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GOP presidential nominee Mitt Romney foolishly revived the dust up about his income tax secrecy last week. He claimed he paid at least 13 percent, an assertion easy enough for him to prove by releasing his tax documents.
But he's refusing to do that. He called the concern about his tax rate "small minded." Much more important issues overshadow it, he contended.
Maybe so. But the American people, the Average Jane and Joe, do care whether Romney used tricks and loopholes and offshore accounts to manipulate the tax system and pay nothing. And they're not "small minded," as Romney accused them of being, for wanting to know.
For them, a quarter billionaire who paid nothing or paid a rate lower than the middle class lacks the principles they like in a president. The vast majority of voters aren't going to dissect the budget proposed by Romney's running mate Rep. Paul Ryan, but they will vote based on the values it reveals. Romney's ability to rattle off technical details won't decide the election. Morality, or Jane and Joe's perception that Ryan and Romney's policies lack it, will.
Other millionaires have led the nation. In fact, the majority of those in the past presidents club were millionaires. But some of the nation's wealthy presidents had spent time with America's Average Janes and Joes and understood their dreams and struggles and were sympathetic to them.
Though raised on an estate, Franklin Delano Roosevelt knew suffering firsthand after being cut down by polio as a young man. He spent long periods with working men and women in Southern recuperation centers as he tried in vain to get his legs to work again. Immediately on his election to the presidency, he launched programs to aid the impoverished.
By contrast, Romney and Ryan, both raised in privilege, have demonstrated remarkable insensitivity to everyday Americans.
Romney, scion of a Detroit car company executive, said as GM and Chrysler struggled in the midst of the Great Recession, "Let Detroit Go Bankrupt." He'd have countenanced an uncontrolled bankruptcy for the two corporations, costing tens of thousands of middle-class workers at assembly plants, car dealerships and auto part manufacturers their jobs, their homes and their hopes. He'd have done nothing and let them all suffer. There's a certain carelessness, a heartlessness to that. Those aren't values many middle-class workers cherish in a president.
Ryan also grew up without worry about money, in a small town where his family owned a construction business and his father was a lawyer. Because his father died when Ryan was 16, Social Security helped him pay for college. Ryan's plans, however, imperil Social Security for future generations, for the next decade's 16 year olds who lose fathers.
Ryan sponsored legislation during the Bush administration to privatize Social Security, allowing the fund to be weakened by the draining of untold billions that would be risked on Wall Street, on the very stock market that crashed during the last year of Bush's reign, sucking the value out of private pension funds. Many middle-class workers don't find gambling with their retirement security attractive in a president.
Ryan and Romney are in trouble with America's Average Janes and Joes over their tax proposals as well. Romney says he wants to cut income taxes by 20 percent for everyone, which he claims he would pay for by ending tax deductions. He has declined to specify which ones, however. Here's what the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center said about his plan: it would cost the wealthy like Ryan and Romney less and the Average Jane and Joe more.
That's right. Specifically, the plan would reduce taxes each year for the nation's wealthiest 5 percent, ranging from a cut of $1,800 for the least rich to nearly $250,000 for the most rich. For the other 95 percent of taxpayers, the nation's middle class, Romney's "tax cut" would mean a tax increase averaging $500 per household because, the Tax Policy Center said, tax breaks that the middle class depends on, like the one for mortgages, would disappear. The center said it was a fantasy for Romney to suggest he could fund his plan by eliminating only tax breaks for the rich.
The Average Jane and Joe may not read the entire report. But they do understand this one key fact: The Romney tax plan will cost them more and Romney less. Many will find the injustice of that to be unattractive in a president.
Similarly, Ryan's budget "Roadmap" would also lower Romney's tax rate. Ryan would require him to pay less than 1 percent. That's because the vast majority of Romney's $21 million income in 2010 came from capital gains, interest and dividends, and Ryan would eliminate all taxes on capital gains, interest and dividends.
Most middle-class household income, all of $50,000 a year and declining, comes from wages, not capital gains, interest and dividends. So those families would be paying rates way higher than 1 percent. In fact, the Tax Policy Center determined that Ryan's budget would raise taxes on the bottom 30 percent of wage earners.
The Average Jane and Joe may not memorize all those facts and figures. But they will recall that Ryan wants quarter billionaires to pay 1 percent and them to pay way more. That's just galling. Far from what the middle class finds to be a desirable trait in a vice president.
When a reporter asked Romney about his tax rates last week, the Republican candidate had just finished lecturing the ensemble on the intricacies of his Medicare plan using a white board.
What Romney can't comprehend is that for the middle class, it's not the numbers.
What the Average Jane and Joe will recall is that Romney and Ryan plan to privatize Medicare, to destroy a beloved program on which the middle class depends. What they'll know about Romney and Ryan is that their proposed policies show they don't have a clue what it's like to struggle. And don't care. Carelessness is not a quality the middle class finds desirable in the occupants of the Oval Office.

subset: commoncrawl


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|2012-07-11, 07:33
|Link #21
Monarch of Rughzenhaide
Unfortunately, due to me having various hobbies (and also the fact, anime/manga isn't my prime hobby anymore), I only tend to buy local releases, has to be bluray and has to be something I REALLY enjoyed. At the last anime con (was more of a pop culture convention, but with a large anime component) I bought a bunch of classic Ghibli movies that were remastered in Bluray that were on sale (like $15 each), Usagi Drop ($30) and the 3 volumes of Madoka Magica which totaled $50. There's a bunch of titles I'm still waiting for will give "reasonable prices".
Otherwise, I still buy manga on a bulk basis about once or twice a year ... mainly of the shojo or josei demography ... I'm such a girl!
Limited money is my biggest factor in trying to support the anime industry. I will never buy those overpriced Japanese imports
|2012-07-11, 07:50
|Link #22
Giga Drill Breaker
Join Date: Jan 2009
if you can afford to import anime DVD/BluRay from japan then that is the best way, along with buying their anime merchandises
if you got less money then buying legal anime DVD/BluRay on your local stores is good
if you got only few money to spare then a crunchyroll subscription will support the anime companies too
if you got no money at all then discussing about anime on forums/etc will improve the interest of potential buyers more, and also making MAD/AMV videos to promote anime will be good to increase interest for portential buyers, also if you got deviantart just vector or make good drawings of your favorite anime that is another way to promote them and again increase interest of potential buyers, even making sigs will do too
|2012-07-11, 10:11
|Link #23
AS Oji-kun
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Using my yokai glasses to save Mana again
Age: 69
|2012-07-11, 14:17
|Link #24
Otaku Apprentice
It's possible to buy a few titles and have a family. ($100 a month [locally bought] and the rest to your family).
Last edited by bhl88; 2012-07-11 at 14:39.
|2012-07-11, 18:13
|Link #25
Best ways to Support Anime Industry?
Buy the originals..... Dvds, mangas, LVs, figs, posters, T-shirts, Mugs, coloring book etc.
Attend conventions in your places, not necessarily do cosplay.
Join forums like Animesuki....
|2012-07-11, 19:36
|Link #26
AS Oji-kun
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Using my yokai glasses to save Mana again
Age: 69
|2012-07-12, 00:02
|Link #27
Join Date: Dec 2003
Age: 37
So yeah... without any doubt, it's unreasonably expensive compared to all local entertainment. They're very expensive keepsakes.
|2012-07-12, 14:55
|Link #28
Obey the Darkly Cute ...
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: On the whole, I'd rather be in Kyoto ...
Age: 61
If you want to support the *SOURCE* of anime production, buy the swag from Japan. Figures, music CDs, posters, keychains, etc. from places like cdjapan.co.jp, hlj.com, rightstuf.com.
Unless the R1 license gives the producer a cut of the sales, then sales of R1 videos only benefit the R1 distributor (which does mean they're more likely to license more products though). The streaming sites.. the same problem - unless the producer gets a cut of each subscription then you're really only benefiting Crunchyroll. I'm not saying don't buy R1 DVDs or subscriptions - just that you're not necessarily helping the industry inside Japan all that much.
I usually don't buy the 'japanese original dvd/blu-ray' for the reasons relentlessflame lists. But I have purchased, for example, the K-On! live concert Blu-ray discs and I have a large collection of japan-released music CDs (OSTs, character song CDs, etc). I also collect the figures (1/8, 1/6, gashapon, etc) of specific series I've enjoyed.
|2012-07-12, 17:54
|Link #29
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2011
How much of this money actually goes to the animators/voice actors/bg artists that actually create the thing we watch?
As far as I've read on some blogs, none. If that's true, is there a way to support them, and not the producers and retailers that only pour capital into the thing?
|2012-07-12, 19:54
|Link #30
Obey the Darkly Cute ...
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: On the whole, I'd rather be in Kyoto ...
Age: 61
Sadly, very little actually gets to the voice actors, animators, etc in comparison to that which their "overlords" get... so they tend to thrive on people's personal thanks and fandom (the voice actors in particular).
|2012-07-12, 19:59
|Link #31
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2009
Nevertheless, the idea behind support is that profitable productions mean continued employment for people in the industry. We support them by giving the producers a reason to make more anime.
|2012-07-12, 20:19
|Link #32
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2011
Continued employment, but of what kind? I've read some things about how this industry works and if they aren't outdated or inaccurate, it's a pretty shitty job, especially for inbetweeners and clean-up animators. Some KAs and other staff like the sound crew or the writers are in better economic positions, but it's still a low-end job compared to the huge money the industry supposedly moves.
|2012-07-12, 20:26
|Link #33
Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2007
The R1 companies are essentially the middle man for us.
I guess in theory if we buy the series we like from the R1 companies they would license more of those type of series and in that sense the Japanese companies do get money from those sales, it's just in an indirect way. It's the R1 companies giving them the money not us.
Not really sure how it works with American subsidiaries of Japanese companies though.
|2012-07-12, 22:11
|Link #35
Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2007
Now that the bubble has burst in NA I am not sure if those licensing fees would be quite as high these days but Japanese companies do make something from the US anime companies essentially buying the rights to sell the series over here.
I expect Japanese companies make more money off of that than royalties since a lot of series don't even sell that well here. Although that is just for BR/DVD, not sure how streaming works.
For the record this is a list of licensing costs for various ADV series.
|2012-07-12, 22:23
|Link #36
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2009
Streaming is somewhat similar in that the amount of money paid to the licensor depends on the number of views.
However, surveys are skewed because higher paid animators are less inclined to respond to them. As some have mentioned, they would never have stuck around if their yearly incomes were as low as suggested. No one gets rich working as animators, but some do well enough to avoid working all year round and to be choosy in terms of projects.
Last edited by TJR; 2012-07-12 at 23:15.
|2012-07-13, 08:11
|Link #38
AS Oji-kun
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Using my yokai glasses to save Mana again
Age: 69
|2012-07-13, 09:19
|Link #39
Also a Lolicon
Join Date: Apr 2010
If you can buy stuff, please do. If you can't buy a lot, or can't buy anything at all, that's okay, but please buy what you can.
|2012-07-13, 12:34
|Link #40
Obey the Darkly Cute ...
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: On the whole, I'd rather be in Kyoto ...
Age: 61
In some cases, it doesn't make sense to buy the series because it isn't licensed in your region. That doesn't mean one can't buy the swag -- figures, CDs, manga, light novels, posters, etc. As long as it isn't bootleg - those profits also go to the producing companies.
It is pretty simple - no money, no anime will happen. As long as there's a *patron* class who spends enough money on the art/performance, the *peanut gallery* (leechers) get some benefit as well. But there has to BE patronage by sufficient numbers of people or the entertainment vanishes.
I think the best ethical rule of thumb is to buy what you can when you can. If you're a teenager, you're unlikely to have the funds to buy much just like you can't afford to go to the concert. If you're a 20-something programmer making 50K euros a year... you can probably afford to visit www.cdjapan.co.jp or www.hlj.com and pick up a few trinkets.
|Thread Tools


