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Myasthenia gravis (my-us-THEE-nee-uh GRAY-vis) is characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under your voluntary control.
Myasthenia gravis is caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles.
There is no cure for myasthenia gravis, but treatment can help relieve signs and symptoms, such as weakness of arm or leg muscles, double vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulties with speech, chewing, swallowing and breathing.
Though myasthenia gravis can affect people of any age, it's more common in women younger than 40 and in men older than 60.
Muscle weakness caused by myasthenia gravis worsens as the affected muscle is used repeatedly. Because symptoms usually improve with rest, your muscle weakness may come and go. However, myasthenia gravis symptoms tend to progress over time, usually reaching their worst within a few years after the onset of the disease.
Although myasthenia gravis can affect any of the muscles that you control voluntarily, certain muscle groups are more commonly affected than others.
Eye muscles
In more than half the people who develop myasthenia gravis, their first signs and symptoms involve eye problems, such as:
- Drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis).
- Double vision (diplopia), which may be horizontal or vertical, and improves or resolves when one eye is closed.
Face and throat muscles
In about 15 percent of people with myasthenia gravis, the first symptoms involve face and throat muscles, which can cause:
- Altered speaking. Your speech may sound very soft or nasal, depending upon which muscles have been affected.
- Difficulty swallowing. You may choke very easily, which makes it difficult to eat, drink or take pills. In some cases, liquids you're trying to swallow may come out your nose.
- Problems chewing. The muscles used for chewing may wear out halfway through a meal, particularly if you've been eating something hard to chew, such as steak.
- Limited facial expressions. Your family members may comment that you've "lost your smile" if the muscles that control your facial expressions have been affected.
Neck and limb muscles
Myasthenia gravis can cause weakness in your neck, arms and legs, but this usually happens along with muscle weakness in other parts of your body, such as your eyes, face or throat.
The disorder usually affects arms more often than legs. However, if it affects your legs, you may waddle when you walk. If your neck is weak, it may be hard to hold up your head.
When to see a doctor
Talk to your doctor if you have difficulty:
- Breathing
- Seeing
- Swallowing
- Chewing
- Walking
- Using your arms or hands
- Holding up your head
Your nerves communicate with your muscles by releasing chemicals (neurotransmitters) that fit precisely into receptor sites on the muscle cells at the nerve-muscular junction.
In myasthenia gravis, your immune system produces antibodies that block or destroy many of your muscles' receptor sites for a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (as-uh-teel-KOH-leen). With fewer receptor sites available, your muscles receive fewer nerve signals, resulting in weakness.
Antibodies may also block the function of a protein called a muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (TIE-roh-seen KIE-nays). This protein is involved in forming the nerve-muscular junction. When antibodies block the function of this protein, it may lead to myasthenia gravis. Research continues to study how the antibodies inhibiting this protein are related to the development of myasthenia gravis.
Thymus gland
Researchers believe that the thymus gland, a part of your immune system situated in the upper chest beneath your breastbone, may trigger or maintain the production of the antibodies that block acetylcholine.
Large in infancy, the thymus is small in healthy adults. In some adults with myasthenia gravis, however, the thymus is abnormally large. Some people with myasthenia gravis also have tumors of the thymus (thymomas). Usually, thymomas aren't cancerous (malignant).
Other causes
Some people may have myasthenia gravis that isn't caused by antibodies blocking acetylcholine or the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase. This type of myasthenia gravis is called antibody-negative myasthenia gravis. Antibodies against another protein, called lipoprotein-related protein 4, may play a part in the development of this condition.
Genetic factors also may be associated with myasthenia gravis.
Rarely, mothers with myasthenia gravis have children who are born with myasthenia gravis (neonatal myasthenia gravis). If treated promptly, children generally recover within two months after birth.
Some children are born with a rare, hereditary form of myasthenia, called congenital myasthenic syndrome.
Factors that can worsen myasthenia gravis
- Fatigue
- Illness
- Stress
- Some medications — such as beta blockers, quinidine gluconate, quinidine sulfate, quinine (Qualaquin), phenytoin (Dilantin), certain anesthetics and some antibiotics
Complications of myasthenia gravis are treatable, but some can be life-threatening.
Myasthenic crisis
Myasthenic crisis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the muscles that control breathing become too weak to do their jobs. Emergency treatment is needed to provide mechanical assistance with breathing. Medications and blood-filtering therapies help people to again breathe on their own.
Thymus tumors
About 15 percent of people with myasthenia gravis have a tumor in their thymus, a gland under the breastbone that is involved with the immune system. Most of these tumors, called thymomas, aren't cancerous (malignant).
Other disorders
People with myasthenia gravis are more likely to have the following conditions:
- Underactive or overactive thyroid. The thyroid gland, which is in the neck, secretes hormones that regulate your metabolism. If your thyroid is underactive, you may have difficulties dealing with cold, weight gain and other issues. An overactive thyroid can cause difficulties dealing with heat, weight loss and other issues.
- Autoimmune conditions. People with myasthenia gravis may be more likely to have autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
To diagnose your condition, your doctor will review your symptoms and your medical history and conduct a physical examination. Your doctor may conduct several tests, including:
Neurological examination
Your doctor may check your neurological health by testing your:
- Reflexes
- Muscle strength
- Muscle tone
- Senses of touch and sight
- Coordination
- Balance
The key sign that points to the possibility of myasthenia gravis is muscle weakness that improves with rest. Tests to help confirm the diagnosis may include:
Edrophonium test
Injection of the chemical edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) may result in a sudden, although temporary, improvement in your muscle strength. This is an indication that you may have myasthenia gravis.
Edrophonium chloride blocks an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, the chemical that transmits signals from your nerve endings to your muscle receptor sites.
Ice pack test
If you have a droopy eyelid, your doctor may conduct an ice pack test. In this test, a doctor places a bag filled with ice on your eyelid. After two minutes, your doctor removes the bag and analyzes your droopy eyelid for signs of improvement. Doctors may conduct this test instead of the edrophonium test.
Blood analysis
A blood test may reveal the presence of abnormal antibodies that disrupt the receptor sites where nerve impulses signal your muscles to move.
Repetitive nerve stimulation
In this nerve conduction study, doctors attach electrodes to your skin over the muscles to be tested. Doctors send small pulses of electricity through the electrodes to measure the nerve's ability to send a signal to your muscle.
To diagnose myasthenia gravis, doctors will test the nerve many times to see if its ability to send signals worsens with fatigue.
Single-fiber electromyography (EMG)
Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity traveling between your brain and your muscle. It involves inserting a fine wire electrode through your skin and into a muscle to test a single muscle fiber.
Imaging scans
Your doctor may order a CT scan or an MRI to check if there's a tumor or other abnormality in your thymus.
Pulmonary function tests
Your doctor may perform pulmonary function tests to evaluate whether your condition is affecting your breathing.
Doctors use a variety of treatments, alone or in combination, to relieve symptoms of myasthenia gravis.
Cholinesterase inhibitors. Medications such as pyridostigmine (Mestinon) enhance communication between nerves and muscles. These medications don't cure the underlying condition, but they may improve muscle contraction and muscle strength.
Possible side effects may include gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and excessive salivation and sweating.
Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids such as prednisone inhibit the immune system, limiting antibody production.
Prolonged use of corticosteroids, however, can lead to serious side effects, such as bone thinning, weight gain, diabetes and increased risk of some infections.
Immunosuppressants. Your doctor may also prescribe other medications that alter your immune system, such as azathioprine (Imuran), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral), methotrexate (Trexall) or tacrolimus (Prograf).
Side effects of immunosuppressants can be serious and may include nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal upset, increased risk of infection, liver damage and kidney damage.
Intravenous therapy
Plasmapheresis (plaz-muh-fuh-REE-sis). This procedure uses a filtering process similar to dialysis. Your blood is routed through a machine that removes the antibodies that block transmission of signals from your nerve endings to your muscles' receptor sites. However, the beneficial effects usually last only a few weeks.
After repeated treatments, it may be difficult for doctors to gain access to your vein. They may need to implant a long, flexible tube (catheter) into your chest to conduct the procedure.
Other risks associated with plasmapheresis include a drop in blood pressure, bleeding, heart rhythm problems or muscle cramps. Some people may also develop an allergic reaction to the solutions used to replace the plasma.
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). This therapy provides your body with normal antibodies, which alters your immune system response.
IVIg has a lower risk of side effects than do plasmapheresis and immune-suppressing therapy. However, it may take about a week to start working, and the benefits usually last no more than three to six weeks.
Side effects, which usually are mild, may include chills, dizziness, headaches and fluid retention.
Monoclonal antibody. Rituximab (Rituxan) is an intravenous medication that is used in some cases of myasthenia gravis. This drug depletes certain white blood cells, altering the immune system and improving myasthenia gravis.
Rituximab is usually given in infusions at an infusion center or done in a hospital on an outpatient basis. Repeat infusions are often done over a few weeks. Occasionally the infusions are repeated months later.
About 15 percent of the people with myasthenia gravis have a tumor in their thymus gland, a gland under the breastbone that is involved with the immune system. If you have a tumor, called a thymoma, doctors will conduct surgery to remove your thymus gland (thymectomy).
If you don't have a tumor in the thymus gland, surgery to remove the thymus gland may improve your myasthenia gravis symptoms. It may eliminate your symptoms, and you may be able to stop taking medications for your condition. However, you may not notice the benefits of a thymectomy for several years, if at all.
A thymectomy may be performed as an open surgery or as a minimally invasive surgery.
In an open surgery, your surgeon splits the central breast bone (sternum) to open your chest and remove your thymus gland.
Surgeons may perform minimally invasive surgery to remove the thymus gland, which uses smaller incisions. Minimally invasive thymectomy may include:
Video-assisted thymectomy. In one form of this surgery, surgeons make a small incision in your neck and use a long thin camera (video endoscope) and small instruments to visualize and remove the thymus gland through your neck.
Alternatively, surgeons may make a few small incisions in the side of your chest. Doctors use a video scope and small instruments to conduct the procedure and remove the thymus gland through these incisions.
- Robot-assisted thymectomy. In a robot-assisted thymectomy, surgeons make several small incisions in the side of your chest. Surgeons conduct the procedure to remove the thymus gland using a robotic system, which includes a camera arm and mechanical arms.
Benefits of these procedures may include less blood loss, less pain, lower mortality rates and shorter hospital stays compared with open surgery.
Your doctor will determine which treatment may be most appropriate for you based on several factors, including:
- Your age
- Severity of your condition
- Location of muscles affected
- Other existing medical conditions
Supplementing your medical care with these approaches may help you make the most of your energy and cope with the symptoms of myasthenia gravis:
- Adjust your eating routine. Try to eat when you have good muscle strength. Take your time chewing your food, and take a break between bites of food. Small meals eaten several times a day may be easier to handle. Also, try eating mainly soft foods and avoid foods that require more chewing, such as raw fruits or vegetables.
- Use safety precautions at home. Install grab bars or railings in places where you may need support, such as next to the bathtub or next to steps. Keep your floors clean, and move any loose rugs out of areas where you may walk. Outside your home, keep paths, sidewalks and driveways cleared of leaves, snow and other potential debris that could cause you to stumble.
- Use electric appliances and power tools. You may lose energy quickly when conducting tasks. Try using an electric toothbrush, electric can openers and other electrical tools to perform tasks when possible.
- Wear an eye patch. Consider wearing an eye patch if you have double vision, as this can help relieve the problem. Try wearing the eye patch while you write, read or watch television. Periodically switch the eye patch to the other eye to help reduce eyestrain.
- Plan. If you have chores, shopping or errands to do, plan the activity to coincide with the time at which you have the most energy. Also, try to reduce extra walking in your house when working on projects, as it may reduce your energy.
For people with myasthenia gravis and their family members, coping with the disease may be difficult.
If you have myasthenia gravis, find ways to relax. Stress may worsen your condition.
Also, ask for help with tasks if you need it. Your family and friends may be able to assist you with tasks that are difficult.
If you're a family member of someone with myasthenia gravis, try to be understanding of your loved one's emotions as he or she adjusts to the condition. Read about myasthenia gravis and learn about what your family member is experiencing.
You and your family members may benefit from participating in a support group. A support group may offer a place for you to meet people who understand what you and your family members are going through.
You're likely to start by first seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. You'll likely be referred to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions (neurologist) for further evaluation.
Because there's often a lot to talk about at your appointment, it's a good idea to be well-prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
What you can do
To make the most of your appointment, take steps to prepare yourself, including:
- Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
- Bring a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements that you're taking.
- Write down questions to ask your doctor.
Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions ahead of time will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For myasthenia gravis, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
- What is likely causing my symptoms?
- Other than the most likely cause, what are other possible causes for my symptoms?
- What kinds of tests do I need?
- What is the most appropriate course of action?
- What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?
- I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
- Are there any restrictions that I need to follow?
- Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend visiting?
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don't understand something.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over any points you want to spend more time on. Your doctor may ask:
- When did you first begin experiencing symptoms?
- Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?
- How severe are your symptoms?
- What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?
- What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?


