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June 17, 2003LOS ANGELES - Professor Dan Mitchell recently participated in a roundtable discussion at UCLA to talk about the lessons to be learned from the worst financial crisis in California's history. Moderated by Barbara J. Nelson, dean of the UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research, the panel also included California Director of Finance Steve Peace, former Speaker of the California State Assembly Robert Hertzberg and UCLA professor emeritus of economics Werner Hirsch.
Questions ranged from how to make California's budget more "user friendly" and "transparent" to what structural and constitutional changes in budget financing strategies might help prevent a future crisis like the current estimated $38 billion shortfall that California now faces. Below are some thoughts from Professor Mitchell, who holds joint academic appointments at The Anderson School and the UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research.
How to Avoid Future Budget Crises:
First Give the Governor Budget Authority
and Then Demand Accountability
Daniel J.B. Mitchell
Ho-Su Wu Professor, The Anderson School at UCLA
By now, the basic cause of the California state budget crisis is well known. At the peak of the business cycle, the state was already taking in less in revenue than it was expending. The faltering economy and the loss of taxable gains from the stock market worsened the deficit and brought about the current fiasco. Political analysts blame factors such as voter-approved term limits for legislators, a two-thirds requirement for passing budget bills, and redistricting of the Legislature that removed centrists from the budgetary process.
Although there is much talk about relaxing term limits and changing the two-thirds rule, voters are unlikely to see much virtue in returning to a system of entrenched deal-makers. The old system placed great power in the hands of a few players in the Legislature who were answerable only to voters in their districts, not the statewide electorate. Nowadays, opinion polls and the current recall movement indicate that California's voters tend to look to one public official — the Governor — to solve the key problems facing the state. When the electricity goes off, or when the budget isn't passed on time, they blame the Governor.
It is true that Governors are limited to two terms. But in fact only one California governor — Earl Warren — ever served more than eight years. In adopting term limits, the voters were effectively weakening the Legislature relative to the Governor. They wanted someone to be in charge and to be held accountable on a statewide basis. The problem is that the Governor is being held accountable but has only limited budgetary authority.
Under current procedures, the Governor submits a tentative budget to the Legislature in January for the next fiscal year. In May, armed with more recent data, the Governor submits a revised budget. The Legislature is supposed to pass the budget in time for the start of the fiscal year on July 1. But when tough decisions are required, it often experiences paralysis. Last year, for example, no budget was passed until early September, creating a legal limbo and doubts on Wall Street about California's fiscal agenda. If that scenario repeats this year, the Controller has warned that the state could run out of cash as it exhausts the patience of its Wall Street lenders. And there are more legal problems this time about paying state employees absent a budget, thanks to a recent California Supreme Court decision.
So here is a simple reform — albeit one that would require a constitutional amendment. If as of July 1 of any fiscal year, no budget has been enacted, the Governor's "May revise" budget would become the state budget until such time as an alternative is enacted. There would then be no legal issues about whether the state could pay its bills since a budget would be in place. And, if the Governor's budget proposals were fiscally responsible, whatever deficit financing might be needed would be available from a re-assured Wall Street. Moreover, the likelihood that a Governor would be more fiscally responsible would be enhanced since pressure to compromise with the Legislature would be reduced.
Of course, this reform would substantially increase the power of the Governor. Members of the Legislature would know that if they dawdled, or if they proposed a budget the Governor would veto, the Governor's own budget would become law. Some might be tempted to remain intransigent in order to please a particular interest group. But others might see virtue in having an influence on the final budgetary product.
In any event, a Governor would have substantial leverage in obtaining approval for his/her budget proposals, either through legislation or by default. And the voters clearly want a chief executive they can hold accountable. Under this procedure the Governor would surely be accountable, with all of the perils and rewards that accountability entails. If this reform were in effect today, there would definitely be a budget in place on July 1, 2003. And the "May revise" budget — or whatever budget was enacted — would likely be more fiscally prudent than the current budget proposals of either the Governor or the Legislature.


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I got over my early obsession with nappies and have forged a real friendship with Boots my cat, when he stays still that is.
Finding my feet wasn't easy, but when I did, boy, what fun I had and am still having with those and when daddy tickles them it get's me laughing so much!
Anyway here are a couple of piccies from today.
|Hi Aunty B!
|Enjoying my birthday breakfast


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Los Angeles, California – When a private employer, like the Los Angeles Film School (LAFS), decides to fight the efforts of its workers to form a union, there is very little holding it back, despite the rights written into US labor law almost three quarters of a century ago.
The National Labor Relations Act says workers not only have the right to form unions, but that the government encourages them to do so, to level the power imbalance with their employers. The law sets up an election process, in which workers supposedly can freely choose a union. And it says that it's illegal for an employer to fire or punish any worker who uses these rights.
Then there's the reality, as practiced by the LAFS.
That company, set up in 1999 by the former lawyer for Occidental Petroleum, was bought by Florida-based Full Sail Film School in 2003. The film and recording business in Los Angeles has strong, well-respected unions. The studios that are the hoped-for employers for film school graduates negotiate with unions all the time. But the LAFS and Full Sail are not ordinary film schools. They are diploma mills that feed off federal loans taken out by students.
A lawsuit filed last year against LAFS says that students, who pay $18,000 to $23,000 per year tuition for a two-year AS degree, receive much less than promised. The school hands out gift cards to Target and Best Buy, the suit says, to students who list jobs at Apple and Guitar Center stores as "creative positions" on forms submitted to get the college accreditation. That allows the schools to enroll its students in federal loan programs.
Brandii Grace, a digital game designer, moved from Seattle in 2009 when she was offered a contract to teach her skill at LAFS. She took a $2,000 per year cut from her previous job, and was promised $70,000 per year. Her fiancée had to stay behind, but still in their 20s, they decided the prospect of making a life together in the heart of the entertainment world made the sacrifice worth it.
No sooner had she started to teach, however, than the school began making radical changes in the conditions for all its teachers. It cut classes, created new online components, and reassigned teachers to classes where they had no experience. "At first, they promised extra compensation," she remembers. "Then they said we were being changed from salaried employees to hourly, but that we'd get overtime for the additional work."
Then, the school announced teachers would only be paid the hours spent in class, cutting most to 8-16 a week. "They weren't going to pay anything for the three hours grading, advising and planning curriculum for every hour we spend in class," she says. With their income about to plunge, the faculty rebelled. Grace started trying to help people understand what was happening, at first just by distributing the school's own memos. Finally, the school demanded that teachers sign agreements to the new arrangements. In a meeting of instructors, she not only urged them not to do it, but also said they should look for a union.
That was a big step for her. She'd grown up suspicious of unions because of earlier family experiences, but every government agency she contacted told her there was no legal way to stop the new rules if the teachers had no union contract. "We found Peter Nguyen and the California Federation of Teachers (CFT), and he was ready to help us move right away," Grace recalls. Over the next month they collected union cards, and filed a petition with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) with 70 percent of the faculty signed up. Grace was chosen head of the union steering committee.
That was when hell broke loose. The film school hired IRI Consultants, a union-busting firm from Michigan. With their advice, school managers set Grace up to be fired, and prepared a classic campaign of psychological warfare against its own faculty.
