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Civil Procedure: Cases and Problems
Aspen Publishers, 2009 - Law - 1287 pages
Offering a clear and straightforward presentation of content, excellent case selection, and over 200 class-tested problems, Civil Procedure: Cases and Problems, Third Edition, is a book that teaches. Ides and May encourage students to apply the rules of procedure through problems, to develop their skills of doctrinal analysis through lightly edited cases, and to view the complex relationship between procedure and litigation both chronologically and in context. A fresh approach to teaching, Civil Procedure: Cases and Problems, features: clear introductions to concepts and rules; background information and context where appropriate; a chronological organization, beginning with the filing of the suit, through appeals and the effect of judgment; accessible presentation of the rules, beginning with rules-based material and gradually proceeding to more complex rules in the context of litigation; an informative overview of civil procedure in the first chapter that orients students in the course content; a hypothetical case in the first chapter that illustrates and exemplifies each of the major topics of civil procedure; free-standing chapters that may be read or referenced out of order; more than 230 up-to-date problems, interspersed throughout the text; lightly edited cases that develop first-year students' skills of doctrinal analysis; an integrated treatment of alternative dispute resolution and Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. There is also a revised and updated Teacher's Manual that includes: sample syllabi, guidance for presenting casebook content, analysis of the cases, answers to the problems, advice for handling difficult topics, and diagrams updated throughout. The revised Third Edition provides: integration of the Restyled Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; discussion of high-tech procedural developments, such as personal jurisdiction and the Internet, e-filing, email service of process, and e-discovery; major Supreme Court decisions, such as Bell Atlantic v. Twombly (pleading and Rule 12(b)(6), Taylor v. Sturgell (virtual representation), and Republic of Panama v. Pimentel (Rule 19); recent developments under the Class Action Fairness Act and class arbitrations; challenging review problems at the end of each chapter. No longer do you need to spend all of your class time explaining basic concepts. Here is a great teaching casebook that allows you to focus on the aspects of teaching that you most enjoy - like hypothetical scenarios, important cases, and discussing issues and topics of interest to you.
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Litigation and Its Alternatives
A Hypothetical Case
State and Federal Court Caseloads
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Common terms and phrases
alleged Amendment amount in controversy apply arbitration arising assert attorney California cause of action Circuit citizen Civil Procedure claim class action common law complaint Congress constitutional corporation counterclaim Court of Appeals damages decision defendant defendant's denied determine discovery dispute diversity jurisdiction doctrine Due Process Clause Erie exercise fact federal court federal district court federal law Federal Practice Federal Rules filed Florida forum non conveniens FRCP Helicol Illinois interest interpleader involved issue joinder judge judgment judicial jury Justice lawsuit liability litigation long-arm statute minimum contacts motion to dismiss NOTES AND QUESTIONS notice opinion parties personal jurisdiction petitioner plaintiff pleading privilege proceedings provides purposeful availment pursuant reasonable relevant remand resident Rules of Civil satisfy seeking service of process standard statute of limitations statutory subject matter jurisdiction substantial sued suit Supp supplemental jurisdiction supra Supreme Court Texas trial court venue York


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Congress faces transportation slog
Transportation nerds need not worry about getting bored.
The 112th Congress may have reworked aviation law and handed the country a two-year surface transportation fix. But the 113th will face an even thicker slog of transportation priorities, funding fights and infrastructure reforms.
Story Continued Below
Lawmakers will tackle a long-delayed water resources bill, navigate rail issues ignored last session and consider another attempt to privatize the oft-maligned Amtrak. Congress will also jump back into a new transportation bill, resurrecting the question of how to pay for surface transportation priorities.
"These choices of how to finance and how much revenue to generate are in turn intertwined with questions of what to finance and what the federal role in transportation investment should be," industry watchers Patton Boggs wrote in its 113th Congress forecast.
Both the House and the Senate have promised to prioritize water infrastructure, namely the Water Resources Development Act. The authorization bill is supposed to pass every two years but last made it through in 2007 over the veto of President George W. Bush. It deals with navigation, flood management and Army Corps projects.
Hurricane Sandy has helped reroute attention to water infrastructure needs and may propel the legislation forward. Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.), chair of the Environment and Public Works Committee , told POLITICO that it will be the committee's first piece of legislation. Boxer, who has circulated a draft bill, said she and incoming ranking member David Vitter (R-La.) hope to push it through the panel during the next session's first 30 days.
Vitter, who has had it out for the Army Corps since Hurricane Katrina, is keen to embed reforms that accelerate the project process and erase a backlog stretching decades.
Boxer said she's spoken to incoming House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Chairman Bill Shuster about passing WRDA quickly and "they very much want to do that as well."
Top House Transportation Democrat Nick Rahall of West Virginia said he expects that committee to push the bill first, saying it is "vitally needed."
Writing it is another thing. The bill used to entail a list of specific projects selected by lawmakers, something now prohibited under Congress's earmark ban. Boxer argues the moratorium thwarts the WRDA process and hands over power to the administration. But she maintains the committee will craft legislation based on standards rather than requests.
The House will prove even tougher.
