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I want to share with you a funny story that I read on social media. I'm sure many of you have heard this in one form or another:
A fellow was stuck on his rooftop in a flood. He was praying to God for help. Soon a man in a rowboat came by and the fellow shouted to the man on the roof, "Jump in, I can save you." The stranded fellow shouted back, "No, it's OK, I'm praying to God and he is going to save me." So the rowboat went on. Then a motorboat came by. "The fellow in the motorboat shouted, "Jump in, I can save you." To this the stranded man said, "No thanks, I'm praying to God and he is going to save me. I have faith." So the motorboat went on. Then a helicopter came by and the pilot shouted down, "Grab this rope and I will lift you to safety." To this the stranded man again replied, "No thanks, I'm praying to God and he is going to save me. I have faith." So the helicopter reluctantly flew away. Soon the water rose above the rooftop and the man drowned. He went to Heaven. He finally got his chance to discuss this whole situation with God, at which point he exclaimed, "I had faith in you but you didn't save me, you let me drown. I don't understand why!" To this God replied, "I sent you a rowboat and a motorboat and a helicopter, what more did you expect?"
We all can agree that this is a humorous story. I've chuckled every time that I have heard it until about a year ago when I realized that I was acting just like the foolish man is this story. Let me explain.
Shortly after pregnancy, I noticed that my hearing wasn't as sharp as it used to be. I went to my ear, nose and throat doctor only to confirm that my hearing was starting to go. As time went on, it continued to progressively deteriorate. Now to a normal person, this could be alarming, but I'm a FAITH GIRL. Confident that God could and would heal me, I really didn't worry too much about it. I read all the healing scriptures, claimed each and every one over my ears, and trusted God.
But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed. – Isaiah 53:5
Time went on, and my healing didn't arrive. I pressed in with even more tenacity. I attended healing services and continued to believe that God would heal me (in His timing). After a particularly dedicated time in prayer, my doctor referred me to a specialist who determined that I had an unusual condition that could be corrected with surgery. As with every surgery, there are risks. So, I refused and continued to wait on the Lord.
A couple of years passed, and my hearing was down to about 65% in each ear. That doesn't seem too bad, but trust me, hearing was a challenge. I caught only parts of conversations and became an avid lip reader. Embarrassed to tell most people I had hearing loss at such a young age, I just suffered through and smiled like I heard them.
Then one day, God brought this story to my remembrance, and I realized just how foolish I was being. I was expecting God to act a certain way, and consequently, was completely missing the answer to my prayer. I was anticipating a "divine" moment, but somehow missed God.
Can anyone relate? This can apply to any area you are waiting on the Lord. Perhaps you are looking for financial freedom, but haven't been willing to change jobs. Or, you are waiting for a miraculous touch in your marriage, but refuse to go to counseling, the very means in which God intends to heal and restore it.
Well, I am excited to report that after this revelation, I opted to have the surgery done in one ear this past fall. And because my God was in it, I didn't just receive an improvement in my hearing, but 100% restoration. I recently had the second ear done and know that I can expect the same results. Remember, I am a FAITH GIRL.
Ladies, we need to remember that God doesn't use a one-size fits all approach to answering prayer. Make no mistake – God still heals supernaturally! I have been the recipient of this type of healing many times. However, if we expect Him to respond only a certain way, we may miss the answer altogether. We need to be sensitive to God's plans and open to the many ways in which He can provide an answer. If we refuse to listen, we may miss the boat!
There is a way that appears to be right, but in the end it leads to death. Proverbs 14:12


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The truth is you do make a difference in the world. Ryan Eliason thinks that we all make a difference. And I agree with him.
Ryan, in his manifesto for the Visionary Business School and Conscious Social Entrepreneurship Empowerment program, continues:
"YOU already are making a difference, whether you like it or not. Sometimes you have a negative impact, and sometimes you have a positive impact on the world. Every decision you make, and every action you take, no matter how seemingly insignificant, has a ripple effect on all life for all time.
Once you understand how deeply and intricately the web of life has been woven, how interdependent we all are, you will realise how important you are as an individual, as part of the whole.
(Ryan Eliason is the founder of Visionary Business School and the Social Entrepreneur Empowerment Network)
Mother nature is strong, and plants and trees will grow over time, but she will never be the same.
I have nothing against logging. I live in a house made of wood. I use paper products every day. I understand the necessity of logging. However, there are methods of harvesting trees that don"t leave the entire forest decimated.
Coming back to my story, I returned to find multiple clear-cuts near my home. I walked out into one, with no expectation or agenda, and suddenly found myself on my knees sobbing.
Something in me cracked open. I had been overwhelmed my entire life by the types of problems I listed in the beginning of this chapter. Like everyone else I knew, I had become emotionally numb in order to function in the face of such overwhelming global problems.
But what I didn't realize is that by numbing myself to my authentic feelings about the state of the world, I simultaneously closed my heart, and lost my full connection to my spiritual self, and to all beings everywhere.
The clear-cut was too powerful. It broke down the unconscious wall I had placed around my heart and my spiritual self.
The pain and the grief was intense. It actually had very little to do with the clear-cut. The clear-cut was just the catalyst that opened the door to all of the feelings I had been keeping at bay for so many years about the state of the world and the vast suffering that
Through the pain I found a love that was deeper and more all- encompassing than I had ever experienced in my entire life.
In that moment I consciously chose to open myself more than I ever had before to the truth of my being. Through the pain I found a love that was deeper and more all- encompassing than I had ever experienced in my entire life.
I found an all-encompassing acceptance of all people, all life forms, all beings that have lived before and ever will live. I felt in my bones that not only is everything connected in ways that we will never be able to understand, but we are also one being at the deepest level.
I'm not 100% certain, but I believe this was the kind of spiritual awakening that is described in many traditions. It's just that I came about it in an unorthodox way. I stumbled upon the truth through my pain, and through opening myself with true compassion to the suffering of all beings.
One thing I do know for sure, is that this brief experience changed me forever.
And although it was incredibly painful, it is one of my most treasured memories. I pray that everyone catch even a glimpse of the magnificence of who we truly are.
If this can happen, the world can be healed. And something I know about the human heart, is that no matter how hardened and protected it has become, when it finally cracks open, there is something beautiful and sacred inside.
At the center of every human heart, we already know what we need to do to heal and transform our world. We already know the role that we are destined to play.
It's just that sometimes we don't allow ourselves to see it. Or perhaps a more accurate description would be to say that we don't allow ourselves to "feel" it.
Because to recognize and fully embrace that you might have a grand purpose, that you may have been put here on this earth for a reason, can be intense and scary, but as a Visionary Business School Leader, you'll make a difference for the better.
Fully recognizing this can change your life. This kind of realization can sometimes lead to a dramatic upheaval in your current circumstances. It might mean that you need to quit your job, dramatically change the nature of your most important relationships, move to another part of the world, start a business or nonprofit, and face your biggest fears along your path of service.
