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Green Markets: Voluntary and Information Based Approaches to Environmental ManagementAll Courses
Two observations provide motivation for this seminar. First, voluntary and information-based approaches to environmental management are becoming increasingly common. Environmental managers should thus be familiar with the approaches, along with their advantages and limitations. Second, students, advocates and managers are often searching for ways outside of formal regulatory contexts to promote more pro-environmental behavior. There exists a sizable academic literature on the subject, but rarely is it covered in courses on environmental management. Readings span economics, psychology and political science. Class occasionally has a lecture format, but for the most part, we have structured discussion, rotating responsibility for presentation and critique.


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I was in a very slow line for Master Pancake (an Austin comedy group) the night Jen McCreight posted her brainstorm about a movement called Atheism+. And it was spot on — despite the fact that I was standing in a crowded space, I had to keep reading and pointing out excerpts to my wife.
I noticed I haven't been blogging much, and I feel extra guilty that I haven't contributed anything to the current inter-blog discussion about what a good idea Atheism+ is. Ultimately I don't really have a lot to say. For as long as I can remember being involved with the Atheist Community of Austin there have been discussions about how to keep events from being overwhelmingly populated by white guys like me. We've spoken many times about how atheism doesn't necessarily extend philosophically to anything other than "not believing in any Gods"; how technically Raelians are atheists; and you can be an atheist and still believe in all sorts of supernatural woo as long as it's not God. That's all still true.
Technicalities aside though, we've also been bold about taking on issues that are outside the minimal scope of atheism, and worked to present a strong front of core values from our community. The ACA has had a booth at the Austin Gay Pride festival for several years running, and put out press releases denouncing politicians banning equal marriage rights. We've had many on-air discussions with concerned atheists from minority groups. We've spoken for women's rights to choose, and defended that position despite the fact that anti-abortion atheists exist. Our TV show has a fairly diverse cast, and we've been producing Godless Bitches for a year and a half now — a show hosted by prominent female voices and promoting outreach on behalf of atheist feminists. More recently, the ACA board began drafting a formal anti-harassment policy for members as soon as the issue started gaining discussion where conventions were concerned.
Our group strives for a diverse, welcoming environment. There's an argument that comes up a lot where tolerance is concerned, but should not be taken seriously by anyone: that you can't be truly tolerant unless you tolerate intolerance. Or alternatively, if you identify and condemn bigotry, you are being bigoted against the bigots.
Hopefully people get the point through my rambling, but this is a roundabout way of saying that I think "Atheism+" is a welcome new label for an old concept, it's something that many groups have already been striving for before Jen bothered to give it a new name, and I'm all for spreading this particular meme.
For more excellent posts on the subject, please see:


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Wednesday, May 24, 2006
On The Street……Brown Dress #2, New York
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39 comments
Almost wants to make me pack up my suits and move from San Francisco to NYC. This lovely young woman and yesterday's equally lovely lady (with the marvelous hair) could teach their west cost sisters something about style. Wonderful, elegant, very sexy!
Lovely top. Love the colour. But is this it? Where's the rest of her outfit? It seems a tad short…She must be extremely fit and has gorgeous legs. Great site by the way. (Makes me want to move to NY) Cheers!
I like the a LOT more than the other brown dress. Really cute.
Is that dress length legal in New York?
What completes this outfit is the matching arm bands. Wow!
wow. just, wow.
so short!
ppfffhhhh, it looks like a potato sack
She would make a potato sack look good …
Very lovely. I'm curious to know if there are zero short or fat women in NYC with good fashion sense. I never see them here.
I'm all for a bubble hem, but I believe this is a tunic top, not a dress… Unless, of course, she is wearing tan leggings (or is that fake bake? *shudder*) Yes, I'm going to suggest it: a pair of leggings (at least) or jeans, please.
She is simply ravishing. Stunning. Impeccably turned out. The sunlit hair, the gams (wow), the dress. She makes the color brown look like Spring.
If I'm not mistaken, the dress is by "Mason by Michelle Mason" (why not just call the company "Mason"? Jeesh?). I searched high and low for that dress for my wife, but couldn't find it in her size. The one that caught my eye was the perfect shade of pea soup green.
Way to short!
I think thats actually a long tank top. I have the exact same one! ha
It's nice to look at but I wouldn't want to see my girlfriend wearing something like that.
She's got the body for it, but it's a bit short for my taste.
what a babe
Isn't that the same girl in that short vintage skirt you've posted earlier? The one with the polka dots?
That's a tunik, not a dress.
For everyone posting critical comments I say "LIVE A LITTLE!" For how many years in one's life would this dress be suitable? (which word is, to me, one of, if not the, most important words in fashion and design. If you're too young for this dress, then you look slutty. If you're too old for this dress, then you look ridiculous. There are a precious few years in one's life where a dress like this is suitable. The dress is in no way vulgar or unsuitable. She's certainly got the body (and how). It's springtime in New York people! Winters are looooong. Not quite so bad as Montreal, but plenty long enough. Whether or not the dress is a top or, as I think, a dress matters not. I say she's "spot on!" Brava!
I absolutely second what 7:45am said above. There is a time to flower.
what happened to the rest of the outfit? it's a cute top. love the bubble hem.
Fab, works really well.
Part of what makes that dress so sexy is the way it drapes in curves that echo the curves of her body. Great.
one of many reasons why NYC is a great place to be on the cusp of summer.
*Sigh!* :)
I agree with anastasiac. I want to know what kind of shoe she went with for this look. Flat? Sandal? Wedge? Boot? The shoe would really determine the mood of the whole outfit…flirty, earthy, funky, etc.
Absolutely stunning in her simplicity and sexiness. She is totally fresh and attractive and very appealing. would love to see more shots of her.
I'm sorry, I know she is beautiful and sexy but that dress is too short for sreet wear. There is no margin for error – what if she has to reach for something or walk up some stairs in a crowded subway station?
It's great as a cover up for a swimsuit on the beach but it's not right for the city.
I think she looks fantastic. Her confidence – which is the biggest style element for anybody IMO – outshines the length of her dress. So it's short, I wouldn't get away with it, but if I had her confidence – and legs – I most certainly would be milking this dress for all it's worth!
Also very keen to hear which shoes she wore with this, as yes, it could make or break. I'm thinking a small heel, but leather sandals would be brilliant.
damn.. i wish i could pull that off.. i see so many people with great figures who are horrible dressers and that makes me almost mad! i love your site. it makes me wanna move to NYC even more now…
Yikes. Too short. And the bubble hem does no good for anyone, even the taut-bodied.
Really nice colour matched. She wears it with grace.
A bit naughty and woody.
i agree with the ppl saying live a little about the short hem…she looks good so if ppl r saying mean things then it might just means tht they cant pull off this short dress…they must be fatties from a small town….judging the hotties in the big city…i like it for their info……
Not even in my dreams I can wear that, but I would like. Her bone structure is fantastic. I think that`s why the dress looks so good on her
She's hot, period.
Brown never looked so good.
Would love to see this very same dress on her, only in white, black, or a coral blue.
nos casamos??
It's too short..for NYC I'd say.
For LA, all day long.
It's hard to tell and I'm looking hard, but while she definitely appears fit, in looking at her face…from what little I can make of it, I'd say she's too old for a dress like that anyhow.
Doesn't work for me.


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How many times have you been told that you don't pay attention enough, aren't aware enough of your surroundings, or even worse, that you have your "head in the clouds" all the time? I heard this quite often, especially as a teenager and coming from my absolutely favorite aunt (NOT!). If you remember my post from a while back that talked about EMSs (early maladaptive schemas) and negative core beliefs, you'll remember that sometimes we form these beliefs based on negative feedback from significant figures in our childhood – parents, relatives (well-meaning or not) and the like. So as a result of her negative comments, I developed a sort of hypervigilance which basically required me to pay attention to everything in my environment. Literally.
You can imagine that for someone on the autism spectrum, this would be downright tiring. And it was. I was constantly scanning my environment for details, dangers, etc., especially when I would move from one environment to the next. It would take me a while to get comfortable when I arrived into a new room, got out of the car and went into the house, and so forth (you don't want to even know how taxing it is to try to notice EVERYTHING – including passing scenery – when you're in a moving vehicle as a passenger). When I was in my early twenties, I dispensed of this habit: unfortunately, some events in my mid-twenties reactivated a healthy (again, NOT!) dose of post-traumatic stress disorder that I had mostly gotten rid of with help from my fiancé – the same PTSD I've mentioned that I am battling right now. And with the PTSD came the hypervigilance and the environment scanning. The only good thing that has resulted from this is my tendency to store visual details, which I can access later for my writing.
I recognized near the end of last week that this practice was downright exhausting and no longer worth my time, so I decided to stop completely. I decided that I was only going to pay attention to what was important, or what caught my notice. And couple of days later, this new approach paid off. Continue reading


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Farmingdale State - 8, Yeshiva University - 1
Edgewater, N.J. - The Farmingdale State women's tennis team improved to 3-0 overall with an 8-1 victory over Skyline Conference opponent Yeshiva University (1-2) on Wednesday night at the Binghamton Racquet Club. Rams freshman Jessica Sickles (Massapequa Park, N.Y.) was a perfect 2-0 at 1st singles with a 6-0, 6-1 win and at 1st doubles with junior teammate Kristina Rossano (Franklin Square, N.Y.).
Rossano also won at third singles over Yeshiva's Jenny Goldstein (6-1, 6-3). Also undefeated for the night were: freshman Alexandra Bentz (Massapequa Park, N.Y.) at 2nd singles and 2nd doubles, freshman Liliya Dyakiv (Shirley, N.Y.) at 4th singles and 2nd doubles and junior Laura Earlie (Moriches, N.Y.) at fifth singles and third doubles.
Farmingdale State will now host two home matches on Saturday, September 17 vs. Baruch at Noon and Tuesday, September 20 against CCNY at 4:00 p.m.
Farmingdale State 8, Yeshiva University 1
Sep 14, 2011 at Binghamton Racquet Club
|Singles competition
|1. Sickles, Jessica (FSCW) def. Reichman, Esti (YESHIVA) 6-0, 6-1
|2. Bentz, Alex (FSCW) def. Tessler, Hanna (YESHIVA) 6-0, 6-1
|3. Rossano, Kristina (FSCW) def. Goldstein, Jenny (YESHIVA) 6-1, 6-3
|4. Dyakiv, Liliya (FSCW) def. Grumet, Alexandra (YESHIVA) 4-6, 6-2, 11-9
|5. Earlie, Laura (FSCW) def. Green, Bella (YESHIVA) 6-4, 6-2
|6. Shrier, Julia (YESHIVA) def. Vecchio, Amanda (FSCW) 7-5, 6-1
|Doubles competition
|1. Sickles, Jessica/Rossano, Kristina (FSCW) def. Reichman, Esti/Tessler, Hanna (YESHIVA) 8-4
|2. Bentz, Alex/Dyakiv, Liliya (FSCW) def. Grumet, Alexandra/Goldstein, Jenny (YESHIVA) 8-2
|3. Earlie, Laura/Vecchio, Amanda (FSCW) def. Sussman, Elizabeth/Cohen, Sarit (YESHIVA) 8-6
|Match Notes
|Farmingdale State 3-0
|Yeshiva University 1-2


