text:
Whether it's interning in London, studying in Spain or doing research in Germany, most Hobart and William Smith students will have had some kind of international learning experience before they graduate.
With some planning, chemistry majors can travel abroad and still graduate on time. While the Center for Global Educations offers abroad programs on six continents, many chemistry students find themselves studying abroad in Bath, England; Copenhagen, Denmark or Australia and New Zealand. We have also had faculty sponsor programs in Ecuador and Peru.
Bath, England
This program is based in the beautiful 18th century city of Bath, where students are integrated into British culture through living in the city, having membership in the University of Bath Student Union, and through volunteer and internship opportunities. This program incorporates a week-long residency at University College, Oxford University, and an extended excursion to Stratford-upon-Avon.
Copenhagen, Denmark
As part of the Denmark program, students will study in Copenhagen through the country's International Study Program. Students select from more than 70 courses, all taught in English, of particular interest to student studying biology or pre-health.
Australia and New Zealand
As part of the Australia program, students live and work at the University of Queensland, located in an area of incredible ecological and geographic diversity. The program is perfect for students studying the natural sciences, integrating field and lecture components. Extended excursions, designed to highlight a variety of ecosystems, are a large part of the program.
At HWS, students have the freedom to study at any of our Global Education destinations.
The featured abroad programs are recommended by the chemistry department based on content of the curricula.


text:
MR403B Reusable Temperature Probe, Adult, Skin, 2 Pin; Connects direct to monitorCompatible with: DPM 6, DPM 7
*Please select the quantity for each item you wish to order and click the 'Add To Cart' button below.
Contact Us |
How to Order |
Shipping |
Returns Policy |
Privacy Statement |
Why Shop AES? |
Technical Service
Copyright © 2019 AES, Inc. 1-800-426-5007

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Pro-democracy marchers bring Sydney traffic to a standstill
- SBS news coverage
- Island Mode Magazine coverage
- The Age online - Fijians march in Sydney in democracy
- Sydney Morning Herald - Fijians march in Sydney for democracy
- The West Australian - Fijians march in Sydney for democracy
- Yahoo 7 News - Fijians march in Sydney for democracy
- Nine MSN - Fijians march in Sydney for democracy
- AAP image
The recent protest march by Fiji democracy lovers has now apparently triggered movement by Fijians in the United States of America, with similar intentions:
A group of us will be staging a peaceful protest march with petitions to be given to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations, New York, next month. The date is tentative (Friday, June 5) and will be confirmed once the rest of the Steering Committee confirms their availability.
The purpose of this march is to present a petition to this high office concerning:
- abuse of human rights;
- unwarranted arrest of innocent civilians;
- murder;
- torture of innocent civilians;
- no rule of Law; and
- to stop the employment of Fiji soldiers in all peacekeeping missions.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.


text:
Book Room Reviews
Book reviews,Kidlit,Young Adult
Phones & Accessories and e-book readers Supplier -------------------------------------------------------
Bookroomreviews Facebook Fan Page
Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.
Email Address
Hi! My name is Sarah and I appreciate you visiting and hope you stick around:) Contact me anytime and don't forget to subscribe to our RSS feed
Subscribe to Book Room Reviews RSS
[Read More …]


text:
The View From 1776
§ American Traditions
§ People and Ideas
§ Decline of Western Civilization: a Snapshot
§ Books to Read
Tuesday, December 21, 2004
Multi-cultural Education Revisited
When the State of New York officially adopted multi-cultural education in 1991 it was a bad idea. It still is.
Lawrence Auster's website, The View From the Right, has a re-run of his 1989 article The Curriculum of Inclusion opposing the prospective adoption of multi-cultural education by the New York State Board of Regents.
The article below is my op-ed piece to the same end that was published July 7, 1991, in the Gannett Westchester Newspapers, just before the state's official adoption of this disastrous educational concept.
New York's Commissioner of Education was Thomas Sobol, who had been superintendent of education in Scarsdale, New York, where I lived at that time. It was Commissioner Sobol who pushed multi-cultural education into being.
Coincidentally, last year it was parents in Scarsdale who gained national attention by refusing to permit their children to be tested under the Bush administration's No Child Left Behind school competence program. Scarsdale parents said that they didn't want their children to be able to pass tests; they wanted them to learn how to think.
No one has yet demonstrated, of course, that there is a divergence between the two.
Gannett Westchester Newspapers Op-ed Page July 7, 1991
Every concerned citizen should oppose adoption of the recommendations of the One Nation, Many Peoples: A Declaration of Cultural Interdependence report recently delivered to the State Commissioner of Education. We do not need and can not afford this expensive and misguided new program that aims to spotlight the cultural values of other societies and to question those of the United States. Its basic thrust is to emphasize the ethnic differences of our citizens, rather than the common values that historically have united us.
The report does not address the need for better quality education, a goal that has little connection with ethnic consciousness?raising instruction. Students presently are insufficiently grounded in the essence of our Constitution and Declaration of Independence ? respect for the rights and responsibilities of individuals, within a framework of English common law affirming the sanctity of contracts that protect everything from property rights to civil rights. Nor are they given any sense of the two thousand six hundred year history of western humanity's struggle to conceptualize and to gain the rights we today take for granted.
In reality, the report is a political program that will be useful to special interest groups as recruitment propaganda. And it is an economic program that will benefit publishing companies by mandating new text books, videos, and revised maps, and teachers unions by adding to administrative and teaching staffs.
? No society can survive if its citizens do not understand and support its fundamental cultural values. Teaching that the political philosophy underlying the Constitution is but one of many competing and equally valid sets of cultural values is, at the least, mischievous. One has to look no further than the breakdown of traditional German cultural values in the nihilistic chaos of the Weimar Republic during the 1920's and 30's and the Nazi "solution" to fear for our future. Contemporary strife in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia demonstrate the destructive impact of cultural diversity. When the 1950's winds of change swept western colonial powers out of Africa and India, stable political order was replaced with savage tribal and religious butchery that killed hundreds of thousands. Societies and their values are far more fragile than the distinguished special educational panel appear to recognize.
? Multicultural relativism has absolutely no sustainable claim to equal treatment with this nation's western European cultural traditions. Blacks who are descendents of slaves did not come to this country by choice. But every other group, including West Indian blacks, have come here of their own free will, precisely to enjoy the benefits of our culture. Only in a western democracy like the United States could the idea of cultural relativism even be discussed seriously without endangering the advocates' lives. Other cultures believe that their values have an exclusive claim to truth, and their rulers back that claim with brutal force. Eastern Europe's experiences under Soviet domination and recent suppression of students in China are examples. Blacks within Nelson Mandela's territory suspected of favoring the Inkatha's political and social views have been burned to death with rubber necklaces or hacked to bits with machetes.
? Using public schools to teach the multicultural heritage of minority citizens will not achieve the implicit goal of minority self?respect. Real self?respect is earned by individuals through personal effort and accomplishment. Were it otherwise, the New York Jets would again be Super Bowl champions, using playbooks sprinkled with reminders of Joe Namath's long?ago exploits. Emphasizing ethnic conflicts without a thorough understanding of historical and cultural specifics of each society will simply embitter black and hispanic students. Rather than giving them an educational framework for self-development to reap society's economic fruits, the public schools will have taught them that the system has unfairly deprived them of their share of entitlements.
? The proposed program will not even be effective in teaching students about other cultures. A few glancing references to aspects of other cultures that have influenced our traditions will produce about the same real level of comprehension as a grade school survey course on nuclear particle physics. The culture of any one people, let alone all those affecting the United States, is a major specialty at the university level. Taking bits and pieces of cultural references out of context, as a critique of our society, will be confusing and as little enlightening as 10?second political commercials. In the 1960's, under the sway of well?intentioned but disastrous "maximum feasible political participation" community action programs, Black Panthers combined elements of socialist philosophy with artifacts of West African culture. One result was Huey Newton's notorious paraphrase of Lenin that social justice emanates from a gun barrel. Spike Lee's movie, Do the Right Thing, reflects the dilemma of today's students who will be taught that there may be no "right" or "wrong," because different cultures give different answers to the same situation. With the official sanction of the public school system, students will draw the appropriate conclusion that the only "wrong" is getting caught breaking the law.
? The proposed additions to the curriculum and manifold changes in existing courses will be very costly. Our political system gives minorities the right to maintain their cultural traditions through private social and religious organizations, but not at public expense. It is irresponsible, when students perform poorly in basic English, literature, mathematics, and the physical sciences, to divert scarce funds to new textbooks, videos, and other paraphernalia for a purpose so little relevant to their welfare. And we know from sad experience that once we embark on this tangent expenditures will balloon every year far into the future.
? The sensible and responsible course is to revert to consideration of the 1987 report of the State Regents' committee headed by Adelaide L. Sanford, a distinguished black educator. That report, issued shortly after State Education Commissioner, Thomas Sobol, assumed his office, focused on aspects of black and hispanic culture that ill-prepare minority students for school and ways to make teaching more effective. When the report was publicly attacked as racist by black and hispanic "leaders," Commissioner Sobol immediately disowned it.
Four years later, after continuing deterioration of educational standards, we are offered the One Nation, Many Peoples: A Declaration of Cultural Interdependence report, a pandering to the political clout of minority politicians who are ignorant or uncaring of the real interests of their constituents. This report is true racism in a virulent form. It offers no real help to minority students. It mires them further in the victim mentality that diverts them from the only effective path to a better life ? individual dedication to the hard work necessary to master the tools and rules of the game of our western civilization. Our so?called educational and minority leaders should hang their heads in abject shame.
Education • (0) Comments
Print this Article • Email A Friend • Permalink


text:
Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness due to a drop in blood flow to the brain. The episode most often lasts less than a couple of minutes and you usually recover from it quickly. The medical name for fainting is syncope.
When you faint, you not only lose consciousness, you also lose muscle tone and the color in your face. Before fainting, you may feel weak and nauseated. You may have the sense that your vision is constricting (tunnel vision) or noises are fading into the background.
Fainting may occur while or after you:
Fainting can also be related to:
Other causes of fainting:
Less common but more serious reasons for fainting include heart disease (such as abnormal heart rhythm or heart attack) and stroke. These conditions are more likely in people over age 65.
If you have a history of fainting, follow your health care provider's instructions for how to prevent fainting. For example, if you know the situations that cause you to faint, avoid or change them.
Get up from a lying or seated position slowly. If having blood drawn makes you faint, tell your provider before having a blood test. Make sure that you are lying down when the test is done.
You can take immediate treatment steps when someone has fainted:
Call 911 if the person who fainted:
Even if it is not an emergency situation, you should be seen by a provider if you have never fainted before, if you faint often, or if you have new symptoms with fainting. Call for an appointment to be seen as soon as possible.
Your provider will ask questions to determine whether you simply fainted, or if something else happened (such as a seizure or heart rhythm disturbance), and to figure out the cause of the fainting episode. If someone saw the fainting episode, their description of the event may be helpful.
The physical exam will focus on your heart, lungs, and nervous system. Your blood pressure may be checked while you are in different positions. People with a suspected arrhythmia may need to be admitted to a hospital for testing.
Tests that may be ordered include:
Treatment depends on the cause of fainting.
Review Date:
Reviewed By: Laura J. Martin, MD, MPH, ABIM Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.