It's no wonder we tend to simultaneously crave and resist discovering our most authentic and inspired sense of purpose in life.
We desire to live with a profound sense of purpose, because it brings meaning and passion to our lives. We avoid it because it puts us face-to-face with immense challenges, and it transforms our comfortable existence into an exciting and demanding adventure.
It takes courage and a strong intention to break through the unconscious resistance we all have to fully embracing a life of profound meaning and purpose.
However, this is an essential foundation to discovering and building a career or business that changes the world.
(Source: Pixabay)
In my mind, all of those global problems that I listed in the beginning of this chapter are merely symptoms of more fundamental issues which we need to address as a human family.
First, we need to grow up emotionally. Human beings are collectively very emotionally immature. There is this thing called emotional intelligence, and we haven't prioritized it as a species. We've focused primarily on developing our scientific, physical, mental and technological capacities while seriously neglecting our emotional development.
Just think what would be possible, if every child was taught how to be deeply compassionate with themselves and others. If we simply learn to process our emotions in a healthy way, we would keep our hearts open, we would be more compassionate, and all of our relationships would be far healthier and more fulfilling.
We also need to learn the importance of family and community, and to expand that to include the entire human family. There's nothing wrong with being powerfully committed to getting our personal individual needs met, but far too many of us stop there. We might extend our sense of responsibility and commitment to those closest to us, but what about our neighbors. Most of us don't even know our neighbors! What about the people living on the other side of the earth that you've never met. Why stop there? Could we extend our sense of compassion, and responsibility, to all life forms? Even to future generations?
If almost all of the world's most pressing problems have been created by humans, then doesn't it make sense that a shift in human consciousness is what's needed most?
If we simply shift from patterns of selfishness and greed, to patterns of compassion, generosity, and love, I believe that all of the tangible problems will eventually get resolved.
We already know the tangible physical solutions to the world's most pressing problems. We know what we need to do to reverse climate change. We know what we need to do to prevent war, to feed the hungry, to build ecologically sustainable societies, and to transform politics…"

subset: commoncrawl


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Well for the 1st time ever, Portugal wil host a great tournment. Normally we have $100 buy in tournment ( Solverde season ) or 750$ buy in tournment ( Betfair Portuguese Poker tour ) but we will host in Estoril the biggest tournment so far here in Portugal, the betsson estoril live with $2120 buy in and $1,000,000 GRT prize pool.
I have 3 options to get my seat
a- to pay for it - I have the bankrool but I will try to get a seat via satelites like i always do in betfair portuguese poker tour.
b- getting the seat via satelites - steps
c- getting the seat via restrited freeroll - way more dificult because there is to many maniacks and alot people playing
well, yesterday I started my quest to get my seat on a restricted freeroll that have this prize pool:
1 $2120 Entrada Estoril Live
2 $320 final qualifier
3 $320 final qualifier
4 $320 final qualifier
5 $320 final qualifier
6 $320 final qualifier
7 $320 final qualifier
8 $54 second stage
9 $54 second stage
10 $54 second stage
11 $54 second stage
12 $54 second stage
13 $54 second stage
14 $5,5 first stage qualifier
15 $5,5 first stage qualifier
16 $5,5 first stage qualifier
17 $5,5 first stage qualifier
18 $5,5 first stage qualifier
19 $5,5 first stage qualifier
20 $5,5 first stage qualifier
21 $3,4 first stage qualifier
22 $3,4 first stage qualifier
23 $3,4 first stage qualifier
24 $3,4 first stage qualifier
25 $3,4 first stage qualifier
26 $3,4 first stage qualifier
27 $3,4 first stage qualifier
28 $3,4 first stage qualifier
29 $3,4 first stage qualifier
30 $3,4 first stage qualifier
I decided to change my strategy in freerolls, normally people play loose this kind of tournment, and in my opinion is the correct way to play it ( because only the 1st prize gives the ticket ) but I decied to play tight aggressive because I wanted to catch all the loose guys :). Well I had no luck what so ever, cold deck and not for once I get the AA QQ JJ or even AK, sick. I catch KK made a bet and everyone folded.
So I was stealing alot and when the 1st hour finish I was on 190º place with 3,500k and the 1st place had 28,000k.
At this time there was some big stacks so I decided to change my stategy again and play more loose because the 5k-7k guy would want to risk his stack.
Presure all the time and when the 2nd hour was gone I had 25k and I was on 25º with 89 players left. I was always with the heart in my hands making raises and re-raising without nothing special but people doesnt had the guts to call thx GOD.
Now I decided to go back to my tight game again and play with position only. I stayed in the 20k-30k range till I get ITT ( lol ITT is in the ticket ) but I had 2 objectives the 1st one was to get the 320$ticket for the final stage ( so I must finish top 7 ) and the 2nd objective was to finish 1st place.
without catch any top pair this was very difficult to get but I decided to risk my stack after some guy in MP bet 9,000 ( blinds 3000-1500 and NO ANTE - yes this tournment had no ante - wtf ???!!!!??? sick ) and I shove with QJoff. well I was on the BB and I knew this guy ( ALIVE ), he is a loose guy and I thought he had a small pair or Ax9-2 and he must fold with that. But he called with A9 vs my QJ. OMG SICK CALL IMO because I had around 30k and he had around 55k. well lets run with 14players if I lose I going to be mad. the flop was XXX but the turn gave me my Q and I double up to 60k and I was at 4 place with 14 guys to go.
I stayed in the range 50k-60k and I sent to the shower other player getting a confortable 98k and getting the FT.
By this time I was thinking 2 things:
1st great job dude so get the fucking ticket
2st I hope I can get the cards, being with cold deck since the beggining of the tournment I hope I can get a hot run now
The chip stack was nice in the begging of the FT. The chip leader had 150k and we had 6 guys in the rande 85k-120k the other 3 here short stack.
1 out
2 outs
3 players out and I was already with my 320$ ticket to the final stage but the chip leader just had 320k because the last guy out had around 130k.
with 90k and nothing else to fight I decided to play some loose aggressive because I had a Tight ( almost rock image in the table, not because I wanted but because of the cold deck and because the 2 guys on my left were the 2 shorts stacks and I didn´t want to double up the guys with any raise I was commited ).
so on my BB I got J8s everyone fold till the button ( the chip leade ) that made a standart 3x bet for 16k, the SB fold and with J8s I only had 2 options raise or fold.
I thought he was trying to steal.
so I decided to raise but what raise? 3x ? mini bet? shove?
-shove seems stupid I had 97k and with 320k he could call with a small pair or something or even call with two high cards thinking I´m re-stealing
-3x would put 1/2 my stack
- so I decided to mini bet to 27k and wait to see the flop know that he will call but if he had no help in the flop he will fold to my shove
flop - A44
ofcourse I shove representing A with big kicker. With this flop and my mini raise he couldn´t call with any other pair or even Ax being x lower than j, imo. he didn´t had a 4. so shove
well he called with Aj, fair enought
and I finish in 7th place.
no regrets and gg to me
congrats to the winner, well deseved.