"We were immediately told we were all supervisors, and that our salaried status would be restored," she recalls. Her boss called her in, told her they knew she was the union leader, and threatened her. Suddenly they accused her of not turning in work, of insubordination and even of becoming violent. "They handed me a memo full of lies that were dramatic and extreme," Grace charges.
She was suspended for three days, and when she came back, she was fired.
It was her 30th birthday, and her apartment lease had just expired.
She didn't give up, though. Other workers would call her at night, telling her how scared they were. The company was holding mandatory meetings to make its union hatred clear, and each teacher was called in for a private chat with her or his supervisor. "Managers would run down the hall screaming at someone, 'you signed the card!'" Grace says she was told.
The union filed charges in March, right after she was fired, and held a protest rally. But six months later, the NLRB still hadn't finished its investigation. The union withdrew its petition for the election because the level of fear was so intense that the right to vote freely had become a joke. The NLRB regional office issued a complaint shortly afterward, charging the school with firing Grace illegally, but it was too late. A hearing was held in January, and in April the hearing officer ruled that the LAFS had violated the law. He ordered Grace reinstated with back pay. The school, however, is appealing the decision to the labor board in Washington, DC, a process that will probably last at least a year. If they have the money and the will, they can then appeal into the court system.
Grace's ordeal is a direct product of this country's weak labor laws, a problem the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA) was written to correct. That's why large employers, Republicans, and even conservative Democrats have fought the bill in Congress. EFCA would go a long way toward solving the problems Grace experienced.
Workers march in San Francisco calling for passage of the EFCA. (Photo: David Bacon)
If the bill had been passed when Democrats had the presidency and a majority in both houses between 2008 and 2010, it would have been in effect while those meetings were going on in the film school. Grace and the other union committee members could have presented their signed cards to the NLRB, and the school would then have been obligated to recognize the union.
Fear of firing is probably the single biggest reason workers don't organize unions. According to a recent report from the Center for Economic and Policy Research, "Dropping the Ax: Illegal Firings During Union Election Campaigns, 1951-2007," by John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer, workers were fired for union activity in 30 percent of all union campaigns, so fear isn't unreasonable. "Aggressive actions by employers – often including illegal firings – have significantly undermined the ability of US workers to unionize their workplaces," according to report co-author Schmitt. "The financial penalties for illegal actions, including firing pro-union workers, are minimal, so it makes perfect sense for employers to break the law to derail union-organizing efforts." That percentage has gone up from 16 percent in the last 1990s, to 26 percent in the early 2000s, to 30 percent in 2007.
If EFCA had been in effect during the film school campaign, the company would have had to pay triple back wages for its illegal firings. But with no fines and no card-check recognition process, every supporter recruited to the union cause had to weigh the possibility that he or she might lose his or her job. Union supporters say it felt like working in a war zone.
Sara Steffens was fired for leading a union drive at the Contra Costa Times, and now helps other workers get organized. (Photo: David Bacon)
But EFCA didn't pass. In fact, it was never even brought up for a vote.
Workers demand that Congress take a vote on EFCA. (Photo: David Bacon)
So for Grace,, even if the school is found guilty, there's no fine or actual punishment. The school will have to pay back pay for her time out of work, but can deduct any income from another job, or even any unemployment benefits she collects. "My benefits just ran out, though," she laughs.
Being out of work while continuing to support the union has been an ordeal. After their money ran out, Grace moved in with her mom, and her fiancée had to go live with his family for months in Texas. In addition, Grace had brought her grandmother from Seattle to live with her. "She took care of me growing up, so I take care of her now," she explains. But she had to put her in a senior home, and then, when she couldn't sleep on her mom's couch anymore, she even slept in her grandmother's room.
Finally, her fiancée came back to Los Angeles, found a job and they got another apartment. "But we almost didn't make it," Grace says.
So, why should she have to go through this ordeal because a film school, widely called a scam on the Internet, decides to bust a union? "Because the Federal law is broken" Grace concludes. "There's no effective deterrent, no balance sheet they have to worry about. It's no surprise why people are reluctant to do this."
Maybe she'll get the back pay someday. "But you know, the money's not important to me, really," she says. "This is about justice. That's what I'm fighting for."
California Sen. Barbara Boxer speaks at a rally supporting EFCA. (Photo: David Bacon)
California Attorney General Kamala Harris speaks at a rally supporting EFCA. (Photo: David Bacon)


text: Fashion is supposed to be fun and friendly, and Lauren By Ralph Lauren, the diffusion line off the iconic American fashion house Ralph Lauren, has certainly not forgotten that ethos. Sifting through the abundance of earrings in the label's jewellery accessory collection you'll notice they trade in glitz and glamour for modest whimsical charms that are as ever pleasing as any opulent jewel. There are plenty of shapes and cuts and cascading arrangements that speak personally about you as an individual and your eye for refined contemporary fashion.


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Read the full article from Sustainable Business Oregon.
Portland's five designated ecodistricts are looking ahead to the new year with resolutions and priorities, operating under the leadership of the city of Portland's Bureau of Planning and Sustainability.
A resolution passed by Portland City Council in late October effectively passed the baton for the care and feeding of the ecodistricts from the Portland Sustainability Institute — known as POSI — the nonprofit established by Mayor Sam Adams in 2009, back to the city.
"With the resolution, POSI is becoming less active in managing the five pilot neighborhoods and evolving into more of a technical resource," said Rob Bennett, POSI's executive director. "This was always intended as a pilot project."
The five ecodistricts — Gateway, Lents (known as Foster Green), South Waterfront, Lloyd District and the South-of-Market/Portland State University neighborhood — were first announced in 2010 and have been working with POSI on sustainable development at a neighborhood scale. The definition of an ecodistrict is essentially a neighborhood working together on things like waste management, transportation, renewable energy, energy efficiency and even district heating and cooling toward overall better sustainability.
Alisa Kane, green building and development manager for the city, said her department is working to determine the best roll for the city to play with the ecodistricts.
"It's a work in progress," Kane said. "We're building new relationships and figuring out how we can help them."
Kane provided an update on each ecodistrict:
• The "Growing Gateway" ecodistrict is one of two ecodistricts continuing to work with POSI on a detailed 'business plan' for its activities. That work is funded by the Portland Development Commission. The district is looking at ways to deploy energy efficiency programs at a community scale and also working on plans for a bike facility at the Gateway Transit Center. Gateway worked with University of Oregon students earlier this year on urban design ideas.
• Foster Green is also continuing PDC-funded work with POSI to refine its plan. The ecodistrict will focus on improving the energy efficiency and sustainability practices of the commercial strip along Southeast Foster Boulevard. The district is also looking at a bike project and an investment strategy for the Foster corridor.
• The South Waterfront ecodistrict is bring operated by South Waterfront Community Relations, a group funded by the residence towers in the neighborhood. The group is considering forming a transportation management association (similar to the one that operates in the Lloyd District) and is also interested in benchmarking the districts energy use as a first step toward setting efficiency goals.
• The SOMA-PSU ecodistrict is being co-chaired by Erin Flynn, associate vice president for strategic partnerships at PSU, and developer Bob Naito. The district is promoting the city's energy efficiency program for commercial buildings — the Kilowatt Crackdown —to building owners in the neighborhood and is looking at revitalizing the park areas in the neighborhood including Lovejoy Park.
