social Foxtrot, Cha Cha Cha, Samba, Rumba, Jive, Quickstep & Tango. Plus more choreography and technique to the dances you already know.
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I'm trying the Dave's new tab solution,(the solution is not updated but it is illustrative), I had few looks here and there since I already tried this lab last week, I knew what to do but after this humongous number of hours in front of the computer doing Mozilla development labs, I am feeling pretty tired (I started at 11am and is 11pm)
Let's get started:
- open the file: /c/ff/mozilla/browser/base/content/tabbrowser.xml
- I've commented the following line and I added the rest:
// Insert tab after current tab, not at end.
var currentTabIndex = this.mTabContainer.selectedIndex;
this.mTabContainer.insertBefore(t, this.mTabContainer.childNodes.item(currentTabIndex + 1));
//pay attention it is a whole tab (the next after the current one) what it gets added as the second parameter
- I've also modified this:
// wire up a progress listener for the new browser object.
// var position = this.mTabContainer.childNodes.length-1;
// the tab has been added beside the currentTab rather than the end
var position = currentTabIndex + 1;
var tabListener = this.mTabProgressListener(t, b, blank);
- I did a make in the objdir parallel folder: (I chose one folder above)
$> make /c/ff/ff-debug-/browser/base
- Then I run minefield:
$> /c/ff/ff-debug-/dist/bin/firefox.exe -no-remote -P development
- and it works (well, the deletion of the tabs is kind of screwed up but no energy to think why)
Create the patch - here's the patch
- I did it from browser/base/content - Dave's going to kick my butt
cvs diff -u8p . > tabPatch.txt
- Save the file into the mozilla source folder and type this:
patch browser/base/content/tabbrowser.xml <>
- The patch will get applied and that's it!!!


text:
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Jones, Harris Close Out Junior Olympics in Style
Tia Jones
(Marietta, Ga.) and
Sydney Harris
(Dacula, Ga.) each won multiple Junior Olympic national titles, while breaking records in their respective age groups to conclude the USATF National Junior Olympic Track & Field Championships on the campus of North Carolina A&T State University Sunday.
The Junior Olympic program is a series of meets progressing from preliminary, association, regional and national meets. Athletes compete in two-year age groups ranging from 8 and under to 18-years-old.
Video of the USATF National Junior Olympic Track & Field Championships is available at USATF.tv. The home for original and on-demand programming for all the 2013 USATF Championship Series, youth and masters events. USATF.tv offers on-demand videos of the competition.
Jones capped a remarkable week with triumphs in the 100m hurdles and 200m hurdles on the final day of competition. She won the 100m hurdles in 13.53, breaking her own national and Junior Olympic record for the second time this week. Two hours later, Jones won the 200m hurdles in 25.80, where she set the national and Junior Olympic record on Wednesday. She also finished second in the 200m dash on Saturday.
Harris (Dacula, Ga.) donned her third gold medal in two days. After winning the 7-8 girls' long jump and 200m dash Saturday, she kicked off the final day of competition, bettering her own national and Junior Olympic record in the 400m dash running 1:09.11.
On the boys' side in the same age group,
Anthony Valentine
(Ellicott City, Md.) pulled off a three-peat when he placed first in the 7-8 boys' 400m in 1:05.50. Valentine's final performance bettered the national and Junior Olympic record he established in the 400m on Friday. Saturday, he placed first in the 200m dash and the long jump.
Emoni Coleman
(Conyers, Ga.) earned a second trip to the awards podium after her triumph in the 11-12 girls' 400m, posting a time of 57.82. She also won the 800m final yesterday in time of 2:13.62.
Lynna Irby
(Indianapolis, Ind.) took home her second Junior Olympic national title in the 15-16 girl's 400m dash, finishing in 54.16. On Saturday, Irby achieved her first title in the 800m. This is Irby's fourth championship in a month after winning the 100m dash and 400m dash on the final day of the Youth Outdoor Championships in June.
It was business as usual for the Browne sisters. After both won gold yesterday in the 800m,
Mackenzie Browne
(Moreno Valley, Calif.) won her second Junior Olympic national championship in the 7-8 girls' 1500m run in 5:29.81, setting a national and Junior Olympic record in the process.
Makayla Browne
(Moreno Valley, Calif.) achieved silver in the 9-10 girls' 1500m final in a time of 5:11.31.
Miles Jones
(Oakland, Calif.) could not leave Greensboro with one national and Junior Olympic record, he needed two. After setting the record in the 7-8 boy's 800m Saturday, he added the 1500m in 5:11.00 to his resume en route to his second national championship.
Two-hundredths of a second decided the 11-12 girls' 1500m final.
Athing Mu
(Trenton, N.J.) and
Sarah Flynn
(New Rochelle, N.Y.) fought for the lead coming down the home stretch. Mu ultimately surged ahead for the win in 4:48.58.
Luke Schuller
(Easley, S.C.) secured his second Junior Olympic title in the 7-8 boys' shot put when his throw sailed 8.90m/29-02.50. Schuller's winning attempt broke the Junior Olympic record by half a meter. His first championship title came on Wednesday in the mini-javelin.