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The car is larger than the compact Volt and has a hatchback body style, the source said. GM has targeted a price between $30,000 and $35,000, which would put the net price under $30,000 after a federal tax credit, the person said.
MOD NOTE: Simplify title to make this the official Bolt thread.


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and NOLAN HICKS
The U.S. Supreme Court on Friday ordered a Texas panel of federal judges to redraw its interim redistricting maps, a decision that leaves in doubt the date of the state's primary elections.
In a unanimous order, the justices instructed the three-judge federal panel in San Antonio to base its interim redistricting maps for state House, Senate and congressional seats on the ones passed by the Republican Legislature.
But the court order also gave the Texas judges authority to draw new political lines in areas where there is a "reasonable probability" that the Legislature's maps would violate the Voting Rights Act.
The high court's order was seen as a mixed victory because it ruled that the Legislature and the court-drawn maps could not be used without alteration and explanation.
Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott said the Supreme Court made clear "that the district court must give deference to elected leaders of this state."
"The Supreme Court's swift decision will allow Texas to move forward with elections as soon as possible, under maps that are lawful," Abbott said.
But minority rights groups challenging the state's maps said the San Antonio court did give deference to the Legislature.
Nina Perales with the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund said the Supreme Court order still blocks the use of the Legislature's maps until a separate Washington court panel finds that they do not discriminate against minorities.
"We are very pleased," Perales said. "The Supreme Court refused to allow the state of Texas to put its maps in place."
Michael Li, a Dallas elections lawyer who publishes a Texas redistricting newsletter, said the Supreme Court order "looks like a hard-fought compromise."
"It looks like there was give and take in the opinion," Li said.
Jose Garza, who argued the case before the Supreme Court last week for the Mexican American Legislative Caucus, said the order gives the San Antonio court more guidance on how new political districts can be drawn.
"The court in Texas must be more clear," Garza said. "We could come up with something very similar to the San Antonio maps; the court just has to explain it better."
Luis Vera, counsel with the League of United Latin American Citizens, cautioned the state not to "read too much" into the court order.
"I think we are going to get a better map," Vera said.
At stake in the redistricting battle are Democratic attempts to win more congressional seats that could aid their efforts to win back the U.S. House of Representatives, where Republicans hold a 242-192 majority, with one vacancy.
Texas gained 4.3 million people between 2000 and 2010, and its congressional delegation will increase from 32 to 36 seats. The Legislature's map created no new minority opportunity districts, Latino rights groups claim, and the court map created three opportunity districts.
Democrats also complained that the state maps decrease the number of seats for minorities in the Texas House and strip Democrats of one seat in the Texas Senate. Republicans say the maps reflect the GOP preference of voters in the state.
"I agree with the Supreme Court's ruling," said Rep. Lamar Smith, R-San Antonio, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee and the point person for the GOP congressional delegation on redistricting.
"I hope that the court will now draw a map that accurately reflects the makeup of Texas and respects the maps drawn by the Texas Legislature," he said.
Legal challenges to the state's redistricting plans have pushed back the political primaries from March 6 to April 3.
Republicans were hopeful that the quick ruling by the Supreme Court would allow the lower court to redraw maps and avoid another delay, said Chris Elam, a Texas GOP spokesman in Austin.
But whether the primaries face another delay could depend on the speed in which the San Antonio court redraws an interim to the Supreme Court's guidelines.
"They cannot rubber-stamp the Texas plan," Perales said. "We foresee going back to court in San Antonio. We're confident any subsequent map will not discriminate against Latino voters."
The map drawn by the legislature must meet preclearance requirements under the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Texas is one of nine states that need Justice Department approval of new maps because of a pattern of past racial prejudice.
Interim maps were drawn by the San Antonio court after Texas sued in U.S. federal court in Washington to bypass the preclearance requirement.
A two-week trial in the District of Columbia began Monday to determine whether the legislature's maps do not discriminate. The trial is scheduled through Feb. 3.
Judge Rosemary Collyer, one of three justices hearing the case in District of Columbia district court, said from the bench Friday that there would be little impact on the ongoing trial.
"It may mean we are not in a race with the Supreme Court to make our decision," Collyer said.


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For the first time ever, a committee of the Rhode Island legislature has voted to send a marriage equality bill to the floor. The Rhode Island House Judiciary Committee voted 11-0 to approve the long-awaited legislation. "Representative Arthur Handy's bill, H 5015, could be voted on by the full House as early as Thursday," reports the Providence Journal.
The bill is expected to pass the House but its fate in the Senate remains uncertain. Democratic Senate President Teresa Paiva Weed has steadfastly opposed mariage equality but supports civil unions.
Governor Lincoln Chafee testified in support of the marriage bill. The governor released a statement which includes:
As I noted in my State of the State Address last week, there are a number of reasons why we should bring marriage equality to Rhode Island this year. It is a civil rights issue, it is an issue of basic fairness, and it is an economic development issue. We are at an economic disadvantage with our neighboring states when we do not 'have the welcome mat out' for all those who want to work here and contribute to our economy. Rhode Island already lags behind all of our New England neighbors on this issue; we should swiftly remedy that for the good of our economy and the rights of our citizens.
With this afternoon's vote, we are one step closer to the day when gay and lesbian Rhode Islanders can enjoy the same fundamental rights, benefits, and privileges as all other citizens of our state. It is my hope that that day will come soon. I urge the leaders of the House and Senate to call the roll, and I will be proud to sign this important legislation when it reaches my desk.
Rhode Island is the only state in New England that does not mandate marriage equality.
The Rhode Island House approved a compromise civil unions bill in May 2011. The bill was introduced after Speaker Gordon Fox—who became Rhode Island's first Black and first openly gay House speaker in February 2010—said a marriage equality bill did not have the votes to pass. Fox's decision was criticized by some LGBT activists.


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Mr. Robert Zarate
Robert Zarate is a Research Fellow at the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center in Washington, DC. He previously worked as a policy analyst of controls on encryption and other dual-use goods at Steptoe & Johnson LLP. Mr. Zarate has published essays and articles on national security, technology, politics, law, and business in The Weekly Standard, National Review Online, Wired News, and other publications. Most recently, he contributed an essay, "The NPT, IAEA Safeguards and Peaceful Nuclear Energy: An 'Inalienable Right,' But Precisely to What?" to Falling Behind: International Scrutiny of the Peaceful Atom (2008), a volume edited by Mr. Henry Sokolski. Mr. Zarate earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Chicago.
*The above information may not be current. It was current at the time when the individual worked for SSI or was published by SSI.
SSI books and monographs by Mr. Robert Zarate
Nuclear Heuristics: Selected Writings of Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter
January 26, 2009
Edited by Mr. Robert Zarate, Mr. Henry D. Sokolski.
Pioneers of nuclear-age policy analysis, Albert Wohlstetter (1913-1997) and Roberta Wohlstetter (1912-2007) emerged as two of America's most consequential, innovative and controversial strategists. Through the clarity of their thinking, the rigor of their research, and the persistence of their personalities, they were able to shape the views and aid the decisions of Democratic and Republican policy makers both during and after the Cold War. Although the Wohlstetters' strategic concepts and analytical methods continue to be highly influential, no book has brought together their most important published and unpublished essays--until now.