• The Lloyd ecodistrict is the most robustly developed ecodistrict with a full-time staff person, an active commercial energy efficiency retrofit program and the promotion of the city's Sustainability at Work program. The district has strong advocates in the Portland Trail Blazers and would benefit from the district heat plan being discussed among buildings in the Rose Quarter. The Lloyd ecodistrict is also considering a coordinated neighborhood waste strategy.
Kane points out that there is also robust neighborhood-scale work happening outside of designated ecodistricts, citing work in the Cully neighborhood and in the Conway redevelopment project in Northwest Portland as examples.
As for POSI, Bennett said the nonprofit would continue to work on spreading the ecodistrict concept around the country through workshops and other programs.
"We've been testing what the demand outside of the Portland region is," Bennett said. "We're developing a business plan right now."
As for Portland, Bennett said he would like to see the city enact some kind of a policy framework to support the development of future ecodistricts in the city.
"That level of clarity will need to be developed to for a broader application of ecodistricts," he said.
Kane said no policy changes are expected in the near term and that the city instead would look to match ecodistrict programs with existing city resources and incentives. Ecodistrict promotion of ecoroofs, for example, would be eligible for ecoroof examples already available from the city. Other neighborhood redevelopment programs might also apply to ecodistrict activities.
"The question is: Is this a bottom-up initiative or a top-down initiative?" Kane said. "I want to be an enabler."


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04/16/18 by Lyon Real Estate
(SACRAMENTO, CA) – First quarter luxury home sales throughout the Greater Sacramento region popped like spring flowers, as 243 new pending sales were placed under contract. This number is nearly double that posted for the same period last year and the highest in any given quarter for over 10 years. It also followed a remarkably strong fourth quarter of 2017, defying the typical seasonal respite and affirming the momentum is real. This market information was presented by Lyon Real Estate based upon data provided by Trendgraphix Inc., a Sacramento-based reporting company.
Luxury Portfolio International recognizes home sales above $900,000 in the Greater Sacramento region as properties that map most accurately toward consumer expectations regarding luxury real estate. Approximately 2.5 percent of the total home sales throughout the region occurred in that price segment throughout 2017.
Closed luxury property numbers were subsequently quite strong as well. The region enjoyed a 55 percent increase in first quarter transactions versus last year. March alone saw 72 transactions recorded, nearly double that of February and 67 percent higher than March of 2017.
"There is normally a much higher volume of inventory in the luxury space compared to the number of buyers active in the market," says Pat Shea, president of Lyon Real Estate. "That gap however, is ratcheting down. Although inventory is up 6 percent versus last year at this time, the algebraic lift in buyer demand is keeping our market exceptionally tight. The region's luxury sweet spot - $900,000 to $1,500,000 - is extremely fierce as more than 80 percent of the sales occurred there in the first quarter."
Last year, Greater Sacramento witnessed a 25 percent jump in luxury homes sales compared to what is typically regarded as a solid performance in 2016, and luxury sales reached their highest peak since 2005. Shea concluded, "we are off to a very precipitous start in 2018 and this could very well be the new normal for luxury buyers and sellers in our market."
About Lyon Real Estate
Ranked the number one brokerage in annual home sales in the greater Sacramento region by the Sacramento Business Journal, Lyon Real Estate has served the area for over 70 years. In 2017, the company closed 7,333 transactions worth a total of $3 billion in sales volume. Lyon Real Estate has 950 agents in 17 offices located throughout the region. The company is a member of the Leading Real Estate Companies of the World®, the largest network of premier locally-branded firms, as well as LeadingRE's Luxury Portfolio International® program. In addition to its real estate services, Lyon Real Estate offers RELO Direct, a global relocation program. For more information about Lyon Real Estate, click to GoLyon.com and follow us on Facebook.com/LyonRealEstate.
About TrendGraphix, Inc.
TrendGraphix, Inc. is a real estate reporting company based in Sacramento that uses local Multiple Listing Service (MLS) data to provide highly-visual market statistical graphs to real estate brokers, agents, and MLS/Realtor associations across the country. TrendGraphix's programs are currently used by tens of thousands of agents in more than 250 brokerages in 48 states. For more information about TrendGraphix, visit www.trendgraphix.com.


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The 7th stop of the Chicago Cyclocross Cup traveled to the Village of Northbrook, a suburb north of the City of Chicago. The race brought out the dedicated to mix it up in the treacherous cross conditions. The village has many charms, including that of Hollywood fame with several scenes of the movies Ferris Bueller's Day Off, The Breakfast Club, Weird Science and Ice Harvest been filmed at a hotel located in the village. The mud-filled course kept many of the riders hitting the deck multiple times. The culprit was a section near and around the stair case run up section that got worse as the day went on.
Garner/Northbrook Bike Club and Flatlandia Cycling did a fantastic job setting up a cross course that would make the ancestors from Belgium very proud. The muddy course had no barriers; however, the two-stair run up was enough to keep the heart beats well elevated. The weather hovered around the low 30 degree Fahrenheit, damp and partly cloudy.
The course design and amenities received raved reviews from the riders who finally were able to let the mud fly with a course that was very difficult both technically and physically. To top things off organizers ensured that hot coffee and coco was available for a quick warm up just steps from the finish line.
Elite Men
In the Elite Men's race, Mike Sherer (Pony Shop) made the trip down from Indianapolis to school the locals. He pressed on the gas early and got away very quickly. He was followed by yet another out-of-state visitor, James Lalonde (Ellis Cycles) of Wisconsin taking 2nd, with locals Scott McLaughlin (Sram) 3rd, Kevin Klug (Killjoy) 4th and Luca Lenzi (Pony Shop) rounding out the podium.
Elite Women
In the Elite Women's race, Rebecca Much (XXX Racing/AthletiCo), the current United States U23 TT Champion plowed through the field with an effort unmatched by no other rider. She arrived solo at the line taking yet another win in the series. The battle behind laid with the chasers Holly Klug (Killjoy) 2nd, Jessica Hill (Trail's End Cycling) in 3rd, Pam Loebig (Bike Reg.com) 4th and June Upshaw (Verdigris Custom Homes) completing the top five spots./
Upcoming Events
The next stop for the Chicago Cyclocross Cup is the Lan Oak Park #8 scheduled for Sunday, November 16, Lansing Illinois. The race allows collegiate riders to earn points toward the Midwest Collegiate Cycling Conference (MWCCC) Cyclocross Series. This is the first time the series has incorporated a collegiate race as part of the race offerings.
Individual series winners of the Midwest Collegiate Cycling Conference (MWCCC) Cyclocross Series earn front row privileges in the upcoming 2008 USA Cycling National Cyclocross Championships scheduled for December 11-14, 2008.
Further information about the race and the series be found by visiting www.chicrosscup.com
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Talk about the novels, new and used books that Batten has written!
Author Batten's Book Reviews
Hockey Dynasties
Starting with the foreword from "Mr. Hockey" himself, Gordie Howe, Hockey Dynasties (appropriately subtitled 'Blue Lines and Blood Lines' )is an exhaustive study of 'families' who have had more than one member represented in the National Hockey League. Intriguing stories of these 'hockey families', both on and off the ice, are the focus of this book as everyone from the multi - generational Patrick family, to the Richards', the 6 Sutter brothers, the Ho...


