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The proliferation of nuclear weapons represents one of the greatest threats to U.S. and international security. As little as 25 kilograms of weapon-grade highly enriched uranium or 8 kilograms of plutonium could be used to build a nuclear weapon. If terrorists or other nations were to acquire and use a nuclear weapon, the results could have far-reaching and long-lasting social, financial, and health impacts. The United States has pursued a range of nuclear nonproliferation programs to address this threat through the Department of Energy's (Energy) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). In addition to NNSA, other U.S. government agencies—including the Departments of Defense (DOD), State (State), and Homeland Security (DHS)—support programs and activities to reduce proliferation concerns around the world. National Security Council (NSC) staff have the principal role in coordinating the implementation of NNSA, DOD, State, and other agency nonproliferation programs.
GAO reported in December 2011 on issues relating to the coordination of federal programs involved in preventing and detecting nuclear smuggling overseas. GAO identified and reviewed 21 U.S. government programs and offices under five federal agencies—NNSA, DOD, State, DHS, and the Department of Justice (Justice)—that play a role in preventing and detecting smuggling of nuclear materials and illicit trafficking of related technologies overseas. These include programs that (1) conduct research and development on radiation detection technologies; (2) deploy radiation detection equipment along foreign borders and points of transit; (3) train and equip foreign customs and border security officials to identify and interdict illicit nuclear materials or technology transfers; (4) assist foreign governments in the development of export control systems; (5) enhance and coordinate with foreign antismuggling law enforcement and prosecutorial capabilities; and (6) analyze potential foreign nuclear smuggling cases and incidents.
Among other things, GAO found that none of the existing strategies and plans for coordinating federal efforts to prevent and detect nuclear smuggling and illicit nuclear transfers overseas incorporates all of the desirable characteristics of national strategies. GAO also identified potential fragmentation and overlap among some programs working in this area, especially those providing equipment and training in foreign countries to counter nuclear smuggling. Furthermore, there is no single recognized agency responsible for leading and directing federal efforts to combat nuclear smuggling. However, State is taking steps to enhance one of the principal interagency coordinating mechanisms.
Regarding strategic planning to combat nuclear smuggling overseas, GAO found that existing interagency strategies to coordinate efforts governmentwide lacked some of the desirable characteristics of a national strategy, such as identifying financial resources needed and monitoring mechanisms to be used to determine progress and make improvements. For example, the 2010 Global Nuclear Detection Architecture Strategic Plan—developed jointly by DHS, DOD, Energy, State, Justice, the intelligence community, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission—did not identify the financial resources needed to achieve the strategic plan's objectives or the monitoring mechanisms that could be used to determine programmatic progress and needed improvements. Similarly, implementation guidelines for international nuclear and radiological border security efforts issued by NSC in 2005 did not establish priorities, identify measures to track progress, or define the resources needed to effectively implement the strategy.
GAO also identified potential fragmentation and overlapping functions among some of these programs implemented by these federal agencies. Specifically, GAO identified six programs providing training to improve the capabilities of foreign border security and customs officials to prevent smuggling and illicit nuclear shipments: (1) NNSA's Second Line of Defense program, (2) International Nonproliferation Export Control Program, and (3) Cooperative Border Security Program;[1] (4) State's Export Control and Related Border Security program; and (5) DOD's Weapons of Mass Destruction-Proliferation Prevention Program and (6) International Counterproliferation Program. Similarly, GAO identified four programs that are involved in providing equipment to foreign governments to enhance the ability of their customs and border security organizations to detect nuclear smuggling: (1) NNSA's Second Line of Defense program, (2) State's Export Control and Related Border Security program, (3) DOD's Weapons of Mass Destruction-Proliferation Prevention Program, and (4) DOD's International Counterproliferation Program. In prior reports on nuclear nonproliferation programs, GAO has found that consolidating programs sharing common goals and implementing similar projects can maximize limited resources and may achieve potential cost savings or other programmatic and administrative efficiencies.
In raising the issue of potential fragmentation and overlap, agency officials representing these programs told GAO that not all of them have the same focus, that some concentrate on specialized niches, and that many are complementary. For instance, in the area of training, NNSA officials told GAO that the Second Line of Defense program is focused on training in the use and long-term sustainment of the radiation detection equipment provided by the program, whereas the International Nonproliferation Export Control Program concentrates on training foreign customs and border guard personnel at official points of entry to detect illicit weapons of mass destruction-related commodity transfers and assisting border security officials to detect illicit trafficking of weapons of mass destruction-related items in "green border" areas between official points of entry. Regarding the provision of equipment, NNSA, State, and DOD officials noted that the Second Line of Defense program tends to provide larger equipment, such as radiation portal monitors and cargo scanning equipment, while the Export Control and Related Border Security program and International Counterproliferation Program provide smaller-scale equipment, such as handheld radiation detection pagers, hazardous materials kits, and investigative suits to foreign customs and border security organizations. While the agencies noted that these programs are complementary to one another, in GAO's view the fragmented and overlapping nature of the programs nevertheless raises questions as to whether greater efficiency could be obtained through possible consolidation of such efforts.
Furthermore, GAO found that no single federal agency has lead responsibility to direct federal efforts to prevent and detect nuclear smuggling overseas. In the past, GAO has reported that interagency undertakings can benefit from the leadership of a single entity with sufficient time, responsibility, authority, and resources needed to ensure that federal programs are based upon a coherent strategy, are well coordinated, and that gaps and duplication in capabilities are avoided. For efforts to detect nuclear material smuggling into or movement within the United States, a 2005 presidential directive gave DHS's Domestic Nuclear Detection Office responsibility for developing the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture and managing the domestic portion of the global architecture. However, this directive divided responsibility for the international portion of the global architecture among State, DOD, and Energy.
The 2010 Global Nuclear Detection Architecture Strategic Plan takes a step toward clarifying lead agencies responsible for different elements of the global architecture, including efforts overseas. Specifically, for the exterior layer of the global architecture—the portion focused on enhancing international capabilities for detecting nuclear and radiological materials abroad—the strategic plan identifies four performance goals, designating lead and supporting agency roles for each. However, it is unclear whether these more defined roles give authority to these lead agencies to provide direction and guidance across multiple agencies and programs. For instance, State and DOD officials told GAO that neither State nor any other federal agency has the authority to direct the activities or coordinate implementation of programs administered by other agencies involved in preventing or detecting nuclear smuggling overseas.
Regarding interagency coordinating mechanisms, the NSC has established mechanisms to coordinate efforts in this area, including a Countering Nuclear Threats Interagency Policy Committee (IPC) and a sub-IPC for international nuclear and radiological border security efforts. NSC officials declined GAO's request to discuss various aspects of the IPC structure and how it coordinates U.S. efforts to combat nuclear smuggling overseas. However, some officials from other agencies expressed doubts about the value of the NSC's coordinating role. Notably, DOD officials told GAO that they believed NSC has played a negligible role in coordination of programs to counter nuclear smuggling.
Coordinating groups have been established beneath the IPC structure to facilitate greater interagency cooperation at a working level to address the nuclear smuggling threat in foreign countries. One of the principal coordinating mechanisms for U.S. export control and related border security assistance activities overseas is an interagency working group (IWG). This IWG meets on a regular basis and officials at DOD, NNSA, and State told GAO the meetings are well attended and are useful for exchanging information—such as sharing calendars and information on planned program activities—and building relationships between program managers. However, agency officials GAO interviewed identified some limitations with this mechanism and its ability to facilitate a more cohesive national response to this threat. For example, NNSA and DOD officials told GAO that the coordination meetings are hampered by the participation of many individuals and are oriented toward high-level discussion, making in-depth discussion of specific issues affecting program implementation difficult in these settings. In addition, NNSA and DOD officials stated that while the IWG is useful for information exchange, it is not a mechanism designed or suitable for conducting more fundamental interagency strategic planning or for developing guidance and priorities for individual agency programs.
State officials told GAO that they have addressed the first limitation by chairing executive-level and regional sub-IWG meetings. For example, the quarterly executive-level meetings involving senior-level participation at the deputy assistant secretary level, allow for high-level discussion of agency programmatic goals and funding priorities, while regional sub-IWG meetings conducted at the action-officer level provide for more focused attention on nonproliferation capacity building in specific countries or regions. In addition, State officials told GAO that they have proposed addressing the second limitation by using the IWG as a means of developing common interagency strategies and approaches toward other countries and to encourage individual programs to engage or disengage in particular regions, countries, and functional areas.
GAO concluded that effective coordination of federal government efforts to prevent and detect nuclear smuggling overseas is limited by shortcomings in strategic plans, potential fragmentation and overlap among some programs, and divided responsibilities among several agencies. Furthermore, it is apparent that no single agency or program has the authority to undertake and implement a strategic re-evaluation and restructuring across the government to address these concerns.
[1]The Cooperative Border Security Program was an independent program at the time of GAO's audit on the coordination of federal programs involved in combating nuclear smuggling overseas. However, the program is no longer an independent program, and its functions were merged into the International Nonproliferation Export Control Program in June 2010.
To address these concerns, GAO recommended in December 2011 that the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (NSC) should
The information in this analysis is based on findings from the product listed in the related GAO products section. GAO reviewed uncosted NNSA nuclear nonproliferation program funding, but did not specifically discuss funding associated with the programs where GAO identified potential fragmentation and overlap, and GAO did not quantify the potential financial savings associated with those programs.
GAO provided a draft of its December 2011 report to NSC for report and comment. NSC did not comment on these recommendations.
GAO provided a draft of this report section to the Office of Management and Budget for review and comment. The Office of Management and Budget provided technical comments, which were considered and incorporated as appropriate. The Office of Management and Budget provided comments regarding the roles and responsibilities of other agencies, noting the administration has taken several steps to enhance and promote counter nuclear smuggling options within the national security agencies. These observations were addressed in conjunction with discussions GAO had with the other agencies during the course of its work. As part of GAO's routine audit work, GAO will track actions to address these recommendations and report to Congress.
For additional information about this area, contact Gene Aloise at (202) 512-3841 or email@example.com.
:From fiscal years 2006 through 2010, only about half of the total annual funds available to the DNN programs were costed, or expended, each year. This resulted in uncosted carryover balances of more than $1.5 billion on average from one fiscal year to the next. During this time, the total uncosted DNN operating program balances exceeded thresholds established by the Department of Energy by hundre...
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We're nearing the end of our fantastic 12 Days of Giveaways–but don't worry, you still have four more days to enter, including a fabulous extra-enormous giveaway for 12 winners on Friday! Stay tuned! Yesterday we asked what your sewing resolution for 2013 is, and the lucky winner is Melissa, who said: "My resolution is to learn applique and reverse applique well enough to put my own spin on it!" That sounds like a great technique to tackle, and we hope you enjoy the fun calendar!
Today we have a great prize–a veritable smorgasbord of batting, fusible web and more from The Warm Company. The sampler includes 13 samples of Warm Company products to play with, including Warm & Natural, Steam-a-Seam and Warm Fleece. Just think of all the fun you'll have trying them out! For a chance to win, answer the following question in the comments section below: What sewing tool or notion is your sewing secret weapon? What tool do you turn to for great results?
Enter by tomorrow morning, when we'll choose a lucky winner at random–good luck!