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• The Schedule
Friday, October 28, 2011 at 7:00 p.m.
UC Santa Barbara at UC Davis (18-6, 4-5)
at UC Davis' The Pavilion (8,000)
Series record vs. the Aggies – 15-2
Streak – Won 2
Last time out vs. the Aggies – W, 3-2 (10/1/11)
Saturday, October 29, 2011 at 7:00 p.m.
UC Santa Barbara at Pacific (14-8, 5-4)
at Pacific's Spanos Center (6,150)
Series record vs. the Tigers – 27-49
Streak – Won 1
Last time out vs. the Tigers – W, 3-1 (9/30/11)
• Top 10 Talent
Senior libero Chelsey Lowe is moving in the UCSB career top-10 in total digs. Lowe has accumulated 1,231 digs in her Gaucho career and is just 25 away from passing Liz Towne (1985-88) for 10th in career digs. The Yorba Linda, Calif. native is averaging 5.30 digs per set, which leads the Big West and ranks her 28th in the country. She has had at least 20 digs in 15 of the Gauchos' 22 matches and also leads the Big West in digs during conference play (5.55).
• Lopez Leads League
Over her last 13 matches, senior Lily Lopez has been a force offensively and defensively. The middle blocker is hitting .349 (136-30-304) with an average of 10.46 kills per match and 3.46 total blocks per match (nine solo, 36 assisted). On the season the Santa Ana, Calif. native is hitting .330, which is fourth in the conference and 107th in the nation. In conference matches Lopez is hitting .336, which is fourth in the Big West. On the year she is averaging with 2.44 kills per set and 0.69 blocks per set. with 2.16 kills per set and 0.84 blocks per set.
• Double Dipper
In 15 of the Gauchos' 22 matches this season – this coming after she missed all of last year due to a torn ACL – Leah Sully has recorded a double-double, including in 10 of her last 13 matches. On the season the sophomore from Irvine, Calif. is averaging 2.74 kills and 3.64 digs per set – both ranking second on the team. Sully is also third in the conference with her 0.33 ace per set average.
• They Can Dig It
As a team UCSB is averaging 17.40 digs per set, which ranks the Gauchos first in the Big West and 24th nationally in the stat. UCSB also leads the conference in digs per league matches with 18.52. Chelsey Lowe and Leah Sully each rank in the top-10 in the Big West in digs, one of just two sets of teammates to do so.
• About Schmidt
All-American Stacey Schmidt leads the Gauchos and is among the best in the conference in several offensive categories. She ranks in the top-10 in the Big West in hitting percentage (.288, eighth) and service aces (0.30, fourth) and paces the team in kills (2.80 per set) and is second on the squad in blocks (0.93).
• Killin' Kara
In Big West play, sophomore Kara Sherrard leads UCSB with her 3.03 kills per set and is third with her 3.30 digs per set. The outside hitter has tallied nine double-doubles on the season – and seven in her last eight matches. Sherrard, who hails from Lancaster, Calif., has reached double digit kills in 12 matches this season.
• Helping Hands
Over her last 14 matches freshman setter Hanna Nielson is averaging 43.8 assists per match. She has passed out at least 35 assists in 12 of those matches and at least 50 in five during that span. The Saratoga, Calif. native's 10.25 assists per set on the season is 84th in the nation.
• Jenna's Block Party
Sophomore Jenna Wilson ranks third in the Big West with her team-high 15 solo blocks and the middle blocker leads UCSB with her 0.96 per set block average. In conference matches, Wilson is averaging 1.09 per set.
• Smoking Aces
As a team the Gauchos are averaging 1.20 service aces per set, which places them second behind Cal State Northridge in the conference.
• Low Blows
Despite having both Lily Lopez and Stacey Schmidt rank in the Big West's top-10 in hitting percentage, the Gauchos are swinging a collective .187, which ranks them fifth amongst the nine conference teams. UCSB is holding its opponents to a .181 hitting percentage.
UCSB returns home for a Nov. 4 match at 7:30 p.m. Get your tickets by calling (805) 893-UCSB or online by clicking here.


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Bailey Jones enjoyed her finest season of tennis just when she should have – in her final season.
The Vandalia senior had 12 doubles wins – most coming with fellow senior Paige Ehrat – to finish second on the team, and included in her total were a win at the South Central Conference Tournament and a second-place finish at the Highland Doubles Tournament.
Ben Strobel knew there would be a lot of fast runners at the state cross country meet.
And by keeping pace with some of those runners throughout the first mile, Strobel gave himself a good start to a race that would see him finish in a personal-best time.
The Vandalia sophomore placed 78th out of 210 runners in 16:15 at the state meet on Saturday morning at Detweiller Park in Peoria.
VALMEYER – Arguably the greatest volleyball season in St. Elmo's history came to a close on Saturday, with the Lady Eagles losing a tough Elite Eight battle to the hosts of the Valmeyer Super-Sectional.
Six seniors ended their careers with the second-most wins in school history (29) and the first-ever super-sectional appearance.
LEBANON – St. Elmo brought home its first-ever sectional volleyball championship last Thursday after a gutsy come-from-behind victory against the hosts of the Lebanon Sectional.
The 19-25, 25-8, 25-22 victory was St. Elmo's 29th of the season and featured an astounding 19 kills from senior Savannah Feezel and some of the best serving of senior Heather Seibert's career.
That, combined with the rest of the efforts from the other five players who played, left coach Elise Asher at a loss for words.
LEBANON – Twice during the sectional championship game last Thursday, St. Elmo senior Heather Seibert was where all of Lebanon's gym's attention was focused.
In the second set, she ripped off 11 straight serves to help St. Elmo build a 19-3 lead, and in the third set, she strung another seven together to tie the match at 18 and propel the Lady Eagles to the sectional title.
LEBANON – A St. Elmo volleyball comeback is not a new concept.
Not this season, anyway.
A three-set win in the finals of the Lebanon Sectional marked the sixth time that the Lady Eagles had used all three sets in a victory this season.
"All through our season, we have always dug a hole and gotten out," said senior Perry Manley. "We work together as a team and don't quit, so little-by-little we get what we need."
Three seniors from Vandalia earned all-South Central Conference honors in volleyball.
RaeChelle Leiken was voted to the first team by every coach in the conference, Austyn Krueger also earned first-team honors and Sierah Ruffner was named to the second team.
Leiken led Vandalia with 245 kills and added 41 service aces.
Krueger was the leading server, with 52 aces, and she added 194 kills.
Ruffner had 174 kills.
The annual Red/White night will be held at Vandalia Community High School on Saturday, beginning at 5 p.m.
The unofficial start to the Vandal basketball season will feature the boys and girls high school teams, the boys and girls Jr. Pro participants, a men's alumni game and the dash for cash.
There is no admission charge to the event, and a full schedule follows.
FARINA – Though South Central was upset in the semifinals of the regional tournament last Tuesday, a large senior class still should be proud of how they banded together to get another 20-win season.
The Lady Cougars finished the year at 23-11, and the eight-member senior class had a lot to do with that success. Coach Mary Brimberry said she will miss her fun-filled group.
She said Kallie Garrett was the team's "mother figure," Jaci Rothe and Kellie Crain kept the atmosphere lively, and Riley Williams also had a joke to tell.
Many athletes that spent their high school years in Fayette County have moved on to play for college or professional teams. Below are the athletes who recently made headlines.
Copyright © 2019
The Leader Union is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Vandalia, Il, and the surrounding area.


