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Koedoe vol.50 no.1 Pretoria ene. 2008
The recent fire history of the Table Mountain National Park and implications for fire management
Greg G. Forsyth; Brian W. van Wilgen
Centre for Invasion Biology - CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment - South Africa
This paper provides an assessment of fire regimes in the Table Mountain National Park over the past four decades. We compiled a GIS database of all fires between 1970 and 2007 and analysed the fire regime in terms of the frequency, season and size of fires and the relationship between fire occurrence and fire weather. Most fires (90.5% of area burnt) occurred in summer and autumn, the ecologically acceptable season for fires. However, mean fire return intervals declined by 18.1 years, from 31.6 to 13.5 years, between the first and last decades of the record respectively. The area subjected to short (< six years) intervals between fires covered > 16% of the park in the last two decades of the record, compared to ~ 4% in the first two decades. A relatively small number of large fires dominated in terms of area burnt. Of the 373 fires recorded, 40 fires > 300 ha burnt 75% of the area, while 216 fires < 25 ha burnt 3.4% of the area. Fires occurred under a wide range of weather conditions, but large fires were restricted to periods of high fire danger. Prescribed burning was a relatively unimportant cause of fires, and most (> 85%) of the area burnt in wildfires. Areas subjected to short fire return intervals should be considered for management interventions. These could include the re-establishment of extirpated fire-sensitive species, the clearing of invasive alien plants and increased precautions for the prevention or rapid suppression of future accidental fires.
Keywords: Cape Floral Kingdom, fire weather, fynbos, ignitions, invasive alien plants
The Table Mountain National Park is a rugged 265 km2 area surrounded by the city of Cape Town, South Africa. It obtained World Heritage Site status in line with its global importance as a hotspot of biodiversity for higher plants and invertebrates (Cowling, Macdonald & Simmons 1996). The dominant vegetation of the area is fynbos, a Mediterranean-climate shrubland that is both fire prone and fire adapted (Van Wilgen, Bond & Richardson 1992, Van Wilgen, Richardson, Kruger & Van Hensbergen 1992). The park is home to 2 285 plant species, of which 90 are endemic. The park was proclaimed in 1998, prior to which it was managed by 14 separate public bodies; as a result, the earlier conservation management of the area was uncoordinated and fragmented (Van Wilgen 1996). Prior to proclamation as a national park, the area's unique biodiversity faced numerous threats, including inappropriate fire regimes arising from a lack of clear fire management policies (Richardson et al. 1996). One of the major aims of consolidating land parcels into a single conservation area was to promote a coordinated approach to fire management (Van Wilgen 1996).
The current fire management policy of the park is flexible (Forsyth et al. 2000). It recognises the need for periodic fire as an important ecological process and that prescribed fire will be needed from time to time. It also recognises that some wildfires are inevitable and that these should be taken into account by adjusting prescribed burning schedules as fire patterns develop. Fire management in the park is complicated by an extensive urban-wildland boundary. This means that houses and other property are at risk from wildfires and that fire suppression for nonecological reasons will be needed from time to time. It also means that prescribed fires need to be planned and conducted carefully to avoid the risk of damage. Widespread alien plant invasions bring added requirements in terms of fire management; these plants (dominated by trees and shrubs) are spread by fire and require careful treatment prior to burning (Richardson et al. 1994). Good conservation practice includes both the use of prescribed burning and allowing wildfires to burn in areas where they will do no ecological harm. However, the use of these approaches in close proximity to densely populated areas invites criticism, and managers need good information on past fires to support their actions. In addition, densely settled areas bring increased risks of unwanted ignitions. Managers need to be able to identify areas that would be at risk if such fires occurred, so that these areas could be afforded additional protection.
Future fire management actions within the park will be based on the assessment of fire records. Such assessments should identify areas where biodiversity is at risk (either from excessively frequent burning or from protracted fire-free intervals) as well as areas that should be scheduled for burning. The thresholds for fire frequency and season can be determined by plant species' sensitivity to elements of the fire regime. Significant shifts in any of these elements may eliminate some species (Van Wilgen & Forsyth 1992). If these shifts manifest themselves over large areas, management action would be required to counter these trends. To support these assessments, fires that occur in the park are recorded in a geographic information system.
This paper provides the first comprehensive assessment of fire regimes in the park over the past four decades. The work aimed to determine whether the fire regimes were within acceptable limits in terms of their impact on biodiversity and if not, how, where and why they deviated from these limits. It also makes recommendations for the improvement of fire management in the park.
Study area
The Table Mountain National Park (centred at 34º00' S, 18º 25' E) was proclaimed in May 1998 and covers 26 553 ha. The park includes most of the public undeveloped land bordered by the city of Cape Town and its southern suburbs. The park and the city are located on the Cape Peninsula, a 50 x 10 km mountainous area with about 100 km of coastline. Elevations range from sea level to 1 086 m. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 1 700 mm in the north to 400 mm in the south, and rain falls predominantly in the winter months (June to August). Sandstones and shales of the Cape Supergroup dominate the geology, and soils are generally sandy and low in nutrients. The predominant vegetation is fynbos, a fire-prone shrubland covering 22 906 ha of the park. Renosterveld (a low, grassy shrubland) occurs on shale areas and covers 828 ha of the park; this vegetation type is also fire prone. Finally, well-developed Afromontane forests covering ~1 000 ha occur in sheltered areas; these tend to be fire free (Van Wilgen et al. 1990), although forest margins are scorched by fire from time to time. Further details of the area are provided by Cowling et al. (1996). The fire regime of the area is characterised by dry-season (summer) fires at intervals of between 10 and 20 years (Bond 1997)
Compilation of a fire database
Fires in the area that now constitutes the Table Mountain National Park have been recorded by earlier land management agencies for many years. Typical fire records included a mapped boundary of each fire, along with the dates on which the fire occurred. Most records were transferred to the National Park following proclamation of the park. We assembled these records and captured the boundaries of all fires > 1 ha in a geographic information system. Records were checked for completeness, and a concerted effort was made to locate missing records. Newspaper reports, aerial photographs, satellite images and references to unmapped fires were all used to ensure that a comprehensive database was compiled. The earliest fire records were from the 1950s, but reasonably complete records were only available from 1970 onwards. For this reason, we restricted further analyses to the period between 1970 and May 2007.
Fire return periods
The mean fire return period was calculated as RP = y/(b/a), where RP is the return period in years, b is the area of all fires recorded over y years and a is the area over which fires were recorded. We calculated this statistic for the area as a whole as well as for the three dominant vegetation types by overlaying fire records on a vegetation map, using a geographic information system. Return periods were also calculated by decade to establish whether any trends in fire frequency were evident.
The above method delivers a single estimate of the mean fire return period and does not provide insight into individual fire return intervals (the time between individual fires in the same area). Very short fire return intervals can eliminate obligate reseeding shrubs if their juvenile periods are longer than the fire return interval (Noble & Slatyer 1980, Van Wilgen & Forsyth 1992). In order to assess fire return intervals, we delimited areas of unique fire history by overlaying fire records for the park (De Klerk et al. 2007). Each polygon of unique fire history was characterised by a number of fire return intervals (except for polygons where no fires were recorded or where only one fire was recorded). We examined the fire record for the occurrence of short fire return intervals (< six years) for two separate periods. Intervals of < six years were chosen as this approximates the age at which the slower-growing obligate reseeding plants mature. Overlapping time periods (19701990 and 19852007) were used rather than successive periods (19701990 and 19912007) to ensure that short-interval fires that occurred between 1985 and 1990 would be identified.
Fire season
We calculated the total area burnt in different seasons for each year on the data record. The seasons were summer (NovemberFebruary inclusive); autumn (MarchApril inclusive); winter (MayAugust inclusive); and spring (September and October). We grouped the annual estimates of the occurrence of fires in different seasons into the periods 19701988 and 19892007, for comparative purposes.
Cause of fires
Fire records included, where available, the cause of the fire. The main causes of fires included fires of human origin (divided into prescribed burns and a range of other causes including arson, escaped barbecue fires, flares, power lines and so on), fires caused by lightning or falling rocks and fires of unknown origin.
Fire size distribution and fire weather
Fire size may be important for a number of ecological reasons (for example in terms of the relative proportion of 'edge effects' or the distances that must be covered by species reliant on dispersal for recolonising burnt sites). We also wished to examine the relationship between fire size and fire weather. The size of individual fires was examined with a view to determining the proportion of area burnt in fires of different sizes. We also examined the fire record in terms of fire size distribution for the periods 19701988 and 19892007 to establish whether or not these proportions were changing over time.
We obtained daily weather data from a recording weather station at Cape Town International Airport (33º58'S, 18º36'E) for the period 1970 to 2007 and used the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (Noble et al. 1980) to calculate daily indices of fire danger. The data used included daily maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity, wind speed, the time since the last rain fell and moisture deficit to estimate a fire danger index (FDI). FDI values of 05 are considered low, 512 moderate, 13 24 high, 2550 very high and > 50 extreme.
Fire database
A total of 373 fires > 1 ha, covering 45 757 ha, were recorded between 1970 and 2007. While some fires could have been overlooked, it is not possible to estimate how large this potential error would be. In addition, not every fire record was complete. Not all fire records were accompanied by a full date (day, month and year), and fires covering 19.7% of the total area burnt were associated with a particular year only. For these fires, the season of burning was not known, and it was not possible to associate them with weather conditions on the day of the fire. The causes of fires were also incompletely recorded, and 244 of the 373 fires were of unknown origin. These fires were assumed to be unplanned fires, as the origin of prescribed fires would have been known.
Fire return periods
The mean fire return period for the whole area between 1970 and 2007 was 22 years. Mean fire return periods declined in each decade of the fire record (Fig. 1). In fynbos vegetation, mean fire return periods declined by 18.1 years from 31.6 years in the 1970s to 13.5 years between 2000 and 2007. Equivalent estimates for renosterveld and forest are 37.4 to 17.7 years and 144.6 to 45.6 years respectively (Fig. 1).
The incidence of short-interval (< six yrs) fires also increased significantly from the first half of the data record to the second half (Table 1). The extent of these frequently burnt areas was four times greater between 1985 and 2007 than it was between 1970 and 1990 in fynbos vegetation (Fig. 2). Similarly, frequently burnt areas were five times more extensive in renosterveld.
Fire season
Most of the area (90.5%) for which fire season was recorded burnt in summer or autumn (Fig. 3). The total area burnt during the first half of the data record was less than in the second half, and the proportion of fires burnt in summer and autumn increased from 86 to 92% between these two periods. A shift away from the practice of prescribed burning in winter and spring (when weather conditions were safer) to autumn could have contributed to this difference. The shift came about with the recognition that prescribed burns in winter and spring would have detrimental effects on the vegetation (Van Wilgen, Bond & Richardson 1992). Fires in summer and autumn are regarded as optimal for the health of fynbos ecosystems (Van Wilgen, Bond & Richardson 1992), while the occurrence of a smaller proportion of fires in other seasons is probably acceptable (Van Wilgen et al. 1994). From this, we conclude that the historic seasonal distribution of fires within the park should not be a cause for concern.
Cause of fires
The total area burnt in 373 fires on record was 45 757 ha. There were 45 prescribed fires on record, and these burnt 6 661 ha; a further 3 164 ha was burnt in 16 prescribed fires that escaped (and burnt a larger area than intended). Prescribed burning thus accounted for only 9 825 ha (21% of the total area burnt), some of which was unintentional; thus most (> 80%) of the area burnt in wildfires. Fires of unknown origin (244 fires) burnt 29 118 ha or 63% of the area burnt in all fires. Six fires were attributed to natural causes (lightning, five fires and falling rocks, one fire), and these burnt 540 ha or 1% of the area.
Fire size
Large numbers of small fires occurred in the Table Mountain National Park, but they burnt a relatively small area; on the other hand, a relatively small number of large fires burnt most of the area (Fig. 4). The two biggest fires on record (3 363 and 3 204 ha respectively) both started on the same day (16 January 2000). Of the 373 fires on record, only 8 were over 1 000 ha, and the 40 fires > 300 ha burnt 75% of the area. On the other hand, 216 fires were < 25 ha but burnt only 3.4% of the area. The distribution of fire sizes did not differ for the two periods compared, suggesting that fire size distribution is stable (Fig. 4).
Fire weather
The analysis of fire weather data and associated fire size revealed that fires in the park can take place under a relatively wide range of weather conditions, including conditions of low fire danger (Fig. 5). However, larger fires (> 1 000 ha) only occurred when the fire danger index was in or above the high category, and the two largest fires on record occurred when the index was in the very high category (Fig. 5). Unfortunately, the complete dates of many of the large fires were not recorded, and these fires are not depicted in Fig. 5 (9 out of the 16 largest fires on record, which ranged from 723 to 3 363 ha, did not have full dates). The point should also be made that the Table Mountain National Park experiences relatively mild fire weather conditions when compared to fynbos areas further inland as a result of its proximity to the sea, which exercises a moderating effect on the weather (Van Wilgen 1984).
History of prescribed burning in the park