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With DariusBurst: Second Prologue, arcade shooter DariusBurst blasts up iOS with side-scrolling shooting and a hailstorm of pew-pews.
I love shooters—and I think the iOS is a viable platform for them. Yet, I'm not the world's biggest horizontal shooter fan. I prefer vertical shooters, which is a layout that suits the iPhone.
So while playing DariusBurst: Second Prologue, I made it about two minutes as a horizontal scroller. Even with the customized logo, my fingers kept getting in the way, and it was nearly impossible to play.
That's why I flipped my phone and played it as a vertical shooter. That kind of defeats the point of playing a horizontal shooter, I guess, but I've always like the big bosses in Darius, and this game looks great on iOS. It's got a great soundtrack, too.
Gotta do whatcha gotta do, I guess.
DariusBurst: Second Prologue [$10.99, iTunes]


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Hello everyone. This is the first post in a series of bulletin board discussions that you may or may not have read about when partaking in my survey (which can still be taken here: http://kwiksurveys.com?s=LLIIIL_93dd86f3) or in email notifications. For those of you who are unaware of my research, I am an undergraduate studying at Cardiff University, Wales, UK, and I am researching how you use social media as atheists and what impact it has had on your lives through a series of surveys, bulletin board discussions and interviews. I will be asking questions relating to how and why you use social media to engage with other atheists.
Everyone who is a member of Think Atheist is welcome to contribute - even if you do not begin to contribute at the earlier stages of the discussion do not hesitate to add your point at a later stage. This thread really is for everybody - even if you are not a regular contributor to the forums, or just like to read the forum discussions. I would like to encourage participants to discuss topics with each other as well as respond to my initial questions.
When taking part in this discussion I would like participants to consider:
To start I would like to ask:
Some believe that atheism is an individual phenomenon. Why is it important that atheists engage with each other as a group? Why do you choose to engage with other atheists?
I am also looking to recruit interviewees to take part in private instant messaging interview for the third stage of my research. These interviews will be completely anonymous and I will be asking more personal questions than in the bulletin board discussions. If you would be interested in taking part email me at email@example.com or send me a personal message.
The findings and conclusions of my research will be printed as part of my dissertation and will not be used for any other purpose. Your contributions may be quoted verbatim in the write up of this research. You can choose to withdraw your participation at any time and if you would like your contribution to be removed from the data you have until May 4th to notify me. All participants will remain completely anonymous in my publication, although I would like you to bare in mind that bulletin board discussions on Think Atheist are accessible to the public and so for this exercise your level of anonymity may be limited.
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For most of my youth I was not organised but after the internet gave opportunities to engage with others and I leaned how atheists are treated I felt is was necessary to take a more active approach.
Being organised gives us the chance to use our political power as a group and support each other
While social media can be a place for atheist to "bond" to a common idea, I think it can also be used to promote the individualism of atheism. I'm an atheist, not because other people are atheist and I want to be like them, but because I found my own way to this path and it's great to be able to share with other people how I found it and to understand how others found it.
For me personally, social media is the only connection I have to other atheists. I live in an area that is rife with religious belief and righteousness. When I express my views, I am looked at as if I'm an alien from another planet...Think Atheist and other atheist sites are my planets... :)
I never used to think that atheists had any need to be a group, as it were. It wasn't until I started noticing religion in political discourses (being from Wales you'll be familiar with recent events like: Baroness Warsi's rant again "militant secularism" and David Cameron's Christian Country narrative and his spineless surrender to the gay-excluding practices of the Church).
That's when I started to feel we need a voice. It can be grass-roots; it doesn't need to be centralised (in fact, it can't be centralised) but it does need to exist. It's a dishonest narrative being played to give religion an inflated position in political discourse when (a) it's a series of unsubstantiated claims (b) secularism is the only inclusive political practice and (c) religion has no real moral ground to stand on; look at all the ground it's given away in order to appear like a moral arbiter.
Homophobic narratives (being the case study I'm running with, but far from the only example) that make it in to political discussions need to have a voice against it that makes the narrative defend itself on its own ground and not hide behind the façade of religious tolerance. This, in reality, is secularism and not atheism. But that may be a discussion work having in your dissertation: defining an individual as an atheist is easy, but defining a community gets a lot more complicated. There is no "atheist action" there is secular action, and there is humanist ideas. But atheists could be hedonists as easily as they could be humanists (in fact there is a humanist version of Satanism which is a worship of the emotions we tend to consider immoral).
Since this odd political enlightenment I started to notice that my input in discussions on ethics (like stem cell research and euthanasia) was being questioned, not because of the value of my argument but because I don't believe in God. Apparently this is called "abstraction", because my reasoning is Godless it's worthless. I find it offensive that people can so vehemently discard human intellect just because it comes from an atheist.
These are the things that atheists can only combat if we are a group or a community.
(Obviously there will be in-fighting amongst us. There's no central doctrine for us and individuality flourishes and like the first comment suggests, this will be a weakness to the community. But we are still louder as a community).
Hi Sheri. I started to take your survey but lost internet connection partway through and it won't let me do it now. Any way to sort that out? I largely agree with Ian that atheists should not really in any way be a group in the same way as people who do not believe in mermaids are not a group. We do not really congregate or identify with each other on the grounds of what we don't believe in but on the grounds of what we do believe in. However, the fact that there is a word 'atheist' and no word 'amermaidist' does indicate that we are a group simply because our standpoint is in opposition to a societal norm. The fact that we are here indicates that that opposition is in some way important to us and a form of self-definition. I think we share a sense of religion being something which NEEDS to be opposed.
Here in the UK, most people are atheist or nontheist even if they identify as Christian as a cultural thing and so I am in the majority. I do not have the same need to congregate and show solidarity as I see so many American atheists feel because they are so much under seige by Christians and in urgent need of resisting radical Christian influence on law and society. However my country still has Christian teaching in schools and bishops in the House of Lords as spiritual advisers directly impacting law. We do not see the same threat to gay rights and reproductive freedom as there is in America although we still do not have gay marriage, but we still have Christianity embedded in our culture and our queen is the head of the church.
I have two reasons for engaging with other atheists.
1) I engage with atheists here and on YA because this is how I meet American atheists and get to argue with American Christians. I see Christianity as a huge social problem affecting the most powerful country in the world and the risk that an insane fundamentalist Christian could get elected into the most powerful position in the world is a concern for all of us. I go online and support American atheists in raising awareness of the harmfulness of Christianity and try to get through to American Christians. This does happen more than you'd think. Frequently arguments raised by atheists on YA are then referred to by young Christians who are trying to resolve these with their Christian faith. We get questions about contradictions in the bible, the ethical concerns about the bible, the challenge from science to creationism etc . As an ex-christian myself, reached by atheist logic I see purpose and point in challenging Christians to consider their beliefs more seriously.
2) I engage with other atheists in my own country through the British Humanist Association where we campaign to get Christianity out of education and law. I became Christian as a result of my education - my parents were atheist - and as a result of fear. My daughter was equally upset by being taught about floods and plagues and rivers of blood and the existence of this god who should be worshipped for all these. Fortunately I was on the alert for this due to my own experience and so I responded by teaching her at home about lots of religions and creation myths and also Humanism and atheism and she has not been sucked into accepting Christianity as more likely to be right than any other religion and the fact that there are so many religions has convinced her they are man made - I was very proud when she told me she was a Humanist and gods are pretend at the age of 7. However, if school was the only religious education she had had, she may well have followed down my path of believing out of fear.
In short (yes, I do go on) I engage with other atheists because it is important that people are countering religious influence on law and culture.
So would you agree that websites like this are used as a means of organising atheism and giving atheism a voice? If so, how do you think Think Atheist achieves this? If not feel free to dispute the point.
Not organising with this one so much as the BHA, no. There are no campaigns here tho we do make each other aware of things we can campaign against. Thinkatheist, I feel, is more geared towards giving atheists a place to support each other - many American atheists are a bit isolated in their atheism where they live, others value advice on parenting or coming out to family, others (like me mostly) use thinkatheist to learn more about criticisms of religion, political impact of religion, the explanations science gives us in opposition to religious explanations, good points for debate with theists etc It is also great to be able to say to a very new atheist - go here to learn more and talk to others. In the past month on YA, I have advised two new young Muslim atheists that there is a support group here specifically for ex-muslims and linked goodness knows how many videos and photos from here to answer questions from elsewhere. Information and support rather than organisation, I would say, tho others may disagree. I may have missed some organisation of atheist protest because this site has mostly American members and it is more productive campaignwise for me to go with organisations in my own country. Giving us a voice - ye-es, but we are mostly talking to each other - preaching to the choir (irony intended) it mainly gives me ammo and information which I can then use in debate somewhere with more Christians.
Support, information, debate amongst ourselves, education and amusement is what thinkatheist is for, to me.
Good response Helen.
I disavow the word atheism... the ism part. it has much too strong implications of some sort of community or common minds or philosophy.
I was never religious. Most atheists on this site (and most other new atheist sites) are recent converts from religion and still have many religious reflexes that really annoy me.
I certainly don't come here to learn about science... I spent 11 years in post secondary education in SCIENCE for that aspect of my learning.
No I come here to LOOK, PERUSE, and SEE what and how converts are growing into atheists. Once in a while I participate in discussions, but not very often. Last year T|A lost some of its most interesting participants over a small dispute over the morality of something or other. It's sad they left and I mourn their loss. I don't think multiplying the number of sites is useful. IMO it's much more interesting to try and coalesce all atheist talk on a few internet places.
Also generally speaking, these sites have too many of these kinds of sites, this one included, have too many distinct 'forums'. So people with same opinions end up preaching to the choir. I think we need a larger percentage of overall forums. Specialty forums are useful to engage in a peaceful conversation without being jumped on though. But they accomplish less social change in doing so.
I'm more interested in creating social change. I think T|A contributes to social change only in a very indirect way, by allowing new atheist converts to acquire more self confidence, and encourage them to learn about a fact based world.
Could you explain to me why you come to observe recent converts?
Could you explain what you mean by 'specialty' forums and 'overall' forums?
And in what way do you think 'overall' forums could contribute to social change?
Converts: I am always a little skeptical about people who've recently changed their minds, IMO change once, change again. So if someone's converted from religion 20-30-40 years ago, then I trust and value their atheist stance. I've they only left religion recently... often for what I deem petty reasons, such as "religion should be good otherwise it's stupid" I find completely ridiculous. We are in the midsts of a popularisation of atheist ideas, and forums are flooded with moronic one liner posters which call upon the lowest level of intellect, that style bores me to tears.
Specialty forum: atheist environmentalist, atheist doctor, atheist biologist, atheist feminist, atheist rock music, atheist over 40, etc, etc, etc. My objective is to spend the least time possible in the specialty areas, and the most time possible in the general areas, but it's hard, because there is such divergence of opinion, and a lot of pettiness and personal attacks, because so many people have never practised debating skills. As soon as they disagree with you, they devolve into personal insults. This happens way too often. The only thing less interesting than debating with a religious person, is debating with someone who has no debating etiquette.
If I'm not talking feminism in a feminist forum, I'm having no impact on social change. It's a bit of a waste of time. But the feminist forum does have a purpose... to rally forces. But these forces need to get out among the masses and win debates.
No websites like this is a supplement, the real organisation takes place in organisations such as Atheist Alliance International and American Atheists and their affiliates.
Online forums are valueable but cannot replace IRL activism