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How well do you know the Code? Think you can spot violations the original installer either ignored or couldn't identify? Here's your chance to moonlight as an electrical inspector and second-guess someone else's work from the safety of your living room or office. Joe Tedesco, who has a knack for finding shoddy electrical work, did the dirty work and found this mess. Now it's your turn to identify the violation.
Find the Answer
Ron LaRosa, president of R&L Maintenance, Inc., in Oak Park, Ill., made reference to these three Code sections when citing violations for this installation.
"110.11 — Equipment cannot be installed in an environment that will have a deteriorating effect.
"110.27 — It appears this disconnect does not have a door interlock, which would prevent you from opening it with the switch in the closed position, and coming into contact with live parts.
"300.6 — Electrical equipment and materials must be protected against corrosion."
Charles L. Rogers Sr., SSA Regional Engineering / Smith Group, Social Security Administration — Region 4, Atlanta, offered these comments. "No lockout means; I question the 3-phase circuit to single-phase equipment; the conductors are routed through restricted space; electrical continuity is in jeopardy because of rust; phase conductors may not be properly identified; and equipment is failing because of corrosion."
Tony Helms of the BCF Group, El Cajon, Calif., added these comments. "Bad connections at terminations. The un-switched white conductor is unused. Equipment grounding is questionable because of rusted out dirty switch enclosure, and it is corroded too!"

subset: commoncrawl


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Jumia Online Shopping Domino Smartwatch Phone 2.2 Inch Android 4.4 3G 4GB ROM Camera Bluetooth-BLACK + BLACK Buy code
Buy Mobile Phones, Fashion, Electronics, Appliances & more on Jumia Be in the loop this year with new products and offers from Jumia. Brand your home with various electronics and home and office appliances from Binatone, Panasonic, Samsung, Toshiba, Sony, and LG. Get all the latest gadgets and devices for school projects from brands like HP, IMose, Lenovo , Samsung and Apple with no hassles as you enjoy fast delivery service even to your institution.


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Singer Jason Derulo and his girlfriend Jordin Sparks have sealed their love with matching tattoos.
The singer has been dating the "American Idol" winner since early last year, and they were recently rumored to be engaged after Derulo pretended to propose to Sparks in his "Marry Me" video.
He has now revealed they have made their love permanent with matching tattoo tributes.
Derulo tells British newspaper the Daily Star, "On my right elbow there's a 'more than' sign and 'yesterday' which is a matching tattoo which Jordin and I both got. It means 'I'll love you more than yesterday' and we always strive to be more than yesterday."
The importance of the inkings is echoed in the title of his latest album, "Tattoo," with Derulo saying, "It is called 'Tattoo' because… body art… stays with us for the rest of our lives. Our life experiences help create how beautiful a person is – the same as body art. My parents aren't so keen though – my dad tells me off even more than my mom does."


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COLUMN: June's the month of bridal gifts
Canastota Corner
By Carol Weimer
It is June, the month for brides. Yes, there are still those who get married and God bless them.
It's a busy month with graduations from colleges, schools and academies. Just take a look at any newspaper and you will see announcements with photos of the bride alone or the bride and groom. And isn't it wonderful when you see both of the newlyweds? It is never too late to put your announcement in the paper. If you pay any attention sometimes the announcement might be a year old, but at least they got it all together and finally got it to the newspaper. It's nice to have it to put in your photo or bridal album for your children to read someday or even grandchildren.
Gift-giving raises a host of issues.
First you receive an invitation to a bridal shower. Second you wonder and worry about what would make a unique, lovely gift instead of being the person who takes a cop-out and gives an envelope with money or gift certificate in it. That's nice especially with the popular registrations that the couple make at certain stores for what they need for their nuptials. This is so popular these days and if you can't purchase that certain item then you can give the certificate for them to purchase it themselves maybe in another store that happens to have the item. Sometimes that even makes it more important in knowing who helped you purchase that item.
Or perhaps you talk with friends of the couple and learn of something that they would like that isn't on the registration gift list. A beautiful card is on the list along with wrapping paper and ribbon or the now popular gift bags that make it so much easier to make a gift beautifully made up and set with all the other gifts at the reception.
Emily Post at one time insisted that gifts had to be delivered to the bride-elect before the wedding according to protocol. Times have changed all of that and folks usually take a gift to the reception especially if they are attending it. Delivering it or mailing it prior to the vows can be expensive if you live 200-plus miles away.
If it is delivered before the wedding you mailed it perhaps, you are proud of yourself for getting what you think is a GREAT gift and think of what the reaction will be when it reaches its destination.
We recently sat in on a bridal shower when the bride-to-be opened her gifts and there is the opportunity to see the reaction of opening such beautiful gifts all wrapped and tied with gorgeous bows. It's such a shame to have all of those wrappings go into a trash bag and the landfill. Such beautiful gifts and the bride thanking all those who gave them at the end of the unwrapping session.
A relative of the bride also watching the opening of the gifts remarked about the opening of the wedding gifts by the bride and groom. She mentioned that she didn't expect them to take time from their busy lives to write her a thank-you for her present. She would understand because it happens now that no one seems to write thank you notes and it's high praised and received if she does.
The bride's mother spoke up, "Oh, yes she does. After all the time you spend deciding and shopping and wrapping and delivering, she can take a few minutes to write you a note." Mother had spoken.
In this case Mother did see to it that everyone received a "thank you." But, there are so many times you hear those who have sent gifts, not always wedding, but birthday, Christmas, Easter and other numerous occasions when the donor never does find out if his/her gift was received and if they liked it, it fit properly and was appreciated. The new computer, Facebook would at least answer those questions even though a handwritten note is the correct way to do this.