Francisco the truth Costa


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Harper P. Share by email
Dear Family and Friends,
I play baseball in Laguna Niguel Little League and this year we are holding a golf tournament and golf ball fundraiser.
I am asking for your generous support in purchasing golf balls for your chance to win up to $2000 in the Helicopter Golf Ball Drop.
My goal is to sell a minimum of FIVE golf balls!
Just use the menu here on mypage to make whatever contribution you'd like. You can checkout online, and you'll get your receipt via email. I'll also get an email letting me know that you supported me!
Thank you in advance for supporting Laguna Niguel Little League Baseball!
Since 1970 Laguna Niguel Little League has provided baseball instruction and competitive play for boys and girls ages 4 to 14. LNLL is non-profit, volunteer run organization. Our mission is to provide all players a safe, fun and educational atmosphere to play baseball so that they learn the benefits of playing a team sport, improve their skills and increase their knowledge of the game.
Thank you again for supporting me in one of my favorite sports!! I've had an amazing season so far!!
Harper Phillips
Rays-Coach Pitch
CP - Rays


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There is much discussion in peace organizations, bogged down as they are with attempting to create a peaceful environment in a warrior society, on the issue of impeachment. It is sometimes feared that an impeachment initiative might steer us away from our immediate goals with regard to declaring peace now.
I do not believe that pursuing impeachment would divert us from our main focus of defunding and bringing the troops home now, so as to end the illegal occupation of Irak and aggression against other nations.
If we are to be a people and a movement that is true and genuine, peace at all costs should not be the rallying cry. The cry should be peace with social justice, a peace that is moral, a peace that is genuine. That means that we must, at some level, face our own immorality, our own bloody past and present, and include, among the things to happen once the aggression is ended, full reparation, which is a wider term than reconstruction, because while reconstruction is physical, reparation is emotional and spiritual as well.
Reparation requires facing all that was done wrong. As a first condition of reparation, in this particular aggression, we must look at the architects of inhuman and all-encompassing evil, which includes all of the Bush cadre, including any who are no longer apparently 'in service' such as Mr. Rumsfeld. This is not a partisan issue; it is a moral issue. Morality and truth are non-partisan.
There is nothing violent about seeking reparation, impeachment, the rule of law. If we are to join the nations of the world as a civilized society, which I submit we are not at present, and in some respects, never have been, we must accept the rule of law. The rule of law is fairly well set forth in the documents under which the United Nations was incorporated, including compacts entered into by the nations of the planet such as the Geneva Convention, which we have thumbed our noses at and have broken at every opportunity. These are well thought out prescriptions for collaborative and cooperative coexistence on our wounded planet, without which we will not survive as a (human) race.
Allowing injustice and impunity to thrive and to remain without consequence is against the rule of law, against the basic physical rules of the universe, which state that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Reaction is required to the wholesale murder, maiming, torture, oppression, of hundreds of thousands of men, women and children in Irak and elsewhere...
The true violence: to allow impunity.
Statistics show that there is a very small percentage of any population that will in fact take the steps to change things, no matter how bad the conditions, until that 100th monkey effect takes place, until critical mass is achieved. For that reason, those who undertake true activism must work at the risk of their health, family lives, personal comfort, and even at the risk of their lives, to enable the creation of that critical mass.
Some of us work to end torture and to end social injustice and perhaps have been working most of our lives to do this, but I submit that to have a group of committed individuals with the resources of the global village, including internet communication and teleconferencing, gives us an unparalleled opportunity to effect TRUE CHANGE, a true teachable moment to bring forth upon this planet a new global village, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all human beings are created equal and are meant to enjoy the bounties of this planet.
The nations of Latin America, to which most recently are added Bolivia, Ecuador and once again, Venezuela, are saying no to US imperial aggression, are saying, yes, otro mundo es posible, and are frequently saying so with their blood, as in Oaxaca. They do not participate in violence but stand as witnesses, as the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo stood for thirty long years, and as such, stand tall despite the consequences. Once again, this is not violence, although unfortunately it frequently leads to violence against the witness, against the woman or man who says PRESENTE with their last breath.
We must have the courage of our convictions. We must be ready to stand for something, without having to worry about the framing of our most innate and core beliefs. Perennial principles cannot be framed; they simply are.
There is a new world right outside our peripheral vision. But it cannot take place until we stand up to the issues of the day, and demand full investigations, and that people face the consequences of their acts.
For all of the victims, all the desaparecidos, all the abused and wounded and vilified, I cast my vote for impeachment. I will continue to work to right the wrongs, because I need to do so in order to remain sane (as sane as anyone can be in this society/world/planet).
Silvia Antonia Brandon Pérez
Wednesday, December 3, 2008
Impeachment, the moral imperative
Posted by America is not a country at 11:42 PM
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This article discusses the negotiations between the P5+1 and Iran which led to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (Persian: برنامه جامع اقدام مشترک), is an agreement signed in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council— China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States,—plus Germany and the European Union). The agreement is a comprehensive agreement on the nuclear program of Iran.[1]
The agreement is based on the 24 November 2013 Geneva interim framework agreement, officially titled the Joint Plan of Action (JPA). The Geneva agreement was an interim deal,[2] in which Iran agreed to roll back parts of its nuclear program in exchange for relief from some sanctions and which went into effect on 20 January 2014.[3] The parties agreed to extend their talks with a first extension deadline on 24 November 2014[4] and a second extension deadline set to 1 July 2015.[5]
Based on the March/April 2015 negotiations on Iran nuclear deal framework, completed on 2 April 2015, Iran agreed tentatively to accept significant restrictions on its nuclear program, all of which would last for at least a decade and some longer, and to submit to an increased intensity of international inspections under a framework deal. These details were to be negotiated by the end of June 2015. On June 30 the negotiations on a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action were extended under the Joint Plan of Action until 7 July 2015.[6] The agreement was signed in Vienna on 14 July 2015.