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|Muskegon Heights, Mich.
|High School:
|Muskegon Heights
College: 2009-10: Played in 28 games and made seven starts ... Had a team-high 42 blocked shots to rank among the program's top single-season performances in school history ... Shot 41.2% (35-85) from the floor for the year ... Had a season-high 10 rebounds at St. Joseph's (Ind.) on Nov. 21 ... Totaled six rebounds or more in four different games ... Started the first four contests of the season ... Listed among the conference's leaders in blocked shots for the year ... 2008-09: Appeared in all 27 games and started six contests ... Scored in double-figures three times ... Finished with 116 points and 88 rebounds on the season ... Blocked a team-high 22 shots ... Had a season-high 14 points at Northwood (2/26) ... Also had 13 points against Olivet (11/25) ... Netted 10 points versus Lake Superior State (2/21) ... Shot 47.9% (45-94) from the field ... Added 11 assists and 13 steals ... Grabbed nine rebounds at Saginaw Valley State (1/10) ... Finished fourth on the team in rebounding (3.2 rpg.) ... Grabbed five rebounds or more in six games ... 2007-08: Started nine games and played in 28 outings ... Led team with 41 blocked shots, which ranks tied for third among the school's top 10 single-season performances all-time ... Shot 45.5% (75-165) from the field ... Averaged 6.0 points and 4.7 rebounds a contest ... Had seven double-figure scoring efforts ... Netted season-best 17 points vs. Lake Superior State (2/16) ... Totaled 14 points in three other games – at Tiffin (12/8), vs. Kuyper (1/3) and at Northern Michigan (1/24) ... Scored 12 points vs. Alaska-Fairbanks (12/29) and chipped in with 10 points vs. Northwood (1/14) ... Recorded 10 rebounds or more in three games with 14 vs. Northwood (1/14) in a doule-double effort ... Was third in rebounds and fifth in scoring among team's overall leaders ... Also ranked fifth in the GLIAC in blocked shots ... Had six games with three or more blocks ... Picked up team Most Valuable Defensive Player honors for the season ... 2006-07: Redshirted during the 2006-07 campaign.
High School: A 2006 graduate of Muskegon Heights High School ... Was coached by former Bulldog player Keith Guy ... Averaged 10 points per game his final campaign ... Led team to a regional finals appearance as a senior ... Prep teammate of former FSU guard Jessie York ... Team earned state runner-up honors in Class B his junior season (2004-05) ... Helped team to a 26-2 overall record as a junior ... Tallied nine points, six blocked shots and five rebounds in squad's 67-60 loss to Grand Rapids South Christian in 2005 Michigan Class B State Championship Game at the Breslin Center in East Lansing (Mich.) ... Team also reached state semifinals in his sophomore season (2003-04) ... Listed among state's top 40 prep recruits by several publications ... Led the Tigers to a fifth consecutive district title as a senior.
Personal: Business administration major at Ferris State ... One of a number of former Muskegon Heights players who have been in the Bulldog program during recent years.


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Marketing works best when it's not trying to sell. As the management guru's guru Peter Drucker said, "The aim of marketing is to make selling unnecessary." But if you can't talk about what you have to sell and a sale is what you want, what exactly do you talk about with clients and potential clients?
The best answer is to talk with them about what they want to hear about—not the same as what you think they want to hear about! So how do you find out what that is?
One way is to do a kind of marketing two-step. Invite a group of potential clients to discuss a topic you think will be interesting to them, see what actually grabs their attention, and turn the conversation in that direction. To succeed, however, you have to have a very flexible presenter, or a very flexible presentation. For those who are very flexible presenters, proceed as you see fit. For everyone else, this is for you.
When starting that flexible presentation, ask: What subject should it be on? The good news is that you really only have two choices: either you've got some well-laid-out, interesting data proprietary to your company, or you've got what you think are compelling insights on facts everyone knows. Option one is more reliable: The world is awash in opinions on facts everyone knows, but new data set out in a thoughtful way is at a premium. And if you can answer your audiences' questions by giving the data a twist on the spot, you are home free.
Enter data visualization, a powerful answer to "Death by PowerPoint" (a funny title for an Agatha Christie mystery if it weren't the grim daily experience of too many executives with too many meetings). Accordingly, we recently launched Nielsen First Look, a new program to share proprietary information through interactive data visualization. We began with a group of senior marketing executives in the financial services industry, sharing a "first look" visual of our most recent Global Consumer Confidence survey, which leveraged the data on consumer confidence we've collected since 2005.
The survey, based on a survey of 30,000 people in 60 countries, contained some striking insights. Global job optimism reached 50% for the first time since pre-crash 2007. It increased in North America and Europe. India reclaimed the top spot. China's confidence remained high, but flat. Japan receded.
Much more important, however, was what turned out to be most interesting to the audience. Two particular ideas generated the most dialogue.
The first was the way consumer confidence worked as an uncanny barometer just before both the Great Recession and the housing recovery.
The second concept that captured our audiences' attention was the huge divide in confidence between Millennial and Baby Boomer consumers. This is enormously important information for companies that grew up with Boomers and must now rise or fall with Millennials, and our guests debated it passionately. The divide between the Millennials and the Boomers carries more generally, if less starkly, across the spectrum: Right now, young consumers are much more confident than their elders.
Other topics that engaged our audiences' interest were:
Still, these were side-conversations to the main points. It was clear that what these senior marketers most wanted to talk about—and what, no doubt, many other markets would be equally happy to discuss—were the predictive power of consumer confidence and what different confidence levels among different age groups said about how to engage each segment.
We plan to host more First Look gatherings later in the year and may well have more to share then. In the meantime, feel free to engage directly with the Consumer Confidence Trends Tracker yourself. Enjoy!