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The Qur'an Leads the Way to Science
Book One: The Scientific Miracles of the Qur'an
Fourteen centuries ago, God sent down the Qur'an to mankind as a book of guidance. He called upon people to be guided to the truth by adhering to this book. From the day of its revelation to the day of judgment, this last Divine Book and the Sunnah of our Prophet, peace be upon him, will remain the guide for humanity.
The matchless style of the Qur'an and the superior wisdom in it are definite evidence that it is the word of God. In addition, the Qur'an has many miraculous attributes proving that it is a revelation from God. One of these attributes is the fact that a number of scientific truths that we have only been able to uncover by the technology of the 20th century were stated in the Qur'an 1,400 years ago.
Of course the Qur'an is not a book of science. However, many scientific facts that are expressed in an extremely concise and profound manner in its verses have only been discovered with the technology of the 20th century. These facts could not have been known at the time of the Qur'an's revelation, and this is still more proof that the Qur'an is the word of God.
In order to understand the scientific miracle of the Qur'an, we must first take a look at the level of science at the time when this Holy Book was revealed.
In the 7th century, when the Qur'an was revealed, Arab society had many superstitious and groundless beliefs where scientific issues were concerned. Lacking the technology to examine the universe and nature, these early Arabs believed in legends inherited from past generations. They supposed, for example, that mountains supported the sky above. They believed that the earth was flat and that there were high mountains at its both ends. It was thought that these mountains were pillars that kept the vault of heaven high above.
However all these superstitious beliefs of Arab society were eliminated with the Qur'an. In the 2nd verse of Surat ar-Rad, it was said: "God is He Who raised up the heavens without any support... "(Surat ar-Rad: 2). This verse revealed that the belief that the sky remains above because of the mountains was incorrect. In many other subjects, important facts were revealed at a time when no one could have known them. The Qur'an, which was revealed at a time when people knew very little about astronomy, physics, or biology, contains key facts on a variety of subjects such as the creation of the universe, the creation of the human being, the structure of the atmosphere, and the delicate balances that make life on earth possible.
Now, let us look at some of these scientific miracles revealed in the Qur'an together.
The Coming of the Universe Into Existence
The origin of the universe is described in the Qur'an in the following verse:
He created the heavens and the earth from nothing. (Surat al-An'am: 101)
This information given in the Qur'an is in full agreement with the findings of contemporary science. The conclusion that astrophysics has reached today is that the entire universe, together with the dimensions of matter and time, came into existence as a result of a great explosion that occurred in no time. This event, known as "The Big Bang" proved that the universe was created from nothingness as the result of the explosion of a single point. Modern scientific circles are in agreement that the Big Bang is a rational and provable explanation of the beginning of the universe and of how the universe came into being.
Before the Big Bang, there was no such thing as matter. From a condition of non-existence in which neither matter, nor energy, nor even time existed, and which can only be described metaphysically, matter, energy, and time were all created. This fact, only recently discovered by modern physics, was announced to us in the Qur'an 1,400 years ago.
The Expansion of the Universe
In the Qur'an, which was revealed 14 centuries ago at a time when the science of astronomy was still primitive, the expansion of the universe was described like this:
And it is We Who have constructed the heaven with might, and verily, it is We Who are steadily expanding it. (Surat adh-Dhariyat: 47)
The word "heaven", as stated in this verse, is used in various places in the Qur'an with the meaning of space and universe. Here again, the word is used with this meaning. In other words, in the Qur'an it is revealed that the universe "expands". And this is the very conclusion that science has reached today.
Until the dawn of the 20th century, the only view prevailing in the world of science was that "the universe has a constant nature and it has existed since infinite time". The research, observations, and calculations carried out by means of modern technology, however, have revealed that the universe in fact had a beginning, and that it constantly expands.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann and the Belgian cosmologist Georges Lemaître theoretically calculated that the universe is in constant motion and that it is expanding.
This fact was proved also by observational data in 1929. While observing the sky with a telescope, Edwin Hubble, the American astronomer, discovered that the stars and galaxies were constantly moving away from each other. A universe where everything constantly moves away from everything else implied a constantly expanding universe. The observations carried out in the following years verified that the universe is constantly expanding. This fact was explained in the Qur'an when that was still unknown to anyone. This is because the Qur'an is the word of God, the Creator, and the Ruler of the entire universe.
One of the most important reasons for the great equilibrium in the universe is the fact that celestial bodies follow specific paths. Stars, planets and satellites all rotate around their own axes and also rotate together with the system of which they are a part, and the universe functions within a finely-tuned order, just like the wheels in a factory.
There are about 200 billion galaxies in the universe, consisting of nearly 200 billion stars in each. Most of these stars have planets, and most of those planets have satellites. All of these heavenly bodies move in very precisely computed orbits. For millions of years, each has been "swimming" along in its own orbit in perfect harmony and order with all the others. Moreover, many comets also move along in the orbits determined for them.
The orbits in the universe do not only belong to some celestial bodies. The Solar System and even other galaxies also exhibit considerable motion around other centers. Every year the Earth, and the Solar System with it, move some 500 million km from where they were the previous year. It has been calculated that even the slightest deviation from celestial bodies' paths could have drastic consequences which might spell the end of the entire system. For example, the consequences of the earth's deviating from its course by a mere 3 mm have been described in one source as follows:
While rotating around the sun, the earth follows such an orbit that, every 18 miles, it only deviates 2.8 millimeters from a direct course. The orbit followed by the earth never changes, because even a deviation of 3 millimeters would cause catastrophic disasters: if the deviation were 2.5 mm instead of 2.8 mm, then the orbit would be very large, and all of us would freeze. If the deviation were 3.1 mm, we would be scorched to death.53
Another characteristic of heavenly bodies is that they also rotate around their own axes. This may be one of the implications of the verse "[I swear] by Heaven with its cyclical systems."(Surat at-Tariq: 11).
Surely at the time the Qur'an was revealed, mankind did not possess today's telescopes or advanced observation technologies to observe millions of kilometers of space, nor the modern knowledge of physics or astronomy. Therefore, at that time, it was not possible to determine scientifically that space is "full of paths and orbits" as stated in the verse. (Surat adh-Dhariyat: 7)
However, this was openly declared to us in the Qur'an that was revealed at that time—because the Qur'an is the word of God.
The Sun's Trajectory
It is stressed in the Qur'an that the Sun and Moon follow specific courses:
It is He Who created night and day and the sun and moon, each one swimming in a sphere. (Surat al-Anbiya': 33)
The word "swim" in the above verse is expressed in Arabic by the word sabaha and is used to describe the movement of the Sun in space. The word means that the Sun does not move randomly through space, but that it rotates around its axis and follows a course as it does so. The fact that the Sun is not fixed in position but rather follows a specific trajectory is also stated in another verse:
And the sun runs to its resting place. That is the decree of the Almighty, the All-Knowing. (Surah Ya Sin: 38)
These facts set out in the Qur'an were only discovered by means of astronomical advances in our own time. According to astronomers' calculations, the Sun moves in the general direction of the star Vega, which lies somewhat close to the "Solar Apex," —the unique direction in our galaxy that our sun moves—at an incredible speed of 720,000 km/hour. In rough terms, this shows that the Sun traverses some 17.28 million kilometers a day. As well as the Sun itself, all the planets and satellites within its gravitational field also travel the same distance.
The Protected Roof
In the Qur'an, God calls our attention to a very important attribute of the sky:
We made the sky a preserved and protected roof yet still they turn away from Our Signs. (Surat al-Anbiya: 32)
This attribute of the sky has been proved by scientific research carried out in the 20th century.
The atmosphere surrounding the earth serves crucial functions for the continuity of life. While destroying many meteors big and small as they approach the earth, it prevents them from falling to earth and harming living things.
In addition, the atmosphere filters the light rays coming from space that are harmful to living things. Strikingly, the atmosphere lets only harmless and useful rays– visible light, near ultraviolet light, and radio waves pass through. All of this radiation is vital for life. Near ultraviolet rays, which are only partially let in by the atmosphere, are very important for the photosynthesis of plants and for the survival of all living beings. The majority of the intense ultraviolet rays emitted from the sun are filtered out by the ozone layer of the atmosphere and only a limited–and essential–part of the ultraviolet spectrum reaches the Earth.
The protective function of the atmosphere does not end here. The atmosphere also protects the earth from the freezing cold of the space, which is about minus 270 degrees Centigrade.
It is not only the atmosphere that protects the Earth from harmful effects. In addition to the atmosphere, the Van Allen Belt, a layer caused by the magnetic field of the Earth, also serves as a shield against the harmful radiation that threatens our planet. This radiation, which is constantly emitted by the Sun and other stars, is deadly to living things. If the Van Allen belt did not exist, the massive outbursts of energy called solar flares that frequently occur in the Sun would destroy all life on Earth.
Dr. Hugh Ross has this to say on the importance of Van Allen Belts to our lives:
In fact, the Earth has the highest density of any of the planets in our Solar System. This large nickel-iron core is responsible for our large magnetic field. This magnetic field produces the Van-Allen radiation shield, which protects the Earth from radiation bombardment. If this shield were not present, life would not be possible on the Earth. The only other rocky planet to have any magnetic field is Mercury—but its field strength is 100 times less than the Earth's. Even Venus, our sister planet, has no magnetic field. The Van-Allen radiation shield is a design unique to the Earth.54
The energy transmitted in just one of these bursts detected in recent years was calculated to be equivalent to 100 billion atomic bombs similar to the one dropped on Hiroshima. Fifty-eight hours after the burst, it was observed that the magnetic needles of compasses displayed unusual movement and 250 kilometers above the earth's atmosphere, the temperature suddenly increased to 2,500 degrees Celsius.
In short, a perfect system is at work high above the Earth. It surrounds our world and protects it against external threats. Scientists only learned about it recently, yet centuries ago, God informed us in the Qur'an of the world's atmosphere functioning as a protective shield.
The Returning Sky
By Heaven with its cyclical systems. (Surat at-Tariq: 11)
The word rajaai interpreted as "cyclical" in Qur'an translations also has meanings of "sending back" or "returning".
As known, the atmosphere surrounding the Earth consists of many layers. Each layer serves an important purpose for the benefit of life. Research has revealed that these layers have the function of turning the materials or rays they are exposed to back into space or back down to the Earth. Now let us examine with a few examples of this "recycling" function of the layers encircling the Earth.
The troposphere, 13 to 15 kilometers above the Earth, enables water vapor rising from the surface of the Earth to be condensed and turn back as rain.
The ozone layer, which lies in the Stratosphere at an altitude of 25 kilometers, reflects harmful radiation and ultraviolet light coming from space and turns both back into space.
The ionosphere reflects radio waves broadcast from the Earth back down to different parts of the world, just like a passive communications satellite, and thus makes wireless communication, radio, and television broadcasting possible over long distances.
The magnetosphere layer turns the harmful radioactive particles emitted by the Sun and other stars back into space before they reach the Earth.
The fact that this property of the atmosphere's layers, that was only demonstrated in the recent past was announced centuries ago in the Qur'an, once again demonstrates that the Qur'an is the word of God.
The Layers of the Atmosphere
One fact about the universe revealed in the verses of the Qur'an is that the sky is made up of seven layers:
It is He Who created everything on the earth for you and then directed His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular heavens. He has knowledge of all things.(Surat al-Baqara: 29)
Then He turned to heaven when it was smoke... In two days He determined them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate...(Surah Fussilat: 11-12)
The word "heavens", which appears in many verses in the Qur'an, is used to refer to the sky above the Earth, as well as the entire universe. Given this meaning of the word, it is seen that the Earth's sky, or the atmosphere, is made up of seven layers.
Indeed, today it is known that the world's atmosphere consists of different layers that lie on top of each other.55 The definitions made based on the criteria of chemical contents or air temperature have determined the atmosphere of the earth as seven layers.56 According to the "Limited Fine Mesh Model (LFMII)", a model of atmosphere used to estimate weather conditions for 48 hours, the atmosphere again consists of 7 layers. According to the modern geological definitions the seven layers of the atmosphere are as follows:
1. Troposphere
Another important miracle on this subject is mentioned in the statement "(He) revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate" in the 12th verse of Surah Fussilat. In other words, in the verse, God states that He assigned each heaven its own duty. Truly, as seen in the previous section, each one of these layers has vital duties for the benefit of human kind and all other living things on the Earth. Each layer has a particular function, ranging from forming rain to preventing harmful rays, from reflecting radio waves, to averting the harmful effects of meteors.
The verses below inform us about the appearance of the seven layers of the atmosphere.
Do you not see how He created seven heavens in layers? (Surah Nuh: 15)
He Who created the seven heavens in layers…(Surat al-Mulk: 3)
The Arabic word tibaqan in these verses, translated into English as "layer" means "layer, the appropriate cover or covering for something," and thus stresses how the top layer is well suited to the lower. The word is also used in the plural here, giving the meaning of "layers." The sky, described in the verse as being in layers, is without doubt the most perfect expression of the atmosphere.
It is a great miracle that these facts, which could not possibly be discovered without the technology of the 20th century, were explicitly stated by the Qur'an 1,400 years ago.
The Function of Mountains
The Qur'an draws attention to a very important geological function of mountains.
We placed firmly embedded mountains on the earth, so it would not move under them… (Surat al-Anbiya: 31)
As we have noticed, it is stated in the verse that mountains have the function of preventing shocks in the Earth.
This fact was not known by anyone at the time the Qur'an was revealed. It was in fact brought to light only recently as a result of the findings of modern geology.
It used to be thought that mountains were merely protrusions on the face of the earth.
Scientists have now come to realize that mountains are not just surface elevations or protrusions, however, but that they extend 10-15 times their height into the ground, and these extensions are called mountain roots. With these properties, mountains play a similar role to a nail or a stake hammered into the ground. For instance, a peak such as Mount Everest, which rises almost 9 km above the Earth's surface, has a root that extends downward for more than 125 km.57
Besides, mountains emerge as a result of the movements and collisions of massive plates forming the Earth's crust. When two plates collide, the stronger one slides under the other, the one on the top bends and forms heights and mountains. The layer beneath proceeds under the ground and makes a deep extension downward. That means, as pointed out earlier, that mountains have a portion stretching downwards, as large as their visible parts on the Earth.
In a scientific text, the structure of mountains is described as follows:
Where continents are thicker, as in mountain ranges, the crust sinks deeper into the mantle.58
Professor Siaveda, a world famous marine geologist, made the following comment in referring to the way mountains are imbedded into the Earth like roots:
The fundamental difference between continental mountains and the oceanic mountains lies in its material... But the common denominator on both mountains are that they have roots to support the mountains. In the case of continental mountains, light-low density material from the mountain is extended down into the earth as a root. In the case of oceanic mountains, there is also light material supporting the mountain as a root... [T]he function of the roots are to support the mountains according to the law of Archimedes.59
Moreover, Frank Press, the former President of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, says in his book Earth, still used as a university textbook all over the world, that mountains resemble stakes and are buried into the depths of the earth.60
In a verse, this role of the mountains is pointed out by a comparison with "pegs":
Have We not made the earth as a bed and the mountains its pegs?(Surat an-Naba': 6-7)
In another verse God has revealed that He has "made the mountains firm."(Surat an-Nazi'at: 32) The Arabic word arsaha in this verse means "has made rooted, made fixed, hammered into the ground." Thanks to these features, mountains extend over and under the ground at the points where the layers of the earth meet, and rivet those layers together. In this way, they stabilize the earth's crust and thus prevent it from sliding over the magma stratum or among its own strata. In short, we can compare mountains to nails holding pieces of wood together.
Today we know that the rocky outer stratum of the earth is riven by deep faults and split up into plates floating on magma. Given the high speed at which the earth rotates around its own axis, these floating plates would move around were it not for the fixative effect of the mountains. In that event, no soil could form on the face of the Earth, no water could be collected in the soil, no plants could grow, and no roads or buildings could be constructed; in short, life on Earth would be impossible. By the mercy of God, however, mountains to a large extent prevent movement on the surface of the Earth by functioning just like nails.
This vital role of mountains, that was discovered by modern geology and seismic research, was revealed in the Qur'an centuries ago as an example of the supreme wisdom in God's creation. In another verse, it is again said:
It is God Who cast firmly embedded mountains on the earth so that it would not move under you... (Surah Luqman: 10)
The Identity in the Fingerprint
While it is stated in the Qur'an that it is easy for God to bring man back to life after death, peoples' fingerprints are particularly emphasized:
Yes, We are able to put together in perfect order the very tips of his fingers. (Surat al-Qiyama: 3-4)
The emphasis on fingerprints has a very special meaning. This is because everyone's fingerprint is unique to himself. Every person who is alive or who has ever lived in this world has a set of unique fingerprints.
That is why fingerprints are accepted as a very important proof of identity, exclusive to their owner, and are used for this purpose around the world.
But what is important is that this feature of fingerprints was only discovered in the late 19th century. Before then, people regarded fingerprints as ordinary curves without any specific importance or meaning. However in the Qur'an, God points to the fingertips, which did not attract anyone's attention at that time, and calls our attention to their importance–an importance that was only finally understood in our day.
The Movement of Mountains
In one verse, we are informed that mountains are not motionless as they seem, but are in constant motion:
You will see the mountains you reckoned to be solid going past like clouds. (Surat an-Naml: 88)
This motion of the mountains is caused by the movement of the Earth's crust that they are located on. The Earth's crust 'floats' over the mantle layer, which is denser. It was at the beginning of the 20th century when, for the first time in history, a German scientist by the name of Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents of the earth had been attached together when it first formed, but then drifted in different directions, and thus separated as they moved away from each other.
Geologists understood that that Wegener was right only in the 1980s, 50 years after his death. As Wegener pointed out in an article published in 1915, the land masses of the earth were joined together about 500 million years ago, and this large mass, called Pangaea, was located in the South Pole.
Approximately 180 million years ago, Pangaea divided into two parts, which drifted in different directions. One of these giant continents was Gondwana, which included Africa, Australia, Antarctica and India. The second one was Laurasia, which included Europe, North America and Asia, except for India. Over the next 150 million years following this separation, Gondwana and Laurasia divided into smaller parts.
These continents that emerged after the split of Pangaea have been constantly moving on the Earth's surface at several centimeters per year, in the meantime changing the sea and land ratios of the Earth.
Discovered as a result of the geological research carried out at the beginning of the 20th century, this movement of the Earth's crust is explained by scientists as follows:
The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, with a thickness of about 100 kms., are divided into segments called plates. There are six major plates, and several small ones. According to the theory called plate tectonics, these plates move about on Earth, carrying continents and ocean floor with them... Continental motion has been measured at from 1-5 cm per year. As the plates continue to move about, this will produce a slow change in Earth's geography. Each year, for instance, the Atlantic Ocean becomes slightly wider.61
There is a very important point to be stated here: God has referred to the motion of mountains as a drifting action in the verse. Today, modern scientists also use the term "continental drift" for this motion. 62
Continental drift is something which could not be observed at the time of the revelation of the Qur'an, and in the words, "You will see the mountains you reckoned to be solid" God revealed in advance the way in which people were to approach the subject. He then revealed another truth, saying that the mountains went past like clouds. As we have seen, attention is drawn in the verse to the mobility of the stratum in which mountains stand.
Unquestionably, it is one of the miracles of the Qur'an that this scientific fact, which has recently been discovered by science, was announced in the Qur'an.
The Miracle in the Iron
Iron is one of the elements highlighted in the Qur'an. In Surat al-Hadid, meaning Iron, we are informed:
... And We also sent down iron in which there lies great force and which has many uses for mankind… (Surat al-Hadid: 25)
