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The theories about how anatomically modern humans populated the world are hotly-debated. However, genetic and archaeological evidence points towards an initial migration from southwestern Africa over 100,000 years ago, which spread eastwards out of Africa into the Arabian Peninsula, before a small group began a worldwide dispersal around 60,000 years ago along mainly coastal routes. Do the faces of today's indigenous people around the world still leave traces of these ancient migrations?
During the Upper Palaeolithic humans may have looked quite different from their descendants today; nevertheless, a selection of modern male faces and their common Y-chromosome haplogroups provide a speculative look.
A 2009 study on African genetics located the origin of modern human migration in south-western Africa, near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola. The site is the homeland of the indigenous San people. Studies show that the San carry some of the most divergent (oldest) Y-chromosome haplogroups, specific sub-groups of A and B, the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome tree, suggesting they may be descendents of a population ancestral to all modern humans.
The departure of mankind from Africa involved them crossing the much lower waters of the Red Sea and moving along the green coastlines and interior of Arabia and on to the rest of Eurasia. Supercluster F appeared around 50,000 years ago and is the most common macro-haplogroup outside of Africa with more than 90% of the world's population.
The DNA of modern Turkish people suggests that a human expansion occurred from 50,000 years ago in the Middle East, through Anatolia, and finally to the rest of Europe. There are many Y-DNA haplogroups present in Turkey; the majority are shared with European, Caucasian and Middle Eastern populations such as haplogroups E3b, G, J, I, R1a, R1b, K and T.
In 2002, the oldest modern human remains in Europe were discovered in Romania. They are 30-40,000 years old and are likely to represent among the first people to have entered the continent. Haplogroup I is a Palaeolithic 'indigenous European' marker which originated around 20-25,000 years ago around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. It arose in descendants of Haplogroup IJ men arriving from the Middle East; IJ is up to 40,000 years old, suggesting that IJ colonists formed the first wave into Europe and the now dominant Haplogroup R1 arrived later. The greatest density of Haplogoup I today is to be found in Bosnia (54%) and Herzegovina (71%).
In 2007, evidence of the earliest human of occupation Germany was discovered in the form of a 35,000 year old figurine of a mammoth. By 25,000 years ago, the Last Glacial Maximum rendered much of Europe uninhabitable; people took refuge in Iberia, the Balkans, the Ukraine and Italy. As the glaciers receded from about 16,000 years ago, Europe began to be slowly repopulated. Haplogroup I appears to diverge from this point onwards and the re-colonisation of Northern Germany is marked by people bearing the I1 and I2b clades.
The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf melted between 13,000 and 10,000 years ago. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 10,500 years ago, with dwelling sites dating from about 7,000 years ago. Today Haplogroup I1 occurs at greatest frequency in Scandinavia.
Archaeological evidence found in Yemen and Oman has raised the possibility that modern humans were established on the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula as far back as 125,000 years ago when the region was relatively lush and habitable and the Red Sea was shallow enough to be crossed on foot or on a small raft. However, genetic evidence suggests that the group who actually went on to people Eurasia came much later, around 60,000 years ago. They probably followed the same migration route around the coastlines from Africa along Yemen and the sea shores of Oman as climatic conditions dictated.
Any archaeological remains of the coastal migration route around India to South East Asia and Australia are now probably under the sea. However, Virumandi Andithevar, of the Piramalai Kallar community from the Tamil Nadu region of southern India, was identified by the Genographic Project as one of the direct descendants of the first modern human settlers in India. His Y-DNA belongs to Haplogroup C and he carries the M130 marker which defines the first migrants to South East Asia and Australia from the African coast 60,000 years ago; more than half of Australian Aborigines also carry the M130 gene.
Modern human remains dated to around 37,000 years ago have been found in Sri Lanka. Later remains from as early as 18,000 years ago suggest a direct line of descent to the indigenous Vedda population which inhabits the area today.
The Andaman Islands are thought to be a key stepping stone in the coastal migration towards Southeast Asia, Japan and Australia. Males of the indigenous Onge and Jarawa tribes almost exclusively belong to Haplogroup D, which is also found in Tibet and Japan. However, this is a subclade which has not been seen outside of the Andamans and highlights the genetic isolation of these tribes, for longer than any known ancient population in the world. Their ancestors are thought to have arrived in the islands 55,000 years ago from coastal India as part of the first wave of modern human expansion out of Africa.
The geographical position of the Malay Peninsula made it a main thoroughfare on the first wave of migration south. At that time, the much lower sea levels meant that most of maritime Southeast Asia was one land mass; it is known as the lost continent of Sunda. Archaeological evidence of modern human settlement in Peninsular Malaysia is at least 50,000 years old. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages of Malaysia's indigenous Orang Asli (meaning 'original men' in Malay) tribes are also estimated to be around 50,000 years old.
The oldest modern human remains found in Australia have been dated to around 45,000 years ago. Recent genetic studies suggest that Australia was populated by one single migration from Asia as opposed to several waves. Haplogroup C4 is at a high frequency among Australian Aborigines and it has not been found outside of that continent. The first settlers probably made their way southeast along the coast of Sunda until they reached the straits between Sunda and Sahul, the continental land mass that was made up of present-day Australia and New Guinea. They then made the final leg of the journey by sea. Australian Aborigines are the oldest continuous population outside of Africa, the people who have longest occupied their traditional territory, and are the direct descendants of those first explorers.
While the ancestors of Australian Aborigines headed southeast along the coast of Sunda, others may have eventually turned northeast around 40,000 years ago. The prehistoric northward migration of Haplogroup C in mainland East Asia likely followed the coastline and is consistent with the northward migration of the East Asian Y-chromosome, Haplogroup D.
The earliest modern human bones found in Japan are around 32,000 years old. At this time Japan was connected to the continent through several land bridges, notably one linking the Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan and the Korean peninsula, and another one connecting to the Siberian mainland. The Philippines and Indonesia were also connected to the Asian mainland. This allowed migrations from China and Austronesia towards Japan. These first settlers in Japan were the ancestors of the indigenous Ryukyuans (Okinawans). Haplogroups C1 and D2 are unique to Japan and would most likely have come from Austronesia.
The ancestors of the indigenous Ainu people settled in Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan's islands. Although the Ainu share many physical characteristics with modern Europeans, recent Y-DNA tests have not shown any genetic link. They belong mainly to Haplogroup D2; the only places outside of Japan in which Haplogroup D is common are Tibet and the Andaman Islands.
The Itelmens are the indigenous inhabitants of the Kamchatka Peninsula in east Siberia, which began to be settled about 15,000 years ago. Haplogroup C3 predominates among the Itelmens and is believed to have originated approximately 20,000 years ago in eastern Asia. The Itelmens share their high frequency of C3 Y-DNA with other indigenous Siberian peoples around Kamchatka such as the Koryaks, Evens and Evenks. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, the low sea levels of the Ice Age allowed their ancient nomadic ancestors to traverse and inhabit the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to Alaska for thousands of years, before the glaciers melted and Beringia finally disappeared beneath the sea around 10,000 years ago.
This small human population survived the Last Glacial Maximum in isolation in Beringia before expanding to populate the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago as the North American glaciers blocking the way southward melted. Beringia is believed to have supported two distinct migrations into the Americas. The first occurred with populations originating from the Chukotka Peninsula carrying Haplogroup Q1a3a1, which became predominant in indigenous Americans. The second featured minor groups carrying Haplogroup C3b originating from the Kamchatka Peninsula. The oldest existing archaeological site in the Bering region with traces of human occupation is in the Tanana River Valley, Alaska, which is approximately 13,000 years old. The Tanana people belong to the Athabascan group of indigenous North American Indians, and bear equally high frequencies of Haplogroups C3b and Q1a3a1.
Paleo-Indians began to move south and east into Canada; exact dates and routes are still hotly debated. The unglaciated areas of Canada at this time were along the Pacific coastline and east of the Rocky Mountains in the Alberta corridor. The Tlicho, formerly known as the Dogrib, are indigenous to the Northwest Territories in Canada and also hold a high frequency of Haplogroup C3b. This distinct and isolated clade includes almost all of the C3 Y-chromosomes found amongst indigenous peoples of the Americas as far south as Colombia and Venezuela.
The descendants of the small group of migrating modern humans who crossed from Africa into Arabia at the Red Sea gradually expanded and dispersed. The first main division in the expansion likely occurred on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, with some groups continuing to move east while others remained in southern Iran between the Zagros Mountains and the sea.
By 50,000 years ago the population that had remained in southern Iran began to expand: to the east into northern India; to the northwest to the Levant; and to the northeast to Central Asia. Because of its pivotal geographic position, Iran likely served as a major crossroads of human migration. This is reflected in the considerable Y-chromosome diversity found in Iranian males.
By 40,000 years ago modern humans had spread to Central Asia following the grasslands resulting from the cooling climate. Niyazov Bey, a Kazakh Turk living in Kazakhstan, was identified by the Genographic Project as one of the direct descendants of the first modern human settlers in Central Asia. His Y-DNA belongs to Haplogroup P and he carries the M45 marker which defines the first migrants to Central Asia from Africa. Haplogroup P is the ancestoral Y-haplogroup of most Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas; it also contains around one third to two thirds of the males among various populations of Central and Southern Asia.
From Central Asia, modern humans headed northeast to populate Siberia. The precise antiquity of modern humans in this vast territory is still not known and archaeological evidence suggests that the settlement of Siberia was a complex and lengthy process. Haplogroup Q defines the route to Siberia; it is a branch of Haplogroup P and is believed to have arisen in Central Asia around 20,000 years ago. The highest frequency of Q in western Siberia today is found among the indigenous Selkup people (66%) who live in the far north. The Selkup language has many words of Iranian origin, indicating an ancient origin there.
The Ket are thought to be the only survivors of the first ancient nomadic people who originally lived throughout central Siberia. The highest frequencies of Haplogroup Q in Asia are found among the Kets (95%). Subclade Q1 is found mainly in Kets and Selkups in the north. Its age is estimated at 18,000 years old.
The Chukchi are an indigenous people inhabiting the Chukotka Peninsula and the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea region of the Arctic Ocean. In his book The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, geneticist Spencer Wells shows how a small group of possibly no more than 20 of the Chukchi's ancestors crossed the land bridge of Beringia sometime after 16,500 years ago. They were the first modern humans to migrate into the Americas and carried the subclade Q1a3a, which eventually became predominant in all indigenous North, Central and South Amerindians.
The ancestors of the Athabascan people migrated across the Beringian land bridge into Alaska and northwest Canada. The unglaciated areas of Canada at this time were along the Pacific coastline and east of the Rocky Mountains in the Alberta corridor. Athabascan sub-families such as the Eyak, Tlingit, and Haida settled in the region and eventually spread farther east across Canada. The Y-DNA of the 10,300 year old remains of a human male found in Alaska was found to be in Haplogroup Q1a3a. Modern indigenous Athabascan popuations carry high frequencies of Q1a3a1.
The modern Navajo Nation occupies all of northeastern Arizona, the southeastern portion of Utah, and northwestern New Mexico and is the largest territory under Native American jurisdiction in the United States. Navajo people speak dialects of the Athabaskan language and are believed to have originated in northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska. The Navajo carry a very high frequency of Haplogroup Q1a3a1 (92%).
While the first humans must have passed through Mexico at least 14,000 years ago archaeological evidence of human occupation of the region dates only to around 12,500 years ago. The indigenous Nahuas probably settled much later, originally coming from the deserts of northern Mexico and the southwestern U.S. and migrating into central Mexico in several waves. One migrating Nahua group, the Mexica, settled on an island in Lake Texcoco and became the dominant ethnic group of Mesoamerica. Ruling from their island capital of Tenochtitlan they formed the Aztec empire. The Nahua carry a very high frequency of Haplogroup Q1a3a1a (94%).
Archaeological evidence of continuous occupation of the lower Central American region dates to 11,000 years ago and there is a very likely ancestral link between the earliest Paleo Indians hunter-gatherers and the indigenous Chibcha-speaking peoples in the region. The Chibcha of Colombia seem to have evolved their culture in comparative isolation and carry a 100% frequency of Haplogroup Q1a3a1a.
The ancestors of the indigenous people of Brazil who settled in the Amazon rainforest probably entered the Amazon River basin from the northwest. The Amazonian Ticuna and Tupi people carry a 100% frequency of Haplogroup Q1a3a1a. The genetic marker M19, detected in 59% of Ticuna men, arose up to 10,000 years ago, suggesting that population isolation and perhaps even the establishment of tribal groups began soon after the initial colonisation of the region.
An archaeological site at Monte Verde in Patagonia, southern Chile, discovered evidence of human settlement dating back as far as 14,800 years ago; this suggests that the descending generations of the original Beringian Paleo-Indians in the far north had reached the southern end of South America in around 1,000 years. The Patagonian Paleo-Indians were nomadic hunter-gatherers who spent the winters in the lowlands and migrated during the summer to the central highlands of Patagonia and the Andes Mountains. Their descendants are the indigenous Tehuelche people.
Around 11,000 years ago the Selk'nam people started to split off from the ancestral Patagonian group. They became confined to Tierra del Fuego around 6,000 years ago, where they remained until their extinction in the 20th century. The boat- and sea-oriented Yámana and Kawésqar people were also indigenous to this region at the southern tip of South America, but their origins there are unclear.
The Yámana were completely indifferent to the bitter weather around Cape Horn; although they had fire and small shelters, they went about completely naked in the cold and biting wind of Tierra del Fuego, having physically adapted to the harsh climate. The modern population of full-blooded Yámana is down to its last member.
The Kawésqar were a nomadic seafaring people who spent most of their days in their canoes on the waterways of the Brecknock Peninsula. They were also adapted to the cold and rainy conditions and would travel in their canoes naked, oiled with whale blubber. The men sat at the front and hunted sea lions with spears, while the women paddled and the children maintained a continuous fire in a sand pit built in the middle of the canoe. At night they camped on beaches. Their descendants still live in the region, but the full-blooded ethnic lineage is down to its last 15 members.
The Yámana and Kawésqar were physically and culturally distinct from other Native Americans and one suggestion is that may be the descendants of sea-faring Australian Aborigines who colonised South America before the arrival of Amerindians. Geneticists seem divided on the issue. A team of Spanish geneticists in 2004 recovered ancient mtDNA from skeletal samples from Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego. Their analysis apparently revealed their DNA to be of Amerindian origin and linked to populations from Chile and Argentina, but different due to isolation right after their arrival at the southernmost extreme of South America. However, anthropologist George Weber believes that other mtDNA testing shows that they were not Amerindians but were the last surviving remnants of an earlier human migration into the Americas.
In 2009 genetic testing was undertaken on the modern Kawésqar community and on a recently discovered 150 year old mummified body of a Kawésqar Indian. MtDNA analysis showed that the modern Kawésqar were indeed the descendants of the original seafaring populations to inhabit the region. The Kawésqar mummy, however, was a straight match with the inland Aonikenk Indians, a now extinct group of Patagonian nomads. The mummy's Y-DNA was "clearly Amerindian" (Haplogroup Q), while the modern Kawésqars' Y-chromosome haplotypes were "unique and differed from the mummified body"; i.e. there was no direct kinship.
Until more conclusive DNA evidence is produced, does the face of a modern Kawésqar man give any clues about their origin?
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Running Time: 106 minutes
Released: 03/2018
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Kate Hudson at Miami Airport With Sons Bingham and Ryder
Kate Hudson Returns to LA as She Wraps Up Miami Trip With the Boys
Kate Hudson wrapped up a trip to Miami with her sons Ryder and Bingham yesterday. Kate showed off her fresh tan while carrying 19-month-old Bing as big brother Ryder led the way at an airport in Miami. Later, Kate changed into patterned pants when her family landed in LA. She and her fiancé Matthew Bellamy got away to Miami with the boys while Matthew made a few stops on his tour with Muse. The trip wasn't all about work though, since Matthew, Ryder, and Bing spent time playing on the beach as well. Matthew has since moved onto Ohio, where he took the stage with Muse last night.
Kate's travels meant she missed Sunday's Oscars, but she did participate in the 2013 award season. Last month she got glamorous for the Golden Globes and she was back in the spotlight in London last week, when she celebrated Matthew's big night at the Brit Awards.