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It just isn't practical for people to copy DVDs—that's what a columnist for a major computer magazine recently proclaimed. Had this declaration come from a Hollywood executive living in denial, from a consumer electronics manufacturer being politically correct, or even from an uninformed member of the popular media, I wouldn't have been surprised. But I would have expected better from the technical press.
So, just how hard is it to copy a DVD movie? Not as difficult or time-consuming as some make it out to be—and it's getting easier and more convenient every day.
The biggest historical barrier to copying DVD movies was, obviously, that few consumers owned DVD recorders. Like the CD-R industry before it, early-generation writable DVD hardware and media were prohibitively expensive professional prototyping tools and came with imperfect playback compatibility. However, unlike CD-R, which took years to hit the mainstream, writable DVD products are being thrust into low-cost consumer markets. Witness the latest estimates from Strategic Marketing Decisions projecting that 27 million DVD recorders will already be installed worldwide by year's end, rising to some 244 million over the next three years.
With this first line of defense evaporating, the next level of protection against easy copying comes from the Content Scrambling System (CSS) currently installed on most commercial DVD movie titles. As has been well-publicized, however, programmers broke this digital encryption in 1999 and (despite legal efforts to stop the proliferation of the techniques employed), throwing the digital copying door wide open. Since then, a profusion of Internet-distributed freeware has rendered CSS irrelevant.
Beyond digital encryption, an ever-growing number of prerecorded movies enjoy the de facto copy protection of being DVD-9s (8.4GB single-sided, dual-layer). Once a challenge to manufacture and thus a high-priced novelty, DVD-9s became necessary to accommodate lower compression rates as well as supplementary material and therefore were enlisted to publish most recent mainline titles. That, of course, complicated matters from a copying perspective. While DVD-5 discs (4.7GB single-sided single-layer) could easily be decrypted and transferred onto writable DVD media, DVD-9's 8.4GBs won't fit. Equivalent-capacity writable discs simply aren't available.
Some argue that it's only a matter of time before this dual-layer writable DVD media makes its way onto the scene. However, I'm more pessimistic about that possibility. Indeed, Matsushita, MPO, Philips, ITRI and others have demonstrated the technical feasibility of dual-layer DVD-RAM, ROM/RAM, and other formats. These attempts, albeit impressive, are laboratory experiments that give little consideration to cost, ease of manufacture, and market realities. For example, given the extreme difficulties involved in fabricating even current 4.7GB DVD-RAM discs, dual-layer writable DVD discs—of any variety—would arguably remain for some time too complex and therefore too unpredictable and expensive to produce. They would then be entering into a commodity marketplace where price, rather than capability, rules the roost. Further complicating matters will be the inability of the existing installed base of DVD recorders to write dual-layer discs and the likelihood that they couldn't (or wouldn't) be updated to do so.
Of course, DVD-9s can be decrypted and viewed from computer hard drives but, realistically, most consumers want to watch their movies on TV. The more likely scenarios, therefore, are already being played out courtesy of the latest, and grossly underestimated, generations of DVD manipulation tools.
It's possible to jump the DVD-9 hurdle by splitting content into two discs or re-authoring to prune out the additional material. Deleted scenes, documentaries, trailers, and multiple angles, languages, and audio tracks can often all be hacked away so only the main movie remains and fits onto a single writable DVD disc. Accomplishing that used to take a fist full of software and plenty of know-how, but free and commercial tools continue to appear to automate and demystify the process.
The latest approach to emerge is ruthlessly effective and the one most likely to have broad ongoing consumer appeal. It involves recompressing, or selectively recompressing, the video content to a lower bit rate to make it fit onto one writable DVD disc. Excluding extraneous material increases storage space and lessens the required degree of recompression. Obviously, some visual quality is sacrificed, but the result is perfectly acceptable and analogous to that of converting Red Book audio CDs to lower-resolution MP3 files. And while it's true that some products can take upward of five hours to accomplish this, free software is now available to decrypt and recompress full DVD-9s in 45 minutes or less. When paired with a 4X DVD recorder, that's less than one hands-off hour from start to finish. With inevitable advances in software engineering, as well as with processor and recorder speeds, it might not be long before the whole procedure could be performed in less than 15 minutes.
Looking ahead, it's also possible that the MPEG-4 compression and metadata navigation capabilities now making their way into set-top DVD players could "MP3" the video market. Satisfied with "good enough" quality, consumers might simply rip and record multiple movies to a single writable DVD disc and exchange this material online. Alternatively, if next-generation systems catch on, it's sobering to consider that higher-capacity technology, such as Blu-ray Disc (23.3 to 27GB), holds three to four decrypted DVD-9 discs without sacrificing a thing.
Legal and ethical issues aside, the hardware and software needed to copy any DVD movie is already here, and it will continue to get cheaper, faster, easier, and more convenient to use. Ignoring, dismissing, or denying just doesn't cut it.


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Morenci's Labor Day Bridge Walk has gone to the dogs this year.
At a recent Chamber of Commerce meeting, someone suggested the Dog Days of Summer for a theme and now dog owners are invited to bring along their pooch for a quick stroll across Silver Creek.
The event is scheduled at 11 a.m. Labor Day. As always, special guests will have their one-minute speech option before the crowd heads out for the hike across the 1893 pedestrian bridge that crossed Silver Creek at the south edge of town.
To make it a double bridge day, some walkers head out onto East Street to walk across the other historic bridge—the Murray Van Wagoner bridge built in 1935. That bridge was the entrance into Michigan on the Taft Highway—a tourist route from Florida to Michigan that never really gained in popularity.
But the bridges now have their popular standing one day a year in the southern-most bridge walk in the state—Morenci's alternative to the five-mile walk that morning at the Straights of Mackinac.
Commemorative bridge walk shirts will go on sale soon at Johnson Hardware, Stair Public Library and United Bank and Trust, and they'll also be available at the bridge. Morenci Garden Club members will return with their annual plant sale at the bridge walk.


text:
Moderators: ryguy, chrLz, Zep Tepi
astrophotographer wrote: I just felt it was important to point out there are plenty of possibilities than conclude this was a craft of unknown intelligence (aka flying saucer/UFO/not one of ours) as suggested in the UFO encyclopedia.
astrophotographer wrote:As much as I appreciate the response, I don't consider this work conclusive at all. When writing the article, I felt there were issues that will never be resolved to everyone's satisifaction.
Another comment on your article.
"Brad Sparks has interpreted this to mean that the plane was flying due north at 89 degree west longitude (Gulfport is at approximately 89.08 deg longitude and Biloxi is at 88.9 deg). This argument appears to be based on the assumption that the Navigator was to navigate by the stars along a specific line of longitude. While this is an interesting theory, why use the 89th meridian? Why not 89.5 or 88.5? What is so magical about 89 degrees? In fact, how would they know the Navigator was right if he states he was on 89 degrees unless they had a landmark to reach? It seems like the nice round number is the only reason that Sparks chose this path. "
This is a significant point that needs discussion.
If you think about the process that the RB-47s were conducting, it had two basic purposes: 1, to detect and record the signal characteristics of Soviet radars (in eastern Europe, the USSR, Cuba, the middle east, wherever) and other RF emitters (such as missile telemetry signals, etc) and 2, to geo-locate the emitters.
In the pre-GPS days, this wasn't super easy or accurate. How could it be done when they didn't know the exact position of the plane to the accuracy level needed for this kind of thing? Nowadays they know the position within feet, but what about the 1950s? One of the tricks they used to simplify the job was to fly along lines of latitude and longitude, believe it or not. I discussed this at some length with another one of the RB crow operators. He confirmed what Brad says about the 89 degree meridian being used for this purpose. But basically, the bottom line is that yes, we know _exactly_ where the RB-47 "coasted in" because it was flying along that line. That's the "magic".
The problem with this case, moreso than most UFO cases, is that it's absolutely imperative to have a full understanding of all kinds of technical aspects in order to evaluate it -- but it's so hard to do that. I certainly don't full understand the processes that the ELINT people used, let alone their gear and all its technicalities. And on top of that, there's the great secrecy imposed on this whole espionage process. But it's possible to deduce some of these things at least.
astrophotographer wrote:At least these are my thoughts. Any comments?
...The new system was introduced in 1957 as "LORAN-C"...
Tim Hebert wrote:Tim, first I'm the last to know anything about aircraft navigation. Perhaps the answer is less complicated...89th was simply used for most if not all training flights where predictability was not of importance as that of a real ELINT mission. I can't see an operational ELINT mission flying the same course day out on an actual penetration mission, but...
Perhaps the 89th was more of an importance for routine ground tracking of all training RB-47 missions out of Forbes AFB? 89th was a constraint due air space restrictions imposed by the Civil Air Board (or what was then in place before FAA)?
I'm grasping...
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Summer Place Condo RentalsAddress: 5600 North Ocean Boulevard
View: Oceanfront
Location: Cherry Grove Section
2 Bedrooms 2 Baths - Oceanfront Condos - Accommodates 6 with 1 Queen, 2 Twins and a Sleeper Sofa
NO MOTORCYCLES, TRAILERS, BOATS or RV's ALLOWED
A Summer Place is three story walk up that is perfect for the budget friendly visitor. These two bedroom units have a fully equipped kitchen, cable tv and FREE WiFi for you to use. There is an oceanfront pool for your use and of course you have the Atlantic Ocean to play in during your stay. A Summer Place is located in the Cherry Grove section of North Myrtle Beach and is roomy enough for a young family to enjoy. Don't forget all the activities North Myrtle Beach has to offer: Deep Sea Fishing, Shows, Dolphin Cruises, Golf, Aquariums and Museums, Jet Ski Rides, Go Cart Racing - the list goes on.
Private Oceanfront Balcony
- Oceanfront Pool and Sundeck
- Fully Equipped Kitchen
- Microwave Oven
- Dishwasher
- Washer and Dryer
- No Elevator
- TV and VCR
Resort Rate Table
|Room Options


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Welcome To Kan-Am Products
Kan Am is a wholesale distributor for the Kansas/Oklahoma area specializing in high quality windows, decking, railing, siding, and accessories. Customer care is our speciality. We are a privately owned business that has been providing exterior remodelers with high quality products and personalized attention for over 20 years.