The word anzalna, translated as "sent down" and used for iron in the verse, could be thought of having a metaphorical meaning to explain that iron has been given to benefit people. But when we take into consideration the literal meaning of the word, which is, "being physically sent down from the sky", as is in the case of rain and the Sun's rays, we realize that this verse implies a very significant scientific miracle. This is because modern astronomical findings have disclosed that the iron found in our world has come from the giant stars in outer space.63
Not only the iron on earth but also the iron in the entire Solar System comes from outer space since the temperature in the sun is inadequate for the formation of the element iron. The Sun has a surface temperature of 6,000 degrees Celsius and a core temperature of approximately 20 million degrees. Iron can only be produced in much larger stars than the Sun, where the temperature reaches a few hundred million degrees. When the amount of iron exceeds a certain level in a star, the star can no longer accommodate it, and eventually it explodes in what is called a "nova" or a "supernova". These explosions make it possible for iron to be given off into space.64
One scientific source provides the following information on this subject:
There is also evidence for older supernova events: Enhanced levels of iron-60 in deep-sea sediments have been interpreted as indications that a supernova explosion occurred within 90 light-years of the sun about 5 million years ago. Iron-60 is a radioactive isotope of iron, formed in supernova explosions, which decays with a half life of 1.5 million years. An enhanced presence of this isotope in a geologic layer indicates the recent nucleosynthesis of elements nearby in space and their subsequent transport to the earth (perhaps as part of dust grains).65
All this shows that iron did not form on the Earth, but was carried from supernovas, and was "sent down ", in exactly the same way as stated in the verse. It is clear that this fact could not have been scientifically known in the 7th century, when the Qur'an was revealed. However, this fact is related in the Qur'an, the word of God Who encompasses all things in His infinite knowledge.
Astronomy has also revealed that the other elements also formed outside the Earth. In the expression "We also sent down iron" in the verse, the word "also" may well be referring to that fact. However, the fact that the verse specifically mentions iron is exceedingly thought-provoking in the light of discoveries made at the end of the 20th century. In his book Nature's Destiny, the well-known microbiologist Michael Denton emphasizes the importance of iron:
Of all the metals there is none more essential to life than iron. It is the accumulation of iron in the center of a star which triggers a supernova explosion and the subsequent scattering of the vital atoms of life throughout the cosmos. It was the drawing by gravity of iron atoms to the center of the primeval earth that generated the heat which caused the initial chemical differentiation of the earth, the outgassing of the early atmosphere, and ultimately the formation of the hydrosphere. It is molten iron in the center of the earth which, acting like a gigantic dynamo, generates the earth's magnetic field, which in turn creates the Van Allen radiation belts that shield the earth's surface from destructive high-energy-penetrating cosmic radiation and preserve the crucial ozone layer from cosmic ray destruction…
Without the iron atom, there would be no carbon-based life in the cosmos; no supernovae, no heating of the primitive earth, no atmosphere or hydrosphere. There would be no protective magnetic field, no Van Allen radiation belts, no ozone layer, no metal to make hemoglobin [in human blood], no metal to tame the reactivity of oxygen, and no oxidative metabolism.
The intriguing and intimate relationship between life and iron, between the red color of blood and the dying of some distant star, not only indicates the relevance of metals to biology but also the biocentricity of the cosmos... 66
The importance of the iron atom can clearly be seen from this account. The fact that particular attention is drawn to iron in the Qur'an emphasizes the importance of the element. In addition to all this, there is another secret in the Qur'an which draws attention to the importance of iron: Verse 25 in Surat al-Hadid, which refers to iron, contains two rather interesting mathematical codes.
Al- Hadid is the 57th surah in the Qur'an. The numerical (abjad) value of the word al-Hadid in Arabic, when the numerical values of its letters are added up, is also 57.
The numerical value of the word hadid alone is 26. And 26 is the atomic number of iron.
The Fecundating Winds
In one verse of the Qur'an, the "fecundating" characteristic of the winds, and the formation of rain as a result are mentioned:
And We send the fecundating winds, then cause water to descend from the sky, therewith providing you with water in abundance. (Surat al-Hijr: 22)
In this verse, it is pointed out that the first stage in the formation of rain is wind. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the only relationship between the wind and the rain that was known, was that the wind drove the clouds. However, modern meteorological findings have demonstrated the "fecundating" role of the wind in the formation of rain.
This fecundating function of the wind works in the following way:
On the surface of oceans and seas, countless air bubbles form because of the water's foaming action. The moment these bubbles burst, thousands of tiny particles, with a diameter of just one hundredth of a millimeter, are thrown up into the air. These particles, known as "aerosols", mix with dust carried from the land by the wind, and are carried to the upper layers of the atmosphere. These particles carried to higher altitudes by winds come into contact with water vapor up there. Water vapor condenses around these particles and turns into water droplets. These water droplets first come together and form clouds, and then fall to the Earth in the form of rain.
As seen, winds "fecundate" the water vapor floating in the air with the particles they carry from the sea, and eventually help the formation of rain clouds.
If winds did not possess this property, water droplets in the upper atmosphere would never form, and there would be no such thing as rain.
The most important point here is that this critical role of the wind in the formation of rain was stated centuries ago in the Qur'an, at a time when people knew very little about natural phenomena…
Another piece of information about the fecundating aspect of wind is the role it plays in the fertilization of plants. Many plants on the Earth ensure their survival by spreading their pollen by means of the wind. Many open pollinated plants, pine and palm trees and similar, as well as flowering seed plants and all grasses are fertilized by the wind. The wind takes the pollen from the plants and aids fertilization by carrying the pollen to other plants of the same species.
This effect of wind on plants was unknown until very recently. When it was realized, however, that plants are divided into males and females, the fertilizing effect of the wind was also understood. The Qur'an indicates this fact in the verse, "... We send down rain from the sky, and produce on the earth every kind of noble creature, in pairs." (Surah Luqman: 10)
The Proportion of Rain
One of the items of information given in the Qur'an about rain is that it is sent down to Earth in due measure. This is mentioned in Surat az-Zukhruf as follows:
It is He who sends down water in measured amounts from the sky by which We bring a dead land back to life. That is how you too will be raised (from the dead).(Surat az-Zukhruf: 11)
This measured quantity in rain has again been discovered by modern research. It is estimated that in one second, approximately 16 million tons of water evaporates from the Earth. This figure amounts to 513 trillion tons of water in one year. This number is equal to the amount of rain that falls on the Earth in a year. This means that water continuously circulates in a balanced cycle, in a "measure". Life on Earth depends on this water cycle. Even if people used all the available technology in the world, they would not be able to reproduce this cycle artificially.
Even a minor deviation in this equilibrium would very soon give rise to a major ecological imbalance that would bring about the end of life on Earth. Yet, this never happens, and rain keeps falling every year in exactly the same quantity just as revealed in the Qur'an.
The proportion of rain does not merely apply to its quantity, but also to the speed of the falling rain drops. The speed of rain drops, regardless of their size, does not exceed a certain limit.
Philipp Lenard, a Nobel-prize winning German physicist, determined that the speed at which raindrops fall increases with drop diameter, up to a size of 4.5 mm (0.18 inch). For larger drops, however, the speed of descent does not increase beyond 8 meters per second (26 ft/sec). 67
This is attributed to the shape of the falling drops, which increases their air resistance and prevents them from exceeding a certain speed.
As can be seen, attention is drawn in the Qur'an to a delicate adjustment in rain which could not have been known 1400 years ago.
The Seas' Not Mingling with One Another
One of the properties of seas that has only recently been discovered is related in a verse of the Qur'an as follows:
He has let loose the two seas, converging together,with a barrier between them they do not break through.(Surat ar-Rahman: 19-20)
This property of the seas, that they come together yet do not mingle with one another at all, has only very recently been discovered by oceanographers. Because of the physical force called "surface tension", the waters of neighboring seas do not mix. Caused by the difference in the density of their waters, surface tension prevents them from mingling with one another, just as if a thin wall were between them. 68
The Sex of the Baby
Until fairly recently, it was thought that a baby's sex was determined by the mother's cells. Or at least, it was believed that the sex was determined by the male and female cells together. But we are given different information in the Qur'an, where it is stated that masculinity or femininity is created out of "a drop of sperm which has been ejected".
He has created both sexes, male and female from a drop of semen which has been ejected. (Surat an-Najm: 45-46)
Was he not a drop of ejaculated sperm, then a blood-clot which He created and shaped, making from it both sexes, male and female? (Surat al-Qiyama: 37-39)
The developing disciplines of genetics and molecular biology have scientifically validated the accuracy of this information given by God in the Qur'an. It is now understood that sex is determined by the sperm cells from the male, and that the female has no role in this process.
Chromosomes are the main elements in determining sex. Two of the 46 chromosomes that determine the structure of a human being are identified as the sex chromosomes. These two chromosomes are called "XY" in males, and "XX" in females, because the shapes of the chromosomes resemble these letters. The Y chromosome carries the genes that code for masculinity, while the X chromosome carries the genes that code for femininity.
The formation of a new human being begins with the cross combination of one of these chromosomes, which exist in males and females in pairs. In females, both components of the sex cell, which divides into two during ovulation, carry X chromosomes. The sex cell of a male, on the other hand, produces two different kinds of sperm, one that contains X chromosomes and the other Y chromosomes. If an X chromosome from the female unites with a sperm that contains an X chromosome, then the baby is female. If it unites with the sperm that contains a Y chromosome, the baby is male.
In other words, a baby's sex is determined by which chromosome from the male unites with the female's ovum.
None of this was known until the discovery of genetics in the 20th century. Indeed, in many cultures, it was believed that a baby's sex was determined by the female's body. That was why women were blamed when they gave birth to girls.
Fourteen centuries before human genes were discovered, however, the Qur'an revealed information that denies this superstition, and referred to the origin of sex lying not with women, but with the semen coming from men.
The Embryo Clinging to the Uterus
If we keep on examining the facts announced to us in the Qur'an about the formation of human beings, we again encounter some very important scientific miracles.
When the sperm of the male unites with the ovum of the female, the essence of the baby to be born is formed. This single cell, known as a "zygote" in biology, will instantly start to reproduce by dividing, and eventually become a "piece of flesh" called an embryo. This of course can only be seen by human beings with the aid of a microscope.
The embryo, however, does not spend its developmental period in a void. It clings to the uterus just like roots that are firmly fixed to the earth by their tendrils. Through this bond, the embryo can obtain the substances essential to its development from the mother's body. 69
Here, at this point, a very significant miracle of the Qur'an is revealed. While referring to the embryo developing in the mother's womb, God uses the word alaq in the Qur'an:
Recite: In the name of your Lord Who created man from alaq.Recite: And your Lord is the Most Generous.(Surat al-'Alaq: 1-3)
The meaning of the word alaq in Arabic is "a thing that clings to some place". The word is literally used to describe leeches that cling to a body to suck blood.
Certainly, the use of such an appropriate word for the embryo developing in the mother's womb, proves once again that the Qur'an is a revelation from God, the Lord of all the Worlds.
The Wrapping of Muscles Over the Bones
Another important aspect of the information given in the verses of the Qur'an is the developmental stages of a human being in the mother's womb. It is stated in the verses that in the mother's womb, the bones develop first, and then the muscles form which wrap around them:
(We) then formed the drop into a clot and formed the clot into a lump and formed the lump into bones and clothed the bones in flesh; and then brought him into being as another creature.Blessed be God, the Best of Creators! (Surat al-Muminun: 14)
Embryology is the branch of science that studies the development of the embryo in the mother's womb. Until very recently, embryologists assumed that the bones and muscles in an embryo developed at the same time. Yet, advanced microscopic research conducted by virtue of new technological developments has revealed that the revelation of the Qur'an is word for word correct.
These observations at the microscopic level showed that the development inside the mother's womb takes place in just the way it is described in the verses. First, the cartilage tissue of the embryo ossifies. Then muscular cells that are selected from amongst the tissue around the bones come together and wrap around the bones.
This event is described in a scientific publication titled Developing Human in the following words:
… [T]he shape of the skeleton determines the general appearance of the embryo in the bones stage during the 7th week; muscles do not develop at the same time but their development follows soon after. The muscles take their positions around the bones throughout the body and therefore Clothe the bones. Thus, the muscles take their well known forms and structures… The stage of clothing with muscle occurs during the 8th week…70
In short, man's developmental stages as described in the Qur'an are in perfect harmony with the findings of modern embryology.
Three Dark Stages of the Baby in the Womb
In the Qur'an, it is related that man is created in a three-stage process in the mother's womb:
... He creates you stage by stage in your mothers' wombs in a threefold darkness. That is God, your Lord. Sovereignty is His.There is no god but Him. So what has made you deviate? (Surat az-Zumar: 6)
The expression fee thulumatin thalathin, translated into English as "a threefold darkness," indicates three dark regions involved during the development of the embryo. These are:
a) The darkness of the abdomen
As we have seen, modern biology has revealed that the embryological development of the baby takes place in the manner revealed in the verse, in three dark regions. Moreover, advances in the science of embryology show that these regions consist of three layers each.
The lateral abdominal wall comprises three layers: the external oblique, the internal oblique, and transverses abdominis muscles.71
Similarly, the wall of the womb also consists of three layers: the epimetrium, the myometrium and the endometrium.72
Similarly again, the placenta surrounding the embryo also consists of three layers: the amnion (the internal membrane around the fetus), the chorion (the middle amnion layer) and the decidua (outer amnion layer.)73
It is also pointed out in this verse that a human being is created in the mother's womb in three distinct stages. Indeed, modern biology has revealed that the baby's embryological development takes place in three distinct regions in the mother's womb. Today, in all the embryology textbooks studied in faculties of medicine, this subject is taken as an element of basic knowledge. For instance in Basic Human Embryology, a fundamental reference text in the field of embryology, this fact is stated as follows: "The life in the uterus has three stages: pre-embryonic; first two and a half weeks, embryonic; until the end of the eight week, and fetal; from the eight week to labor."74
◉ Pre-embryonic stage
In this first phase, the zygote grows by division, and when it becomes a cell cluster, it buries itself in the wall of the uterus. While they continue growing, the cells organize themselves in three layers.
◉ Embryonic Stage
The second phase lasts for five and a half weeks, during which the baby is called an "embryo". In this stage, the basic organs and systems of the body start to appear from the cell layers.
◉ Fetal stage
From this stage on, the embryo is called a "fetus". This phase begins at the eighth week of gestation and lasts until the moment of birth. The distinctive characteristic of this stage is that the fetus looks just like a human being, with its face, hands and feet. Although it is only 3 cm. long initially, all of its organs have become apparent. This phase lasts for about 30 weeks, and development continues until the week of delivery.
Information on the development in the mother's womb became available only after observations with modern devices. Yet, just like many other scientific facts, these pieces of information are imparted in the verses of the Qur'an in a miraculous way. The fact that such detailed and accurate information was given in the Qur'an at a time when people had scarce information on medical matters is clear evidence that the Qur'an is the word of God.
Mother's Milk
We have instructed man concerning his parents. Bearing him caused his mother great debility and the period of his weaning was two years: "Give thanks to Me and to your parents. I am your final destination." (Surah Luqman: 14)
Mother's milk is an unmatched mixture that is created by God as both an excellent food-source for the newborn baby, and a substance that increases its resistance to diseases. The balance of the nutriments in mother's milk is at ideal levels, and the milk is in the ideal form for the baby's as yet immature body. At the same time, mother's milk is also very rich in nutrients which accelerate the growth of brain cells and the development of the nervous system. 75 Even artificial baby food produced by today's technology cannot substitute for this miraculous source of nutrition.
The list of advantages to the baby provided by mother's milk is being added to every day. Research has shown that babies fed mother's milk are particularly protected against infections concerning the respiratory and digestive systems. That is because the antibodies in mother's milk provide a direct defense against infection. Other anti-infection properties of mother's milk are that it provides a hospitable environment for "good" bacteria called "normal flora" and constitutes a barrier to harmful bacteria, viruses and parasites. Furthermore, it has also been established that there are factors in mother's milk which order the immune system against infectious diseases and allow it to function properly.76
Since mother's milk has been specially designed it is the most easily digestible food for babies. Despite being nutritionally very rich, it is easily digested by the baby's sensitive digestive system. Since the baby thus expends less energy on digestion it is able to use that energy for other bodily functions, growth and organ development.
The milk of mothers who have had premature babies contains higher levels of fat, protein, sodium, chloride and iron to meet the baby's needs. Indeed, it has been established that the functions of the eye develop better in premature babies fed on mother's milk, and that they perform better in intelligence tests, as well as a great many other advantages.
Another new scientific discovery regarding mother's milk is that it is most beneficial to the baby for two years.77 This important information discovered by science only recently was revealed to us by God in the verse "… his weaning was two years…" 1400 years ago.
All that we have seen so far shows us one clear fact: the Qur'an is such a book that all the news related in it has proved to be true. Facts about scientific subjects and the news given about the future, facts that no one could have known at the time, were announced in its verses. It is impossible for this information to have been known with the level of knowledge and technology of the day. It is clear that this provides clear evidence that the Qur'an is not the word of man. The Qur'an is the word of the Almighty God, the Originator of everything and the One Who encompasses everything with His knowledge. In one verse, God says on the Qur'an"If it had been from other than God, they would have found many inconsistencies in it." (Surat an-Nisa': 82) Not only are there no inconsistencies in the Qur'an, but every piece of information it contains reveals the miracle of this Divine Book more and more each day.
What falls to man is to hold fast to this Divine Book revealed by God, and receive it as his one and only guide. In one of the verses, God commands us:
And this is a Book We have sent down and blessed, so follow it and have fear of God so that hopefully you will gain mercy.(Surat al-An'am: 155)
53. Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology), July 1983
54. "The Incredible Design of the Earth and our Solar System," http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designss.html
55. Michael Pidwirny, "Atmospheric Layers," 1996; http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/atmslayers.html
56. "Numerical Prediction Models used by NWS," Integrated Publishing; http://www.tpub.com/weather3/4-27.htm
57. http://www.wamy.co.uk/announce ments3.html
58. Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe, General Science, Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, p. 305
59. http://www.beconvinced.com/ science/QURANMOUNTAIN.htm
60. Frank Press, Raymond Siever, Earth, 3rd Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1982
61. General Science, Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, pp. 305-306
62. Powers of Nature, National Geographic Society, Washington D.C., 1978, p.12-13
63. Dr. Mazhar, U. Kazi, 130 Evident Miracles in the Qur'an, Crescent Publishing House, New York, 1997, pp. 110-111; http://www.wamy.co.uk/announcements3.html; from Prof. Zighloul Raghib El-Naggar's speech
64. Dr. Mazhar, U. Kazi, 130 Evident Miracles in the Qur'an, Crescent Publishing House, New York, 1997, pp. 110-111; http://www.wamy.co.uk/announcements3.html; from Prof. Zighloul Raghib El-Naggar's speech
65. Priscilla Frisch, "The Galactic Environment of the Sun," American Scientist, January-February 2000; http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/21173?fulltext=true
66. Michael J. Denton, Nature's Destiny, The Free Press, 1998, p. 198
67. http://www.islandnet.com/~see/ weather/history/lenard.htm
68. Richard A. Davis, Principles of Oceanography, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Don Mills, Ontario, pp. 92-93
69. Keith L. Moore, E. Marshall Johnson, T. V. N. Persaud, Gerald C. Goeringer, Abdul-Majeed A. Zindani, Mustafa A. Ahmed, Human Development as Described in the Qur'an and Sunnah, Commission on Scientific Signs of the Qur'an and Sunnah, Makkah, 1992, p. 36
70. Keith L. Moore, Developing Human, 3. edition, W. B. Saunders Company, 1982, p. 364a
71. http://anatomy.med.unsw.edu.au/ cbl/embryo/Notes/git4.htm; http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=1&Proc=74
72. http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/ uyeshiros/AP50/Repro.htm
73. Dr. Mazhar U. Kazi, 130 Evident Miracles in the Qur'an, Crescent Publishing House, New York, USA, 1998, p. 84
74. Basic Human Embryology, Williams P., 3rd. edition, 1984, p. 64
75. "High-Risk Newborn—The Benefits of Mother's Own Milk", University of Utah Health Sciences Center, http: //www.uuhsc.utah.edu/healthinfo/pediatric/Hrnewborn/bhrnb.htm
76. "High-Risk Newborn—The Benefits of Mother's Own Milk", University of Utah Health Sciences Center, http://www.uuhsc.utah.edu/healthinfo/pediatric/Hrnewborn/bhrnb.htm
77. Rex D. Russell, "Design in Infant Nutrition," http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp-259.htm