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Remember those ridiculous Oreo ads that Venus – along with other athletes – are apart of? Well looks like they get picked up to go to the studio in this ride, Nutrition Facts and all. And the glove box is stuffed… with Double Stufed Oreos.
(photo by janae jones)
Tags: Oreo


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Is there something going on? This has been happening for a couple of days. This would happen once in a while before, but even running it manually I can't get it to load.
Any suggestions? I can get to the site, and connectivity is not an issue.
Really need my guide data - it's running out!
Thanks in advance for any help.


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LOS ANGELES: Jodie Foster teased the Golden Globes on Sunday by hailing her female ex-partner as "one of the deepest loves of my life" -- but then denying she was giving a coming-out speech.
Foster, long rumoured to be lesbian, surprised the audience by announcing she had a confession to make, saying she had "a sudden urge to say something that I've never really been able to air in public".
Announcing a "declaration that I'm a little nervous about, but maybe not quite as nervous as my publicist," she said: "I'm just going to put it out there, right?
"Loud and proud, right? So I'm going to need your support on this," she told the A-list audience at the Beverly Hilton hotel, but this time listening intently.
"I am single," she said, to laughter, "Yes, I am. I am single. No, I'm kidding, but I mean, I'm not really kidding, but I'm kind of kidding.
"Seriously, I hope that you're not disappointed that there won't be a big coming-out speech tonight, because I already did my coming out about a thousand years ago, back in the Stone Age."
She then went on to give a shout-out to a list of friends in the audience, including Mel Gibson, before saying: "There is no way I could ever stand here without acknowledging one of the deepest loves of my life.
Pointing to ex-partner Cydney Bernard, she called her "my heroic co-parent, my ex-partner in love, but righteous soul sister in life, my confessor, ski buddy, consigliere, most beloved BFF of 20 years."
"Thank you Cyd," she said, "I am so proud of our modern family. our amazing sons, Charlie and Kit (Christopher), who are my reason to breathe and to evolve, my blood and soul."
The 50-year-old, who won a Golden Globe and Oscar for her role in 1991's "Silence of the Lambs", was picking up the award from Globes organizers the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, which announced it last November.
Previous honourees include Al Pacino, Steven Spielberg, Judy Garland, Harrison Ford, Walt Disney, Frank Sinatra, Bette Davis and Lucille Ball. Morgan Freeman received the award at last year's show.
Jodie Foster teases Globes about "coming out"
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LAKE BUENA VISTA, Fla. (AP) Elias Harris and Kelly Olynyk each scored 13 points too help No. 17 Gonzaga beat Clemson 57-49 in a first round game Thursday night at the Old Spice Classic.
Olynyk was in the starting lineup after missing the previous three games due to a violation of the student code of conduct. The junior forward, who had his first two shots blocked, also had three rebounds.
Clemson got 10 points from Adonis Filer. Milton Jennings had six points and eight rebounds.
Sam Dower had 11 points for Gonzaga (4-0), which will go against Oklahoma in Friday's semifinals. Clemson (2-1) will face Texas-El Paso in the loser's bracket.
David Stockton had an end-to-end layup, while Kevin Pangos and Harris added in-close baskets as Gonzaga went ahead 47-39 with 6 1-2 minutes to play.
Harris' 3-point play two minutes later made it 50-41.
Olynyk scored four points during a 6-0 run that saw Gonzaga go up 31-30 early in the second half. Olynyk had another basket and Guy Landry Edi added a dunk as the Zags grabbed a 37-33 lead with 12 minutes remaining.
Clemson took a 24-23 advantage at the half, which had eight lead changes and three ties.
Gonzaga had the final five points in the first half, including a buzz-beating tip-in by Olynyk.
Damarcus Harrison's 3-pointer gave Clemson a 24-18 lead two minutes before the break. The Tigers scored the first four points of the game and went up 8-5 on a Rod Hall basket.
Pangos' layup put Gonzaga ahead 11-10 with nine minutes left in the first half. The Zags missed 9 of their first 10 shots, and went 9 for 27 (33 percent) during the opening half.
Clemson was 10 of 29 (34.5 percent) from the floor over the first 20 minutes.


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Guest post by Daisy Cunynghame
Much is known about the Museum's work and contribution to the efforts of the Second World War. One of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) workshops was even housed in the Museum, where new weapons, explosives and sabotage techniques were invented and developed by the British war organisation. But less is known about the contributions made in the First World War - both by individuals and as a Museum collective.
The Museum made important contributions to the war effort in a wide range of areas - supplying departmental expertise, furthering public education, providing public services and, of course, undertaking military service. The work helped solve many practical day-to-day problems, as well as developing innovations that aided in military strategy. Often the solutions found or attempted were ingenious and imaginative.
A number of Museum workers volunteered for military service, although casualties were inevitable and 13 were killed. Supplying men for the British Expeditionary Force was obviously one important facet of the Museum's role in the war, but there were many others. Some people translated German reports and correspondence. A number of scientists used their contacts on the continent to distribute propaganda, including The Manifesto of the Intellectuals and Gee! I Wish I Were a Man. The Museum also provided British prisoners of war with scientific publications for a little light reading.
There were several war-related projects and exhibitions at the Museum for the soldiers and the general public. A war farm was built at the eastern end of the grounds, which was tended by wounded soldiers as well as staff. The Museum was kept open to the public throughout the war, to provide an escape for convalescing solders and to educate the public on important matters related to the war effort.
Staff and convalescent soldiers, pictured in 1917, tend the 'war farm' at the eastern end of the Museum's grounds.
Special exhibitions included managing wartime allotments, dealing with infestations of various bugs, and how to prevent the killing of carrier pigeons by differentiation from the feral type.
A Museum display, ca. 1918, of carrier pigeons like those that saved lives by relaying messages from downed pilots or disabled ships during WWI.
The Entomology Department's part in the war effort was very important, having direct effects on the health of soldiers, food supplies and military operations. Work was done to find solutions to tick- and mite-related damage - on humans, army horses and food supplies. Additionally, important research was undertaken on how to protect the envelopes of air ships from attacks by insects, how to minimise the impact of mosquitoes and scabies on soldiers in the trenches and mites attacking food stores, and how to protect telephone and telegraph cables in the tropics.
Our armies in Egypt sent many enquiries to the Zoology Department, most of them relating to flat-worms, snails and the like, from a perspective of disease, food supply, water supply and commerce. Zoology contributed important work in other areas as well, including the use of crustaceans to determine the age of wrecks when examining sunken submarines, and an ambitious study on the use of gulls to locate enemy submarines. Gulls were successfully trained to identify submerged submarines by circling above them - although teaching them to distinguish between a 'Fritz' and a 'Tommy' sub proved less successful. While this particular study did not produce the desired result, it is a great example of just how creative Museum scientists were during the war.
The Botany Department gave advice to the military on topics such as the use of moss for surgical dressings, suitable food for humans and horses in foreign climes, and seaweeds and fungi safe for human consumption. Other areas of guidance included camouflaging weapons, the right timber to use for airplanes and air ships to avoid issues with insects and fungi, and how to prevent tents from being destroyed by fungi.
The Geology Department provided advice on where to drill for water and mine, based on fossil specimens. But perhaps their most important work was in relation to the battlegrounds themselves, where they gave information and guidance on the geology of the Italian and Belgian fronts. In addition, the department played a key role in finding a way to build and maintain cement platforms in salt water for the docking of naval vessels.
The staff in the Museum played an important role in the war effort, but the specimens themselves also proved invaluable. External visitors used the collections for a variety of ends. Mineralogy specimens were used to study the make-up of German trench cement and Austrian steel components, while overseas governments examined entomological collections to identify pests and insects of potential economic significance.
This, of course, is just a small sample of the extensive impact of the Museum's staff and collections on the war effort. Owing to the ingenuity and dedication of individuals, as well as the value of the collections for a myriad of purposes, the Natural History Museum can rightly claim to have played an integral part during WWI.
Further WWI posts:


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Facts About Amblyopia
Amblyopia can result from any condition that prevents the eye from focusing clearly. Amblyopia can be caused by the misalignment of the two eyes—a condition called strabismus. With strabismus, the eyes can cross in (esotropia) or turn out (exotropia). Occasionally, amblyopia is caused by a clouding of the front part of the eye, a condition called cataract.
A common cause of amblyopia is the inability of one eye to focus as well as the other one. Amblyopia can occur when one eye is more nearsighted, more farsighted, or has more astigmatism. These terms refer to the ability of the eye to focus light on the retina. Farsightedness, or hyperopia, occurs when the distance from the front to the back of the eye is too short. Eyes that are farsighted tend to focus better at a distance but have more difficulty focusing on near objects. Nearsightedness, or myopia, occurs when the eye is too long from front to back. Eyes with nearsightedness tend to focus better on near objects. Eyes with astigmatism have difficulty focusing on far and near objects because of their irregular shape.


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Duties and Responsibilities of the University Committee on the Use of Human Research Subjects (B-45)
EXECUTIVE MEMORANDUM No. B-45
(Supersedes Executive Memo B-13)
February 17, 1977
To: Chancellors, Deans, Directors, and Heads of Schools, Divisions, Departments, and Offices
Re: Duties and Responsibilities of the University Committee on the Use of Human Research Subjects
Purdue University and the Purdue Research Foundation policies with regard to the use of human research subjects require a review to safeguard the rights and welfare of such subjects. In order to insure adequate safeguards, group reviews and decisions must be carried out in reference to (1) the rights and welfare of the individuals involved, (2) the appropriateness of the methods used to obtain informed consent, and (3) the risks and potential benefits of the proposed activity.
The establishment of appropriate policies and procedures, including group reviews and decisions, is the responsibility of the University Committee on the Use of Human Research Subjects, and such policies and procedures that are established shall be applicable to all research operations conducted at Purdue University or any of its facilities or conducted under the auspices of the University or its staff. These policies and procedures apply only to the use of human subjects for research and do not apply to the activities of the faculty and staff in the execution of their other professional duties.
Effective immediately, and continuing until further notice, the duties and responsibilities of the University Committee on the Use of Human Research Subjects are as follows:
- Establish a mechanism for and conduct reviews of research programs or projects to obtain group decision on guarding the safety, human rights, and welfare of human subjects. Consideration of safety, human rights, and welfare involves not only the effects on human subjects at the time, but residual and continuing effects throughout the life of the individual, subject to the normal processes of maturation, intercurrent disease, accident or the degenerations of aging. Intrusion upon the individual rights, privacy and freedom of individuals is also involved in the manner of utilization of results and their publication or other means dissemination of information.
- Make thorough evaluation of the potential risks and potential benefits connected with the procedures and agents to be used upon human subjects and determine whether the potential benefits justify the risks, if any.
- Assess the need for the proposed application of procedures and agents to human subjects in order to pursue the objectives.
- Provide an independent review of the facts and decide on the nature of its prosecution free of vested personal or professional interest in the general or specific objectives.
- Exercise executive authority to require change or discontinuance of the use of procedures or agents which pose a threat to human rights or welfare.
- Maintain an exchange of information and advice between the review group and the responsible individual, particularly to deal with proposed changes and with emergent problems which may alter the situation to safeguard rights and welfare of human research subjects.
- Prepare and disseminate information on the issues of human rights and welfare as related to the use of human research subjects and the practices and procedures, and rules related thereto, for use and guidance of the staff.
- Maintain records of each action, review and decision on the safeguarding of human rights and welfare with regard to a project or program involving human research subjects.
- Ascertain in all instances of the use of human research subjects that proper methods are established to obtain adequate and appropriate informed consent.
- Keep abreast of all additional granting agency rules and regulations involving human beings and initiate practices in the requirements on grants funded by the various agencies.
- Report, from time to time, to the Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School and make recommendations to him concerning University practices that will meet the requirements on grants awarded by agencies.
Favorable recommendations by the Committee to review or rejection by the President of Unfavorable recommendations, restrictions, cannot be removed except by the Committee, or by the action of another duly appointed and appropriately constituted committee competent to review the project.
The Chairman of the Committee on the Use of Human Research Subjects shall serve as the administrative officer in carrying out the necessary administrative functions of the Committee and in promulgating the policies established by the Committee. The Chairman is authorized to appoint a qualified individual to serve, as needed, as an Executive Secretary in performing the administrative functions of the Committee.
The Chairman of the Committee and the Executive Secretary, or their duly to act authorized representatives, are authorized to act (under policies established by the Committee) for the Committee between meetings, reporting actions taken to the Committee for review at appropriate intervals.
In particular, as action consistent with the duties and responsibilities of the Committee as listed above, authority is granted to:
- Obtain information on projects involving human research subjects, particularly with respect to changes in protocol or emergent problems and to assure the Committee that its recommended course of action for specific projects is followed. Periodic review (dependent on the risk involved) of individual projects by consultation with the responsible staff and examination of appropriate records will be conducted.
- Provide for the maintenance of written records of the Committee, of group reviews and decisions on the use of human research subjects, and of sequent periodic reviews of individual projects.
- Provide advice and consultation to the staff on matters of employing human research subjects in investigation.
- Recommend that the responsible staff change or discontinue the use of research procedures or agents which pose a threat to human rights and welfare. Cases requiring more specific action will be referred to the Committee as a whole for final disposition.
Arthur G. Hansen