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Jacobson Scores Game Winning Goal With 2:12 Left
NEW HAVEN, Conn. – The Yale men's soccer team faced adversity a couple of times in Saturday's game with Penn. The Bulldogs' response each time was outstanding. The result was an impressive 2-1 victory over the Quakers in front of a big crowd at Reese Stadium.
First, Yale fell behind 1-0 when Penn scored on a penalty kick at 65:52.
The Bulldogs' answered with a goal less than four minutes later.
Then later in the half, Yale's Philip Piper received his second yellow card of the game, forcing the Bulldogs to play a man down.
Their response? Peter Jacobson scored with 2:12 remaining in regulation to snap the 1-1 tie.
"I thought we showed a tremendous amount of character to find a way to win," said Yale head coach Brian Tompkins. "I was so pleased with the nature of our team's response. After they scored, we got it back within four minutes, and I thought our response to going a man down was really strong."
Both Yale goals were pretty and were a welcome sight for a team that had been shutout in each of its last five games.
Scott Armbrust tallied the first goal when he settled a pass from Jenner Fox and fired a shot from the top of the box inside the near post.
Fox also had a key role in the game-winner. Max McKiernan sent a long ball forward, setting up a two-on-one. Fox took his time, drew the goalkeeper's attention and then sent a perfect cross to Jacobson, who fired it into the vacated net, setting off a wild celebration on the Yale bench.
"We had two very nice goals," Tompkins said. "Scotty made a great turn and finish, and I thought Jenner showed a lot of composure in making the pass to Peter."
The win snapped Yale's three-game losing streak.
Neither team generated much offense in the first half, as the two teams combined for just five shots.
"It took us a lot of time to settle down," Tompkins said. "I think we were pressing a bit."
The second half was much more wide open. The Quakers (2-11, 0-4 Ivy) snapped the scoreless tie when Stephen Baker scored on the penalty kick. Yale goalkeeper Bobby Thalman guessed right on the kick and got a piece of it, but it still trickled in. Penn was awarded the kick after a player was taken down in the box.
The Quakers outshot Yale 11-10, but the Bulldogs (4-7-3, 1-2-1 Ivy) had a 5-4 edge in corner kicks.
Thalman finished with six saves in the game, including five in the second half.
Yale is back home next Saturday, hosting Columbia at 4:30 p.m.
Report filed by Tim Bennett, Yale Sports Publicity


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Photo: NBC / NBC via Getty Images
If you were surprised to learn that a reboot of the NBC's "Heroes," which ended in 2010, is returning as a new miniseries called "Heroes Reborn," you weren't the only one.
Hayden Panettiere, who played cheerleader Claire Bennet in the series, said she was not asked to be in the reboot and was shocked to hear of it. We wonder whether any of the other stars of the show will be tapped for NBC's strange new project. Take a look at some of the show's biggest stars and what they've been up to recently.


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Henry Knox to John AdamsPosted by HCPS at Friday, June 10, 2011
Philadelphia, June 10, 1791
My dear Sir,—
I embrace the occasion of inclosing some letters, to thank you and Mrs. Adams for the comfortable accommodation of your house at Bush Hill. While the inhabitants of this city are panting for breath, like a hunted hare, we experience in the hall at Bush Hill a delightful and animated breeze.
The paragraphs in the Connecticut and New York papers, relative to your journey, indicate envy and blackness of heart. Who the author of these articles is, I know not, and it is quite immaterial. But eminence must be taxed.
Perhaps the "political heresies," mentioned in the preface to the American edition of Paine's pamphlet, as coming from a more respectable quarter, may occasion some uneasiness. But the author has assured me, that the note he wrote to the printer never was intended for publication, but as a sort of apology for having detained the book, which was a borrowed one, longer than the impatience of the printer would admit.
But, if the idea was aimed at your doctrines, it ought not to create a moment's pain. Conscious, as you are, of the invariable pursuit of the public happiness, regulated by the sober standard of reason, it is not the desultory ebullition of this or that man's mind, that can divert you from your object. For while human nature shall continue its course according to its primary principles, there will be a difference of judgment upon the same objects, even among good men.
The President is expected to arrive here about the 23d or 25th instant, but there is no information from him since the 16th of May. He has been perfectly received according to the abilities of the places through which he has passed.
The Indian campaign must go forward. We have marched and shall march by the latter end of this month two thousand eight hundred men. This force will be adequate, with the addition of the troops already on the frontiers.
I am, &c.
H. Knox.
(Source: http://oll.libertyfund.org/)
Labels: Works of John Adams
1 comments:
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text:
SALLY SARA: US president Barack Obama has been publicly sworn in for his second and final term in the White House.
Hundreds of thousands of people gathered as he outlined his vision for the next four years, including a focus on climate change and bolstering gay rights.
Some commentators hope that it's president Obama's reforms, rather than his race, that will hold the headlines this time.
Dr Nicole Hemmer is research associate at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and is a Visiting Assistant Professor at University of Miami.
NICOLE HEMMER: He didn't really talk about himself he talked quite a bit more about what he had done in his first term and what he was looking to do in his second term.
So I do think that there was less of an emphasis on his own personal biography, even though it was a speech given at a time that made it really important that he was the first black president - it was the 150th anniversary of the emancipation proclamation ending slavery in the south and the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr's famous 'I have a dream' speech.
So in a historical way it was a very much about him being the first African-American president.
SALLY SARA: What's your view of how he was linking historical events with his agenda for his final term?
NICOLE HEMMER: This is something that he's done quite a bit, it's something he did in his first address as well. But I think it was a very important case for him to lay out.
He's laying out a progressive vision of American government and he needed to make it clear that that is something that is in line with American traditions, that that is a tradition as old as the nation.
It's often seen that active government is a new thing for the country, that the sort of progressive politics is a new invention, and by linking it to the longer history of America and the fuller ideas of America I think that he was pitching a strong case to the American people that this is a fundamental foundational set of beliefs.
SALLY SARA: In some ways is it fair to say that president Obama is almost more popular than his policies?
NICOLE HEMMER: I think that's definitely the case. I think we saw that throughout the campaign this year when he would continue to have higher approval ratings that his policies. He tended to win people over personally in a way that his policies didn't always.
SALLY SARA: How much does that personalise then people's expectations the second time around?
NICOLE HEMMER: People want him I think to do well. Americans want him to succeed. That's not to say that they are going to sign on to all his policies, he still faces an uphill battle on things like climate change and things like gun control.
But goodwill goes a long way and I think that that matters, especially as he goes against the Republican Party having the American people on his side, having them like him is going to be important in those legislative battles.
SALLY SARA: How important was it that he identified the issue of equality for gay and lesbian Americans in front of a general audience rather than doing that at a speech at a specific function?
NICOLE HEMMER: Well this is a huge historic moment for gay rights. It's the first time that a president has ever used the word gay in an inaugural address, and it is a sort of a Capstone moment.
Barrack Obama as he said has gone through an evolution on issues like gay marriage. He's been a strong advocate for gay rights from the federal level in his federal level in his first term, but this open acknowledgement in front of a general audience was a major moment and a major moment for gay Americans to have that acknowledgement and to have the history of gay rights tied into the history of black civil rights, the history of women's rights.
The line where he talks about Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall - linking up women's rights, black rights and gay rights I think was a really pivotal moment.
SALLY SARA: What did you read into the fact that he didn't really acknowledge or talk about the role of the Republicans at all? It was a combative speech almost without mentioning the enemy.
