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1624 – xxxxxxxthe first slaves are brought to New York.
1688 – xxxxxxxPhiladelphia Quakers organize the first protest against slavery.
1857 Mar 6 In Dred Scott v. Sanford the Supreme Court finds that slaves are property, are not and cannot become citizens, and
thus have no rights of citizenship, such as the right to sue.
1865 Dec 6 The 13th Amendment is ratified, making slavery illegal.
1866 Apr 9 Both Houses of Congress overturn President Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which prevents
state governments from discriminating on the basis of race.
1866 May 1-3 A race riot in Memphis results in 48 deaths, 5 rapes, many injuries, and the destruction of 90 black homes, 12
12 schools, and 4 churches.
1868 Jul 28 The 14th Amendment is ratified. It characterizes citizenship as the entitlement of all people born or naturalized in the
United States and increases federal power over the states to protect individual rights, while leaving the daily affairs of the states in their own hands.
1870 Feb 17 The 15th Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing that "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" will not be used to bar U.S. male citizens from voting. Tennessee will not ratify this amendment until 1997.
1873 Jan 6 Sampson W. Keeble, the first African American to be elected to the Tennessee General Assembly, takes his seat in the House of Representatives.
1875 March The Tennessee Legislature passes House Bill No. 527 authorizing racial discrimination in transportation, lodging, and
places of entertainment. The Bill receives Senate approval before the end of the month and becomes law (Chapter 130 of the Tennessee Code).
1887-1888 Elected to the 45th Tennessee General Assembly are Monroe W. Gooden of Fayette County, Styles L. Hutchins of Hamilton, and Samuel A. McElwee of Haywood. After the end of their term in January 1889, there will be no more African Americans elected to the Tennessee legislature until A.W. Willis, Shelby County, takes his seat in the Tennessee House in January 1965, 76 years later!
1890 Nov 1 The Mississippi Plan becomes law on this date. It uses literacy and "understanding" tests to disfranchise minority
voters. Other Southern states soon adopt similar practices to prevent blacks from exercising their right to vote: violence, voter fraud, gerrymandering, poll taxes, literacy tests, white primaries, grandfather clauses, etc.
1896 May 18 In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court rules that state laws requiring separate-but-equal accommodations for
blacks and whites are reasonable and do not imply the inferiority of either race. The 7-1 decision (Justice John Marshall Harlan dissents) will serve as legal justification for segregation until it is finally overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
1906 Dec 24 In March Noah Parden & Styles Hutchins, two African American lawyers from Chattanooga, Tennessee, convince Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan to grant an appeal to Ed Johnson, a black man wrongly convicted of rape. This is the first time the Supreme Court has chosen to intervene in a state criminal court case. On the very day the Court's ruling is announced, a mob drags Johnson from the jail and lynches him. The Supreme Court, for the first and only time in its history, brings criminal contempt charges against the sheriff, his deputies, and several members of the mob . . . and then elects to hear the case itself. On this date the Court, in the landmark United States v. Shipp, finds the defendants guilty of contempt of court and sends them to jail for a short time. Not long after Sheriff Shipp returns home to a triumphant welcome, attorneys Parden and Hutchins, their lives in danger, take their families and flee Tennessee forever.
1909 Feb 12 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded in New York by a group of
60 men and women, both black and white. Among its founders are W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimké, and Florence Kelley.
1912 Jul 4 Hadley Park is dedicated in Nashville. Originally part of the John L. Hadley plantation (Hadley was a well-known
supporter of freedmen's activities after the Civil War), this is the first public park in the United States for African Americans. Located near Tennessee State University, the park continues to this day to honor the community's cultural heritage.
1920 Aug 18 The 19th Amendment is ratified as Tennessee, in a razor-thin vote, becomes the 36th and final state needed to give women the vote.
1932 Nov 1 The Highlander Folk School opens near Monteagle, Tennessee. It supports the labor and Civil Rights movement with
classes in labor education, literacy training, leadership development, non-violent methods of protest, mediation, and voter education.
1939 African American contralto Marian Anderson performs at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday before a crowd of 75,000 people and a radio audience of millions. After Anderson was denied permission to perform in the D.A.R.
Auditorium, Eleanor Roosevelt herself arranged the Lincoln Memorial concert.
1940 Feb 29 Hattie McDaniel wins the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mammy in Gone with the Wind. She is the first African American, male or female, to win an Academy Award.
1940 Apr 7 Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American depicted on a postage stamp.
1940 Oct Benjamin O. Davis Sr. is promoted to Brigadier General. He is the first black soldier to hold the rank of general. (See also May 16, 1960.)
1942 Apr The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is established in Chicago by James L. Farmer Jr., George Houser, and
Bernice Fisher. Having evolved from the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the group espouses the principles of pacifism and believes that non-violent civil disobedience is the appropriate method by which to challenge racial segregation in the United States.
1943 Rosa PARKS joins the NAACP, having served as youth advisor for the Montgomery Chapter since the mid-1930s.
She works with the state president to mobilize a voter registration drive in Montgomery. Later that same year she is thrown off a city bus, coincidentally by the same driver who will have her arrested in 1956.
1945 Oct 23 Baseball executive Branch Rickey announces that he has assigned Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers' minor-league affiliate Montreal Royals. Robinson will debut with the Royals in Daytona Beach on March 17, 1946.
1946 Summer African American football players Kenny Washington and Woody Strode are signed by the Los Angeles Rams, and Marion Motley and Bill Willis join the Cleveland Browns.
1946 Zilphia Horton, music director at the Highlander Folk School, adapts the lyrics from a gospel hymn by the Reverend
Charles Tindley (1851-1933) and creates the song "We Shall Overcome," which quickly becomes the anthem of the Civil Rights movement.
1946 Dec 5 President Truman establishes a Committee on Civil Rights. Their task is to study violence against African Americans
throughout the country.
1947 Apr 15 Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to join a white professional baseball team when he is hired by the Dodgers. He will win the first MLB Rookie Award later the same year, and the Major League MVP award in 1949.
1947 Fall Indiana University integrates its basketball team when it adds William Garrett to its roster. He is the first black player in the Big Ten and will be named an All-American in 1951. As other schools follow Indiana's lead over the next few years, an unspoken "gentlemen's agreement" evolves, limiting to three the number of black players on the floor at any one time.
1947 Dec President Truman's Civil Rights Committee issues its report, "To Secure These Rights," which positions America's
harsh treatment of its black citizens against our criticism of Communism's destruction of its citizens' individual rights. Among other things, the report, which at the time is considered quite radical, calls for segregation to be abolished (first and foremost in government and the military), for lynching to become a federal crime, for poll taxes to be outlawed, for voting rights to be guaranteed for all citizens, and for a United States Commission on Civil Rights to be established.
1948 May 3 Sipes v. McGhee, a Michigan case, leads to Shelley v. Kraemer, in which the Supreme Court rules that, although no statute prohibits racially restrictive covenants in property deeds [written to block Asians, Jews, or African Americans from purchasing property in a neighborhood], no state or federal court can enforce them.
1948 Jul 26 President Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981, which establishes the President's Committee on Equality of
Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services. [This will require an additional change in Department of Defense policy. See entry for July 26, 1963.] Order 9981 is accompanied by Executive Order 9980, creating a Fair Employment Board to eliminate racial discrimination in federal employment.
1949 William Henry Hastie is the first African American to be appointed a Federal judge, when President Truman names him judge of the Third U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Hastie, a native of Knoxville, graduated first in his class from Amherst and took his law degree at Harvard University. One of his law students at Howard University was Thurgood Marshall.
1950 African American Ralph J. Bunche receives the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Arab-Israeli truce. He has also played a critical role in the formation and administration of the United Nations, chartered in 1945.
1950 Gwendolyn Brooks wins the first Pulitzer Prize for poetry.
1950 Nov 1 Chuck Cooper becomes the first African American professional basketball player when he takes the floor with the Boston Celtics against the Fort Wayne Pistons.
1951 Fall The University of Tennessee admits its first African American students.
1952 The first year since 1881 without a recorded lynching.
1952 The Association of American Law Schools (AALS) passes a resolution introduced by the Yale Law School faculty two
years earlier, making racial integration a requirement for membership in the organization.
1953 Fall Vanderbilt University admits its first African American student.
1954 May 17 The unanimous decision on Brown v. Board of Education overturns many previous rulings, beginning with
Plessy v. Ferguson (58 years earlier, almost to the day), by ruling that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students deny the black children equal educational opportunities – separate is not equal. The decision bans segregation in public schools.
1954 Sep 30 The last all-black units are disbanded by the U.S. Military.
1955 Mar 2 Claudette Colvin, a 15-year-old African American is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. Local black leaders consider using this as the test case for a major protest movement, but reject the idea when Colvin becomes pregnant.
1955 March Black basketball players K. C. Jones and Bill Russell lead the University of San Francisco to the NCCA
1955 May 24 The Little Rock School Board votes unanimously to adopt Superintendent Virgil Blossom's plan of gradual integration, to start in September 1957 at the high school level and add the lower grades over the next six years. Mr. Blossom is named "Man of the Year" by the Arkansas Democrat for his work on desegregation.
1955 July Rosa Parks receives a scholarship to attend a school desegregation workshop for community leaders. She spends
several weeks at the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, TN, later saying that the workshop was the first time in her life she had felt a sense of being in "an atmosphere of equality with members of the other race."
1955 Aug 28 On a dare, 14-year-old Emmett Till, visiting relatives near Money, Mississippi, whistles at a white woman in a general
store. Later he is beaten to death by a group of men, including the woman's husband. Shortly after the two men tried for murdering Till are acquitted by a local jury, they sell a story to Look magazine in which they confess to the murder.
1955 Sep 3 Emmett Till's mother, schoolteacher Mamie Till Bradley, insists on keeping Emmett's casket open during his funeral,
even though his face is so disfigured by the beating that he is unrecognizable: "Let the people see what I have seen," she says. "I think everybody needs to know what happened to Emmett Till."
1955 Nov 7 In Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company the Interstate Commerce Commission outlaws segregation on interstate
1955 Dec 1 Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus. The next day JoAnn Robinson and other community activists make and distribute flyers encouraging the African American community to boycott the city buses.
1955 Dec 5 On the first day of the bus boycott, the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) is established. Members elect a 26-year old minister, the Reverend Martin Luther King, as president.