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Key Specs
2376 sq/ft
3 Bedrooms
2 Baths
2 Stories
2 Garages
Plan Description
This plan can be customized!
Tell us about your desired changes so we can prepare an estimate for the design service. Click the button to submit your request for pricing, or call 1-800-913-2350 for assistance.
Floor PlansFloor Plan - Main Floor Plan
Full Specs & Features
Basic Features
Exterior Wall Framing
Bedroom Features
Additional Room Features
Outdoor Spaces
What's included in this plan setSee a sample plan set
Sater Design Collection charges $50.00 to review plan changes and prepare an estimate for your modifications. This fee can be applied to your plan purchase once you move forward with the modifications. Please call if you would like to order a Plan Modification quote from the Sater Design Collection. Some of Sater Design Collection's ready-made house plans are not for sale in Lee and Collier Counties of Florida. Please give us a call if you are building in one of these counties.
Cover Sheet, Index & Site Plan: The cover sheet features an elevation of the exterior of the house that shows approximately how the home will look when built. The index lists the order of the drawings included, with page numbers for easy reference. The site plan is a scaled footprint of the house to help determine how the home will be placed on the building site. Wall Sections & Notes: This section shows section cuts of the exterior wall from the roof down through the foundation. These wall sections specify the home's construction and building materials. They also show the number of stories, type of foundation and the construction of the walls. Roofing materials, insulation, floor framing, wall finishes and elevation heights are all shown and referenced. Typical Details & Notes: This section addresses all the facets and typical details you will want to include in your home, with the exception of local building code requirements. Architectural and structural elements are detailed, including: window and door components, railings, balusters, wood stairs and headers, interior walls, interior partitions, concrete steps and footings (if applicable). Foundation layout Plan: This sheet provides a fully dimensioned and noted foundation layout, including references to footings, pads, and support walls. For plans with a basement, additional walls and columns may be shown. Basement plans come with a floor framing layout which may be included in this section or the floor framing section, depending on the plan. *Actual structural information should be obtained by a locally licensed engineer for your specific site location. Detailed Floor Plan: This section provides detailed floor plan drawings and descriptions of all the elements that will be included on each floor of the home. The home's exterior footprint, openings and interior rooms are carefully dimensioned. Important features are noted including built-ins, niches and appliances. All doors and windows are identified. Typically this section also includes the square footage information. Reflected Ceiling Plan: One of Sater home's most distinguishable features is the highly detailed ceiling treatments. This section shows ceiling heights and treatments. It also shows the details, profiles and finishes of the ceiling treatments. Arches and soffits are also specified in this section. Floor Framing Plans: Homes with a basement or crawl space will have a floor framing plan for the first floor. Multi-story homes will have floor framing plans for upper floors as well. The floor framing plans provide structural information such as the joist location, spacing and direction, as well as the floor heights and stair openings. Roof Layout: The overall layout and necessary details for roof design are provided in this section. If trusses are used, we suggest using a local truss manufacturer to design your roof trusses to comply with your local codes and regulations. Exterior Elevations: Exterior elevations are drawings that show how the finished home will approximately look. In this section, elevations of the front, rear and left and right sides of the home are shown. Exterior materials, details and heights are noted on these drawings. Building Section & Details: This section will illustrate the important changes in the floor, ceiling and roof heights or the relationship of different floors to one another. Interior elements of rooms and areas, such as columns, arches, headers and soffits, are also discernible and easier to visualize in a cross section. Interior Elevations: These interior elevations show the specific details and design of the kitchen, bathrooms, utility rooms, fireplaces, bookcases, built-in units and other special interior features. The interior elevations vary based on the complexity of the home. Electrical Plan: This section shows an electrical plan that will enhance functionality and highlight the unique architectural features of the home.*See important information before purchasing
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|Reproducible Set
|For inexpensive local printing / making minor adjustments by hand. 1 printed set, typically on Bond paper.
Foundation Options
|Island Basement
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*Options with a fee may take time to prepare. Please call to confirm.
Additional Options
|Additional Copies
|Additional hard copies of the plan (can be ordered at the time of purchase and within 90 days of the purchase date).
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Meet the Designer - Sater Design Collection
We give the same attention to detail in the pre-drawn house plans we sell, that we give to our custom, luxury home designs. I meticulously think through every aspect in creating these unique home designs, as if I was designing it for myself and my family.
Sater Design Collection was established in 1994. It was created by Dan F. Sater II, FAIBD/CPBD/CGP, as an evolution from his award-winning custom home design business, The Sater Group, established in 1984. In an effort to combine custom quality designs with more affordable pre-drawn house plans, Sater Design Collection has become one of the country's most recognized residential design firms specializing in luxury home plan designs. Sater Design Collection has been selling pre-drawn house plans online since 1996. We are located in Bonita Springs, which is in Southwest Florida. Our online presence has allowed us to service customers from all over the country, as well as internationally.
Dan Sater II is the President and CEO of The Sater Companies. With over 35 years of experience, he is a Certified Professional Building Designer, Certified Green Professional, an active member and a past national president of the American Institute of Building Design, and a professional member of the Institute of Classical Architecture. His ability to create home designs with open flowing interiors that interact with expansive outdoor spaces is unmatched. In fact, Sater designs have earned over 450 design awards. Dan Sater's tireless dedication to craft homes that reflect his unique sense of casual elegance has earned international acclaim.
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text:
This project is incomplete.
TUC52 is the TAPR Universal Controller based on Intels 8052
family processor.
(TUC-52 (right) connected to the METCON-2 and option boards)
Project Overview
This board is to serve as a universal controller based on the 8051/8052 architecture. The constraints are to have a board that is capable of operating with internal masked rom or external EPROM, and that the memory map provide both Harvard (separate code and data) or Von Neuman (combined code and data) addressing modes. RAM sites are provided such that up to 64K of RAM can be addressed on the board and both RAM sites may be battery backed up. There are several pre-programmed memory maps that the user can choose by placing shunts on shorting blocks. One particular memory map will allow the operation of INTEL's MCS BASIC-52, a stand alone "tiny basic" system that includes floating point calculations and a rudimentary file system for storing and retreiving basic programs as well as the ability to begin executing a user developed preprogrammed basic program at reset, without any operator intervention.
Plenty of bit I/O has been provided for so that bus signals do not need to leave the board. However provision is made for a limited bus to be conveyed to another close-by board.
CPU and Associated Glue
IC1 is the CPU socket that holds most any member of the 8052 family that uses a 40 pin DIP package, including the Dallas DS80C320. IC1 typically is stuffed with an 80C32 (the rom-less version of the 80C52). Y1 provides a standard clock frequency of 11.0592 MHz that allows for common baud rates on the serial UART port. C14, a variable capacitor, is provided for in the board layout but it's not expected that the component will be provided for the user.
H1 selects the source of the UART input. A shunt across pins 1 & 2 of H1 will cause the input for IC1 pin 10 to be taken from an on-board "poor man's" RS-232 receiver. A shunt across pins 2 & 3 of H1 will cause the input for IC1 pin 10 to be taken from an off-board source provided through the PORT BLOCK.
H2 is used to tell the CPU to execute code from it's internal masked program memory or to get code from an external EPROM. A shunt across pins 1 and 2 of H2 will cause code to be executed from internal masked ROM of IC2. A shunt across pins 2 and 3 of H2 will cause code to be executed from external memory.
R12 and R13 are used to pull up P17 and P16 respectively so that these I/O leads can be used to communicate with I2C (pronounced EYE SQUARED SEE) protocol components (i.e, IC15 and IC16).
Part of SIP resistor RS2 is used to pull up INT1*, INT0*, T1 and T0 to ensure that these signals can be brought out to the outside world in an RF environment and not be likely to be inadvertently pulled low. It's understood that these ports already have an internal weak pull-up but the additional current source provided by RS2 is a form of insurance.
IC2 provides for the logical low ORing of the RD- and PSEN- signals to form the buffered PSRD* signal. Additionally IC2 provides buffering for the PSEN*, WR* and RD* signals. R14 is included to ensure that the WR- lead is pulled high during the time when the power is on but the reset signal is active. During the reset period WR- is tri-stated and its state is unknown. If it goes low it will send a write signal to any enabled RAMs. The pull-up is added to ensure it doesn't wander low during resets.
IC3 provide an address latch to capture and buffer the lower order address signals from the data bus. SIP resistor RS1 is used to pull up the open drain data bus.
Memory Sites
TUC52 provides for up to three memory sites.
IC4 is for an EPROM of either the 27c256 (32K) or 27c512 (64k) type. The amount of EPROM actually available is determined by the PAL address selector.
H3 selects the signal for pin 1 of the EPROM, IC4. A shunt across pins 1 & 2 of H3 will cause IC4 pin 1 to be at +5 volts. This is needed when a 27C256 is installed in this socket. A shunt across pins 2 & 3 of H3 will cause IC4 pin 1 to be connected to A15. This is needed when a 27C512 is installed in this socket.
H4 selects the signal for IC4 pin 22, the output enable for the EPROM. A shunt across pins 1 & 2 of H4 will cause IC4 pin 22 to be connected to PSEN*. When in this position the EPROM will only be in the code space and not the data space of the memory map. A shunt across pins 2 & 3 of H4 will cause IC4 pin 22 to be connected to PSRD*. When in this position the EPROM will be in both the code and data space of the memory map.
IC5 is for a 32K RAM chip. The amount of RAM actually available is determined by the PAL address selector. The RAM is connected to the +5BB net for power so that it can retain memory data (if the user has installed a battery on TUC52). H5 selects the signal source for IC5 pin 22, the output enable for the RAM. A shunt across pins 1 and 2 of H5 will cause IC5 pin 22 to be connected to RD*. When in this position the RAM will only be in the data space and not the code space of the memory map. A shunt across pins 3 and 4 of H5 will cause IC5 pin 22 to be connected to PSRD*. When in this position the RAM will be in both the code and data space of the memory map. A shunt across pins 5 and 6 of H5 will cause IC5 pin 22 to be connected to PSEN*. When in this position the RAM will be in only the code space and not the data space of the memory map.
IC7 provides control of the chip select input to the RAM. When the system is under normal power conditions PF* is high and switch IC7A is closed while PF is low and switch IC7B is open, thus connecting the RAM chip-select pin to YCE*, the chip-select generated by the PAL. When normal power has been removed, PF* is low and switch IC7A is open while PF is high and switch IC7B is closed, thus connecting the RAM chip-select pin to +5BB and disabling the chip. IC7 is powered by the +5BB net and not the +5 net.
IC6 is a dual mode site (socket) that can accommodate either a 32K RAM chip or a 27C256 EPROM chip. With standard PAL programing, this part is in the address space from 8000H to EFFFH.