text:
Asia Pacific
Mariano Blanco of the town of Rondo was the 11th mayor killed since Duterte came to power in June 2016.
Rodrigo Duterte
Philippines31 August 2018
Activists accuse Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte of rolling back the women's rights movement in the country.
Asia Pacific30 August 2018
Despite the restoration of democracy in recent decades, it is still common for political dissenters to be abducted and never heard from again.
Asia Pacific29 August 2018
Many hope the Philippines' basketball team is about to get a boost from a national growth spurt.
Politics28 August 2018
Activists and families of eight victims of the 'war on drugs' filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court.
Business & Economy16 August 2018
Big corporations are spearheading reconstruction efforts, but some stand accused of exploiting residents.
101 East16 August 2018
101 East investigates the corporations that profit from the chaos and misery of disaster-prone Philippines.
Asia Pacific15 August 2018
Flash flooding in the Northern Philippines forces 50,000 people from their homes.
Reporter's Notebook 14 August 2018
Equipped with a camera, Tiffany Hsiung dives into a dark chapter of Asian history to understand the painful legacy of sexual crimes against women.
South Korea14 August 2018
Sandal Women's Fergalicious Krazy Blush Wedge New monuments unveiled commemorating Asian women forced into sexual slavery by imperial Japan during World War II.
Asia Pacific14 August 2018
At least three dead and more than 50,000 forced from homes after tropical storm Yagi hit the country's northern islands.
Africa9 August 2018
Thursday is International Day of the World's Indigenous People, a day that raises awareness of issues indigenous communities face, including poverty and discrimination.
Witness9 August 2018
Women forced into sexual slavery during World War II fight for justice and struggle to make peace with the past.
Philippines3 August 2018
Sandal Blush Krazy Wedge Fergalicious Women's Philippine President Duterte claims to be fighting corruption but makes allies such as Imelda Marcos and an opponent of the anti-corruption ombudsman.
Opinion1 August 2018
The path ahead, however, remains bumpy and uncertain.
by Richard Javad Heydarian
Philippines31 July 2018
Army suspects ISIL-linked group behind IED blast at a military checkpoint in Basilan province.
by Teresita Cruz del Rosario
© 2018 Al Jazeera Media Network
Fergalicious Women's Sandal Wedge Blush Krazy