1956 Jan 30 Dr. King's home is bombed. Over the next two months, MIA attorneys file a federal suit challenging the constitutionality of segregated seating on public buses; a grand jury indicts 90 MIA members for breaking an anti-boycott law; Dr. King is convicted and fined $1,000. The MIA's appeal draws nation-wide media attention.
1956 Mar The Southern Manifesto, opposing racial integration in public places, is signed by 101 Senators and Congressmen, all
from Southern states. Refusing to sign are Senators Albert Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver from Tennessee and Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas. Other Congressmen who elect not to sign are Representatives William C. Cramer and Dante Fascell of Florida; Richard Chatham, Harold D. Cooley, Charles Deane, and Charles R. Jonas of North Carolina; Howard Baker Sr., Ross Bass, Joe Evins, J. Percy Priest, and B. Carroll Reece of Tennessee; and seventeen members of the Texas delegation, including Speaker Sam Rayburn. Their decision to oppose the Southern Manifesto cost several of these individuals any chance of reelection.
1956 Jun 5 A Federal court rules all bus segregation unconstitutional. Montgomery city officials quickly appeal the decision to the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, the boycott continues, and city officials concentrate on finding a legal way to prohibit the MIA's carpool system, a home-grown network of alternative transportation provided by drivers both black and white.
1956 Summer African American tennis player Althea Gibson reaches the finals of the U.S. Open. She wins both singles and doubles
in the French Open, becoming the first African American to win a Grand Slam tennis title.
1956 Aug 28 After 27 African American students failed in their efforts to register in the all-white Little Rock city schools, the NAACP filed a lawsuit on their behalf. On this date, Federal Judge John E. Miller dismisses the suit, stating that the Little Rock School Board has acted in "utmost good faith" in following its announced integration plan. Although the NAACP appeals, a higher court upholds Miller's ruling. Meanwhile, during the same period of late summer, the city's public buses are quietly desegregated.
1956 Fall Although Vanderbilt University Law School has enrolled Native American, Asian, and Hispanic students for decades, Frederick T. Work and Melvin Porter are the first African American students admitted to a private law school in the South. Both will graduate in 1959.
1956 Nov 13 In Browder v. Gayle, the Supreme Court upholds the lower court ruling finding Montgomery's bus segregation
unconstitutional. On December 20, U.S. Marshals officially serve the Supreme Court order on Montgomery city officials.
1956 Dec 21 The Montgomery bus boycott comes to a successful end. After 381 days and the combined efforts of 50,000
people, black residents of Montgomery are now free to choose any seat on city buses.
1957 Jan 10 The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is organized in Atlanta, its stated goal to coordinate and support non-violent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South. Martin Luther King Jr., 28, is its first president.
1957 March Tennessee State University defeats Southeast Oklahoma at the NAIA Basketball Tournament, 92-73, to become
xthe first black college to win a white-dominated national title.
1957 Spring Of the 517 black students eligible to attend Little Rock Central High School, 80 express an interest in doing so and go through a series of interviews with school officials. Of the 17 students who are selected, 8 decide to remain at the all-black Horace Mann High School, leaving a group who will become known as the "Little Rock Nine."
1957 May 17 On the third anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, Bobby Cain graduates from Clinton High School in Clinton, Tennessee, becoming the first African American graduate of a state-supported, public, integrated high school in the South.
1957 Tennis player Althea Gibson wins both singles and doubles titles at the U.S. Open, the Australian Open, and Wimbledon.
1957 Aug 27 During the summer opponents of school integration in Little Rock have organized into groups, the most vocal being the Capital Citizens Council and the Mothers League of Central High School. On this date one of the mothers files a motion in Chancery Court asking for a temporary injunction against school integration. Pulaski County Chancellor Murray Reed grants the injunction "on the grounds that integration could lead to violence." Three days later Federal District Judge Ronald Davies nullifies the injunction.
1957 Sep 2 On Labor Day, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus calls out the Arkansas National Guard to protect the school against extremists. The next day, Judge Ronald Davies orders that integration will begin on September 4. This will be the first important test of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
1957 Sep 4 The nine black students attempt to enter Little Rock Central High School but are turned away by National Guardsmen.
1957 Sep 9 On March 11, 1956, President Eisenhower, responding to the racial unrest that follows Brown V Board of Education and following the recommend-ations of President Truman's 1947 Civil Rights Committee, urges Congress to pass the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. House Speaker Sam Rayburn and Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, both Texans, guide the Civil Rights Bill through Congress, in spite of the objections of many Southern politicians (most notably Strom Thurmond, author of the Southern Manifesto, whose 24-hour, 18-minute filibuster still stands as the Senate record). Despite the uproar over its passage, the bill is much weaker than Eisenhower has hoped – it does little more than to expand the authority of the U.S. Justice Department to enforce civil rights and voters' rights, and to add a new assistant attorney general to oversee the division of a new Justice Department division responsible for civil rights issues.
1957 Sep 20 Judge Davies rules that Faubus has used the National Guard to prevent the students from entering the school and not to protect them. The Guardsmen are removed, and the Little Rock Police Department takes responsibility for keeping the school peaceful.
1957 Sep 23 Nine African American teenagers enter Little Rock Central High for the first time, out of sight of an angry crowd of 1000 protesters; they are removed for their own safety when the mob grows unruly. The next day the mayor asks Eisenhower for help.
1957 Sep 25 President Eisenhower sends 1000 members of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock and federalizes the Arkansas National Guard. The nine black students return to school with a military escort.
1958 March The Nashville Christian Leadership Conference (NCLC) holds its first workshop on non-violent tactics against segregation under the leadership of the Reverend Kelly Miller Smith. The workshops will continue into 1960.
1958 May 27 Ernest Green becomes the first black student to graduate from Little Rock Central High School. With police and Federal troops standing by, the graduation ceremony is peaceful and dignified. Governor Orval Faubus will close Little Rock schools for most of the 1958-1959 school year.
1959-1962 Throughout the 1950s very few African Americans are registered to vote in Fayette and Haywood counties, Tennessee, and Democratic party leaders declare the primaries to be "whites only." In 1959 John and Viola McFerren, Harpman Jameson, and other young black leaders form the Fayette County Civic and Welfare League, register black voters, and file a federal lawsuit to end restricted primaries. In response, the White Citizens Council publishes lists of black voters and their white supporters. Merchants and others refuse to sell them food, clothing, gasoline, insurance, or medical care. Banks and land owners evict scores of black sharecroppers, hoping they will leave the area. However, farmers Shepherd Towles and Gertrude Beasley offer space on their land for a "tent city." An unnamed white merchant provides the first 14 tents, and, when the local Red Cross chapter refuses to help, the AFL-CIO, UAW, SNCC, Southern Conference Education Fund, Society of Friends, and National Baptist Convention provide aid and support to the "Freedom Villages." The Justice Department's lawsuit to halt the evictions and end retaliation against voters and their sympathizers is finally successful in 1962.
1959 Nov James Lawson, a Vanderbilt University divinity student, and Kelly Miller Smith, the young minister of the First Colored Baptist Church on 8th Avenue North, continue to hold workshops to train Nashville high school and college students in the techniques of nonviolence and peaceful protest.
1959 Dec Lawson, Smith, and student leaders John Lewis, Diane Nash, Bernard Lafayette, Marion Barry, and others buy goods
and make early, though unsuccessful, attempts to desegregate the lunch counters at Harvey's and Cain-Sloan department stores in Nashville.
1960 Feb 1 Four African American college freshmen bring attention to the unequal treatment of the races when they take seats at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. More students arrive the next day, and news services begin to take interest in the story.
1960 Feb 13 Nashville students begin their first full-scale sit-ins at downtown businesses. Convening at the Arcade on 5th Avenue
xshortly after noon, they move out to the Kress, Woolworth's, and McClellan's stores, where they make purchases and then take seats at the lunch counters. Two hours later the stores close their lunch counters, and the students leave without incident.
1960 Feb 19 Thirty Chattanooga students (most from Howard High School) take seats at the lunch counters of three downtown variety stores. Their hand-written rules, circulated to all the participants, include "please be on best behavior," "no loud talking," "no profanity," and "try to make small purchase." They continue the sit-ins throughout the month of February, drawing more student participants each time.
1960 Feb 27 White students attack the Nashville lunch-counter demonstrators. Police arrest the black students, but others move in quickly to take their seats. The students are represented in court by Nashville councilman and attorney, Z. Alexander Looby and his associates Avon Nyanza Williams and Robert E. Lillard. By mid-May lunch counters will be opened to customers of any race; by October Looby will have convinced a judge to dismiss the charges against 91 students for conspiracy to disrupt trade and commerce.
1960 Mar 3 James Lawson, whom Martin Luther King has called "the leading non-violence theorist in the world," is expelled from Vanderbilt University for his efforts in organizing the Nashville sit-ins. (He will complete his degree program at Boston University.) The dean and faculty members of the Vanderbilt Divinity School resign in protest.
1960 Apr The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is founded at a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, at mid-month. Baker insists on a two-part organization – one part for direct action (sit-ins) and one part for voter registration. Marion Barry is the first chairman; other early members are Diane Nash, John Lewis, James Lawson, James Bevel, Charles McDew, Julian Bond, and Stokely Carmichael.
1960 Apr 19 Z. Alexander Looby's home is destroyed by a dynamite blast. 2500 students and community members stage a
silent march to City Hall, where Mayor Ben West meets them on the steps. Student leader Diane Nash asks him, "Do you feel it is wrong to discriminate against a person solely on the basis of their race or color?" West says yes, later explaining, "It was a moral question – one that a man had to answer, not a politician."
1960 May 6 President Eisenhower introduced a second civil rights bill in late 1958, in reaction to violence against Southern schools and churches. Once again Southern politicians react against what they see as Federal interference in state business – 18 Southern Senators form a filibustering "team" and produce the longest filibuster in history: over 43 hours. Majority leader Lyndon Johnson holds the Senate in 24-hour session until the Civil Rights Bill of 1960 is passed. Eisenhower signs the bill into law on May 6, thus creating a Civil Rights Commission, establishing federal regulation of local voter registration polls, and providing penalties for anyone interfering with a citizen's effort to vote or to register to vote.