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This is a high quality aftermarket replacement part for your car. This is not a car manufacturer supplied spare part.
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Monroe Dickey Lifter For Volvo Side Door Lifter . Pictures Are Generic.This is a Genuine Monroe Product.
About Monroe Brand
For more than 90 years, Tenneco's shock absorber brand Monroe® has been one of the most recognized premier ride control brands. It's shock absorbers and other products provide vehicle safety and comfort and have consistently led the industry in innovative product development. Monroe shock absorbers increase tyre-to-road holding, producing a ride which offers more comfort, stability and more safety. Its shock absorbers provide vehicle safety and comfort, and have consistently led the industry. Monroe is a leading supplier of ride control products to OE vehicle manufacturers worldwide. That expertise translates to Monroe's OE-quality Aftermarket replacement products. Monroe continues to expand its Aftermarket product lines to provide the coverage you need. Monroe's product range includes shock absorbers, struts, springs, spheres, mounting and protection kits, modules, steering and suspension parts
To help motorists protect their driving safety, ride control engineers suggest that automotive shocks and struts be replaced at 80,000 Km. In addition, it is always a good idea to ask your automotive service provider to perform a complete chassis system safety check - including ride control components – every 20.000 km.
Ride control components wear out due to everyday driving and a variety of load and road conditions
80,000 Km Replacement Recommendation* Help improve vehicle handling characteristics and comfort
A fresh set of shocks can enhance more than just your ride. They help improve braking and handling under certain driving conditions and they make vehicles safer and easier to control. This helps make the road safer for everyone. Just one 50% degraded shock absorber on your vehicle can increase stopping distances by up to 10 feet under certain driving conditions.
With a network of 14 advanced engineering centers on five continents, Tenneco is at the leading edge of technology for the original equipment market. Tenneco meets the needs of customers -- including Volkswagen, Chevrolet, Ford, Toyota, Chrysler, Daimler, BMW, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Nissan and Shanghai Automotive (SAIC) -- expertly tuning the ride of any vehicle to the most exacting specifications.
Monroe's award-winning Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) shock absorber delivers both a soft, comfortable ride and firm vehicle handling. The technology is a mechanical valve system that instantaneously changes damping force to adjust vehicle ride to bumps and changes in the road surface. As a next generation shock absorber, frequency dependent damping is environmentally friendly – it uses no oil. The shock absorber can be mounted in any position and has a more consistent damping performance over a wide range of temperatures.
Monroe's Micro-Amplitude Damping (MAD) technology is a position sensitive hydraulic circuit designed to eliminate the energy transfer caused by tire imbalances. This circuit is engineered to directly react to the displacement of the shock absorber. It's shock absorbers and other products provide vehicle safety and comfort and have consistently led the industry in innovative product development. Monroe, one of the most widely recognized automotive brands, has provided innovative solutions for the ride control market worldwide since 1916.
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Copying the contents of one hard drive to another can be used for a couple of purposes - backing up and hard drive upgrading. When upgrading to a large hard drive, you face the prospect of reinstalling your operating system and applications as well as ensuring that your personal documents are accessible. Paragon Drive Copy greatly reduces the time it takes to make such an upgrade by automating the entire process for you.
The wizard based interface makes it easy to select a source and destination drive before copying the contents over in its entirety. The new drive can be made bootable and your computer is ready to use with the new hard drive in place as the primary partition. It does not matter if your computer is not able to boot into Windows as Drive Copy can be run from CD or DVD to provide access to its various options outside the operating system.
The program can also be used to create a complete system back. If you have a spare hard drive to hand, you can use it to house a copy of your main drive in case of hard drive failure. The copying of entire drives and partitions can be scheduled so that backups are automatically created on a regular basis. When copying data, the source and destination drives or partitions do not have to be the same size, and partitions can be automatically resized as necessary. Data can be copied sector by sector or backed up incrementally, making this a highly versatile tool.
The brand new Drive Copy v10 ships with Windows 7 support, refined user-interface, support for migrating virtual machines, simple backup/restore and more.
Whether you're installing a new hard drive or want to create a backup of your valuable data, Paragon Drive Copy is an indispensible tool that will help you every step of the way.


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Time Management Tips From a College Entrepreneur
Think you've got what it takes to be our Entrepreneur of 2014? Apply here by June 17.
Being a college entrepreneur keeps Bryan Silverman busy, but it has its advantages. The company that began as Star Toilet has helped him appreciate his co-founder (and brother) Jordan even more. It also has helped him structure his time and integrate his friends into the business to keep up not just with his studies and the business, but also his social life. Learn more about his strategies in this short video.
Meet the Innovative Entrepreneurs Who Won Entrepreneur of 2013
College Entrepreneur of 2013: Nelly Garcia
College Entrepreneur of 2012: Bryan Silverman


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Arrested: Boat seized by US Marshal Service
Creditors close in on Reynolds' financial web
Larry Reynolds has not been apprehended by US Marshals under the contempt warrant issued for his arrest by a federal bankruptcy judge, but a boat belonging to the Martha Reynolds Trust has been arrested despite attempts by Reynolds and his wife Janice to have the arrest stayed by filing two different bankruptcy cases.
The problem is, the federal bankruptcy court in Anchorage dismissed both the bankruptcy claims.
US Marshalls arrested the M/V Janice Ruth II, a boat docked at the small boat harbor, after creditors – namely the Independent Bank of Texas – secured a court order for the seizure last July. According to court documents in the case, "the US Marshal affixed notice of the arrest to the M/V JANICE RUTH II."
The arrest was observed by Valdez police according to court documents.
On July 14, a United States Magistrate Judge in Anchorage granted a stay on a foreclosure of the vessel by creditors, but noted the vessel was still under arrest despite a bankruptcy filing by Reynolds and regardless of the accusation Reynolds had removed the notice of arrest from the vessel. The magistrate ordered the notice be reaffixed to the vessel.
Valdez police reports filed as evidence in the bank's pursuit to take possession of the vessel state Reynolds was observed scraping off the notice of arrest and no trespassing signs affixed by the US Marshal with a utility knife. Police notified the Marshals and took documentary evidence.
In the first bankruptcy filing last July, documents that appear to be filled in by hand by Reynolds claimed the vessel was the only asset of the Martha Reynolds Trust and was valued at $250,000. It listed the Independent Bank of Texas as its only creditor and claimed an outstanding debt of $745,000.
The bankruptcy was filed in Anchorage July 13. The bankruptcy was denied by the court August 3. According to court documents, the bankruptcy was denied after Reynolds failed to hire an attorney for the case as required by law.
A second bankruptcy case was filed on behalf of the Martha Reynolds Trust August 9 by Reynolds' wife, Janice. In the second filing, Mrs. Reynolds signed the claim and documents stating she is the trustee of the Martha Reynolds Trust and claimed the Independent Bank of Texas as a creditor but also listed the Port Valdez Marine and Outdoor Supply as a creditor.
The filing by Janice Reynolds failed to note that the Martha Reynolds Trust was a 75 percent shareholder of the Aguila Investments – the company originally formed by Neal Dees to buy out the assets of Reynolds Alaska holdings when it went bankrupt in 2009.
In early August, Larry Reynolds sent a letter to creditors in the Valdez area accusing Dees of removing documents from the store- a charge that has not been substantiated by any court.
Mr. Dees denies he removed any documents from the store.
Reynolds also sent copies of a state business license naming the Reynolds Trust as its owners. In recent weeks, the sign in front of the Egan Street business was changed and dropped "Port" from its name. It is unclear who owns the business with the competing business licenses naming two different corporate owners.
Dees deferred comments pending future litigation on ownership of the Valdez store.
Kay Hill, assistant United States Trustee, filed court documents August 8 showing evidence of repeated filings on behalf of the Martha Reynolds Trust. Another motion was filed by the trustee August 11 alleging the Martha Reynolds trust is not a business trust as defined by law and ineligible for bankruptcy and asked the court to dismiss the bankruptcy claim filed by Janice Reynolds.
The bankruptcy court sided with the trustee and the second claim of bankruptcy was dismissed September 7.
Court documents dated September 6 state the Martha Reynolds Trust "can't have it both ways," claiming to be an asset free trust in the Texas bankruptcy case "and an active business trust in the Alaska case."
The Martha Reynolds Trust - who owns it and who benefits from it - was a topic of concern in the Texas bankruptcy court hearing earlier this month.
In the meantime, Reynolds' Texas attorney has filed an official appeal of the arrest warrant issued by the North Texas bankruptcy court alleging Reynolds was in contempt of court. The warrant was issued when Reynolds failed to personally appear in court after the trustee for his personal bankruptcy, Dan Lain, alleged Reynolds had lied in filing bankruptcy schedules, hid assets from the bankruptcy trust, sold mineral rights to properties owned by the bankruptcy trust without reporting the profits to the trustee, withdrew money from the bankruptcy trust accounts without authorization and then failed to return the money despite a court order to do so.
The Texas bankruptcy judge referred the allegations to the Dept. of Justice for investigation and possible criminal prosecution.