Prescribed burning as a land management practice was introduced to most fynbos conservation areas in 1970 (Bands 1977). Although prescribed burning was accepted as a conservation practice by some land management agencies on the Cape Peninsula in the 1970s and 1980s, the execution of prescribed fires proved problematic due to public resistance to the practice (Van Wilgen 1996). By 1996, only 3 out of 10 public land owners, managing just over 30% of the undeveloped land on the Peninsula, had adopted the use of prescribed burning (Van Wilgen 1996). The proclamation of the park in 1998 was followed in 2000 by the formal acceptance of a unified fire management plan, recognising the need for occasional prescribed burning (Forsyth et al. 2000). The largest fires on record occurred shortly after this in January 2001. These fires destroyed 14 houses and necessitated the temporary evacuation of many residents, both reducing the immediate need for further burning and hardening public attitudes towards fire. As a result, almost no large prescribed burns were subsequently conducted despite the revised policy. In 2007, a prescribed burn was initiated in the south of the park in an area that had not been burnt for some time; this fire escaped and burnt a larger area than had been planned, resulting in further criticism of the practice. Thus, despite overwhelming scientific support for prescribed burning to rejuvenate fire-adapted vegetation and as a vital component of invasive alien plant control, broader public support is not universal. Ongoing public awareness programmes will be needed to counter some of this criticism if prescribed burning is to take its place as a useful conservation management practice.
Increases in short-interval fires
Short-interval fires in recent years were fairly widespread across the park (Fig. 2). The increase in short-interval fires identified in this study is almost certainly attributable to increased ignition sources resulting from increases in human population. The relaxation of rigid influx controls under the apartheid government in the 1980s, which accelerated economic growth over the past decade, and increasing immigration into urban areas have all contributed to the rapid growth of the human population in the area. Increases in human population have been shown to be correlated with increases in fire frequency in Californian chaparral ecosystems (Keeley et al. 1999, Keeley & Fotheringham 2001), and it appears that similar trends may now be occurring in the Table Mountain National Park.
Ecological effects of fire in fynbos
Managers charged with conserving biodiversity in firedependent ecosystems need to assess whether fire regimes remain within acceptable limits. The elements of the fire regime normally assessed with respect to fynbos relate to fire frequency and fire season (Van Wilgen & Scott 2001). In terms of fire season, managers of fynbos ecosystems should seek to keep the majority (> 8090%) of fires in summer or autumn to avoid negative impacts (Van Wilgen, Bond & Richardson 1992). As most (> 90%) fires occur at this time of the year, there is no indication that this aspect should be a cause for concern in the Table Mountain National Park. Long fire-free intervals (> 35 years) may also be a cause for concern as they lead to senescence (Bond 1980, Van Wilgen 1982). Over the past 37 years, only 12.7 % of the Peninsula has remained fire free and about a fifth of this was in fire-independent forest or coastal vegetation. In this regard, therefore, a lack of fire does not present a serious cause for concern. Nonetheless, areas that remain fire free for long periods should be identified and monitored to ensure that important fire-dependent species are not affected. On the other hand, the significant increase in fire frequency and the accompanying increase in areas subjected to short-interval fires are causes for concern.
Most species in fynbos vegetation are resilient to a wide range of fire return intervals. For example, Van Wilgen and Forsyth (1992) established the regeneration strategies of 210 co-occurring fynbos species; of these, most were able to resprout after fire, and only 29 species were classified as obligate seeders (species that have their growth cycle terminated prematurely by fire and are unable to sprout). Large, serotinous shrubs with relatively long juvenile periods are an important component among obligate seeders. These species, typically in the family Proteaceae, are killed by fire and rely on canopy-stored seed for regeneration (Bond, Vlok & Viviers 1984). While only a small proportion of the total number of species fall into this category (Van Wilgen & Forsyth 1992), they can be the dominant component (in terms of cover and biomass) of the vegetation. Short intervals between fires (less than the juvenile periods) can eliminate these species from the vegetation and cause dramatic structural changes (Van Wilgen 1982). As a result, they are usually the species that are used to determine acceptable fire return intervals (Van Wilgen, Bond & Richardson 1992). For example, Kruger and Lamb (1979) proposed that the minimum interval between prescribed fires in fynbos should be equivalent to the time needed for at least 50% of the individuals in a population of the slowest-maturing of the obligate reseeding species to have flowered and developed seed for at least three successive seasons. Application of this rule normally suggests a minimum period of between 1012 years between fires, and this is currently not being met in over 10% of the park (Table 1).
There have been several detailed studies on the responses of fynbos to fire in the Table Mountain National Park (Bond, Le Roux & Erntzen 1990, Cowling & Gxaba 1990, Moll & Gubb 1981, Thuiller et al. 2007, Yeaton & Bond 1991). Of the 40 extant species of Proteaceae in the park, at least 9 (in the genera Protea, Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Mimites) are killed by fire (Protea Atlas 2007) and rely on seed for regeneration. The juvenile periods of these species are not accurately known but are presumably similar to species of Proteaceae elsewhere (i.e. three to six years) (Van Wilgen & Forsyth 1992). Comparison of distribution data (Protea Atlas 2007) with the extent of shortinterval fires (Fig. 2) shows that at least five of these (including one endemic) are at risk from frequent burning. In addition, the 34 species of rare or threatened Erica (including 29 endemics) (Golding 2002, Richardson et al. 1996) that occur in the park are likely to be adversely affected by frequent burning, although detailed data on their distribution and ecology are not available. Finally, the shrub Staavia dodii (also endemic) is known to be at risk (Moll & Gubb 1981), although its range is currently outside of the areas affected by short-interval fires.
There is evidence that variation in fire regimes is necessary to maintain plant diversity in the landscape (Thuiller et al. 2007). Variation in the intervals between fires, in fire season or in fire intensity will induce variation in the density of overstorey shrubs (for example Leucadendrom laureolum), and this variation is in turn associated with the maintenance of diversity in understorey species (Cowling & Gxaba 1990, Thuiller et al. 2007). Thuiller et al. (2007) concluded that recurrent fires will safeguard plant populations against extinction by ensuring stable co-existence over time, despite localised extirpation by individual fires. This finding was based on two surveys of plant composition on fixed sites 30 years apart. These sites were, however, in the southern part of the park that had not been subjected to repeated frequent burning (Fig. 2). It is well known that repeated frequent burning can eliminate important overstorey shrubs in fynbos (Van Wilgen 1981, 1982). While we accept that variation in fire regimes is acceptable and even necessary, there are limits beyond which elements of the vegetation may well suffer.
Ecological effects of fire in non-fynbos vegetation
Fire frequencies and the occurrence of short-interval fires have also increased in renosterveld vegetation over the past few decades. This is not expected to have serious consequences for species diversity, but data are lacking to test this hypothesis. While the fire regimes in renosterveld vegetation have been poorly studied (Van Wilgen 1987), fire return intervals are assumed to be shorter than those in fynbos due to the dominance of species with short maturation times (Boucher 1983). At present there is no evidence that increases in fire frequency in renosterveld are a cause for concern.
The apparent increase in fire frequency (Fig. 1) in forests is probably not a cause for concern. Most forest vegetation has remained fire free (Table 1), but where fires do occur, they appear to be getting more frequent (although not as frequent as in fynbos). The vegetation mapped as forest by Cowling et al. (1996) included areas of scrub thicket with a potential to develop into forest. These authors recognised that prolonged ('centuries-long') fire-free periods would be needed to allow forests to develop on these sites. Afromontane forests persist in fire refugia in fynbos vegetation, and while their expansion into surrounding areas would be possible under current climates, this is limited by recurrent fires (Manders & Richardson 1992). The apparent increase in fire frequency in forest vegetation is probably a result of fires in scrub thicket as well as the fact that areas recorded as being burnt would contain forest patches that in fact did not burn. At present there is no evidence that fires are causing forest patches to shrink.
Comparison to other areas
The fire management situation in the Table Mountain National Park bears strong similarities to some other areas in fireprone Mediterranean climates. For example, the Santa Monica National Park (Los Angeles, California) and the Blue Mountain National Park (Sydney, Australia) are both important fire-prone conservation areas within an urban setting. As with the Table Mountain situation, both have a substantial urban-wildland interface, and both are subjected to periodic wildfires that cause substantial damage to property (Bradstock et al. 1998, Keeley & Fotheringham 2006). In the Los Angeles situation, fire frequency has been shown to be increasing over the past century, and this is linked to increasing human populations, providing increasing sources of ignition (Keeley & Fotheringham 2001). This problem now appears to be manifesting itself in the Table Mountain case. In both cases, increasing fire frequency will impact on the survival and post-fire recovery of dominant shrubs, and in both cases invasive alien plants are able to take the place of dominant indigenous shrubs, with negative consequences for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In the Californian case, the alien species are grasses, which promote more frequent fire (Keeley, Keeley & Fotheringham 2005). In the Table Mountain case, they are largely alien trees and shrubs, which increase fire intensity and erosion after fire (Van Wilgen & Scott 2001). Despite the similarities, the scale of the fire problem is orders of magnitude larger in Los Angeles or Sydney when compared to the Table Mountain area. For example, the 2003 fires in Los Angeles burnt 364 000 ha and destroyed 3 361 homes (Keeley & Fotheringham 2006). The fires in December 2001 in Sydney burnt 250 000 ha and destroyed 109 homes (Shakesby et al. 2003). In contrast, the fires in January 2000 in the Table Mountain National Park (the worst by far on record) only burnt 7 000 ha and destroyed 14 homes (Van Wilgen & Scott 2001). These differences could be attributed to higher fuel loads and more severe fire weather in Australia and California than in the Table Mountain area.
Fire and conservation in urban-dominated landscapes
As a result of the establishment of a comprehensive spatial database on fires, managers in the Table Mountain National Park should now be able to make better and more informed decisions about fire management. The key will be to maintain and regularly update the database and to analyse it periodically. The existence of relevant analyses will enable managers to identify areas of concern (such as areas that have been subjected to repeated, short-interval fires) and to take appropriate action. It will also provide them with a defensible basis for making decisions about the ignition of prescribed burns or the tolerance of wildfires. Both of these will usually elicit comment and possibly criticism from interested and affected parties. It is also important that managers ensure that fire records are complete so that the best possible information can be used to support management decisions. We found, for example, that several fire records were incomplete in that the dates, durations and causes were not always consistently recorded, and this will weaken any subsequent analysis.
Appropriate responses to human-caused increases in fire frequency would be to increase both vigilance and public awareness in areas close to human habitation, to improve the chances of preventing further ignitions and/or the early identification and rapid containment of fires should they occur in such priority areas. Secondly, in areas where short-interval fires have been found to occur, it would be prudent to conduct surveys of plant regeneration as soon as possible following fire and to consider, for example, the reintroduction of important plant species should they be found to have been eliminated from the area. Finally, the situation with regard to the regeneration and spread of invasive alien plants in areas subjected to higherthan-normal fire frequencies should be carefully managed. It is often the case that invasive alien species are superior competitors in the face of fire regimes that differ from those under which the indigenous biota evolved, and this represents a significant ongoing threat to the conservation of the park's unique flora.
This work was jointly funded by South African National Parks, Cape Nature and the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. We thank South African National Parks for access to fire records and Lucille Schonegevel and Patrick O'Farrell for assistance with data capture and processing.
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Thuiller, W., Slingsby, J.A., Privett, S.D.J. & Cowling, R.M. 2007. Stochastic species turnover and stable coexistence in a species-rich, fire-prone plant community. Plos ONE 2(9): doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000938. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen B.W., Bond, W.J. & Richardson, D.M. 1992. Ecosystem management. In: Cowling, R.M. (Ed.). The ecology of fynbos: nutrients, fire and diversity. Pp 345371. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W. & Forsyth, G.G. 1992. Regeneration strategies in fynbos plants and their influence on the stability of community boundaries after fire. In: Van Wilgen, B.W., Richardson, D.M., Kruger, F.J. & Van Hensbergen, H.J. (Eds.). Fire in South African mountain fynbos: species, community and ecosystem response in Swartboskloof. Pp 5480. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W. & Scott, D.F. 2001. Managing fires on the Cape Peninsula: dealing with the inevitable. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 2: 197208. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W. 1981. Some effects of fire frequency on fynbos plant community composition and structure at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch. South African Forestry Journal 118: 4255. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W. 1984. Fire climates in the southern and western Cape Province and their potential use in fire control and management. South African Journal of Science 80: 358362. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W. 1996. Management of the natural ecosystems of the Cape Peninsula: current status and future prospects. Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 671684. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W. 1982. Some effects of post fire age on the above ground biomass of fynbos (macchia) vegetation in South Africa. Journal of Ecology 70: 217225. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W. 1987. Fire regimes in the fynbos biome. In: Cowling, R.M., Le Maitre, D.C., McKenzie, B., Prys-Jones, R.P. & Van Wilgen, B.W. (Eds.). Disturbance and the dynamics of fynbos biome communities. Pp 614. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 135. Pretoria: CSIR. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W., Higgins, K.B. & Bellstedt, D.U. 1990. The role of vegetation structure and fuel chemistry in excluding fire from forest patches in the fire-prone fynbos shrublands of South Africa. Journal of Ecology 78: 210222. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W., Richardson, D.M. & Seydack, A. 1994. Managing fynbos for biodiversity: constraints and options in a fire-prone environment. South African Journal of Science 90: 322329. [ Links ]
Van Wilgen, B.W., Richardson, D.M., Kruger, F.J. & Van Hensbergen, H.J. 1992. Fire in South African mountain fynbos: species, community and ecosystem response in Swartboskloof. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. [ Links ]
Yeaton, R.I. & Bond, W.J. 1991. Competition between two shrub species: dispersal differences and fire promote coexistence. American Naturalist 138: 328341. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Brian W. van Wilgen
e-mail: email@example.com
Postal Address: Centre for Invasion Biology, CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa.