The following is a partial list of nuclear facilities in Iran (IAEA, NTI and other sources):[7][8]
Negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 began in 2006, to assure the P5+1 world powers that Iran would not develop nuclear weapons, and to assure Iran that its right to enrich nuclear fuel for civilian purposes under the third pillar of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to which it is a party, was respected. During the period of negotiation, the United States, the European Union and others imposed some sanctions on Iran, which have been referred to by President Hassan Rouhani as a crime against humanity.[9]
The broad outlines of a deal seem to have been clear for some time. The 2013 Presidential election of Iran led to the Presidency of Rouhani, who is described by the western media as a political moderate.[10]
After several rounds of negotiations, on 24 November 2013, the Geneva interim agreement, officially titled the Joint Plan of Action, was signed between Iran and the P5+1 countries in Geneva, Switzerland. It consists of a short-term freeze of portions of Iran's nuclear program in exchange for decreased economic sanctions on Iran, as the countries work towards a long-term agreement.[11] Implementation of the agreement began 20 January 2014.[12]
The first round of negotiations was held at the UN's center in Vienna from 18 to 20 February 2014. A timetable and framework for negotiating a comprehensive agreement was achieved, according to Catherine Ashton and Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif.[13]
Diplomats from the six nations, Ashton, and Zarif met again in Vienna on 17 March 2014. A series of further negotiations were to be held before the July deadline.[14]
"World powers and Iran have agreed to hold a new round of nuclear talks in Vienna on April 7-9 after two days of "substantive" discussions in Vienna on Tehran's contested work, European Union foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said on Wednesday."[15]
This fourth round of Vienna negotiations ended on 16 May 2014. The Iranian and U.S. delegations headed by Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Wendy Sherman held a bilateral meeting. Both sides intended to begin drafting a final agreement, but made little progress. A senior U.S. official said "We are just at the beginning of the drafting process and we have a significant way to go," while Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi told reporters that "the talks were serious and constructive but no progress has been made" and "we have not reached the point to start drafting the final agreement." The U.S. official emphasized that negotiations had been "very slow and difficult," saying talks would resume in June and all parties want to keep the 20 July deadline and adding: "we believe we can still get it done." Negotiators had made progress on one issue, the future of Iran's planned Arak reactor, but remained far apart on whether Iran's capacity to enrich uranium should shrink or expand. The U.S. delegation also raised the issues of Iran's ballistic missile program and military dimensions of its past nuclear research. EU High Representative Catherine Ashton conducted negotiations with Zarif and Wendy Sherman joined the talks at the end the last meeting.[16][17]
The fifth round of talks ended on 20 June 2014, "with substantial differences still remaining." The negotiating parties will meet again in Vienna on 2 July. Under Secretary Sherman noted after the talks that it was "still unclear" whether Iran would act "to ensure the world that its nuclear program was strictly meant for peaceful purposes."[18] Foreign Minister Zarif said the United States was making unreasonable demands of Iran, saying "the United States must take the most difficult decisions."[19]
Under the Geneva interim agreement Iran agreed to convert some of its up to 5 percent LEU into an oxide powder that is not suitable for further enrichment. According to the monthly IAEA report released during this round the conversion of LEU has not been started yet. This means that Iran's LEU stockpile "is almost certainly continuing to increase for the time being, simply because its production of the material has not stopped, unlike that of the 20 percent uranium gas."[20]
The sixth round of nuclear negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 group started in Vienna on 2 July 2014. The parties are headed by Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and the EU's foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton.[21]
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and other Western foreign ministers arrived at Vienna to break a deadlock in the nuclear talks with Iran,[22] but their joint efforts failed to advance the negotiations. "There has been no breakthrough today," said British Foreign Secretary William Hague on 13 July 2014 after meetings with the foreign ministers of the United States, France, Germany and Iran. German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said: "It is now time for Iran to decide whether they want co-operation with the world community or stay in isolation."[23] The European foreign ministers left Vienna the same day. The Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif said that the talks had "made some important headway."[24] After three days of talks with the Iranian Foreign Minister Secretary of State Kerry headed back to Washington where he will consult with President Barack Obama and Congress leaders. No decision on an extension of negotiations beyond the 20 July deadline has been taken yet.[25] In order to continue talks a decision of each member of P5+1 is required.[26]
Wrapping-up the sixth round the Foreign Minister Zarif said that the achieved progress convinced the sides to extend their talks and the ultimate deadline would be November 25. He also expressed the hope that the new British foreign secretary Philip Hammond "will adopt a constructive diplomacy" towards Iran.[27] Several sources reported that all parties were prepared to extend negotiations but extension faced opposition in the United States Congress. Republicans and Democrats in Congress made it clear that they view a prolongation of the talks as allowing Iran to play for time. The Republican chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs Ed Royce said he hoped "the administration will finally engage in robust discussions with Congress about preparing additional sanctions against Iran".[28][29]
Before the expiration of the six months imposed by the Joint Plan of Action (JPA) the sides agreed to extend negotiations by four months with a final deadline set for 24 November 2014. Additionally, in exchange for Iranian consent to convert some of its 20% enriched uranium into fuel for a research reactor, United States will unblock $2.8 billion in frozen Iranian funds. Negotiations will resume in September. John Kerry said that tangible progress had been made, but "very real gaps" remained. Ed Royce stated that he did not see "the extension as progress".[4][30][31]
Under Secretary of State Wendy Sherman has testified before the U. S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on the status of the talks. At her testimony on 29 July 2014 she said: "We made tangible progress in key areas, including Fordow, Arak, and IAEA access. However, critical gaps still exist...." Republicans and Democrats have insisted that a final agreement be put to a vote.[32]
Negotiations between the P5+1 and Iran over Iran's nuclear program were resumed on 19 September 2014. They started on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly and Secretary of State John Kerry and his counterparts were given the opportunity to join the talks.[33][34] The talks were planned to last until September 26.[35][36]
Negotiating teams of Iran and the P5+1 have held their eighth round of talks in Vienna on 16 October 2014. The meeting was led jointly by Foreign Minister Zarif and High Representative Ashton and the parties made an effort to sort out their differences.[37] Ashton's spokesman stated: "Diplomatic efforts to find a resolution to the Iranian nuclear issue are now in a critical phase".[38]
Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov pointed that the issues of Iran's enrichment programme, the schedule for sanction lifting and the future of the reactor in Arak were not settled and the subjects of inspection and transparency, duration of the agreement and some others were not completely agreed yet. Ryabkov expressed his opinion that a comprehensive agreement between the P5+1 and Iran will require no ratification. "We are negotiating a binding document, but under a generally recognized doctrine international political liabilities are equated with legal," he said and admitted that some resolutions of the Security Council on Iran will need to be adjusted.[39]