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The Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel reported earlier this month that Green Bay Packers running back Alex Green had heard his name pop up in trade whispers. Ultimately, he won't be shopped -- but he will be cut.
Green announced Saturday, via Twitter, that he's no longer on the team, and the Packers later confirmed the running back had been released.
It was fun Packernation. Thanks for the support. It's not a dead end if you're meant to be there. Love y'all #faithâ Broad Daylight (@AGreen_20) August 31, 2013
On the surface, Green's departure is an intriguing piece of business, considering he opened training camp taking first-team snaps. But a crowded backfield and the emergence of rookie Eddie Lacy quickly pushed the third-year back into roster-bubble territory. Green's vanilla preseason play did the rest, as he managed just 71 yards on 21 attempts.
More ...
With DuJuan Harris lost for the season to a knee injury, Packers coach Mike McCarthy obviously is sold on Lacy's ability to roll with the starters. It's also a sign that former New York Jets runner Joe McKnight impressed the Packers during his workout Saturday. Rounding out the backfield are James Starks and underwhelming rookie Johnathan Franklin, who appear safe for now.
The Packers haven't been afraid to shake things up. Parting ways with Green -- their third-round pick in the 2011 NFL Draft -- is another interesting move on paper, but less so if McKnight has a place on the final 53.The "Around The League Podcast" is now available on iTunes! Click here to listen and subscribe.


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Podcast: The Human Genome and Human Health: Will the Promise Be Fulfilled? main content.
by AMNH on
When scientists cracked the human genome ten years ago, expectations were high that the genetic revolution would cure cancer, Alzheimer's, and other diseases. Now scientists are re-evaluating the potential of genetic knowledge for human health based on scientific progress in the past decade. In this podcast from the fall, join the discussion with some of the country's top geneticists as they present their views on the triumphs, disappointments, and controversies that have arisen in genetic therapy in the healthcare field.
Speakers include Dr. Robert C. Green from Harvard University Medical School,Professor Dorothy Roberts of Northwestern University Law School, Dr. Paul Billings, Chief Medical Officer for Life Technologies, and Professor Sheldon Krimsky of Tufts University.
The talk was moderated by CBS News medical correspondent Dr. Emily Senay and recorded at the Museum on November 30, 2011.


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Jason Aldean Invites Ludacris Onstage During Sold Out Atlanta Show
Over the weekend, Jason Aldean rocked two back-to-back and sold-out shows at Aaron's Amphitheatre at Lakewood in Atlanta, Ga. on the latest leg of his My Kinda Party Tour. The Friday and Saturday shows were part of the new summer leg of the tour, which kicked off Thursday night (May 17) in Birmingham, Ala. Aldean wasted no time pulling out the big guns for the weekend shows -- he had famed rapped Ludacris join him onstage to perform his multi-week No. 1 smash, 'Dirt Road Anthem.'
The hip-hop star joined Aldean on stage unannounced mid-song, sending the packed house into a tizzy. Fans pulled out their cameras and phones to capture the exciting moment, including the video clip below.
"I've never felt the kind of energy that the fans from the ATL brought this weekend," Aldean says in a statement. "I didn't think it could get any wilder, and then when Luda came out, the place came totally unglued. We've gotten to perform together several times, but man ... he's the Mayor of Atlanta, so this one was beyond cool."
Aldean's My Kinda Party Tour continues on next week in Louisiana before taking a brief break for the 2012 CMA Music Festival in Nashville at the beginning of June. Click here to see a complete list of cities where Aldean will be stopping throughout the next several months.
Watch Jason Aldean and Ludacris Perform 'Dirt Road Anthem' in Atlanta


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March 28, 2009
SMITHFIELD, RI-Several members of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth's outdoor track and field teams turned in solid performances in their 2009 season opener at the Bryant Invitational at the Bryant Track and Turf Complex Saturday.
There was no team scoring at the meet.
Freshman Robert Yarbrough (Fall River, MA/Durfee HS) finished fifth in the shot put with a toss of 44 feet, 9 ¾ inches, a throw that ranks as the sixth best throw in school history. Freshman Tom Barry (Wilmington, MA/Wilmington HS) was eighth in the javelin at 160 feet, five inches, while freshman Kevin Gilmore (Hanson, MA/Whitman-Hanson HS) finished seventh at 5000 meters in 15:52.01.
Sophomore Jermai Harrison (Brockton, MA/Brockton HS) was fifth in the shot put at 36 feet, two inches and was eighth in the discus in 106-7. In the javelin, freshman Emily Migre (Hanson, MA/Whitman-Hanson HS) was ninth at 111 feet, one inch, while freshman Emily Hall (Seekonk, MA/Seekonk HS) was 13th at 106-7. Freshman Brittany Cole (Dartmouth, MA/Dartmouth HS) was seventh in the shot put at 35-2.
"I was please for the first meet," said UMass Dartmouth Head Coach Steve Gardiner. "We brought our throwers to basically allow them to get the rust off prior to our first meet with our full team next week. This will set them up for the rest of the season."
The Corsairs will return to action when they travel to Fitchburg State next Saturday.


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Whayne Hougland was elected bishop Saturday at a special convention.
The Rev. Whayne Hougland, Jr., was elected at a special electing convention May 18 to be the ninth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan.
Hougland, currently rector of St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Salisbury, N.C., was elected on the eighth ballot out of a field of four candidates. To be elected, a candidate must have received a majority of the votes in both the lay order and the clergy order. He received 87 of 139 votes cast in the lay order and 34 of 65 votes cast in the clergy order.
Under Episcopal Church canons, the election of a bishop requires the consent from a majority of bishops with jurisdiction and standing committees of the Episcopal Church. Assuming that consent is received, The Most Rev. Katharine Jefferts Schori, presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church, will consecrate Hougland as the ninth bishop of Western Michigan on Sept. 28 at the Van Noord Arena on the campus of Calvin College in Grand Rapids.
The election, which was held at Grace Church in Grand Rapids, followed a year-long search process.
Hougland has been rector of St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Salisbury, N.C. since 2005. Originally from Kentucky, he also served as canon evangelist at Christ Church Cathedral in Lexington, Ky., and prior to ordination, worked for Lexmark International, also in Lexington. He is married with two grown daughters.
Hougland will succeed the Rt. Rev. Robert Gepert, who is retiring after serving as bishop of Western Michigan for 12 years. The Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan covers the western half of the lower peninsula of Michigan, including Ionia County, with 10,153 members worshiping in 61 faith communities.


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Learn how MacUpdate Desktop can install apps on MacUpdate with the simple click of the icon. Plus, keep all your apps updated.
YokMap is a tool designed to help users easily create and edit imagemaps ("clickable pictures") for use in Web pages. It works harmlessly side-by-side with any HTML or XHTML editor. Differently from other editors, you don't need to keep track of any other files than the HTML page itself - jut open, edit save.
YokMap is easy to use, but still offers features such as CERN and NCSA import and export, resizing multiple areas simultaneously, automatically loading images from a server when needed and having text encoding and HTML entities conversion to be done automatically in the background.
What's New in YokMap
- This version is compiled for both Intel and PPC and adds XHTML support as well as loads of improvements and bugfixes. This update is free for registered users


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By Les Howell
Guest Speaker from Alberta Bible College
Sunday 10:00amTime of Worship with Children's Classes during the Sermon
Wednesday 7:00pmBible Classes for all Ages, FriendSpeak English Lessons
(No Wednesday classes during the summer)
Check out our 101 Sermon Series for lessons about what we believe are some of the central beliefs at the core of Christianity.
Come to our annual fall workshop on November 16-18th. Our guest speaker will be Jonathan Storment, and our theme this year is "Christians Make the Best Athiests". For more information email firstname.lastname@example.com


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Kuler part II…the Wonderful World of FlashNovember 30th, 2006 by Russell Viers
Let's all head over to kuler.adobe.com together and check out something that is rapidly changing the way we view websites. Go ahead…I'll wait a minute.
We've already discussed what The Kuler and does in a previous article. What I want to throw at you today is how The Kuler is constructed and how that same technology is changing the way we use the www.
Historically, when you click on a button on a website to activate an action, you have a wait time for the button to send a signal to the site, the site has to figure out what the next action is, then the data is sent down to the user again over the network. Depending on network speed, this can become a frustrating experience…but one we've all grown accustomed to.
So while you're at The Kuler (that's what I call it, we're still talking about kuler.adobe.com) click on buttons and notice the reaction time of the site. When working in the Create area, moving the sliders to create different colors and choosing different rules is instantaneous.
The only buttons with a lag time are the ones where the site needs to go to kuler.adobe.com to get new data. For the most part, however, most of the information the site needs to work is downloaded to the user's computer for quicker use of the site.
If you like lingo, throw around the term "client side rendering" and you'll impress your friends. Say something like "I sure prefer the new Flash sites, because they offer client side rendering and give me a faster, more pleasant surfing experience."
Or you could say "You're so old fashioned browsing those server side sites where you have to wait forever to have the sites update from page to page."
You'll sound so smart.
The reality is this: Flash technology has allowed website programmers to push more of the site's work onto the user's machine (client side) so that it acts like a program running on the machine instead of just a workstation linked to the server. This is in sharp contrast to sites that rely on data stored on the server (server side) that gets downloaded to the local machine when an action takes place, like a button being pushed.
After you play with The Kuler for a bit, venture over to www.leoburnett.com and be amazed at what could never be done in the server side world. Move your mouse over the pencil and the site comes alive. Move the pencil over various areas and let it sit or click your mouse for different responses.
After you've wasted about a half hour there, stroll over to www.adobe.com/creativemind/, another great example of a client side Flash site which gives you, the visitor, an experience you couldn't enjoy in the old days.
Now it's your turn. What are your favorite Flash sites? Share with us so we can all find new ways to waste time at work "working."