Tairyn Montgomery
(Los Angeles, Calif.) won the 15-16 girls' javelin throw and surpassed the Junior Olympic record when her third attempt flew 47.26m/155-01. Rachel Walker held the previous record at 46.53.
Kendal Drewery
(Waldorf, Md.) capped an impressive week with a first-place finish in the girls' 11-12 80m hurdles final, stopping the clock at 12.67. Earlier this week, Drewery won the pentathlon with 3,118 total points and finished second in the long jump with a best mark of 4.95m/16-03.
In the 17-18 men's high jump final,
Spencer Walden
(Carthage, N.C.) and
Alex King
(Metropolis, Ill.) both had a highest clearance of 2.10m/6-10.75. Walden won the gold medal having fewer misses.
Nolan Van Amen
(Port Orchard, Wash.) broke the national and Junior Olympic record in the 13-14 boys' discus throw when his third attempt traveled 62.48m/205-00 on his way to his second championship of the week. Van Amen's first title came in the shot put on Wednesday.
Karrington Stewart
(Shreveport, La.) stood alone on the top of the podium after she ran 13.31 in the 9-10 girls' 100m dash. The title is her second in two days, as she also posted the fastest time in the 200m dash.
Brashard Smith
(Miami, Fla.) goes back to the sunshine state with two gold medals. He won his first championship yesterday in the 9-10 boys' 200m dash, before taking the 100m today in 13.02.
De'Andre Sincere
(Bremerton, Wash.) bolted down the track in 11.27 seconds winning the 13-14 boys' 100m dash for his second title of the week. The first title occurred yesterday in the 200m dash.
Two-thousandths of a second decided the 15-16 girls 100m dash,
Alfreda Steele
(Dade City, Fla.) and
Lynna Irby
(Indianapolis, Ind.) raced to a photo finish. Steele won in 11.857, with Irby narrowly behind in 11.859.
Mustaq'eem Williams
(Triangle, Va.) glided down the track in 10.31 to win the 17-18 men's 100m dash. Williams is not unfamiliar to winning, as he took the 200m dash in 20.64 seconds yesterday.
Seventy meters separated
Sophia Cantine
(Sammamish, Wash.) from the rest of the field in the 13-14 girls' 1500m run, winning in a time of 4:32.48. Cantine's wire-to-wire win is her first Junior Olympic title.
In three consecutive 4x400m relay finals the national and Junior Olympic records went down. The
Los Angeles Jets
were first, breaking the 7-8 girls' record in 4:48.95. Next,
Desito Nitro
stormed around the track in 4:44.45 in the 7-8 boys' division. Finally,
Track Houston Youth
completed the trifecta in a time of 4:17.32 in the 9-10 girls' division.
Sunday's Junior Olympic Champions
Sydney Harris (Dacula, Ga.), 7-8 Girls' 400m, 1:09.11*
Anthony Valentine (Ellicott City, Md.), 7-8 Boys' 400m, 1:05.50*
Kayla Davis (Charlotte, N.C.), 9-10 Girls' 400m, 1:01.82
Tyler Mapson (Union City, Ga.), 9-10 Boys' 400m, 59.52
Emoni Coleman (Conyers, Ga.), 11-12 Girls' 400m, 57.82
Nicholas Wilson (Accokeek, Md.), 11-12 Boys' 400m, 55.05
Dnia Freeman (Temple Hills, Md.), 13-14 Girls' 400m, 55.92
Howard Fields (Fresno, Texas), 13-14 Boys' 400m, 50.29
Lynna Irby (Indianapolis, Ind.), 15-16 Girls' 400m, 54.16
Colin Winslow (Parlin, N.J.), 15-16 Boys' 400m, 47.82
Felicia Majors (Lorton, Va.), 17-18 Women's 400m, 53.61
Zyaire Clemes (Trenton, N.J.), 17-18 Men's 400m, 46.74
Mackenzie Browne (Moreno Valley, Calif.), 7-8 Girls' 1500m, 5:29.81*
Miles Jones (Oakland, Calif.), 7-8 Boys' 1500m, 5:11*
Michaela Rose (Virginia Beach, Va.), 9-10 Girls' 1500m, 5:07.34
Adrian Bichara (Miami, Fla.), 9-10 Boys' 1500m, 4:52.50
Athing MU (Trenton, N.J.), 11-12 Girls' 1500m, 4:48.58
Elijuhuan Wilson (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 11-12 Boys' 1500m, 4:42.90