text:
In the wake of last month's shootings at Newtown, the residents of west-central Connecticut have many needs: compassion, respect, privacy, understanding, cooperation and answers.
What they don't need is a gun show.
Thus it was a relief to see the police chief of Waterbury, about 15 miles from Newtown, pull the plug on gun shows there, including one scheduled for this coming weekend.
In revoking permits for such events, Chief Michael Gugliotti said, with justification, that he was concerned that firearms bought at shows in his city might later be used for the type of mass shooting that happened at Sandy Hook Elementary School. There, 20 children and six educators were killed Dec. 14.
The promoter of the canceled event argued, as might be expected, that security would not be helped by stopping his firearms show. He said that vendors would have "turned away people who have mental health problems." How they can determine that was not explained.
Connecticut does require criminal background checks on all handgun sales, regardless of where they're sold, and on sales of long guns by licensed dealers. (Private sales are another story.) And police can revoke gun permits of anyone involuntarily committed to a mental hospital. But diagnosing mental illness requires expertise that a gun vendor is unlikely to have.
Waterbury is not alone in curtailing such exhibitions, given the grim circumstances. Scheduled events in White Plains, N.Y., and Danbury have been canceled, either by local officials or the operators of the show venues. The public safety commissioner of Saratoga Springs, N.Y., allowed an upcoming show, but persuaded promoters not to display the type of military-style, large-clip weapons used in Newtown. The mayor of Barre, Vt., has made a similar request.
As the renewed debate about gun control moves forward in Hartford, Washington, D.C., and elsewhere, proponents and opponents of gun shows will be given the opportunity to have their say on how, or whether, such shows should be held.
In the meantime, Chief Gugliotti showed both common sense and uncommon sensibility in revoking such permits in Waterbury.