"It's going to be interesting to watch how our conference writes our rules and does the final rules for the House," incoming House Republican Policy Committee Chairman James Lankford (R-Okla.) said in an interview. "How do you do a WRDA bill without calling one of those things an earmark? Everything's in a district."
Outgoing House Transportation Committee Chairman John Mica told POLITICO that Shuster "won't face the same challenges" that he did with long-stalled aviation and surface bills.
He'll have others.

subset: commoncrawl


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Violent Torpedo of Truth
Starring: Charlie Sheen
Costarring: The Goddesses
Charlie Sheen brought his Violent Torpedo of Truth to Everett, WA, USA last week on May 3, 2011. The show uses an unstructured format, so very little was known beforehand about what to expect. Basically, it was just Charlie Sheen doing whatever he felt like. Of course, it was filled with lots of Charlie Sheen sayings like "Winning" and "Warlock" and "Adonis DNA" and "Tiger's blood". There were funny parts as well as lots of not-so-funny parts.
In all truth, it was like watching 90 minutes of Charlie Sheen's recent news and sound clips. Apparently, whatever mystic knowledge Charlie possesses has already been summarized on TMZ, Entertainment Tonight, and all those other TV shows I don't watch. It was no Two and a Half Men, that's for sure. In fact, a would have enjoyed a special concert by Charlie Waffles* with a bunch of little kids wearing their big boy britches for the first time.
By all accounts, the most interesting part was the giant screen above the stage. They would scan the audience from time to time and there were a couple of women who would flash their healthy tops and start making out whenever they were on camera. Many of the people there agreed that the hot lesbian action in the crowd was the best part. Charlie also got a nice round of cheers for his Seattle Mariners (major league baseball) jersey with the number 99 and name Vaughn on the back.
When the shows were first announced, we heard about venues selling out. We got tickets in the upper section of the arena in Everett fully expecting a full house. When show day rolled around, they were far from a sell-out. Ticket sales were so poor that they shut down the upper section and everyone with tickets up there had to wait in line to get new tickets for the bottom bowl. Yippee, free upgrade!! Even with the smaller arena, it wasn't a sellout though from what I read online, a lot of tickets that were purchased never showed up. The best part of it is that a lot of the professional ticket scalping companies lost a bundle of money by scooping up handfulls of tickets that nobody would buy.
The attendees were polarized in their opinions on how the show was. They either hated it or loved it. It seemed to depend heavily on your opinion of Charlie Sheen going into the event. If you went to see a train wreck, that's what you were given. If you went to see your favorite megalomaniac espouse his own version of wisdom, you got it. Everyone I was with hated it, and one of the people in my group even fell asleep during the show.
All-in-all, not worth the money unless you really, REALLY like Charlie Sheen.
[Event] Charlie Sheen Live: Violent Torpedo of Truth
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After ordering books for February at mid-January I learned of some other great books that will be available in February, thats why you get another page.
Books I have on order:
- Geosynchron by David Lois Edelman
- Captain Flandry by Poul Anderson
- Pleasure Model by Christopher Rowly
- Live Free or Die by John Ringo
Other books of interest:
- The Complete Hammer's Slammers by David Drake
- Sos the Rope by Piers Anthony
- Search for the Star Stones by Andre Norton
- Steal Across the Sky by Nancy Kress
- Steppe by Piers Anthony
Science Fiction Classics published by Orionbooks UK.I had to add those I remember with fondness from my youth.
- Gateway by Frederik Pohl
- Cities in Flight by James Blish
- Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep by Philip K. Dick
- Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany


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VAN WYCK – Welcoming cheers and words of thanks greeted Van Wyck native and two-time Olympic medalist Shawn Crawford when he returned during the Celebrate Van Wyck festival Saturday to sign autographs and greet friends.
The Lancaster County Courthouse burned down, and now residents' taxes are going up.
Evangelist Patience Alexander Wood is "crying out" for Lancaster County to unite in prayer.Cry Out America is a nationally-organized event for every state and county to gather for a spiritual awakening in local communities.Wood is the 2008 Lancaster County coordinator for the hour-long program, which is noon Thursday at Lancaster City Hall."The purpose of this event is to call people back to prayer," Wood said.
Jesef Williams
Two men will vie for the City Council seat vacated last month by Preston Blackmon's death.
Blackmon, who was 82, had served as the District 1 councilman for 31 years.
His son, Racarda Blackmon, and Kenneth Hood are running for the seat.
Because of Blackmon's death, a special District 1 filing period started Aug. 22 and ended Thursday.
The winner will serve the remainder of Blackmon's term, which has about two years left.
Jenny Hartley
It's a bumpy ride on Meeting Street through the city of Lancaster right now.
Boggs Paving of Monroe is resurfacing the street as part of a state-funded highway project through the S.C. Department of Transportation.
The old pavement has been milled down, creating a rough road, said Marty Cauthen, streets and sanitation director for the city of Lancaster.
"It rides rough, especially if you're on a motorcycle," Cauthen said.
Chris McGinn
For The Lancaster News
Despite moving an entire school's worth of students out of the building in January, Indian Land Elementary School remains above capacity, with 1,085 students as of Aug. 26, with more enrolling daily.