H6 selects the signal for pin 1 of the socket for IC6. A shunt across pins 1 and 2 of H6 will cause IC6 pin 1 to be connected to A14. This is needed when a RAM chip is installed in this socket. A shunt across pins 2 and 3 of H6 will cause IC6 pin 1 to be connected to the +5 net. This is needed when a 27C256 is installed in this socket.
H7 selects the signal for pin 27 of the socket for IC6. A shunt across pins 1 and 2 of H7 will cause IC7 pin 27 to be connected to WR*. This is needed when a RAM chip is installed in this socket. A shunt across pins 2 and 3 of H7 will cause IC7 pin 27 to be connected to A14. This is needed when a 27C256 is installed in this socket.
H8 selects the signal for pin 22, the output enable for the chip installed at IC6. A shunt across pins 1 and 2 of H8 will cause IC6 pin 22 to be connected to PSRD*. When in this position the chip will be in both the code and data space of the memory map. A shunt across pins 2 and 3 of H8 will cause IC6 pin 22 to be connected to RD*. When in this position the chip will only be in the data space and not the code space of the memory map.
H9 selects the signal for pin 20, the chip-select for IC6. A shunt across pins 1 and 2 of H9 will cause IC6 pin 20 to be connected directly to the PAL chip-select ZCE*. This is used when an EPROM chip is installed in this socket. It may also be used for a RAM chip that is not battery backed up. A shunt across pins 2 and 3 of H9 will cause IC6 pin 20 to be connected to the analog switches IC7C and IC7D, for control of the chip-select. This may be used when a RAM chip is installed in this socket.
H10 selects the source for power for the device in the socket at IC6. A shunt across pins 1 and 2 of H10 will cause IC6 pin 28 to be connected to the +5 net. This is used when an EPROM chip is installed in this socket or when a RAM that is not to be battery backed up is to be used in this socket. A shunt across pins 2 and 3 of H10 will cause IC6 pin 28 to be connected to the +5BB net. This is used only when a RAM chip is installed in this socket and the RAM is to be battery backed up.
Note also that the position of shunts on H9 and H10 must track each other for proper operation. If a shunt is installed across pins 1 & 2 of H9 then a shunt must be installed across pins 1 & 2 of H10 and then either a EPROM or RAM may be used as IC6 (but the RAM will not be battery backed up). The converse is also true. If a shunt is installed across pins 2 & 3 of H9 then a shunt must be installed across pins 2 & 3 of H10 and then only a RAM may be used as IC6.
Many different memory installations are possible with TUC52. At the bare minimum (and really never expected to operate this way) it's possible that TUC52 could operate with only internal code and data within the 8051/8052, leaving IC4, IC5 and IC6 unpopulated. More likely is that IC4 will contain an EPROM with code and that the 256 bytes of RAM internal to an 8032 will be used for read/write storage. Most simple applications can run in this mode.
Moving up the scale of complexity, the next embellishement would be to have a RAM device at IC6. In this configuration IC4 could be mapped for code space from 0H to 7FFFH while IC6 could be mapped for code AND data from 8000H to EFFFH.
When TUC52 is used for MCS BASIC-52 program development a RAM device would be added at IC5 which would be configured for data space from 0 to 7FFFH. In this case IC5 serves as working program memory while IC6 serves as the file system for storing programs and data. When TUC52 is used as a stand-alone mountain-top MCS BASIC-52 program execution system, IC6 will hold a ROM that contains the user's BASIC source code program. A ROM is used in this case instead of BBRAM because it's more reliable.
PAL Chip-Selects
An 18CV8 PAL is used at IC11 to generate chip-selects for the different devices used on TUC52. The actual memory mapping is determined by the programming of the PAL. The user selects a particular pre-programmed memory map by placing shunts on H13.
In general, XCE* (active low) selects the EPROM at IC4, YCE* (active low) selects the RAM at IC5 and ZCE* (active low) selects the RAM/ROM at IC6.
IOA* is an I/O select line (active low) that's determined by address leads from the processor. It drives one half of IC9 for I/O device selection. IOB* is an I/O select line (active low) whose state is also determined by the address signals. Additionally, IOB* can also be configured to qualify its signal with RD* or WR* being active (low). This qualication may be needed for dumb ports (like 74hc374). The IOA* and IOB* signals are always inactive (high) when PSEN* is active (low).
TABLE 1 -- ADDRESS SELECTION Shunts A and B determine main memory mapping. SHUNTS ADDRESS-WHEN-SIGNAL-IS-ACTIVE B A IC4 (XCE*) IC5 (YCE*) IC6 (ZCE*) ==== ==== ========== ========== ========== open open 0000-7FFF 0000-7FFF 8000-EFFF open shnt 0000-1FFF 2000-7FFF 8000-EFFF shnt open 0000-3FFF 4000-7FFF 8000-EFFF shnt shnt 0000-FFFF 0000-7FFF 8000-EFFF Shunt C determines I/O space mapping. SHUNT BUS-CNTL-SIGS ADDRESS-WHEN-ACTIVE C PSEN* RD* WR* IOA* IOB* ==== ===== === === ========= ========= shnt 1 x x F800-FBFF FC00-FFFF open 1 0 0 F800-FBFF FC00-FFFF ***** open 1 0 1 F800-FBFF FC00-FFFF open 1 1 0 F800-FBFF FC00-FFFF open 1 1 1 F800-FBFF no select **** RD* and WR* should never be low at same time -- this state is shown for completeness of PAL programming. Shunt D currently has no effect on the PAL.
There are two main types of I/O for TUC52: processor I/O and memory mapped auxilary I/O. Processor I/O is I/O provided by the processor IC itself while auxilary I/O is that provided by memory mapped 82c55 parallel ports. First consider processor I/O.
There are two processor I/O ports available: P1 and P3 of 8 bits each. The P1 port usually provides general purpose bit I/O while P3 has special features associated with each lead. However, the special features of P3 can always be disabled and the ports used for simple bit input/output I/O. For advanced processors (like the Dallas DS80C320) even the P1 port has special features associated with it.
The features of P3 are always as follows (in addition to general purpose bit I/O):
P3.0 RXD UART Data Input P3.1 TXD UART Data Output P3.2 INT0* Interrupt 0 Input P3.3 INT1* Interrupt 1 Input P3.4 T0 Timer 0 Input P3.5 T1 Timer 1 Input P3.6 WR* Bus Write (not available for bit I/O) P3.7 RD* Bus Read (not available for bit I/O)For 80C31 devices port P1 provides only bit I/O, without special features. For 80C32 devices port P1 can provide the following special features (in addition to general purpose bit I/O).
P1.0 T2 Timer 2, External Count Input P1.1 T2EX Timer 2, Capture/Reload Trigger InputSome Philips parts also allow each of the P1 ports to serve as an independent interrupt signal.
For the Dallas DS80C320 device, port P1 can also provide the following special features (in addition to general purpose bit I/O).
P1.0 T2 Timer 2, External Count Input P1.1 T2EX Timer 2, Capture/Reload Trigger Input P1.2 RXDX Second UART Data Input P1.3 TXDX Second UART Data Output P1.4 INT2 Active high interrupt P1.5 INT3* Active low interrupt P1.6 INT4 Active high interrupt P1.7 INT5* Active low interruptAuxilary I/O is that provided by up to two 82c55 parallel ports. The first 82c55 is IC13 which has non-inverting high voltage open collector drivers connected to port A. These drivers can easily be omitted by simply replacing the driver IC with a "straight across" jumper block. Pull-up resistors, formed by RS3, are provided for port B. These too can be omitted for applications that don't need them (or don't want them). Ports A, B and C of IC13 are brought out to the PORT BLOCK for connection to another board for specific interfacing requirements.
The second 82c55 (IC15) ports are connected directly to the BUS BLOCK without any other embellishments.
Connector Blocks
There are three major connector blocks: the PORT BLOCK, BUS BLOCK and POWER BLOCK. There is one minor block: the AUX BLOCK. Only the PORT block is expected to have a connector installed on the standard TUC52 board. All other blocks are expected to be unpopulated.
The PORT BLOCK is the block that's expected to be used in almost all applications. Additional blocks will usually be unnecessary. The PORT BLOCK conveys nets for P1 and P3 from the processor as well as the three ports from the primary 82c55 (A=P4, B=P5 and C=P6). Essential power and control signals also pass through the PORT BLOCK. The only area for concern is the voltage drop on the GND, +5 and +V nets through the PORT BLOCK interconnections. If this drop is considered to be excessive then the POWER BLOCK should be used as well.
The BUS BLOCK is not expected to be used often but it is available for those applications that need its circuits. The BUS BLOCK conveys nets for the three ports from the secondary 82c55 (A=P7, B=P8 and C=P9) as well as the data bus (Dn), the low nibble of the address bus (An), the I/O chip-selects, WRITE, READ and RESET as well as additional GROUND connections.
The POWER BLOCK is used to provide a low voltage drop connection between TUC52, any interface board(s) and the external power source. At this point it's not clear if this block would always need to be used since its circuits are redundant with those provided by the PORT BLOCK. The only reason for the user to make use of the POWER BLOCK is if there is an excessive voltage drop in the +5 and/or ground nets through the PORT BLOCK.
The AUX BLOCK is not expected to be used often but it is available for those applications that need its circuits. The AUX BLOCK is a subset of the PORT BLOCK and serves as a low cost alternative for applications that don't need the 50 pin connector and cable of the PORT BLOCK.
Power Control
The power control system is the heart of the battery backup system for the RAM devices and the time of day clock (if provided). It also includes the system reset circuitry.
Unregulated power is applied to the +V net either from the interface board through the PORT BLOCK or through the POWER BLOCK. This voltage is regulated to +5 volts by VR1. Option block H18 is provided so that the regulator can be isolated from the +5 net for those cases when the +5 net is back-fed from the interface board.
As far as the BBRAM system goes, there are three states to be concerned with. They are (State-A) when the voltage on the +5 net is so low that there is no way the CPU is going to execute code (less than 2 volts), (State-B) when there is enough voltage on the +5 net that the CPU might actually run (more than 2 volts) but we don't want it to run, and (State-C) when there is enough voltage on the +5 net that the CPU should run (about 5 volts) and we want it to run. The goal of the power control circuitry are as follows: For State-A the system should hold the BBRAM disabled and not worry about the reset signal. For State-B the system should hold the BBRAM disabled and make reset active so that the CPU won't execute code. For State-C the system should enable the BBRAM for operation and, after a one second delay upon entering State-C, release the reset signal so that the CPU can execute code.
The voltage at the input to the regulator is sensed by D3 and Q1. In general, Q1 should be saturated only when there is sufficient voltage (about 8 volts) at the input of VR1 to ensure that the +5 net is stable at about +5 volts (that's State-C). When the voltage at +V is below about 8 volts (State-A or State-B), Q1 is cut off and the input to IC16A is high (IC16 is powered from the +5BB net, so it's "always powered up"). In this case IC16A's output is low and C7 is discharged very quickly through D4 and R6. In this state PF (power failure active high) is high and PF* (power failure active low) is low. These PF signals go to IC7, the 74HC4066 analog switch, to ensure that the RAM chips are not selected by the PAL's chip-select outputs. Additionally, when Q1 is cut off, the output of IC16E is low causing C8 to be discharged through D5 and R9 which causes the reset signal (RST) to go active (high) as long as power is available to IC8. IC8 is powered by the +5 net and can operate correctly with as little as 2 volts as a power source. So, when a voltage is applied to +V and the +5 net starts to rise, once it gets to 2 volts or so the RST signal is in the high (active state) and won't be released until the voltage at the input to VR1 is 8 volts or more (plus the time delays caused by R6/C7 and R9/C8). Note also that during power down conditions that the output of IC16E is low so there's no current drain caused by IC16E trying to drive an unpowered IC8C's input to a logic high.
TUC52's battery backup feature only works when a source of +V is available and that +V is used to derive the +5 power source. The location of the regulator doesn't matter (i.e., the regulator can be on the TUC52 board or some other board, so long as the +V net drops below 7.5 volts before the +5 net drops below 4.5 volts). In those cases where TUC52 is powered exclusively from a source of +5 VDC and no associated +V is available, the battery backed ram feature will not work reliably. In addition, to enable the RAM devices when only +5 VDC is available, a shunt must be placed on H19. Do NOT install a shunt on H19 when a source of +V is available.
Power for the +5BB net can come from either of two sources. One is the +5 net and the other is a 3 volt battery. Both sources are combined by low voltage drop diodes (D8 and D9). The +5BB net is filtered by a tantalum capacitor (tantalum for low leakage) as well as a few standard bypassing caps. Note that no battery is required to operate TUC52, even though the RAMs and IC9, the time of day clock, are powered from the +5BB net. The +5BB net will be powered when the +5 net is powered, even if no battery is installed. The only down-side of not having a battery installed is that the RAM and clock will lose their data when the power is removed from the +V net.