text:
From ROHWrestling.com:
Ring of Honor Wrestling is heading back to the Mid-West for two big live events!
First on Friday night November 15th we make our return to Dearborn, MI and the Ford Community & Performing Arts Center and then the following night, we head to back to the Expo Center in Columbus, OH!
Tickets for these events will first go on-sale here at ROHWrestling.com to Ringside Members on Wednesday August 7th at 10am EST and then to the general public at 10am EST on Friday August 9th. If you would like to be one of the first of the faithful to get your seats, then sign up right here for Ringside Membership to be eligible! Not only will you get advance ticket sales, but you will also get 15% off your orders in the ROH Shop, exclusive video content, and more!
On-Sale Information:
Friday November 15, 2013
Ford Community & Performing Arts Center
15801 Michigan Ave.
Dearborn, MI 48126
Bell time – 7:30pm EST
Saturday November 16, 2013
Ohio Expo Center – Ohio Building
717 E. 17th Ave.
Columbus, OH 43211
Bell time – 7:30pm EST
Ringside Members: Wednesday August 7th @ 10am EST
General Public: Friday August 10th @ 10am EST


text:
Beachgoers, customers and other visitors may be asked to pay to park in Flagler Beach. The City Commission will meet Thursday to discuss the possibility, a move some officials say they've been considering for years.
FLAGLER BEACH — Beachgoers, customers and other visitors may be asked to pay to park.
The City Commission will meet for a workshop session Thursday to discuss the possibility, a move some officials say they've been considering for years.
Officials will also talk about adding more spaces in outlying areas and pushing "foot traffic" in the core downtown area.
Charging $1 per car hourly could rake in $629,683 annually, including $242,611 from parking ticket collections, according to city estimates. Those figures include a proposed 75-space parking lot on South Flagler Avenue.
Part of the reason some officials want to charge fees for parking is they want visitors to the city to pitch in for expenses like garbage removal. Flagler Beach "could handle it" when the county was smaller, Commissioner Joy McGrew said, but now it's time to ask others to help shoulder the cost.
"You can bring your own food, your own beer, when you come to the beach and most people leave it when they go home," McGrew said.
Residents who don't want to pay for parking, she said, should be "very well prepared to have our taxes go up to cover the costs of people who come to use our beach."
But Chairwoman Jane Mealy said she doesn't see a lack of parking as a serious problem and fears "paid parking would cut into the tourism."
"I'm not opposed to having people walk a little and I think that's helpful for the businesses to have people walk by," she said.
Officials should be "sensitive" to local businesses, Vice Chairman Steve Settle said, but he suggests businesses could offer vouchers to paying customers and diners. That approach could encourage beachgoers to park elsewhere and free up spots for customers.
"The previous owner of the pier restaurant would always gripe because people would park there all day and go to the beach," he said.
The city also should have parking outside the downtown area, which could increase foot traffic near local shops and restaurants.
"We should not be using prime space downtown for parking," Settle said.
Outside the central part of the city, the dunes on the north side of the city provide hundreds of parking spots along State Road A1A. But if a major storm further erodes the dunes, the Florida Department of Transportation could prohibit drivers from parking there.
That possibility, McGrew said, is "something that looms in the back of your mind."
"I would say lack of parking has always been a problem in Flagler Beach," she said. "What is going to make it a critical problem in Flagler Beach is if one day the DOT tells us we can no longer park in the right of way."
The workshop session is scheduled to start at 5:30 p.m. at City Hall, 105 S. Second St.


text:
Compositing Supervisor – Digital Domain (Vancouver, BC)
Compositing Supervisor Job Description
Location: Vancouver, BC
The Compositing Supervisor has years of experience in a supervisory capacity and command of
Nuke or another high end node based compositing software. He is responsible for staffing and managing a team of compositors which creates the final approved composited images that meet or exceed the client's expectations.
Principal Duties and Responsibilities:
• Assists Producer in bidding and scheduling
• Staffing in collaboration with Producer and Manager
• Interviews and reviews potential candidates with Manager
• Determines technical approach and pipeline for compositing
• Look development or delegates to appropriate Lead or senior compositor
• Attends Dailies, walkthroughs and production meetings
• Point person between Production, DFX, CG Sups and compositing team
• Assigns shots to compositors and monitors shot progress
• Color timing and management of sequence continuity
• Identifies problems and effectively implements solutions
• Quality control on all composites
• Composites shots of any level of complexity as needed or time allows
• Mentors less experienced artists
• Upon completion of project:
o Documentation and element archiving
o Provides in-depth feedback of compositing crew to Manager
o Participates in Post-Mortem
Education, Experience and Skills Required:
• Minimum 7 years experience
• Understanding of photography, composition, lighting, color and motion
• Extremely strong understanding of Nuke compositing software required
• Experience and knowledge of stereoscopic tools and methods desired
• Demonstrated leadership qualities
• Strong communication skills
• Time Management and organizational skills
• Aesthetically and creatively solid and capable of producing highest quality images
• Professional in all dealings with Production and crew
• Team player who takes direction well
• Dependable under pressure with attention to details
To apply for this position please submit an application through http://careers.digitaldomain.com/application.php?job_id=11_2_0299
Please select Vancouver from city drop down menu.
Animation Technical Director,Compositor & Compositing Supervisor Nuke, Digital Domain, Digital Domain Hiring, Digital Domain job,Digital Domain jobs, Digital Domain Recruiting, Digital Domain Recruiting Compositing Supervisor Nuke, Digital Domain Recruiting Environments Artist, Digital Domain Studios, Digital Matte Painter,Digital Producer, hiring,Integration Artist, job, jobs,Recruiting, Recruitment, Roto Artist, vfx jobs, video game jobs, Visual Effects Jobs


text:
Kahn out, Saunders in after T-Wolves' shakeup
Minneapolis, MN – The Minnesota Timberwolves announced Thursday that the team will not exercise the option on president of basketball operations David Kahn's contract for the 2013-14 season, putting an end to the executive's mostly unsuccessful four-year tenure as the franchise's primary decision-maker on personnel matters.
According to a report from the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, former Timberwolves head coach Flip Saunders will take over as Kahn's replacement.
Minnesota hired Kahn as the successor to Kevin McHale in May of 2009, but the Timberwolves never made the playoffs in any of his four seasons in charge despite improving their win total in each of those years. The team finished 12th in the Western Conference in 2012-13, posting a 31-51 overall mark amidst a litany of injuries to a number of key performers.
Kahn's tenure was also marked by several questionable decisions in both the draft and free agency. He chose guard Jonny Flynn, now out of the NBA, over Golden State star Stephen Curry with the sixth pick in the 2009 draft, while also missing on Syracuse forward Wesley Johnson with the No. 4 overall selection in 2011. Kahn also gambled on the chronically injured Brandon Roy, who appeared in just five games this past season after coming out of retirement to sign with the Timberwolves.
"We want to thank David for all of his efforts the past four years with our basketball team," said Timberwolves owner Glen Taylor. "These are always difficult decisions, but at this time, we believe it is in the best interest of our organization to make a change. We wish David all the best in the future."
Saunders served as Minnesota's head coach for parts of 10 seasons from 1995-2005 and oversaw the most successful era of the franchise's history. The Timberwolves twice won 50 or more games during that period, highlighted by a trip to the Western Conference finals in 2003-04.
After being fired by McHale following a 25-26 start to the 2004-05 campaign, Saunders had head-coaching stints with Detroit and Washington. The 58-year-old most recently was working as an advisor with the Boston Celtics.
The Star-Tribune reported that details for an introductory press conference for Saunders are still being worked out.