1960 May 10 Six Nashville lunch counters begin serving black customers.
1960 Jul 31 Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, calls for the establishment of a separate state for blacks.
in the Olympics, winning the 100-meter dash, the 200-meter dash, and the 400-meter relay, in which she runs the anchor leg.
1960 Oct 12 Thurgood Marshall, who will later become a Supreme Court justice himself, pleads the case of Boynton v. Virginia before the Court. The case involves a black interstate bus passenger who was arrested for refusing to leave a whites-only section of a bus station restaurant. Marshall claims such arrests violate the Interstate Commerce Act and the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
1960 Dec 5 In Boynton v. Virginia the Supreme Court rules that restaurant facilities in bus terminals that primarily exist to serve interstate bus passengers cannot discriminate based on race according to the Interstate Commerce Act. The decision is a landmark event because it ties the future of the Civil Rights movement to the Federal Government.
1960 Dec 31 By the end of 1960, 70,000 people have participated in sit-ins, and 3600 have been arrested.
1961 Jan In Selma, Alabama, over 80% of African Americans live below the poverty line; fewer than 1% of eligible blacks are registered to vote.
1961 Feb Nine young African American men are jailed in Rock Hill, South Carolina, after staging a sit-in at a McCrory's lunch counter. They are the first to use the "jail, no bail" strategy, which will lighten the financial burden of civil rights groups across the country.
1961 May 4 Organized by SNCC, the Freedom Rides will test the legal enforcement of Boynton v. Virginia. The first bus of 13 Freedom Riders (7 blacks, 6 whites) leaves Washington, D.C. In Rock Hill, South Carolina, their first stop in the South, John Lewis and another man are beaten by a white mob.
1961 May 14 One of the Freedom Riders' buses is burned in Anniston, Alabama. As a second bus pulls into the Trailways Station in Birmingham, riders are attacked and badly beaten by a mob of Ku Klux Klan members. Sheriff Bull Connor orders Birmingham police to stay away. The wounded Freedom Riders eventually escape to New Orleans when Attorney General Robert Kennedy orders a plane to take them there.
1961 May 17 Unwilling to allow the KKK to defeat them, Tennessee activists take a bus from Nashville to Birmingham; Bull Connor arrests them and dumps them along the road, just over the Tennessee border. They make their way back to Birmingham but cannot find a bus driver willing to risk driving them.
1961 May 20 Under orders from Robert Kennedy, the Alabama governor provides a Highway Patrol escort, and the bus roars toward Montgomery at 90 mph. At the city limits the police guards disappear, under Connor's orders, and the riders are set upon and brutally beaten by a mob of KKK supporters, who have as much as 20 uninterrupted minutes to attack the Riders with bats and iron bars before police arrive and drive the growing mob away with tear-gas. Many riders are left bloody and unconscious, including reporters (the mob has quickly destroyed their cameras) and Justice Department official John Seigenthaler, who is found lying in the street. Local black citizens eventually rescue the wounded and take them to hospitals.
1961 May 21 Martin Luther King and James Farmer of CORE (who is already recruiting more Freedom Riders) speak to 1200 people in the Reverend Ralph Abernathy's Montgomery church, while a mob outside throws rocks at the windows, overturns cars, and starts fires. Over the next several days, more Freedom Riders arrive; most are jailed. By the end of the summer, more than 60 Freedom Rides have come south, and more than 300 individuals have been jailed, including many local supporters of the Riders.
1961 Winter The Loyola University (Chicago) basketball team puts four black players on the floor at one time, breaking an
unwritten rule of college sports.
1962 Darryl Hill is recruited by coach Lee Corso at the University of Maryland. He is the first African American football
player in the Southwest Conference (SWC). The only black player on the team until his senior year, he sets two records that still stand: total yards receiving, and most passes caught in a single game.
1962 Sep 30 James Meredith is escorted onto the University of Mississippi (Oxford) campus by a convoy of Federal Marshals. In the riots that follow, two people are killed and many others injured.
1963 January Alabama Governor George Wallace declares, "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."
1963 Apr 8 Sidney Poitier is the first African American to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. Starring in three major films,
he is also the top box office star of the year.
1963 Apr 16 Jailed for his protest activities, Martin Luther King writes his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," which becomes a classic document of the Civil Rights struggle, asserting that individuals have a moral right to disobey unjust laws.
1963 May Civil rights activists, including children, begin to march in Birmingham. By the end of the first day, 700 have been arrested. When 1000 more youngsters turn out to march peacefully on May 3, Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor turns police dogs and high-pressure fire hoses on them. Within five days, 2500 are in jail, at least 80% of them children. After 38 days of confrontation and public outcry from across the nation, Birmingham city officials and business leaders agree to desegregate public facilities. Governor George Wallace's refusal to accept the plan will lead to violent confrontation.
1963 Jun 11 Governor George Wallace stands in the doorway of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama, blocking the
the University of Alabama, blocking the enrollment of two black students. Later, confronted by Federal Marshals and Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, he stands aside.
1963 Jun 12 NAACP activist Medgar Evers is shot to death outside his home in Jackson, Mississippi. His assailant, KKK member Byron De La Beckwith, will not be found guilty of his murder until 1994.
1963 Jul 26 The true fulfillment of Executive Order 9981 (1948) -- equality of treatment and opportunity for all military personnel
-- requires a change in Defense Department policy, which finally occurs with the publication of Department Directive 5120.36, issued fifteen years to the day after Truman's original order. This major policy shift, ordered by Secretary of Defense Robert J. McNamara, expands the military's responsibility to eliminate off-base discrimination detrimental to the military effectiveness of black servicemen.
1963 Aug 28 250,000 civil rights supporters take part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The highlight of the
event occurs when Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
1963 Sep Voter registration volunteers in Selma, Alabama, face arrests, beatings, and death threats. Thirty-two black schoolteachers who attempt to register to vote are fired by the all-white school board. After the September 15 church bombing, students begin lunch counter sit-ins – 300 are arrested, including John Lewis of SNCC.
1963 Sep 15 Four little girls, ages 11 to 14, are killed when a bomb explodes in the basement of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. Many other people are injured.
1963 Nov 22 President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President.
1964 Jan 3 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is Time Magazine's Man of the Year.
1964 Jan 23 The 24th Amendment to the Constitution abolishes the poll tax, used in Southern states since Reconstruction to make the voting process more difficult for poor blacks.
1964 Jun 14 Freedom Summer (also called the Mississippi Summer Project) begins with training sessions in Ohio. This effort to register black voters, primarily in Mississippi (in which only 6.2% of eligible blacks were registered to vote) is spearheaded by SNCC, along with the NAACP, CORE, and the SCLC. Dr. Staughton Lynd from Yale University directs the Freedom Schools project.
1964 Jun 21 Three young civil rights workers – James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman – are arrested in Neshoba County, Mississippi, and then disappear.
1964 Jul 2 President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The law prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin; it also provides the federal government with the authority to enforce civil rights legislation. To Johnson's great dismay, the passage of this law will be followed by a year of violence as white supremacists attempt to undo the gains accomplished by registering black voters. Johnson turns his attention to passing a Voting Rights act.
1964 Aug 4 The bodies of James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman are found, buried in an earthen dam. Schwerner and Goodman have been shot; Chaney was beaten to death. The state of Mississippi refuses to charge anyone with the murders. Seven people are eventually tried for Federal crimes, but none of the accused serves more than six years in jail.
1964 Aug 25 By the end of the 10-week Freedom Summer project, four workers have been killed, four others critically wounded, 80 beaten, and 1000 arrested. Thirty black homes or businesses and 37 churches have been bombed or burned. Many of these crimes are never solved. Since Mississippi still requires a literacy test for voter registration, of the 17,000 Mississippi blacks trying to register, only 1,600 succeed.
1964 Oct 14 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 35, becomes the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. He will deliver his powerful acceptance speech on December 10 in Oslo: "Nonviolence is the answer to the crucial political and moral question of our time – the need for man to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to violence and oppression."
1964 Nov Archie Walter "A.W." Willis, Jr., is elected to the Tennessee General Assembly. When he takes his seat in January 1965, he becomes the first African American to serve in the Tennessee House of Representatives since Reconstruction.
1965 Feb 18 Jimmie Lee Jackson, 26, is shot during a peaceful protest in Marion, Alabama, as he tries to protect his mother and grandfather from a beating by Alabama State Troopers. Jackson, shot at very close range, dies a week later. An Alabama Grand Jury refuses to indict James Bonard Fowler, the trooper who shot him.
1965 Feb 21 Black nationalist leader Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little in Nebraska in 1925) is assassinated during a speech in Manhattan. Three members of the Black Muslim organization are accused of his murder.
1965 Mar 7 SCLC leader James Bevel sets up a 55-mile march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capitol in Montgomery – a demonstration on behalf of African American voting rights. On the outskirts of Selma, just after crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge, the 600 marchers are brutally assaulted, in full view of TV cameras, by heavily armed state troopers & deputies. ABC interrupts its broadcast of Judgment in Nuremberg, a Nazi war crimes documentary, to show footage of the violence. John Lewis, 25, and the Rev. Hosea Williams, 39, leading the march are clubbed to the ground, as are many others. A widely published photograph shows 54-year-old Amelia Boynton Robinson lying unconscious on the bridge. Fifty marchers are hospitalized.
1965 Mar 9 Martin Luther King Jr. leads a second march across the Pettus Bridge. The marchers kneel in prayer, then turn back around, obeying the court order that prohibits them from going on to Montgomery. After the march, three white ministers are attacked and beaten – one (James Reeb, from Boston) dies in Birmingham, after Selma's public hospital refuses to treat him. On the same day, demonstrations condemning "Bloody Sunday," as the March 7 incident has come to be called, take place in 80 cities across the nation.
1965 Mar 15 President Lyndon B. Johnson makes what many consider his greatest speech to Congress as he calls for a Voting Rights bill: "It is wrong—deadly wrong—to deny any of your fellow Americans the right to vote in this country . . . . What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement that now reaches into every section and State of America. It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American life. Their cause must be our cause too. Because it is not just Negroes, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall overcome."
1965 Mar 16 A Federal judge rules in Williams v. Wallace: "The law is clear that the right to petition one's government for the redress of grievances may be exercised in large groups . . . . These rights may . . . be exercised by marching, even along public highways." Granting the protesters their First Amendment rights to march also means the State of Alabama can no longer obstruct them.