text:
20762 Surnames | 136434 Records | 2778 Reunions
Dead Fred asks:Are you a Desperate Genealogist?
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Dead Fred's Genealogy Photo Archive, a free, fun photo genealogy research web site devoted to helping you visualize your heritage!
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Photo #31106
Last Name: Julian
First Name : Doris
Middle Name:
Subject's City: Milford
Subject's State: MA
Subject's County: Worcester
Subject's Country: USA
Date: 1921-1940
Photographer's City:
Photographer's State:
Nee: Julian
Type** :
Comments: Doris Julian (Nee: Julian) | Milford MA USA | 1921-1940 | Comments: This is my grandmother's sister Doris Julian Parsons. Doris lived in San Jose CA at one point in her life. Later she married Benjamin Parsons and lived in Corvallis OR. Aunt Doris was the youngest child born to George and Edith Bacon Julian from Milford MA.
Digital Image Only? NO
Everyone Listed In This Photo:
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text:
Rain Helps Fight Against Wyoming Fires
NEWCASTLE, Wyo. (AP) — Rain has helped crews battling some wildfires in Wyoming, including a 16-square-mile Squirrel Creek Fire about 30 miles southwest of Laramie.
The residents of about 15 homes were evacuated Wednesday evening because the fire grew to the southeast in beetle-killed timber. However, rain fell at the fire and crews made progress against the fire overnight so those evacuations could be lifted Thursday.
Residents previously evacuated on the east side of the fire were able to return home Wednesday.
Air Force C-130 cargo planes have been used to drop slurry on the blaze, which has destroyed one home and three outbuildings.
Rain also fell on the Fontennelle fire in the Bridger-Teton National Forest.
Fire managers at the 91-square-mile Oil Creek fire in northeastern Wyoming said thunderstorms Thursday could bring erratic winds


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I kept morphing into different animals. Each animal was like a progression to the next level up. I went from a deer to a wolf to a tiger and then a hawk. These people were trying to capture me, but when I became the hawk I was able to soar and none of them could reach me or even get close. –Lacie 24, Salt Lake City, UT
Lauri: All the morphing in this dream suggests you and/or your life has been changing. The animals are clues as to what these changes are. The deer suggests you may have started out feeling victimized, the wolf means you then decided to take on the mind-set of a predator rather than victim and that seems to have led you to discovering your feminine prowess, symbolized by the tiger. And the final transformation is very fitting, a hawk. You have risen above and freed yourself from that which had you playing the victim. Have you realized that you are above certain lowly behaviors and attitudes and, just as no one could touch you in the dream, do you now feel you will no longer allow yourself to be trapped in bad situations or bad relationships?
Lacie replies: Wow! I would say that is right on point. I have had a TON of changes in my life. I finally got the raise I've been working my butt off for. There was a lot of drama with that and I did feel like a victim and like I wasn't being rewarded. I also just moved into my own apartment. I would say that all this has given me a lot of confidence in myself. That is interesting about the deer to wolf morph because I had just come across a quote that said, don't be a victim, be a warrior. Kinda crazy!


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Chargers sign CB Butler, waive DE Nevis
SAN DIEGO (AP) -- The San Diego Chargers have signed free agent cornerback Crezdon Butler.
To make room on the roster, the Chargers waived defensive end Drake Nevis.
The transactions were announced Tuesday.
Scroll to continue with content
Butler was released by Buffalo at the end of training camp in 2013. He played in six games with the Bills in 2012, primarily on special teams.
He was a fifth-round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010. Butler played in four games as a rookie for the Steelers and was waived before the start of the 2011 season.
He also has played with Arizona and Washington.
AP NFL website: www.pro32.ap.org


text:
Ms. Powell's Kindergarten class, New Castle Elementary 2007
Dear Santa,
How is Mrs. Claus doing? How are your reindeer doing, are they excited about Christmas? I helped my mom, really helped her one time clean the house, I bet you were watching me! I would like a ladybug nightgown and I would like MAKE UP, I really like make-up! I would like a dress-up head where you can put on makeup and dress her hair up. Bye, Bye Santa,
Isabella Dale
Dear Santa,
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The internet is an essential resource for career-related information. You can find current employment listings on general sites that cover all occupations and geographical areas or go to specialized sites for individual industries and job categories. Expert advice is offered in areas such as:
In addition to these online resources, there are some excellent career services available through BCTC Career Development and Counseling Services
These sites provide a wealth of job hunting advice to help you to develop cover letters and print and electronic resumes, and help with interview and follow-up skills.
While they provide career information on many topics, these sites are particularly useful for those seeking first-time professional employment.
Search the databases at these sites for all types of job listings. Many of the sites offer helpful career information as well.
Contact BCTC Career and Counseling Services.