text:
I'm back in East Hampton for the summer
& I just found the most divine store ....
This stunning shop is the first "bricks & mortar"
store from catalogue & on-line "accessorator guru's"
Filled with all the ymmie products that are available
on the web & in their catalogue,
this store is for all of us
who MUST
touch & feel "everything"!!!
And Serena & Lily's "everything" is sublime!!!
Great products, great colors & patterns,
great quality, & a stunning shopping environment ...
what else can an "accessorator" ask for????
Oh yes, there are design savvy salespeople
to help you with your selections too!!!
Serena & Lily is this summer's newest
accessorator "must-shop"!!!


text:
Jean (Hans) Arp (1886-1966)
A founding member of the Zurich and Cologne Dada groups, Arp also participated in the first Surrealist exhibit in Paris in 1925. Utilizing spontaneity and chance, he often cut shapes at random, either from wood or paper, and arranged them just as impulsively, resulting in an array of surprising images. Though abstract, Arp's creations sometimes suggest identifiable forms, such as human faces and bodies, exhibiting both humor and sensuality. His output includes paintings, sculptures, mobiles, collages and poetry. Among his many notable works are The Egg Board (1922), Mustache Hat(1923), Dancer (1925) and Woman (1927).
Hans Bellmer (1902-1975)
A German artist and writer, Bellmer joined forces with the Paris Surrealists during the 1930s, contributing to the periodicalMinotaure. He is perhaps best known for The Doll, a series of startling objects, photographs and drawings, depicting doll parts arranged in provocative positions. Bellmer's highly erotic imagery exhibits a personal fascination with the human form, often presented in a disjointed and fragmented manner. He created paintings, sculptures, photographs, gouaches and drawings. Among his notable works are The Machine Gun in a State of Grace (1937),Peppermint Tower in Honor of Greedy Little Girls (1942), A Thousand Girls (1950), Self Portrait With Unica Zürn (1955) and Portrait of Wilfredo Lam (1958).
Victor Brauner (1903-1966)
Brauner joined the Paris Surrealists in 1933, contributing to several group exhibits and publications. His paintings of the period, including The Door II (1932), At Dusk (1938) and Fascination (1939), address preoccupations from the artist's dreams and subconscious.Wolf Table (1939), a Surrealist object, was made from a wooden bench, with the head, tail and testicles of a fox. During the 1940s, Brauner experimented with works that incorporated natural fibers and melted wax on wood: The Ideal Man (1943) and The Night (1946). His later paintings reveal an interest in mythology, as well as influences from American Indian and Mayan cultures. Some examples are Deep Sources (1946), Over There (1949) and Memory of Reflexes (1954).
Leonora Carrington (1917-2011)
An artist, sculptor and writer, originally from Great Britain, Carrington met and fell in love with Max Ernst in 1937. Soon after, the two began living together in France, where Carrington took part in Surrealist activities. Separated during World War II, (Ernst had been arrested by French authorities), Carrington eventually made her way to the United States and Mexico. She contributed to the periodical VVV in New York City, while her short story The Debutantewas featured in Breton's Anthology of Black Humor. Carrington's first major art exhibit came in 1947 at the Pierre Matisse Gallery in Manhattan. Her paintings are often characterized by dream-like images, influenced by Celtic mythology. Notable works includePortrait of Max Ernst (1939), The Temptation of St. Anthony (1947),Temple of the Word (1954) and Bird Bath (1974).
Georgio de Chirico (1888-1978)
The importance of de Chirico's early paintings on the development of Surrealist art is immeasurable. Characterized by images of empty town squares, with dark, menacing corridors and mysterious shadows, his dream-like world captures a feeling of utter loneliness, suspended in time. Cluttered with puzzling objects, such as clocks, giant statues and distant trains, and often featuring deep, dramatic perspectives, de Chirico's paintings left an indelible mark on Breton and numerous other future Surrealists. Among his works from this early Metaphysical period are The Enigma of the Arrival and the Afternoon (1912), The Anxious Journey (1913), The Nostalgia of the Infinite (1913), Mystery and Melancholy of a Street (1914) and The Child's Brain (1914). By the time of the first Manifesto of Surrealism, de Chirico had moved on to a far more classical approach, much to the chagrin of Breton. He participated in Surrealist activities up to 1925, contributing to the periodicals Littérature and La Révolution Surréaliste, as well as later writing a Surrealist novel Hebdomeros in 1929.
Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
A Spanish artist and writer, Dalí joined the Paris Surrealists in 1929, shortly after the premiere of Un chien andalou, a film he had co-written with Luis Buñuel. A child prodigy, Dalí began painting at age six, exploring a wide range of styles and approaches, before finally arriving at Surrealism in 1927. His paintings capture the dream state in a remarkably realistic way, overflowing with Freudian symbolism, unrestrained sexual desires and childhood memories. Utilizing his paranoiac-critical method, Dalí's "dream photographs" depict a subconscious world of mysterious landscapes and melting objects, with great attention paid to elements of Nature - the earth, sky, clouds, water, pebbles, insects, animals, fruit, etc. While exploring his deepest obsessions and fantasies, Dalí conjured up unforgettable surrealist images, often containing hidden figures and double meanings. Among his many masterpieces are The Lugubrious Game (1929), The Great Masturbator (1929), The Bleeding Roses(1930), The Persistence of Memory (1931), The Phantom Cart (1933) and Atavistic Vestiges After the Rain (1934).
Dalí's explorations were not limited to painting. He also created photographs, sculptures, holographs, jewelry, clothing, stage scenery, film scripts and literature. In 1939 he designed and oversaw the construction of the Dream of Venus, a surrealist funhouse at the World's Fair in New York. During the 1940s, he published his autobiography The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí and collaborated with Philippe Halsman on several memorable photographic experiments, including Nude With Popcorn (1948), Dalí Atomicus (1948), and Dalí and the Skull (1951). Finally, in 1974, the Dalí Theatre and Museum, a building conceived and designed by the artist himself, was opened in Figueres, Spain.
Though, in later years, Dalí's endless self-promotion and megalomania led Breton to dub him "Avida Dollars", there is no denying the profound impact he had on Surrealism. Responsible for an immense collection of powerful images, Dalí emerged as the Movement's most recognizable figure.
Paul Delvaux (1897-1994)
Influenced by de Chirico's Metaphysical paintings, as well as Flemish Expressionist art, Delvaux's canvases capture a dream world of reclining female nudes, sleepwalking men, and exotic Romanesque landscapes. Often juxtaposing daytime with night-time, interior rooms with exterior landscapes, or modern characters in classical settings, the artist created a unique surrealist blend of Freudian symbolism and child-like fantasies. Though remaining independent of any one artistic movement, Delvaux exhibited alongside fellow Belgian René Magritte, and took part in the second international Surrealist exhibition at the Galerie des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1938. Among his many memorable paintings are Sleeping City (1938), The Phases of the Moon (three versions; 1939, 1941 & 1942), Anxious City(1941), Congress (1941) and Solitude (1955).
Oscar Dominguez (1906-1957)
A Spanish artist, Dominguez met André Breton and Paul Eluard in 1933, before officially joining the Paris Surrealists the following year. Initially influenced by the work of Dalí and Yves Tanguy, Dominguez's later paintings drew greatly from the inspiration of Picasso. In 1936, he developed a technique known as decalcomania, which involved pressing paint between two surfaces, thus creating textures that often resembled porous rocks and coral reefs. The result simultaneously suggested images of the sea and nature, as well as reflections of subconscious thoughts and memories. A few of Dominguez's notable works include Portrait of Rome (1933),Electrosexual Sewing Machine (1934), Lion-bicycle (1936), The Minotaur(1938) and Lancelot (1939). The artist committed suicide on New Year's Eve 1956/57.
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
Duchamp was among the most significant figures in 20th Century art. Following a series of Impressionist landscapes and portraits, he contributed to, and greatly influenced, several artistic movements, including Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism. His Nude Descending a Staircase (1911; second version 1912) introduced motion to the painted image, inspiring the Italian Futurists. In 1915, Duchamp ventured to New York City, where he participated in Dada, along with Francis Picabia and Man Ray. His "readymades" transformed everyday objects into works of art by giving them new identities. Examples are Bicycle Wheel (1913; an "assisted readymade", featuring a bicycle wheel fastened to the top of a wooden stool), In Advance of Broken Arm (1915; a snow shovel),Fountain (1917; a men's urinal), Trap (1917; a coat rack, intended to be placed on the floor as a stumbling block) and L.H.O.O.Q. (1919; a reproduction of Da Vinci's Mona Lisa, with the additions of a mustache and goatee). Between 1915 and 1923, Duchamp worked on The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Own Bachelors, Even, a major project on glass. Insisting it was incomplete for eight years, the artist finally declared the piece finished after it was accidentally dropped, thus creating a giant, spider web-like crack.
In 1923, Duchamp gave up painting in favor of his first love - playing chess. However, two years before his death, the artist unveiled a mixed media assemblage that had been created in secrecy over a period of twenty years. The Given: 1. The Waterfall 2. The Illuminating Gas (1946-66) features a large brick archway and wooden door. Through two small holes in the door, one can view the unsettling image of a nude female corpse, her legs spread open, lying ominously amongst leaves and brush.
An honorary member of the Paris Surrealists, Duchamp contributed to the periodicals Littérature, Le Surréalisme au service de la révolutionand Minotaure, as well as participated in several group exhibitions during the 1930s. His impulsive nature, sense of humor, and automatic approach to object-making epitomized the spirit of Dada and Surrealism.
Max Ernst (1891-1976)
A German painter, sculptor and creator of collages, Ernst formed the Cologne Dada group with Jean Arp and Johannes Baargeld in 1919. Three years later, he moved to Paris, joining Breton and the future Surrealists. His photomontages of the period, including Here Everything is Still Floating (1920), Health Through Sport (1920) andSanta Conversazione (1921), display an extraordinary imagination, transforming ordinary objects and figures into images where reality is turned upside down. These elements are also found in his oil paintings, many of which are key Surrealist works from the early years of the movement. Among them are The Elephant of the Celebes(1921), Oedipus Rex (1922), Woman, Old Man and Flower (1924), Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale (1924) and The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child Before Three Witnesses: André Breton, Paul Eluard and the Painter (1926). In 1925, Ernst developed a technique known as "frottage," which involved drawing (or rubbing) over a textured surface, resulting in unusual and automatic patterns. The Wheel of Light (1925), Fishbone Forest (1927) and The Horde (1927) are examples of works that used this approach. Other projects by Ernst include the collage novels Le femme 100 têtes (1929) and Une Semaine de bonté (1934), as well as an appearance in Luis Buñuel's Surrealist film L'Age d'or (1930).
During World War II, Ernst was arrested by French authorities and sent to an internment camp. Upon his release (and after escaping imprisonment by the Gestapo), the artist fled to the Untied States, where he lived for several years. His paintings from this period often depict landscapes of decaying buildings, overtaken by nature. Utilizing decalcomania, a technique which entails pressing paint between two surfaces, Ernst created a number of otherworldly vistas, including Marlene (1940-41), Europe After the Rain II (1940-42) andThe Eye of Silence (1943-44).
In 1946, Ernst moved to Sedona, Arizona, with the artist Dorothea Tanning. There, he created numerous paintings and sculptures influenced by Hopi Indian culture. He returned to Paris in 1953, where he lived the remainder of his life, producing unique Surrealist works until the end.
Leonor Fini (1907-1996)
Born in Buenos Aires, Fini moved to Paris during the early 1930s, where she first gained recognition for her art. A painter, illustrator, designer and writer, she participated in several Surrealist exhibitions, though refused to officially join the Paris group, maintaining her independence. Fini's paintings evoke a dream-like world, often featuring alluring women in provocative situations. Cats and sphinx-like creatures also appear in a number of her works. A few examples are Sphinx Philagra (1945), The End of the World (1949),The Keeper of the Fenix (1954) and The Troubled Night (1978).
Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966)
A Swiss sculptor and artist, Giacometti joined the Paris Surrealists in 1930, contributing to the periodicals Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution and Minotaure. His early object-sculptures are psychological in nature, often featuring primitive shapes with symbolic or erotic overtones. Made from plaster, wood or metal, these works influenced the Paris group's exploration of "surrealist objects". Some examples are Suspended Ball (1930), The Palace at 4 A.M. (1932), Woman With Her Throat Cut (1932) and Flower in Danger(1933). Perhaps Giacometti's most renowned works came after his expulsion from the Surrealist group in 1935. His post-War sculptures capture ethereal, stretched-out human figures, sometimes with an air of isolation and anxiety. Among his works from this period are The Hand (1947), Walking Man (1947) and The Forest (1950).
Valentine Hugo (1887-1968)
An active participant in the Surrealist Movement during the 1930s, Hugo drew portraits of many key members, including Breton, Eluard, Crevel and Péret. Her work often features white or colored lines drawn against a dark backdrop, emphasizing the contrast between light and shadows. Among the many books she provided illustrations for are Lautréamont's Chants de Maldoror (1933), Achim d'Arnim's Contes Bizarres (1933) and Eluard's Les Animaux et Leurs Hommes (1937). In addition to her drawings, Hugo designed sets and costumes for the theater and ballet, initially in partnership with her husband Jean Hugo (the great-grandson of Victor Hugo). She also created Surrealist objects and oil paintings, as well as collaborated on several exquisite corpse experiments.
Frida Kahlo (1907-1954)
Though she never regarded herself as a Surrealist, Kahlo created images that were dream-like and Surrealist in nature. In 1938, André Breton visited the artist and her husband, Diego Rivera, at their home in Mexico. (The exiled Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky was also staying with the couple at the time.) Breton initiated an exhibit of Kahlo's work at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York, followed by a Paris show in 1939. Highly symbolic in nature, Kahlo's paintings expressed her own physical and psychological pain, while incorporating influences from indigenous Mexican culture. Among her memorable canvases are What the Water Gave Me(1938), The Two Fridas (1939), The Dream (1940), The Broken Column(1944) and Tree of Hope (1946).
Wilfredo Lam (1902-1982)
A Cuban artist, Lam met the Paris Surrealists in 1939, the same year his paintings were first exhibited in the city. Influenced by Afro-Cuban culture, as well as the Cubism of Picasso, Lam's work is a unique blend of primitive and modern art. He collaborated with Breton on the book Fata Morgana (1940-41) and later traveled to Haiti with the Surrealist leader. Among his notable paintings are The Jungle (1942-44), The Murmur (1943), Les Noches (1947) and Rumor of the Earth (1950).
René Magritte (1898-1967)
Magritte was a key figure in the Belgian Surrealist movement, as well as a participant in the Paris group's activities during the late 1920s. His paintings often place ordinary objects in unusual and unexpected contexts, thus forcing the viewer to observe reality in a new way. Unlike many of the Paris Surrealist artists, Magritte made no attempts at automatism, instead exploring images that were consciously arrived upon, presented in a realistic manner. Equally witty and menacing, the artist's efforts to "put the real world on trial" left an indelible mark on Surrealism. Among his many masterpieces are The Threatened Assassin (1927), Discovery (1927),The Lovers (1928), Titanic Days (1928), The False Mirror (1928), The Treachery of Images (1928-29) and The Dominion of Lights (1954).