The round of talks took place on November 11 in the Omani capital Muscat and lasted one hour. At the meeting, Iranian deputy foreign ministers Abbas Araqchi and Majid Takht Ravanchi exchanged views with their counterparts from the P5+1.[40] The round, chaired by former EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, was scheduled to brief the P5+1 members on Kerry and Zarif's talks.[41] Local media reported that some representatives of the parties remained in Muscat to continue the talks.[42]
Nuclear negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 resumed in Vienna on 18 November 2014 with participation of Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Zarif, EU chief negotiator Catherine Ashton, and foreign ministry officials. The talks were supposed to continue until the 24 November 2014 deadline.[43][44]
Secretary of State John Kerry, after meeting British and Omani foreign ministers in London and Saudi and French foreign ministers in Paris, was to arrive in Vienna for talks with Zarif and Ashton. Kerry's meetings with French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Saudi Foreign Minister Saud al-Faisal were considered critical.[45] After his Paris talks with Kerry Saudi Foreign Minister was due to meet Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in Moscow.[46]
At IAEA meeting held on 20 November in Vienna the agency's Director General Yukiya Amano, referring to allegations related to Iran's engagement in weaponization activities, said that "Iran has not provided any explanations that enable the agency to clarify the outstanding practical measures."[47] The same day at a press conference in Brussels the International Committee in Search of Justice (ISJ) presented its 100-page investigation report and claimed that Iran was hiding its nuclear military program inside a civil program. The report was endorsed by John Bolton and Robert Joseph and authored by ISJ President Alejo Vidal‐Quadras, a professor in nuclear physics and the former Vice-President of the European Parliament.[48][49][50][51]
The tenth round of nuclear negotiations and the first extension of the Joint Plan of Action between Iran and the P5+1 ended on November 24, failing to cut a deal. They agreed to extend the Joint Plan of Action for the second time with a new deadline for a comprehensive deal set to 1 July 2015. British foreign secretary Philip Hammond said it was not possible to meet the November deadline due to wide gaps on well-known points of contention. He stressed that while 1 July was the new deadline, the expectation was that broad agreement would be in place by March 1, 2015, that expert level talks would resume in December 2014 and that Iran would receive about $700 million per month in frozen assets.[5][52] In reply to a question about "fundamental gaps over how much enrichment capacity Iran would be allowed to retain", Secretary of State John Kerry said in a news conference on November 24, 2014: "I'm not going to confirm whether or not there's a gap or not a gap or where the gaps are. There obviously are gaps. We've said that."[53] Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif said in a press conference on November 25, 2014: "Today the Iranian nuclear program is internationally recognized and no one speaks about our enrichment right..."[54]
Negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 resumed on 17 December 2014 in Geneva and lasted one day. No statements were issued after the closed-door talks either by the U.S. negotiating team or by EU spokesmen. Deputy foreign minister Araqchi said that it was agreed to continue the talks "next month" at a venue to be decided. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Ryabkov said that Arak heavy-water reactor and sanctions against Iran were the two key outstanding issues in the nuclear talks.[55][56]
The round, held at the level of political directors of Iran and the P5+1, took place on 18 January 2015 following the four-day bilateral talks between the United States and Iran.[57] EU political director Helga Schmid chaired the meetings. After the talks France's negotiator Nicolas de la Riviere told reporters: "The mood was very good, but I don't think we made a lot of progress."[58] Russian negotiator Sergei Ryabkov told journalists, "If there is progress it is a very slow one and there are no guarantees that this progress will transform into a decisive shift, breakthrough, into a compromise," adding that "major disagreements remain on the majority of disputed issues."[59]
Representatives of Iran and the P5+1 met on 22 February 2015 at the EU mission in Geneva. Nicolas de la Riviere said after the meeting: "It was constructive, we will know results later."[60][61]
Negotiations for an Iran nuclear deal framework were a series of intensive talks from 26 March to 2 April 2015 in Lausanne, between the foreign ministers of the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, France, China, the European Union and Islamic Republic of Iran. On 2 April the talks ended and a joint press conference was held by Federica Mogherini (High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs) and Mohammad Javad Zarif (Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran) to announce that the eight nations had reached an agreement on a framework deal for Iran nuclear activities. The deal is partial and preliminary and serves as a precursor to a full, comprehensive and detailed agreement due to be completed by 30 June 2015.[62][63][64] Announcing the framework, Foreign Minister Zarif stated: "No agreement has been reached so we do not have any obligation yet. Nobody has obligations now other than obligations that we already undertook under the Joint Plan of Action that we adopted in Geneva in November 2013."[65]
According to the joint statement,
As Iran pursues a peaceful nuclear program, Iran's enrichment capacity, enrichment level and stockpile will be limited for specific durations and there will be no other enrichment facility than Natanz. Fordow will be converted into a nuclear physics and technology center and Iran's research and development on centrifuges will be carried out based on a mutually agreed framework. A modernized heavy water research reactor in Arak will be redesigned and rebuilt with the assistance of an international joint venture that will not produce weapons-grade plutonium. There will be no nuclear reprocessing, and spent fuel will be exported. Monitor the provisions of the JCPOA including implementation of the modified code 3.1 and provision of the additional protocol, will be done based on a set of measures. To clarify past and present issues regarding Iran's nuclear program, the International Atomic Energy Agency will be permitted the use of modern technologies and will have announced access through agreed procedures. Iran will take part in international cooperation in the field of civilian nuclear energy including supply of power and research reactors as well as nuclear safety and security. The European Union will terminate the implementation of all nuclear-related economic and financial sanctions and the United States will cease the application of all nuclear-related secondary economic and financial sanctions simultaneously with the IAEA-verified implementation by Iran of its key nuclear commitments. To endorse the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), a new UN Security Council resolution will be approved which terminates all previous nuclear-related resolutions, and incorporate certain restrictive measures for a mutually agreed period of time.[66]
(as communicated by the U.S. State department)
In April and May 2015 there was considerable unease in the US Congress about the on-going negotiations, with both Republicans and Democrats expressing worries that the deal would not prevent Iran from getting the bomb. On March 3, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had addressed a joint session of Congress, outlining his reasons for opposing the deal. On May 14, 2015, the US Congress passed the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015, giving Congress the right to review whatever agreement might be reached.
Talks resumed in Vienna, Austria. The deadline of June 30 was passed, but talks continued.