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Back in the late sixties, when Robert Downey Jr.was a toddler, his filmmaker father could get away with signing his movies "Robert Downey (a prince)." But ever since Junior hit the big time, Downey pere has had to put a "Sr." after his name. Also, back then, the term "indie film" wasn't much in use; non-Hollywood filmmaking in America was split between academia and what was called "underground cinema," which existed mainly in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles and a few other big cities.
Most underground cinema was non-narrative and often deadly serious and pretentious. So when Downey started making comedies that combined Groucho Marx-style dialogue, Richard Lester visual humor and a little too much sexual content to exist in the mainstream, they represented a welcome relief. Disc One in this new collection brings together his first three features, each of which is slightly under an hour — "Babo 73" (1964), "Chafed Elbows" (1966) and "No More Excuses" (1968). "Chafed Elbows" (1969) — shot almost entirely on stills, ala Chris Marker's classic "La Jetee" — is the funniest and made the most impact.
Disc two contains his crossover breakthrough, "Putney Swope," an insane satire of advertising and the only film in the set to previously have been on DVD. Although this appears to be the same transfer, the commentary track and 16-minute interview from that 2006 edition unfortunately are omitted here.
Since "Swope," Downey has made a number of studio films, including "Pound" (Jr.'s onscreen debut) and the outlandish "Greaser's Palace" (essentially "El Topo" with jokes), which aren't included. Also on this disc is the hour-long "Two Tons of Turquoise to Taos Tonight," an uneven grab-bag of material that has — in different versions, starting in 1975 — also been shone as "Moment to Moment" and "Jive."
It would be nice to see "Rented Lips" (1988) and a few other later Downey films arrive on home video one of these days.
"Up All Night with Robert Downey Sr." (Criterion Eclipse, DVD, 2 discs, $39.95)
ANDY KLEIN is the film critic for Marquee. He can also be heard on "FilmWeek" on KPCC-FM (89.3)