text:
Few breakfast foods are as idol-icious as today's honoree. The perfectly sweet taste, the fun texture, the limitless topping options... Ladies and gents, we present to you another deserving entrant into the Edible Idols hall of yum: WAFFLES!!!
Eggo - The Homestyle Low Fat waffles from Eggo are a classic choice. Chomp on two for 160 calories and 2.5g fat (PointsPlus® value 4*). And check out the fiber-packed Nutri-Grain lineup: Low Fat, Whole Wheat, Blueberry, and Honey Oat! A pair of each has 140 - 190 calories and 2.5 - 6g fat (PointsPlus® value 4 - 5*). All excellent options! Van's - We've heard it's hip to be square, and Van's Belgian Multigrain Waffles are proof! Each twosome has 170 calories and 5g fat (PointsPlus® value 4*). Then there are the Lite Totally Natural ones (which kind of make us feel like Valley girls... They're, like, totally natural!). A 2-waffle serving has 140 calories and 2g fat (PointsPlus® value 4*). Van's also has a slew of gluten-free options! Kashi - We were bummed when the Heart to Heart and GOLEAN waffles were phased out. Thankfully, there are other Kashi waffles to choose from! They come in both 7 Grain and Blueberry, and each twofer has 150 calories and 5g fat (PointsPlus® value 4*). Now don't go yanking these off shelves, Kashi!
Make a Taco Shell! We first did this ages ago, and we just heard that Taco Bell is currently testing out a waffle taco. (Bet that one's not guilt-free like ours.) Click here for a basic shell recipe, and check out Hungry Girl 200 Under 200 Just Desserts for three dessert waffle tacos! French Toast It! Take an already-delicious waffle and make it extra delicious. Just coat a lightly toasted waffle in some flavored-up fat-free egg substitute, cook it in a skillet, and top it with your favorite goodies! Turn It Into a Dessert Topping! It's SO simple and SO delicious. Blitz a lightly toasted waffle in a blender or food processor, toss with cinnamon and brown sugar, and bake until crispy. The resulting crumbles are AMAZING over light ice cream... Fry Away! Okay, not literally. But waffle fries are crunchy sticks of fun! To make 'em, slice a slightly thawed waffle into strips, and then toast in a toaster oven. They're great dipped in sugar-free pancake syrup... For more quick tips on how to dress up your waffles, click here!
In Your Face! Breakfast Waffle, Foxy Lox-Topped Waffle, and Hungry Grilled Ham 'n Cheese Waffle 'Wich - Here are three incredible waffle concoctions to make your mornings that much better: one topped with an egg, one adorned with smoked salmon, and one crammed full of sandwich stuff! Plate-Lickin'-Good Chicken & Waffles - Don't knock this quirky comfort-food swap 'til you try it! Sweet, savory, and all-around amazing... B-fast Waffle Tacos and S'mores Waffles - Two more fun b-fast recipes! These are what little toaster waffles dream of becoming someday. Morning Waffle Dip - Fast-food breakfast sandwiches can go sit in the corner. This DIY handheld meal is WAY better. Tropical Waffle French Toast - So good, you'll forget it was once a frozen waffle. So tropical, you'll forget you're in your kitchen. This recipe rules!
Know a few people who could use some pizzazz in their breakfast routine? Click "Send to a Friend" now!
National Donut Day falls on the first Friday of every June... and doggone it, that's today! Everything you need to know before you enter a donut shop is right here.
SmartPoints® value not what you expected? Click here for more info on how the values are calculated, plus more FAQs about PointsPlus® and SmartPoints® values on our website.


text:
A Message from the Principal
Welcome to the official website of Phaung Daw Oo Integrated Monastic Education School. We hope that you will take the time to read about our many innovative programs and the achievements of our approximately 9,520 students and 420 staff and administrators.
Phaung Daw Oo's mission is to provide children with the highest possible quality education at no cost to families who otherwise could not afford school. Our programs start with kindergarten and end with high school, with many students staying past high school for our Bridging and Pre-College programs. Many of our graduates remain affiliated with the school as junior teachers and staff while they attend university and some stay after completing university to become teachers and program managers.
We hope that we may welcome you in person at our campus in Mandalay.
With Metta (loving kindness),
U Nayaka
Principal & Founder
스포츠토토사이트 하남출장샵예약모텔 여자➡장수출장최강미녀↾[bracketl11]영암부산 모텔 추천[bracketr11]영월모텔출장마사지샵☍춘천출장마사지☠광주대구 모텔 아가씨☣서울천안 출장
하남출장샵예약모텔 여자➡장수출장최강미녀↾[bracketl11]영암부산 모텔 추천[bracketr11]영월모텔출장마사지샵☍춘천출장마사지☠광주대구 모텔 아가씨☣서울천안 출장


text:
Export 5 results:Title Type [ Year]
Filters: Author is Franklin Tamborello [Clear All Filters]
"A generalized process model of human action selection and error and its application to error prediction", in 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Quebec City, Canada, 2014. Download PDF (412.99 KB),
"Robotic secrets revealed, episode 3: Furlough gambit", in Twenty-sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Quebec City, CA, 2014.,
"ACT-R/E: An Embodied Cognitive Architecture for Human Robot Interaction", Journal of Human-Robot Interaction, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-55, 2013. Download PDF (894.49 KB),
" A long-term competitive process model of a common procedural error", Proceedings of the 35th annual conference of the cognitive science society. Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX, pp. 3498-3503, 2013. Download PDF (690.19 KB),
"A Long-Term Memory Competitive Process Model of a Common Procedural Error, Part II: Working Memory Load and Capacity", Proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive Modeling. ICCM, Ottawa, Canada, 2013. Download PDF (311.44 KB),


text: At 7:42 AM -0600 3/24/98, Randall M. Tidmore wrote: Times_New_RomanFirst I appreciate all the comments on the questions I have posed in the past. I am only a second semester Greek student, so I lack a lot, in a lot of areas. Times_New_RomanMy question has to do with the difference in koine and classic Greek. If koine means "vulgar" or "street talk," how do the "classic" writings help to understand it. Is the general usage in the classics beneficial in understanding the usage in the street? Are only parts of the classics beneficial, i.e., that which is written as dialogue? Times_New_Roman This question is posed simply, but the answer is not really a simple one. The Greek adjective KOINOS can mean "common," and can mean "vulgar"--but these are two senses that overlap without being anything like identical. What is usually meant when it KOINH Greek is referred to is the somewhat simplified form of the Greek language used first in the fifth-century Athenian Aegean empire (conventionally called the "Delian League") but then especially after Alexander's conquests all over the eastern Mediterranean as Greek became a "common" in the sense of "universally usable" language of commerce and administration in all those areas that were subject to rule by Greek-speaking dynasties founded by Alexander's generals and engaged in commerce promoted by new colonies of Greek-speaking peoples throughout the eastern Mediterranean. As for "benefit," there's benefit to be derived from the reading of any serious literature in any language, whether classical or later--by which I mean nothing more than that Homer, Sophocles, Plato and the New Testament are all very much worth reading, and that there are comparable works worth reading in other languages also. Times_New_RomanAs one who studied Spanish as a second language for missionary work in Honduras, I know that the language spoken in the street was quite different than "text book" Spanish. The same is really true of English, too. Those who speak the street language understand it perfectly. Outsiders would have an extremely difficult time understanding all the idioms, and a grammar book and dictionary would be of very little benefit. In fact, the grammar in English street talk is horrible. Times_New_RomanDoes "koine" refer to that type of usage? If so, I would think that the rules of grammar could not be too rigidly applied to "koine." Is this part of the difficulty in understanding and/or translating the "difficult texts"? Is this the reason some clauses or phrases do not seem to match the word that it appears they should modify? Times_New_Roman This again is more complex than the question seems to assume. When you say, "the grammar in English street talk is horrible," that's too simplistic a statement. It depends on who is speaking on the street, who is being spoken to, and what the subject of the talk is. There's considerable variation and gradation even in very colloquial English. It is true that the grammar of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Plato is considerably more complex than that of most of the New Testament, but even within the New Testament there's a considerably wide range: the gospel of John and the book of Revelation are written in very simple Greek, while the letter to the Hebrews is much more difficult and complex, and the gospel of Luke is in a relatively sophisticated style that is certainly not "street language." But the sorts of questions you're raising cannot be answered in terms of black-and-white distinctions. Carl W. Conrad Department of Classics/Washington University One Brookings Drive/St. Louis, MO, USA 63130/(314) 935-4018 Home: 7222 Colgate Ave./St. Louis, MO 63130/(314) 726-5649 email@example.com OR email@example.com WWW: http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~cwconrad/


text:
|Unionville, CT
|High School:
AT YALE: Abromaitis was one of the team's most improved players last year. After appearing in 12 games in his first two years, he played in 24 games off the bench in 2005-06. At the post season team banquet, he was presented with the Josh Hill Award for hard work and dedication. His top performance came against Hartford when he scored eight points and grabbed nine rebounds in 20 minutes, all career highs. Against Columbia, he had three points, three rebounds, two assists and one steal in nine minutes. On Yale's trip to Spain last spring, he averaged 10.8 points, which was second on the team. As a sophomore, Abromaitis appeared in nine games. He made his first career three-pointer against Columbia and grabbed two rebounds against Niagara. In his rookie year, he played a season-high four minutes in the victory over Old Westbury and had two points and a rebound. His only field goal came in the win at Dartmouth. BEFORE YALE: Abromaitis was the Gatorade Connecticut Player of the Year following his senior year at Farmington High School. He averaged 26.2 points, 10.5 rebounds and 3.0 assists. In addition, he was a two-time all-state and All-Northwest Conference selection and was a McDonald's All-American nominee. PERSONAL: Jason, born on Nov. 23, 1985, is the son of James and Debra Abromaitis. His father played college basketball at the University of Connecticut and professionally for the New Jersey Nets. At Yale he is a political science/economics major.
3PT YearGP-GSFG-FGAPCTFG-FGAPCTFT-FTAPCTREBAVGPTSAVGABS 2003-043-01-11.0000-0.0002-4.50020.741.3010 2004-059-01-5.2001-4.2500-0.00020.230.3000 2005-0624-07-25.2800-7.00010-14.714371.5241.01203 Career35-09-31.2901-11.09012-18.667411.2310.91213
CAREER HIGHS Points: 8 vs. Hartford (12/8/05)
Rebounds: 9 vs. Hartford (12/8/05)
Assists: 2 three times (most recent vs. Columbia, 2/10/06)
Minutes: 20 vs. Hartford (12/8/05)
Blocks: 1 vs. Harvard (2/27/04)
Steals: 1 twice (most recent vs. Cornell, 2/11/06)