According to a statement of the United States Department of State bilateral nuclear consultations between the U.S. and Iranian officials were to take place "in the context of the P5+1 nuclear negotiations". The talks were held on 7 August 2014 in Geneva and only few details were provided. The U.S. delegation, led by Deputy Secretary of State William Burns, included Under Secretary of State Wendy Sherman and Jake Sullivan, national security advisor to Vice President Joe Biden. The Iranian delegation included Deputy Foreign Ministers Abbas Araqchi and Majid Takht-Ravanchi.[79][80] Deputy Minister Abbas Araqchi said that the bilateral talks were useful and focused on "the existing differences" in the negotiations.[81] Deputy Minister Majid Takht-Ravanchi made it clear that Iran would not accept a weak enrichment programme, while saying "we will not accept that our uranium enrichment programme becomes something like a toy".[82]
The second round of the bilateral talks between representatives from the United States and Iran took place in Geneva on September 4–5, 2014. The negotiations consisted of 12 hours long political talks and 8 hours long expert talks.[83] The third round of the bilateral talks between the two countries took place in New York on 18 September 2014.[84] The Associated Press, the United States had turned negotiations into a series of bilateral talks between the two countries that "race to seal a deal".[85] Gary Samore, former White House coordinator for arms control and WMD, participating in a panel, said: "Any deal will have to be struck between Washington and Tehran and then ratified by the P5+1 and ultimately the UN Security Council".[86]
On 14 October 2014 Iranian negotiators headed by the deputy foreign minister held a bilateral meeting with senior U.S. officials William Burns and U.S. Acting Deputy Secretary of State Wendy Sherman in Vienna. Negotiators set the stage for the trilateral meeting with Secretary Kerry, Baroness Ashton, and Foreign Minister Zarif, that was supposed to be convened the next day.[87][88]
On December 15 to 16, 2014 the U.S. and Iranian delegations met in Geneva to prepare for the multilateral talks, led by Wendy Sherman and Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi. A member of Tehran's team told IRNA that uranium enrichment and how to remove sanctions were sticking points in the bilateral talks.[55][56]
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Zarif met with Secretary of State John Kerry on 14 January 2015 in Geneva and on 16 January 2015 in Paris.[89] According to Al-Monitor the negotiators had worked intensively to draft a joint document called the 'Principles of Agreement'. The document was an element of the framework agreement between Iran and P5+1, which was to be completed by March 2015.[90]
Two rounds of bilateral negotiations between Foreign Minister Mohammad Zarif and Secretary of State John Kerry occurred on 6 and 8 February 2015 on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference.[91][92] During the conference, Mohammad Zarif said in an interview that IAEA inspected Iran for 10 years or more and found no evidence that Iran's program was not peaceful. He also claimed that JPA did not imply step-by-step removal of sanctions and the removal of sanctions has been "a condition for an agreement". Zarif stated: "I don't think if we don't have an agreement, it'll be the end of the world. I mean, we tried, we failed, fine."[93] IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano, who also took part in the conference, pointed out that Iran had to provide urgent clarification on key aspects of its nuclear program. He said: "Clarification of issues with possible military dimension and implementation of the Additional Protocol and beyond is essential."[94]
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Zarif held three bilateral meetings in Geneva on 22 and 23 February 2015.[95] The Associated Press reported progress on a deal that would freeze Iran's nuclear activities for at least 10 years and "ease restrictions on programs that could be used to make atomic arms." After the talks Mohammad Zarif spoke about "a better understanding" between the parties and John Kerry said: "We made progress."[96] The columnist Charles Krauthammer commented on the leaked "sunset clause" that an agreement, containing this and other concessions to Iran, will mean "the end of nonproliferation."[97]
From 2–4 March 2015, Iran and U.S. foreign ministers with their teams continued the bilateral nuclear talks in the Swiss city of Montreux.[98][99] Iran's foreign minister has rejected as "unacceptable" President Barack Obama's demand to freeze sensitive nuclear activities for at least 10 years, saying "Iran will not accept excessive and illogical demands."[100] After the talks, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry flew to Riyadh, where he was to meet Saudi Arabia's King Salman and the foreign ministers of the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council separately.[101]
On 16 March 2015, another bilateral meeting between Iran's Foreign Minister Zarif and US Secretary of State Kerry took place in Lausanne. Among the issues discussed at the meeting was Tom Cotten's open letter to Iranian leaders, signed by 47 Republican U.S. senators. After the talks a senior U.S. official told reporters it was not clear if the end-March deadline for a framework agreement could be met.[102][103] Los Angeles Times reported that it was also unclear whether the framework, if reached in March, would be a detailed document or a vague one. The sides were divided on some crucial issues and Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Khamenei said he wanted no written agreement until all details were settled.[104]
Iran, the EU and the United States held two trilateral meetings at the foreign minister level in New York in September 2014. The U.S. Department of State has argued that there are points when it makes sense for the foreign ministers at the trilateral level to get together to talk. "In part because the majority of the sanctions are EU and US, the trilateral makes sense."[88]
On 15 October 2014 Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Zarif, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton and Secretary of State John Kerry have met again, this time in Vienna. A senior U.S. Department of State official said at a briefing with reporters that the parties were focused on the November 24 deadline and had not discussed an extension of the talks. The negotiators were working on a full agreement – the understandings and the annexes to them. "This is a situation where unless you have the detail, you do not know that you have the agreement," explained the official.[105][106]
Secretary of State John Kerry, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Zarif and former EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton have held talks on November 9–10, 2014 in Muscat seeking to bridge differences on a comprehensive nuclear agreement. Officials from all delegations have abstained from briefing reporters.[107] The talks ended without an imminent breakthrough.[108]
After arriving in Vienna on 20 November 2014 John Kerry met for more than two hours with Mohammad Zarif and Catherine Ashton. It was not reported whether they made any headway.[109][110] Zarif said that the nuclear issue was a symptom, not a cause, of mistrust and struggle. Zarif also emphasized on mutual interests of countries.[111]
Iran's nuclear enrichment capacity was the biggest stumbling block in the negotiations on a comprehensive agreement.[17][82][112][113][114][115] Iran has the right to enrich uranium under article IV of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty.[116][117] The Security Council in its resolution 1929 has required Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment program.[118]:3[119]:31 For many years the United States held that no enrichment program should be permitted in Iran. In signing the Geneva interim agreement the United States and its P5+1 partners shifted away from zero enrichment to a limited enrichment objective.[120][121] Additionally, they have determined that the comprehensive solution will "have a specified long-term duration to be agreed upon" and once it has expired, Iran's nuclear program will not be under special restrictions.[122]
Limited enrichment would mean limits on the numbers and types of centrifuges. Shortly before the comprehensive negotiations began, Iran was estimated to have 19,000 centrifuges installed, mostly first generation IR-1 machines, with about 10,000 of them operating to increase the concentration of uranium-235. The Iranians strive to expand their enrichment capacity by a factor of ten or more while the six powers aim to cut the number of centrifuges to no more than a few thousand.[121]