Sophia Cantine (Sammamish, Wash.), 13-14 Girls' 1500m, 4:32.48
Morgan Risch (Tucson, Ari.), 13-14 Boys' 1500m, 4:14.71
Jamie Grossman (Huntington, N.Y.), 15-16 Girls' 1500m, 4:43.70
Thomas Pollard (Ames, Iowa), 15-16 Boys' 1500m, 3:59.75
Rebekah Topham (Griswold, Iowa), 17-18 Women's 1500m, 4:30.33
Bryan Kamau (Snellville, Ga.), 17-18 Men's 1500m, 3:59.17
Kendal Drewery (Waldorf, Md.), 11-12 Girls' 80m Hurdles, 12.67
Matthew Harris (McDonough, Ga.), 11-12 Boys' 80m Hurdles, 11.84
Tia Jones (Maritta, Ga.), 13-14 Girls' 100m Hurdles, 13.53*
Eric Allen (Odenton, Md.), 13-14 Boys' 100m Hurdles, 13.51
Anna Cockrell (Waxhaw, N.C.), 15-16 Girls' 100m Hurdles, 13.95
Amere Lattin (Houston, Texas), 15-16 Boys' 110m Hurdles, 14.25
Stefani Kerrison (Orlando, Fla.), 17-18 Women's 100m Hurdles, 13.56
Isaiah Moore (Burlington, N.C.), 17-18 Men's 110m Hurdles, 13.64
Tia Jones (Marietta, Ga.), 13-14 Girls' 200m Hurdles, 25.80
Eric Allen (Odenton, Md.), 13-14 Boys' 200m Hurdles, 24.59
Shaelyn Grant (Berkeley, Mo.), 15-16 Girls' 400m Hurdles, 58.91
Dominick Patterson (Garner, N.C.), 15-16 Boys' 400m Hurdles, 54.14
Akuira Young (Tomball, Texas), 17-18 Women's 400m Hurdles, 1:01.79
Desmond Palmer (Pickerington, Ohio), 17-18 Men's 400m Hurdles, 51.66
Chelya Scott (Charlotte, N.C.), 7-8 Girls' 100m, 14.49
Rodrick Pleasant (Los Angeles, Calif.), 7-8 Boys' 100m, 13.97
Karrington Stewart (Shreveport, La.), 9-10 Girls' 100m, 13.31
Brashard Smith (Miami, Fla.), 9-10 Boys' 100m, 13.02
Semira Killebrew (Indianapolis, Ind.), 11-12 Girls' 100m, 12.67
Pharoah Williams (Phoenix, Ari.), 11-12 Boys' 100m, 12.40
Candace Hill (Stockbridge, Ga.), 13-14 Girls' 100m, 12.04
De'Andre Sincere (Bremerton, Wash.), 13-14 Boys' 100m, 11.27
Alfreda Steele (Dade City, Fla.), 15-16 Girls' 100m, 11.857
Christopher Ntreh (Murphy, Texas), 15-16 Boys' 100m, 10.67
Brittany Brown (Upland, Calif.), 17-18 Women's 100m, 11.61
Mustaq'eem Williams (Triangle, Va.), 17-18 Men's 100m, 10.31
Los Angeles Jets, 7-8 Girls' 4x400m Relay, 4:48.95*
Desito Nitro, 7-8 Boys' 4x400m Relay, 4:44.45*
Track Houston Youth, 9-10 Girls' 4x400m Relay, 4:17.32*
Jackrabbit Track Field Clinic, 9-10 Boys' 4x400m Relay, 4:15.54
Glenarden, 11-12 Girls' 4x400m Relay, 3:59.75
Aw Brown, 11-12 Boys' 4x400m Relay, 3:51.73
Valley United, 13-14 Girls' 4x400m Relay, 3:50.29
Baldwin Jets, 13-14 Boys' 4x400m Relay, 3:30.17
Tachyon, 15-16 Girls' 4x400m Relay, 3:44.54
Track Express, 15-16 Boys' 4x400m Relay, 3:17.42
Texas Storm, 17-18 Women's 4x400m Relay, 3:38.76
Trenton, 17-18 Men's 4x400m Relay, 3:11.12
Adora Nwokeji (Humble, Texas), 9-10 Girls' Long Jump, 4.20m/13-09.50
Jonavon Wade (Pearland, Texas), 9-10 Boys' Long Jump, 4.85m/15-11
My'khiyah Williams (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 11-12 Girls' High Jump, 1.55m/5-01
Spencer Walden (Carthage, N.C.), 17-18 Men's High Jump, 2.10m/6-10.75
Jazzmine Poole (Fairview Heights, Ill.), 13-14 Girls' Discus, 40.21m/131-11
Nolan Van Amen (Port Orchard, Wash.), 13-14 Boys' Discus, 62.48m/205-00
Luke Schuller (Easley, S.C.), 7-8 Boys' Shot Put, 8.90m/29-02.50*
Dylan Carter (Maryville, Tenn.), 11-12 Boys' Shot Put, 15.16m/49-09
Caleb Bertrand (Elton, La.), 17-18 Men's Pole Vault, 5.00m/16-04.75
Tairyn Montgomery (Los Angeles, Calif.), 15-16 Girls' Javelin, 47.26/155-01*
Mike Biddle (Williamsburg, Pa.), 15-16 Boys' Javelin, 53.56m/175-09
* - indicates a USATF Youth Age-Group Record
For more information and results of the USATF National Junior Olympic Track & Field Championships, visit www.usatf.org.
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