Georges Malkine (1898-1970)
Among the early participants in the Surrealist movement, Malkine contributed articles to La Révolution Surréaliste and exhibited paintings at the Surrealist gallery in Paris. Some of his early work demonstrates a gift for automatism, featuring abstract forms with Dada and Cubist influences. Examples are Attraction (1926) andWhat I Saw In That Eye (1931). Other canvases, such as The Storm(1926), depict dream-like landscapes. During the 1930s, Malkine found work as an actor, appearing in twenty films. His late return to painting during the 1960s produced more than one hundred works, highlighted by his Demeure series, a collection of images depicting buildings (or "dwellings"), symbolic of various artistic personalities. Included in the cycle are portraits of Breton, Desnos and Artaud.
André Masson (1896-1987)
An important practitioner of automatic drawing and painting, Masson attempted to express through his art the workings of the subconscious mind, free from rational thought. His creations from the mid 1920s, including Man (1924), Two Nudes (1924) andConstellations (1925), combine spontaneously drawn shapes and figures with elements of Cubism. Several of his works from this period also feature glue and sand, hurled onto the canvas: Battle of Fishes (1926) and Strollers (1927). By the 1930s, Masson's relationship with Breton had waned, as he contributed to Bataille's periodicals Documents and Acéphale. His paintings became more structured, often portraying violent and erotic images, with vibrant colors. Some examples are Emblematic View of Toledo (1936), The Pianotaur (1937), In the Tower of Sleep (1938) and Gradiva (1939). After a four year stay in the United States, Masson returned to Paris in 1945, where his canvases grew more abstract. He lived there until his death, at the age of 91.
Roberto Matta (1911-2002)
Born in Chile, Matta first met the Paris Surrealists during the late 1930s, contributing to the periodical Minotaure. His oil paintings of the period, referred to as "psychological morpholgy" or "inscapes", are attempts to capture the human psyche in visual form. This internal perspective is often merged with renderings of external, cosmic landscapes, possibly influenced by the canvases of Tanguy. Some examples are Crucifixion (1938), Invasion of the Night (1941) and The Earth is a Man (1942). Matta's work of the 1950s and 60s took on political themes, expressing the artist's concern for the growing destruction and slaughter perpetrated by human beings. La Question Djamila (1960) was motivated by the French/Algerian War, while his massive Burn, Baby, Burn (1965-66) reflected the horrors of Vietnam. Known primarily for his paintings, Matta also created sculptures, photographs and drawings. His exploration of internal thought, as well as the outer cosmos, was key to the development of post-War Surrealist art.
Joan Miró (1893-1983)
A Spanish artist and sculptor, Miró participated in the Surrealist Movement during the 1920s. His early paintings, including Vegetable Garden With Donkey (1918) and The Farm (1921-22), are earthy depictions of the Catalan landscape, demonstrating a sensitivity toward nature. By 1923, the artist's imagery had moved away from observed reality and toward a child-like symbolism. Among his seminal works from this period are The Tilled Field (1923-24), The Hunter (1923-24) and The Harlequin's Carnival (1924-25). With The Birth of the World (1925), Miró created a wash of dark colors upon his canvas, out of which emerged forms and lines, suggesting the origins of both human thought and the universe. The presence of amorphous shapes, floating in an undefined space, characterize much of his subsequent work. Examples are Personages and Mountains (1936), The Song of the Nightingale and the Morning Rain(1940), Ciphers and Constellations in Love with a Woman (1941) andThe Red Disk (1960).
In addition to his paintings, Miró created sculptures, Surrealist objects, ceramics, murals and set designs for Russian dance impresario Sergei Diaghilev. His unique, internal perspective, brimming with humor and innocence, left a lasting impression on Surrealist art.
Meret Oppenheim (1913-1985)
Oppenheim was a Swiss artist and object maker who actively participated in the Paris group's activities during the 1930s. After appearing in a number of erotic photographs taken by Man Ray, she gained notoriety in 1936 for her Object (Le déjeuner en fourrure), a fur-covered teacup, saucer & spoon. Among Oppenheim's other notable creations are My Nurse (1936; made from a shoe), Fur Gloves With Wooden Fingers (1936) and Table With Bird's Feet (1939).
Richard Oelze (1900-1980)
A German artist who studied privately with Paul Klee, Oelze moved to Paris in 1933, where he took part in several Surrealist exhibits. Utilizing a technique similar to Max Ernst's "frottage", his paintings blend unusual patterns with ghostly images. His best known work isExpectations (1935-36), which depicts twenty hat-wearing individuals, staring hypnotically into the night sky. Other notable works include At the River of Complaints (1955), White Dove (1963-64) and Invention of a Dream (1966).
Wolfgang Paalen (1905-1959)
Paalen was an Austrian artist and theorist who joined the Paris Surrealists in 1936. His canvases feature an array of unusual patterns, created with smoke and soot from burning candles, and mixed with painted images. Works that utilized this technique (known as "fumage") include Fata Alaska (1937), The Strangers (1937) and Plumages (1938). In addition to his paintings, Paalen created a number of Surrealist objects, most notably Nuage articulé (1937), an umbrella made with sponges. After his move to Mexico in 1939, the artist's output became more abstract. While there, he helped organize the International Surrealist Exhibition in the Galeria de Arte Mexicano, as well as published the periodical DYN.
Francis Picabia (1879-1953)
A French painter and poet, Picabia contributed to several artistic movements, while remaining true to his independent spirit. A participant in the 1913 Armory Show in New York, he gained recognition for his Cubist-inspired works, such as Dances at the Spring (1912) and Catch As Catch Can (1913). Shortly after, he took part in New York Dada, along with Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, painting metaphoric images of machinery and mechanical devices:Reverence (1915), Amorous Parade (1917) and The Child Carburetor(1919).
By the 1920s, Picabia had returned to Paris, where he engaged in Dada and early Surrealist activities. His art of the period features unusual materials, like feathers, matches, sticks and strings, glued onto the canvas. Examples are Dance of Saint Guy (1920), Plumes(1925) and Women's Matches (1925). These works were followed by a series of drawings and paintings known as "transparencies", which depict objects from various perspectives, each overlapping the other, thus resulting in a three-dimensional effect. Some highlights include Hera (1929), Salome (1930) and Adam and Eve (1931).
In addition to his paintings, Picabia provided illustrations forLittérature and numerous other periodicals. He wrote an experimental ballet, Relâche, which was staged in Paris in 1924, with music by Eric Satie. He also appeared in Rene Clair's film Entr'acte, originally presented during the ballet's intermission. Though Picabia denounced Surrealism in a special issue of his publication 391, the artist's independence, as well as his irreverence and sense of humor, became a model for many future Surrealists.
Man Ray (1890-1976)
An American artist, photographer and filmmaker, Ray took part in New York Dada, before moving to Paris in 1921. Inspired by Duchamp's "ready mades", he created numerous objects, includingThe Enigma of Isadore Ducasse (1920; a sewing machine covered in cloth and twine), Gift (1921; a flatiron with metal tacks attached to its bottom) and Object To Be Destroyed (1923; a metronome with a picture of an eye on it's pendulum). Perhaps best known for his photography, Ray took portraits of many prominent artists and writers of the era, while also exploring more avant-garde techniques with his camera. His series of "rayographs" feature shadowy images, created by placing objects directly onto the surface of photographic paper, then exposing them to light. His Violon d'Ingres (1924) captures the back and buttocks of a nude woman (Kiki de Montparnasse), with the f holes from a violin printed onto the picture, thus transforming the female body into a musical instrument. Other memorable photos include Black and White (1926),Woman With Flowing Hair (1930) and Tears (1930).
A participant in numerous Surrealist exhibitions, Ray emerged as one of the movement's key figures. He directed several experimental films, such as Le Retour á la Raison (1923), Emak-Bakia (1926) andL'Étoile de Mer (1928), as well as appeared onscreen in Rene Clair'sEntr'acte (1924). In addition to his work with a camera, Ray created many paintings and drawings. Observatory Time - The Lovers (1932-34), is perhaps his most celebrated canvas, depicting a giant pair of lips, floating in the sky. Another important work, Imaginary Portrait of D.A.F. de Sade (1938), portrays the infamous French writer as a stone figure, overlooking the Bastille, engulfed in flames. Among Ray's other notable paintings are The Fortune (1938), Picture Puzzle(1938) and Le Beau Temps (1939).
Pierre Roy (1880-1950)
Though he never officially joined the Paris group, Roy was friendly with several of its members, and took part in the first Surrealist exhibition in 1925. Perhaps influenced by his colleagues Giorgio de Chirico and Alberto Savinio, Roy's paintings are Metaphysical in nature, featuring ordinary objects in unusual spaces. Toys and "found items", such as ribbons, stones, strips of paper and small eggs, often appear in his imagery, capturing a sense of childhood curiosity and innocence. Among his memorable works are Danger on the Stairs (1927), A Naturalist's Study (1928), Daylight Saving Time(1929) and Country Fair (1930).
Kay Sage (1898-1963)
Sage was an American artist and poet, who moved to Paris during the 1930s, establishing contact with Breton and his circle. After the outbreak of World War II, she returned to the United States, accompanied by Yves Tanguy, who she later married. Sage's paintings are often characterized by mysterious, empty structures, capturing a sense of loneliness and isolation. Sometimes buildings and figures are presented, wrapped in drape-like coverings, making the objects underneath unidentifiable. Though her work reveals the influence of other Surrealist artists, especially Tanguy, de Chirico and Dalí, Sage created images that were quite unique and personal. Among her many canvases are My Room Has Two Doors (1938),Margin of Silence (1942), Tomorrow Is Never (1955) and The Passage(1956).
Jindrich Styrský (1899-1942)
A Czech artist, photographer and poet, Styrský moved to Paris during the mid 1920s, developing a new approach to painting he called "artificialism". Working closely with his creative partner Toyen, the two delved deep into their inner worlds, capturing images that were both complex and provocative. During the 1930s, Styrský co-founded The Surrealist Group of Czechoslovakia, editing several periodicals and providing photomontages for a variety of publications. His creations often feature a grotesque sense of humor, as well as a revolt against traditional thought. Among his many works are the collections of drawings Apocalypse (1929) andAfter the Flood (1929); the photographic cycles Frog Man (1934), Man With Blinkers (1934) and Parisian Afternoon (1935); the collage cycleVanity Case (1934); and the paintings Melancholy (1937) and Gift(1937).
Yves Tanguy (1900-1955)
Tanguy took part in Surrealist activities during the 1920s and 30s, initially exploring the possibilities of automatic drawing. He provided illustrations for many group publications, as well as collaborated on a number of exquisite corpse experiments. Though lacking any formal training, Tanguy taught himself to paint, emerging as a truly unique artist within the movement. His canvases feature an air of mystery, as well as child-like curiosity, exploring strange, otherworldly landscapes, populated with abstract forms and objects. Among his many memorable works are Storm {Black Landscape} (1926), Mama, Papa Is Wounded! (1927), The Palace Windows With Rocks (1942) and Through Birds Through Fire But Not Through Glass (1943).
Dorethea Tanning (1910-2012)
An American painter, sculptor and writer, Tanning moved to New York City during the 1940s, where she met and fell in love with the exiled Surrealist Max Ernst. The two were married in 1946, eventually settling in Sedona, Arizona. Tanning's early paintings, such as The Birthday (1942), A Little Night Music (1943) and Maternity(1946), reveal the influence of Pierre Roy, while also exploring a more personal, dream-like vision of mothers, children and monsters. By the mid 1950s, her imagery began to splinter, moving further and further toward abstraction, yet still containing remnants of the female form. Examples are Insomnias (1957) and Ignotti Nulla Cupido (1960). Throughout her long life (she celebrated her 100th birthday in 2010), Tanning created numerous paintings, drawings and collages. An updated version of her memoir Birthday and Between Lives was published in 2001.
Toyen (1902-1980)
A member of the Czech Surrealist group, Toyen moved to Paris during the 1920s, where she developed, along with Jindrich Styrský, an abstract approach to painting called Artificialism. She collaborated with several Paris Surrealists, including Breton and Péret, creating sketches, book illustrations and collages, often of an erotic nature. Among her many works are The Abandoned Corset(1937), Relâche (1943) and The Smile (1967).
Remedios Varo (1908-1963)
Varo met Benjamin Péret during the 1930s, eventually moving with him from Barcelona to Paris, where she took part in Surrealist activities. During the War, the two fled Europe, making their way to Mexico, where they settled. It was here Varo developed her mature style as an artist, combining elements of allegory with personal, dream-like images, often depicting isolated female figures in unusual environments. A few of her memorable works are Double Agent (1936), Caravan (1955), Star Catcher (1956) and To Be Reborn(1960).
Important Precursors
Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)
A true precursor to Surrealist Art, Bosch was perhaps five hundred years ahead of his time. Born in Den Bosch in the Netherlands, he created dream-like worlds, overflowing with intricite details and religious symbolism. Bosch's unrestrained imagination is remarkable, often revealing a grotesque sense of humor, while conjuring up relentless images of debauchery, torture and spiritual temptation. His triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights includes a right panel set in Hell. Among its endless highlights are: A bird-headed monster sitting on a toilet-like throne, defecating sinners into a hole below; a knife slicing through two giant ears, forming a phallic symbol; a musician crucified to the strings of a harp, while another nude figure plays a flute with his rear end; and a pig in nun's clothes kissing a sinner, as two dogs in armor eat a man nearby. The nightmarish quality and boundless imagery that Bosch depicts in this work are unparalleled in the world of art. Among his other masterpieces are the triptychs The Last Judgement and The Temptation of Saint Anthony.
Pieter Bruegel (1525-1569)
A Flemish painter and printmaker, Bruegel is perhaps best-known for his landscapes and peasant scenes, which depict the rituals of 16th Century village life in an earthy and unsentimental manner. Examples are Netherlandish Proverbs (1559) and Children's Games(1560). However, as a precursor to Surrealism, his two most important canvases may be The Triumph of Death (1562) and Mad Meg(1562). The former portrays an army of skeletons attacking helpless villagers, while the latter conjures up a nightmarish vision of Hell. Influenced by Bosch, these works reveal an unrestrained imagination and attention to detail worthy of the older Dutch master.
Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527-1593)
Archimboldo was an Italian artist best known for his portaits of heads comprised of unusual objects. For example, his series The Seasons (1573) includes four paintings of heads captured in side profile: Winter features an old man, whose head is made up entirely of tree parts, while Spring depicts a figure made of flowers. Summerand Autumn are portraits composed of vegetables and fruits. Another series, Air, Fire, Earth and Water (1566-70), contains portraits comprised of birds, fire, animals and fish respectively. Among Archimboldo's other unique paintings are The Vegetable Gardener (1590), which appears to be a bowl of vegetables when viewed right side up, but, when turned upside down, becomes a grotesque face; and Adam and Eve (1578), whose profiles are made of naked children.
Below you will find biographical information on most of the artists associated with the Surrealist Movement.
Important Precursors:


text:
|BIALYSTOK: Bialostockie/Grodno
Alternate names: Bia?ystok [Pol], Byalistok [Yid], Belostok [Rus], Belastok [Bel], Balstog? [Lith], Bjalistoka [Latv], Bialistok, Bielastok, Russian: ????????. Belarusian: ????????. ?????????-Yiddish. 53°08' N, 23°09' E. 1900 Jewish population: 47,783.
JOWBR burial list: Jewish Cemetery.
Yizkors: Der Bialystoker yisker-bukh (New York, 1982);
Bialystok; bilder album (New York, 1951);
Pinkes Bialystok; grunt-materyaln tsu der geshikte fun di yidn in Bialystok biz nokh der ershter velt-milkohme (New York, 1949-1950);
Bialystoker Stimme (New York, 1921-); Bó?nice Bia?ostocczyzny (Bia?ystok, 1992);
Jewish Bialystok and surroundings in Eastern Poland - A guide for yesterday and today (Ipswich, Mass., 1998).
S?ownik Geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego (1880-1902), I, pp. 199-202: "Bia?ystok". 1991 town population: 270,000. 2006 population was 294,830.
The Museum of Bialystok Jews [June 2014]
On June 27, 1941, the Nazis took Bia?ystok and confined 56,000 Jewish residents in a ghetto after they surrounded the town square near the Great Synagogue (the largest wooden synagogue in Eastern Europe) and forced people from their homes into the street with some shoved against walls and shot. 800 men, women and children were lo
cked in the synagogue and burned to death. The Nazis and their collaborators threw grenades at homes. Flames from the synagogue spread to the entire square. About 3,000 Jews died that day. A clandestine underground resistance started. Some were jailed, some killed, and others deported to concentration camps. On August 15, 1943, the Bia?ystok Ghetto Uprising began when several hundred Polish Jews started an armed struggle against troops liquidating the ghetto. The Nazis were run out by the Soviet army in September 1944. The city was part of the Byelorussian SSR until the Polish-Soviet border treaty in August 1945 gave Bia?ystok and its surrounding area to Poland. Bialystok has extended, incorporating villages like Bialostoczek, Dziesieciny, Starosielce, Zawady, and Dojlidy Gorne.[April 2009]
CEMETERY: photos of the Jewish cemetery. Cemetery photos. [April 2009] Town website [August 2005]
"The Bialystok Jewish Cemetery at Zabia and Proletariacks Streets is a public park; graves have been desecrated or simply covered over." Source: Freedman, Warren. World Guide for the Jewish Traveler . NY: E.P. Dutton Inc, 1984. Extracted by Bernard Kouchel,
MASS GRAVES: The Bialystoker Memorial Book: Bialystok Martyrs of the 1906 Pogrom-Bagnowke Jewish Cemetery in Bialystok "All victims of this pogrom were buried in a mass grave, in a prestigious place within the the old Jewish cemetery in Bialystok. Above this grave, a tall monument was erected, inscribed with a special epitaph in Hebrew, by the well-known poet Zalman Sznejur. The large monument near the mass grave of the pogrom victims stood for decades in the Bagnowke Jewish Cemetery in Bialystok. It reminded many of three horrible days for Jews in Bialystok in early June 1." Listing information from the book 906 [sic]. After World War II, the Poles vandalized this stately headstone, cutting it into three pieces and discarding it near the outskirts of the cemetery. Listing of names and ages available under Bagnowke Jewish Cemetery. The Bialystok Jewish Cemetery at Zabia and Proletariacka Streets is a public park; graves have been desecrated or simply covered over." [Source?]
A mass grave was not reported in Wisniewski's survey III below for the U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad. According to Wisniewski in Jewish Bialystok , p. 60: in "Pietrasze", a forest on N outskirts of Bialystok "entered by walking on a dirt road about one-half mile east of Highway 18" is the mass grave and a "small memorial park [that] marks the forest location where German soldiers murdered ... between 3,000 and 4,000 Jewish men, women and boys on the 3rd and 11-13th of July 1941." (p. 61) [ESR-September 2000]
Also unreported to the Commission was "Grabowka: At the eastern edge of Bialystok, reached from Highway 66 towards Bobrowniki, a monument commemorates another forest location where a mass execution of Jews as well as Christians took place." [ESR-September 2000]
article about Bialystok gravestones. [May 2010]
The cemetery is at ulica Wschodnia, Dzielnica Banowka.
The earliest known Jewish community was 1692 or 1711; 1931 Jewish population was 39,165 (Polish needs translation) ["na raczna liczbe mieszk": 91, 207]. Noteworthy historical events: 1. Polowa 18th century-nadanie przywilejow dla zydow, przez Jana Klemensa Branickiego; 2. Koniec 19th cenetery, wplyw Koncepcsi syjonistycznych reprezentowanyck przez Rabina Szmuela Momilewera, Dr. Josifa Chazanowicza, poczatkujacy emigracje; and 3. pogrom in 1906. Living here were Ludwik Zamenhof, Dr. Josif Chazanowicz, Rabbi Szmuel Mohilewer, Chaim Zelig Slonimski, Abraham Samuel Herszberg, Jacob Szapiro, Icchak Szamir, Leon Pines. Rabbi Gedalij Rozenman, Ludwik Zamenhof, and Icchak Malmed are buried there. The Jewish cemetery was established officially in 1892 [Polish needs translation] rok najstarszy zlokalizowany nagrobek 1876. The last known Jewish burial was in 1969. The Jewish community was Chasydzi z Kocka, Slonimia, Stolina mieszkajacy w Bialymstoku and Sepharfic, Conservative, and Reform. Surrounding villages that used this cemetery: Suprasl, Wasilkow, Suraz, Lapy, and Starosielce, and Okoliczne Wsie, all 10 to 25 km. away. The cemetery is landmarked: "dokumentacja cmentarza znajduje sie w trakcie opracowania, czesc opracowana znajduje sio, w biurze badan i Dokumentacji Zabytkow w. B-stocki". The suburban flat land, separate but near other cemeteries, has no sign but has Jewish symbols on gate or wall. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all via a broken masonry wall and a locking gate. Size of cemetery before WWII was 125,000 square meter and is 100,000 square meters now. More than 5000 gravestones in cemetery, 500 in original locations and 50%-75% toppled or broken, date from 1876. The cemetery is divided into special sections (no details given). The marble, granite, limestone, sandstone, slate, and concrete rough stones/boulders, flat shaped stones, finely smoothed and inscribed stones, and sculpted monuments have Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish, German and Russian inscriptions. Some have traces of painting on their surfaces. The cemetery contains special memorial monuments to pogrom victims. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures or known mass graves. The municipality now owns the property used for Jewish cemetery and recreation. Properties adjacent are residential and residential. The cemetery size is smaller than in 1941 because an anti-Semitic political campaign in 1968. Frequently, organized Jewish tour/pilgrimage groups, organized individual tours, private visitors, and local residents visit. The cemetery was not vandalized in the last ten years. Past maintenance: 1971 "zlikwidowano cmentarz. ustawiono skromy obelisk, ktory otaczny jest opieka" by local/municipal authorities in 1985, ogrodzenie zelazna balustradka. Care now is occasional clearing or cleaning by authorities and regular caretaker paid for by contributions from visitors. Vandalism is a slight threat. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Tomasz Wisniewski visited site on 30 July 1991, using the following documentation: 1. Teczka Dotyczaca, Cmentarza Gettowego. ZiH Warszawa; and 2. Tomaz Wisniewski, Cmentarze Zydowskie w Bialymstoku w: Studia podlaskie Tom II-Bialystok 1989. He interviewed Dr. Anatol Leszcynski, W-WA ul Dantyszka 2/15 tel 252- 662, and other persons mentioned above.
NOTE: According to Jewish Bialystok, Wisniewski [who completed these surveys] states that the Wschodnia Street cemetery is "the largest Jewish cemetery in Northern Poland." He also adds that the size is 12-hectare (about 30 acres) and that about 7,000 gravestones remain of the possibly 40,000 standing before "Germans removed them to build sidewalks, roads, and even buildings..." (p. 55) This contradicts the information he supplied above. Catholic and Russian Orthodox cemeteries adjoin. He notes the first burial as that of Fruma bat Jehuda Lejb in 1892 or 5652, again contradicting his survey that reports the first burial as 1876. He states that the last burial was 1969. He notes a conical roofed ohel covering the grave of Rabbi Chaim Herce Halpern, son of Rabbi Lipe Lepele, Chief Rabbi of Bialystok for over fifty years until 1919. This ohel donated by Bialystok Jews in New York was unreported in his survey above. He also mentions a black marble pillar commemorating the 1906 pogrom against Jews. See Bialystok yizkor for more information. http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor [ESR-September 2000]
UPDATE: There is indeed an ohel on the grave of Chaim Naftali Hertz Halperin that has been vandalized. Only the actual concrete building remains, but inside no gravestone. A faded inscription of the donation of the NY congregation can still be seen. The outline of his son-in-law's gravestone can be seen connected to the grave. Source: Ariel Fuss, Jerusalem, Isreal.
[August 2003]
Noteworthy historical events: 1. Polowa 18th century-nadanie przywilejow dla zydow, przez Jana Klemensa Branickiego; 2. Zalozenie Getta Zydowskiego Przez Okupanta Niemieckiego 1 August 1941; and 3. Zaglada Getta 16 August 1943. Zginelo ok. 50,000 Zydow Bialostockich. The date Jewish cemetery was established August 1941. Buried in this cemetery are Dr. Aleksander Rajgrodzki (Vice President of the town), Pejsach Kaplan, and Abraham Samuel Herszberg. Date of the last known Progressive/Reform and zydi niepraktykujacy Jewish burial: 1948. Other towns and villages that used this cemetery: Jasionowka, Bransk, Zabludow, Krynki, Wasilkow, Suprasl, and Lapy, all 10 to 50 km away. The cemetery is land-marked: "jest wpisany do rejestru Pomnikow Walki i Meczenstwa". The isolated urban flat land has a sign in Polish mentioning Jews and the Holocaust. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. The cemetery has a broken masonry wall and no gate. Size of cemetery was 1 hectare (10,000 sq. meters.) in 1948 and 55 sq. meters in 1980. One 1941 obelisk is in the cemetery. The sandstone tombstone/memorial marker inscribed in Polish is a finely smoothed and inscribed stone with iron decoration or lettering and a metal fence. The cemetery contains special memorial monuments to Holocaust victims and Jewish soldiers. The cemetery contains marked mass graves. Within the limits of the cemetery is an ohel. The municipality owns the property, now used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential and Catholic cemetery. The cemetery size is smaller than in 1939 because of a housing development. Occasionally, organized Jewish tour/pilgrimage groups, organized individual tours, private visitors, and local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during WWII and occasionally now. Local/ municipal authorities and the Bialystoker Center in New York (USA) re-erected stones, patched broken stones, cleared vegetation, and fixed wall and gate from 1981-1991. Biaystoker Center New York, 228 E. Broadway, NY 10002, USA pays the caretaker. Vandalism is a moderate threat. Incompatible nearby development is a serious threat. Private property is taking over the cemetery property. Security and weather erosion are slight threats.
Tomasz Wisniewski completed survey using the following documentation: 1. Karty evidencyjne Nagrobkow Zydowskich Cmentarza-Opracowala J. Tyszko, Tlumaczyl T. Fedorowicz, BBiDZ Bialystok; 2. Bialystok Cmentarz Zydowski, Studium Historyczne opr. B. Tomecka pk z B-stok 1985; 3. w. Tomacz Wisniewski, Cmentarze Zydowskie w Bialymstoku w: Studia podlaskie Tom II-Bialystok 1989; and 4. A.S. Herszberg, Pinkos Bialystok, New York 1949-50 TI/II. Wisniewski and Iwona Plichta-Wisniewska visited the site between 1984 and 1991.
The cemetery was located in what is now in the central park on Kalinowsiego St. The cemetery does not exist. This cemetery was established around 1760 with the last burial around 1890 oraz 1941 (lipiec). Suprasl, Starosielce, and Lapy, up to 25 km away, used this cemetery. The cemetery was around 2.0 hectares before WWII. One gravestone has been dug up. The rest are covered with a layer of soil from which the park was established. Reportedly, the oldest gravestone was 1767. The cemetery was vandalized during WWII. Tomasz Wisniewski visited the site in 1990 and 1991 and completed the survey.
Information, maps, and inscription translations about these cemeteries is available from State Agency for Protection of Monuments in Bialystok, 23 Dojlidy St. Bialystok. Telephone/FAX: 412332
[UPDATE] Tour cemetery by drone [January 2015]
[UPDATE] Folk Art on a Jewish Cemetery in Poland [April 2015]
[UPDATE] Will the Area of Jewish Cemetery in Bialystok be Developed? [Sept 2015]
[UPDATE] City of Bialystok Allows High-Rise on Jewish Cemetery Site [Oct 2015]
[UPDATE] Fund appeal - Restoration of Bialystok Cemetery Phase II (Interesting video on page, and this particular funding appeal page is complete and closed) ([May 2017]
[UPDATE] Fund appeal - Restoration of Bialystok Cemetery for Summer 2018 work [November 2017]
Photos from Facebook [August 2016]
|Last Updated on Thursday, 09 November 2017 05:58