Michael Singh argued in October 2013, that there were two distinct paths to deal with Iran's nuclear program: complete dismantling or allowing limited activities while preventing Iran from a nuclear "breakout capability",[123] also echoed by Colin H. Kahl, as published by the Center for a New American Security.[124]:2 The measures that would lengthen breakout timelines include "limits on the number, quality and/or output of centrifuges".[124]:7 Former Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Robert Joseph argued in the August 2014 National Review, published by the Arms Control Association, that attempts to overcome the impasse over centrifuges by using a malleable separative work unit metric "as a substitute for limiting the number of centrifuges is nothing more than sleight of hand." He has also quoted former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton saying "any enrichment will trigger an arms race in the Middle East."[125]
Colin Kahl, former Deputy Assistant U.S. Secretary of Defense for the Middle East, estimated in May 2014 that Iran's stockpile was large enough to build 6 nuclear weapons and it had to be reduced. Constraints on Iran's uranium enrichment would reduce the chance that its nuclear program could be used to make nuclear warheads. The number and quality of centrifuges, research and development of advanced centrifuges, and the size of low-enriched uranium stockpiles, would be relevant. The constraints were interrelated with each other, that the more centrifuges Iran had, the smaller the stockpile the United States and P5+1 should accept, and vice versa.[126] Lengthening breakout timelines required a substantial reduction in enrichment capacity, and many experts talk about an acceptable range of about 2000-6000 first-generation centrifuges. Iran stated that it wanted to extend its capability substantially. In May 2014 Robert J. Einhorn, former Special Advisor on Non-Proliferation and Arms Control at the U.S. Department of State, claimed that if Iran was to continue to insist on what he considered to be a huge number of centrifuges, then there would be no agreement, since this enrichment capacity would bring the breakout time down to weeks or days.[127]
Under Secretary of State Wendy Sherman, testifying before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, said that a good deal will be one that cuts off Iran's uranium, plutonium and covert pathways to obtain nuclear weapons.[32] Secretary of State John Kerry has testified before the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs and expressed great concerns about the Arak nuclear reactor facility. "Now, we have strong feelings about what will happen in a final comprehensive agreement. From our point of view, Arak is unacceptable. You can't have a heavy-water reactor," he said.[128] President Barack Obama, while addressing the House of Representatives and Senate, emphasized that "these negotiations do not rely on trust; any long-term deal we agree to must be based on verifiable action that convinces us and the international community that Iran is not building a nuclear bomb."[129]
Fred Fleitz, a former CIA analyst and Chief of Staff to the United States Undersecretary of State for Arms, felt that compromises made by the Obama administration to achieve an agreement with Iran would be dangerous. Fleitz believed that such concessions were being proposed, and that the "... most dangerous is that we are considering letting Iran keep the Arak heavy water reactor which will be a source of plutonium. Plutonium is the most desired nuclear fuel for a bomb, it has a lower critical mass, you need less of it which is important in building a missile warhead."[130]
The head of [131]
According to information provided by the Federation of American Scientists, a sizable research program involving the production of heavy water might raise concerns about a plutonium-based weapon program, especially if such program was not easily justifiable on other accounts.[132] Gregory S. Jones, a senior researcher and a defense policy analyst, claimed that if the heavy-water-production plant at Arak were not dismantled, Iran would be granted a "plutonium option" for acquiring nuclear weapons in addition to the centrifuge enrichment program.[133]
According to a November 2013 editorial in the Washington Post, the most troubling part of the Geneva interim agreement has been the "long-term duration" clause. This provision means that when the duration expires, "the Iranian nuclear program will be treated in the same manner as that of any non-nuclear weapon state party" to the NPT. Thus, once the comprehensive agreement expires, Iran will be able to install an unlimited number of centrifuges and produce plutonium without violating any international accord."[134] The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center stated in May 2014 "clearly [the agreement] will only be a long-term interim agreement".[135]
The Brookings Institution suggested in March 2014 that if a single 20-year duration for all provisions of the agreement is too constraining, it would be possible to agree on different durations for different provisions. Some provisions could have short duration, and others could be longer. A few constraints, like enhanced monitoring at specific facilities, could be permanent.[122]
Al Jazeera reported in October 2014, that Iran wanted any agreement to last for at most 5 years while the United States prefers 20 years.[136] The twenty years is viewed as a minimum amount of time to develop confidence that Iran can be treated as other non-nuclear weapon states and allow the IAEA enough time to verify that Iran is fully compliant with all its non-proliferation obligations.[137]
The Iranian uranium enrichment facilities at Natanz (FEP and PFEP) and Fordow (FFEP) were constructed covertly and designed to operate in a similar manner. In September 2009, Iran notified the International Atomic Energy Agency about constructing the Fordow facility only after it and Natanz were revealed by other sources.[138][139] The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs quoted in 2014 a 2007 U.S. National Intelligence Estimate on Iran's nuclear capabilities and intentions stated: "We assess with high confidence that until fall 2003, Iranian military entities were working under government direction to develop nuclear weapons." Additionally the Estimate stated that after 2003 Iran had halted the covert enrichment for at least several years.[140][141] The Estimate also stated: "We assess with moderate confidence that Iran probably would use covert facilities — rather than its declared nuclear sites — for the production of highly enriched uranium for a weapon."[141] Some analysts have argued that negotiations between Iran and the P5+1, as well as most public discussions, were focused on Iran's overt nuclear facilities while alternative paths to obtain fissile material existed. Graham Allison, former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense, and Oren Setter, a research fellow at Belfer Center, compared this approach with Maginot's fixation on a single threat "that led to fatal neglect of alternatives". They pointed out at least three additional paths to obtain such material: Covert make, covert buy and hybrid pathway (a combination of overt and covert paths).[142][143]
The Belfer Center also quotes William Tobey, former Deputy Administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the National Nuclear Security Administration, as outlining the possible ways to nuclear weapons as follows: Break out of the Nonproliferation Treaty, using declared facilities, sneak out of the treaty, using covert facilities and buy a weapon from another nation or rogue faction.[140]
The Belfer Center published recommendations for agreement provisions relating to monitoring and verification in order to prevent covert activities and to provide tools to react if needed.[144][145][146][140] One of the sources warned the P5+1 that "if the monitoring elements that we recommend are not pursued now to diminish the risks of deception, it is difficult to envision that Iran would be compliant in the future, post-sanctions environment."[147] According to the recommendations the agreement with Iran should include a requirement to cooperate with the IAEA inspectors in compliance with the UN Security Council resolutions, transparency for centrifuges, mines and mills for uranium ore and yellowcake, monitoring of nuclear-related procurement, an obligation to ratify and implement the Additional Protocol[148] and to provide the IAEA enhanced powers beyond the Protocol, adhering to the modified Code 3.1,[149][150] monitoring of nuclear research and development (R&D), defining certain activities as breaches of the agreement that could provide basis for timely intervention.