There is a slight difference in the R/C/D timing network for IC16B and IC8C. In the case of IC16B the goal is to get charge off C5 as fast as possible and not to get the input of IC16B low as fast as possible. In the case of IC8C the goal is to get input of IC8C low as fast as possible while discharging C8 at a more leisurely pace than that of C6. Since any low at the cathode of D5 will be sustained for tens of milliseconds there's no rush to get the charge off of C8 immediately.
In addition to having the power failure detection system generating reset signals for the CPU, resets can also be generated by a mechanical switch that the user controls (the big red button). This switch, if needed, would be connected to H21.
An additional reset signal can be developed from the received UART signal on detection of a long spacing or BREAK condition. When RXD goes low the output of IC8E goes high, charging C9 through R10. When it goes high enough IC8D's output will go low. If a shunt is installed at H20 this will cause a system reset. I've included this functionality because I've found it to be very useful for commercial systems. The "reset on BREAK" function is of great benefit when one computer controls another (or controls many devices networked together). Rather than having someone go to each unit and push the big red button, the central computer only needs to send a spacing condition for a few seconds and all networked controllers are reset.
Clock and Non-Volatile Memory
IC9 provides for for a simple time of day clock and 240 bytes of BBRAM while IC10 provides for data retention by an EEPROM. Both devices communicate with the CPU by means of the Philips I2C (pronounced EYE SQUARED SEE) protocol.
Minimal Serial I/O
IC8A and IC8B provide a "poor man's" RS-232 interface. It's not expected that this interface will take the place of a real RS-232 interface (which goes on the interface board). I decided not to put a MAX232 interface on the TUC52 board because it would have required running the TTL and RS-232 versions of the control signals twice though the PORT BLOCK. It was much simpler to have the interface board contain the RS-232 interface (or RS-422 or RS-485) and send the control signals to whatever I/O port was desired.
The "poor" interface is included for simple systems that don't make use of an interface board. Not to advance this interface as a desirable alternative to a MAX232 interface, but I've used this "poor" interface on many systems over the years and have yet to find an RS-232 device (manufactured after 1980) that it won't work with over short runs (less than 20 feet).
User Information
- Construction Manual
- This is the current draft of the manual that you get with the kit.
It covers how toinventory the parts, assemble and solder the board,
and the initial test procedures.
- BASIC-52 Manual
- This is the manual that Intel originally wrote to describe
their 8051 (8052) BASIC system. The manual is listed on the
Barnes and Noble bookstore web site as a special order item
(ISBN# 1555120679), but it's not clear if it is really available
from B&N.
Amazon.com says the book is out of print.
You can get a rewrite of the manual in the form of the
Systronix BASIC-52 manual (which I like better than Intel's version).
This is available from
directly or from
as Jameco part number 126252 for about $25.
- TAPR TBAS-52 Manual
- This is an addendum to the BASIC-52 manual that describes the
enhancements provided by Dan Karmann to the BASIC-52 for TAPR.
These enhancements include many "hooks" that will capture and record
real-time events of interest for ham radio telemetry operations.
- TAPR TBAS-52 HEX Code
- This is the hex code provided by Dan Karmann that is burned
into a ROM and installed on the TUC-52 board in order to have
the TUC-52 run TBAS-52 Basic. Note that version 2.0.06 is a bug
fix for 2.0.05, so the documentation for 2.0.06 is the same as
the documentation for 2.0.05. When you click on the link below
you will, most likely, see the hex code on your screen. From
your browser select "File" then "Save as" to save it to a file.
You will need access to a EPROM programming in order to get this hex
code into a ROM that you can plug into your TUC52 board.
If you don't have a way to do this contact the TAPR office for a
pre-programmed part.
- Test Programs
Clicking on this link will show you a page listing various short
programs you can save, download and run on TBAS52 that will serve to test
the system.
- TUC52 Circuit Description
- This is a document that describes the TUC52 circuitry in some
- Schematics
Here is the schematic for TUC52 in PDF format.
- Parts list
Here is the parts list for TUC52 in PDF format.
- BB-RAM Diode Requirements, Specs and Test Procedure
Here is the memo that describes the requirements and test procedure
for the BB RAM dioes in PDF format.
- TUC52 PAL Source Code
Here is the TUC52 PAL Source Code
- Metcon Resource Page
This link will take you to a page that points to several items
of interest for the METCON-2 system.
METCON-2 Resource Page
- Key Components Data Sheets
This link will take you to a page that points to the data sheets
for the key components used by TUC52.
This pointers are to the vendor of the part.
TUC52 Key Component Data Sheets
- PC Downloader Issue 1
- This is a zip file that provides a download facility from a PC to TUC52 and is designed to be used with BASIC-52 and the monitor M51. It includes a PC .EXE file, a unix style manual page in .DOC format, and some example batch files for implementing the download function.
In this area you will find documents and other items of interest to users. Click on an item to obtain the document.
Developers Information
If you want to write your own firmware or obtain more detailed
information that may not be of interest to most TUC52 user's, this
is a good place to look.
- 8051/8052 Assembler
- Here's a pointer to an evaluation assembler that's posted
to the Philips ftp site. You will find that many of the ASM
programs written especially for TUC52 that are posted on this
site are compatible with this
assembler (mostly as a courtesy to you in case you need to modify
that code and reassemble).
Click here to download the assembler in zip format.
- I2C Application Note
- I2C is a serial communication protocol used by the EEPROM and Time of Day clock IC for communication with the microcomputer. Intel has a good application note on I2C. Click here to download that document in PDF format.
- Monitor User's Manual Issue 1
- This is the manual that describes how to use the monitor.
- Monitor Hex Code
- This is the hex code you will need to program into an 27C256
and install in the socket for IC4 in order to run the monitor.
Because the serial port speed
is hard-coded in the ROM, there are two versions of this
code: one for 9600 bps and another for 19200 bps.
Some terminal emulators running on 386 PCs are not fast enough to keep
up at 19200, hence the 9600 bps option.
To download this code click on the version that meets your needs:
TUC52 Monitor Hex Code, 9600 bps, Issue 1
TUC52 Monitor Hex Code, 19200 bps, Issue 1
- Monitor Download Utility
- Here's a simple utility program and some support files to
allow a PC to easily download intel hex code to the monitor.
Just execute the file DOWNLOAD.EXE to extract the files and
then read the README.TXT file.
- TUC52 Download Test Program
- Here is quick and simple TUC-52 test program.
Install a shunt on H23 of TUC-52 (to enable the status monitor LED).
Download the Intel HEX format program below into TUC-52 using the
monitor's R command with an offset of zero ("r 0").
Use the XS command to set the user's stack pointer to EO.
Use the Go command to start the program (G8800).
The status LED should now be flashing at a rate
of 2 to 3 blinks per second.
- Monitor ASM Listing
- Here is a listing of the Monitor for TUC-52.
TUC52 Debug Monitor
TUC52 is normally shipped with a ROM that is programmed with TBAS-52 (TBASIC-52 with Dan Karmann's enhancements for the TUC52 system). However, for some development applications, it may be helpful to replace the TBAS system with a general purpose 8051/8052 monitor. This page provides links to monitor hex code and documentation for the monitor.
Project Designer/Manager: Paul Newland, AD7I
Project Update Status
Below is a list of updates.
- April 23, 2001
Provide a new link for the assembler, since
the old link had been broken by an update to the Philips site.
- October 9, 2000
Updated the TUC52 Parts list.
Updated the METCON2 Parts list.
- October 6, 2000
Updated the TUC52 Parts list.
Updated the TUC52 Schematic to change the eeprom from a xx81 to an xx82 device.
Updated the Metcon 2 Resource page to remove UUE version of
the Metcon 2 parts list. Updated the Metcon 2 Parts list.
- March 27, 2000
Added draft assembly manual for METCON-2, April 1999 Rev 0.1.
- April 29, 1999
Updated the Metcon-2 Schematic.
This changes C33 from 10 uF tantalum to 1 uF tantalum.
- April 23, 1999
Updated and corrected Metcon-2 Parts List.
- April 20, 1999
Updated draft development and romed code for METCON.
Updated the draft ASM listing file.
Added LM35 temperature sensor to the Keycomps.htm file.
Updated MC-VTF documentation.
- April 19, 1999
Updated draft development and romed code for METCON.
Updated the draft ASM listing file.
- April 13, 1999
Added proposed layout for the METCON MULRLY module.
- April 8, 1999
Updated the Metcon Multiple Relay (MULRLY) schematic.
- April 7, 1999
Updated the Metcon Multiple Relay (MULRLY) schematic.
- April 2, 1999
Updated the Metcon Pictorial file to show more
detail on the power terminal blocks for TUC52, METCON2 and VTF.
- March 22, 1999
Posted updated User's Manual.
- March 19, 1999
Corrected the Metcon Pictorial file.
- March 18, 1999
Added TUC52 PAL source code.
Corrected the Metcon Pictorial file.
- March 12, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 hex code for RAM execution,
and updated the ASM listing.
- March 10, 1999
Added one old version of METCON ram based firmware (990214)
and one new version of METCON ram based firmware (990310).
The 990310 version included a status message every second to
indicate the state of some particular internal flags.
- March 9, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 hex code for RAM execution,
and updated the ASM listing.
- February 17, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 hex code for ROM execution,
updated the METCON-2 hex code for RAM execution,
and updated the ASM listing.
- February 8, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 hex code for ROM execution,
updated the METCON-2 hex code for RAM execution,
and updated the ASM listing.
- January 29, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 Hex code.
- January 26, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 Operators Guide.
- January 25, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 Hex code.
- January 4, 1999
Updated the METCON-2 Hex code.
- December 31, 1998
Updated the METCON-2 Operators Guide.
- December 28, 1998
Added a quick TUC-52 test program in Intel Hex format to the monitor section.
- December 23, 1998
Added the download utility to the Monitor section.
- December 14, 1998
Updated Operators Guide.
- December 8, 1998
Added METCON-2 test hex code.
- November 20, 1998
Added the BB RAM power feed diode specification and test procedure
- November 12, 1998
Updated "metcon.htm" to include METCON-2 parts list.
Updated TUC-52 parts list.
- October 14, 1998
Updated latest version of METCON-2 listing
code as well as to update the memos describing the ADC module, the
VTF module and the ETP module for METCON.
- September 30, 1998
Updated to include latest version of HEX code for TBAS-52.
- July 14, 1998
Added latest version of the TUC-52 build document.
- July 8, 1998
Added more METCON-2 component data sheet links to the Key Components document.
- July 7, 1998
Added more 8052 links to the Key Components document.
- May 8, 1998
Added Basic Test Programs. Added a
Logging Skeleton Program.
- April 21, 1998
Added the original Metcon Module Schematics.
- April 20, 1998
Changed pointer on Key Components Page to another file on Intel's server
for the 80c32 data sheet.
Added pointer on Key Components Page to 8051 developer's page on
Intel's server.
- November 1997
Alpha 2 boards arrive and testing begins. Small alpha development group is selected from previous requests from the PSR. Expected to have alpha 2 kits into development teams hands before the first of the year.
- Summer, 1997
Various job related work issues are concluded and project team is reformed to begin work. Alpha 2 boards corrections are added to the board and submitted to the board house.
- 1996
Alpha 1 boards are run and debugged. Several errors are noted and fixes are made to the layout. Due to various volunteer issues regarding business changes and job shifts and project goes on hold until volunteers can settle in new company positions.
- 1995
- Project submitted to TAPR by Paul Newland to be done. TAPR BoD accepts and initial efforts begin to define basic concepts of new system. New system designed and schematics. Layout person begins to layout the new designs.