text:
Feature Articles
- ‹ Prev
- Next ›
Research and Development Briefing
Research and Development Briefing
2006 has already been earmarked as a very exciting year as far as the microprocessor industry is concerned. The heated battle by Intel and AMD will reach a new level as both companies are due to unleash microprocessor architectural and platform changes, some already much hyped about and some only talked behind closed doors. Intel is set to throw the first punches with their inaugural Spring Intel Developer Conference (IDF) in San Francisco and this year, we're going to hear a lot more about power optimizations and of course, Intel's Next Generation Micro-Architecture.
IDF Spring 2006 will actually mark a change from the past events as Intel cuts down the fats and focus more on the facts. There will only be a single day of keynotes covering the three main divisions from digital enterprise, home and mobility with an opening by Intel's CTO Justin Rattner. Intel also has streamlined their core tracks for the entire event so there should be much better access to information and more chances of hands-on experiences. While IDF Spring 2006 will officially kick-off tomorrow, Tuesday, 7th March, Intel held a pre-IDF activity today for international Press and analysts which focused on Intel's research and development efforts underway as well as bringing forward the Tech-a-Palooza panel highlighting the progress of some key Intel initiatives.
With the revised IDF agenda, this Day-0 event basically helps get the less important stuff (and by less important, we really mean the less juicy bits) out of the way. The opening briefing was also conducted by Justin Rattner, followed by talks on enterprise energy saving by Raj Yavatkar (Director, Systems Technology Lab) and the future of mobility by Kevin Kahn (Director, Communications Technology Lab). As you might have guessed, the R&D session skims through what Intel has been up to behind the scenes, besides putting out microprocessors and thinking up confusing naming schemes. Intel talked at length about their research activities and programs, but the highlights of the morning were the announcement of the Tera-Scale Computing Research Program, Transactional Memory, Seamless Access and Slicing-by-8.
Tera-Scale Computing
During IDF Spring 2004, then Intel CTO Pat Gelsinger spoke about architecting the 'Era of Tera' in his keynote speech, whereby technology is moving at a pace where we'll soon be dealing with 'terabytes of data with teraflops of power'. The Intel Tera-Scale Computing Research Program is a huge effort within Intel's own worldwide research community to bring about platforms with 10's to 100's of cores (and there you thought dual core was hot). Intel already has over 80 projects ongoing into this effort that envelops silicon research, platform architecture and optimizations plus enabling highly threaded and scalable software models.
Of course all of these are still in their research phase, so expect to hear more about Tera-Scale efforts over the next few years. Since the scope of this project was a little too vast for our simple minds to comprehend, Intel gave a little example of intelligent vehicles; vehicles with enough compute power not only to be able to drive itself and navigate in traffic, but able to detect if the driver has fallen asleep and take over seamlessly. Or maybe even detect that the driver is sleepy and offer to switch to automatic drive. Sounds incredible? It may not be too far away. Intel-sponsored teams at the 2005 DARPA grand challenge won top three spots for completing a 132-mile race through the Mojave Desert by autonomous and unmanned robotic vehicles. The winner, 'Stanley', a modified Volkswagon Tuaureg designed by a Stanford University team used six Intel Pentium M processor-based computers for its AI.
Transactional Memory
Transactional Memory is actually a project that is part of the Tera-Scale Computing Research Program. Transactional memory is an effort to do away with memory locks that do not scale well with increasing parallelism and threading. In today's multi-threaded programming scenario, when a thread accesses common memory, that portion of memory and its data is locked for the period and other threads will just have to wait, reducing parallelism performance. Transactional Memory is a research into how Intel can coordinate a way for multiple threads to access the same memory, enable concurrent execution and without errors or deadlocks.
Intel used industry standard Java code to design a proof-of-concept application, which simulates in software how Transactional Memory technology delivers about triple the performance gain in an 8-threaded application.
Seamless Access
As we move on to the mobility side of things, we hear about a technology called Seamless Access, which is basically Intel's effort into developing a unified architecture for public networks. Now before you think Seamless Access is intended to replace current network architectures or access modes, it isn't. Seamless Access is an open framework for network interoperability and is used to enable heterogeneous network roaming. If you're a frequent traveler and use multiple mobile or wireless devices, you'll most likely have experienced difficulty at some point or another trying to connect to foreign networks. Seamless Access aims to solve these. Intel has been working with telecoms and network industries to come up with a set of harmonized framework standards. Far from being 'just research', Seamless Access is already on the verge of being rolled out commercially in several countries, Singapore included. What's more, Intel has offered a live demo right here at IDF Spring 2006 with the first instance of Seamless Access roaming that supports both WiFi and 3G SIM authentication methods across various ISP networks around the IDF venues and participating hotels.
Unfortunately, SIM readers were rare and we were unable to procure one for testing the 3D SIM authentication method, but the WiFi login worked fine
In what may seem to be a weird name, Slicing-by-8 or SB8 is an exciting new CRC algorithm project, which has been in development by Intel and is now commercially available. We should all have heard of CRCs (Cyclic Redundancy Check) in some form or another as they are commonly used to check for data errors when files are transferred from one location to another. What you may not know is that traditional CRC methods actually incur a high processing overhead. This might not cause a problem with local file transfers, but CRC checking is a performance bottleneck with today's increasing speed of network pipelines, the emergence of high-speed SANs (Storage Area Networks) and iSCSI standards. Intel's SB8 algorithm is a new way of performing CRC with triple the speed of the older Sarwate method and is optimized for 64-bit operation and highly scalable with multi-core processors and frequency. What's more interesting is that SB8 is freely available through sourceforge.net. We did a check on its project page and it seems that Intel has only set it up about four days ago under a BSD license.
CMOS Radio
You've probably heard about Radio Free Intel, an initiative to integrate low-cost radio capabilities onto every silicon product Intel produces. Integrated radio is the next evolution of radio technology that would help reduce cost and increase battery performance and thermals to further advance mobile wireless communication. During Kevin Kahn's briefing, he talked about CMOS integration and even built a prototype CMOS MIMO device using a 90nm CMOS process. This prototype CMOS MIMO wireless chip is capable of up to 108Mbps and we have reason to believe that Intel may have this device on demonstration sometime during the length of this year's IDF. If we do come by it, rest assured we'd take a closer look.
- ‹ Prev
- Next ›