NICOLE HEMMER: Yes very much so. Well I think it shows that he's learned something from his first term. He was reach-across-the-aisle president in a lot of ways in the first few years of his presidency and there wasn't a whole lot of reaching back.
So I think that what it shows is that he's going to go toe-to-toe with Republicans in his second term, and that he's going to lead more than he's going to compromise.
I think he is going to compromise, but I don't think he is going to compromise quite as much as he did in his first term.
SALLY SARA: The dispute over the debt ceiling and the Republicans' handling of that - what kind of signal did that give to the White House about how much power the president may have to use in these kind of confrontations?
NICOLE HEMMER: I think it demonstrates something that he has learned - that if he stays strong, giving a little here and there, showing a willingness to be flexible, but showing backbone as well, which is something he has done in both the fiscal cliff debates and in the recent debt ceiling debates - the fact that Republicans have said 'alright we need to start to give a little as well' I think shows that he is on the right track as far as his approach.
SALLY SARA: What sort of balancing game is there for second term presidents between taking risks in their second term when they don't have to face the electorate again, but also avoiding that label of being a lame duck president - everyone knows the clock is ticking?
NICOLE HEMMER: I think that this speech signals that Barack Obama is willing to take those risks and I think that the reason why that's so important is because of this lame duck pressure. If he is going to take these risks he needs to take them now because in two years people are going to start looking toward 2016 and he's going to increasingly lose the bully pulpit, increasingly lose his ability to pull public opinion on domestic issues. People will start turning their attention elsewhere.
So if he's going to be bold, and I think that he is, he is going to need to do it right away.
SALLY SARA: That's Dr Nichole Hemmer, research associate at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and she's also Visiting Assistant Professor at University of Miami.
The full story...
Obama outlines plans for reform in his second term
Sally Sara reported this story on Tuesday, January 22, 2013 18:18:00
SALLY SARA: US president Barack Obama has been publicly sworn in for his second and final term in the White House.
Related Links
ABC takes no responsibility for the sites these links take you to.
- Thousands gather for Obama inauguration
- Obama delivers second inaugural address
- Obama sworn in for second term
- Memorable US inaugural quotes
- African-Americans prepare for Obama's second term inauguration


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How to Use the Images Photo 1
Photo 1
Questions for Drawing 1
1. Why were ladders needed by the Salado people?
2. What plant can you see that was important in the Salado way of life? How do you think could it have been used? Refer to Reading 1, if necessary.
* The image on this screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a larger version of Drawing 1, but be aware that the file will take as much as 31 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


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For a nice overview of the counterproductive incoherence of Republican education efforts over the decades, check out this piece by Frederick Hess and Andrew Kelly of the American Enterprise Institute. And for a sense of how confused conservatives remain when they write pieces telling other conservatives how to have "good" federal education policy, read the same piece. Its history section gives you the first part, and, unfortunately, its other sections give you the rest.
Hess and Kelly – who are generally pretty sharp – furnish a terrific overview of what happens when you talk "local control" of government schools and decry federal micromanaging, but can't stop yourself from spending federal money and love "standards and accountability." Basically, you get a great big refuse heap of squandered money, red tape, educational stagnation, and political failure.
Having laid all that out pretty nicely, you'd think that Hess and Kelly would reach the logical conclusion: Conservatives should obey the Constitution and get Washington out of education. But they don't. Instead they give precious little thought to the Constitution, and make policy prescriptions that fundamentally ignore that government tends to work for the people we'd have it control. You know, concentrated benefits, diffuse costs; iron triangles – basically, the big problems Hess and Kelly decry at state and local levels.
Start with their constitutional argument (such as it is):
The federal government does have a legitimate role to play in schooling — and it always has. From the Land Ordinance of 1785, which set aside land for the purpose of building and funding schools, through Dwight Eisenhower's 1958 investment in math and science instruction after the launch of Sputnik, the federal government has recognized a compelling national interest in the quality of American education.
Wow! What a sweep of history! What a great many years this covers!
The thing is, most of those years see essentially no federal education activity, and the first year mentioned – 1785 – precedes the Constitution. Why very little activity between 1785 and 1958? Because relatively few people thought the national government had any role to play in governing education. That's why neither the word "education" nor "school" (or, for that matter, "compelling national interest") is in the Constitution, and even a commission created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt said that there is no constitutional federal role in education. Washington does have jurisdiction over District of Columbia schools, and a responsibility under the 14th Amendment to prohibit discrimination, but that's it.
OK, to be fair, it could also be argued that Congress can constitutionally pass education provisions like those in the Land Ordinance. But not because Washington has power over education. No, because as you see in Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution, it has power over territories. Of course, states and districts are not territories, and the 10th Amendment reiterates what is clear from the granting of only specific, enumerated powers to Congress:
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
In an effort to deal with the very clear failures of federal education policy – but without the clarity of following the Constitution – Hess and Kelly offer three things they think the Feds can and should focus on: transparency, research, and "trust-busting." However, all three ignore the fundamental political reality that school systems tend to be controlled by their employees because the employees have the most at stake. And what are their incentives? Same as mine and yours: to get compensated as generously as possible and have no one hold them accountable for their performance. The result, of course, has been oodles of money spent without meaningful academic improvement.
Start with transparency. Lauding No Child Left Behind for having improved "citizens' ability to gauge and compare school quality," Hess and Kelly argue that the Feds "should require that states collecting federal school funds measure and report detailed data on school quality and educational costs in a consistent, uniform way." They caution, however, that Washington shouldn't prescribe standards or curricula, but should measure "schools' return on public investment."
Talk about conflicted! How exactly do Hess and Kelly expect the Feds to both stop short of mandating curriculum and standards, and provide an accepted measure of specific schools' return on investment? Even if you could thread the needle for a while, it is very hard to imagine Washington not eventually narrowing acceptable measures down to a single curriculum and test so that results could be uniform and distilled into soundbites. And what would likely happen even if the standards started off rigorous and the testing tough? The employees who would ultimately be held accountable would simply move their dumbing-down pressure from state and local levels to the federal level, where policy was now being made. Nothing would be solved, and there would be huge added problems of a new, monolithic standard that could in no way effectively serve greatly diverse kids, as well as the quashing of competing curricular ideas.
Next we've got the research argument, which is predicated on the well-known contention that the incentives for private-sector investment in "basic" scientific research – which doesn't offer immediate returns – are too weak to provide for optimal amounts. The Feds, therefore, have to step in with oodles of grant money. Hess and Kelly would like to extend that model to education research.
Education, however, is not particle physics, the kind of research we generally imagine as "basic." The need for major equipment investment is not nearly as great for education, nor are the likely benefits of, say, studying the effects of flash cards as far distant as the industrial applications of string theory. Moreover, if we had broad school choice, with schools able to seek profit without penalty, educators would have every reason to invest in research and find better, more efficient ways to teach kids. Finally, there is good evidence that science funding is just as likely to translate into rent-seeking benefits to the scientists as scientific benefits to the public.
Oh, and the constitutional basis for education research spending? Hess and Kelly don't even try to offer one.