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Cameron Jordan and the defense are the secret to the Saints' perfect start. Plus, readers ask questions about an un-clutch superstar and teams losing on purpose
For two years, since they were selected 11th and 24th in the first round of the 2011 draft, combo-platter defensive ends J.J. Watt of Houston and Cameron Jordan of New Orleans had a large gulf between them. Watt was the record-breaker, the pass-deflector and sack machine, the 2012 Defensive Player of the Year. Jordan was a nice defensive end, but miscast in the Saints' futile 4-3 scheme.
At 6-4 and 287 pounds, Jordan needed to be a Watt, a 3-4 end who moved inside and played some 3-technique depending on the down and distance. That's how Watt got his 20.5 sacks and 16 pass deflections in 2012. It was one of the best seasons a defensive lineman ever had.
Someone saw. Someone knew the impact Jordan could make playing as a 3-4 end on running downs and playing inside against the pass. Veteran defensive coach Rob Ryan knew, and when Sean Payton replaced coordinator Steve Spagnuolo—a 4-3 guy—with malleable 3-4 maven Ryan after the Saints' disastrous defensive season in 2012, Ryan pushed Jordan to his more natural spot. And Ryan essentially told him to go get the quarterback and forget everything else on passing downs. It was perfect for Jordan. Watch him play, and you see a Tasmanian devil, a powerful and slippery twister-and-turner with 17 quarterback disruptions (sacks, pressures and knockdowns) through three games. Watt has 14.
The Tuesday Mailbag
INSIDE THE NINERS LOCKER ROOM. In light of Aldon Smith's most recent indiscretion, what do the guys on his team think of this? How do they treat the guy? Is he given the cold shoulder? Helped like a brother? Tough love? Personally, if a co-worker was not "getting it" in this way, I would have serious reservations about trusting him/her in the work environment. I know that a team sport is different, but are we not still human?
—Matt, Maine
Well, I'm not in the locker room and haven't been around this team since midway through training camp. So all I can do is take an educated guess based on my experience covering a lot of locker rooms over the years. I think it's probably a mix. I think some guys in the room think he should get a hold of himself and he's letting down the team. But I think others are fully sympathetic and they think he should just get help. Remember, these guys have been teammates and probably have become very good friends and have won some of the biggest games on the sport's stage over the past couple of years. When you've shed blood and sweat with a teammate, I don't think you're just going to abandon him when he's having problems.
AARON RODGERS. NOT CLUTCH? I'm a lifelong Packers fan and certainly think of Aaron Rodgers as one of the best around. But it strikes me that he rarely leads the team from behind late in the fourth quarter. Partly because he doesn't often need to, but twice this year he had the ball in his hands with a chance to take the lead late in the game and didn't deliver. I've noticed over the years with him that we don't usually get the win if trailing late. Shouldn't "the best player in the game" be pulling off the last-minute win more often? Is this just me or is there a real gap in his résumé?
I haven't studied Rodgers performance late in fourth quarters as much as, say, Tony Romo, who doesn't have a good record late in games, or Eli Manning, who does. But let's talk about Sunday in Cincinnati. Rodgers had the lead and was driving for an insurance TD when Johnathan Franklin fumbled and the Bengals took it back for the winning points. I realize Rodgers got the ball back and didn't score, but on the other hand he was probably three or four plays away from giving the Packers a 10-point lead when Franklin fumbled.
Rodgers does not strike me as an un-clutch player. Think back to his great Super Bowl XLV throw to Greg Jennings on 3rd-and-10 against Pittsburgh. I'm not saying you're wrong. I'm just saying that if this is a flaw, I think it's a minor one, and I don't think of Rodgers as a guy who doesn't get the job done late in games.
NEW RULE CAUSING CONFUSION. I'm confused on this supposed new rule that running backs will be flagged for a personal foul if they lower their helmet as they prepare for a collision with a defender outside of the box. The first play in the Indy/SF game, Ahmad Bradshaw receives a outlet pass from Luck in the flat, runs upfield a couple of yards and meets Donte Whitner. Whitner led with his shoulder, but Bradshaw lowered his head to bust through the tackle and Whitner's shoulder hit Bradshaw in the helmet. Whitner is given a flag for unnecessary roughness.
I thought this was the exact case of the new rule that should be applied. I know that the league has erred on the side of the defender being responsible for any hits to the head of an offensive player, but I have not seen this called yet. What is the point of this new rule?
The rule simply is meant to stop players on both offense and defense from using the crown of their helmets as a battering ram. Because I didn't see this play, I can't tell you exactly how I would have called it. But, there are three elements that have to happen for this play to be called a penalty on either offensive or defensive players: 1) The play has to be outside the tackle box; 2) A player has to approach a player on the opposite team and, in the words of the NFL, line him up, and lower the head to strike; and 3) The top of the helmet must be used on either the body or the helmet of the opposing player straight ahead and with force. The officials, I believe, are struggling with this call very much.
TANKING IN CLEVELAND? Why did so many people react to the Trent Richardson trade with a "tanking" take? You can't "tank" in football by trading one player unless it's the likes of Aaron Rodgers. You certainly can't tank by ditching a running back putting up middling numbers. I understand the gut reaction when a team trades its most recognizable offensive player, but I think we can be smarter collectively about how much it's going to swing the fortunes of a season.
—Marino, St. Paul
The reason I felt the Browns were playing for 2014 is because they are. Honestly, whether they traded Richardson or not, Cleveland is going nowhere this season. You know it. I know it. They know it. This was simply a move by a regime that didn't draft Richardson to try to get value for a player it didn't value highly. However you want to phrase it, the Browns are trying to gather as many pieces as they can—draft and otherwise—for the team to contend in 2014 and beyond. Richardson wasn't one of those pieces.
HISTORICALLY BAD JAGS? Are the Jaguars the least talented team in modern pro football? I mean, they are not even competitive. Can you think of any team—maybe the '76 Buccaneers, for example—who had as little talent as the Jags?
—Justin, Quincy, Ill.
I don't know. Every year brings two or three teams that, as the season shakes out, are far worse than the others. We tend to think of the year that we're in as "the most this" or "the most that". Usually, if you have some perspective, you find that a terrible team in 2013 actually compares to a terrible team in 2007, or 1999, or 2001.
ALEX SMITH IS NOT THE ANSWER. It was a real eye-opener watching the contrast between the Alex Smith-led Chiefs and the Colin Kaepernick-led 49ers. It seems that the 49ers have completely lost their emphasis on moving the chains in favor of gobbling up large chunks of yards through the air. What has happened to the 49ers' short-passing game? The passes to fullback Bruce Miller were quite effective yesterday, as was the ground game that the 49ers seemed to abandon when down a field goal or two. Yet the 49ers showed little interest in either the ground game or the shorter passes that in the aggregate move the chains. Why? If that is the new offensive philosophy in Santa Clara, it strikes me as backward. The 49ers defense wore down in the fourth quarter largely due to the failure of the offense to stay on the field, something that absolutely would not have happened with Alex Smith at the helm.
You know what else wouldn't have happened with Alex Smith behind center? A Colts' win.
—Nathan, San Francisco
— —


text:
Patient Center
September 18, 20194:15 PM
Thank you for choosing Women's Health and Healing – Dr. Julian Berrocal, MD for your medical needs.
If you are unable to find a desired time, please contact the office and the receptionist will be happy to accommodate you.
To reschedule an appointment, call us directly at 561-548-8600.
In order to expedite your visit, please bring the following items:
· A list of current medications. · Insurance card(s) and a Photo ID.
**Please Note, in order to be seen in our office you must provide your most recent images, along with 3 years of Images & Reports. For questions or details please contact our office**
New Patients, in order to finalize your registration process, please arrive 30 minutes before your scheduled appointment time.
For questions about insurance and billing, call us directly at 561-548-8600.
Thank you again, and we look forward to seeing you!
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text:
KDE Ships July Updates
KDE has released updates for its Workspaces, Applications, and Development Platform, the fourth in a series of monthly stabilization updates to the 4.6 series. 4.6.5 updates bring many bugfixes and translation updates on top of the latest edition in the 4.6 series. These updates are recommended for everyone running 4.6.4 or earlier versions. As the release only contains bugfixes and translation updates, it will be a safe and pleasant update for everyone. KDE's software is already translated into more than 55 languages, with more to come.
To download source code or packages to install, go to the 4.6.5 Info Page. The changelog lists more, but not all improvements since 4.6.4.
Do the changelogs lists "all" the bugs fixed in the release or just some of them?
By trixl at Sat, 2011/07/09 - 3:20pm
just some...a small fraction of total
Since last monthly release update in June, from commit-digest website:
By Carl Symons at Sat, 2011/07/09 - 5:10pm
I updated to the version but
By Anonymous at Sun, 2011/07/10 - 4:41am