1965 Mar 21 Close to 8000 people, of all races, begin the third march from Selma to Montgomery. The 5-day march covers a 54-mile route along the "Jefferson Davis Highway"(U.S. 80). Protected by 4000 troops (U.S. Army, Alabama National Guard under Federal command, and many FBI agents and Federal Marshals), the marchers average ten miles a day and arrive at the Alabama Capitol building on the 25th.
1965 Mar 23 The marchers pass through cold, rainy Lowndes County, where, though African Americans make up 81% of the population, not a single one is registered to vote, while the 2240 whites on the voting rolls constitute 118% of the adult white population!
1965 Mar 25 Martin Luther King addresses the marchers in Montgomery ("How Long, Not Long"), and they listen to Harry Belafonte, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter, Paul & Mary, Tony Bennett, and others in a "Stars for Freedom Rally."
1965 April Fannie Lou Hamer and other SNCC members help found the Mississippi Freedom Labor Union to organize cotton workers.
1965 May 19 Patricia Harris becomes the first African American since Ebenezer Bassett (1869, Haiti) to serve as an American ambassador (Luxembourg).
1965 Aug 6 President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This bill, urgently sought by Johnson, along with Dr. King and other Civil Rights leaders, eliminates such devices as poll taxes and literacy tests, and authorizes federal registrars to register qualified voters.
1965 Aug 11 A large-scale race riot begins in the Watts area of Los Angeles, sparked by a traffic arrest. As community leaders try to restore order, rioters block fire fighters from burning buildings, and vandalism and looting take place throughout the area. Nearly 14,000 National Guardsmen are sent in to help restore order. By the time the violence ends six days later, 34 people have been killed, 1032 are injured, and 3952 are arrested. Nearly 1000 buildings have been damaged or destroyed, and the city is left with $40 million in property damage.
1965 Sep 15 The first episode of the television series I Spy is broadcast. This is the first drama series on American television to
x x feature a black actor (Bill Cosbey) in a starring role. .
1965 Sep 24 President Johnson issues Executive Order 11246, which requires government contractors to "take affirmative action" toward prospective minority employees in all aspects of hiring and employment.
1966 Jan13 Robert Clifton Weaver, nominated by President Johnson to be Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, is the first African American named to the cabinet.
1966 Mar Texas Western College (now called University of Texas at El Paso), with its all-black starting line-up, defeats the powerful University of Kentucky team to win the NCAA championship. The game inspired the 2006 film Glory Road. The entire team is inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007.
1966 Jun 16 SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael rallies a crowd in Greenwood, Mississippi, with the cry, "We want black power!" Martin Luther King Jr.'s concerns that the phrase carries "connotations of violence and separatism" are borne out by splits in the civil rights movement between those favoring the use of nonviolent methods and those leaning more toward conventional revolutionary tactics like armed self-defense and black nationalism.
1966 Fall In college football, Jerry LeVias, a student at Southern Methodist University, is the first black scholarship athlete in the Southwest Conference. African American athletes Greg Page and Nate Northington join the University of Kentucky football team. When Page dies after a blow to the back during practice, Northington transfers to Western Kentucky University, which integrated its classes in 1956 and has fielded back players since 1963.
1966 Fall Seven African American students attend Vanderbilt University. Among them is Perry Wallace, the first African American basketball scholarship student and player in the SEC. Although Wallace would play for only three years (1968-1970), he is still the school's second leading rebounder.
1966 October The militant Black Panther organization is founded in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.
1966 Nov 8 Edward W. Brooke, a Massachusetts Republican, becomes the first African American elected by popular vote to the U.S. Senate.
1967 Summer In the worst summer of racial violence in the nation's history, more than 40 riots and 100 other upheavals occur across the country. Among the most destructive take place in Newark (July 12-16) and Detroit (July 23-30).
1967 Jun 12 In Loving v. Virginia the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declares Virginia's anti-miscegenation law unconstitutional, thus prohibiting all legal marital restrictions based on race
1967 Aug 30 Judge Thurgood Marshall, appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, is confirmed by the Senate to be the 96th Supreme Court Justice. He becomes the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court.
1967 Fall Wilbur Hackett Jr. joins the University of Kentucky football team. He will become the first African American team captain in the SEC.
1967 Nov Carl Stokes, Cleveland, Ohio, becomes the first African American elected mayor of a major U.S. city.
1968 Feb 12 Demanding better pay and working conditions, job equality with white workers, and city recognition of their union, 1300 black sanitation workers in Memphis walk off their jobs. Although 500 white workers march with them, they get little support from the community and ask Martin Luther King Jr. to support their cause.
1968 Mar Winston-Salem State University becomes the first black college to win an NCAA basketball championship.
1968 Apr 4 Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis. Violence breaks out in cities across America. James Earl Ray confesses to the murder, but later recants, working until the end of his life to clear his name, supported by members of the King family who doubt his guilt. The mayor of Memphis, fearing further violence, agrees to recognize the sanitation workers' union, permits a dues check-off, grants them a pay raise, and introduces a system of merit promotions.
1968 Apr 11 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.
1968 Jun 5 Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, on the night of his victory in the California Democratic Primary, is shot to death in Los Angeles by Sirhan Sirhan, an Arab nationalist.
1968 Summer Arthur Ashe wins the U.S. Open in tennis. He will go on to win the Australian Open in 1970 and the Wimbledon championship in 1975.
1968 Fall Lester McClain becomes the first black athlete on the University of Tennessee football team. Two years later he will be joined by African American quarterback Condredge Holloway.
1968 Sep 17 With the premiere of Julia, Diahann Carroll becomes the first African American woman to star in a television series in which she does not play a domestic servant. In 1962 Carroll had been the first black performer to win a Tony Award, for her performance in the musical No Strings.
1968 Nov 5 Shirley Chisholm, a Democrat from New York, is the first African American woman elected to Congress. Republican Richard Nixon defeats Hubert Humphrey by a narrow margin to become President.
1969 Jan Avon N. Williams Jr. (Nashville) and J. O. Patterson Jr. (Memphis) take their seats as the first two African Americans ever elected to the Tennessee State Senate.
1970 Sep 12 USC fullback Sam "Bam" Cunningham's stellar performance against the all-white Alabama team opens the door for Alabama's coach Bear Bryant to recruit black players. In fact, Wilbur Jackson, watching the game from the stands, has already been offered a scholarship to Alabama, although most fans are still unaware of his status. NCAA rules make him ineligible to play as a freshman.
1970 Dec Perry Wallace, Vanderbilt basketball star, is named to the All-South-Eastern-Conference team and wins the Sportsmanship trophy after a vote by league players.
1971 Jan 12 All in the Family begins its eight-year run. The number-one TV sitcom for five years, the show generates many other programs that deal with race relations and other controversial subjects in realistic and humorous ways.
1971 Apr 20 In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, the Supreme Court moves to end de facto segregation in schools where segregation occurs as a result of neighborhood segregation and proximity to schools, even though the schools themselves have no policy requiring segregation. The solution in most cases is to reassign students and to bus them to the newly integrated schools. Though the plan is met with disfavor and even violence, court-ordered busing will continue in some cities until the late 1990s.
1971 Fall The University of Alabama, one of the last schools to integrate its athletic teams, recruits John Mitchell, who will
become both co-captain of the team and an All-American the following year.
1972 Sep For the first time, all grades in the Little Rock Public Schools are integrated.
1974 Sep 3 Surprisingly, the strongest opposition to enforced busing occurs in New England. A Federal court finds that Boston school districts were originally drawn to produce racial segregation; other courts rule that racially imbalanced schools are unfair to minority students and require the racial composition of each school in a district to mirror the composition of that district as a whole. Opponents of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had worried about using forced busing to achieve racial quotas in schools, Senator Hubert Humphrey insisting "it would be a violation [of the Constitution], because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race." When Boston schools open in 1974, police in riot gear accompany the buses. Some black children face abusive language and a storm of rocks and bottles as they enter their schools.
1977 Jan Indiana becomes the 36th and last of the 38 required states to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which would give equal rights to women. In the face of strong opposition, led by Phyllis Schlafly and others, no other states will ratify, and five (Idaho, Kentucky, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Tennessee) will rescind their earlier ratifications.
1978 Jun 26 In a controversial 5-4 decision on Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court rules that racial quotas must be eliminated in education. The decision is tempered by Justice Lewis Powell's statement (he votes with the majority but writes an opinion supporting the minority view also): "Race can be a factor, but only one of many to achieve a balance." Thus, affirmative action policies could continue if clearly defined.
1978 Sep 29 Seattle becomes the largest city in the United States to desegregate its schools without a court order. The "Seattle Plan" involves busing almost one-fourth of the school district's students.
1979 George Wallace recants his earlier segregationist statements and apologizes to black civil rights leaders, saying "I was wrong. Those days are over, and they ought to be over."
1984 Jul 7 Returning from church in Bangor, Maine, Charlie Howard, 23, is beaten and kicked by three teenagers, who shout homophobic slurs before throwing him off a bridge even as he screams he can't swim. His body is found several hours later. He has drowned.
1989 Aug 10 General Colin Powell becomes chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
1989 Nov 7 Douglas Wilder of Virginia becomes the nation's first African American state governor.
1991 Nov 22 President George H. W. Bush, having first threatened a veto, signs the Civil Rights Act of 1991, strengthening existing civil rights laws and providing for damages in cases of intentional job discrimination.
1992 Apr 29 When a predominantly white jury acquits four LAPD officers in the beating of a black man named Rodney King, a huge riot breaks out in Los Angeles. The videotaped beating combines with existing racial unrest in the city to spark five days of violence, ending only after the deployment of Federal troops. A total of 53 people die: 25 blacks, 16 Latinos, 8 whites, 2 East Asians and 2 West Asians. Approximately 3,600 fires are set, destroying 1,100 buildings. About 10,000 people are arrested. Stores owned by Asian immigrants are most likely to be targeted.
1993 Oct 7 Author Toni Morrison wins the Nobel Prize in Literature.
1994 Feb 5 In Jackson, Mississippi, thirty-one years after the 1963 shooting of Medgar Evers, Byron De La Beckwith, now 73, is finally found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. In December 1997 the Mississippi Supreme Court will uphold this verdict following De La Beckwith's appeal.