Finally, we have "trust-busting." Here even Hess and Kelly's examples illustrate how mistaken their ideas are. While sensibly calling for a reduction in calcifying federal rules and regulations, Hess and Kelly also argue that the Feds should be able to set up "private" entities to compete with the public-school monopoly. They cite as an example the American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence, which provides a teacher preparation and certification process separate from those established by states. They also note that ABCTE has been "generally neglected." Which is probably a good thing. After all, think of two other "private" federal creations: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Seems there can be big problems when Washington creates supposedly private entities.
Then there's this: "A related role for federal lawmakers is to help lift the burden of bad past decisions and troubling policy legacies that hinder reform-minded state and local leaders." Hess and Kelly argue that Washington should create a form of bankruptcy that lets states and districts render null and void labor contracts and other obligations that make it hard for them to do business. And what example do they use of organizations that have been crippled by "legacy" contracts? General Motors and Chrysler.
Of course, thanks to the federal government, GM and Chrysler didn't go through normal bankruptcy, did they? No, they went through processes jury-rigged to favor politically important special interests. That lesson should be screaming at Hess and Kelly: Give Washington power over something and they won't use it for the common good. They will use it to reward the politically powerful, the very state and local problem Hess and Kelly are trying to solve!
The simple reality is that the federal government is no less subject to special-interest control – the ultimate result of the basic political problem of concentrated benefits and diffuse costs – than state and local governments. Except, that is, that Washington is even more distant from the people than state and local governments, and if people don't like their state or local schools they can at least move.
There is, really, only one solution to the basic government problem of concentrated benefits and diffuse costs, and we do no one any favors by denying it: We need to end government control of education. We need a free market, in which educators are free to teach as they see fit and are held accountable by having to earn the business of paying customers.
The federal role in getting to this, thankfully, is simpler than what must be done at state levels, where constitutional authority over education actually exists. All that Washington has to do is obey the Constitution and get out of education. And yes, Rick and Andrew, that is what the Constitution requires.


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Friday, November 2, 2007
On the Street….Black & Black, Paris
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49 comments
The outfit on the right is very sleek, looks good with her thin figure. Love the tights and the heels. The woman on the right, her outfit is somewhat awkward with the short pants (I know it's a style, but it doesn't fit her body), and then the shoes don't exactly fit with the bottoms. The shape of the bottoms actually creates a weird shape on her body, unflattering in my opinion. I like her scarf, though.
Wow! Two totally different looks, yet the same meaning is conveyed using the colour black!
great combination , great scarf
The colour Black comes in so many colours as we can see. The stockings, the boots, the skirt – amazing!
I always love what everyone else hates…oh well.
LOVE the shoes on the left…and think it goes perfectly.
black is always black and it's always hot!
I think they both look great.
The woman on the right is a danish jeweler, her name is Jo Riis Hansen, and she makes very pretty jewelry, she has a brand, Line & Jo with another danish jeweler called Line Hallberg.
I love the look on the right, but the woman on the left is so beautiful!
OMG – I want the shoes on the left. Perfectly highlighted by the shorter trouser length and a slim ankle.
Both lovely. Those shoes on the left, though….I feel a serious covet coming on….
wow love love love the bow shoes! then again i seem to be somewhat biased towards anything with bows on.
I love how she wears H&M skirt so well. ( i have it too!)
Great example for mixing hi& Lo. without looking cheap. ( I assume the boots are pricy)
gimme gimme! me too, me too! Where can I get the shoes on the left??? PS. Sart – my first post – been a daily viewer ever since you shot one of my friends last Nov. I work in a fashionless suburb and LOVE this daily fashion fix!
I love it–this makes me want to start walking around in all black, which I never do. The woman on the right is so sleek, I want to copy her entire outfit. I wonder if the necklace is her own design?
The woman on the left–I would never wear the pants in that way, but I love that she is pulling it off. And yes, her shoes–!! So covetable.
They both have amazing attitudes, expressed both sartorially and in their body language.
They look sophisticated, playful, tough and edgy all at once. *sigh* my ideal!
Following a previous comment, I looked up the jewelry design company of the woman on the right.
Equisite work. I'm not much of jewelry person, but, I suddenly wish I were. Beautiful objects.
– desertwind
The taller woman has nice legs.She also looks younger than the woman on the left. I´m a bit bored with the big scarf,seen quite a few of them lately.It isn´t an easy piece to carry gracefully.
The bow shoes on the left are kickin'! I love the butch-femme contrasts between these two women. I'm not sure if it was intentional, but tho they are wearing essentially the same thing, it shows two entirely different ways of putting together something.
style style style. the woman on the right — she makes having style look so easy. great finds sart!
as for anonymous 329pm–what does age or looking younger than another have to do with style?
just to put facts straight: Jo Riis Hansen the very talented danish jeweler is the one on the LEFT, so she's the one with the scarf.
But whatever they both look great. I like how different they look even though they both do black. yeah the stockings detail look so cool and texture-ish – is that a word?
love the suicide bomber scarf.
Unbelievably cool jewellery !
(I checked their site:
Also there's a pic of both line and jo on the
'behind' page of that website. Both look stunning. I'll be darned if it's not the two women we see here, chez Sart!
But wow, what jewellery!
I like black!
Whenever I wear head-to-toe black I worry that it's all a bit too much. Yet these girls show that it can be done with great success. The girl on the left looks rather good in those jodphur-style pants
Quick, Maggie Alderson in today's Good Weekend Magazine (of the Sydney Morning Herald) posted a short article about the Sartorialist.
what's that shoes on the left?
gosh, so yummy
but that scarf. iuh,,so sick of it. people wear it nowadays like it's something you can get anywhere on the street.
The one on the left with the scarf ..OOO LALA…she is really expressing a style that I like …..she's got style…the kind that I like!
Great looks – Love the scarf, the bow shoes and the ankle boot. Both look very hot! The one to the right is shoe designer Cecilie Toklum and the other is Jo Riis-Hansen as mentioned in other comments.
just wondering – what is with that scarf? everyone in europe seems to have that exact same scarf, black and white and starts off like a checkerboard and changes into houndstooth. how and why did it become so popular? is it a knockoff of something that was on the runway?
I am not a fan of these all black looks and have submitted a lot of comments about them–some of which get posted and some do not. Most of them seem to be recent shots from Paris, so it's clearly a "thing" there right now.
But I was interested to see in last week's NYT's street fashion photos by Bill Cunningham all the beautiful color seen in Paris right now. He had many lovely examples. So it would be nice to see more variety here.
I have loved the photos from China. A breath of fresh air!
Oops, I made a little error, its the woman on the left, that is the jeweler, not the one the right… Sorry
love both outfits, simple but elegant
I've been digging all black lately. These ladies look perfect. I especially love the one on the right. Her hair goes perfect with her outfit.
A large houndstooth scarf would look much better than the keffiyah, which is cliche'.
that scarf and bow heels combo is heavenly! those pants, not so flattering on her body type…
Is there something in every Parisian's DNA which means that they just understand the colour black in a way that the rest of the word doesn't?
They just always wear it perfectly. Jolie is an example of this, her Mother's style genes were obviously dominant.
katie holmes meets plum sykes via Paris Vogue!
interesting but not distracting details and play on proportions.
simple, tasteful yet distinctive accessories.
i like her take on relaxed 'edgy' chic.
Lotta shoe coveting going in. But I'm thinking, it wouldn't be too hard to get some suede and rework the strap of one's mary-janes to get the same general effect.