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With the 2012 London Olympic Games on the horizon, it seems appropriate to revisit one of the legends of the Olympic Games.
Doing my usual channel surfing, I came up on a PBS documentary, "American Experience: Jesse Owens."
Most sports aficionados and history buffs know of the legend of Owens; however, his compete and dehumanizing degradation delivered by America's intense racial separation kind of got lost in the real picture of this of a man.
Even today, over 70 years later, many Americans take pride in recalling how Owens undermined Adolf Hitler's theory of Aryan racial superiority by winning four gold medals (100-, 200- , 4×100 meter relay, and, long jump) at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
"American Experience: Jesse Owens," directed by Laurens Grant and written by the frequent PBS collaborator Stanley Nelson ("Freedom Riders"), is a level and striking production that suffers from its shortness: about 52 minutes. There's not much time to get below the surface, and Owens' troubled post-Olympic life gets particularly abrupt treatment.
The triumph of this "American Experience" documentary on Owens, who died in 1980, is that it enshrined his Hitler situation without ignoring the depressing extent to which Owens' own country also treated him as second class.
As an Olympian in that time, he was under the authority of U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) chief Avery Brundage (an acknowledged racist), who admired Hitler and infamously replaced two Jewish sprinters on the 4-by-100 relay team because it could have further embarrassed Hitler if they won.
After embarrassing Hitler in his own stadium in 1936, Brundage stripped Owens of his amateur standing, effectively depriving him of the chance to make a living from his skill. For years after the Olympics, this superb athlete was relegated to a sideshow — until finally, in 1955, President Eisenhower made him a national "goodwill ambassador" promoting the high ideals of America.
However, before Eisenhower's benevolent spirit, Owens had to race against horses and other degrading actions to support his family.
Just like Joe Louis, who knocked out German champion Maximillian Adolph Otto Siegfried Schmeling, and in spite of his color, he became an American hero. However, like Owens, it did not carry over to life in America. Louis was attacked by the IRS and it destroyed his life. Owens faired no better.
But the irony of both their lives in segregated America was that they did not outwardly complain. Maybe it was the times, where many thought it was better to go along to get along. The fact of the matter is that it was life threatening to oppose the status quo.
In the 1968 Olympics, African-American's discontent with how they were being treated at home spilled over into one of the most famous protests in USOC history — the Tommy Smith and John Carlos black gloved raised fist during the National Anthem.
No matter how badly treated Owens was by the establishment, his nemesis, Brundage, help recruit him to talk to the African-American athletes while at the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. The threat of protest was in the air and the USOC wanted Owens to help defuse it. In fact, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar brought the discontent to the forefront by refusing to join the USOC basketball team.
With American cities smoldering in discontent and hungering for change and equal rights, the athletes ignored Owens' cajoling. George Foreman, who won the heavyweight Olympic title and pranced around the ring with two American flags. He was scorned by the Black community on his return home.
Foreman told me in an interview that he was a young country boy who had no understanding of the complexity of life and the anger of his fellow African-American Olympians. He said he was just happy to be there and out of his situation at home in Houston.
Carlos and Smith became the poster boys for standing up to the injustice that was permeating American society, while Foreman and Owens took on the appearance of Uncle Toms.
For me, Owens is an almost preternaturally graceful and heroic figure, asserting his will despite isolation and scorn even greater than Jackie Robinson had to face. But he also represents the power of segregation at that time, when a man of his caliber was so beat down he was afraid to challenge inequality face to face.


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Great for beginners and for those who prefer less cardio style practice. Gentle, Slow Flow Yoga incorporates a focus on alignment with slow, fluid movements, held a little longer thoughout the thoughtfully curated sequences. We will focus mainly seated, floor poses and a few balance standing poses (maybe a 60/40 split). This class helps facilitate relaxation, mobility, strength, and flexibility without straining the muscles and joints. All levels are welcome in this calming, laid-back practice.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: February 19Restorative Yoga
Later Event: February 21The Passion Test


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Ever wonder how a Rose Parade float is built? We chronicled the construction of a float – the Miracle-Gro float – this year before it traveled down Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena for the 125th Rose Parade.
To use the interactive image above, hover over the icons to see how the float was built.
Viewing on a mobile device or want to see a larger image? Click here: How the Miracle-Gro Rose Parade Float Was Built.
Construction on Miracle-Gro's float in the Rose Parade, themed "Grow Something Greater," began in earnest in November. The float demonstrates a "Garden to Table" movement where fruits, vegetables, flowers and herbs are grown in the backyard. Family members then harvest the bounty, handing the goods to a chef who prepares the food right on the float. The family then sits down to enjoy the meal amid the lush, floral backyard near a waterfall and tranquil pond.
The float is 24-feet tall, 18 feet wide and 55 feet in length.
This is Miracle-Gro's second float in the Rose Parde.
The float was constructed by Tim Estes and his team at Fiesta Parade Floats in Irwindale.


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Celebrities Wearing Finger Wave Hairstyles 2011-08-29 11:43:00
6 Stars Who've Made 1920s-Style Finger Waves Look Great
6 Stars Who've Made 1920s-Style Finger Waves Look Great
Vanessa Hudgens may be trying to grow out her hair, but her cute crop and flapper-inspired finger waves may just be the most stunning look of her career. Finger waves are one of those styles that are recognizably vintage from a mile off, but so cool and architectural looking that they feel distinctly modern, too. On top of that, they're a great style when your hair is at an awkward length or is desperately in need of a trim.
Vanessa is not the only star to realize how gorgeous these waves can be, though. Find out how the following five hot Hollywood commodities gave their hair a little help, and what kind of finger waves could possibly avert a hair crisis for you.


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Handy desktop 400x 2.0 Mega Pixels magnification USB microscope
The latest USB Microscope from Veho. Now with more powerful 400X mag, 2 Mega Pixel Cmos lens (interpolated) and alloy flexi-stand.
See everything up close with this amazing USB Microscope.
This handy USB desktop microscope - 400x, 2 Mega Pixels magnification - has a multitude of home and office uses: science education, laboratory research, computer parts examination, printing inspection, presentation tool, medical analysis, reading aid and collectables magnification to name a few. Online chat can also be achieved with the microscope's built in webcam and record features. 20x or 400x digital USB microscope with snapshot and video capture software.
- Adjustable LEDs for object illumination
- 2 MP Cmos (interpolated)
- Measurement function using enclosed software
- Snapshot and video recording function
- Alloy stand and stand alone capture button
- Tacton rubber touch housing
- With a base zoom level of 20x, the VMS-004 can be further zoomed in manually to a factor of 400x
- Fine slider adjustment for brightness, hue, saturation and sharpness, plus a black and white display mode
- VMS-004 USB Microscope is supplied with Windows and Mac drivers. For software for side-loading CD drives just visit the download centre
- The 2 megapixel CMOS lens can be adjusted to point in any direction using the movable arm
- Simply install the drivers, plug the microscope into your computer via the USB and you''re ready to go
Possible uses
- Science education tool
- Laboratory research
- Computer parts examination
- Printing inspection
- Presentation tool
- Medical analysis
- Reading Aid
- Skin/Scalp examination
- Collectable/coin magnification
- Textile inspection
- Jewellery inspection
- Online chat tool (webcam)
- Industrial uses
- Insect magnification
- Having fun
- Service & Support Details / Service Included
- 1 Year
- Compatibility
- System Requirements / OS Required
- Win 98, 2000, XP, Vista and MAC o/s
- Video Input / Webcam Capability
- Yes
- Manufacturer
- Veho
- Miscellaneous / Package Type
- retail
- Packaged Quantity
- 1
- Connections / Type
- Product Line
- Veho
- Service & Support Details / Full Contract Period
- 1 Year Warranty
- Service & Support / Type
- 1 year warranty
- Model
- VMS-004 Delux USB Microscope
- Connections / Qty
- 1
- Service & Support Details / Type
- Limited Warranty
The following resources are available for the Veho VMS-004 Discovery Deluxe 400x USB Microscope


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My Leagues
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Eliteserien live on Scoreboard.com. Follow Eliteserien 2019 for live scores, final results, fixtures and standings! Live scores on Scoreboard.com: Here you'll find live scores, innings- and final results, odds comparison and H2H stats in match details. In addition, Scoreboard.com provides statistics (hits, errors, home runs, runs batted in, strikeouts, stolen bases and batting average) and lineups from MLB. Standings: Scoreboard.com offers home/away/overall Eliteserien 2019 standings and form (last 5 matches) tables. You can find Eliteserien 2019 scores and standings on Scoreboard.com Eliteserien 2019 page, or click on the baseball scores page to see all today's baseball scores.
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TUSCALOOSA | The Westboro Baptist Church has been permitted to picket on the University of Alabama campus Saturday from noon to 12:30 p.m. outside Russell Hall.
UA spokesman Chris Bryant said Wednesday that the location at the northeast corner of University Boulevard and Hackberry Lane was chosen "to ensure the safety and security of the campus community and to maintain the university's ability to educate its students and conduct its daily operations."
The university has established the area in in the parking lot east of Gallalee Hall as a site for "individuals or groups who want to express a differing opinion" from the Westboro group, Bryant said.
This location, at the northwest corner of University Boulevard and Hackberry Lane, is directly across the street from the Westboro Baptist Church's location.
The Topeka, Kan.-based church, most known for its anti-gay stance and for protesting at military funerals, announced it plans to picket Tuscaloosa and the University of Alabama earlier this month.
The group's website said the demonstration is intended to "remind them (that) the wrath of God" was responsible for the tornado of April 27, 2011. Specifically, the website for the church, said Saturday's protest is meant to memorialize the cancellation of UA's spring 2011 graduation ceremonies, which were abandoned two years ago because of the chaos brought by the storm.
"That whirlwind came from God," the website said. "Praise His name for it, then fear and obey that God who is able to whip up a whirlwind on a dime!
"Call this time, between your last GodSmack and your NEXT GodSmack, space for repentance!"
The group's website did not indicate how many protesters are planning to visit Tuscaloosa, but its events typically feature no more than 10 members of the group holding signs with messages like "God Hates America," "You're Going to Hell" and "Thank God for Dead Soldiers."
It's not uncommon for adults and children to take part in the protests.
Word of Westboro Baptist Church's planned visit has spread quickly, and some residents have announced an intent to protest the church group's presence.
These kinds of counter-protests are not uncommon, with groups forming in an attempt to drown out or distract from the messages being delivered by the Westboro Baptist Church's followers and these activities typically contain messages of acceptance and tolerance.
The group's website said the visit to Tuscaloosa is also meant to condemn homosexuality and same-sex marriages, although Alabama has no law permitting same-sex unions.
"You really 'smart' University people should have offered a PhD in The Flood," the website said, "and it should have included an entire semester on the last offense against God before he sent that flood to WIPE OUT the entire earth, except the eight who were in the Ark, to wit: Same Sex Marriage! ...
"So, the take away points for today class, to wit: The Lord is coming! America is Doomed!"
Westboro Baptist Church permitted to picket UA campus
TUSCALOOSA | The Westboro Baptist Church has been permitted to picket on the University of Alabama campus Saturday from noon to 12:30 p.m. outside Russell Hall.