Each of Indian Land's schools increased in enrollment this month, with students moving in from nearby school districts and distant states, such as North Dakota and New York.
Indoor walking trails for adults and a host of sporting events for children are now available in the Buford area.
With the opening of the new Buford recreation center in August, there are now four centers to serve residents in Lancaster County's four main areas.
The Buford center, located on Hurley Walters Road, has two gymnasiums, two rooms for programs and a meeting room. There are two youth baseball fields, two adult softball fields and two soccer fields.
The open house was held last month.
A 2-year-old boy was hit by a sport utility vehicle in the Wal-Mart parking lot Friday night.
Lancaster police say Dana Michelle Sullivan, 26, of Kershaw, hit the boy about 7 p.m. while driving her 2006 Honda Pilot down one of the aisles in front of the supercenter.
The boy was with his grandfather, James Lee Johnson of Lancaster. The two were putting away a shopping cart when the boy got away and darted across an aisle toward their vehicle, said Lancaster Police Department Sgt. Brian Small.
County Council will vote Monday to increase taxes due to a "catastrophic event."
Council approved first reading of an ordinance to raise taxes to add .2 of a mill for University of South Carolina at Lancaster and the Kershaw campus of York Technical College at its last meeting.
The ordinance also includes raising taxes beyond a 3.5 millage rate limitation due to a "catastrophic event" – the fire that heavily damaged the Lancaster County Courthouse on Aug. 4.
Recently, and, it appears, belatedly, the Kershaw Historical Society and other preservation-minded community members mounted an effort to convince municipal authorities to reconsider making the former Bank of Kershaw building into the new town hall.
While we appreciate that two years of study and planning have gone into this project and that the mayor, town administrator and council members may have become tired of delays and are now eager for real construction to begin, we asked them to pause long enough to deliberate on what might be best for Kershaw.
Copyright © 2019
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


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= LISP Programming =
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With growing popularity of LISP, many dialects were developed and were being used by LISP users by 1980's. The LISP community started a consolidation effort to design the Common Lisp dialect, which became the standard and commercial version of LISP.
With growing popularity of LISP, many dialects were developed and were being used by LISP users by 1980's. The LISP community started a consolidation effort to design the Common Lisp dialect, which became the standard and commercial version of LISP.
====LISP, the first Functional Language====
====LISP, the first Functional Language====
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(- 5 4 3 2 1) returns (-5)
(- 5 4 3 2 1) returns (-5)
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1. Paul Hudak, "The Conception, Evolution, and Application of Functional Programming Languages", Yale University, Department of Computer Science, March 1989, Retrieved from www.dbnet.ece.ntua.gr/~adamo/languages/books/p359-hudak.pdf
1. Paul Hudak, "The Conception, Evolution, and Application of Functional Programming Languages", Yale University, Department of Computer Science, March 1989, Retrieved from www.dbnet.ece.ntua.gr/~adamo/languages/books/p359-hudak.pdf
[[#top|Top of Page]] - [[Mimir:Draft4 Chapter3| Prev Chapter]] - [[Mimir:Draft4 Chapter5| Next Chapter]]
[[#top|Top of Page]] - [[Mimir:Draft4 Chapter3| Prev Chapter]] - [[Mimir:Draft4 Chapter5| Next Chapter]]
Latest revision as of 13:20, 12 May 2017
Chapter 4: Functional Programming
"Lisp is worth learning for the profound enlightenment experience you will have when you finally get it; that experience will make you a better programmer for the rest of your days, even if you never actually use Lisp itself a lot." - Eric Raymond
In this chapter you will learn:
- Functional Programming Concepts
- LISP Programming Language
Functional programming is one of several paradigms that has been defined in the different categorical classifications of programming languages. Functional Programming is commonly described as a paradigm that is similar to the evaluation of functions or similar to mathematical notation. Functional Programming does not use state changes of variables during execution. Many other paradigms are extensions to imperative programming such as procedural, object and even graphical languages. Functional Programming is unique where it is not a series of statements that form a program but a set of functions that turn into a series of evaluations that create the program.
Functional languages were the result of studies of formalizing notation of computation before modern computers had even been developed. The root of this work is by Alonzo Church and is known as lamda calculus. The calculus involved is the formal notation of how functions behave. [1] The use of functional languages is more accepted in academic institutions than in general programming use and is an example of an alternate to the more common program paradigms. Functional languages do provide a method to quickly prototype problems. For many years the functional language LISP was used in the study of AI.
The first actual imperative (FORTRAN) and functional (LISP) languages to run on actual computers were both implemented in the 1950's. As functional languages like LISP progressed some of the features similar to imperative programming have evolved into the language. This can be considered a split between functional and imperative languages. Imperative has been the mainstream choice of programming. Procedural and Object Oriented languages would develop from the imperative paradigm.