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Oct. 6, 1997 – Number 14
About The Update
The Search Engine Update is a twice-monthly update of search engine news. It is available only to those people who have subscribed to Search Engine Watch, http://searchenginewatch.com/.
Please note that long URLs may break into two lines in some mail readers. Please cut and paste, should this occur.
List Changes
The mailing list is now hosted at a slightly different address. Should you need to unsubscribe, the new address is listed at the bottom of this email.
Subscriber-Only Area Changes
A new Fact File section has been added, which provides links and bibliographic information in these areas: Search Engine Advertising, Search Engine Demographics, Search Engine Revenues, Search Engines and Retailers and Past Search Engine Alliances Charts.
Within a few hours after this email arrives, the new offline edition should be posted.
Various minor changes have been made to some of individual How Search Engines Work pages. These are all dated at the top.
Site Changes
I've been busy updating the site and adding a number of new pages. Here's a section-by-section summary. Individual pages can be found linked from the main section URLs listed.
Search Engine Facts & Fun
A new sub-section on regional editions, sometimes called international editions, is now online. In it, you'll find a country-by-country guide to the editions each major search engine offers. There is also an overview of how the editions are created, and detailed pages for each of the major search engines. Important regional search engines are also listed.
Metacrawlers and specialty search engines now have their own pages. Previously, these were on the Other Search Engines page, which is now specifically focused on important but not-quite major global search engines and directories.
Another sub-section called Search Tips has been created. I've assembled excerpts from past Search Engine Reports that provide tips on using the search engines better. Much of this material was previously buried in the archive editions. Hopefully, it will be easier to find now.
A new page called Sprechen Sie Search Engine has been created. It tells you how to say "search engines" in various languages. Just the thing for those important international conferences.
The Yahoo Special Report was also posted on Sept. 8. It covers why submissions are expected to continue to take several weeks or longer, although Yahoo has made some procedural changes since the report was posted. The submission survey results are also within the report, along with more information.
Search Engine Status Reports
The Search Engine Alliances Chart has now been broken into two pages. The alliances chart continues, and it remains focused on important partnerships or ratings that drive traffic.
Pages devoted to Media Metrix and RelevantKnowledge ratings have also been created. These provide more in-depth information that what is summarized on the chart. The Media Metrix page has current results and a past trend chart. The RelevantKnowledge page has current results, plus a comparison against Media Metrix. It's interesting to see how close the ratings are, in terms of proportion.
A new Search Engine Reviews Chart has the summary of review scores previously on the alliances chart. I've also color-coded the chart, so that you can (hopefully) see at a glance which search engines are doing well, and not so well.
All the Search Engine EKGs have been updated through Aug. 31, and I expect to have September data up this month. The customer service response time chart has also been updated with September data.
Search Engine Resources
Most of the pages have been updated with some new links, and there are two new pages.
Search Engines and Legal Issues has a few links relating to meta tag copyright issues and the recent patent announcements. Expect this page to grow.
The Search Engine Retail Chart just shows what my friends know. If I can put data into a chart format, I will. Here you'll see the major partnerships each search engines has with online retailers, such as booksellers. Who's with Amazon and who's with Barnes & Noble? This chart tells you, with dates in some cases.
Search Engine Report Archives
For some time, I've been meaning to integrate material from some recent reports into the site. I'm now mostly caught up, but it also made sense to break apart the reports into individual articles. These can now be found on the archive page, along with the most current issue.
Other Changes
Some minor design changes should make it a bit easier to find information, and I've finally fixed the drop-down navigational boxes to work with Internet Explorer 3 — just in time for the launch of IE4!
Search Engine News
Infoseek Meta Tag Limits Unchanged
Infoseek's product manager has reaffirmed that there is no particular limit over the number of times a word may be repeated in the meta keyword tag.
I'd reported in the last update that customer support had told a few people that there was a limit of three words. Infoseek product manager Sue LaChance Porter said this was a mistake.
"There is no hard and fast rule about the number of keywords allowed in these tag fields, at some point we'd just stop counting. Ranking depends on several factors, including the body the web and the query itself, not just the number of occurrences of words."
Many people have assumed that seven is the magic number not to exceed in meta tags. As I explained in the last update, this is a myth that emerged out of Infoseek's old help files. You can read more about the myth on the More About Meta Tags page, in the Subscriber-Only area.
"The best advice is for web page publishers to create a high quality page, and to use meta tags that they feel define or describe that page," advises Infoseek product manager Sue LaChance Porter. "If they follow that rule they aren't spamming, even if it means they have similar descriptors such as apple recipes, apple pie, apple cider, apple dumplings."
HotBot Relaunches, Expands Search Services
HotBot unveiled a new look last week, featuring a redesigned home page, new specialty search services and debuting partnerships with a variety on online retailers.
HotBot has always had the most graphical search engine interfaces, designed to help users tap into the great degree of control that HotBot allows over searching the web. But many users have overlooked that control, which was hidden behind "tabs" that used to run down the left-hand side of the home page.
HotBot's new home page puts more of the power options before users, while a new SuperSearch page exposes the full-range of features. The page can be found by clicking on the SuperSearch graphic on the home page, just below the description control box.
"The SuperSearch page aggregates all of the search features into one place," said Mindy Rosenbaum, General Manager for Search Services. "One of the common feedback responses that we've gotten is that people like all of the search features, but they don't always find them."
If you've never explored HotBot's power search features, pay the SuperSearch page a visit. It allows you include or exclude terms, but it also goes far beyond that. Searches can be restricted by date, by location, to a particular domain, or you can search for a range of media types, items such as JavaScript applets.
These type of options can be used to have search engines measure the web in ways some people never consider. For example, I went to the SuperSearch page, checked one of the media type boxes and then searched with nothing in the search box to get the number of pages using each type of media:
JavaScript: 1,343,581
Java: 395,356
Shockwave: 32,249
ActiveX: 41,924
VB Script: 13,942
Divide those numbers by 55 million web pages, and you have a rough approximation of what percent of web pages use each type of media. GIF images are on 66% of pages; Java on 0.7%, ActiveX on .08%. There are reasons the numbers aren't 100% accurate, but the do provide some interesting ballpark measurements.
AltaVista is roughly equal to HotBot for this type of control and filtering, but only HotBot provides a comprehensive point-and-click interface. It may be imposing for some users, but others will appreciate the attempt to save them from learning commands such as AND, TITLE: and other operators.
The search engines have been looking for ways to distinguish themselves from each other. Excite, for example, has been transforming itself into an online service, with search at its center. AltaVista continues to focus on simple, web page searching.
HotBot's relaunch aims it toward being a center for all things searchable. With the help of partners, it has burst past being limited only to web and newsgroup searching. Specialty searches have been added to the service.
Some have already existed, such as news searching with NewsBot, while others are new, such as domain searching. But all of the specialty searches are now prominently featured on the home page and ever-present through the service.
"We very consciously have integrated them into the entire site," Rosenbaum said "The feedback we were hearing from users was that when they went to some of the other services [offering specialty searches", they get easily lost."
All the search services are listed down the right-hand side of HotBot's pages. One can do a news search, then easily click to a domain search or a web search. Only the Stock Search service lacks this consistency.
The most interesting of the new services is probably domain name searching. You can enter a word, then search for domains containing the word or for domains owned by companies with the word in their name. Don't do multiple word searches — only the first word will actually be used.
For example, a search for "newport" brings up both bankofnewport.com and nbpd.org, owned by the Newport Beach Police Department (which once broke up a party I was having, but that's another story).
Small checkmarks show which domains are active, and clicking on an active domain takes you to the actual web site.
Unfortunately, the service does not provide the additional information which is provided by doing a whois search, such as company phone numbers, administrator names and other data. That would be nice. And at the moment, domain searching is restricted to .com, .net and .edu domains. Other domains are promised soon.
Domain searching is provided to HotBot by WebSitez, which operates a standalone service at http://www.websitez.com. It's identical to the HotBot service.
The same people also produce the Filez shareware search engine, http://www.filez.com. That search engine is also integrated into HotBot, allowing HotBot users to search through 75 million shareware files.
Another partner, Forum One, provides HotBot users with the ability to search over 100,000 web-based discussion forums. These aren't the same as newsgroups. These are discussion areas run on the web, using software such as HyperNews or WWWBoard.
Excite also offers discussion searching using Forum One, but it's buried within the Excite People & Chat Channel. And while Forum One operates a standalone service at http://www.forumone.com/, the addition to HotBot should bring this type of searching to the attention of many more people.
HotBot's news search service also gets much more prominence. NewsBot indexes 200 news sites daily, some even more often. The index is updated every six hours, providing extremely fresh, news-related content. It's only real rival is Excite's NewsTracker service, http://nt.excite.com/. Both are excellent ways to search for breaking news.