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Apple Closes U.S. Ad-Spending Gap With Samsung
Samsung is the still the king of the U.S. smartphone marketing race, but the Korean giant's rivals closed its huge lead with an advertising blitz in 2013.
All told, seven of the top U.S. smartphone makers spent a tad over $1.3 billion last year on ads across TV, print, online, radio and outdoor venues, up 33% from 2012 spending of about $1 billion, according to ad research and consulting firm Kantar Media.
Spending in the telecom category as a whole grew more than 8%, about nine times faster than the total U.S. ad market that grew 0.9%, said Kantar Media chief research officer Jon Swallen.
The numbers reflect the rising intensity of the smartphone race and highlight the growing role that device makers play in wireless marketing as carriers focus their advertising on service plans or network quality instead of devices, as they did in the past.
Samsung outspent Apple by $68 million in 2012, but the iPhone maker responded last year with a TV-led counter-attack and closed the ad spending gap to just $12 million as Samsung dialed back its outlays.
Last year, Apple spent about $351 million on total U.S. wireless phone advertising, up 5% from $333 million, according to Kantar Media. It spent more on TV ads last year than its entire 2012 budget, spending $339 million on TV ads in 2013, up 15% from 2012 TV ad spending.
Samsung spent about $363 million on all U.S. mobile phone ads, down 10% from $401 million, the only top device maker that cut U.S. ad spending.
At No. 3, Nokia went on a marketing binge as it announced a merger of its devices and services business with Microsoft, and spent $221 million, more than 15 times what it spent in 2012.
Motorola, the No. 4 largest ad spender, more than tripled spending to $189 million after it became part of Google in mid-2012. Google is currently in the process of selling Motorola to Lenovo.
Rounding out the bottom three, BlackBerry more than doubled its ad spending to $90 million as the company received a $1 billion cash infusion from some of its investors; HTC invested about $76 million, up from $46 million in 2012; and LG Electronics spent about $51 million, compared with $38 million a year earlier.
The Kantar data includes spending on Internet display and paid search advertising, but does not include online video promotions.
The ad binge seems to have helped Microsoft, LG and Nokia the most, as the Finnish phone maker saw the biggest market share increase in percentage terms, according to researcher comScore.
Samsung also increased its market share a bit, while Blackberry, Motorola and HTC all saw their market share decline as they struggled in the middle of tough turnarounds.
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Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 - She is that famous in Peru that she cannot go for shopping without being stopped by someone requesting an autograph. It happens not only in Lima, her hometown, it happens anywhere in Peru. She is that prominent that she has different imitators on TV shows in her country. She was nominated as 2012's most influent women in Peru. Her name is Natalia Malaga. Natalia is coaching Peru's junior team that is competing here in Brno at the 2013 FIVB Women's U20 World Championship. In a few weeks, Natalia will do the same at FIVB Girls' U18 World Championship in Thailand.
"I coach both groups this year. I am expecting more from the younger team. They grew up together; they are more compact as a team. Grit and passion you cannot train as we do with technics or tactics. Here in Brno we play with five juniors. The rest of the team is the U18 preparing for Thailand.
Natalia's style is peculiar, with timeouts full of motivation (and words that are not always mentioned in classic Spanish dictionaries). Her speeches to the team have become a "must see" in the sports world. These are important aspects since they attract new spectators for volleyball, of course, but the most important matter for Peruvian volleyball is that Natalia, with her style, brings more players to the gym. Natalia focuses particularly on that point: no other team travelled to Czech Republic with 15 players. Three young players watch the matches from the stands and train with the team in order to accelerate their development and experience.
"I'm not sure I can help the sport with this so-called popularity. It is true that people in Peru are treating me with a lot of affect. However, I often think that I need to rest, far from the volleyball fans at home, relaxing, without the pressure that the social media put on our shoulders nowadays. Every day I read comments like 'Where is your team? Why don't we have a team like in eighties?' The fans compare with the past. It is not possible. The athletes' mentality have completely changed. I do not have all the answers. I am not on the court to solve the problems directly. People think that our only need is to select tall players. In the 80ies, there were short and tall players as well. The most important thing is that we were playing. It was hard for us to obtain things. Today everything is easy. At that time, we were born with so much grit. The passion we had in our heart is not like serve or attack: you cannot teach that in a training session."
In fact, there is another Natalia Malaga, the former player, the star. Natalia has played in Kajot Arena, the main venue of the 2013 FIVB Women's U20 World Championship. It happened in 1986 for the Women's' World Championship when Peru won the bronze medals. It was her second Senior World Championship, since as a junior she already played the 1982 edition in Peru, not being afraid of playing against older and more experienced players at home. Peru won silver, behind China.
Talking about volleyball in Peru means talking about the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. Peru led 2-0 and 12-6 in the third set of the final against Russia, all set for a historical Olympic gold medal. However, Peru lost 17-15 in the fifth set versus Karpol's team. Peru was the first South American team to win a medal in volleyball, but in Peru, many people remember the final loss. "They still ask us about that match," says Natalia with a sad smile.
"Some of the girls of my team saw me on the court since I have been playing until 2009. I cannot see the rivalry in their eyes, the competition we had among ourselves and with the opponents. My generation had plenty of it. My athletes are friends. They do not care that much whether they are playing or not. Back in my time, we were crazy about it. Fajardo, Perez Del Solar, myself… We were rivals. I could not stand to leave my place for a teammate. That's what I miss with the new generation."
It is easy to find Natalia's tracks on internet. On google, you may discover even the nickname the imitators gave her: it is 'Natalia Mala Mala', joking about her family name and the Spanish definition of "not politically correct expressions". "I am not completely ok with that kind of humour. It is something that you have to accept. They enter your private life. I am happier by seeing different television transmissions, the ones that help our sport growing: our matches! Like here in Brno with all our competitions broadcasted live in Peru."
30.06.2013 23:37:05
China paint it red for second time in history
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – In front 4,000 thrilled spectators, world No. 1 China clinched their second FIVB Women's U20 World Championship ... More...
30.06.2013 22:52:20
China coach Jiande Xu: There is no secret for China's success in this age category. It is just hard work
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – China coach Jiande Xu and Japan coach Yasuhiro Fukuda shared their emotions at the press conference after Sunday... More...
30.06.2013 22:33:36
China win gold beating Japan 3-0 at Women's U20 World Championship
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – The gold medal at the Women's U20 World Championship goes to China, which was missing it since their first victo... More...
30.06.2013 22:03:25
Brasil Rosamaria Montibeller: We wanted the gold, but we are very happy for this bronze medal
... More...
30.06.2013 21:09:55
My team had the possibility to finish in the top eight, says Bulgaria coach
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – In today's last match at Brno's Vodova hall, it was Bulgaria who emerged victorious versus Chinese Taipei in str... More...
30.06.2013 20:26:34
Bulgaria sign off with 3-0 victory over Chinese Taipei
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – Bulgaria prevailed against Chinese Taipei in the fight for ninth spot at the 2013 FIVB Women's U20 World Champio... More...
30.06.2013 20:21:36
Bronze for Brazil, their 12th medal in 17 editions
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – Brazil, the only team to participate in every edition of the World Championship U20 so far, got the bronze on Su... More...
30.06.2013 18:30:30
Czech Republic captain Lucie Herbockova: For the first time in this tournament we could please our coach
... More...
30.06.2013 18:15:17
Czech Republic smile after the tie break with Peru
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – Czech Republic concluded their World Championship played in the home venue Kajot on Sunday and they wrote No. 11... More...
30.06.2013 17:48:29
The key point of the tournament was our loss against the Dominican Republic, says Colombia captain
Brno, Czech Republic, June 30, 2013 – Colombia prevailed 3-0 over a mild Egyptian team who could hardly find their rhythm. We won today but I do not f... More...