Mathematical Programming Language
Functional languages are generally very concise and bounded by parenthesis, similar to an algebraic formula. Each set of parenthesis is a function that will return a value into the function it is part of. The functional programming paradigm has roots in mathematical studies of computing and uses formatting similar to the formal descriptions of functions. An example using a simple algebraic formula x = a + b translated into functional language using LISP would result in (+ 2 3) where a, b are represented by 2, 3 and the return of x is 5. In this example, and other examples, LISP uses prefix notation versus traditional infix notation. The translation of the simple addition example into a more formal function and then to LISP.
x = a + b f(x) = a + b f(a + b) (+ a b) where a,b are replaced by valid types >(+ 2 3) >5
An important concept to expand the capability of a functional language is the values in a function can be functions or even functions of functions. LISP also supports lists as input which will not be detailed here but can be seen in the programming section below. The use of a function as a value in another function is known as composite functions.
x = a + (b - c) f(x) = a + g(y) where g(y) = b - c f(a + (b - c)) where a,b,c are replaced by valid types >(+ 2 (- 3 4)) >1
To use a function on the return of the same function a function needs to be defined in the example using LISP. The function can then operate on a result it returns. In the example below 2 will be squared returning 4 to square(x) and then return 16.
f(f(x)) In LISP if the following function is defined: (defun square(x) (* x x)) >(square (square 2)) >16
A composite function can also be created.
f(x) = x * 3 g(x) = x - 1 g(f(x)) = ( f(x) - 1 ) If x is 2 the composite function in LISP would be: >( - ( * 2 3 ) 1 ) >5
In LISP functions that are defined may use a single input or multiple inputs and can be represented as a function with multiple inputs.
f(x,y) = (x * x) + y In LISP if the following function is defined: (defun func(x y) (+ (* x x) y)) >(func 2 1) >5
Difference From Imperative Languages
One major advantage of the simplest concepts of an imperative language over functional is the visible flow of the instructions in the code. Disregarding the states of variables and the program is the concept of a "recipe" which can be seen in the code to understand the solution of the problem. Functional programming, especially in its purest form, does not allow iteration, and therefore results in the use of recursion. Defined functions cannot do multiple actions except with conditionals, which can be limited. The programming technique of functional programming requires all functions or evaluations to return into another layer of evaluations. An imperative language can make a list in order of execution to be performed whereas functional programming requires layers of nesting by parenthesis to order evaluation. An analogy is that an imperative program will operate like reading down a list of statements (like a recipe) where as a functional program will become an algebraic formula representing the program. The imperative flow will operate on and change data and the functional program will only use data as input and then return a result calculated from that data.
First Class Functions
Functional languages have functions that are known as first class functions. The concept of a first class function is that for the same input to the function, it will return the same result every time it is called. In imperative programs and its derivatives, this is not always the case since stored data that could be used when a function is called may have changed. That is because imperative data is global, while functional programming data is not.
Recursion is possible in functional languages and this is often the method used for iteration. Early functional languages did not include the typical iteration and looping statements seen in many of the imperative program languages at the time. The example below can be seen using LISP to calculate a factorial given an input value.
( defun fact (n) ( cond ( (equal n 0) 1 ) (T ( * n (fact (- n 1)) ) ) ) )
A Partial Functional Language List
Some common functional languages are:
- LISP: First functional language. Started as purely functional language, but soon acquired some important imperative features that increased its execution efficiency.
- ML: A strongly typed functional language with more conventional syntax than LISP.
- HASKELL: Haskell is partially based on ML but is a purely functional language.
- APL: An early functional language developed in 1960. One unique feature is the symbols used in the language.
- R: An an open source programming language for statistics. It is considered a functional language and is a common language in use today for data analysis.
LISP Programming
LISP is an acronym for "LISt Processing language" - so named because the list is one of the primary data structures in the language. Symbolic AI regards symbolic lists as being a key part of the way intelligent beings and systems actually store and manipulate information.
Lisp was invented by Artificial Intelligence (AI) pioneer John Mc Carthy in the late 1950s. McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I" (interesting that "Part II" was never published). [2] LISP was intended as a mathematical formalism for reasoning about the use of recursion equations as a model for computation. Of the computer languages that are still in widespread use today, only Fortran is older.
The Lisp family of languages has evolved with the field of computer science, both by putting the best ideas from the field into practical use, and by contributing many such ideas. The association of Lisp with research, however, has not always been beneficial. Lisp has always been among the main tools of AI since the beginning. When the commercial AI market failed to deliver on its promises, Lisp was blamed as a scapegoat. In the late 1980s, many companies abandoned Lisp in favor of other languages, starting the so called "AI winter". Although Lisp survived the crisis, some of the resulting prejudice and lack of information is still present in the computing field.
With growing popularity of LISP, many dialects were developed and were being used by LISP users by 1980's. The LISP community started a consolidation effort to design the Common Lisp dialect, which became the standard and commercial version of LISP.
Lisp in Artificial Intelligence
Lisp WAS used in AI until the end of the 1980s. In the 80s, though, Common Lisp was oversold to the business world as the "AI language"; the backlash forced most AI programmers to C++ for a few years.
1.Lisp is an excellent prototyping tool. It was the best for a very long time. Lisp is still great at tackling a problem you don't know how to solve yet. That description characterises AI perfectly.
2.Lisp supports symbolic programming well. Old AI was also symbolic. It was also unique in this regard for a long time.
3.Lisp is very powerful. The code/data distinction is weaker so it feels more extensible than other languages because your functions and macros look like the built-in stuff.