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Please install Poedit from http://poedit.net/wordpress on your computer. Then run it and import en_US.po file from your theme folder/languages into the program.
Please install Poedit from http://poedit.net/wordpress on your computer. Then run it and import en_US.po file from your theme folder/languages into the program.
Next translate your labels like in the screenshot and refresh your site.
If your site admin is in another language (other than English) then choose to create a new .po file for your language.
Import the en_US.po or .pot (if it is avaliable) file from theme folder/language and select your new language from the Translation Language dropdown menu and translate like advised previously.
When you've finished translating, upload your newly created .po and .mo files to the languages folder on your live server (saving your file will create .po and .mo files, and it is important to upload both files).
Note: If you don't want to lose changes after a theme update, we recommend that you install and activate a child theme. Then inside the child theme create a folder named language and copy your translation files there. Finally, paste this function into the child theme functions.php file (append to existing content):
if(!function_exists('qode_load_child_theme_domain')) {
function qode_load_child_theme_domain() {
load_theme_textdomain('qode', get_stylesheet_directory().'/languages');
add_action('after_setup_theme', 'qode_load_child_theme_domain');
To successfully run our theme on your website we recommend a certain PHP and WordPress configuration setting:
To check the PHP version running on your server please follow these steps:
01 Create a simple Text Document file and place the following content in it:
02 Save the file as phpinfo.php
03 Using your file manager or FTP client place the file in the WordPress installation folder on your server
04 Go to your homepage and add '/phpinfo.php' to your site URL and hit Enter
If your PHP version is lower than 5.3.x please contact your hosting service provider to have them increase the PHP version on your server.
Additionally, you can install and activate WordPress phpinfo() plugin and check your server settings, it can be found in Dasbhoard plugins repository or on this direct link: https://wordpress.org/plugins/wordpress-php-info/
You can have a closer look at how to increase the PHP memory limit here.
You can have a closer look at how to increase the PHP Max Upload Size here.
If you happen to need any assistance when it comes to checking your server configuration, our support team is here to advise you. Also, we recommend referring to your hosting service for more in-depth guidance.
* Hosting providers recommended by the WordPress community
If Visual Composer does not load for you in the back-end while you are attempting to edit a page, please first make sure that both your theme and the Visual Composer plugin are updated to their latest versions available. Here are some useful guidelines for achieving this:
Here is what you can do if you are getting any of the following messages when accessing your site or editing pages:
- Failed to load resource: net::ERR_CONTENT_DECODING_FAILED
- customlibEditGalleryjava script error in the console when you open developer tools in Google Chrome
- not found 404 page is displayed when editing pages
Add following line to WordPress .htaccess file:
SubstituteMaxLineLength 10m
You can put this line at the end of the file, after the # END WordPress line:
If you've recently purchased a hosting plan and a domain name, the next step is to install WordPress CMS on your server. Here are a few links to help you start your website's back-end and get your site ready for installing Bridge:
Video tutorial on how to install WordPress - https://vimeo.com/17147778
A step by step guide - http://www.wpbeginner.com/how-to-install-wordpress/
If you plan on using our theme on a local WordPress development and migrating your site live later on, this is a useful link that shows how to create a local WordPress development environment - http://www.wpbeginner.com/wp-tutorials/installing-wordpress-on-a-local-server-environment/
If you're switching to a new domain please refer to the following link to make sure that all the necessary steps are taken - http://www.wpbeginner.com/wp-tutorials/how-to-properly-move-wordpress-to-a-new-domain-without-losing-seo/
Get your latest WordPress copy here - https://wordpress.org/
Reach out to the worldwide WordPress community - https://codex.wordpress.org/
Connect your Domain name to your Hosting account - http://www.rightmixmarketing.com/wordpress-cms/how-to-connect-domain-name-hosting-account/
When you purchase an item from Themeforest you get a download tab:
There you can see all your downloaded/purchased items. Select to download the Bridge theme.
There are two methods of installing a theme onto your WordPress site. You can use the WordPress Admin panel to upload and install Bridge, or you can use FTP software instead.
After you've downloaded Bridge from ThemeForest you will see this zipped archive in your file manager
Extract the contents of this zipped archive into a new folder called Bridge
Now, you're ready to install Bridge on your site!
To install Bridge directly from the WordPress admin panel please first log-in to your site's back-end:
01 Navigate to WP Admin -> Appearance -> Themes.
02 Click Add New.
03 Click Upload Theme.
04 Click Choose File.
05 Find the bridge.zip file in the folder where you've extracted your whole ThemeForest download. Upload this file.
06 Click Install Now and the installation will begin. You can monitor the installation process in the lower left corner of your browser.
07 Once the installation is complete you will see the following screen:
Now that you have Bridge installed on your WordPress site you need to activate it so that the theme gets included in the WordPress CMS and gets rendered on the front-end.
To do that, either click activate when the installation is complete
or navigate to WP Admin -> Appearance -> Themes and activate Bridge there
Congratulations! You've successfully installed and activated Bridge - Creative Multi-Purpose WordPress Theme on your website. Proceed to install plugins and either add your own content or import the demo content to get your site up and running in no time.
- Installing a Child Theme
To install Bridge using FTP software, log in to the server where your WordPress website is hosted.
First extract the "bridge.zip" file that you received in your installation pack. After it is extracted you should see a folder named "bridge". Now connect to your server via FTP and navigate to the /wp-content/themes/ directory under your WordPress website's root location. Upload the bridge folder to the themes folder on your remote server.
In this section we will describe the most common errors that can occur when installing the Bridge theme, and provide solutions for each one.
An error message while installing or activating a WordPress theme usually means:
The exact error message may vary, however it will typically include the words, 'Broken Theme' or 'Stylesheet Missing'. A similar message will appear if you're using a plugin that has minified all the CSS files, including the theme's or child theme's default style.css file, which should be left intact according to WordPress regulations.
More about this error and how to fix it - here.
This message means that the import files are larger than the maximum file upload size allowed on your server. Please increase that limit by contacting your hosting provider to perform this adjustment on your behalf, or try to do it yourself as described in this article
We recommend setting Max Upload Size to 35M or higher.
An alternative way to solve this would be to install the theme by uploading files manually via FTP.
This issue is most commonly related to WordPress memory limit and its value being too low on your server. Please read this article and increase the WP memory limit.
If the issue persists upon adjusting the WordPress memory limit, we recommend enabling WordPress debug mode to track down the cause of this error and resolve it. To enable debug mode, please go to the WordPress installation folder on your server using FTP software and open the wp-config.php file in a text editor. Find this line of code:
define('WP_DEBUG', false);
Adjust the code so that WP_DEBUG is set to true:
define('WP_DEBUG', true);
Save the file, re-upload it back to your server and check for issues. Submit the results to our support team https://qode.ticksy.com for further assistance.
You can update Bridge manually or by using the Auto Update feature (available since Version 6.4 – March 13th, 2015).
01 Download the latest All files & documentation file from ThemeForest (your Downloads page)
02 Extract the contents of your download and locate the bridge.zip archive
03 Extract the contents of bridge.zip into a folder on your computer, then locate the bridge folder and open it.
04 Copy & paste the contents of the bridge folder into: /wp-content/themes/bridge – the theme folder of your website, using FTP software. Using this method, none of the existing content or settings will be lost.
Important note: Please note that all changes made directly within theme template files (additional PHP coding and template modifications) will be lost upon theme update. That is why we recommend using a child theme when making changes in theme files, in order to avoid losing these changes or having to re-do them each time you update your theme.
To use the auto-update feature, first make sure that you have the Envato Market plugin installed. If you haven't already installed this plugin, you should see a notification on the top of your Dashboard stating that some required plugins haven't been installed or activated. Install and activate all of the required plugins, including the Envato Market.
After you have installed and activated the Envato Market, a new menu item - 'Envato Market' - will appear in the admin sidebar.
Please go to 'Envato Market' from your admin dashboard and enter your Marketplace Username and API Key. You can find your API Key by logging into your profile on Themeforest and navigating to Profile -> Settings -> API Keys.
When you have entered your Marketplace Username and API Key, and clicked Save Settings, a new tab will appear at the top of the screen named 'Themes'. Click on this tab to see all the themes you have purchased. If there is an update available for a theme, you will be notified here. To update your theme, just click on the 'Update Automatically' link. This means you don't have to log in to Themeforest to check for theme updates – you can quickly, easily, and automatically update your themes directly from the WordPress Admin panel instead.
Important note: In order to have your theme properly updated you need to activate the parent theme on your WordPress website. To do that, please navigate to WP Admin -> Appearance -> Themes, select Bridge, and activate it
Please note that each time you use the Auto-Update feature to update the theme, a backup file of the old version of the theme will be stored on your server in '.../wp-content/envato-backups'.
The toolkit settings page also allows you to install themes that you haven't already uploaded to your site, delete the ones you don't use, and view version details.
The following section will refer to installing and updating required plugins, as well as troubleshooting issues you might encounter. Our theme supports WooCommerce, Contact Form 7, Gravity Forms, WPML and Codestyling Localization plugins, and we'll cover their basic setup here as well.
Once you have WordPress and the Bridge Theme installed, you're required to install the necessary plugins to successfully run our theme on your website (Visual Composer, Envato Toolkit and LayerSlider).
Important note: Starting from the Bridge update 18.0, please make sure to install the ``Bridge Core`` plugin, since this plugin is of critical importance for proper theme functioning. This plugin includes core theme functionalities and custom post types that come with the theme (Portfolio, Testimonials, etc.), and without this plugin you will not be able to create any of these custom post types or the elements in the theme that require them. To achieve this, either navigate to Plugins > Installed Plugins, and activate the "Bridge Core", or alternatively go to Appearance > Install Plugins, and install and activate the "Bridge Core" from there. Additionally, after installing future Bridge theme updates, the "Bridge Core" plugin may require manual updating, which you can perform by locating the plugin in Plugins > Installed Plugins.
Upon installing and activating Bridge in WP Admin -> Appearance -> Themes you will get a notice at the top of your admin panel saying that the theme requires certain plugins. Click on Begin installing plugins.
WordPress redirects you to the Install Required Plugins page. Select all plugins, choose Install and click Apply.