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|MS Word (586 KB) | PDF (806 KB)
Comprehensive School Reform (I-F)
Comprehensive school reform developed out of the literature on effective schools. While the effective schools research does not prescribe any particular reform effort, it does describe certain components of school reform that appear to lead to improved student academic achievement. These components form the empirical foundation for the comprehensive school reform movement.
The Comprehensive School Reform (CSR) program also builds on the Title I schoolwide program, which provides greater flexibility in the use of federal funds and encourages the implementation of effective strategies for all students in a school. The CSR program provides start-up financial assistance to schools so that they can implement whole school reforms that reflect the research literature on effective practices in order to help students meet state academic standards. Throughout the 1990s, thousands of schools across the nation have adopted various CSR models.
The CSR statute identifies 11 components of comprehensive school reform:
- Research-based methods. Proven strategies and methods for student learning, teaching, and school management that are founded on scientifically based research and effective practices and that have been replicated successfully in schools.
- Comprehensive design. Schoolwide reform plans that include instruction, assessment, classroom management, professional development, parental involvement, and school management in a comprehensive approach to addressing the specific needs of the school and enabling all students to meet challenging state standards.
- Focus on student achievement. Measurable goals for student academic achievement and benchmarks for meeting these goals.
- Buy-in. Support from teachers, principals, administrators, school staff, and other professional staff.
- Professional development. High-quality and continuous teacher and staff professional development.
- Support for school staff. Support for teachers, principals, administrators, and other school staff.
- Partnerships with parents and communities. Meaningful involvement of parents and the local community in planning, implementing, and evaluating school improvement activities.
- External support. High-quality external technical support and assistance from an entity that has experience and expertise in schoolwide reform and improvement.
- Evaluation planning. A plan for the annual evaluation of the implementation of school reforms and the student results achieved.
- Combining resources. Identification and coordination of other resources, including federal, state, local, and private resources to support and sustain the comprehensive school reform effort.
- Evidence of effectiveness. Programs that have been found through scientifically based research to significantly improve the academic achievement of participating children or have strong evidence that they will achieve this result.
WHAT'S NEW--The No Child Left Behind Act
Focuses on What Works
- Grantees must rely on scientifically proven strategies. Each grantee's CSR plan must include scientifically proven teaching and learning strategies.
Increases Accountability for Student Performance
- State education agencies (SEAs) are now required to submit annual evaluation reports to the U.S. Department of Education to measure performance. This report must include the names of school districts and schools receiving grants, the amount of the grants, a description of the reforms implemented, an assessment of the implementation progress, and student achievement results.
- Priority is given to low-performing schools. Previously, SEAs were encouraged to give priority to low-performing schools.Now, states are required to target funding to students and schools with the greatest educational needs.
How It Works
The CSR program is a state formula grant program, based on each states' Title I allocation. States competitively award grants to school districts on behalf of specific schools and must give priority to schools that have been identified for Title I school improvement and document a commitment to assist schools for two additional years in implementing and sustaining comprehensive reforms. Schools receive grants of at least $50,000 to implement CSR reform plans.
Key Requirements
School reform programs supported by CSR must be grounded in scientifically based research, meet the 11 components of CSR specified in the authorizing statute, and be supported by effective technical assistance providers.
How It Achieves Quality
The primary goal of the CSR program is to help schools implement scientifically proven reform strategies to help all children meet state standards.
How Performance Is Measured
States are encouraged to document that increasing numbers of students in CSR schools are meeting state academic standards. In addition, states should see a decline in the number of CSR schools identified as low-performing.