LISP, the first Functional Language
The oldest and most widely used functional language is Lisp.The functional programming paradigm, which is based on mathematical functions, is the design basis for one of the most important non-imperative styles of languages. This style of programming is supported by functional, or applicative, programming languages. Lisp began as a purely functional language, but it soon acquired some important imperative features that increased its execution efficiency. COMMON Lisp is an amalgam of several early 1980's dialects of Lisp
LISP data types and objects
LISP has two categories of data objects:
An atom is a word or a number or the pair of parentheses "()" which we will call "NIL". So, by that description, all of the following are atoms:
hello () car axe 0 stephen 12345
In fact, there are a few more things that we can use as atoms also. The rules for creating atoms are, to be exact, as follows.
- An atom can be any number the computer understands. This is called a numeric atom. These are integers like: 145, -15, 0, etc., or floating point numbers (ones with fractional parts) like: 1.4, -56.3, etc.
- A non-numeric atom can be any name made up of letters and/or numbers. There is no limit on the length of this. The only restriction is that the first character must be a letter, not a number. This is called an alphanumeric atom.
- The form of NIL "()" can be an atom.
- Alphanumeric atoms can have some funny characters in them [such as "*" and "+"] but special Lisp characters cannot be used in atom names. This should be clear by now. The characters "(", ")", and "'", would simply confuse Lisp if you tried to use them in atom names. In general, we avoid using anything other than the letters "A" through "Z" and the numbers "0" through "9" in atom names.
- Indivisible things like 27, 3.14 and + which have obvious meaning, as well as things like Foo and B27 that are called atoms.
- Atoms like 27 and 3.14 are called numeric atoms and atoms like Foo and B27 are called symbolic atoms.
A list consist of a left parenthesis, followed by zero or more atoms or lists, followed by a right parenthesis.
When working with numbers, like 2 and 3, Lisp makes it easy to work with a group of several items, called a list. To specify a list of items you enclose the items in brackets. For example, the list of two-digit squares is:
(16 25 36 49 64 81)
A list containing no items is called the empty list. You can write it as:
but it is also called nil.
In fact we can ask the Lisp to evaluate a list:
(+ 2 3 4)
This was a list of four items: the symbol +, and the numbers 2, 3, and 4. When Lisp evaluates a list it treats the first item as the name of a procedure, and the remaining items as the arguments to the expression.
The output is ,
This illustrates one of the remarkable features of Lisp - Lisp programs and Lisp data are both expressed in the same way, as lists.
LISP Interpreter and the Polish notation
(function_name argument1 argument2 ... argument)
(+ 2 2) -> returns 4
(+ 2 4 6 8 10) -> returns 30
Common Functions
Assignment Set (remind readers to quote arguments with ' to prevent evaluation)
The set function takes two arguments and sets the symbol of the second to the symbol of the first argument. The second argument could be a list of Atoms and the whole list will be set to the symbol of the first argument. This is much like setting and initializing variables in other programming languages (int c = 2;). Both arguments need to be single quoted so that the first argument is not evaluated as a function. The setq function can be used and the single quote for the first argument can be dropped because the q on the end of set signifies quote.
Examples: (set 'k '(a b c d e)) (setq k '(a b c d e)) (print k) returns (a b c d e)
Math functions: +, -, *, /
The grammatical structure that is used to perform mathematical computations in Lisp is a bit different then in a normal mathematics problem. In a mathematical problem we say "2 plus 4". In Lisp we call the math operation first then the two arguments, so the problem is stated "Add(+) 2 and 4, Subtract(-) 2 from 4, Multiply(*) 2 and 4, or Divide(/) 2 by 4".
Example: Mathematically: 2 + 4 = 6, 2 - 4 = 2, 2 * 4 = 8, 2 / 4 = ½ Lisp: (+ 2 4) returns (6) (- 2 4) returns (2) (* 2 4) returns (8) (/ 2 4) returns (½)
After the first operation argument there can be one or many arguments that will be evaluated from left to right. When adding or multiplying the order of the second through last arguments doesn't matter, but be aware that, just like in mathematics, with subtraction and division the order the arguments are arranged in matters.
Examples: (+ 1 2 3 4 5) returns (15) (- 1 2 3 4 5) returns (-13) whereas (- 5 4 3 2 1) returns (-5)
The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by LISP. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then: Examples
|Adds two operands
|(+AB) will give 30
|Subtracts second operand from the first
|(- A B) will give -10
|Multiplies both operands
|(* A B) will give 200
|Divides numerator by de-numerator
|(/ B A) will give 2
|Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division
|(mod B A )will give 0
|Increments operator increases integer value by the second argument specified
|(incf A 3) will give 13
|Decrements operator decreases integer value by the second argument specified
|(decf A 4) will give 9
List functions: list, cons, append, car, cdr
- Cons : Cons takes an expression and a list and returns a new list whose first element is the expression and whose remaining elements are those of the old list:
- Append : Combines the elements of all lists supplied as arguments.
- List : List does not run things together like APPEND does.Instead,it makes a list out of its arguments. Each argument becomes an element of the new list.
Defining functions: defun
The defun function is used for programming defined functions.