subset: commoncrawl


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World's Longest Embroidery for Schools
The Embroiderers' Guild is an Educational Charity encouraging and promoting embroidery and textile art. To celebrate its Centenary the Guild launched the World's Longest Embroidery, it measures 605.55 metres and can still be seen and added to at venues throughout out the UK today. We are now inviting schools to take part in creating the World's Longest Embroidery… for Schools¹. ¹For simplicity we refer to 'schools' throughout this document. We appreciate you may be known as a school, college or academy.
Thank you for wanting to be part of this exciting project. You will be joining hundreds of schools in the UK, USA, Canada, and Australia in creating this unique 'world record'.
How it works…
Who can take part: Children and students of all ages and levels of ability with a 'needle and thread'. Teachers and support staff are also welcome to join in. Don't forget to invite the Head/Principal to add a stitch or two….and whilst you're at it, invite the Maths Teacher and Cook as well!
Why take part: Embroidery is a unique skill and textile art is an art form second to none. But not many people know that! Yet we could not launch this initiative if the art form were painting, sculpture or even quilting. It would simply be impractical. In the 21st Century there is a resurgence of textile art. The Guild is committed to bringing stitch and textile art to the attention of students and the general public. This piece will be exhibited extensively over the next 3 to 10 years (and beyond) and all the young people who take part will be able to add mention of it to their profiles, statements and, in some cases, their art folios.
Time to complete your contribution: we suggest 1 term.
What you need to take part: We will supply you with a 1 metre length of material which will form the basis of your panel. The fabric has been kindly donated by Empress Mills. www.empressmills.co.uk. You will need a variety of threads and you will need to supply needles, scissors etc.
Your responsibilities: As you would expect we have to rely on you to ensure the correct safety procedures are in place and that supervision is appropriate, mindful of the ages of the children or students taking part.
Help, advice and inspiration: If you have any questions in the first instance, please email us at email@example.com. One of our volunteers will answer you as quickly as possible.
Returning your finished contribution to the World's Longest Embroidery for Schools: Please protect your length of fabric before returning it to… World's Longest Embroidery, c/o Artistic Director YSE, Embroiderers' Guild, Bucks County Museum, Church Street, AYLESBURY HP20 2QP.
Please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com to let us know you have despatched your contribution and, if possible, attach your account of how you approached creating your entry.
Thank you for taking part
Tell the story of your school…
Your contribution to this project is unique to your school. Ideas and sources of inspiration could be…
- Include the name, logo, colours, strap line/motto, badge and location of your school.
- Record an anniversary or special event.
- Illustrate a distinctive building, architectural or historical feature; gardens or grounds; setting/surrounding area.
- Feature subjects or activities in which you specialise and are known for.
- Illustrate the diversity of your school.
- Feature a famous past pupil, student or teacher.
- Include links to businesses or industries or other schools in the UK or overseas.
- Include a sponsor or benefactor.
- Show cups, shields or awards of which you are particularly proud.
- Create a cameo of a statue or sculpture that you love (or hate!).
Curriculum or Extra Curricular Project: You may choose to make this an extra-curricular activity or incorporate in Art & Craft lesson plans. We will be putting ideas and the results of schools that took part in our pilot scheme onto our website – we'll let you know as soon as this ready for viewing.
Here are some ideas to get you started before adding the stitching…..
Cut simple shapes, words, names or dates from plain or patterned cotton fabrics and apply these onto the panel using bondaweb
- Paint with transfer paints or crayons onto paper, turn it over and iron onto the panel.
- Draw freehand onto the panel or around shapes (such as childrens' hands).
- Paint bondaweb with acrylic paints, cut out shapes, words, numbers and iron onto the panel.
- Print onto Jacquard inkjet papers, cut out shapes or applique the sheet onto the panel (inkjet printing cotton percale can be purchased from Art Van Go www.vycombe-arts.co.uk).
- Make stamps with potatoes, foam board, corks, lino printing, etc.
- Make or use ready-made stencils
Keep shapes simple but they can be large or small, grouped or spaced apart. You can add other materials to the surface but please avoid making the piece 3-D as that may make it difficult to transport and display.
Then you can add stitching….
There are only two requirements to make your panel part of the World's Longest. The first is that there is a continuous line of stitching across the panel from one side to the other. We will indicate from where to where, and we will use this as a joining point to the next panel. The second is that you leave a 1.5inch (4cm) seam allowance on either side of the panel so that we can join it to the next one.
…...here are some ideas for stitches to use
Taking a stitch line for a walk is an interesting starting point. It can be a long thin line, a fat short line, a straight line or a curved line. Threads can be thick or thin or you can use wool, braid or ribbon. Any stitches used can be done any size (large or small), they can be in lines, grouped together, form a continuous line or spaced apart. Each edition of "Stitch" magazine includes a glossary of stitches (subscribe via the Guild website if you are interested), or you can look online for simple instructions.
• Running stitch – simply taking the needle in and out of the fabric. Make the stitches, short or long, close together or far apart. Put lots of lines close together. Using a second colour, you can then lace through these base stitches or from one line to another. Or make the stitches into a "shape" such as battlements or triangles. Stitch around any of the images you have created on the fabric using any of the above ideas to help attach them to the panel.
• Couching – lay one thread or cord down on top of the fabric. Catch it down with small stitches worked at right angles over the top. You can use the same or another colour, stitch over it at right angles or at a slant, use straight stitch, cross stich or even something else.
• Back stitch – very similar to running stitch except there is no gap between the stitches, instead it forms a continuous line.
• Seeding – lots of small, straight stitches placed at random and used to fill a space or create a path.
• Chain stitch – these can be done as a continuous "chain" or as a single stitch (often called lazy daisy stitch).
• Cross Stitch - large or small or a mixture, grouped together or spaced apart, they don't have to be regular.
• Blanket Stitch (also called buttonhole stitch) – doesn't have to be regularly spaced, mix it up a bit!
• French knots – effective when grouped to suggest texture.
• Fly stitch or Feather stitch - Can be used to create "Y" or "V" shapes, or instead of running stitch.
The list is endless – once you get going, encourage the children and students to combine stitches or look for more that they could try out.
What is important is that everyone enjoys taking part.
Please send us photos that we can put on our website and a photo of your finished piece and tell us what you enjoyed about taking part - email@example.com
Have Fun and Happy Stitching


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Secular Variation of the Mode Amplitude-Ratio of the Double-Mode RR Lyrae Star NSVS 5222076, Part II
pdf [1]
David A. Hurdis
Tom Krajci
Presented at the 100th Spring Meeting of the AAVSO, May 21, 2011; Received June 28, 2011; revised July 15, 2011; accepted July 15, 2011
We present results from our ongoing investigation of the double-mode RR Lyrae (RRd) star, NSVS 5222076, and specifically of the long-term temporal variation of the amplitude-ratio, A0/A1, of the star's fundamental and first-overtone pulsation modes. Our earlier paper on this subject (Hurdis and Krajci 2010) described a seemingly monotonic decrease of the amplitude-ratio in the V band, from 1.93 in 2005 to 1.76 in 2008 to 1.48 in 2009. After further observation of the star during the 2010 and 2011 observing seasons, we report that the V-band amplitude-ratio continued to decrease to 1.40 in 2010, but then increased to 1.82 in 2011. This suggests that, rather than decreasing monotonically toward a switch of dominant pulsation mode, A0/A1 may be varying in an oscillatory manner.
[1] http://www.aavso.org/sites/default/files/jaavso/v40n1/268.pdf
[2] http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JAVSO..40..268H
[3] http://www.aavso.org/category/tags/ejaavso
[4] http://www.aavso.org/category/tags/abstracts


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27th July 2006, 12:45 AM
hi there, my name is Sannie and i live in Dublin. Very pleased to have been recommended this site. I have and absolutely adore my Tri coloured male cavalier called Max who has just celebrated his first birthday. He was my birthday present to me (one of those BIG birthdays)!!! say no more :yikes ....and I got him last September. He is my shadow, where I am, he is..luckily I get to spend tons of time at home with my family so there is always someone there for him. He is a totally male doggie and so full of love and cuddles. I'll post a piccie of him when I figure out how...!!
sannie, and maxie (and the rest of my clan)!
sannie, and maxie (and the rest of my clan)!