text:
Benefit is releasing a brand new box of powder later this month called Hervana. The good news is that you can snag it several weeks early on Monday, December 5, at Sephora. Available online, for one day only. [Beauty and the Blog]
The beauty auction brought to you by bloggers and brands with all proceeds benefitting Doctors Without Borders is going on at BeautyBloggers.org through Monday, December 12.
I spotted this Butter London Glitter Trio in an Ulta mailer this week and was entranced. Pretty, right? I especially love the rosy pink. $36 at Ulta.
Holiday party season is upon us. Check out these two simple makeup looks to get you party ready. [Refinery 29]
Rhetorical beauty questions: Do I need another neutral eyeshadow? Does that stop me from wanting the Urban Decay Naked2 palette? It sold out in just a few hours, but it will be back. If you want in too, get on the list. [UrbanDecay]


text:
Former Hodes top aide to take major policy role in State Senate
Matt Robison to serve as Senate Democrats Policy Director
The one-time chief of staff to former U.S. Rep. Paul Hodes, and one of the brightest Democratic operatives in the country, will take a policy role with the state Senate Democrats.
Matt Robison, of Hopkinton, will serve as the Democratic policy director in the senate, where Democrats are in the minority by a single seat. Gene Martin will serve as the minority caucus director.
Both Robison and Martin come off successful election year wins. Robison was the campaign manager for Massachusetts U.S. Rep. John Tierney, who was expected to lose re-election because of a scandal involving his family. Yet Tierney won in what Washington newspaper Roll Call dubbed the "upset of the year."
Martin also pulled off a big upset. Martin led the political efforts for Democrats to take back the majority in the State House of Representatives. Few people saw that coming prior to Election Day.
In addition to their politically savvy, both have served in policy roles before. In addition to running a congressional office for Hodes, Robison also worked at the U.S. House Appropriations Committee and as an aide to then-Virginia Gov. Mark Warner.
Martin returns to the Senate after serving as a aide there for several years.