1997 Apr 2 The Tennessee General Assembly ratifies the 15th Amendment, making the state the last in the nation to do so.
1998 Oct 7 College student Matthew Shepard, 21, is robbed, beaten, and left for dead, tied to a fence in a remote area of Wyoming by two men who have been heard plotting "to rob a gay man." He dies on October 12 without regaining consciousness.
2000 Mar 7 In honor of the 35th anniversary of "Bloody Sunday," Rep. John Lewis (now a U.S. Congressman from Georgia), and Hosea Williams cross the Pettus Bridge in Selma in the company of President Bill Clinton, Coretta Scott King, and several hundred others. Lewis said, "This time when I looked there were women's faces and there were black faces among the troopers. And this time when we faced them, they saluted."
2000 Dec 16 President George W. Bush nominates General Colin Powell as Secretary of State. When Powell is confirmed in
January, he becomes the first African American to hold that office.
2003 Jun 23 In Grutter v. Bollinger the Supreme Court rules that race can be one of many factors considered by colleges when selecting their students because it furthers "a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body."
2005 Jan 20 Condoleezza Rice succeeds Colin Powell as Secretary of State. She is the second woman and first black woman to serve in that office.
2005 Jun 21 On the 41st anniversary of the murders of James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman (and as a result of rigorous investigative work by a newspaper reporter and three Illinois high school students preparing a National History Day project!) Edgar Ray Killen, 80, a leader of the killings, is finally found guilty of three counts of manslaughter. Following his 2007 appeal, the Supreme Court of Mississippi upholds Killen's sentence of 3-times-20-years in prison.
2005 Oct 24 Rosa Parks dies. She is the first woman to be honored by lying in state in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda.
2007 Feb Emmett Till's 1955 murder case, reopened by the Department of Justice in 2004, is officially closed. Both confessed xxxxxxxxxxxxxxmurderers have died, and there is insufficient evidence to pursue further convictions.
2007 May 10 James Bonard Fowler is indicted for the 1965 murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson. In November 2010, after a lengthy postponement to prepare an appeal, Fowler, now 77, pleads guilty to a lesser charge of second-degree manslaughter and is sentenced to six months in jail. Jackson family members, disappointed with the verdict, do agree that the jail time and Fowler's apology has brought some closure to their suffering.
2008 Sep 18 Fourteen Freedom Riders, expelled from Tennessee University in 1961 because of their protest activities, receive honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters (three posthumously) in a touching ceremony.
2008 Nov 4 Barack Hussein Obama, the son of a black African father and a white American mother, is elected President of the United States.
2009 May 11 During an awards ceremony at Chattanooga's Howard High School, the Chattanooga History Center dedicates a mural honoring the students who took part in the 1960 lunch counter sit-ins, many of whom were members of Howard's 1960 graduating class. The mural will be on permanent exhibit at the school.
2009 Oct 28 President Barack Obama signs into law the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which specifies penalties for any crime in which someone targets a victim because of actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.
2012 Nov 6 Barack Hussein Obama becomes the first African American to win reelection to the office of President of the United States.
The arc of the moral universe is long,
but it bends toward justice.
Martin Luther King, March 25, 1965


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Narendra Modi, leader of India's divisive Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), will almost certainly become the country's next prime minister. But given the party's platform of Hindu nationalism and association with religious violence, it's surprising that many Christians aren't concerned about his election.
The reason? Modi is promising jobs.
"Believers . . . don't have any difficulties with Modi. In fact, they applaud his developmental efforts," the head of the Jacobite Syrian Church told reporters in January.
Since the economy peaked at 9.3 percent annual growth in 2011, growth has plummeted to about 5 percent. India's Christian minority has long backed the Congress party, which has been in power since 2009. But corruption, scandals, and ineffective economic policies have tarnished the party. "Congress can no longer be sure it retains the trust of the poor, the Dalits, the tribals, and the minorities, [who] voted for it all these years," John Dayal, cofounder of the All India Christian Council, announced on his blog.
The nation's economic downturn has allowed for the resurgence of the BJP, the Hindu nationalist group that governed India from 1998 to 2004. Many Christians have accused the BJP of inciting violence against Christians and Muslims.
Modi, 63, has been chief minister of the western Indian state of Gujarat since 2001. To the delight of India's corporate class, Gujarat now accounts for 72 percent of all new Indian jobs.
But Modi will find it hard to distance himself from one of India's worst recent cases of religious violence. In February 2002, Hindu rioters killed 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, in Gujarat. The attacks have been labeled a pogrom, ...1


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Friday, July 22, 2011
Concerned Citizens for The First Amendment (CCFA) in Los Anglos
Concerned Citizens for The First Amendment (CCFA)
Thursday, 07 July 2011 20:35 Steve Klein Share 0
Concerned Citizens for The First Amendment (CCFA)
July 28, 2011
Mr.Carmen A. Trutanich Los Angeles, Ca City Attorney
200 North Main Street, 8th Floor, Los Angeles, Ca. 90012
Subject: First Amendment Educational Outreach, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 500 West Temple Street, Los Angeles, California 90012 by Concerned Citizens for the First Amendment (CCFA)
Dear Mr. Trutanich,
Concerned Citizens for the First Amendment (CCFA) will conduct a First Amendment educational outreach on the public sidewalk in front of The Los Angeles County Administration Building from about 11:00 AM to about 2:00 PM on Friday July 29, 2011
In separate public appearances Sheriff Baca praises a Muslim Brotherhood Organization, Council on American Islamic Relations, CAIR, this is confirmed by The Hudson Institute at .http://www.currenttrends.org/docLib/20090411_Merley.USBROTHERHOOD.pdfsee pages 51 and 52, Appendix 1.
One can watch and listen to Sheriff Baca at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgOkfLBt-Rk and LAPD Deputy Chief Michael Downing notes that we should not "demonize" the Muslim Brotherhood. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siOgo1QHfZw .
Of course the motto of The Muslim Brotherhood is:
- Allah is our objective.
- The Prophet is our leader.
- Qur'an is our law.
- Jihad is our way.
- Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope.
City Attorney, Mr. Carmen A. Trutanich
Page 2
July 28, 2011
RE: Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Outreach
And the Logo of the Muslim Brotherhood: at the top with two Crossed Swords and at the bottom, the Arabic from Sura 8:60 of the Qur'an, as translated by Abdullah al-Araby:
And make ready (originally: be prepared) against them all you can of power, including steeds of war to threaten (originally: to terrorize) the enemy of Allah and your enemy.
The direct meaning of this to Muslims: be prepared to terrorize non-Muslims. The indirect meaning to non-Muslims is: Muslims are preparing themselves to terrorize you.
Moreover, Ibrahim Hooper, National Spokesman for CAIR, stated that if Muslims were ever to become a numerical majority in the U.S., they would likely seek to replace the Constitution with Islamic law (Sharia), which they view as divinely inspired and thus superior to all other legal systems. See http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/individualProfile.asp?indid=2136 .
We of CCFA understand that our First Amendment, our Constitution has always created the highest degree of peace, order, liberty and prosperity. And we know by a quick perusal of the Muslim world Constitutions we discover that all but 3 are based on Islam and that these Islamic based countries create the highest degree of hostility, disorder, slavery, poverty and misogyny**
Islamic law, Sharia has never created or permitted:
1.Any Constitutional Republic
2.Any Bill of Rights
3.No freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, or peaceable assembly to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
4.No Majority Rules with Minority Rights
5.No Rule of Law: The highest official is equal before the law as the lowest citizen.
We of Concerned Citizens for the For the First Amendment (CCFA) are alarmed that authorities, Sheriff Baca and Deputy Police Chief, Michael Downing, who have sworn to protect us from organizations that seek to replace the Constitution with a form of government antithetical to our Cherished First Amendment, our Cherished Constitution are making such public statements in support of The Muslim Brotherhood.
As a result we shall peaceably assemble in front of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to petition all our Los Angles leaders, City and County to please protect us from the Muslim Brotherhood instead of allying with them.
The purpose of this First Amendment educational outreach is six-fold:
1.To educate citizens and authorities about The First Amendment.
2.To familiarize all citizens and authorities with our cherished First Amendment rights.
3.To educate citizens and authorities about Sharia, Islamic law
4.It is Constitutional, i.e., "American" to regulate Religion, Speech and Assembly under the First Amendment
5.Islam flows from the behavior of Mohammed; Islamic ethics is understood as
What Would Mohammed Do?" And this is the basis of ethics for Islam – yet history proves - Mohammed never supported any of our Constitutional freedoms such as our First Amendment. Moreover, Mohammed had sex with his six year old wife, and based on this Ayatollah Khomeini had sex with a four year old girl. Proof is found at http://www.faithfreedom.org/videos-features/khomeini-sexually-assaulting-crying-and-screaming-4-year-old-girl-with-parental-consent/
6.Saudi Arabia funds 80% of the U.S. Mosques; Saudi Arabia funds Global Terrorism and the Muslim Brotherhood – we seek to educate all Americans that the Muslim Brotherhood and organizations in America are antithetical to our cherished First Amendment liberties. See these 3 URLs. Congressional Testimony at http://old.nationalreview.com/document/document-un122002.pdfhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/45.pdf and http://globalmbreport.org/?p=991
For years CCFA has participated in such outreaches throughout Southern California on a weekly basis, mostly without incident, however, even though we stay only on public sidewalks and do not trespass on private property, there are those who believe that they have the right to abridge our First Amendment rights through intimidation, sometimes accompanied by threats of violence. We are familiar with these tactics and know that a police presence has a calming effect upon such persons. As a result, we extend to you the courtesy of making our presence known in advance, so that the police may take appropriate precautions.
As a courtesy to you - so that you know we are both peaceful and professional - I am providing five references from law enforcement personnel who have worked with CCFA in the past: Temecula, Sergeant Potter; Yorba Linda, Sergeant Bill Smyser; Anaheim, Sergeant Wilkes; Los Angeles Sergeant Lee Perry; and Corona Lieutenant Mark Johnson. Please use them as a reference to confirm our peaceful and professional demeanor.