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Our Sale price includes all Acura Certified fees! We do not charge extra for Certification! Buyer beware of dealers trying to CHARGE YOU EXTRA FOR CERTIFICATION! 2019 Acura MDX 3.5L Technology Package SH-AWD White Diamond 3.5L V6 SOHC i-VTEC 24V Certified.
Clean CARFAX. All Used Cars are thoroughly inspected and detailed! Stop in for a test drive and a cup of Starbucks coffee! Thanks for visiting our website! 19/26 City/Highway MPG
http://www.kbbreport.com/arsk1 AWD
New vehicle pricing includes all offers and incentives. Tax, Title and Tags not included in vehicle prices shown and must be paid by the purchaser. While great effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information on this site, errors do occur so please verify information with a customer service rep. This is easily done by calling us at 630-352-0634 or by visiting us at the dealership.
**With approved credit. Terms may vary. Monthly payments are only estimates derived from the vehicle price with a 72 month term, 4.9% interest and 20% downpayment.
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2363 Aurora Ave • Naperville, IL 60540Get Directions
Open Today! Sales: 9am-9pm
Open Today! Service: 7am-5pm
Open Today! Parts: 8am-5pm
Phone: (630) 608-4734https://maps.google.com/?q=2363%20Aurora%20Ave%2C%2C%20IL%2C%20Naperville%2C%20IL%2060540


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Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg has had a tumultuous month. Little more than a week after his company's IPO made him one of the richest people on the planet, trading issues and a souring market have pulled some of that rug out from under him: the 28-year-old was recently kicked off Bloomberg's Billionaires Index of the world's 40 richest people.
Zuckerberg's net worth soared to $19.4 billion on May 18, the first day of Facebook's widely anticipated public offering, but by May 29 had dwindled to $14.7 billion, the AP reports. The social media giant's shares closed on at $38.23 after their debut, and have dropped below $28 in early Thursday trading.
(MORE: Facebook IPO Fallout: Four Lessons from a Rocky Public Debut)
One of the most anticipated IPOs in history, Facebook's launch was more of a mess than a success. Trading was delayed for 30 minutes due to technical problems at the Nasdaq exchange. Facebook and Investment bank Morgan Stanley, which managed the IPO, are now the subject of shareholder lawsuits. (The bank blames the stock exchange glitch for the rocky debut, according to Forbes.)
But don't feel too bad for Zuck. After all, the day after his company went public he exchanged vows with his longtime girlfriend. And he's still worth a whopping $14.7 billion.
MORE: Facebook, Wall Street Banks Sued Over Pre-IPO Financial Forecasts


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The Breaking of Britain project builds on the work of The Paradox of Medieval Scotland (PoMS) and will link to a new database, recording interactions between the Scottish Crown and people in the three northern counties of England from 1216 to 1307.
The project is concerned with the period which extends from the failure of Alexander II's short-lived revival of a Scoto-Northumbrian realm in 1216–17 to the formal abolition of cross-border landholding by Robert I in November 1314, following his victory at Bannockburn.
I have previously found the database of The Paradox of Medieval Scotland very useful during my MSc thesis on Scottish baronies and look forward to the development of this project. It is also good news to see the PoMS database being extended to 1314.


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Lee Parks and Rec Beach programs
January 28, 2009 Take an educational and inspirational walk through Matanzas Pass Preserve and Bowditch Point Park with a naturalist. more »»
Valentine's dance and social at Bay Oaks
January 28, 2009 Everyone loves Valentine's Day! Show your love at Bay Oaks! Dads bring your daughters, moms bring your sons, bring your boyfriend or girlfriend! This dance social is ope... more »»
Baseball tryouts
January 28, 2009 The 13 under baseball travel team is looking for players. Just bring your gear and we will be holding try outs on Monday, Jan. 26; Wednesday, Jan 28 from 6:30 until 9:30 p.m. and Saturday, Jan. more »»
History Maker of the Year Award announced
January 28, 2009 Southwest Florida Museum of History Foundation and Oswald Trippe and Company, Inc. are pleased to announce the History Maker of the Year Award. more »»
The Duprees in concert
January 28, 2009 The Duprees will be performing in the Estero High School Auditorium the evening of March 14. The show will start at 7 p.. more »»
Conservancy of Southwest Florida hosts Mangroves and More Festival
January 28, 2009 The Conservancy of Southwest Florida and Mangrove Action Group will host the Mangroves & More Festival, a free educational event featuring environmental exhibits, nature walks, boat tours and... more »»
Kayak trips offered from Caloosahatchee Regional Park
January 28, 2009 Thursday, Jan. 29. 9 a.m. – 3 p.m. more »»
Guided kayak tours
January 28, 2009 Bunche Beach Feb. 5 $40 per person Must pre-register by Feb 3 Afternoon eco tours -1 to 3 p.. more »»
Human trafficking symposium kicks off at FGCU
January 28, 2009 Florida Gulf Coast University Division of Justice Studies, in collaboration with Continuing Education and Off-Campus Programs, and in partnership with Lee County Sheriff's Office, present a series o... more »»
Free wood carving at Indian Creek
January 28, 2009 Wood carvers from around the United States will be exhibiting their wood carvings and demonstrating their various carving techniques at the annual Woodcarving Exhibit on Saturday, Feb. more »»
Finalists for teacher of the year announced
January 28, 2009 The School District of Lee County is proud to announce the finalists for this year's Teacher of the Yea. more »»
State park to host morning hikes and afternoon ambles
January 28, 2009 The Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park staff and volunteer guides invite visitors to join them on a guided nature walk at the Old Datsun Trail in... more »»
Siesta Bay yoga classes
January 28, 2009 Yoga – 12 week series at Siesta Bay with Debbie Padnuk, R.N., E-RYT 500. When: Thursdays, 9:30 until10:30 a.m. through March 26. more »»
2008 shows drop in overall crime
January 28, 2009 Annual statistics compiled by the Lee County Sheriff's Office shows an overall drop in crime during 2008. Compared to 2007, the overall crime rate is down more than nine percent county-wide. more »»
Veteran jouranlist to speak at Shell Point
January 28, 2009 The 2009 Inaugural Speaker Series continues at Shell Point Retirement Community with Chris Wallace, veteran broadcast journalist and host of FOX News Sunday with Chris Wallace, on Monday Feb.9 at 7p. more »»
Parkinson's symposium presentation at Shell Point
January 28, 2009 Residents who are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease are invited to attend the 6th Annual Parkinson's Symposium, a special presentation from the Shell Point Academy. more »»
Sanibel to concuct study for alternative transportation
January 28, 2009 Lee County Transit (LeeTran) in cooperation with its partners, the J.N. more »»
Collier County to build new reef
January 28, 2009 The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation and Commission (FFWCC) has awarded the Collier County Coastal Zone Management Department $60,000 in grant funds to pay for implementing a new artificial... more »»
Red Tide Refrain premieres at DiamondHead
January 28, 2009 Be part of the local premiere of the new film "Red Tide Refrain," sponsored by the Bonita Springs/Fort Myers Beach chapter of Solutions To Avoid Red Tide (START) on Monday, Fe. more »»
Shafer named humanitarian of the year
January 28, 2009 The Realtor Association of Greater Fort Myers and the Beach, Inc. honored Cynthia Shafer of Lahaina Realty with the 2008 Humanitarian of the Year Award. more »»


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Rail and transit
We help rail and transit companies transform their operations through digital platforms, data-driven insights and a reimagined customer experience.
We help rail and transit companies transform their operations through digital platforms, data-driven insights and a reimagined customer experience.
From intermodal freight lines for free-flowing global trade to busy urban transit systems that keep cities moving, transport is in transition. Market volatility is creating rapid swings in volume and the business mix. Boundaries are blurring, and competition is fierce.
Liberalization is opening up markets to new entrants, with alternatives like independent buses, low-cost airlines and carpool services, with self-driving vehicles in hot pursuit. With significant investment in infrastructure for many public transit agencies, the pressure's on to control capacity and optimize revenue.
New entrants often have disproportionately lower start-up and operating costs, more labor flexibility and fewer constraints than public or government backed organizations. And new analytically driven entrants are changing industry dynamics and raising customer expectations. To compete, rail and transit companies must reinvent. FAST.
We help Rail and Transit companies to transform their operations and apply the NEW through digital platforms, data-driven insights and reimagined customer experience .
Delivering advanced security solutions and managed security services to safeguard complex rail and transit critical infrastructures, end-to-end.
Applied intelligence and human ingenuity for business value and enhanced decision making (e.g., big data platform, dynamic planning, video analytics).
Enabling rail, transit and transport organizations to tackle their biggest asset and technology challenges to drive more value from enterprise assets.
A new market space generated by the combination of new technology and new user needs. End-to-end services targeting consumers desire for mobility.
Prepare rail and transit clients for integrated Mobility-as-a-Service platforms.
Metro de Madrid: The smart way to keep cool
We helped Metro de Madrid develop and implement a self-learning AI-based ventilation system that minimizes energy costs and keeps commuters cool.
Accenture's report explains how convergent technologies and enterprise security strategies are transforming rail and transit to prevent cyber-attacks.
Accenture's report explain how dynamic pricing models can help reinvent rail transport and drive profit. Read more.
Learn how enterprise asset management can help rail companies drive up performance, value and growth.