(defun <function name> (<arg1> . . . <argn>) ( <function body> ) )
Conditional Functions: cond, null
- Cond - This function is like the IF statement in other languages and can take the form of an if-else-if statement. When Cond is called the first conditional statement will be evaluated and if true then the next part will be evaluated and so on to the last Atom which then becomes the returned value. If the first conditional statement is false the second conditional statement will be evaluated and so on until a conditional statement tests true. In the last conditional statement a T can be used to force TRUE condition and have a value returned.
- Null - This is used to evaluate an Atom to see if it have a value and returns either T (True) or NIL (False). Used many time as the first statement in a cond function to see if the Atom is not NIL and can be run through the conditional statements. (NULL X) is TRUE if X is NIL.
(cond ( <conditional 1> <function call or return value 1> ) ( <conditional 2> <function call or return value 2> ) ( <conditional n> <function call or return value n> ) ( T <function call or return value for default case> ) )
Recursive functions: differentiate recursive from iterative
Recursion in Lisp - Is the ability of a function to call itself from within itself. This condition then repeats until the call to itself is NIL.
Example palindrome2 () (defun palindrome2 () (set 'k '(a b c d)) (append k (cdr (myReverse k))) ) (defun myReverse (k) (cond ((NULL k) k) (T (append (myReverse (cdr k)) (list (car k)))) ) )
Example Fibonacci () (defun fib (n) (cond ((= n 0) 0); if 0 by definition it's 0 ((= n 1) 1); if 1 by definition it's 1 (T (+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2))) ); if > 1 then add two previous values ) )
A quick summary of the chapter should go here
Key Terms
LISP: LISt Processing.
Atoms: In the original LISP there were two fundamental data types: atoms and lists. A list was a finite ordered sequence of elements, where each element is in itself either an atom or a list, and an atom was a number or a symbol. A symbol was essentially a unique named item, written as an alphanumeric string in source code, and used either as a variable name or as a data item in symbolic processing. For example, the list (FOO (BAR 1) 2) contains three elements: the symbol FOO, the list (BAR 1), and the number 2.
The essential difference between atoms and lists was that atoms were immutable and unique. Two atoms that appeared in different places in source code but were written in exactly the same way represented the same object,[citation needed] whereas each list was a separate object that could be altered independently of other lists and could be distinguished from other lists by comparison operators.
As more data types were introduced in later Lisp dialects, and programming styles evolved, the concept of an atom lost importance.
Car/cdr: In computer programming, car /ˈkɑr/ and cdr (/ˈkʌdər/ or /ˈkʊdər/) are primitive operations on cons cells (or "non-atomic S-expressions") introduced in the Lisp programming language. A cons cell is composed of two pointers; the car operation extracts the first pointer, and the cdr operation extracts the second.
Thus, the expression (car (cons x y)) evaluates to x, and (cdr (cons x y)) evaluates to y.
Cond - This function is like the IF statement in other languages and can take the form of an if-else-if statement. When Cond is called the first conditional statement will be evaluated and if true then the next part will be evaluated and so on to the last Atom which then becomes the returned value. If the first conditional statement is false the second conditional statement will be evaluated and so on until a conditional statement tests true. In the last conditional statement a T can be used to force TRUE condition and have a value returned.
Lists: A Lisp list is written with its elements separated by whitespace, and surrounded by parentheses. For example, (1 2 foo) is a list whose elements are three atoms: the values 1, 2, and foo. These values are implicitly typed: they are respectively two integers and a Lisp-specific data type called a "symbolic atom", and do not have to be declared as such.
The empty list () is also represented as the special atom nil. This is the only entity in Lisp which is both an atom and a list.
Expressions are written as lists, using prefix notation. The first element in the list is the name of a form, i.e., a function, operator, macro, or "special operator" (see below). The remainder of the list are the arguments. For example, the function list returns its arguments as a list, so the expression
(list '1 '2 'foo)
evaluates to the list (1 2 foo). The "quote" before the arguments in the preceding example is a "special operator" which prevents the quoted arguments from being evaluated (not strictly necessary for the numbers, since 1 evaluates to 1, etc.). Any unquoted expressions are recursively evaluated before the enclosing expression is evaluated. For example,
(list 1 2 (list 3 4))
evaluates to the list (1 2 (3 4)). Note that the third argument is a list; lists can be nested.
Recursion (Recursive Functions):
Null - This is used to evaluate an Atom to see if it have a value and returns either T (True) or NIL (False). Used many time as the first statement in a cond function to see if the Atom is not NIL and can be run through the conditional statements. (NULL X) is TRUE if X is NIL.
Symbolic expressions (S-expressions): In computing, s-expressions, sexprs or sexps (for "symbolic expression") are a notation for nested list (tree-structured) data, invented for and popularized by the programming language Lisp, which uses them for source code as well as data. In the usual parenthesized syntax of Lisp, an s-expression is classically defined[1] inductively as
an atom, or an expression of the form (x . y) where x and y are s-expressions.
The second, recursive part of the definition represents an ordered pair so that s-exprs are effectively binary trees.