On Friday July 29, 2011 our educational outreach will last from approximately 11:00 AM to about 2:00 PM. We anticipate 200 or more participants. We are always courteous and respect the police. From experience we have found that meeting with a police representative about 15 minutes before such an outreach helps to make the event run smoothly.
We ask to meet with a police representative at 10:45 AM on the public sidewalk in front of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors building so that we may introduce ourselves and discuss any concerns that your police department may have.
You may contact me at the above referenced number or one of our attorneys, Mr. Michael Kumeta. We look forward to hearing from you, or a police representative, at your earliest convenience.
With kind regards,
Steven A. Klein
CC: Mayor Antonio R. Villaraigosa
L.A. City Council Members:
District 1 Ed Reyes
District 2 Paul Krekorian
District 3 Dennis P. Zine
District 4 Tom LaBonge
District 5 Paul Koretz
District 6 Tony Cardenas
District 7 Richard Alarcon
District 8 Bernard Parks
District 9 Jan Perry
District 10 Herb J. Wesson, Jr.
District 11 Bill Rosendahl
District 12 Mitchell Englander
District 13 Eric Garcetti
District 14 Jose Huizar
District 15 Janice Hahn
Chief of Police Charlie Beck
Biondi, Gillespie and Kumeta Attorneys for CCFA
Los Angeles Police Chief
Mr. Charlie Beck
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
Gloria Molina, 1st District Supervisor
Mark Ridley-Thomas, 2nd District
Zev Yaroslavsky, 3rd District Supervisor
Don Knabe, 4th District Supervisor
Michael D. Antonovich, 5th District Supervisor
Sachi A. Hamai Executive Officer
Los Angeles County District Attorney
Steve Cooley
Los Angeles Sheriff
Mr. Leroy D. Baca
California State Sheriff's Association
Sheriff Mark Pazin, Merced County, President
Sheriff Keith Royal, Nevada Count, 1st Vice President
Sheriff Greg Ahern, Alameda County, 2nd Vice President
Sheriff Adam Christianson, Stanislaus County, Secretary
Sheriff Martin Ryan, Amador County, Treasurer
Sheriff Donny Youngblood, Kern County, Sergeant at Arms
Sheriff Ed Bonner, , Placer County, Immediate Past President
California Police Chiefs Association
President Dave Maggard
1st Vice President Scott Seaman
2nd Vice President Kim Raney
3rd Vice President Pete Dunbar
Immediate Past President Susan Manheimer
Director at Large Carlos Mestas
National Sheriff's Association
Sheriff Paul Fitzgerald, Story County, IA, President
Sheriff Larry Amerson, Calhoun County, AL, 1st Vice President
Sheriff Michael Leidholt, Hughes County, SD., 2nd Vice President,
Sheriff John Aubrey, Jefferson County, KY., 3rd Vice President
Sheriff Danny Glick, Laramie County, WY. Secretary
Sheriff Gregory C. Champagne, Treasurer, St. Charles Parish, La
National Association of Police Chiefs
49 other Police Chief Associations
49 other Sheriff's Associations
U.S. Senator s
Barbara Boxer
Dianne Feinstein
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington DC Assistant Director in Charge, James W. McJunkin
Los Angeles Assistant Director in Charge, Steven M. Martinez
Dept of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano
Central Intelligence Agency Leon Panetta
Los Angeles County Office of Education
Douglas R. Boyd President
Rudell S. Freer, Vice President
Katie Braude, Board Member
Gabriella S. Holt, Board Member
Maria Reza, Board Member
Thomas A. Saenz, Board Member
Rebecca J. Turrentine, Ed.D, Board Member
Maria Elena Yepes, Board Member
Arturo Delgado, Ed.D. Superintendent
Los Angeles Unified School District
Marguerite LaMotte
Mónica García
Tamar Galatzan
Steve Zimmer
Bennett Kayser
Nury Martinez
Richard Vladovic
Superintendent Dr. John Deasy
Jefferson Crain, Executive Officer of the Board
Press Releases to every media outlet in the United States, Canada and Europe
* Simply go to the Constitutions of the Global Muslim Nations and all but 3 begin with Islam is the basis of our law. The 3 that do not base their fundamental law on Islam are Turkey, Indonesia and Malaya.
Posted by namcopticas1 at 12:22 PM
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text:
Tomorrowland '67 [Part 4]
In Part 3 we explored little-known details about the Carousel of Progress at Disneyland and its upper-level Progress City. Now we turn back the clock even further to a time when the Carousel of Progress was going to have an OMNIMOVER RIDE! This wonderful concept has been right under our noses for years yet we never hear anyone talking about it. Let's gather some concept art and make sense of this great idea.
After the success of the Carousel of Progress at the World's Fair, Disney pitched a concept to General Electric that included a ride system similar to the system later built for EPCOT Center's Spaceship Earth. The vehicles were to be called "G.E.M.s" or "General Electric Mobiles" (above). How would an entire ride system have fit into the Carousel Theater?
Take a look at the first image in this post and next image below. We've seen these pieces of concept art in various books over the years. The image below has been on display on Main Street at Disneyland for the last few years. But have you ever noticed how the lower level of the Carousel of Progress building is without walls? It's an open-air architecture. The rotating Carousel Theater appears to be on the upper level. Yep, that was the plan.
Disney planned for a switchback ramp on the exterior of the building, much like the one at World's Fair. Guests would have walked from ground-level up to an upper-level queue before boarding the attraction. Audience members would have exited their theater seats after Act 4, then entered a boarding area in front of them.
The following concept art by John Hench has always intrigued and fascinated me. I have often heard and read that this piece represents the speedramp that was built for Tomorrowland '67. You know, the ramp that took the audience from the lower level to the upper level of the building. It's often assumed that the vehicles in the rendering were Peoplemovers. The vehicles are actually "G.E.M.s" and this all takes place on the upper level of the building.
From the upper level, the ride vehicles would have taken passengers on a slow downward spiral towards a Progress City model, as seen in the next piece of concept art. The model city would have been below the Carousel Theater. In fact, it would have been well below the upper level. The center of the model would have been at basement level.
FUN FACT: A basement of sorts was built under the Carousel of Progress building (now the Innoventions building) and is still there today. I would often enter this basement area from a staircase backstage on the far east side of the building not far from the men's locker room. The locker room was on the back side of the Grand Canyon Diorama. A long basement hallway would lead to the Alpine Gardens (now Pixie Hollow) near the Matterhorn. The basement area and hallway look a lot like Magic Kingdom's Utilidors.
The following artwork is a detail from a broader Hench rendering of the General Electric Pavilion at the 1964-65 New York World's Fair. The concept of the zig-zag roofs over various full-scale (or almost full-scale) show scenes was to be included in the omnimover attraction at Disneyland. Not only would guests have traveled closer and closer to the scale Progress City model, they would have experienced up-close views of G.E.-living at its best.
Show elements would have been similar to G.E.'s "Medallion City" exhibit in their World's Fair Pavilion.
We learn something interesting about the proposed G.E.-sponsored building in the next image, courtesy of the great Tomorrowlounge 67 website. The building was to have an open center, like a donut. This would explain the palm trees in the images 1 and 5 of this post. Would the model city in the center of the donut have been exposed to rain and other weather? Perhaps the model city was protected. Perhaps it was gradually revealed to ride passengers and not visible from the boarding area. I can't be certain.
Another interesting thing we learn from this next piece is that a different People Mover track layout was planned. See how it doesn't stretch down the middle avenue from the rocket tower towards the entrance of the land? Sort of like Magic Kingdom's Peoplemover layout. Also, it appears to travel all the way over towards what is now the Storybook Land queue.
Here I've prepared a set of cross sections representing both the proposed attraction and the attraction that was actually built.
At some point the idea of an open-air lower level was changed to a walled-in lower level. You'll notice the Carousel of Progress show is still on the upper level. It looks like the Peoplemover track was to exit the north side of the building but look how it comes out of the building on the lower level, unlike the version that was actually built.
Why did this magnificent concept never come to pass? My guess would be... money. Isn't it always money?
There are still plenty of mysteries surrounding this Carousel of Progress/Progress City ride. What was it going to be called? What else was it going to include? If you have more information on the subject, please let us know. Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Related posts:
Tomorrowland '67 [Part 1]
Tomorrowland '67 [Part 2]
Tomorrowland '67 [Part 3]
1967 "New Tomorrowland" Broadcast
America Sings
THEN AND NOW: 1964-65 New York World's Fair
Carousel of Progress Like You've Never Seen It


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Staff writer
Pickups should have a Chevrolet cross emblem on front and tractors should be green. That is how it has always been in Kurtis Duerksen's world, and if he has a choice, how it will stay.
Duerksen, 22, of rural Goessel, works full-time as a tractor technician at PrairieLand Partners in McPherson while at home he usually has a restoration project or two going in the shed.
Duerksen began restoring trucks and tractors while still a high school student at Goessel. One of his first projects was a 1966 Chevy C20 pickup.
"That truck was bought used by my grandpa in 1969," he said. "I took it all apart, cleaned it up, fixed what was broken, and painted it myself."
The red Chevy pickup is the first in a line-up of three trucks that are special to Duerksen and his family.
Truck number two on the list, a 1979 C20 Silverado, belonged to his dad, Russ Duerksen.
"The black one was dad's that he bought in high school," Duerksen said. "It was a 2-wheel drive, but I took it apart and put in a 4-wheel drive chassis. I had every nut and bolt off that thing, but it was worth it. I put a lift under it and made it look better."
Last summer, Duerksen added his own Chevy pickup to the line-up, a brand new Chevy 2500 heavy duty Silverado.
"There's not much to do to that one except enjoy it," Duerksen said. "I hope I break the mold and get more than one new truck in my lifetime."
Duerksen drives his new truck to his job in McPherson where he works on tractors.
"What I do at work is any repair job that comes in the door," Duerksen said. "I get into a lot of AMS automated problems and will work on any kind of tractor, I just don't enjoy it as much if it's not green."
Duerksen's father and grandfather farm north of Goessel using green John Deere equipment. Currently Duerksen is working on a 1966 John Deer 520 to go along with his growing collection of restored tractors.
"You always get into something interesting working on these old tractors," he said. "It may not always be what you expect."
Duerksen said he also enjoys 4-wheeling and looking for new projects.
"That's the best part of auto mechanics," he said. "Searching for the next project."