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This site offers educational videos, K-12 assembly programs, speakers, quit smoking info, anti-tobacco news, and a great anti-smoking links guide for teen smoking prevention. The mission of our sister group, Smokefree America, is to motivate youth to stay tobaccofree and to empower smokers to quit successfully. Our efforts, combined with those of many other groups fighting tobacco, will help reduce the prevalence of the major diseases caused by smoking: lung cancer, heart disease, and emphysema. Your gift to Smokefree America will make a real difference in the fight against tobacco, and help reduce future suffering among families with loved ones afflicted by smoking-caused disease.
|Recent news coverage
plan to initiate a live
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out information packages
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|References and quotes from past clients about live anti-smoking talks
video and audio clips from
the anti-tobacco video and
live anti-smoking talks
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|Brief overview of live anti-smoking talks
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|Content of anti-smoking lecture for communities, Universities or health conferences
|Cool anti-smoking ads, photos and art
|Tips to Quit Smoking
|Bio and press kit materials
|Our anti-smoking website for youth, Notobacco.org
Anti-Smoking Site for teens with links to the Internet's coolest anti-tobacco sites. The Message to Youth will rock you! Students learn how to research questions easily.
Spoof anti-smoking cigarette ads are © by Adbusters magazine


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Reviewed by Nate A. (age 7)
My favorite part of the story is when the fish keeps growing because it was funny. My favorite character is the boy because he doesn't take care of his fish. This story has great pictures that show what is going on.
i think others should read it because it is cool and really fun to read.


text:
- Guaranteed to Fit
- Free Same Day Shipping
- Thousands of How-to Videos
Electrical Parts at 1A Auto
What are the electrical parts and where are they located?
Your car contains a number of systems that run on electricity. These include lights, fans, sensors, windows, locks, and many other parts run by small motors. The battery powers all of these through ancillary circuits that are connected or disconnected by various fuses, relays, and switches. Many ancillary circuits are wired through the ignition switch, so they can only be turned on when the switch is in the "accessory" or "on" positions. Power is grounded to the vehicle's frame at various points. The frame is connected to the battery's negative terminal by a cable.
How do I know if my electrical parts need to be replaced?
Electrical parts can burn out over time—especially from frequent use. Sudden surges in power can also cause damage, but thankfully relays and fuses can protect the electrical parts by disconnecting them from their power source. Often, a problem that seems like a damaged electrical part can be attributed to a blown fuse or a malfunctioning relay. Before replacing an electrical part, you might want to check its corresponding fuse or relay. You can find them in an electrical box under the hood. Your owner's manual will help you figure out which fuse or relay is which. You can then replace the old one with a new one of the same type and see if that improves your situation. If not, then you may have to replace the part in question. You can test many electrical parts with a multimeter. This often involves removing the part. If the part does turn out to be broken, though, you'll already be halfway through replacing it.
Can I install the electrical parts myself?
The difficulty of replacing electrical parts varies from vehicle to vehicle and part to part. Relays, for example, can be very easy to replace. You simply need to locate and open the electrical box, pull out the old relay, and push on the new one. Parts like sensors, fans, actuators, and motors can be harder to access. You may need to remove panels or other nearby parts to reach them. Once you've found an electrical part, generally, you'll just have to disconnect its electrical connector and unbolt it, then connect the new one and bolt it on. Most of these parts can be replaced with a little bit of effort and patience. Be sure to disconnect the battery before working with any electrical parts for safety's sake.


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Brooklyn Brewery Brewmaster Garrett Oliver Talks Beer main content.
by AMNH on
Beer and cheese have long been two of America's favorite things. On October 19, Brooklyn Brewery Brewmaster Garrett Oliver and Aaron Foster of Murray's Cheese will lead the Museum's Adventures in the Global Kitchen: Beer and Cheese, an exploration of how carefully crafted pairings can bring out the best in both, complete with tastings of multiple seasonal beers and cheese. Oliver, who recently edited The Oxford Companion to Beer, answered a few questions about the popular beverage.
What made you choose a career in beer?
My degree is in broadcasting and film, and I spent years working for HBO and making independent films. Beer started as a hobby and slowly took over my life. Like filmmaking, it's a perfect blend of art and science when it's done right.
You recently edited The Oxford Companion to Beer,which covers over 1,100 individual subjects ranging from the drink's social history to techniques for making oak-aged beers. What was the most interesting thing you learned?
Among the most surprising was the race to develop the humble bottle cap. Before the modern crown cap, most bottles were closed with the old "pot-stopper" closure, which you still see today on a few brands such as Grolsch. In those days, though, these bottles often leaked. So between 1882 and 1890, the U.S. Patent Office received more than 300 patents for beer bottle closures. And the makers of the winning designs became quite rich. Aside from this, the book talks about the history of women in brewing, traditional brewing in Africa (often using techniques that go back to ancient Egypt), and the development first of the English alehouse and later the modern pub. Both refrigeration and pasteurization were invented for beer. Wherever you have human history and progress, you'll find beer right in the center of the action.
Does Brooklyn Brewery have any special beers lined up for fall?
We always have new beers coming down the pike. Our current draft-only Brewmaster's Reserve release is called The Companion, named after The Oxford Companion to Beer. It's a wheat wine, an old form of strong ale made from more than 50 percent wheat as opposed to barley. It's very rich and flavorful, but wheat produces a lighter-bodied beer than barley does, so it has some delicate qualities despite having a strength of 9 percent.
If you had to choose one beer-cheese pairing for a chilly fall night, what would it be?
It's pretty hard to beat a rich chocolaty imperial stout. I'd pick Brooklyn Black Chocolate Stout, with Stilton cheese. Now I'm hungry!


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Not to be confused with tagalog.
My thoughts at MedPage Today.
28 January 2008
Not to be confused with tagalog.
Posted by shadowfax at 12:12 PM
2 comments:
It thought it was going to be a post about tagalongs. http://tinyurl.com/h93lxReplyDelete
I misjudged you and for that, I apologize. (you'll find my previous correspondence in the 1/15/08 post).
After *truly* reading the bulk of your blog and realizing the balancing act between medicine, detective work, drama and humanity that you and many other *good* ED docs do, well- I feel like a bit of a choad.
So- sorry. About. That. Please keep up the good work.
PS- I still think you should consider the whole radiology option. Better yet- *sub specialty* radiology! Think of that Porsche, man...think of that Porsche.
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Stop climate change
We have the knowledge, skills and technologies to stop climate change. All over the world people have woken up to the threat, and are working to reduce the use of fossil fuels, stop rainforest destruction and get power from clean energy. Still much more needs to be done.
Climate change campaigns
Declare a Climate Emergency
Our climate is breaking down. The government needs to put the emergency brake on now and start turning the ship around. We're calling on the government to declare a Climate Emergency - and then act like it.
Barclays and tar sands
Canada's tar sands produce some of the dirtiest and most polluting oil in the world. To get this oil onto the market Canada want three new pipelines built, and we're campaigning for Barclays to stop funding these projects.
Clean energy
Reducing CO2 emissions from energy generation is key to tackling climate change. We're campaigning for a clean energy future made up of a green economy with new jobs and growth based on investment on clean & efficient renewable energy capacity.
Fracking is the process of blasting water, sand and a cocktail of chemicals deep underground in order to get out the gas or oil. Fracking increases our dependence on fossil fuels at a time when we need the exact opposite, which is why we are actively campaigning for a frack-free UK.
Air pollution
Air Pollution is disgusting, dangerous and deadly. 40,000 lives were cut short by air pollution in the U.K. We are campaigning for politicians who have the power to change things to stop hiding their heads in the smog.
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BP, the company responsible for the Deepwater Horizon disaster wants to drill for oil near the pristine Amazon Reef. We are campaigning to stop them.
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Our fossil fuel investor briefings analyse macroeconomic risks as well as technical, legal and regulatory challenges in high risk projects, such as offshore Arctic drilling.
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Climate change is the greatest environmental threat humanity has ever faced and the biggest challenge. It is caused by the build up of greenhouse gases – from burning fossil fuels and the destruction of areas that store massive amounts of carbon like the world's rainforests.