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Owners of devices that use Google's Android operating system have long complained about not getting timely updates. That's because, once Google releases a new version of Android, both the handset maker and the carrier get a shot at tweaking the software, updating their included apps, then testing and certifying it for specific devices.
It turns out this process is ridiculously complex. Handset maker HTC, in a burst of transparency, has outlined in an infographic what it takes to get an Android update out the door. It isn't pretty.
Grab a refreshing beverage and start scrolling.
[Spotted at 9to5Google]


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Basics In Commercial Real Estate
Planning to buy a commercial real estate property? There are a few fundamentals you must be aware of before you seek the leading real estate company in Canada dealing in commercial property. Buying a new ICI real estate is a big decision, and there are lots of things to be done before you sign the dotted line. In the first place you must have adequate information on the Canada commercial real estate buying business, about the significant steps that you must consider and on how you can look for a fair deal.
If you have already determined to start your search for office space or building space you can count on an experienced real estate agent and look for the best price. So, what is commercial real estate? Read on to know more.
Take a walk through the busy commercial area in Toronto and you will find office towers, bookstores, gas stations, coffee shops, cafes and gift shops. You will also pass repair shops, warehouses, factories, duplexes, apartment building and more. These are some of the common examples of commercial property.
Have a look at the following list:
1. Office Space.
2. Apartment Buildings.
3. Industrial including manufacturing plants and warehouses.
4. Retail including shopping centers and malls.
5. Recreation including resort property, and a lost more.
So, if you are out to buy an ICI real estate property you must get in touch with top class real estate agents in the town. Here's why.
A commercial real estate agent either independent or working on behalf of a commercial property company adds value to your sale. Consider your options wisely and consider these options carefully before you step further. Buying am office space is complex. It requires the expertise of a professional real estate agent with the requisite understanding of the real estate market. Besides, the agent will also help you to follow the requisite aggressive marketing plan in order to acquire the best value while purchasing or taking a Canada commercial real estate property on rent. Your real estate agent can help you to develop a complete marketing plan that is way different from something you can imagine to create on your own.
Imagine you are to select from a he list of available properties and thus you must face maximum exposure to select the best. Your real estate agent will provide with details on how you can search through local listing or property list. In fact, real estate agents general conduct searches for buyers according to the area. However, you can even seek the advice of a real estate agent on how you can search for an apt property.
Determining and finalizing the price is a pretty big affair. For this you require extensive knowledge, access to the latest commercial property market information and training. Are you equipped enough to calculate the best value of a commercial real estate property. Commercial realtors are good negotiators with enough experience. So, are you good enough to go without an agent? If yes, you can surely proceed and if not ask for the services of a real estate agent today.


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Gone Bush
Thanks to the network of well maintained walking tracks that criss-crosses our rural backblocks, you don't need to be Bear Grylls to enjoy the outdoors.
Whether it's a 30-minute scenic loop from a highway rest area or a multi-day sub-alpine tramp – there's nothing like going bush to help you shift gears and unwind. As far as natural remedies for stress go, that 'aaah' feeling you get when you're dwarfed by giant trees is hard to beat.
If you're still back at the start of the previous paragraph trying to work out what 'tramp' means – welcome to New Zealand, where hiking is known as tramping.
Going into the bush is one thing. Waking up in the bush is something else entirely. The Department of Conservation maintains over 950 backcountry huts where you can wake up to million dollar views for as little as a few dollars a night. Huts in areas close to major cities (or major tourist attractions) can be in high demand so make sure you book ahead, especially at this time of year.
If you're new to tramping, make sure you brush up on 'hut etiquette' – a simple set of guidelines that can be summarised as 'be considerate of other hut users and do your bit to keep the hut clean and comfortable'.
DoC also promotes an Environmental Care Code aimed at preserving our wildlife, heritage and facilities for future generations. It's a set of simple guidelines that can be distilled into the classic slogan; take nothing but pictures – leave nothing but footsteps.
We could ask you to share your favourite place to go tramping but the whole point is to get away from it all, right? Why would you share your precious secret spots? Instead, we'd like you to post your hot tips for sticking to DoC's Environmental Care Code. Found a nifty way to deal with rubbish while tramping? Got a tactic for getting the kids to 'keep to the tracks'? How do you minimise the impact of your tramping on plants and wildlife?


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Being a teenager is hard enough, but throw in being diagnosed with diabetes and you have a special challenge.
College Diabetes Network
Learn about resources for for students with type 1 diabetes at college.
Disordered Eating Behaviors
Research conducted on disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes.
Teenagers have competing needs, including the need to choose who they want to tell about their diabetes and who they do not.


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Puppy Linux Discussion Forum
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Joined: 04 Apr 2007
Posts: 6815
Location: Chatham, Kent, UK
Posted: Mon 24 Mar 2008, 09:16
Post subject:
Unusual Uses
Subject description: What do you use your PC for?
In another thread, trobin asks what people would use a computer for, if they were blind, and it occurs to me that we are 'blind'
to each other's use of computers
Are we 'on top of it'?
Do we control computers, or will they end up controlling us?
So what do you use your PC for, that's maybe unusual?
Maybe the Hardware itself is unusual, not x86?
Maybe you have built an unusual project to control your house?
Tell us about it
Maybe you have yours in a cluster & do multi layer DNA sampling?
explain it
Maybe a central server in a huge business? [well some may do!]
Maybe someone built a milgram machine - ooh, evil
Maybe you have a mobile rig?
post some pictures
Me, I have a real ragtag bunch of old PCs from 486s to P3s, haven't got as far as a P4 yet, and my 'fast machine' is 866Mhz
I've got a P3 smoothwall box, a P2 IPCOP box, a printserver box, a hardware experiment box, with no side panels, & with easy slide in hard drive trays & scsi hardware that gets different hard drives put in for all sorts of different uses, mainly testing/trying different combinations, including firewire external CDR & Laptop Hard drive in a firewire case
A 'regular' twinboot puppy214R/win2k surfing box, on a 100meg network to a 12 port switch to other projects,[including a mac g3] and for friends, to share puppy or other linux tinkerings, hardware mods, music downloads, & broadband
I've played with rs232 port control stuff, [ though got bored with it, as it wasn't like radio control] making my own 20mA current loop opto-isolated switching stuff & dedicated high current charger, with a dedicated 'basic program' battery charger monitor for charging/recovering forklift batteries for a solar/wind project, using a 486
I have several laptops,mainly old IBM, some in pieces
Future projects are trixbox, an asterisk type phone system, a low power mobile vehicle HTPC with touchscreen, if I can get it to work, cheaply, and a server, maybe dual processor, with large cache/ram, possibly an old HP/compaq or Sun, though I'm not sure if I need a dedicated fixed IP address for this [any answers would be useful] so that I can share files/blog/ and anything else that comes to mind, including even, to see if I can make some extra cash somehow
I'd also like to be involved with providing old PCs to disadvantaged kids, either at home or abroad, with/without puppy, but I fancy with, as I'm really frustrated by the number of old PCs thrown in landfill, still
You get the picture.... nothing clever, maybe not that unusual
Nothing I can control the world with, or hopefully, get controlled by
How about you?
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Joined: 04 Apr 2007
Posts: 6815
Location: Chatham, Kent, UK
Posted: Wed 26 Mar 2008, 19:25
Post subject:
WOW 60 views and all norms