text:
The Bethel Clarion
Vol. XVIII No. 9 BETHEL INSTITUTE March 8, 1939
Debate Plans Made
The organization of this season's de-bate
activities is well under way, with
approximately a dozen students enlisted
in the group from which Miss Platts, de-bate
coach, will select the school teams.
At the present time they are engaged in
gathering the necessary information and
conducting occasional subject discus-sions.
This year's question, suggested for all
collegiate forensic groups, is "Resolved:
That the United States Should Cease to
Use Public Funds (including credit) for
the Purpose of Stimulating Business."
Besides the preparation at the home
campus, the students have made visits
to the main libraries of the city and have
attended debates on the same question,
including the contest between Hamline
University and Duluth Junior College, at
Hamline, and a debate at the University
of Minnesota.
The introduction of a class in debat-ing,
as part of the general college curri-cula,
is stimulating the interest in for-ensics.
The debate squad has also made
occasional visits to the class discussions
of this group.
The organizations with which the
teams will compete include the schools
in the Southern Minnesota Junior College
Saddle Your Blues
to a Wild Mustang
On March 22, the Chautauquan Series
brings Bob Hewitt to the lecture plat-form.
Through his colorful personality
and the medium of the screen, the at-mosphere
of the West and a vivid inter-pretation
of cowboy life will be presett-ed.
Bob Hewitt helps to saddle the imag-ination
and acts as guide along a fasci-nating
trail of pleasant discovery and
breath-taking adventure in the "last wil-derness"
of the romantic West.
He was born in Montana and is a
graduate of the State University. He has
been a United States forest ranger for
five years, and is at present a deputy
sheriff in Wyoming. He has traveled
thousands of miles with saddle and pack
horses and recorded with his camera tht,
beauty and grandeur of the Far West.
Mr. Hewitt is also an exceptional speak_
er with a delightful sense of humor. His
subjects will be "Roaming in Wyoming"
and "The Lure of Dim Trails", both with
motion pictures and colored slides.
Rev. Everett Backlin
Seminary Substitutes
The Seminary department has had the
unfortunate occasion to lose a number
of its faculty. However, several men,
former Bethel students, have consented
to aid the teaching staff this semester
until more definite arrangements can be
Those who are assisting in the teach-ing
staff are as follows: For the second
semester—Prof. E. Finstrom, Prof. A. J.
Wing])lade, Rev. Everett Backlin, Eve-leth,
Minnesota, and Rev. Eric Lindholm,
Cambridge, Minnesota. Temporary sup-plies
for Dr. Hagstrom include Rev. Eric
Anderson, Rev. Martin Erikson and Rev.
J. G. Johnson.
Malmsten Making Contacts
After field representative and promo-tional
secretary Rev. H. Wyman Maim-.
sten returned from a recent trip to the
East, he enjoyed a short rest period.
Then on February 21st, he again made
his departure, this time for the West.
He is now in the midst of an extensive
tour of fourteen of the conference
churches in Washington. There, in the
"evergreen state", he will solicit fund
and contact prospective students for
While enroute, Rev. Mr. Malmsten had
the pleasure of assisting with Edgren
Memorial services in the Blomkest, Lake
Elizabeth, and Willmar churches as well
as to spend a Sunday in Great Falls,
On his return trip, he will make stops
in Anaconda, Mont., and in Eveleth, Min-nesota,
returning to the Twin Cities the
end of March.
This year the Spire, the school year
book, will be published by a separate
staff instead of the Clarion staff as in
previous years. This promises a larger
Spire than any previous edition, and a
new and improved year book.
Karlson Edits
Karl Karlson, College freshman, was
elected to edit the 1939 edition. The edi-torial
staff will be augmented by Francis
Otto, associate editor, and Runo Palm-quist,
Viola Waihela, Olga Anderson,
Merten Hilke, George Darry and Ruth
McOlash Business Manager
Francis McOlash will serve as business
manager. Other members of the busi-ness
staff are advertising committee:
Archie Weniger,, Delbert Kuehl, Orville
Johnson and John ,Valine. The subscrip-tion
committee, which began a campaign
yesterday, is composed of Olga Shen-ning,
Alvera Johnson and Warren John-son.
The art work will be sketched by Con-stance
Swanson, who also has done art
work for the Clarion.
To Be Issued in May
The Spire will be the largest volume
put out by the school. Defiinte plans
are being laid, and the staff depends
upon the entire student body to make the
book a success. The experience of the
staff is a background which promises to
make the edition an attractive volume.
It will be issued the latter part of May.
Snapshots of any nature concerning
Bethel students are solicited by Francis
Otto, who reminds us to "dust off the
kodak, buy a film and keep on taking pic-tures
to fill the pages of the best Spire
that Bethel has ever published."
Watch for further announcements and
give the Spire a boost.
March 8 College Club
March 9 B W. A.
March 15 Missionary Band
March 20 "B" Club Banquet
March 22 ...Bob Hewitt, Chauta-quan
Page 2 THE BETHEL CLARION
The Bethel Clarion
1480 N. Snelling Ave., St. Paul, Minn.
Official School Paper of Bethel Institute Published twice
monthly during school year
Gordon Peterson
Virgil Olson
Carl Young
John Valine
Viola Waihela
Vernon Pearson
Alrik Blomquist Business Manager
Dorothy Drotz Asst. Business Manager
Stanley Rendahl Circulation Manager
Doris Eggleston. Asst Circulation Manager
Grace Widen—Elaine Youngquist Typists
Miss Enid Platts Editorial
Dean Emery A. Johnson Business
With a round of social events, attrac-tive
musical programs, and various other
entertainments which each Bethel stu-dent
may enjoy, the following discussion
hopes to be a means of provoking
The question is: Should Bethel stu-dents
have "Dutch dates"?
1. The male population of Bethel is all
of a class whose financial resources are
limited, and therefore the double fare is
2. The "Dutch date" gives the girl a
certain sense of independence, which
proves to be a noble characteristic if not
used wrongly.
3. Then, too, it may solve the problem
of "armchair-evenings" and foster an at-titude
of congeniality among all stu-dents.
4. Mutual cultural enjoyment is not
retarded or neglected but given chances
to broaden socially and mentally.
1. A fellow feels that if he cannot pay
for a girl, why make arrangements for
a date to any school party or social func-tion.
2. A girl's tactless dealings in supply-ing
the fellow with the "Dutch-date" ex-pense
discourages to the extent that both
stay home.
3. For banquets, the price of a corsage
is also added (no complaint against cor-sages)
but coupled with the price of a
bid, it halts the intention of dating.
4. There is a possibility of unsatisfac-tory
arrangements, and the embarrass-meat
which follows.
The ability and efficiency of Prof.
George Hultgren was once again ex-pressed
when two of his pupils at the
McPhail School of Music recently won in
a "Thursday Music Club" contest.
The memory of John Alexis Edgren has made a powerful imprint upon Bethel
students in recent days of Centenary celebration. Edgren was a great hero of the
Swedish Baptist faith, a versatile leader with an optimistic and aggressive foresight
for the future, and a devout faith in God.
Our founder's vision and faith has not been put to shame, for since the time in
1887, when he laid down his active work, all of our foreign missionaries have been
sent out, an Academy and Junior College have been added to the Seminary, old peo-ple's
homes and children's homes have been erected, two well-recognized denomina-tional
papers have been established, and the Swedish Baptists have grown from a
small group of 10,000 members to approximately 40,000.
In a day when some would glibly taste of the honey of popular opinion and lose
faith and devotion in the principles and institution for the establishment of which
our leader sacrificed his best, it is well, for us) to revitalize ourselves with a pioneer
spirit. Let us "Edgrenize" our virtues, our Biblical truths, and our vision so that
there will be in the future to the glory of God, a progressive and sound growth of
the school, the press, and the entire Swedish Baptist denomination.
Centralize Chapel
"Who is speaking in chapel this morning?"
"Oh! Well, if he's going to be there I'll be farther ahead if I do a little studying
instead of attending."
Comments similar to this are unfortunately not rare in our halls. Yet how utter-ly
unconscious is such reasoning of the real purpose of the chapel period.
Doesn't the cause of such a misconception lie in our general attitude toward
chapel? We conceive of it as an interlude or breathing spell sandwiched in between
our morning classes, and consequently we feel no compunctions about using it as we
Would it not enhance the spiritual sanctity and value of the hour if we considered
it the center of our morning? Can we not make it an integral axis around which our
morning classes revolve?
The King With the Golden Touch
Many times we allow our childish fancies to play making dream castles,
and we go forth as a king Midas to turn all, with the touch of our hand, into
beautiful shining gold. With us this was but a playful thought, but there is
One who has the power of the "golden touch".
That One, by the touch of His hand, can make a soul that is tainted and
marred with sin shining and pure again. The dreariest moments can be turned
from sorrow into rejoicing by the hand of the Master.
Victory is ours through a "faith that takes hold—that faith which is the
"vital coupler" between our soul and the living Son of God". This is that trans-forming
"He touched me and thus made me whole,
Brought comfort and peace to niy soul.
O glad happy day, since my sins rolled away,
He touched rue and thus made me whole."
Clifford M. Dickau.
Associate Editor
Associate Editor
News Editor
Feature Editor
Sports Editor
Page 3
Darry Produce
They can talk about their Corrigans
but we have 'em just as reversed. Dur-ing
the College-Seminary scrimmage the
other evening, Rube Dahl made one of
the finest short shots that we've seen
him make, but it went in the wrong bas-ket.
Ruth was curling the ends of Helen's
hair the other night. Says Helen, "Say,
you missed a bunch, back about halfway
around the block."
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray crags, oh sea,
But if you should break a thousand
You'd never be as broke as me.
Chapel Notes. "The more a burglar
drills and blasts the more rock he will
have to crush."—Prof. E.J.N.
There was something rather fishy
about the disappearance of our little
black and white canine friend just be-fore
the appearance of the dog-catcher.
Then it was somebody's turn to ask: "Oh
where, oh where has my little dog gone?"
Then there was that fellow who buried
a light bulb under the ice house and
sang softly to himself, "Mazdas in the
cold, cold ground."
We understand that one of our fresh-men
is endeavoring to keep up the stand-ard
set by the immortal "Boom Boom".