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Testicular Relapse of ALL
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
Are you aware of any patients or statistics regarding ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) with testicular relapse? We believe our son is in this position and we have yet to find a similar case.
Selina M. Luger, MD, Director of the Leukemia Program and Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, responds:
We usually think of leukemia as a disease of the bone marrow. Sometimes leukemia is found in other locations throughout the body. For most of these locations, chemotherapy that we give is effective in getting there and treating the leukemia as well. However there are places where there appear to be barriers between the regular blood supply and the location/organ's supply. These are called "sanctuary sites" because the leukemia uses those areas to hide. These barriers prevent the chemotherapy from penetrating well. So if leukemia gets in there, regular chemotherapy is not as successful at treating the leukemia. If leukemia cells are in a sanctuary site, we must treat those areas independently.
The testicles are considered a sanctuary site for ALL, as is the central nervous system. Because chemotherapy does not penetrate the testicles well, other treatments such as radiation therapy are considered. Because patients who develop a relapse in sanctuary sites are at higher risk for recurrence of disease elsewhere, chemotherapy may be considered for treatment of these other areas. In a complicated situation such as this, a pediatric specialist at a cancer center should be consulted.


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Australia forecasts an increase in gold prices
Australian gold mining authorities have informed the gold production data in the first quarter of the present year. The data indicates the production of precious metal has dropped by 7% in comparison to the last quarter of the previous year.
Kitco News agency posted detailed information about the total amount of gold extracted – 69 tons, 5 tons less than in the fourth quarter of 2014, partly due to the decrease in the amount of gold in the mines, according to the experts.
In 2014 Australia won a silver medal in the top gold producing countries rating with 270 tons, only behind China. Now Australia wonders whether it will get the gold, but the real question is the condition of gold mines and fluctuations of gold prices in the market for the profitability of mining activities.
Every gold mining company takes into account the possibility of depletion of gold mines, as that could mean a skyrocket in gold prices, turning gold into the most expensive metal within 20 years. If gold reserves located in the earth crust end soon, gold prices will inevitable soar high, as it has been stated by different experts of the gold world such as Geoffrey Pike, and Stephen Leeb.
For the clients of the Emgoldex online store this possible future scenario is not shocking. They keep track of the events and buy investment gold bars in the online store, ensuring themselves stability and financial independence. The Emgoldex clients feel confident about their future, welfare and prosperity.
Share this news in your social networks and take the right decision!
Category: Gold news Publication date: 2015-05-27 15:14
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A look at the popular Catholic devotion known as the Stations of the Cross
RIO DE JANEIRO – Pope Francis was participating Friday in a Stations of the Cross procession, among the most popular and solemn Catholic rituals, at Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro.
Also known as the Way of the Cross, Via Crucis and Via Dolorosa, the Stations of the Cross are built around reflections on Jesus' last steps leading up to his crucifixion and death. The procession can be done anytime, but is most commonly done during the Lenten season leading up to Easter, especially on Good Friday.
The object of the service is to allow participants to make a spiritual pilgrimage to the chief scenes of Jesus' suffering and death, known as stations, which are generally marked by pictures or tableaux of the incidents. In Catholic churches, such stations depicting the Passion of Christ are typically ranged at intervals around the inside walls.
In performing the Stations of the Cross, the faithful pass from station to station, stopping at each to pray and mediate.
In the version of the Stations of the Cross that Francis is participating in, the mediations were composed to reflect the concerns and issues facing young people, such as drug use and exclusion from social media.
Here is a rundown of the stations:
1.Jesus is condemned to death
2. Jesus carries the cross
3. Jesus falls for the first time
4. Jesus meets his mother
5. Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross
6. Jesus' face is wiped by Veronica
7. Jesus falls for the second time
8. Jesus consoles the women of Jerusalem
9. Jesus falls for the third time
10. Jesus is stripped of his clothes
11. Jesus is nailed to the cross
12. Jesus dies on the cross
13. Jesus is taken down from the cross
14. Jesus is laid in the tomb.


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After stating earlier in the week that gay football players "gotta get up outta here," San Francisco 49ers cornerback Chris Culliver released a statement Wednesday night insisting "those discriminating feelings are truly not in my heart."
While it's fair to wonder if the latter sentiment was prompted by Culliver's publicist, the second-year cornerback is at least taking a proactive approach to assisting the community he offended. Culliver will undergo sensitivity training and then work with "The Trevor Project" in the weeks after Super Bowl XLVII, reported the San Jose Mercury News, to learn more about suicide prevention among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning youth.
"We really feel that education about LGBT youth and the challenges they face is a great way to get (Chris) started on the right path," said Lauren McGinnis, communications director for The Trevor Project, "especially since he's a role model."
Among those counseling Culliver is his cousin, Andrew Brown, a director of the documentary "Word Is Out" about the experiences of gays and lesbians. "Brown has come forward in support of Chris and his efforts to educate himself about the true impact of his commentary," according to a press release from "The Trevor Project."
UPDATE: Culliver's publicist Theodore Palmer told The Associated Press that the cornerback is excited to be working with "The Trevor Project." "It's just an opportunity for him to learn about his comments and educate himself about the LGBT community, and grow," Palmer said. "It's the first step in learning about his words."
Follow Chris Wesseling on Twitter @ChrisWesseling.


text: I was so happy when I came to pick up my poodle! John was gentle and my pet liked him immediately. John did a furtastic job in grooming my little Ruby. Ruby was beautiful, calm, smelled wonderful and was so soft. I love this place it's clean and the staff is very helpful. Nobody can beat their prices, they are the best in the market. I can't wait to take my baby back soon!! This business goes the extra mile and I highly recommend it! You won't be disappointed!


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The University of Arkansas has fired Bobby Petrino, according to Joe Schad of ESPN.
Petrino was placed on administrative leave earlier this week after he was found to be lying about a motorcycle accident he was involved in.
Petrino failed to tell the school that 25-year-old football program employee Jessica Dorrell was also in the accident.
Petrino initially concealed that information to "protect my family and a previous inappropriate relationship [with Dorrell] from becoming public."
After three successful seasons at Arkansas, including qualifying for the January 2011 Sugar Bowl, Petrino signed a large contract extension in December 2010 that would have paid him an average of $3.5 million annually.
The contract, though, contained a clause stating that Petrino could be fired for "engaging in conduct, as solely determined by the university, which is clearly contrary to the character and responsibilities of a person occupying the position of head football coach or which negatively or adversely affects the reputation of the (university's) athletics programs in any way."
Recent events clearly fit the language of this clause as Arkansas athletic director Jeff Long formally announced Petrino's dismissal during a live press conference.
Long said that in and of itself Petrino's relationship with Dorrell was not against university policy. What IS against university policy is Petrino not disclosing his relationship with Dorrell, a former Arkansas volleyball player, and then using his power and position to give her an advantage in the hiring process when there were well over 100 other qualified candidates for the job, Long added.
Long continually described Petrino's behavior throughout the entire investigation as "misleading," "manipulative," and "deceptive." He added that Petrino's actions were an "abuse of authority" and "conflict of interest."
At one point during the press conference a reporter asked Long if he felt like Petrino thought he was bigger than the program. In a very candid moment, Long answered, "Yes."
According to Arkansas, Petrino gave Dorrell an undisclosed $20,000 gift at one point. The IRS only allows tax-free gifts of up to $13,000.
Petrino was fired "with cause" and the University of Arkansas does NOT have to exercise the buyout clause of his contract, Long said.
As for Dorrell, the athletic director said no decision regarding her future employment has been made. Long described Dorrell's particular situation as "a personnel matter." But for now she remains an athletic department employee.
Arkansas football experienced its most successful run under Petrino, going to consecutive January bowl games and putting the Razorbacks among the top 10 money making college athletics programs in the country.
It bears noting that this is the first time Petrino has been fired from the many high profile head coaching jobs he's had during his career.
Although significantly less egregious, Petrino's actions while under contract with other schools/teams, i.e flirting with Auburn while at Louisville or making it obvious he was dying to return to college after taking the Atlanta Falcons job, could've easily warranted a dismissal.