The definition of an atom varies per context; in the original definition by John McCarthy,[1] it was assumed that there existed "an infinite set of distinguishable atomic symbols" represented as "strings of capital Latin letters and digits with single embedded blanks" (i.e., character string and numeric literals). Most modern sexpr notations in addition use an abbreviated notation to represent lists in s-expressions, so that
(x y z)
stands for
(x . (y . (z . NIL)))
where NIL is the special end-of-list symbol (written '() in Scheme).
In the Lisp family of programming languages, s-expressions are used to represent both source code and data. Other uses of S-expressions are in Lisp-derived languages such as DSSSL, and as mark-up in communications protocols like IMAP and John McCarthy's CBCL. The details of the syntax and supported data types vary in the different languages, but the most common feature among these languages is the use of S-expressions and prefix notation.
Lambda expressions:
...other key terms:
Problem Sets
Basics 1. Evaluate the following expressions:
(+ 2 2)
(- 4 2)
(* 5 2)
(/ 10 5)
(/ 11 2)
(+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9)
(* 1 2 3 4 5)
(* (+ 2 3) (/ 24 6))
(/ (* (- 212 32) 5) 9)
2. Evaluate the following forms:
(car '(a b c))
(cdr '(m n o p))
(car '((a b) (c d))
(cdr '((a b) (c d))
(car (cdr (car (cdr '((a b) (c d) (e f))))))
(car (car (cdr (cdr '((a b) (c d) (e f))))))
(car (cdr (car '(cdr ((a b) (c d) (e f))))))
(car (cdr '(car (cdr ((a b) (c d) (e f))))))
(car '(cdr (car (cdr ((a b) (c d) (e f))))))
3. Using only CAR and CDR, try to pick the atom PEAR our of the following lists:
(apple orange pear grape)
((apple orange) (pear grape))
(((apple) (orange) (pear) (grape)))
(apple (orange) ((pear)) (((grape))))
((((apple))) ((orange)) (pear) grape)
((((apple) orange) pear) grape)
4. Understanding APPEND and LIST
First let's define two lists, ab-list and cd-list as follows:
(setq ab-list '(a b) cd-list '(c d))
(append ab-list cd-list)
(list ab-list cd-list)
(append ab-list ab-list)
(list ab-list ab-list)
(append 'ab-list ab-list)
(list 'ab-list ab-list)
(list (car ab-list) cd-list)
(append (car ab-list) cd-list)
5. Defining your own function:
(defun double (num) (* num 2))
(defun half (num) (/ num 2))
(defun Celcius (temp) (/ (* (- 212 32) 5) 9))
6. Conditionals. Evaluate these expressions:
(setq bmi 25) (cond ((> bmi 30) 'obesity) ((> bmi 25) 'overweight) ((> bmi 20) 'normal-weight) (t 'underweight))
(setq distance 40) (cond ((> distance 40) 'very-long-commute) ((> distance 30) 'long-commute) ((> distance 20) 'average) ((> distance 10) 'short-commute) (t 'no-commute))
7. Recursion
(defun (factorial n) (cond ((= n 0) 1) (t (* n (factorial (- n 1))))))
1. Paul Hudak, "The Conception, Evolution, and Application of Functional Programming Languages", Yale University, Department of Computer Science, March 1989, Retrieved from www.dbnet.ece.ntua.gr/~adamo/languages/books/p359-hudak.pdf
2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language


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Nov. 12, 2011
Palo Alto, Calif. - Cal State Fullerton completed its 2011 cross country season Saturday at Stanford with the men finishing 22nd among 25 teams and the women 29th among 31 squads in the NCAA West Regional Championship.
Stanford nipped Portland for the men's team championship while Washington won the women's race handily ahead of Arizona and Stanford.
Tyler Reed paced the Titan men, finishing 78th in 31:06. Grace Gonzales paced the women, finishing 130th in 22:36.
"Our goal going into the meet was to have something positive happen at the end of our season and improve upon our performance at the Big West meet," said Head Coach John Elders. "And the men did that. We didn't perform at the level we would have liked to, but still we were better than the conference championships. We had a group of three (Tyler Reed, Marco Zaragoza and John Carrell that ran and worked together in the first half of the race. Tyler especially was able to move up the last two miles. He ran the second half of the race faster than the first half.
"It would have felt better to finish ahead of the three or four teams close to us, but overall we ran much better than at the conference meet.
"The ladies had a tough time. We were really shorthanded. Tijerra Lynch did not compete because of a medical issue and Lexie Bravo has been struggling with a toe problem and it really got enflamed. We put in a good effort."


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Final Cut Express Notes
From MyLabWiki
New Project
The first thing to do in a new project is to set the size, other things can become strange.
Final Cut Express → Easy Setup
Importing Media
Audio and video files are imported using "Import files" and "Import Folders".
Video from AVCHD camera is imported using "Log and Transfer"
Best formats for Import
Best in this respect means format and codec that requires minimal rendering for RT extreme.
- H.264 in an MP4 container is probably the worst and takes a very long time to render. This file was generated by ffmpeg using the command ffmpeg -i video.mkv -vcodec libx264 -vpre hq -crf 22 -threads 0 video.mp4 as described in High quality screen capture with Ffmpeg.