It seems that he got his directions slight-ly
reversed and woke up at 54th Avenue
in Minneapolis. Who is it? Well, his
initials are R. L.
Vi: "What kind of at dog is that?"
Alvera: "I think it's a pointer."
Billy: "No, I think it's a setter."
Vi: "Oh! I know! It's a poinsettia!"
Centenary Celebrations
The passing of another century of
progress was witnessed at the close of 'a
banquet and program honoring the cen-tennial
birthday celebration of Dr. John
Alexis Edgren, on Monday evening, Feb-ruary
20. Dr. Edgren was founder of
Bethel Institute and the Swedish Bap-tist
Publications. Other services were
held throughout the week, both in school
and in five Twin City churches, climaxed
with a Y. P. rally on Sunday afternoon,
February 26.
It is fitting that we should honor the
memory of such a self-sacrificing per-sonage
as was Dr. Edgren. The senti-ment
of those who knew and loved him
has 'been well expressed by Dr. J. E.
Klingberg, D.D., thus: "His whole life
was a series of sacrifices. His life his-tory
is the tale of a hero that can be
written on a beautiful sunset's flaming
evening sky for the whole world to read.
In the corridor of the Swedish Baptist
denomination, the whispering of his
mighty spirit is heard."
Four Flats Travel
Bethel's "Four Flats" made their first
out-of-town debut yesterday, Tuesday,
March 7, when they gave a concert at
the Methodist Church of North Branch,
Minnesota. The quartet consists of Vir-gil
Olson, 1st flat; J. Gordon Peterson,
2nd flat; Ned Holmgren, 3rd flat; and
John Valine, 4th flat.
The program was made up of sacred
classics, several arrangements of hymns,
and negro spirituals, featuring quartets,
duets, and solos. The quartet was out
representing the school. "Dat-dog-vas-dat-
kind-of-dog" Goodman added to the
program with his thought-provoking and
entertaining readings.
One of the boys informs us that the
"upper cut" is not an authentic repre-sentation
of the group, but we are in-clined
not to believe his statement on
this when we remember the face of the
bass and the eye of the tenor last week.
Debut of Male Chorus Success
The Bethel Male Chorus, under the di-rection
of Professor George Hultgren,
rendered a concert at the First Swedish
Methodist Church of Minneapolis, Febru-ary,
23, before a full house. Rendering
three groups of songs, the chorus was
enthusiastically received.
Besides the numbers by the chorus,
were a group of special numbers that
added to the attractiveness of the pro-gram.
A Swedish song composed by one
of the church members was sung by
Professor Hultgren. The readings by
Rodger Goodman were also received with
much delight. The two numbers by the
string trio were of high quality. The
Male Quartet, which sang two songs
gives every evidence of being as fine a
group as Bethel has ever produced. All
in all, the chorus presented a program
for which it may justly be proud.
Mpls. A Cappella to Sing
The Minneapolis A Cappello. Choir, of
which Prof. George Hultgren is the di-rector,
will give its annual spring con-cert
in the Lyceum Theater of Minne-apolis
on Wednesday, March 15. The
honored guest at this year's concert will
be Noble Cain, and the choir will sing
several of his arrangements. Admission
will be 50c to $2.00. See John Valine for
deer susie hiya howwaya an sew on
period sumtimesa i cant think uv nuthin
ta rite comma id better rite sumthing
period bob hovinen brot bak rekerlec-shuns
Thy mi chiLhud that otha dai wen
i saw him in tha toffy shop caus wen
i wuz a child i used ta lov ta choo on
long 'blak stiks uv licerish to period they
onli kost a sent a peece period i here
thut tail sorly and duff wessman and a
cuple uthers is reeli skreems ut there
tabil ut bordin klub aaus they mak sech
funi noyses ut won anuther thut wen a
gurl visuter sits their tha boys iz kinda
ill ut eese comma sum crew sezi period
speekin uv tha bordin club tabil 4 is all
develupin tha blushin complecks wen
they start ta laf they all turn red and
start tabreath deep caus won of the gang
sez Uts a gud remidi but so far they
,havent even ikooled down to a pink per-iod
kin ya imagin susie marg erikson
wuz so thrilled ta hay tha honor of sitt-ing
next ta herr slakeu coming home
frum tha st. Thomas debait thut she ac-chuilly
fergot wer she lived entil finully
a cupla tha bak seat drivers al johnson
and olga shenning bi naim caim ta tha
reskeu period Omee o mi too think that
johnnie Eindquist wud turn appul shiner
onli In this case it wuz candie but tha
teacher wuz too wise an johnnies plan
failed comma ax him about it why don_
cha queschunmarc yawningly. —reggie.
College Trips Seminary
In the annual basketball classic the
Collegians defeated the Theologians by
the score of 34-28. Playing before a
throng of prejudiced students, the en-thusiasm
amongst the spectators and the
players was at a high pitch.
Bob Hovinen, star guard on the var-sity
squad, led both teams in scoring
with 13 points.
G. Peterson and W. Sorley paced the
losers with 11 points each.
In the preliminary game the women of
the Seminary defeated the Collegians,
1573 University Ave.
Midway 9910
P--R--IN- TTINHGE ANDERSON PRESS IF 4209 Standish Ave. — Minneapolis
Pittsburgh Coal Company
Cedar 1851
Page 4 THE BETHEL CLARION
Rochester Downs Bethel
Accompanied by a host of Bethelites,
the band, and several of the faculty,
Bethel traveled to Rochester on Wednes-day,
February 22, to engage Rochester
in a Conference basketball game, which
was won by Rochester by the score of
29-27. Playing hard, fast basketball,
both teams displayed basketball of a
high caliber. At the end of the first half
Rochester held a 16-12 edge. The third
quarter again saw Rochester in the front
by the score 21-20. In the final frame,
both teams played inspired ball. The
score was tied at three different times
during the quarter. A basket and two
free throws by Wright, substitute Roch-:
ester center, clinched the game for the
home team.
Rochester (29)
f.g f.t. p.
Bethel (27)
f.g. f.t. p.
Dirkson, f 1 0 2 Peterson, f 2 1 3
Schultz, f 1 1 3 Johnson, f 6 0 0
Bannon, f 0 0 0 Paulson, f 0 0_ 0
Herron, c 3 1 4 Ferre, c 1 1 4
Wright, c 1 3 0 Sorley, c 0 0 0
Schelske, g 1 1 3 Young, g 1 0 1
McQuarrie, g 3 2 1 Applequist, g 2 1 1
Wilson, g 0 1 1 Hovinen, g 0 0 2
10 9 14 12 3 11
Tracy Takes Red and White
In the final game of the regular con-ference
schedule, the Red and White
bowed to Tracy by the score of 42-22.
Tracy, a newcomer to the S. M. J. C.
Conference, gave a good account of them-selves
in their debut here.
Holstein and Stone played fine offen-sive
as well as defensive 'basketball for
Tracy. They were tied for high score
with 11 points each.
Bethel, unable to work together, seem-ed
to lack the punch so characteristic of
the usual game.
Tracy (42)
f.c f.t. p.
Bethel (22)
f.c. f.t. p.
Holstein, f 5 1 0 Peterson, f 1 2 0
Watkins, f 3 1 0 Johnson, f 1 0 1
Suprenant, f 1 0 3 Paulson, f 0 0 1
Mellenthine, f 0 0 1 Sorley, c 2 1 3
Daniels, c 1 1 0 Ferre, c 0 1 0
Johnson, c - 1 0 2 Young, g 2 0 2
Tate, g 2 2 3 Applequist, g 2 0 2
Stone, g 6 1 2 Hovinen, g 1 0 1
Brasket, g 0 0' 1 — —
— — — 9 4 10
18 6 12
Other Scores
Feb. 18—Bethel "A" 27, Farm School "A"
26; Bethel "B" 19, Farm School "B"
March 1—Bethel Freshman 29, Minneha-ha
"B" 15; Bethel Sophomores 22, Min-nehaha
Do You remember?
"The Highwaymen"
February 22, found most of Bethel on
wheels headed for Rochester. About 41
went with the bus and an estimated 60
rode by automobile. Those on the bus
enjoyed a very fine trip. Chatter—well,
it wasn't exactly a morgue. The trip
home was a different story: gloomy fac-es
were everywhere.
"Blow, thou winter wind"
A group of sophomores enjoyed a to-boggan
party given by their class on Feb-ruary
25, on the Columbia Heights slide
in Minneapolis.
Returning to the school, lunch was
served in the cafeteria and games were
played and music by the string band was
"Beauty of old friendships"
The Alexis society met on March 2,
for the purpose of honoring Dr. K. J.
Karlson, Dean of the Seminary for the
past thirteen years.
Wilbur Sorley gave a biographical
sketch of Dr. Karlson. Tribute was paid
him by Gordon Anderson, pastor of Beth-any
Baptist Church of St. Paul.
Gustave Ferro spoke extemporaneous-ly
to the question "As a pastor, would
you consider marrying a Christian young
man and a Jewish Christian woman?"
Folke Ferre spoke on "Should Hebrew
be taught in the Seminary?" This sub-ject
was chosen because Hebrew is one
of the fields in which Dr. Karlson is in-structor.
After this talk, a plaque was
given to the honored guest on behalf of
the Alexis Society.
"Making a poet out of man"
On Friday evening, March 3, the
Male Chorus, A Cappella Choir, directed
by Professor Hultgren, and band under
the direction of Gordon Peterson, gave
a concert in the First Swedish Baptist
Church of St. Paul. After a successful
concert, the hostesses served to the mu-sicians,
a delicious lunch.
Bethel Baptist Church
24th St. and 28th Ave. S.
Rev. WALFR.ED HOLMBERG
Minneapolis, Minn.
Central Baptist Church
Roy and Shield St.
Rev. ERIC ANDERSON
St. Paul Minnesota
1535 W. Como Ave.
Props.—D. Ganstrom, R. Peterson
Complete Line of Bakery and
Delicatessen for All Occasions
1193 Payne Ave. TOwer 2910
Hamlin Hardware Co.
F. 0. Hagen J. W. Hagen
755 North Snelling Avenue, St. Paul
8th St. and 13th Ave. So.
Pastor, A. E. SJOLUND
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Westlund's Market House
Quality Meats and Provisions
597 N. Snelling, cor. Thomas
We Deliver N Estor 1321
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