*Half hour later – ooh – tres cute! Bows!
have you visited the little black dress shop in Palais Royal ? That s really cool ….
These ladies look perfect. I especially love the one on the right. Her hair goes perfect with her outfit and the shoes on the left…Where can I get the shoes???
The shoes is probably her own, she is a very talented shoe designer from Denmark, TOLUM
The knee socks over the (same-color) tights is great! I've been looking for a way to wear knee-socks without looking silly (being in my 30s), and this is it!
the one on the right is danish shoe designer cecilie toklum, she has her own shoe brand – toklum – so the shoes must be from her own. the one on the left is as mentioned danish jewelry designer jo riis hansen – she makes very very pretty stuff. great style – top points for both girls… : )
love it
Great shoes on the left, softens a 'hard' black outfit. but why the keffiyah? To wear one of these in Europe is to be one of two things: a supporter of the PLO or a behind the curve hipster. Personally I don't think an item of clothing with such powerful symbolism behind it should be donned casually. But perhaps this young lady is a political activist who is trying to convey her stance on the protracted problems in the Middle East? ;)
cool women!
Rather severe…needs the sparkle of statement-piece jewellery or the *pop* of red accents–anything to break it all up & add some interest.
Love the ankle-bow shoes,btw ;)
I have those shoes!! At least I think I do… I got them from "On Pedder" in Hong Kong… but I'm not 100% sure what the brand is.
Cecilie Toklum
Gorgeous shoes…
I love the look on the right, but the woman on the left is so beautiful! These ladies look perfect http://www.ritoot.com/blog/


text:
Arsenal title-winning star Freddie Ljungberg is in search of a new club after leaving Shimizu S-Pulse in Japan.
The former Gunners favourite had spent only six months with the J-League side before terminating his contract, making himself a free agent.
Arsene Wenger originally brought the Swede to the Premier League, but his representative claimed Ljungberg turned down moves back to England in the transfer window.
"It was not the right English clubs. French and Scandinavian clubs also showed interest," Walid Bouzid told talkSPORT.
"He wants to play in a club battling for league titles, but he also wants his final project to give him a chance to give something back to society."
The 34-year-old made his name in north London with Arsenal, where he won two league titles and three FA Cup titles under Wenger.
He was a cult figure for Arsenal fans at Highbury and was known for his late runs into the box and exceptional finishing ability.
After leaving the Gunners in 2007 he joined West Ham United and his career then took in places such as Seattle Sounders in the MLS and Celtic in the SPL.
Ljungberg represented Sweden on 75 occasions and even captained them for some of his latter days with them.


text:
May 14, 2007
By JOHN FLOWERS
MONTPELIER — The state's General Assembly last week overwhelmingly supported a bill that directs the Vermont Milk Commission to establish a minimum milk price that would relieve farmers from the costs of having their product hauled to processing facilities.
The bill, if signed into law, could result in savings of $7 million per year to Addison County farmers alone, according to Sen. Harold Giard, D-Bridport, the chief architect of bill S.78.
"This is such a monumental piece of legislation," Giard, a member of the Senate Agriculture Committee, said on Tuesday. "This is $7 million that will stay in Addison County. This is jobs on Main Street."
Approximately 60 cents per hundredweight of milk is currently deducted from farmers' milk checks to cover the expense of hauling their product to processors. Farmers pay another $6 to $8 every time a hauling truck stops for a load of milk, according to Giard.
May 14, 2007
By ANDY KIRKALDY
VERGENNES — After years of waiting for new zoning laws to be adopted, the owners of a large vacant parcel on West Main Street are now ready to sell their property to developers who are seeking approval to build 54 single-family homes on the land in a planned residential development (PRD).
Farmers Marcel and Paul Bourgeois have an agreement to sell their parcel, which also fronts on Otter Creek and Hopkins Road, to Rivers Edge Associates LLC for an undisclosed sum. The parties to the deal said some contingencies remain.
Rivers Edge, which has as its principals Peter Kahn of Charlotte and Alan Bartlett of Colchester, has held a series of meetings with the Vergennes Development Review Board (DRB) in recent months to iron out details of the final application for a project they have dubbed "Claybrook."
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Required Data Entry Projects for Office in Yelahanka Call GB Infotec 9900001638 www.gbinfotec.com
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1. Project Details
Author or Responsible Organization
MARTINA PILÁTOVÁ, Biosphere Reserve Pol'ana, Hurbanova 20, SK-960 01 Zvolen, SLOVAKIA, phone: 00421 45 5333657, fax: 00421 45 5334834, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Project Title
Biodiversity Protection and its Practical Realization Including Agricultural Areas in the Protected Landscape Area - Biosphere Reserve Pol'ana
Date of Publication
Project Status
Project Start Date
Project End Date
Central and Eastern Europe
Funding Source
2. Background to Project
Project Issue/Problem Statement
The Poľana Mountain is one of the greatest former volcanoes in Europe and it is the highest volcanic mountain range in Slovakia. The area was developed in four periods of volcanic activity 13 – 15 million years ago. Since 1981 it has been a Protected Landscape Area. In 1990, Poľana was declared as a Biosphere Reserve. The Poľana Biosphere Reserve comprises an area of 203.6 km2. Agricultural land presents 15%, forest occurs on 84% of the area and 1% are buildings and water areas. The whole area is assigned to the European network of protected areas, Natura 2000.