- Converting the above to "HD 720p" (3Mbps H.264 in MOV HD 1-1-1 color profile) using Quicktime Player reduces rendering time from 1+ hour to 10 minutes for a 5 minute video clip!
Why do I only have 720p and 1080i profiles in my FCE?


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Jolie Gardener, personal chef by day, aspiring romance writer by night, likes to talk and does it a lot. She has to because if she stops, all the pain, disillusionment, and abandonment of her AWOL mother, question-mark father, and foster-care childhood will rise up like a chocolate soufflé on steroids, sweeping away the fragile infrastructure of her life.
But she's fine. Really. She is.
Or so she thinks.
Todd Best isn't fine. He knows it. And doesn't care.
After his wife died—the woman who believed in him when he was a struggling artist—he put painting aside, moved from their home, and lost himself in the minutiae of daily life.
Alone. Private. The way he likes it.
The last thing he needs is some chatty cook seeping into the perfectly bland canvas of his life.
Or so he thinks.
So when Jonathan, a guardian-angel-in-training, turns himself into a kitten to help these two lonely souls find a happily ever after together, it ought to be a piece of cake.
Or so he thinks…
"Mr. Best's office is on the tenth floor, but there's a retirement party on the eighth, so you might want to stop there first."
"Gotcha. Thanks for the info." Jolie tapped the UP button on the elevators. Retirement party? She doubted Todd was in party mode. Not "today."
She'd take her chances in Mike's office.
With a soft little ding, the doors opened to a nice, chi-chi elevator, all mirrors and muted lighting. And paintings. His paintings. Just like in the lobby.
A soft whir and before she knew it: Top Floor. Of course his office would be on top. Okay, his brother's office. Yeah, she was getting tired of making that distinction. It was his office—his brother was just borrowing it. Or keeping it dust-free for him. Whatever.
She took a few steps into the empty elevator foyer. Where was everyone? At the retirement party? Hmm, maybe Todd had gone.
No, that just didn't ring true. Not with his mood "today."
A huge expanse of cherry wood double doors loomed at the far end of the hall. It must be his office. His brother's—oh, whatever.
A matched set of his paintings graced the doorway. She read the plaques beneath them. Riverwalk South and Riverwalk North.
Ah, yes. There was the fountain. The speedboats. The docks. A perfect depiction of the view from the windows. Man, the man had talent.
She was about to knock when she heard voices. Aha! She was right. He was here. But obviously not finished so she decided to park her butt on the ottoman by the door and wait.
She pulled out the Regency romance Mr. Griff had given her and read the back blurb.
Hmmm, the heroine refused proposal after proposal, determined that no man would be in charge of her life.
Substitute "no one" for "no man" and Jolie was right there with her.
Yep, this story looked promising. Mr. Griff had picked a good one. She flipped to the inside cover and read the excerpt.
"Destiny is mine," proclaimed Rebecca Featherington.
You go, girl. Time for Chapter One.
"You're taking her to The Midnight Maiden?"
Jolie's ears perked up at the question coming from the office. They had to be talking about her since she was the only one she knew who was going to The Midnight Maiden with Todd—and qualified as a "her."
This was better than any book. She put Miss Featherington down on her leg and shamelessly listened in. Self-preservation was a hard-learned battle and those lessons never left a person.
Someone cleared his throat. Todd, maybe.
"Uh, well, yeah." Another throat clearing.
Bingo. Todd. The men's voices were similar, but Todd's seemed just a bit lower in pitch. Maybe that was because he still had something caught in his throat. She scooched a little closer to the door.
"Really? The Midnight Maiden?" asked his brother.
What was with the disbelief? It was just an old boat someone turned into a restaurant. Sheesh. He was making it sound like the Taj Mahal or something.
'Course, the Taj Mahal was a monument to some guy's wife. Like the biggest declaration of love in the world.
"Yeah," Todd answered and whatever it was that was stuck in his throat was obviously gone. And yep, she was right, his voice was deeper. It resonated up her spine in a way his brother's didn't.
"I asked her where she wanted to go and she picked that place. So we're going," said Todd.
"Are you ready for that?"
"For God's sake, Mike. It's just a restaurant. I think I can handle it."
"Well, after Trista—"
"Look, Mike, Trista is gone and I'm not. I realize that. I didn't put any stipulations on Jolie's restaurant choice, so I'll have to live with it. I've had to live with a lot of things since my wife died. I'll get over it."
Why was she not liking where this conversation was headed? What did Trista and The Midnight Maiden have to do with each other?
"Well, if you're sure—"
"Let it go, Mike, I'm thirty-four years old. I can handle a restaurant. I'm not an invalid."
True. Those legs and other body parts had been in absolutely perfect working order this morning.
"Okay," his brother continued, "but why are you taking the new chef out? You've never done that before. Is she cute?"
Oooh… Jolie wanted to hear the answer to that one.
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Yesterday Russell and Don did a show, on the topic of "Christian Message Subtext." Here is the Blip video:
Also, I'm happy to say that the official Atheist Experience YouTube channel is finally back in business. Please expect a few days for new videos to appear on YouTube. Jen is working hard to convert the last several months of shows to YouTube format.