HotBot also offers yellow page searching, white page searching, stock searching and assorted other services, in addition to those described above.
HotBot joins the rush toward online retailing with a variety of new partnerships. Links along the right-hand side of the page prominently feature merchants such as Barnes & Noble and 1-800-Flowers. Clicking takes you to either the merchant's site or to particular specials on offer to HotBot users.
Overall, the changes are quite dramatic, in terms of HotBot's previous incarnation. While the other search engines have added on all sorts of additional features, HotBot and AltaVista have more-or-less stuck with focusing on pure web searching.
Now HotBot has made a serious move beyond this. Those who've loved HotBot for its interface, its results or perhaps even its neon-bright color scheme may find the new services fulfilling their growing needs. Meanwhile, the new additions position the service to stay competitive with its rivals, while still keeping it focused on the core product of search.
Yahoo Root URL Rumor False
It has been going around recently that Yahoo is only accepting root URL submissions, such as http://www.mysite.com/, as opposed to http://www.hostingcompany.com/mysite/mywebpage.htm.
This is not the case. Yahoo continues to accept submissions, regardless of whether a site is hosted under its own root domain or is hosted within someone else's domain.
"This rumor is completely false, and we're not sure how it started. There has been no change regarding what URLs we accept; we certainly don't restrict submissions to root URLs," said Srinija Srinivasan, Chief Ontological Yahoo, who oversees the listing process.
Yahoo does have a general policy of not listing subsections of a website, unless there is a substantial reason for doing so. For example, a company might have a web site about surfing, with a section about surfboards, a section about good beaches, and a section about surfing clothing. The site might be organized as so:
Home Page
Surfboard Section
Beaches Section
Clothing Section
The site owner may want to submit the entire site as well as each section under its own listing, but chances are, Yahoo will only process the root URL submission. The reason is that the sections are probably not substantial enough to stand on their own.
However, the situation above is completely different when the subsections are completely different sites hosted under the same domain. This happens often with free web space, where different people have similar addresses, such as:
In this case, even though the addresses are similar, the sites themselves are substantially different. John21's site has nothing to do with Mary1234 or Thuan56's sites. Each stand stands on its own, and so Yahoo will consider each for a listing.
Whether a listing is accepted is another story. Listings may not be accepted because a site is either not substantial enough or simply because Yahoo's staff did not have time to review it. Reasons for this are covered in Search Engine Watch's Yahoo Special Report.
Yahoo has also improved its submission process, in hopes of making things much clearer. Many of the changes came after the special report noted problems with the process. Thanks to those who participated in the survey, which is part of the report. Your comments probably helped spur Yahoo on.
And kudos to Yahoo for making the changes. Srinivasan said that they've received positive feedback that the changes have helped make things easier. Now if only the submissions were processed faster….
Yahoo Special Report
Lycos Integrates Lycos Pro Technology Into Main Service
In June, Lycos introduced Lycos Pro, a completely separate search engine using new crawling technology and a completely different searching algorithm than its main Lycos service.
Now the technology behind Lycos Pro has been integrated into the main Lycos service. Lycos announced the change on Sept. 16.
Lycos looks much the same on the surface, but the results it yields, and the type of searches it allows, are different than in the past. Meanwhile, Lycos Pro continues to operate, as does Lycos Pro with Java Power Panel. There are distinct things that can be done with each service, as described below.
Most people will continue to use the Lycos service, which is aimed at those with basic searching needs. The change to using Lycos Pro technology will be noticeable to these people in two main ways.
First, the relevancy of results will probably seem improved than in the past. When Lycos Pro launched, I found it provided better results than Lycos powered by its old technology. Relevancy is subjective, so I can't say everyone will agree. But I strongly suspect that those using Lycos now will find the new technology improves the results returned.
Second, Lycos now offers phrase searching. Simply enclose your search words with quotes, to perform a phrase search.
"Lycos never had phrase searching, and that was one of the places where we always got dinged. Now, I would put our phrase searching up against anyone," said David Burns, Director of Product Marketing.
Lycos Pro
The main difference in using Lycos Pro is the ability to use proximity commands. With Lycos Pro, one can specify that two terms should be within a certain number of words of each other, or that one term should appear before another, or more.
Lycos Pro also offers the ability to nest commands, such as:
(hilliary OR bill) AND clinton
which means, "find documents with the word 'clinton' and either 'hilliary' or 'bill' in them."
On a technical note, Lycos Pro uses a separate catalog than the main Lycos service. Thus, there is a small chance that pages in Lycos many not appear in Lycos Pro, and vice versa. However, spot checks found identical top ten results for a variety of searches, showing that the two catalogs are very similar.
Lycos Pro With Java Power Panel
This is the Lycos Pro service with the ability to modify how it ranks and searches for pages. You can do everything possible with the Lycos Pro service. However, sliding controls lets users set the emphasis of how pages are ranked in six major areas, such as appearing in the title or appearing early in the text.
Those who want to know more and learn how the panel should read the previous article on Lycos Pro, listed below.
Other Changes
The home page has also been tightened to make it load faster and to better emphasize the Web Guides, subject-oriented areas that integrate search features, selected directory links, news articles and other content.
Lycos Press Release
Lycos, Sept. 16, 1997
Lycos Pro Commands
Lycos Launches Lycos Pro
Search Engine Report, July 2, 1997
WebCrawler Gets Channeled
Excite extended the channel organization introduced on the Excite search service earlier this year to WebCrawler. The change was announced Sept. 15.
WebCrawler still looks like a distinct service — it hasn't been turned into Excite. However, its associated topical directory has now been expanded with additional information. WebCrawler also features online service additions pioneered with Excite, such as free email, instant messaging applications, chat and bulletin boards.
The main change has been to add the WebCrawler logo to the existing Excite features and add links to them throughout WebCrawler. In this way, the WebCrawler identity is maintained without having to create completely separate features.
WebCrawler has 15 channels: Arts & Books, Auto, Careers & Education, Computers & Internet, Entertainment, Games, Health & Fitness, Home & Family, Reference, News, Personal Finance, Relationships, People & Chat, Sports & Recreation and Travel.
In addition, users can use WebCrawler's My Page to have customized news stories, stock quotes, sports scores, weather forecasts and more.
"Through the introduction of community-building tools such as chat, instant messaging and email, WebCrawler paves the road for interaction among its users and connects them with a larger community of Excite.com and WebCrawler users," said Adam Hertz, general manager, WebCrawler.
New Search Engine Ratings Available
Those starved for good data on how the search engines compare against each other will be pleased to learn that two sources of information are now available.
Media Metrix has resumed its public posting of web site ratings. You can see where the search engines stand within the top ten of all web sites, along with interesting results from various categories, such as top travel sites. The latest results show that AltaVista has moved into the number five position formerly held by WebCrawler.
Newcomer RelevantKnowledge has released its first data, a top 20 chart of web sites, in terms of audience share. As with Media Metrix, Yahoo stands well above the rest. But Infoseek squeaks past Excite to be ranked number two. Infoseek is ranked number three with Media Metrix.
Two new pages within Search Engine Watch provide more details. The Media Metrix page has current results and a past trend chart. The RelevantKnowledge Page has current results, plus a comparison against Media Metrix. It's interesting to see how close both services ratings are, in terms of proportion.
Finally, a recent article from WebWeek provides some nice information on the latest battle to rate the web. Another good article from AdAge touches on some similar issues, with a particular focus on the need to publicly release data.
Media Metrix Search Engine Ratings
RelevantKnowledge Search Engine Ratings
The Battle To Be Web Ratings King
WebWeek, Sept. 15, 1997
Research firms respond to need for more data
AdAge, Sept. 8, 1997
Media Metrix July 97 Ratings
RelevantKnowledge Aug. 97 Ratings
RelevantKnowledge, Sept. 15, 1997
Infoseek Claims No. 2 Slot in Search Engine Competition
Media Central, Sept. 25, 1997
Lycos To Produce Microsoft Active Channel Guide
In September, Lycos was selected to produce Microsoft's Active Channel Guide. The guide is for Internet Explorer 4 users and designed to guide them toward sites delivering content via Microsoft's Channel Definition Format.
The agreement is for one-year, with Microsoft getting a fee plus a share of advertising revenues.
For those unfamiliar with CDF, it allows site producers to group a series of web pages into a "channel." IE4 users can subscribe to CDF-produced channels and have content delivered to them on a regular basis, as designated by the channel producer.
Search Engine Watch, for example, has a Search Engines Channel that delivers select pages from the site to channel subscribers on a weekly basis.
The move puts Lycos in competition with Excite, which was picked by PointCast in April to produce a similar directory of CDF-produced channels.
PointCast is tightly allied with Microsoft in the fight against Netscape to win the channel delivery format. PointCast channels are now produced using CDF, as opposed to Netscape's channel standard. So the guide Excite manages for PointCast provides similar content to what Lycos is compiling.
However, it can be expected that many more people will be using IE4 than PointCast's software, so Lycos stands to gain many more visitors to its guide.
It also puts Lycos in a new league of having an exclusive partnership with one of the two major browser vendors.
To date, only Yahoo and Excite have had such deals. Yahoo produces Netscape's US guide to the web, while Excite produces several international web guides for Netscape.