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TV Cop Solves The Mystery Of The Great Pumpkin
Click to viewBoomp3.com TV's number one supercop, David Caruso, put his sharp detective skills to work and finally solved The Mystery of the Great Pumpkin that has been plaguing the L.A. area for the last few years. Tilting his shades down, Caruso said, "Looks like Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater came home to roost," and off in the distance the familiar strains of The Who's "Won't Get Fooled" started to play. According to Caruso, the Great Pumpkin wasn't one giant pumpkin, but multiple pumpkins standing on top of each other while wearing a large orange trench coat. As a reward, Caruso was given his choice of any pumpkin and heaping amount of praise and thanks. [Photo Credit: Splash Pics] *A Call To The Bullpen is a work of fiction. Although the pictures we use are most certainly real, Defamer does not purport that any of the incidents or quotations you see in this piece actually happened. Lighten up, people ... it's a joke.


text: Gaydvd.com is your place of choice to get your hand on all the new gay DVD release. You can choose by studio, actor or category to choose your favorites DVD or Bluray. Each week, a selection of brand new DVD. If your budget is tight, you'll enjoy the "On sale" section with titles at a very low price.


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Jack Yuan
- Associated organizations
- SanDisk
- Fields of study
- Computing
Eliyahou Harari was the visionary, Sanjay Mehrotra was the memory system designer, and Jack Yuan was the device process leader. Collectively, they recognized that properly improved flash memory in combination with a controller could be erased and reprogrammed in blocks, allowing large amounts of data to be stored reliably in a compact, removable format at a low cost.
The trio founded SunDisk in Sunnyvale, California in 1988, which later changed its name to SanDisk. The flash memory technology that they pioneered has revolutionized data storage and become the industry standard. Their work has profoundly impacted such devices as mobile computers, cellular phones, digital cameras and digital music players. Today, SanDisk is the world's largest supplier of flash memory data storage products.
In 1990, they designed a 20 MB, 2½-inch memory and controller module based on flash memory technology that emulated a hard disk drive for one of the earliest notebook computers, the IBM Think PAD. In 2005, the SanDisk team introduced the first one-memory chip and one-controller chip-based 1 GB microSD flash memory card, which brought affordable mass storage to the cell phone industry. They also pioneered Multilevel cell (MLC) NAND flash devices with up to 8gigabit storage, as well as faster erase, write and read capabilities than previous architectures.


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NBA mock draft 2013: As draft draws nearer, trade rumors are abound
Slowly but surely, the draft is closing in, now just 17 days away. Workouts are in high gear, and while several players have been bounced around in this version of the big mock draft, the top looks familiarâ€"it's still Nerlens Noel to Cavs, Trey Burke to the Magic and Otto Porter to the Wizards. But just about every lottery team is said to be considering trade offers, so much could yet change.
DRAFT LOTTERY: Gilbert's new approach | Is Noel right fit for Cavs? | Past lottery winners
1. Cleveland. Nerlens Noel, PF/C, Kentucky. Options will be explored, of course, but Noel remains the most sensible choice for the Cavs. We haven't had a trade of the No. 1 pick in 20 years, but this would be as good a year as any for one.
2. Orlando. Trey Burke, PG, Michigan. Speaking of trades, the Magic are very open to moving down, because there is a long list of holes on the roster and a long list of players they like. Burke is a winner who could put his stamp on the team.
3. Washington. Otto Porter, SF, Georgetown. Washington likely will get its choice of frontcourt help, either Porter or Anthony Bennett. Bennett is a tweener, and Porter is the safer pick. Oh, and stop if you've heard this beforeâ€"they'd be open to a trade, too.
4. Charlotte. Anthony Bennett, SF/PF, UNLV. The Bobcats' frontcourt is a mess, so as tempting as it might be to grab Ben McLemore here, Charlotte will have to address its problem with Bennett. Cody Zeller or Alex Len would have to be considered, too.
5. Phoenix. Victor Oladipo, SG, Indiana. Oladipo has been one of the most impressive players in workouts, and he is ahead of McLemore on quite a few draft boards. He is NBA-ready when it comes to defense, and his offense has improved.
6. New Orleans. Ben McLemore, SG, Kansas. The Pelicans could be looking to move Eric Gordon, and drafting McLemore would make that decision a little easier.
7. Sacramento. C.J. McCollum, PG/SG, Lehigh. McCollum has looked good in workouts, showing he can handle himself at point guard. He is polished and professional, something the Kings have to take into consideration.
8. Detroit. Michael Carter-Williams, PG, Syracuse. Having Jose Calderon for a half-season showed how much better the Pistons would run with a true point guard, allowing Brandon Knight and Rodney Stuckey to play off the ball entirely. Carter-Williams fits the bill.
9. Minnesota. Shabazz Muhammad, G/F, UCLA. Timberwolves GM Flip Saunders has made it a priority to get bigger at the shooting guard spot. Muhammad is a gamble, but he has talent. They'll also consider adding another Russian, Sergey Karasev.
10. Portland. Sergey Karasev, SG, Russia. Karasev is hard to peg, but he has one thing going for himâ€"in a draft packed with unknowns, he is a proven knock-down shooter. The Blazers need those.
11. Philadelphia. Alex Len, C, Maryland. So many teams picking in the Top 10 need perimeter players that it is tough to find a spot for Len. The Sixers certainly need depth up front.
12. Oklahoma City (from Houston via Toronto). Cody Zeller, C, Indiana. As with Len, Zeller could get squeezed simply by circumstance. This would be a good place to be squeezed to, though, because the Thunder could use a big man with some versatility behind Kendrick Perkins.
13. Dallas. Rudy Gobert, C, France. I still think it would be preferable for the Mavs to use this pick on an international player and store him overseas for a year, rather than dumping it to create room to chase Dwight Howard and Chris Paul. Gobert is a worthy risk.
14. Utah. Dennis Schroeder, PG, Germany. The Jazz badly need a point guard to build around, and Schroeder has drawn comparisons to Rajon Rondoâ€"a defensive-minded playmaker who needs work as a scorer.
15. Milwaukee. Shane Larkin, PG, Miami. Larkin's rise started with his off-the-charts athletic testing at the predraft combine in Chicago, and he has been outstanding in workouts. The Bucks have a decision ahead on point guard Brandon Jennings.
16. Boston. Steven Adams, C, Pittsburgh. Adams is a tough, strong big man for a team that is desperately lacking in size. He wasn't used much offensively at Pittsburgh, but scouts feel he has upside.
17. Atlanta. Kentavious Caldwell-Pope, SG, Georgia. Caldwell-Pope is a very athletic scorer, and could land in the Top 10. Whether he has the shooting consistency to warrant a spot that high is a question, though.
18. Atlanta (from Brooklyn via Houston). Lucas Nogueira, C, Brazil. Nogueira has been impressive in workouts, following up a good season in Spain. It's entirely possible he doesn't last this long.
19. Cleveland (from LA Lakers). Giannis Adetokunbo, SF, Greece. The Greek mystery man has been drawing attention for months. He is 6-10 and can handle the ball, but he is extremely raw. Worth a chance by the Cavs, though.
20. Chicago. Mason Plumlee, PF, Duke. The Bulls are short on depth everywhere, but with Taj Gibson struggling and Carlos Boozer's future uncertain, power forward is the place to start.
21. Utah (from Golden State). Tim Hardaway Jr., SG, Michigan. Hardaway is a polished, NBA-ready scorer. The Jazz will build around the frontcourt of Derrick Favors and Enes Kanter, but they will need shooters, too.
22. Brooklyn. Kelly Olynyk, C, Gonzaga. It was probably a bit optimistic to have Olynyk as a lottery pick. He is a superior shooter as a big man, but needs to play better defense. Still, he'd make a nice backup for the Nets.
23. Indiana. Jamaal Franklin, SG, San Diego State. Franklin was a high-volume scorer in college, and rather inefficient. In fairness to him, though, his coaches needed him to be their scorer, so his shot selection wasn't always ideal.
24. New York. Gorgui Dieng, C, Louisville. The Cardinals' tournament run firmed up Dieng's place in the first round. The Knicks need depth up front, preferably from someone who doesn't already have an AARP card.
25. LA Clippers. Tony Snell, G/F, New Mexico. Snell is a big shooting guard, and the Clippers could use some depth at that position.
26. Minnesota (from Memphis). Glen Rice Jr., SG, D-League. Rice might be the most interesting player in the draft. He was shown the exit at Georgia Tech, so there are obviously attitude and work ethic questions. But he lit up the D-League playoffs.
27. Denver. Allen Crabbe, SG, California. Crabbe did well at the Chicago combine and is likely to be a first-rounder, and could even land in the Top 20. The Nuggets have depth at every position, but Crabbe is probably the best available here.
28. San Antonio. James Ennis, SG/SF, Long Beach State. Ennis is big (6-7) and a very good athlete, averaging 16.5 points and 6.7 rebounds as a senior. He can defend and score, the kind of under-the-radar prospect that the Spurs seem to dig up.
29. Oklahoma City. Archie Goodwin, SG, Kentucky. Goodwin is youngâ€"he is only 18â€"and though he probably should have gone back to school, he has a lot of potential. The Thunder can afford to bring him along slowly.
30. Phoenix (from Miami via Lakers). Jeff Withey, C, Kansas. Withey can rebound and he can block shots. For the Suns, that's a good start.
â€" LeBron James' big block serves as signature moment
â€" For Chalmers, Green, ghosts of '08 tourney present in Miami
â€" Linemakers: NBA Finals title odds


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co sting[ kaws-ting, kos- ]SEE DEFINITION OF co sting
Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group.
c.1200, from Old French cost (12c., Modern French coût) "cost, outlay, expenditure; hardship, trouble," from Vulgar Latin *costare, from Latin constare, literally "to stand at" (or with), with a wide range of figurative senses including "to cost." The idiom is the same one used in Modern English when someone says something "stands at X dollars" to mean it sells for X dollars. The Latin word is from com- "with" (see com-) + stare "to stand," from PIE root *sta- "to stand" (see stet).