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Joined: 16 Mar 2008
Posts: 38
Posted: Thu 27 Mar 2008, 14:25
Post subject:
Aitch wrote:
WOW 60 views and all norms
Interesting topic, I'm just a boring person.
I surf the net, pay bills and watch movies, and that's it. Lol, must be a lot of people like me to have so many views and no posts!!
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Joined: 04 Apr 2007
Posts: 6815
Location: Chatham, Kent, UK
Posted: Thu 27 Mar 2008, 14:57
Post subject:
Thanks Grouchy
I'm just a boring person
Disagree, you chose a nonboring avatar, you're quite creative!
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Joined: 16 Mar 2008
Posts: 38
Posted: Fri 11 Apr 2008, 19:27
Post subject:
Aitch wrote:
Thanks Grouchy
I'm just a boring person
Disagree, you chose a nonboring avatar, you're quite creative!
Lol, thanks!
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Joined: 03 Oct 2009
Posts: 19
Posted: Mon 26 Oct 2009, 12:08
Post subject: Unusual Uses
Subject description: HTPC/School/Salvage
Well there's a lot of "Vanilla" computer use that I do but I am also an IT student and I do networking in the ANG. I have been using different computers to study for my Security + exam. I know that I can just study the book but I like being able to put my little network together and actually test hardening my OS and network (BTW the Black Ops puppy idea is really cool). I hope this helps with the CISSP test later on as well. I also am a HTPC guy but both of these are really not that far outside the norm IMO. I also salvage old PC's (with puppy's help
). Good topic but I guess for the most part I'm a boring user. I wish someone working on the human genome project was a Puppy Linux user and would come in and wow us. Good topic
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Joined: 20 Dec 2005
Posts: 2131
Location: buffalo commons
Posted: Mon 26 Oct 2009, 13:32
Post subject:
in theory this computer is a pirate reggae radio station
in practice i do not have a transmitter
. . . the machines are clean
and the machines are not corrupted
- lee "scratch" perry
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Joined: 04 Apr 2007
Posts: 6815
Location: Chatham, Kent, UK
Posted: Mon 26 Oct 2009, 20:23
Post subject:
Perhaps you should start a 'Bugsie's Reggae Radio' thread - I'd listen
PS: I'm gobsmacked how many norms there are here......apparently
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Official Crustacean
Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 15449
Location: Paradox Realm
Posted: Mon 26 Oct 2009, 22:22
Post subject:
in practice i do not have a transmitter
It has not stopped me listening
Puppy tv
Puppy running Shrine
Raspberry Pi 4
to run Puppi
BusterPup Beta - test now
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Joined: 31 Oct 2008
Posts: 259
Location: Perry, OK
Posted: Tue 27 Oct 2009, 00:54
Post subject:
I have to say, the fact that there are so few unusual things that are done with Puppy should be taken as a compliment. The fact that the users are everyday people who use the computer for everyday things should speak volumes to the quality of this OS. I am personally proud to be a member, doing all I can to help other users with problems, converting as many people as I can to using Puppy, and even so far as my Puppy tat. I do it because I believe in it. I say, the more vanilla users we have, the better. There will always be us nerds out there trying to fix the bugs, all because we believe in it.
That being said, I really don't do anything UNUSUAL with Puppy. I am very interested in the Black Ops Puppy and have made a frugal install with heavy encryption and a 18 character password. I'm going to send it to a few friends of mine and see if they can crack it. That's as far as I've gotten as far as off the beaten path of normal usage.
I did have an idea of a daisy-chained supercomputer, made of old MMX technology (I have a lot of P1's sitting around) amd powered by puppy. But I gave up on that idea when my wife made me move all of them back out of the dining room. Now it's just my p4, p2, and 486. They all have Puppy in some form on them. And they will until they or I don't function anymore.
Puppy for Life.
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Joined: 12 Jan 2009
Posts: 595
Posted: Tue 27 Oct 2009, 01:35
Post subject:
The right title could be "other uses of old computers"
This IS a good topic, at least to me. My wife asked a few times, "honey why don't you read books on the Windows instead of sitting by computers reading all those Linux related stuff?"
She also asked if there is ANY way to make some money out of Linux and put some groceries on the table.
I said "YES, but I don't know how" I became a guy thinking about making money out of used computers and Linux.
So this post is very interesting to me.
I would like to hear what others do with their comps.
I stripped out(not a girl or girls, unfortunately) my old PII and provided instant solid housing for my kittens furnitured with fresh towels for comfort. The kittens got too big for the steel housing and the "house" became a poo place for them after just adding some sand. Now my friend took them to country side and they live there happily ever after catching mice.
What did I do with the poo full of the steel box? Don't guess too hard.
To the dump box outside of my home.
I only got the contents of the PII. They are now judged by its contents not the color of skin, I mean the steel case.
I thought about turning that into a game machine but you can buy 8bit console less than 2bucks in China. A media center? Cannot play recent video formats due to lack of resources(RAM, CPU an hard drive).
Born in Korean and sitting in the balcony of an apartment in somewhere in the people's repuloic of China. Doing...... NOTHING.
Any idea, folks? Don't tell me throw it away. Every dog has its own day.
Hope to hear you guys' thinking.
John Shin
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Joined: 31 Oct 2008
Posts: 259
Location: Perry, OK
Posted: Tue 27 Oct 2009, 02:11
Post subject:
Do what I did. Grab an old laptop screen, some extra wire and wire cutters, and a wiring diagram for your car and install it there. Boom! in car entertainment and with a USB port and 3G connection, you could have fairly decent internet service wherever you go. It provides a lot of help on those long trips and if we get lost.
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Joined: 04 Apr 2007
Posts: 6815
Location: Chatham, Kent, UK
Posted: Wed 28 Oct 2009, 18:37
Post subject:
Aha - hondasid
I never did find out how you hooked up the laptop screen to that mobo?
All my research seems to indicate either the same laptop mobo & screen OR get a controller for whichever screen used.....but no ideas where.....???
Any links/diagrams?
stalled carPC project, [now with new mini ITX mobo/2.4Ghz P4]
(failed 12v TV as monitor.....DVD 7" widescreen still too pricey; imminent use of LCD + 240v inverter, if nothing else!!)
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Joined: 31 Oct 2008
Posts: 259
Location: Perry, OK
Posted: Thu 29 Oct 2009, 00:06
Post subject:
I used an odd system to do it actually. I used a modulator from an add on LCD screen for Xboxes and PSX's. I just wired the laptop screen into the RGB on the modulator, then ran a RCA Video cable to a ATI video out card installed into the board under the seat. If I remember correctly it involved also wiring in 12v power to both the modulater and the laptop screens, in addition to some 5v voltage reducers. and a fair amount of fuses.
I am in the process of moving to another state, so unfortunately the plans were packed up a few weeks ago. As soon as I can run across them I will let you know. I just remember that the hardest part was that the wires were so small and my arthritic hands were not happy. I would look up your laptop model and get the wiring diagram for that specific model. If you wanted to skip the modulator idea, here is a VGA pinout diagram that may help you along the way.
And I would try the TV idea again, some xorg configuring and a TV out card and that would be way easy. Even if it was a coaxil connect, a RCA-Coaxil modulator is only 8 bucks. That would probably be the easiest way to go, IMHO.
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Joined: 08 Feb 2011
Posts: 211
Location: Saskatoon SK Canada, Gateway 5300 Laptop, 600MHz Celeron, 384MB RAM, lucid puppy 5.2 (Full Install)
Posted: Sat 19 Feb 2011, 15:51
Post subject:
hondasid wrote:
But I gave up on that idea when my wife made me move all of them back out of the dining room.
Haha! that's funny!
Linux is
Windows. Doesn't
to be, Doesn't
to be; Don't try to
it be.
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Kenner Star Wars Return of the Jedi, a boxed Rancor Monster and a boxed Speeder Bike, with instructions and catalogue leaflet. (2)
Nicholas Davies - Director
Silver, Jewellery and Militaria
Over the last 30 years Nick has been involved within the Antique Trade. Founding Fieldings in 2001 the company has grown into a major provincial auction house. Nick has seen a wide variety of items during his career from a South Africa Rorke's Drift Medal, which sold for £39,500 to the iconic Athena tennis dress and racket purchased by Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Club from Fieldings in 2015.