Once the installation is complete the following screen will appear. Click Return to Required Plugins Installer in order to activate these plugins and have them included into the Bridge theme.
Note: LayerSlider is a recommended plugin. Meaning that, if you're not using a demo of our theme that has incorporated this plugin, or you're not going to use this plugin when creating your own content, you can omit its installation and save space on your server.
Back on the Installed Required Plugins page, select all the installed plugins, choose Activate, and click Apply.
Click Return to Dashboard.
Congratulations! You have successfully installed the plugins required to run the Bridge theme on your site. Proceed to import a demo, take a look at our quick setup guide, or create your own content.
Regardless of the fact which demo you are using, you can easily upload and activate any of the plugins which comes with Bridge (e.g. Qode Listing, Qode Music, Qode News, etc.). To achieve this please navigate to Plugins > Add New, where you will see an Upload Plugin button at the top left of the screen. After this you should click the Browse button.
Next you should locate the plugin you are looking for. The plugins can be found by navigating to Bridge Main Files folder and extracting the contents of the bridge folder. Here you will find the plugins folder with zip files containing each of the plugins. Simply pick the plugin you wish to upload.
A few moments later the upload process will have finished and you will see the Install Now button next to the plugin in the admin.
After a short while the installation process will have finished as well and all that's left is to click the Activate button. This rounds up the entire process and you're all set.
WooCommerce is one of the most popular WordPress eCommerce plugins that lets you transform your website into an eStore and enables your site visitors to shop online. This plugin is fully compatible with the Bridge theme, including complete design integration and numerous WooCommerce shortcodes ready for use within Visual Composer.
Note: If you plan to use the shop, please install WooCommerce before you import any demo content. Otherwise none of the WooCommerce demo files will get included into your site's content.
To install WooCommerce please follow these steps:
01 Navigate to WP Admin -> Plugins -> Add New
02 In the Add Plugins window use the Search Plugins field, type WooCommerce and press Enter to start searching
03 Find WooCommerce - excelling eCommerce and click Install Now
04 After the plugin has been installed, click Activate Plugin
05 Finally, you will see a notice saying 'Welcome to WooCommerce.You're almost ready to start selling :)'. If you plan on importing Bridge demo content, click on Skip Setup. Otherwise, click Install Pages
Note: If you plan on importing demo content, you should first set product image sizes in order to achieve the same layout you see on our demos. To do that, please go to WooCommerce - > Settings and click the Products tab. Under the Display section set the Product Images sizes to the following values:
Note: To modify product image sizes at a later date, you should regenerate thumbnails in order to have the new sizes take effect.
If you've imported Bridge demo content and the WooCommerce plugin was initially disabled, then you need to go to WP Admin -> WooCommerce -> System Status -> Tools -> Install WooCommerce Pages and click Install Pages.
Next, navigate to WP Admin -> WooCommerce -> Settings -> Product -> Display -> Shop Page. Set your main shop page here and save.
Then, navigate to the Checkout tab under the same section and under the Cart Page and Checkout Page option fields set these two pages, respectively.
Similarly, repeat these steps in the My Account tab in the My Account Page option.
Finally, go to WP admin -> Pages -> Shop page and set the WooCommerce template for that page, and save it. Now your shop is ready.
Besides having a built-in Contact Page feature, Bridge enables you to create forms for various purposes easily with the help of Contact Form 7 – directly from your admin panel.
To install Contact Form 7 please follow these steps:
01 Navigate to your WP Admin -> Plugins -> Add New
02 In the Add Plugins window type Contact Form 7 in the Search Plugins field, and press Enter to start searching
03 Find Contact Form 7 and click Install Now
04 After the plugin has been installed, click Activate Plugin
To get more familiar with using this plugin and setting up forms on your site, please refer to: https://wordpress.org/plugins/contact-form-7/
Note: For more information on defining Contact Form styles, see Qode Options - > Contact Form 7.
If you're looking for integrating a newsletter sending service, you need to additionally install a plugin called 'Forms: 3rd-Party Integration.' You can get more familiar with this plugin's features at the following link: https://wordpress.org/plugins/forms-3rdparty-integration/.
Once you've completed the installation process and activated this plugin, navigate to Contact -> 3rdparty Services from the WordPress Admin panel in order to set options. For more information on setting up newsletter service, please have a closer look at the following link: https://wordpress.org/plugins/forms-3rdparty-integration/screenshots/.
Gravity Forms is a plugin that lets you quickly build and design your WordPress forms using the form editor. Bridge is fully compatible with this plugin.
You can find installation instructions in the documentation section of the author's website, at the URL listed below. https://www.gravityhelp.com/documentation/gravity-forms/user-guides/getting-started/getting-started/
Gravity Forms documentation - https://www.gravityhelp.com/documentation/
WPML is a premium multilingual plugin that lets you translate your site's content into a different language. This enables you to have a multilingual website including the option of site visitors selecting the language on the front-end of your website. Please note, this plugin will allow you to have a multilingual site, but you will have to translate content manually. Content in WordPress relates not only to page or post content, but menu items, media library, and other custom post types as well.
After installing WPML plugin and the optional add-on for label translation navigate to WP Admin -> WPML and follow the onscreen instructions to perform the initial setup.
If you are planning on using page transitions within the Bridge theme, please note the following: Since page transitions actually reload the content of the page using Ajax, the header and footer are left intact. This can cause WPML language switcher not to show the correct links if used outside the menu.
Since translating one post/page is basically the same as creating a new one written in a different language, while doing so you can also create slugs for posts/pages in separate languages: https://wpml.org/documentation/getting-started-guide/translating-page-slugs/
To translate theme labels such as: 'Sort Portfolio' and 'All' in the Portfolio filter, or parts of the Contact Page template, you will need to modify the theme language files. You can perform these changes by using the Loco Translate plugin or Poedit standalone software. This technique can be utilized not only if you are running your site in a language other than English, but also if you would simply like to change some theme labels. In other words - if you just want to change some existing label into a different string, eg. to change read more into continue reading.
You can use the Loco Translate plugin to translate theme labels. To install and start using the Loco Translate plugin, please follow the steps below:
01Navigate from your WP Admin to Plugins -> Add New
02 In the Add Plugins window type "Loco Translate" in the Search Plugins field, and press "Enter" to start searching
03Find Loco Translate and click Install Now
04After the plugin has been installed, click Activate Plugin
To get more familiar with using this plugin and setting up translations on your site, please refer to: https://wordpress.org/plugins/loco-translate/
05 Navigate from your WP admin to Loco Translate > Manage Translations, click the edit button for an existing language, or create a new translation by clicking on New language next to the Bridge theme
06 Then, go to edit the theme labels and find the phrase you want to change
Please install Poedit from http://poedit.net/wordpress on your computer. Then run it and import en_US.po file from your theme folder/languages into the program.
Next translate your labels like in the screenshot and refresh your site.
If your site admin is in another language (other than English) then choose to create a new .po file for your language.
Import the en_US.po or .pot (if it is avaliable) file from theme folder/language and select your new language from the Translation Language dropdown menu and translate like advised previously.
When you've finished translating, upload your newly created .po and .mo files to the languages folder on your live server (saving your file will create .po and .mo files, and it is important to upload both files).
Note: If you don't want to lose changes after a theme update, we recommend that you install and activate a child theme. Then inside the child theme create a folder named language and copy your translation files there. Finally, paste this function into the child theme functions.php file (append to existing content):
if(!function_exists('qode_load_child_theme_domain')) {
function qode_load_child_theme_domain() {
load_theme_textdomain('qode', get_stylesheet_directory().'/languages');
add_action('after_setup_theme', 'qode_load_child_theme_domain');
If you have experienced issues while installing one of the plugins with the Bridge theme, we suggest that you refer to the following section of the owner's manual in order to troubleshoot and solve any issues you might have come across.
Problem: When installing Visual Composer a blank page appears.
This means that you've exhausted server memory resources and need to increase the memory limit.
Solution: You can have a closer look at how to increase the PHP memory limit here.
Or contact your hosting service provider and ask them to increase the memory limit on your behalf.
Problem: When installing Visual Composer the following message appears:
Destination folder already exists.
Solution: Using FTP software, please navigate to your theme folder/wp-content/plugins and delete the whole folder js_composer.
Then you should go to the WP admin dashboard, and you will see the message :
This theme requires the following plugin: WPBakery Visual Composer.
Click on Begin Installing plugin.
Problem: On the front end of your site there's HTML shortcode instead of images, portfolios, rows etc.
Solution: Visual Composer is not activated. Please go to your WP Admin -> Plugins -> Installed Plugins and activate WP Bakery Visual Composer:
Problem: WooCommerce Wordpress plugin fails to load jQuery Cookie Java Script due to current Mod_security ruleset.
Two files ('jquery.cookie.js' and 'jquery.cookie.min.js'), located inside folder /plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/jquery-cookie/ will produce a 404 error which may cause some issues with Order buttons (making it impossible to order), and other minor template issues.
Solution: To solve this issue, please refer to the following URL: https://docs.woothemes.com/document/jquery-cookie-fails-to-load/
If you happen to need any further assistance with installing plugins please refer to our theme support at http://qode.ticksy.com/.
With each theme update comes the latest version of the bundled plugins - Visual Composer and LayerSlider.
When you update Bridge theme, please go to your WP Admin -> Plugins and deactivate and delete these plugins.
Then you will get a notification that you are required to install the necessary plugins to run our theme. Just click to install/activate these plugins again, and that is all there is to it.
If somehow this plugin installation notice doesn't appear, please navigate to WP Admin -> Plugins -> Add New -> Upload - Find these plugins in theme folder/plugins, select them one by one and click import/install.
Note: When updating LayerSlider please export your current slideshows and import them back when the update has finished in order to preserve them.
You are also able to update required plugins via FTP. You should follow these instructions, as the principle is the same for all required plugins:
01 Navigate to the extracted bridge folder/plugins and extract the folder for plugin which you want to update
02 Connect to your server and navigate to wp-content/plugins and drag and drop the folder with the desired plugin which you have previously extracted
03 That's it, your plugin is updated.
With our theme comes the extended license for all plugins integrated with it (Visual Composer and LayerSlider). We update these plugins to their latest version with every future theme update.
You can ignore the messages about the required activation of these plugins that are visible in the Plugin settings panel.