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Bubblegum Rock
Bubblegum pop (also known as bubblegum rock, bubblegum music, or simply bubblegum) is a genre of pop music whose classic period ran from 1967 to 1972. The second wave of bubblegum started two years later and ran until disco took over in 1977.
The chief characteristics of the genre are that it is pop music contrived and marketed to appeal to pre-teens and teenagers, is produced in an assembly-line process, driven by producers, often using faceless singers and has an upbeat "bubblegum" sound. Bubblegum songs are also defined as having a catchy melody, simple chords, simple harmonies, dancy (but not necessarily danceable) beats.
Among the best-known acts of bubblegum's golden era are 1910 Fruitgum Company, The Ohio Express and The Archies.
Source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegum_Rock
|1910 FruitGum Company (United States)
© Boar 2011 - 2019


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Other Places Publishing is a travel guide publisher focusing on the local knowledge of select countries and sharing it with their readers. Written by former Peace Corps volunteers, these guides bring an intimate look at the culture and adventure that an independent traveler needs and wants, all from the point of view of a local.
Art direction and design of covers and logo. Photographs taken by the RPCV/authors.
Submissions to SWSED A collaboration of writers and designers to create stories with six words inspired by Ernest Hemingway's famous "For Sale: Baby Shoes. Never Worn." (A project by Anne Ulku & Van Horgen)
Old & New is a collaborative design project based on Biblical passages. The project was created and is curated by Jim LePage and Troy Deshano.
Lucky to be part of this project with such amazing talent. Check them out here:Old & New Project
Horchata & Tamarindo are a hand-drawn display font that reflects script handwriting with a lively, whimsical twist. For extra OpenType tastiness, there are alternate versions of all the lowercase glyphs and a Contextual Alternates feature to make the letters flow together more smoothly and look more natural and handmade.
You can get these, and other Chank Fonts! at MyFonts
General Mills hosts every Spring a 5K marathon for employees and their families. And for the younger members of the family Cheerios sponsors the Cheerios Chase.
Concept packaging work for a national private brand.
Published by Stone Arch Books.
Field Trip MysteriesArt direction of book illustration. Design of covers and interiors.Written by S. Brezenoff and illustrated by C.B. Canga.
David Mortimore BaxteArt direction of photography. Design of cover and interiors.Written by Karen Tayleur and illustrated by Brann Garvey.


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DOROTHY DAY HEARD the call of God. This new biography shows clearly and with fascinating detail how this call, once heard, was lived out in a life of adventure, both spiritual and world-filled. Written by her co-Worker and friend Jim Forest and greatly expanded from his 1986 biography of the indefatigable founder of the Catholic Worker, this book will delight both those who feel they know Day from her writings and those meeting her for the first time in its pages.
Included are more than 200 photos, many published here for the first time. Also of interest are sidebars quoting Day's writings, including her recently available diaries and letters (see Sojourners, August 2008 and March 2011).
It's all there: Her birth in Brooklyn, surviving the San Francisco earthquake, her teenage years in Chicago and at the University of Illinois, her defiance in becoming a journalist against her father's wishes, her love affairs—both tragic and happy—and finally her conversion after the birth of her daughter, Tamar. We read of her meeting Peter Maurin and how they began to publish The Catholic Worker and from there to found a lay movement. People who only know the public Day—her hospitality, her standing up for the downtrodden and against U.S. militarism—will find especially endearing the stories of her young years when she struggled to find a place for her writing talents, when she loved deeply and sometimes unwisely, and when she searched for a way to be a Christian single parent after leaving the father of her child. Others will resonate with her waning years, when her outward travels were curtailed and she sometimes felt herself a prisoner of an aging body.


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If you are interested in joining one or more of the committees please fill out and submit this form:
ASR Committee Sign-Up form (.pdf)
Awards Committee
Responsible for solicitation and consideration of candidate nominations for a variety of awards.
By-Laws Committee
Consider and report on issues pertaining to the by-laws of the Academy.
Certification Program Committee
Provides oversight to all facets of the SRS, SRT and SRA certification program. Must be SRS certified to be on this committee.
Communications Committee
Responsible for the Surgical Savvy newsletter and content of the website.
Exhibitors Committee
This committee oversees all aspects of the annual trade show.
Membership Committee
Develop and execute membership development campaigns.
Program Committee
Responsible for promotion and review of scientific papers for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Academy


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Arthur's Pass: Carrington Hut - Waimakariri Col - Otira route
The unmarked route over Waimakariri Col to Rolleston River is a rugged two- to three-day alpine tramp.
Time: 2 - 3 days
Type: Tramping Track
This snow track is rugged and involves steep, bouldery descents. Steep sidling through scrub, scree and across avalanche chutes.
With spectacular rock faces, waterfalls and superb views, The area around Waimakariri Falls hut is truly an experience!
For more information check out


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Francisco L. Figueiredo - Pawtucket
Francisco L. Figueiredo - Pawtucket
Francisco L. "Frank" Figueiredo, 88, of Pawtucket, R.I., died peacefully Friday, July 26 surrounded by the family he loved so dearly.
He is survived by his devoted wife of 38 years, Beatrice Jodoin Figueiredo; his three daughters and their husbands, Elaine and William Trevitt of Riverside, Suzanne and Leo Potrikus of North Syracuse, N.Y., and Carol and James Martin of Rehoboth, Mass.; and two grandchildren, Alaina Potrikus Beckett and John Potrikus of North Syracuse. Frank was the proud great-grandfather of Brandon Michael Beckett. He also is survived by many nieces, nephews and cousins. Frank was pre-deceased by his loving wife of 23 years, Lucy Figueiredo who died in 1969; his parents Albano and Josepha Figueiredo; and his brother, Albert Figueiredo.
Although born in Cumberland in 1925, Frank, due to illness, was raised in Portugal by his aunt Tia Belmira until the age of 15, at which time he rejoined his parents and brother in Cumberland.
All who knew Frank were touched by his kind heart, his joy in spending time with family and friends and his eagerness to lend a hand or a tool.
He took great pride in his Portuguese heritage and enjoyed all the feasts, dinners, special events and trips to Portugal to visit family and friends. In celebration of his 80th birthday, accompanied by his three daughters, granddaughter and cousin Albert, Frank reveled as tour guide and family historian during what would be his final visit to Portugal.
Frank's strong work ethic was unrivaled. He was a steel worker, forging nuts and bolts, and foreman at William H. Haskell Mfg. of Pawtucket for 38 years. When Haskell's closed as a manufacturing plant it became Kellaway Warehouse, where Frank was the Building Supervisor for 24 years.
Outside of work, you would find Frank involved in doing something for a family member, friend or neighbor. He was most generous with both his time and talents. Until suffering a stroke in 2009, Frank worked part-time for Kelleway Corp. and enjoyed a very full life.
Frank was an active member and office holder in both civic and social organizations including the Seven Castle's Club, Portuguese American Citizens Committee (one of its original founders), Portuguese Social Club, Club Lusitana, Amigos daCavaqueira, Casa doBenfica and the OsSerenatas. He twice received the Man of the Year award and was also recognized as Person of the Year.
For many years, Frank volunteered at Pawtucket's annual Thanksgiving Dinner for the needy and the Day of Portugal celebrations. He was a volunteer for several political campaigns and encouraged many people in the Portuguese community to become involved citizens and voters.
To our loving family, friends and the nursing home staff that visited with and cared for Frank during his illness, we thank you for your many kindnesses.
A celebration of his life will be held Monday at 9 A.M. from the J. J. Duffy Funeral Home, 757 Mendon Road, Route 122, Cumberland, with a Mass of Christian Burial at 10 A.M. in the St. Teresa of Child Jesus Church, Newport Avenue, Pawtucket. Burial will follow in the Mt. St. Mary Cemetery, Pawtucket. Relatives and friends are kindly invited. Visiting Hours will be held Sunday, 4-8 P.M.
In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the American Cancer Society or the American Heart Association.


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Saturday, June 9
Good morning, TexMessengers! Today in 1934, Donald Duck made his debut in The Wise Little Hen.
Representative Kenny Marchant posted a poll on his official website and his Facebook page yesterday, asking constituents to vote on how Congress should react to tax cuts expiring at the end of this year?
Every morning, we share some headlines from the 2012 presidential campaigns.
★ Obama's 'private sector doing fine' remark infuriates tweeting' Texans
Reader Comment of the Day
In response to our Texas on the Potomac article "Chorus of boos greets Rick Perry's plug for David Dewhurst at GOP convention" reader "Wingnut_Reprise" wrote in the comments forum:
"Rick Perry stands on something alright. He stands on a pile of cow dung."
Texas Watch
TxPotomac lets you know what stories to look out for later this week.
Tomorrow and beyond:
★ Tuesday, June 26. Utah primary
Today in Texas History
On this date in 1866 Texas refused to ratify the 14th amendment. More>>>


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20770 Surnames | 136468 Records | 2779 Reunions
Dead Fred asks:Are you a Desperate Genealogist?
Click the e-book above for details!
Dead Fred's Genealogy Photo Archive, a free, fun photo genealogy research web site devoted to helping you visualize your heritage!
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Photo #70985
Last Name: Mackin
First Name : Florence
Middle Name: Frances
Subject's City: Syracuse
Subject's State: NY
Subject's County: Onondaga
Subject's Country: USA
Date: 1851-1900
Photographer: Frey
Photographer's City: Syracuse
Photographer's State: NY
Nee: LITZ
Type** : PRT
Comments: Florence Frances Mackin (Nee: LITZ) | Syracuse NY USA | 1851-1900 | Comments: L to R: Bernard LITZ (d. 22 Feb 1921 in Rochester, Monroe County, N.Y.) He was longtime resident (and probably a native) of Syracuse, Onondaga County, NY. Served as quartermaster in National Volunteer Reserves (Syracuse) in 1898. Center: Daughter, Florence Frances LITZ Mackin (d. 18 Dec 1981, buried Woodlawn Cem., Syracuse; m. Frederick James MACKIN). Far right: Laura (maiden name unknown) Litz (Birth and death dates unknown, although she predeceased her husband.) I would love to hear from anyone who has additional information about this family.
Digital Image Only? NO
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To view all records posted by this submitter, click here:
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Malicious Observer performances?
Pretty self-explanatory
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Malicious Observer performances?
Are there any performances around of this piece? I know EC never performed it himself supposedly but it was done at the Meltdown Festival at the time.
Who on earth is tapping at the window?
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