text:
A week-long camp for 7th or 8th graders interested in the health professions.
July 15-19 | Explore and create your personal writing. At Young Writers' Camp, you can enjoy a relaxed atmosphere among supportive peer authors while developing a community of writers.
July 15-18 | Interested in participating in National History Day? Whip your research skills into shape as we drill you on primary sources and pump up your presentation skills at this boot camp.


text:
Acutalizado 2019-07-23 00:30:16
|Zone 05
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Charles owns a chocolate factory and the Valentine's Day is his most productive time of the year.
He was prepared for the Sweets Festival but monsters love chocolate too! His Cocoa stock has been devoured by Sweets Drops!
Meet him in Prontera and help him to get back his Cocoa and he will reward you with Sweets Festival Coins that can be exchanged for sweets and exclusive costumes.
You can also help him to deliver his Chocolate to be rewarded with more Coins.
All around Midgard, other people may need your help. Find them and help them for more coins!
- In Morroc, a man needs your help to control his addiction to sweets. Search for [Man with Strugle]
- In Prontera, the Lorenzo family is looking for Sweets.
- In Geffen, Miss Fortuna is looking for special Lucky Sweets.
Enjoy the Valentine's Day on Ragnarök Online!
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Plan and share activities for IYC 2011
Want to submit your own activity or comment?
In order to do so you need to be part of the IYC network. Please log in or sign up now.
Join the IYC Network
In this section, your ideas for IYC2011 can start to become reality. Here, you can submit activities for consideration and, after a short review, they will be listed below and any related events will populate the IYC calendar. Activities listed here have a clearly defined theme and describe how, when, and where they will take place.
If you are not quite ready to submit a plan, keep working at it and come back soon. And remember, you can always browse and search this forum to find out what others are planning and even add your own comments to the discussion.
Currently viewing all activities tagged with seminars in topics - See all activities
International Conference of Young Chemists (ICYC) Fatima Mustafa | added on Jan 27, 2012 | Jordan The main aim of this conference is to "encourage interest in chemistry among young people, and to generate enthusiasm for the creative future of chemistry" which is one of the IYC goals.
ExcipientFest Americas 2012 Marisol Perez | added on Jan 20, 2012 | United States ExcipientFest attracts Pharmaceutical Scientists from the Americas and around the world to a unique two day forum for cutting-edge scientific developments. ExcipientFest features Educational Conferences, Workshops and Academic Poster Session. It is also a great event for networking.
|conferences, seminars, chemistry education, networking, workshops, analytical chemistry, industrial trade fair
|professional chemists, students, industrial chemists, decision makers, research scientists, women chemists
NESACS Celebrates IYC+1 in 2012 Morton Hoffman | added on Dec 27, 2011 | United States During 2012, the Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society (NESACS) will continue and expand upon its activities of 2011 under the "umbrella" of IYC+1.
Chemistry Education in Ethiopia Gedion Getahun | added on Dec 21, 2011 | Germany Symposium was held to encourage the interest of young people in Chemistry. Therefore , during the symposium efforts were made to show how to enhance the capacity of Chemical Education in Ethiopia.
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Scientist talk event "Nobel prize of chemistry 2011 This is quasi-crystal" Moeko Tabata | added on Dec 11, 2011 | Japan We will have a chemist studying about quasi-crystal, Prof.An-Pang Tsai, at the scientist talk event on 23th Dec. Let's learn about quasi-crystal, and learn what is "order" through the structure of quasi-crystal.
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text:
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily used as an electronic switch which, as it was developed, came to combine high efficiency and fast switching. It switches electric power in many modern appliances: variable-frequency drives (VFDs), electric cars, trains, variable speed refrigerators, lamp ballasts, air-conditioners and even stereo systems with switching amplifiers. Since it is designed to turn on and off rapidly, amplifiers that use it often synthesize complex waveforms with pulse-width modulation and low-pass filters. In switching applications modern devices feature pulse repetition rates well into the ultrasonic range—frequencies which are at least ten times the highest audio frequency handled by the device when used as an analog audio amplifier.
The IGBT combines the simple gate-drive characteristics of MOSFETs with the high-current and low-saturation-voltage capability of bipolar transistors. The IGBT combines an isolated-gate FET for the control input and a bipolar power transistor as a switch in a single device. The IGBT is used in medium- to high-power applications like switched-mode power supplies, traction motor control and induction heating. Large IGBT modules typically consist of many devices in parallel and can have very high current-handling capabilities in the order of hundreds of amperes with blocking voltages of 6000 V. These IGBTs can control loads of hundreds of kilowatts.
|IGBT Comparison Table [1]
|Device Characteristic
|Power Bipolar
|Power MOSFET
|Voltage Rating
|High <1kV
|High <1kV
|Very High >1kV
|Current Rating
|High <500A
|Low <200A
|High >500A
|Input Drive
| Current hFE
| Voltage VGS
| Voltage VGE
|Input Impedance
|Output Impedance
|Switching Speed
|Slow (µs)
|Fast (ns)
The first-generation IGBTs of the 1980s and early 1990s were prone to failure through effects such as latchup (in which the device will not turn off as long as current is flowing) and secondary breakdown (in which a localized hotspot in the device goes into thermal runaway and burns the device out at high currents). Second-generation devices were much improved. The current third-generation IGBTs are even better, with speed rivaling MOSFETs, and excellent ruggedness and tolerance of overloads.[2] Extremely high pulse ratings of second- and third-generation devices also make them useful for generating large power pulses in areas including particle and plasma physics, where they are starting to supersede older devices such as thyratrons and triggered spark gaps. High pulse ratings and low prices on the surplus market also make them attractive to the high-voltage hobbyists for controlling large amounts of power to drive devices such as solid-state Tesla coils and coilguns.
The IGBT is a semiconductor device with four alternating layers (P-N-P-N) that are controlled by a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) gate structure without regenerative action. This mode of operation was first proposed by Yamagami in his Japanese patent S47-21739, which was filed in 1968. This mode of operation was first experimentally reported in the lateral four layer device (SCR) by B. W. Scharf and J. D. Plummer in 1978.[3] This mode of operation was also experimentally discovered in vertical device in 1979 by B. Jayant Baliga.[4] The device structure was referred to as a 'V-groove MOSFET device with the drain region replaced by a p-type Anode Region' in this paper and subsequently as 'the insulated-gate rectifier' (IGR),[5] the insulated-gate transistor (IGT),[6] the conductivity-modulated field-effect transistor (COMFET)[7] and "bipolar-mode MOSFET".[8]
Plummer filed a patent application for IGBT mode of operation in the four layer device (SCR) in 1978. USP No.4199774 was issued in 1980 and B1 Re33209[9] was reissued in 1995 for the IGBT mode operation in the four layer device (SCR).
Hans W. Becke and Carl F. Wheatley invented a similar device for which they filed a patent application in 1980, and which they referred to as "power MOSFET with an anode region".[10] This patent has been called "the seminal patent of the insulated gate bipolar transistor."[11] The patent claimed "no thyristor action occurs under any device operating conditions." This substantially means that the device exhibits non-latch-up IGBT operation over the entire device operation range.
Practical devices capable of operating over an extended current range were first reported by Baliga et al. in 1982.[5] A similar paper was also submitted by J. P. Russel et al. to IEEE Electron Device Letter in 1982.[7] The applications for the device were initially regarded by the power electronics community to be severely restricted by its slow switching speed and latch-up of the parasitic thyristor structure inherent within the device. However, it was demonstrated by Baliga and also by A. M. Goodman et al. in 1983 that the switching speed could be adjusted over a broad range by using electron irradiation.[6][12] This was followed by demonstration of operation of the device at elevated temperatures by Baliga in 1985.[13] Successful efforts to suppress the latch-up of the parasitic thyristor and the scaling of the voltage rating of the devices at GE allowed the introduction of commercial devices in 1983,[14] which could be utilized for a wide variety of applications.
Complete suppression of the parasitic thyristor action and the resultant non-latch-up IGBT operation for the entire device operation range was achieved by A. Nakagawa et al. in 1984.[15] The non-latch-up design concept was filed for US patents.[16] To test the lack of latch-up, the prototype 1200V IGBTs were directly connected without any loads across a 600V constant voltage source and were switched on for 25 microseconds. The entire 600V was dropped across the device and a large short circuit current flowed. The devices successfully withstood this severe condition. This was the first demonstration of so-called "short-circuit-withstanding-capability" in IGBTs. Non-latch-up IGBT operation was ensured, for the first time, for the entire device operation range.[17] In this sense, the non-latch-up IGBT proposed by Hans W. Becke and Carl F. Wheatley was realized by A. Nakagawa et al. in 1984. Products of non-latch-up IGBTs were first commercialized by Toshiba in 1985.
Once the non-latch-up capability was achieved in IGBTs, it was found that IGBTs exhibited very rugged and a very large safe operating area. It was demonstrated that the product of the operating current density and the collector voltage exceeded the theoretical limit of bipolar transistors, 2×105 W/cm2, and reached 5×105 W/cm2.[2][17]
The insulating material is typically made of solid polymers which have issues with degradation. There are developments that use an ion gel to improve manufacturing and reduce the voltage required.[18]
Device structure
An IGBT cell is constructed similarly to a n-channel vertical construction power MOSFET except the n+ drain is replaced with a p+ collector layer, thus forming a vertical PNP bipolar junction transistor.
This additional p+ region creates a cascade connection of a PNP bipolar junction transistor with the surface n-channel MOSFET.
Comparison with power MOSFETs
An IGBT features a significantly lower forward voltage drop compared to a conventional MOSFET in higher blocking voltage rated devices. As the blocking voltage rating of both MOSFET and IGBT devices increases, the depth of the n- drift region must increase and the doping must decrease, resulting in roughly square relationship decrease in forward conduction versus blocking voltage capability of the device. By injecting minority carriers (holes) from the collector p+ region into the n- drift region during forward conduction, the resistance of the n- drift region is considerably reduced. However, this resultant reduction in on-state forward voltage comes with several penalties:
- The additional PN junction blocks reverse current flow. This means that unlike a MOSFET, IGBTs cannot conduct in the reverse direction. In bridge circuits, where reverse current flow is needed, an additional diode (called a freewheeling diode) is placed in parallel with the IGBT to conduct current in the opposite direction. The penalty isn't overly severe because at higher voltages, where IGBT usage dominates, discrete diodes have a significantly higher performance than the body diode of a MOSFET.
- The reverse bias rating of the N-drift region to collector P+ diode is usually only of tens of volts, so if the circuit application applies a reverse voltage to the IGBT, an additional series diode must be used.
- The minority carriers injected into the N-drift region take time to enter and exit or recombine at turn-on and turn-off. This results in longer switching times, and hence higher switching loss compared to a power MOSFET.
- The on-state forward voltage drop in IGBTs behaves very differently from power MOSFETS. The MOSFET voltage drop can be modeled as a resistance, with the voltage drop proportional to current. By contrast, the IGBT has a diode-like voltage drop (typically of the order of 2V) increasing only with the log of the current. Additionally, MOSFET resistance is typically lower for smaller blocking voltages, so the choice between IGBTs and power MOSFETS will depend on both the blocking voltage and current involved in a particular application.
In general, high voltage, high current and low switching frequencies favor the IGBT while low voltage, low current and high switching frequencies are the domain of the MOSFET.
IGBT models
Circuits with IGBTs can be developed and modeled with various circuit simulating computer programs such as SPICE, Saber, and other programs. To simulate an IGBT circuit, the device (and other devices in the circuit) must have a model which predicts or simulates the device's response to various voltages and currents on their electrical terminals. For more precise simulations the effect of temperature on various parts of the IGBT may be included with the simulation. Two common methods of modeling are available: device physics-based model, equivalent circuits or macromodels. SPICE simulates IGBTs using a macromodel that combines an ensemble of components like FETs and BJTs in a Darlington configuration. An alternative physics-based model is the Hefner model, introduced by Allen Hefner of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Hefner's model is fairly complex that has shown very good results. Hefner's model is described in a 1988 paper and was later extended to a thermo-electrical model which include the IGBT's response to internal heating. This model has been added to a version of the Saber simulation software.[19]
See also
- ↑ Basic Electronics Tutorials.
- 1 2 A.Nakagawa et al., "Safe operating area for 1200-V non-latch-up bipolar-mode MOSFETs", IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, ED-34, pp. 351–355(1987)
- ↑ B.W. Scharf and J.D. Plummer, 1978 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, SESSION XVI FAM 16.6 "A MOS-Controlled Triac Devices"
- ↑ B.J. Baliga, "ENHANCEMENT- AND DEPLETION-MODE VERTICAL-CHANNEL M.O.S. GATED THYRISTORS" Electronics Letters p.645(1979)
- 1 2 B. J. Baliga, et al., "The insulated gate rectifier (IGR): A new power switching device", IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Abstract 10.6, pp. 264-267, 1982.
- 1 2 B. J. Baliga, "Fast-switching insulated gate transistors", IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. EDL-4, pp. 452-454, 1983.
- 1 2 J.P. Russel et al., "The COMFET—A new high conductance MOS-gated device", IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. EDL-4, pp. 63–65, 1983
- ↑ A.Nakagawa et al., "High voltage bipolar-mode MOSFETs with high current capability", Ext. Abst. of SSDM, pp. 309–312(1984)
- ↑ B1 Re33209 is attached in the pdf file of Re 33209
- ↑ U. S. Patent No. 4,364,073, Power MOSFET with an Anode Region, issued December 14, 1982 to Hans W. Becke and Carl F. Wheatley
- ↑ "C. Frank Wheatley, Jr., BSEE". Innovation Hall of Fame at A. James Clark School of Engineering.
- ↑ A. M. Goodman et al., "Improved COMFETs with fast switching speed and high-current capability", IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting Technical Digest, pp. 79–82,1983
- ↑ B. J. Baliga, "Temperature behavior of insulated gate transistor characteristics", Solid State Electronics, Vol. 28, pp. 289–297, 1985.
- ↑ Product of the Year Award: "Insulated Gate Transistor", General Electric Company, Electronics Products, 1983.
- ↑ A. Nakagawa et al., "Non-latch-up 1200V 75A bipolar-mode MOSFET with large ASO", IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting Technical Digest, pp.860-861,1984.
- ↑ A.Nakagawa, H. Ohashi, Y. Yamaguchi, K. Watanabe and T. Thukakoshi, "Conductivity modulated MOSFET" US Patent No.6025622(Feb.15, 2000), No.5086323 (Feb.4, 1992) and No.4672407(Jun.9, 1987)
- 1 2 A. Nakagawa et al., "Experimental and numerical study of non-latch-up bipolar-mode MOSFET characteristics", IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting Technical Digest, pp. 150–153, 1985
- ↑ "Ion Gel as a Gate Insulator in Field Effect Transistors".
- ↑ Hefner Jr., Allen R Jr; Diebolt, DM (1994). "An experimentally verified IGBT model implemented in the Saber circuit simulator". 9 (5). IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics: 532–542. Retrieved January 2016. Check date values in:
Further reading
- Wintrich, Arendt; Nicolai, Ulrich; Tursky, Werner; Reimann, Tobias (2015). Application Manual Power Semiconductors (PDF-Version) (2nd Revised ed.). Germany: ISLE Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938843-83-3.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to IGBT.
- Device physics information from the University of Glasgow
- Spice model for IGBT
- IGBT driver calculation