text:
Sandy disrupts N.J. email voting
Storm-battered New Jersey's first-in-the-nation decision to accept ballots by email is shaping up to be a model for how not to conduct Internet-based voting.
The problems that arose — confusing rules, a laborious verification process and an ongoing tabulation headache — could invalidate many of the more than 10,000 ballots from people who believe they voted electronically.
Story Continued Below
"My email began to run off the charts all day that Sunday, Monday and Tuesday," Ocean County Clerk Scott Colabella said. "We were getting so many requests, we could not open them quickly enough, print out the applications and have our staff answer them all."
Elections officials have been looking for better ways for Americans to vote to address the problems that have been highlighted in the elections from 2000 to 2012 — long lines, voting machine glitches and legal challenges. The Internet seems to be an inevitable answer, but New Jersey's recent experience provides a mixed bag of lessons, many of them about what problems might arise.
New Jersey election officials insist they weren't trying to be technological pioneers as they slapped together a way for residents displaced by Hurricane Sandy to participate on Election Day. And even critics give the state's leaders kudos for trying something for its traumatized citizenry amid such extreme challenges.
But two weeks later, the results of Internet voting are still not tabulated — even though county election boards must certify the official outcomes by Tuesday at the latest. There are 75 local races in the state that are still too close to call, election monitors say.
The top problem is that state law required voters who submit ballots electronically to also send in the paper versions via postal mail. Yet several county clerks, as well as the executive director of the New Jersey Democratic Party, told POLITICO this week they didn't know that, so it is likely thousands of voters are unaware as well.
Monday was the last day voters could mail in their paper ballots, so the process of matching them to electronically submitted ballots would be expected to begin Tuesday.
It remains unclear how that will be resolved. State elections spokesman Ernie Landante has asked the state attorney general for guidance.
Rutgers election law professor Penny Venetis, whose students have been carefully tracking the experiment, said the state has painted itself into a legal corner. If it sticks to the law and throws out ballots, it'll disenfranchise those the state intended to help, but if it allows electronic ballots to stand without backup, the state opens itself to lawsuits from voting rights advocates and losing candidates whose races are currently too close to call.
"I do think a lot of people will be disenfranchised, because there's clearly no system in place to process these votes," Venetis said. "You can't have people doing things on an ad hoc basis. … What do they do if there's a discrepancy? There's no steps or directive."


text:
While bringing the farm bill back for a second review by the U.S. House will be difficult, it is far from impossible, a former lawmaker says.
"It becomes more difficult now once you have lost the bill to resurrect it, to bring it back, but it happens," says Lee Hamilton, who served for 34 years as an Indiana representative in the House and is now director of The Center on Congress at Indiana University.
(Click to read: Farm Bill Defeated in U.S. House)
At this point, it is U.S. House Speaker John Boehner's decision whether to bring the bill back for a second time, Hamilton says. It is unusual, but not unheard of, for a bill brought up by the Speaker to be defeated.
"What he has to do is, he has to sit down and figure out why the bill was defeated, and obviously by how many votes, and see if he can make adjustments in the bill that will get a majority support," Hamilton says. That process might take a day or a month, depending on a variety of factors.
Listen below to House Ag Committee ranking member Collin Peterson's remarks following the House vote:
Given the margin of today's vote, Boehner needs at least 20 lawmakers to reverse their votes to win passage if the bill is brought up a second time, Hamilton says. That task is "not unmanageable." Adding or removing a provision that group of people can agree on might be the key to moving ahead.
(Click to read: Ag Left 'Holding the Bag' by Farm Bill Defeat)
That doesn't mean hurdles would vanish: Conference committees for both the House and Senate would then have to resolve any differences and approve the legislation, and President Barack Obama would have to sign it into law. But because interests such as farmers, ag organizations and agribusiness are invested in the issue, opportunity still exists.
"I suspect they'll be working very hard to bring that bill forward again," Hamilton says.
Indeed, Chairman Frank Lucas (R-OK) of the House Committee on Agriculture appears focused on moving ahead despite saying he is "obviously disappointed" in the 195-234 vote Thursday.
"We are assessing all of our options, but I have no doubt that we will finish our work in the near future and provide the certainty that our farmers, ranchers, and rural constituents need," Lucas says.
His colleague, Rep. Rick Crawford (R-AR), agrees.
"While the bill was not perfect, it took significant steps to root out waste and abuse, and reduce our debt while reforming farm programs so they work for the modern agricultural economy," Crawford said in an emailed statement. " This battle is not over yet. I will continue to work with Chairman Lucas, Ranking Member Peterson, and all of my colleagues on the House Agriculture Committee to pass a bill that gives our growers the certainty they urgently need. I am optimistic that Congress will soon remember who makes our country so great – the American farmer."
Separately, the e-mailed containing Crawford's statement offered insights about possible paths for the farm bill: "The House has two options going forward. The Agriculture Committee can craft a new bill or, since the Senate has already passed its version of the reauthorization bill, go to conference with no bill and negotiate without an official position. The latter option is the route the House took last year after it failed to pass a transportation bill."
In the video below, watch Lucas speak about the farm bill moments before the House rejected it:


text:
Use RTMFP for developing real-time collaboration applications
Codename Cirrus (previously codename Stratus) enables peer assisted networking using the Real Time Media Flow Protocol (RTMFP) within the Adobe Flash® Platform. RTMFP is the evolution of media delivery and real time communication over the Internet enabling peers on the network to assist in delivery. Cirrus was first introduced in 2008 as a rendezvous-only service that allowed clients to send data from client to client without passing through a server. Peer assisted networking debuted in Adobe Flash Player 10. Today, over one billion connected desktops across browsers and operating systems have Flash Player installed and support RTMFP.
The most important features of RTMFP include low latency, end-to-end peering capability, security and scalability. These properties make RTMFP especially well suited for developing real-time collaboration applications by not only providing superior user experience but also reducing cost for operators.
|The Evolution of Media and Communication Delivery on the Flash Platform
|Traditional Streaming / Communication with Unicast model
|RTMFP in Flash player 10.0 / Cirrus 1
|RTMFP in Flash player 10.1 / Cirrus 2
|Traditional streaming requires a client to receive all data from a centralized server cluster. Scale is achieved by adding more servers
|First generation of RTMFP in Flash player 10.0 supported rendezvous. Media was always sourced from the publishing peer.
|Second generation of RTMFP supporting groups in Flash player 10.1 supports application-level multicast and reduces the load on the source publisher.
In order to use RTMFP, Flash Player endpoints must connect to an RTMFP-capable server, such as the Cirrus service. Cirrus is a beta, hosted rendezvous service that aids establishing communications between Flash Player endpoints.
Unlike Adobe Media Server, Cirrus does not support media relay, shared objects, scripting, etc. So by using Cirrus, you can only develop applications where Flash Player endpoints are directly communicating with each other.
Flash Player is already the market leader in online video distribution over the web. With the introduction of RTMFP and advanced media compression technologies, Flash Player 10.1 and later releases are well positioned as the leader in real-time communications as well.
Cirrus on Adobe Labs is an Adobe-hosted service that facilitates Peer Assisted Networking. Cirrus does not support any server-side programming, media relay, or SharedObjects. Peer Assisted Networking technology is also available today in Adobe Media Server and Adobe LiveCycle® Collaboration Services.
Getting Started
Follow these steps to get started with the Cirrus beta:
- Download and Install the latest Flash Player
- Get Adobe Flash Builder™
- Sign up for a Cirrus beta developer key at rtmfp.net
- Review the Flash Player API Documentation
- Read the article, Cirrus service for developing end-to-end applications using RTMFP in Flash Player 10, in the Developer Center
- Review the RTMFP groups overview
- Learn the basics of peer-to-peer communication in Flash Player
- Download the sample application for basic RTMFP Introductions
Ask questions and share your feedback in the Cirrus forumPlease note that your submission of comments, ideas, feature requests and techniques on this and other Adobe maintained forums, as well as Adobe's right to use such materials, is governed by the Terms of Use.
Below you'll find references and links to help you participate in the Cirrus community.
Online Forum
Ask questions, discuss, and share feedback with other beta users and the engineering team in the online forums.
Please note that your submission of comments, ideas, feature requests and techniques on this and other Adobe maintained forums, as well as Adobe's right to use such materials, is governed by the Terms of Use.
Developer Center
Read more about RTMFP and Cirrus in the Flash Player Developer Center.
Visit the Flash Player Developer Center
If you want to learn more about releases on Labs as well as other Adobe technologies, visiting a user group or connecting with an Adobe Community Professional is a great place to start.
Product Details
The following resources are available to help you develop Cirrus-enabled applications:
- Review the Flash Player API Documentation
- Review the Cirrus Service for Developing End-to-End Applications Using RTMFP in Flash Player 10 article in the Developer Center
- Watch Matthew Kaufman's Future of Communication with RTMFP video
- Watch Matthew Kaufman's P2P on the Flash Platform with RTMFP video
- Watch Michael Thornburgh's Advanced P2P with RTMFP: Tips and Tricks video
- Check out the Adobe LiveCycle Collaboration Service on the Adobe Developer Connection
- Read Tom Krcha's Using Peer-to-Peer Applications on the Adobe Flash Platform article
- Read the Peer-Assisted Networking Using RTMFP Groups in Flash Player 10.1 article
- Watch Tom Krcha's Basics of P2P in Flash video
- See all videos related to RTMFP on Adobe TV
- What is Cirrus?
- Cirrus is a hosted peer introduction service that facilitates establishing communication between Flash Player clients or Adobe AIR endpoints using RTMFP. Flash Player endpoints must stay connected to the server during the entire time of communications. Unlike Adobe Media Server, Cirrus does not stream video or support media relay, shared objects, or scripting. Cirrus is being made available as a beta service through Adobe Labs to allow our developer community to begin building applications using RTMFP.
- What is the difference between Cirrus and a Adobe Media Server?
- When using Cirrus, all data is encrypted and sent directly from client to client without touching a server. In comparison, applications using Adobe Media Server (and RTMP), data always flows through the server consuming both upload and download bandwidth from the server and clients. Cirrus is a preview service that has limitations including no custom server programming and no remote shared object support.
- What is the difference between Cirrus and Adobe Live Cycle Collaboration Services?
- LCCS is an Adobe hosted service that support RTMFP communication and is limited to basic introduction services. LCCS has support for a custom collaboration framework that includes pre-build user interfaces developers can use in Adobe Flash Builder™ and Adobe Flash Professional to create custom collaboration applications. LCCS is a commercial offering that developers can use for their business.
- How do I get started with Cirrus?
- You will need to register with your AdobeID to receive a unique developer key. The developer key can be used within your application to enable Cirrus. Sign up for a Cirrus developer key.
- How much does Cirrus cost?
- Cirrus is a free beta service. You will need to register with your Adobe ID to obtain a unique developer key.
- Will Cirrus support Flash player 10.0?
- Yes you can use Flash player 10.0 with Cirrus, however clients will not be able to join an RTMFP group, or leverage any of the new functionality. Clients earlier then Flash player 10.0 do not have support for RTMFP.
- What are my options to use RTMFP in my commercial application?
- Developers can use Adobe Media Server to develop and deploy RTMFP applications.
- What makes Adobe's Peer Assisted Networking technology different than other P2P applications?
- RTMFP technology is a managed solution that can be controlled and managed, because a serve is always required to establish a peer connection (even though the data flows from Peer to Peer). RTMFP also respects the network because there is limited probing on the network, unlike unmanaged p2p applications. End users will need to accept peer communication each time to ensure privacy. RTMFP also has no additional client download to enable P2P because it's built right into Flash player.
See answers to more frequently asked questions
System Requirements
Cirrus 2 requires that clients are using either Flash Player 10.1 (or greater) or AIR 2.0 (or greater). Flash player 10.0 or AIR 1.5 are supported but do not support RTMFP group participation.
Developers will need to provide a mechanism for exchanging peer identities between instances of application through their own intermediary (e.g., using HTTP web services, XML sockets to a presence server, etc.).
Release Notes
This release of the Cirrus is prerelease and is designed for evaluation purposes only. The service is not final; but, many portions of the technology are fully implemented and ready for you to try and discuss.