The move also has Microsoft mirroring Netscape's strategy of being exclusive in one arena but still playing the field in another. Despite Netscape's exclusive guide deals, positions on its important Net Search page are sold to various search engines. Net Search is the page that loads when users push Netscape search button.
Microsoft has a similar page for its browsers, and like Netscape, the Find It Fast page continues to promote several search engines.
When I talked with Lycos in September, before the new guide launched, they weren't able to reveal whether crawling was being used to build the IE4 guide.
Now that the guide is live, it was impossible to tell exactly how it is being compiled. Listings are browsable, and while there is also a search option, this failed every time I used it. Any search merely caused the home page to reload, and after about 10 minutes of clicking around, my system resources dropped to nil, forcing me to restart my machine.
In all, the guide still seems like it is under construction. And if I had to pin blame, it would be more on Microsoft than Lycos. The guide has all the usual Microsoft overkill that makes visiting its web site such a chore.
Nor is adding a site to the guide an easy matter. It's not enough to create a CDF file. Microsoft insists on requiring a dynamic HTML intro page.
In contrast, the Excite-Pointcast guide is a straightforward directory. There is no crawling that's taking place. Sites submit themselves for the guide and are added upon approval. Submission is easy, and I found my entry processed within a week.
Microsoft Active Channel Guide
Excite's PointCast Connections Directory
Lycos Press Release
Lycos, Sept. 9, 1997
Microsoft picks Lycos for channel guide
PC Week, Sept. 9, 1997
Microsoft Taps Lycos for Push Guide
Computer News Daily, Sept. 9. 1997
Patent Wars!
First, Lycos announced on Sept 2 that it will get a patent on spidering technology, causing analysts to speculate that Lycos might go after other search engines for royalties. Next, Infoseek announced on Sept. 8 that it already has a patent. Others search engines then said they have patents or patents pending.
The whole thing is likely a tempest in a teapot, as none of the search engines spider the web in exactly the same way. Whether one patent could be applied broadly against the rest seems unlikely.
For those who want to know more, an extended article about the topic can be found in Search Engine Watch from the link below. Also, later in the month, I expect to post an article specifically about the Infoseek patent, but much more focused on the way the technology may be applied to improve web searching.
Patent Wars!
Search Engine Report, Oct. 6, 1997
Infoseek Press Release
Infoseek, Sept. 8, 1997
Lycos Press Release
Lycos, Sept. 2, 1997
AltaVista Chief Resigns
Ilene Lang, who was head of Digital's AltaVista Internet Software division, left the company in early September. She apparently resigned soon after Digital decided in June against spinning off the division into its own company. The move is accompanied by stories quoting various analysts saying it Lang's resignation means AltaVista will be less prominent as a search service. AltaVista says not so, and that there a big plans ahead, including multimedia searching. In addition, AltaVista has supplanted WebCrawler in the Media Metrix ratings for the past two months, taking over the number 5 spot.
AltaVista Searches for an Identity
Wired, Sept.19. 1997
AltaVista searches for new market
News.com, Sept. 18, 1997
Lycos Goes To Belgium
Lycos launched a Belgium-edition of its service on Sept. 18. Lycos Belgium is available in French and Dutch.
Lycos Belgium
Lycos Press Release
Lycos, Sept. 18, 1997
Librarians Guide You Through Searching
I've never ceased to be amazed at how helpful reference librarians can be. They seem to know where everything is within a library. Faster than you can do a title search using the online card catalog, the librarians are pulling books they think will be of help.
It's no surprise that many reference librarians are extending outward and taking advantage of search engines to help patrons find what they are looking for. And beyond that, librarians aiming to teach you to use search engines better have created the two web sites below.
AskScott is a small but high-quality site designed to take you by the hand and point you toward the answers you are looking for. It's run by Scott Nicholson, a librarian at Texas Christian University. Nicholson prominently asks, "What Can I Help You To Find," then directs you along one of eight subject areas. There's also an orientation to searching the web and a more in-depth tutorial.
Search Engine Showdown is produced by writer and Montana State University Reference Librarian Greg R. Notess. In it, you'll find good content, ranging from organized comparison charts, reviews, strategies to searching and more. The site is updated on a regular basis.
Search Engine Showdown
WebCrawler Partners With Barnes & Noble
Along with its new channels, Excite-owned WebCrawler also announced a 2-year partnership with bookseller Barnes & Noble. This follows a recent partnership formed in July between Excite and Amazon, Barnes & Noble's chief competitor.
The move makes Excite the only major search services company to have agreements with both the leading online booksellers. It can do this because it operates two distinct brands. Excite's traffic far outweighs WebCrawler's, but WebCrawler remains a substantial and popular search engine.
Links to Barnes & Noble content will be integrated throughout WebCrawler this month and most prominently featured in the WebCrawler Arts & Books Channel. WebCrawler will share a portion of online book sales generated.
WebCrawler Arts & Books Channel
Excite to Market Barnes & Noble on WebCrawler
Computer News Daily, Sept. 15, 1997
Excite Travels Further
Excite and Preview Travel have expanded their previous partnership into 5-year deal to jointly produce an online travel service, it was announced Sept. 10.
Preview Travel is guaranteeing Excite $15 million of the course of the agreement for exclusivity and promotion within the Excite and Excite-owned WebCrawler. Both companies will share advertising and transaction revenue.
Excite, Preview Travel beef up deal
News.com, Sept. 10, 1997
Excite Gains $15M Travel Partner
WebWeek, Sept. 15, 1997
Snap Taps Infoseek
The much-awaited online service Snap from CNET launched in September, with searching services one of its main selling points. Some analysts have positioned Snap as going against Yahoo and Excite.
If so, Snap isn't offering anything new, at least in terms of search technology. Snap is tapping into Infoseek listings, while also using the custom crawl of topical sites that Infoseek already does for Cnet's search service, Search.com. Essentially, Snap presents Search.com with a different look and feel.
Will C/Net's New Online Service Snap?
TechWire, Sept. 19, 1997
New Search Newsgroup Established
People have often been surprised to discover there has been no Internet newsgroup devoted to the topic of searching the web. That sad situation has been rectified, with the approval on Sept. 11 of comp.infosystems.search.
The newsgroup is unmoderated. Its focus is on the discussion of search engine products and related search technology. Specifically, the charter says:
"Discussions should be about different aspects, ramifications, and use of search engines and associated technology. Topics could include setup and administration troubleshooting, indexing, search languages and syntax, search programming and techniques, as well as proper web or enterprise integration, deployment and performance.
This group is not meant for advertisements, or binaries although announcements of new products and reviews would be more than acceptable."
Previously, search-related discussions popped up throughout the other comp.infosystems groups. It is hoped that the newsgroup will help encourage good discussions by centralizing messages.
The group was not placed within the comp.infosystems.www groups, because it is about searching technology in general, not just specifically about searching the web.
Search Engine Articles
Alternatives to Hit Lists Include Ability to Fly Through Data
WebWeek, Sept. 15, 1997
A very enjoyable and interesting article on the challenges of guiding people toward what they want. Despite bells and whistles, there's a tendency to gravitate toward the search box.
Challenges Amid Yahoo's Hypergrowth
WebWeek, Sept. 15, 1997
Seventy servers. Lots of bandwidth. Tons of disk space. If you like hardware, read on to see what it takes to keep Yahoo running.
NET MONEY: Infoseek Shifts Focus, But Entrenched Competitors Await
WebWeek, Sept. 15,1997
A good look at the challenges ahead of Infoseek, now that its management team has been rebuilt and it is firmly aimed back at the consumer market.
Super Search Sites
FamilyPC, Sept. 97
A round up of all the major search sites, with ratings and tips, especially from a family use perspective. Of particular interest is a review of kid-oriented search engines and directories, with comments from the child reviewers: "I searched for Legos and found lots of radical things!" Yahoo and Excite took top scores, followed by Infoseek.
The Right Search Engine
Internet World, Sept. 97
Seek and Ye May Find
Kiplinger Online, Oct. 97
Kiplinger performed two searches, for a wine-related topic, and for a money-related topic, then used the results and other evaluations for a brief review of the search engines. Yahoo and Infoseek were top picks.
Web Sites Advertisers and Surfers Love
BusinessWeek, Oct. 97
Part of a special report on advertising, this table provides some nice numbers on page views and ad revenues.
In search of …..The Next Yahoo
Marketing Computers, Oct 97
A look, interesting look at Yahoo being the best-known brand on the Internet, and the challenges it faces to maintain that prestige.
End Notes
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text:
The four-color problem: assaults and conquest
McGraw-Hill International Book Co., 1977 - Mathematics - 217 pages
From inside the book
38 pages matching chromatic number in this book
Page 201
Page 213
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-3 of 38
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Historical Setting
Map Coloring
Solution of the FourColor Problem
7 other sections not shown
Other editions - View all
The Four-color Problem: Assaults and Conquest
Thomas L. Saaty,Paul C. Kainen
No preview available - 1986
Common terms and phrases
adjacent Appel and Haken argument assigned bipartite boundary bridgeless cubic c-colorable called chain group chromatic number chromatic polynomials chromials chromodendron cographic coloring of G complete graph components Conjecture C4 connected graph Corollary corresponding cubic graph cubic map D-reducible define denote directed graph disconnecting set disjoint dual dual graph edges of G embedding endpoints equivalent Euler's formula example Figure finite five-color following theorem four four-color conjecture four-color theorem four-coloring of G G contains G is planar graph G Graph Theory hamiltonian circuit hamiltonian graph Heawood Hence homeomorphic induced integer isomorphic Kempe chains Kempe residues Lemma Let G loop mathematical maximal planar graph minimum number neighbors number of colors number of edges number of vertices obtained pair partition plane problem Proof Let prove reducible configurations regions result subgraph of G subset surface sw(G Tait-coloring three-colored topological tree triangulation Tutte unavoidable set vertex of degree Whitney


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