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CUNY Administrative email@example.com Phone: 718-368-5555 Office: M-355
The Department of Business offers majors in
Business Administration,
Fashion Design ,Office Administration and Technology and
Retail Merchandising.
Business majors earn half of their credits in the Business department and the other half of their degree is in liberal arts. Business department courses are in the disciplines of Accounting, Business Administration, Retail Management and Economics. To find out more about our programs, degree requirements, or learn about other department resources click on the links in the navigation bar.
After earning an Associates' Degree at KCC many business majors complete their Bachelor's Degree by transferring to four year schools with junior status. Small classes and caring faculty help students build a strong foundation and prepare them for upper level academics.
Students choosing to enter the job market after earning their Associates' Degree can find entry level positions with local companies in many different areas of business including fashion, retail, data processing, accounting and financial fields. Many students are recruited directly by employers who visit the campus during job fairs.
Website Maintained by
Amy Haas


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Degrees and Programs
Garrett-Evangelical offers a comprehensive set of degree programs for those seeking preparation for ministry in congregations or in community leadership, service, and ministry. The Seminary also offers degree programs for those preparing for teaching and research in theological seminaries, colleges, universities, and the church. In fact, Garrett-Evangelical is one of 20 schools that prepares the great majority of faculty in theological seminaries.
Though Garrett-Evangelical is a seminary related to The United Methodist Church, students come from many denominational traditions. Those seeking ordination are supported in meeting denominational requirements.
Degree Programs
Masters Level Degrees
Master of Divinity (MDiv)
Master of Arts in Christian Education (MACE)
Master of Arts in Music Ministry (MAMM)
Master of Arts in Pastoral Care and Counseling (MAPCC) - Optional Clinical Track
Master of Arts in Public Ministry (MAPM)
Master of Arts in Spiritual Formation and Direction (MASFD)
Master of Theological Studies (MTS)
Doctor of Ministry Degree (Six Tracks)
Community Organizing
Congregational Leadership
Preaching as Leadership in Hispanic/Latinx Congregations
Spiritual Direction
Strategic Leadership for Black Congregations
Preaching (In cooperation with ACTS, the Association of Chicago Theological Schools)
Doctor of Philosophy (Six Concentrations)
Biblical Studies
Christian Education and Congregational Studies
History of Christianity and Historical Theology
Liturgical Studies
Pastoral Theology, Personality and Culture - Optional Clinical Track
Theological and Ethical Studies
Note: A focus in African American/Black Religious Studies is available within any concentration.
Non-Degree Programs
If you are just beginning to feel called to ministry, aren't yet sure where to begin, and want to "try" theological education without the larger time and financial commitment of a degree program, certificates are an affordable way gain up to 15 credit hours toward a degree program as you continue to discern God's call in your life. Certificates offered include:
- Child Advocacy
- Christian Education
- Evangelism and Church Planting
- Music Ministry
- Spiritual Formation and Direction
United Methodist Programs
Basic Graduate Theological Studies
For those seeking Deacon's orders in the United Methodist Church
Certification Studies
For those seeking Certification in the United Methodist Church. Certifications offered include:
Course of Study School
For United Methodist local pastors
Advanced Course of Study
For local pastors who have completed Course of Study School and are seeking Elder's orders in the United Methodist Church
Enrichment Studies or Auditing a Class
Enrichment Studies
For those interested in taking classes for their personal enrichment only, or for those interested in exploring a degree program by taking one class at a time. A maximum of 5 classes may be taken as an enrichment student.
Auditing a Class
Auditing a course is a good way to learn more about a topic of interest or to brush up on new information. The option to audit a course is open to any admitted student at the institution at the discretion of the faculty member. Those not already enrolled normally would need to apply to a degree or nondegree program in order to audit a course.
Auditors do not receive academic credit for the course, but receive learning and knowledge from the experience. Expectations for participation are coordinated directly with the course instructor. There is a reduced tuition rate for those auditing a course.
As a service to our alums, we have a simplified process in place for graduates to return to audit courses for continuing education or personal enrichment.
Alums complete the Alum Auditor Request Form and submit the completed form directly to the registrar (email@example.com). The registrar will then confirm availability with the course instructor and set up the registration. Alums pay the current audit rate for degree students to participate in the course. Alums receive 1 CEU per semester hour of the course completed.
Alums who are interested in an upcoming class should complete the form at least four weeks before term start.
Which Degree Is Right For Me?
Students responding to a call for congregational pastoral leadership or, in The United Methodist Church, ordination as an elder, should enroll in the Master of Divinity program.
Students responding to a call to ministries that bridge the world and the church or, in The United Methodist Church, ordination as a deacon, should enroll in the Master of Divinity, a Master of Arts program, or the Basic Graduate Theological Studies program.
Students seeking to fulfill educational requirements in a specialized ministry should enroll in a Master of Arts (MA) program. In most cases, MA degrees may be added to a Master of Divinity with an additional year of course work.
A selection of options of ministry training is suggested below:
- Students interested in youth ministry should enroll in the concentration in youth ministry in the MA in Christian education as well as work in a field education site in youth ministry.
- Students interested in spiritual formation should enroll in the MA in spiritual formation and direction.
- Students interested in music ministry should enroll in the MA in music ministry. Courses in music and performance can be added through Northwestern University.
- Students interested in pastoral counseling should enroll in the MA in pastoral care and counseling.
- Students interested in Christian social work should enroll in the joint MDiv/MSW program between Garrett-Evangelical and Loyola University.
- Students interested in Christian Education or children's ministry should enroll in the MA in Christian education and complete a field education placement in a Christian education ministry.
- Students interested in community organizing, ecological regeneration, racial justice, and/or child advocacy should entroll in the MA in public ministry.
- Students interested in social justice, urban, or multi-cultural ministries will find supportive course work in the MDiv, MA, or MTS programs. The Chicago area contains many field education placement options in urban ministry and social justice ministries.
For advanced preparation in ministry, the Doctor of Ministry (DMin) program provides training in leadership and congregation, evangelism and mission, and spiritual formation and direction. In addition, Garrett- Evangelical works in cooperation with the Association of Chicago Theological Schools (ACTS) Doctor of Ministry in Preaching program.
For those seeking to study and conduct research about Christian faith, the Master of Theological Studies (MTS) provides concentrations in biblical study, theology and ethics, church history, liturgy, and religion and personality.
For those preparing for ministries of research and teaching, for teaching in theological seminaries and church-related colleges, or for serving the church through teaching and scholarship, the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program has a 100-year history of leadership in preparing scholars for theological education. Specialized foci are offered in the practices of ministry and the Christian tradition including programs in historical, moral, and systematic theology; liturgy; Christian education and congregational studies; and pastoral theology, psychology, and culture.
Programs for United Methodists
Garrett-Evangelical works in cooperation with United Methodist district committees of ministry and conference boards of ordained ministry to assist students as they clarify their call to ministry, engage in spiritual formation, and develop the understandings, skills, and practices for faithful church leadership.
- Students seeking ordination as elder in The United Methodist Church usually enroll in the Master of Divinity program. Most students are full-time; however some of the program may be completed part-time.
- Students seeking ordination as deacon working in specialized ministries may enroll in the Master of Divinity program, one of the Master of Arts programs, or in the Basic Graduate Theological Studies (often referred to as Deacon Studies) program. Students may enroll in these programs full-time or, as in-ministry students, take intensive courses in January and summer terms.
- Students seeking a United Methodist certification in Christian education, evangelism, music ministry, or spiritual formation may complete educational requirements either in a degree program or through our certificate programs.
- Garrett-Evangelical also participates with The United Methodist General Board of Higher Education and Ministry in providing a Course of Study School for those seeking to serve in ministry as local pastors. The Basic Course of Study Program is provided in English, Spanish, and Hmong. The Basic Course of Study program is administered by the Course of Study office at Garrett-Evangelical.
- Courses for those interested in the Advanced Course of Study, leading to ordination as an elder, are also available in English and Spanish. The Advanced Course of Study requires the completion of at least 32 semester hours of graduate level course work after the completion of the 5-year Basic Course of Study. Advanced Course of Study students must be admitted to Garrett-Evangelical and take classes alongside other graduate level students.
Digital Learning
Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary continuously implements emerging technologies to reach out to as many people as possible and to prepare spiritual leaders in every stage of their lives and ministries. While we honor the traditional methods of instruction and rich heritage of academia we also embrace non-traditional methods such as online learning and hybrid classes.
We have twelve accredited online courses offered in a two-year rotation. These classes fulfill the requirements for the Basic Graduate Theological Studies (BGTS) program, and many of the first-year required courses for our master's degree programs and United Methodist Certification programs. In total, Garrett-Evangelical students can currently complete up to 1/3 of a degree program in an online format.
All online courses are open to students enrolled in one of Garrett-Evangelical's graduate degrees, certificates, or enrichment programs. Priority registration is offered for new students and students currently in ministry beyond the Chicago area. One month before classes begin the remaining seats in an online course are made available to all students for registration.


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Charlie Sheen's embattled ex-wife Brooke Mueller is reportedly back in rehab after suffering a negative reaction to prescription pills.
Mueller, who is the mother of Sheen's twin sons, Max and Bob, checked herself into a treatment facility on Monday night due to issues with Adderall, a drug used to help control conditions such as attention deficit disorder.
Her lawyer, Yale Galanter, tells TMZ.com, "Brooke was uncomfortable with the way Adderall was making her behave. Brooke continues her lifelong battle with drug addiction by taking these steps herself to prevent a further drug relapse."
Mueller's latest stint in rehab comes after she was taken to hospital on Friday when she was found unresponsive by an assistant at her home in Tarzana, Calif.
She was discharged and diagnosed with "exhaustion and dehydration," according to her publicist.


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Reviewed by F.C. (age 5)
I liked this book because it was funny that a rat was making ABCs. I like reading books about ABCs with my teacher and friend Khai. I am learning my ABCs in school.
My Mom should read this book to me because I like her to read books to me it helps me go to sleep.
(This review was dictated to Ms. Finucane.)