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Coffee Gift of Single-serve Cups for use With Keurig K-cup Brewing Systems, Gift Boxed for All Occasions, 20 Single-serve Cups, Variety Pack Gift for Coffee Lovers 2.0 Kona K-cups for K-cup coffee brewing machines
If your gift recipient is a coffee lover who has discovered the convenience of using the Keurig K-cup coffee brewing machine then this is the perfect gift.
- Tucked inside our attractive gift box are 20 of our trademarked Kona-cups for use with the Keurig K-cup brewing system. Each Kona-cup fits beautifully in a Keurig K-cup type coffee brewer and each Kona Cup brews an exquisite cup of our famous Pure Kona and Kona Blend coffee.
- Included in this very attractive sampler is an array of our most popular roast selections. We include our 100% Pure Kona Coffee and our Kona Blends and Organic Arabica coffee selections.
- Gift box measures 12x9x2 and holds 20 Kona-cups for K-cup style brewing.
- IMPORTANT NOTE: . These are For 2.0 k-cups - and are not compatible with Standard Keurig systems - for Standard see ID 91112 - Standard
Keywords: Pure Kona and Kona Blend Coffee, Variety of 20 Single-Serve Cups, Gift for Mothers Day, Fathers Day, Christmas, All Occasions 2
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From Motor City soul to Minneapolis funk ... come cotch and discuss the sounds and grooves of black America.
Members: 12
Latest Activity: May 14, 2013
Started by david hartley. Last reply by david hartley Jul 22, 2010. 17 Replies 0 Likes
So to begin with.Obvious musicology facts. The Stones and the Beatles were really influenced by the switch from blues to rhythm and blues. Not the only ones but the most high profile ones. Aexis…Continue
Started by Arkan Enci. Last reply by Ralph Dumain Oct 21, 2009. 4 Replies 0 Likes
YouTube video of the year for me, this is what that place should be about. And check out Bernard Purdie in there - what a legend.…Continue
Ooops, here it is.
Not been on the site for a long time. Back with a bang.
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text: .\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991 The Regents of the University of California. .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by the University of .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" from: @(#)floor.3 6.5 (Berkeley) 4/19/91 .\" $Id: fdim.3,v 1.4 2004/12/20 21:35:45 scp Exp $ .\" .Dd July 24, 2003 .Dt FDIM 3 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm fdim .Nd return difference if positive, 0 otherwise .Sh SYNOPSIS .Fd #include <math.h> .Ft double .Fn fdim "double x" "double y" .Ft long double .Fn fdiml "long double x" "long double y" .Ft float .Fn fdimf "float x" "float y" .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Fn fdim functions return the "positive difference" between their arguments: x - y if x > y, +0 if x is less than or equal to y. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr fma 3 , .Xr fmax 3 , .Xr fmin 3 .Sh STANDARDS The .Fn fdim functions conform to ISO/IEC 9899:1999(E).