text:
By JOHN FLOWERS
MIDDLEBURY — Ripton resident and environmental activist Joanna Colwell is pleased to hear the state of Vermont is pursuing legal action through state and federal court systems to try to prevent International Paper (IP) from conducting a two-week tire burn at its Ticonderoga, N.Y., mill.
But on Oct. 28 in Middlebury, Colwell and other like-minded citizens plan to bring IP before the court of public opinion. They are organizing an event called "Line up to Sue IP," during which citizens from throughout the state will be asked to sign a petition in protest of IP's proposed test burn, scheduled to begin on Nov. 6.
Colwell is hoping that media footage of throngs of protestors lining up on Middlebury's town green will put additional pressure on the company to stop its proposed tire burn, an event opponents believe will spew harmful toxins into the air and across Lake Champlain into Addison County.
By CYRUS LEVESQUE AND JOHN S. McCRIGHT
ADDISON COUNTY — Most area high schools slightly outperformed the state averages in a batch of standardized reading and math test results released by the Vermont Department of Education last Wednesday.
In general, area elementary schools scored about on par with their peers across the state in a release of reading comprehension test results on the same day.
Educators gleaned a few specific lessons from the their initial look at the test results other than that they seem to be focusing their instructional efforts on some of the right things.
In results from the New Standards Reference Exams (NSRE), which were given to 10th graders in March, Mount Abraham Union High School students met the standard at four percentage points above the state average in the Math Concepts category, eight points below the state average in Writing Effectiveness, and within two points either way on the other five math and reading categories.
By ANDY KIRKALDY
WALTHAM — After an Oct. 5 hearing at which members of the Waltham Planning Commission and some residents questioned changes selectmen made to proposed new zoning laws, it looks like selectmen and planners will be sitting down to talk before another version of the zoning rules is put before the public.
Selectman Harold Francis said on Friday that disagreements over conditional use language, frontage requirements, changes made in the town's forest zone, noise law provisions, and the size of the town's main 5-acre residential zone will almost certainly require face-to-face meetings to resolve.
"It was suggested that the zoning board and selectboard get together and work this out … which I think we'll probably do," Francis said.
Subscribe to Online Edition
Online PDF Print Edition
Copyright 2011 Addison Independent | 58 Maple Street, Middlebury, Vt. 05753 | All Rights Reserved
Site Development by Surf New Media


text:
Lincoln Park Brew Tour
- Duration: 4 Hours (approx.)
- Location: Duluth, MN
The Lincoln Park Brew Tour focuses on the entrepreneurial energy driving a new wave of artisans & makers in the newly revitalized Lincoln Park Craft District. You'll go behind-the-scenes for VIP craft brew samplings at three local breweries - Lake Superior Brewing, Bent Paddle Brewing, and Ursa Minor Brewing - and discover why Lincoln Park is buzzing with energy. Get the inside scoop on the breweries that have created some of the best beer in Minnesota and top off the night with a delicious handmade Neapolitan-style pizza from Ursa Minor's wood fired pizza oven.
Your Lincoln Park Brew Tour includes:
Your Lincoln Park Brew Tour includes:
- Engaging interpretive tour with fun, expert guides
- Transportation on our comfortable & clean brew bus
- Behind-the-scenes VIP access at three Lincoln Park breweries
- Four 5-ounce craft beer samples at each brewery
- Handmade, Neapolitan-style pizza for each guest
- Souvenir sample glass for each guest
- Complimentary snacks and water aboard the brew bus
- Lots of great photo opportunities
*Please note that this tour is designed for adults 21+ years of age. Guests must have a valid and current ID to participate.


text:
August 26, 1931 - September 27, 2013
Fort Montgomery, NY
Garry E. Lent, lifelong resident of Fort Montgomery, NY, passed away on Friday, September 27, 2013 at St. Luke's Cornwall Hospital, Newburgh, NY, following a brief illness.
Garry was born on August 26, 1931 in Cornwall, NY to Mildred Garrison Lent and Elmer Lent. He was a graduate of the class of 1949 of Highland Falls High School. He was a proud graduate of Florida Southern College, earning a B.S. degree in business administration. Garry served on active duty with the United States Army for two years following graduation and after earning an honorable discharge he briefly worked for Ford Motor Company as a personnel clerk. He retired as personnel manager from Tarkett, Inc. in 1989 after 32 years of service.
Garry served the Town of Highlands, first as Town Justice for 22 years before retiring in 1995. After retiring as justice, Garry served as Town Supervisor from 1998 to 2000. In addition to his public service, Garry also served as a past president and 17 year volunteer of the Fort Montgomery Fire Department. He was also a past vice-chairman of the Town of Highlands Planning Board and member of the West Point Lodge of F&AM. Garry was the founding president of the Fort Montgomery Battle Site Association.
He is survived by his wife of 54 years, Doris B. Lent; a son, Todd Lent of Kinnelon, NJ; a daughter, Laura Lent, of Carlisle, PA and two granddaughters, Anna and Caleigh; as well as his brother, Alfred J. (Duke) Lent and his wife, Irma of Highland Falls, NY; a sister, Georgia Forman of Reed City, MI; nieces and nephews. He was predeceased by his parents and his sister, Lucille Lent Grady.
Visitation will take place from 5 to 8 p.m. on Tuesday, October 1st at William F. Hogan Funeral Home, 135 Main St., Highland Falls, NY. Funeral Services will be held at 10 a.m., Wednesday, October 2nd at the Church of the Holy Innocents, 401 Main St., Highland Falls. Interment will be at Eagle Valley Cemetery, Town of Highlands, NY.
The family requests in lieu of flowers that donations be sent to the Fort Montgomery Battle Site Association, PO Box 376, Fort Montgomery, NY, 10922.
Funeral arrangements by William F. Hogan Funeral Home. 845-446-2868 or www.wfhoganfuneralhome.com.


text:
PORTLAND — With the summer tourist season coming to a close and visits from leaf-peepers just around the corner, what better way to learn about the tourism industry than on a cruise ship?
The University of Southern Maine's Tourism and Hospitality department, along with AAA Northern New England and Holland America Line, held a fundraiser on Aug. 22 aboard the MS Veendam cruise ship to benefit a new class at USM.
A cruise class, no less.
"We think it's really important to offer travel classes to students, give them a chance to see the world and apply the knowledge that they learn," USM tourism and hospitality professor Tracy Michaud Stutzman said at the Ocean Gateway terminal on Friday, Aug. 22.
"We're fortunate enough to start a conversation with AAA and they saw a benefit in working with students to create a special event that they could market to their passengers," Stutzman said, "and in the meantime it would give our students a chance to learn new skills work with an international corporation."
The event included a self-guided tour of the ship, followed by a three-course luncheon and presentations by individuals from USM and AAA. Tickets for the luncheon were $30. Stutzman said AAA was going to match whatever was raised, up to $5,000.
"Traditionally, we've been pretty heavy supporters of automotive programs in the technical colleges for obvious reasons," said Eric Baxter of AAA, who will oversee the program with Stutzman. "But we have 500 employees in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, and 25 percent of them are in the travel industry, travel and tourism. We operate travel agencies in all of our 18 offices, and so it makes sense that we should be promoting travel and tourism programs as well. So that's why we're doing it."
Friday's event will benefit a week-long cruise from Boston to Bermuda in May, which is open to the public, but which will also serve as a class for students in the program. Students will plan a surprise event for when passengers reach Bermuda.
"The fundraiser will help provide scholarships, so students can take this cruise and earn credits for it," Stutzman said.
Students and the general public were able to sign up for the cruise at the luncheon. Stutzman said there were about 100 people on board, although only two students were at the luncheon.
"Being able to gain some experience working with AAA, gaining class credits, and the experience of working with international companies and as a tourism student, I think it's really important to travel," third-year student Haylee Munson said. "A lot of college students take advantage of the ability to travel while they're in college, but I think it's even more vital for a student who's studying travel to not just do it in theory, but also experience it."
In addition to planning the cruise event, AAA will be working with the university's Tourism and Hospitality Department to explore internship opportunities.
The Tourism and Hospitality program at USM has was created in 2012. There are currently 50 majors enrolled, and six people have graduated from the program.
Colin Ellis can be reached at 781-3661 ext. 123 or [email protected]. Follow him on Twitter: @colinoellis.
Sidebar Elements
University of Southern Maine Tourism and Hospitality students Haylee Munson, left, and Bethany Towne prepare to board the MS Veendam cruise ship on Friday, Aug. 22, at Ocean Gateway in Portland.
Boston Red Sox
Homers back Rodriguez's strong start as Red Sox win
Monday's Major League roundup: White Sox become first team to extend netting to the foul poles
Local & State
Two Old Port restaurants temporarily closed after fire
Customer outrage dominates final CMP rate hike hearing
Local & State
Teenager found by roadside was victim of hit-and-run, Knox County police say