Project Description
In the period 1996 – 1999, the Poľana grasslands were analyzed and evaluated by the agricultural project "Biodiversity protection in the Protected Landscape Area – Biosphere Reserve Poľana and management of its grasslands" in cooperation with IUCN - The World Conservation Union. The final result of the IUCN project is the proposal for a strategy for the sustainable development of grassland agriculture, which is based on the integration of nature conservation with the agricultural use of these grasslands considering the results of the work of botanists and zoologists. Thus, this strategy takes into account the floristic composition of the grasslands, the nesting conditions for bird species and the migration of animal populations, and it aims for the application of natural management systems which do not require high energy inputs. Originally, the Poľana Mountain was covered by forests. After the arrival of the first settlers, the forests were cut down and the colonized land was used for agricultural purposes. Mountain meadows were regularly cleared, no fertilizers were used. Grasslands were regularly mowed, once or twice a year, and then grazed by cattle or sheep. The land was necessary for making a living, so people honoured it and had a highly positive connection to the land. In the 1950s, the agricultural production in Slovakia was collectivized. This process was connected with the creation of big agricultural cooperatives, who became owners and managers of all agricultural land. Agricultural cooperatives were focused on intensive agriculture. In the following time, parts of the meadows were converted into pastures. Step by step, old and approved practices of traditional farming disappeared and the number and diversity of livestock decreased. The extent of agricultural land was reduced, which was accompanied by a decreasing quality of the land. It was apparent that this trend had to be stopped. With state assistance, re-cultivations were carried out with the aim to increase the quality of the meadows and to intensify their utilization. However, agricultural cooperatives were motivated by economic incomes only. Therefore, less suitable grasslands were insufficiently used and thus degraded through the encroachment of trees, bushes, and less valuable plants. After 1990, further changes affected the agricultural system. They were characterised by a decline of the agricultural production and by the abandonment of agricultural lands, even previously re-cultivated ones. Agricultural cooperatives were broken up and agricultural lands were returned to the original owners. Therefore, the overgrowing of unused and abandoned grasslands is the most important problem on the Poľana Mountain nowadays. It takes only 10 – 30 years until unused meadows or pastures are totally overgrown. Today, 30.5% of the grasslands in the Poľana Biosphere Reserve are overgrown and influenced by the succession process.Proposal of a Sustainable Development Strategy for the Poľana Biosphere Reserve The proposal recommends technological parameters and procedures for the use of grasslands in the particular areas. Sustainable development of meadow and pasture communities 1) Preservation of specific wetland and spring communities requires: • protection against trampling by grazing animals through fencing by locally available wooden material; • mowing by light machinery in one or two-year intervals, during time of the soil drying (August), seeding and drying of copse and use of hay as litter in livestock stables; • informing herdsmen about the marked gene pool areas, which should be protected against devastation. 2) The first mowing of the alluvial meadows should be shifted to the time of decreasing underground water levels and increased mechanical carrying capacity of the soil. The second cut should be done no later than six weeks after the first one. Alternative autumn grazing is possible in case of dry weather. Hurdling is not recommended. 3) The following management is appropriate for mesophilous meadows to preserve both their productivity and biodiversity: • hurdling in intervals of 6 – 7 years; in early spring and summer the hurdled areas are mowed and the grass is used as a green fodder; careful grazing under dry conditions; • in the following spring, mowing of the sward in the phase of the appearance of the dominant grasses and, if possible, second cut 5 – 6 weeks after the first one; • additional careful autumn grazing of aftermath; • in the second till fifth year after hurdling: first mowing in the phase of full earing till the beginning of flowering; aftermath grazing in two grazing cycles; • one to two years before new hurdling: shift mowing to seed production time (in order to use the hay for game feeding) and graze aftermath in autumn; • preservation of nutrient-poorer wildflower meadows by selecting the most typical sites, in which hurdling will not be used, and fertilize some of them periodically with manure from permanent pens. 4) It is recommended to manage the prevailing grassland communities in the area the following way: • enlarge the harvested areas in all parts that are accessible for machinery by thinning thick swards and collecting the rocks; • include the prepared harvested parts of the fields into the cycle of regular hurdling – use similar management as for meadows with the difference that they will be mowed just once and grazed in summer and in the autumn; • one to two years after hurdling, the mowing should be done in the phase of earing of the dominant grass species and clovers, summer and autumn aftermath will be grazed; • in the following years, mowing can be postponed to the phase of flowering without a significant loss in quality;the last year before hurdling, at least one part of the swards should be left to over-ripen, the low quality hay should be used for game mangers and the aftermath left for wild animals; • in areas inaccessible to machinery, but suitable for hurdling, the sufficiency of nutrients should be utilized for repeated grazing, which will be started at the beginning of the grazing season (the same management can be applied in the second year after hurdling). 5) It is recommended to manage the degraded areas with high grown grass species (such as Brachypodium pinnatum, Calamagrostis epigeios, C arundinacea and Deschampsia caespitosa), which are less valuable from the fodder production point of view, in the following way: • on the places, where at least light machinery can be used, the swards should be cut in the phase of earing, using the lowest stubble height - a higher effect can be expected when using rotation mowers – swath should be removed from the area and used as litter; • graze the aftermath by herds of goats or horses; • the above process should be repeated at least three to four years (according to current experience, however, it is very hard to remove the swath). 6) After excessive hurdling, nitrophilous and ruderal communities are very persistent and their change into valuable, more diverse grass phytocoenoses is lengthy. The following precautions will help: • mowing swards before flowering of the ruderal species, if possible twice a year; • intensive grazing of aftermath to utilize the effect of heavy trampling, which is not in favour of ruderal species; • to exclude regular hurdling and to replace it by keeping livestock at one place – in a permanent pen, where a special layer, not allowing leakages, should be created on a fenced area (from plastic foil, asphalt) and the outflow of liquid waste into a waterproof cesspool should be safeguarded; • each year, a low quality hay-stack is prepared for each pen, which is used as a bedding throughout the following year; in this way the manure is produced, which can be used for autumn manuring of non-eutrophised swards – the effect is lower but the swards are more diverse; • the change can be speeded up through the liquidation of the growth by herbicides and by a subsequent direct drilling of clover-grass mixture; • the synanthropic species Cirsium vulgare and Urtica dioica are also found on heaps of stones and soil after reclamation; to get rid of these growths is only possible by patient mowing by hand. Sustainable Development of Fauna Communities Apart from interventions in swards, the following other biodiversity measures are important: 1) For insect feeding on pollen, nectar and seeds, grassland enclaves in the forests are important as well as ungrazed remnants in pastures, especially sheep pastures (due to higher selectivity of sheep), also aftermath with the occurrence of richly flowering leguminous plants and some other herb species as well as ungrazed steeper parts of pastures. 2) Preventing hurdling in poor parts of pastures with low vegetation for protection of the habitats of epigeic insects. 3) Gradual mowing of grassland and alternate grazing of the fields can provide enough food for insectivorous birds, and also possibilities of retreat for birds that are nesting on the ground. 4) Left-over shrub and tree growths and tree solitaires can provide a good nesting or feeding habitat for specific fauna species, e.g. birds and vertebrates. 5) Heaps and little walls, heaps of stones and soil from reclamation but also from the clearing of new areas provide good refuges for several groups of animals. 6) It is recommended to preserve existing hay-sheds and to build new ones and huts from the existing wooden materials to provide alternate hurdling in the individual pasture units – these huts do not only improve the scenic beauty of the territory but provide conditions for nesting of birds and serve as refuges for other groups of animals. 7) Sites with the occurrence of specific rare animal species can be protected by fencing and by means of ecological management of these areas.
3. Sectors and Biomes
Agricultural Biodiversity
4. Tools and Approaches
Tools and Approaches
Governance, Law and Policy
Management and Incentives
Protected Areas and Land Use Policy
5. Issues
Governance, Law and Policy
Protected Areas / In-Situ Conservation
Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
6. Ecosystem Approach
7. Lessons Learned and the Outcomes
Lessons Learned
The IUCN project offers basic measures to reach both, sustainable development of agricultural use and biodiversity conservation. It should serve as the base for other agricultural projects in the area and for the practical cultivation of agricultural land as well as for the protection of nature values. However, first there must be resolved some actual human problems such as: • Lack of private farmers in the Poľana Mountain region. Agricultural cooperatives still dominate. • The willingness of the local people to live in the area and to work on the land is affected by an uncertain and limited market demand for animal products. • Traditional agricultural products do not meet new requirements and norms of the EU. • State subsidies are insufficient. • The complicated land ownership restrains decision-making on ways of grassland utilization. • Economic and social limitations, resulting in a lack of motivation for involved people.
Other Information
8. References
This case study and further information can be found in Opportunities of EU Agricultural Policy Instruments for Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Rural Development in Protected Areas of the New Member States, Report of the workshop convened by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation at the International Academy for Nature Conservation, Isle of Vilm October 27 - 30, 2004. Editors: Horst Korn, Rainer Schliep Cordula Epple http://www.bfn.de/09/skript153.pdf
9. Contact Details
Contact Person
Ms. Diana Mortimer
Job Title
Ecosystem Approach Officer
Joint Nature Conservation Committee
Monkstone House, City Road,
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+44 1733 866857
+44 1733 555948
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