text:
We've written a lot about alternative fuels, such as using plastics and garbage to power a cement kiln in Texas. Now, in what's at least a three-way win, civil engineers at Kansas State University (KSU) have figured out how to use the waste products of biofuels to make a stronger concrete that's also got a smaller carbon footprint.
Since concrete is one of the world's most-used industrial materials, there's been ongoing work to make it greener. Most efforts are aimed at finding a replacement for Portland cement, one of concrete's main ingredients. For example, Wagners Composite Fibre Technologies, which makes engineering composites, also makes Earth Friendly Concrete (EFC). By eliminating Portland cement, this concrete's carbon emissions are 80 to 90 percent lower than the levels usually associated with that material.
EFC uses a geopolymer binder system made from the chemical activation of blast furnace slag, which is waste from iron production, and fly ash, which is waste from coal-fired power generation.
The KSU researchers have also found a replacement for Portland cement, but they're using ash that results from the waste products of biofuels, in turn made from the waste products of agriculture -- in this case, corn stover, wheat straw, and rice straw. All of these are used as feedstocks for the class of biofuels known as cellulosic, meaning they are derived from feedstock based on inedible waste plant material, instead of feedstock derived from seeds or grains of plants grown as (usually non-food) crops.
Corn stover -- corn stalks and leaves -- is the same material DuPont is using in its Nevada, Iowa biofuel facility, which it expects to complete in 2014.
Since the production of cellulosic ethanol is expected to increase, so will the wastes resulting from those processes, say Feraidon Ataie, doctoral student in civil engineering, and Kyle Riding, an assistant professor of civil engineering, in an article (subscription or payment required) detailing their work in the Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. That means that the availability of high-lignin residue, the byproduct of cellulosic ethanol, will continue to increase as a feedstock.
At present, this material doesn't have many other uses. It's usually burned to produce electricity, or the ash that results from burning is tossed out and landfilled.
The team found that, after pre-treating the high-lignin ash byproduct, adding it to cement made the cement stronger because the ash reacted chemically with the cement. After some experimentation, they determined that using the agricultural residue ash (ARA) to replace 20 percent of the cement by mass increased the concrete's strength by 32 percent. Ataie and Riding also spent considerable time studying the effects of thermochemical pretreatments to make the ash reactive in specific ways.
According to the article, the team found that:
Pretreatments are effective in partial removal of alkali metals and other impurities out of both wheat straw and rice straw leading to ARA with lower loss on ignition (LOI), higher internal surface area, and higher amorphous silica content than that of unpretreated ARA. It was shown that the ash alkali content correlated with the ash LOI and amorphous silica content.
It makes sense that research that reduces the carbon footprint of cement, makes that cement a lot stronger, and keeps lignin ash out of landfills is taking place in an agricultural state like Kansas. It will also be interesting to see how, and when, this innovation can reduce the cost of making ethanol biofuels by giving commercial value to what was once a waste product.
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- Strong, Flexible Composite Combines Minerals, Thermoplastic
- Cellulose Could Replace Short Glass Fibers in Composites
- First Nanocomposite Manned Boat Will Fight Pirates
- 3D-Produced Carbon Composites Coming to Cars, Planes
- Coconut & Fabrics Improve Biocomposites
- Composite Ferry Pontoon Floats in Australia
- Body Armor Is Inspired by Shrimp
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- Composites Reinforced With 3D Architectures
- Crash-Optimized Composites Advance Automotive Designs


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It's bizarre to feel awestruck and disappointed at the same time. Yet this is often how I feel when I read articles about ultracold atoms and Bose Einstein condensates. I'll get to the awesome and awestruck parts later, but let me explain my disappointment. These experiments sit right at the boundary between classical and quantum physics. When we play with ultracold atoms, we make macroscopic objects do quantum things. And what have we discovered? That quantum mechanics is pretty much correct.
So, when the latest Physical Review Letter on the motion of ultracold atoms came out, I was a little underwhelmed. And truth be told, the results are not surprising. Nevertheless, there is one notable thing in the research, common to a lot of stuff in this field: the results are just plain beautiful.
Show me the ultracold atom fridge, please
Let's start with a quick overview of the experiment. The researchers have a supply of ultracold atoms (at a temperature of a couple microKelvin) that they place between two mirrors. They shine a laser on the mirrors and atoms. The light from the laser gets reflected back and forth between the mirrors, creating a fixed pattern. In certain places in the optical cavity the light has no intensity, while in others it is very bright.
Even though the lasers don't have the right color to be absorbed by the atoms, the atoms still feel the light through the way the light fields push their electrons about. This produces a net force on the atoms, trapping them in the places where the light has no intensity. The atoms end up divided among a few of these little traps and, when they move in the trap, they end up swinging back and forth, as if they were sitting on a swing.
If this was truly a quantum system, the motion in the trap should have a series of fixed energy levels. In other words, the collective motion of the atoms should occur at a fixed set of frequencies, and the atoms should all oscillate together. The researchers wanted to see if this was actually the case.
To do this, they had to shine a second laser with a different wavelength into the optical cavity. The different wavelength ensures that this laser has intensity peaks where the atoms are trapped. The laser light is absorbed by the atoms in a very peculiar fashion. The atoms can absorb a photon of light, but the light is the wrong color, so it can't keep it. Instead, it can strip a little bit of energy from the photon to use for some other process, and then release a photon with slightly less energy—this photon has a longer wavelength and is called the Stokes photon.
Alternatively, the atoms can give up some energy to the absorbed photon, resulting in the atom emitting a photon with a shorter wavelength, called an anti-Stokes photon. In the case of the atoms trapped in the light field, there is only one process that the energy for these photons can be diverted to: trap motion.
To summarize: the trap acts like a swing, so no matter what, the atoms must vibrate back and forth at a set of fixed frequencies. But unless they all vibrate together, the Stokes or anti-Stokes light fields will never build up to levels that allow us to detect them. In addition, if the ultracold atoms are, well, ultracold, they won't be moving much at all, so we should initially only see Stokes light. Only after the atoms climb up the ladder of frequencies should we see an increasing amount of anti-Stokes light.
This is indeed what the researchers saw. The atoms do move collectively, although the collective motion of the atoms in one trap becomes decoupled from the motion of adjacent traps quite quickly. Which, I have to admit, I was not surprised by. In fact, I would have been more surprised if they had observed that the adjacent traps remained strongly coupled to each other, or that no collective motion was observed.
Beauty in having no freedom?
So why am I awestruck? Simple. In most of physics—and, indeed, in all of science—we rely on theory to understand our results. We build mathematical models and fit them to our results. But usually there are some parts of the system that remain unknown, or are too complicated to model, so we approximate the parts we can't model and leave the unknown parts as free parameters. Then, when the results don't fit, we vary the free parameters to make them fit.
We don't do that arbitrarily; we have some idea of what these parameters should be and what they cannot be. And we have other experiments to provide a sanity check, so this isn't a bad thing we are talking about here. But it is... unsatisfactory. The good people doing work with ultracold atoms don't have this problem. They know every value that needs to go into their models. No free parameters, no guess work, and no excuses. If the model doesn't fit, there is nothing to play with to save you.
And the amazing thing is that they do fit. Experiment and theory in its purest form, overlapping one another beautifully. That is what makes the work on ultracold atoms awesome.
Physical Review Letters, 2012, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.133601