The International Atomic Energy Agency inspected Iran's nuclear facilities several times annually since 2007, publishing from one to four reports each year. According to multiple resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (resolutions 1737, 1747, 1803, and 1929), enacted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, Iran is obligated to cooperate fully with the IAEA on "all outstanding issues, particularly those which give rise to concerns about the possible military dimensions of the Iranian nuclear programme, including by providing access without delay to all sites, equipment, persons and documents requested by the IAEA. ..." On 11 November 2013 the IAEA and Iran signed a Joint Statement on a Framework for Cooperation committing both parties to cooperate and resolve all present and past issues in a step by step manner. As a first step, the Framework identified six practical measures to be completed within three months.[151] The IAEA reported that Iran had implemented those six measures in time.[152] In February and May 2014[153][154] the parties agreed to additional sets of measures related to the Framework.[155] In September the IAEA continued to report that Iran was not implementing its Additional Protocol, which is a prerequisite for the IAEA "to provide assurance about both declared and possible undeclared activities." Under those circumstances, the Agency reported it will not be able to provide "credible assurance about the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in Iran".[156][148]
The implementation of interim Geneva Accord has involved transparency measures and enhanced monitoring to ensure the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program. It was agreed that the IAEA will be "solely responsible for verifying and confirming all nuclear-related measures, consistent with its ongoing inspection role in Iran". IAEA inspection has included daily access to Natanz and Fordow and managed access to centrifuge production facilities, uranium mines and mills, and the Arak heavy water reactor.[157][158][159] To implement these and other verification steps, Iran committed to "provide increased and unprecedented transparency into its nuclear program, including through more frequent and intrusive inspections as well as expanded provision of information to the IAEA."[160]
Thus, there have been two ongoing diplomatic tracks — one by the P5+1 to curb Iran's nuclear program and a second by the IAEA to resolve questions about the peaceful nature of Iran's past nuclear activities. Although the IAEA inquiry has been formally separate from JPA negotiations, Washington said a successful IAEA investigation should be part of any final deal and that may be unlikely by the deadline of 24 November 2014.[161]
One expert on Iran's nuclear program, David Albright, has explained that "It's very hard if you are an IAEA inspector or analyst to say we can give you confidence that there's not a weapons program today if you don't know about the past. Because you don't know what was done. You don't know what they accomplished." Albright argued that this history is important since the "infrastructure that was created could pop back into existence at any point in secret and move forward on nuclear weapons."[162]
Iranian and IAEA officials met in Tehran on 16 and 17 August 2014 and discussed the five practical measures in the third step of the Framework for Cooperation agreed in May 2014.[156] [164] The same week Iranian Defense Minister Hossein Dehghan said that Iran will not give IAEA inspectors access to Parchin military base. Yukiya Amano has noted previously that access to the Parchin base was essential for the Agency to be in position to certify Iran's nuclear programme as peaceful.[165] Tehran was supposed to provide the IAEA with information related to the initiation of high explosives and to neutron transport calculations until 25 August, but it failed to address these issues.[166] The two issues are associated with compressed materials that are required to produce a warhead small enough to fit on top of a missile.[167] During its 7–8 October meetings with the IAEA in Tehran, Iran failed to propose any new practical measures to resolve the disputable issues.[168]
On 19 February 2015 IAEA has released its quarterly safeguards report on Iran.[169] While testifying before the United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa, the ISIS's President David Albright commented on Iran's reaction to this report: "the Iranian government continues to dissemble and stonewall the inspectors and remains committed to severely weakening IAEA safeguards and verification in general."[170]
There are many steps toward nuclear weapons.[171] However, an effective nuclear weapons capability has only three major elements:[172]
Evidence presented by the IAEA has shown that Iran has pursued all three of these elements: it has been enriching uranium for more than ten years and is constructing a heavy water reactor to produce plutonium, it has a well-developed ballistic missile program, and it has tested high explosives and compressed materials that can be used for nuclear warheads.[173]
Some analysts believe that the elements that they believe would together constitute an Iranian nuclear weapons program should be negotiated together — the negotiations would include not only Iranian fissile material discussions but also Iranian ballistic missile development and Iranian weaponization issues.[174][175]
Henry Kissinger, former U.S. Secretary of State, stated in his 2014 book: "The best—perhaps the only—way to prevent the emergence of a nuclear weapons capability is to inhibit the development of a uranium-enrichment process ..."
Joint Plan of Action[176] has not explicitly addressed the future status of Iran's ballistic missile program. According to the Atlantic Council, as the Joint Plan of Action was an interim agreement, it could not take into account all the issues that should be resolved as part of a comprehensive agreement. If a comprehensive agreement with Iran "does not tackle the issue of ballistic missiles, it will fall short of and may undermine ... UN Security Council Resolutions." Moreover, shifting "monitoring and prevention aims onto warheads without addressing Iran's ballistic missile capacity also ignores U.S. legislation that forms the foundation of the sanctions regime against Iran".[177]
The Atlantic Council also stated that "monitoring warhead production is far more difficult than taking stock" of ballistic missiles and the US government is far less good at detecting advanced centrifuges or covert facilities for manufacturing nuclear warheads.[177]
Anthony Cordesman, a former Pentagon official and a holder of the Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), highlighted the view that the United States and other members of the P5+1, along with their attempts to limit Iran's breakout capability and to prevent it from getting even one nuclear device, should mainly focus "on reaching a full agreement that clearly denies Iran any ability to covertly create an effective nuclear force."[178]
Iran's ballistic missiles have been claimed as evidence that Iran's nuclear program is weapons-related rather than civilian. Security Council Resolution 1929 "decides that Iran shall not undertake any activity related to ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear weapons."[179] In May–June 2014 a United Nations panel of experts submitted a report pointing to Iran's engagement in ballistic missile activities. The Panel reported that over the last year Iran has conducted a number of ballistic missile test launches, which were a violation of paragraph 9 of the resolution.[180]
Director of U.S. National Intelligence James Clapper testified on 12 March 2013, that Iran's ballistic missiles were capable of delivering WMD.[119]:32 According to some analysts, the liquid-fueled Shahab-3 missile and the solid-fueled Sejjil missile have the ability to carry a nuclear warhead.[181] Iran's ballistic missile program is controlled by IRGC Air Force (AFAGIR), while Iran's combat aircraft is under the command of the regular Iranian Air Force (IRIAF).[119]
The United States and its allies view Iran's ballistic missiles as a subject for the talks on a comprehensive agreement since they regard it as a part of Iran's potential nuclear threat. Members of Iran's negotiating team in Vienna insisted the talks will not focus on this issue.[182]
A few days before 15 May, date when the next round of the negotiations was scheduled,[183] Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei responded to Western expectations on limits to Iran's missile program by saying that "[t]hey expect us to limit our missile program while they constantly threaten Iran with military action. So this is a stupid, idiotic expectation." He then called on the country's Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution (Revolutionary Guards or IRGC) to continue mass-producing missiles.[184]
In his testimony before the United States House Committee on Armed Services, Managing Director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy Michael Singh argued "that Iran should be required to cease elements of its ballistic-missile and space-launch programs as part of a nuclear accord." This question was off the table since Iran's Supreme Leader has insisted that Iran's missile program is off-limits in the negotiations and P5+1 officials have been ambiguous.[174]
According to Debka.com, the United States in its direct dialogue with Iran outside the P5+1 framework demanded to restrict Iran's intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), whose 4,000 kilometers range places Europe and the United States at risk. This demand did not apply to ballistic missiles, whose range of 2,100 km covers any point in the Middle East. These medium-range missiles may also be nuclear and are capable of striking Israel, Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf.[185]
Iranian Defense Minister Hossein Dehghan stated at a press conference on August 2014 that Iran's missile capability issue was not included in the comprehensive talks with the P5+1 countries and "will by no means be negotiated with anyone".[186]
In a Senate committee hearing former U.S. Secretary of State
In an April 2015 interview with Thomas Friedman, President Obama stated that he is "absolutely committed to making sure that they (Israel) maintain their qualitative military edge, and that they can deter any potential future attacks, but what I'm willing to do is to make the kinds of commitments that would give everybody in the neighborhood, including Iran, a clarity that if Israel were to be attacked by any state, that we would stand by them."[243] He later added, "What I would say to the Israeli people is ... that there is no formula, there is no option, to prevent Iran from getting a nuclear weapon that will be more effective than the diplomatic initiative and framework that we put forward — and that's demonstrable."[243] In National Public Radio (NPR), Obama answered negative response to Netanyahu's demand in Iran's recognition of Israel. "The notion that we would condition Iran not getting nuclear weapons in a verifiable deal on Iran recognizing Israel is really akin to saying that we won't sign a deal unless the nature of the Iranian regime completely transforms," said Obama in NPR.[244][245][246]
In his speech presented to a joint session of the U.S. Congress on March 3, 2015, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the negotiated deal was bad because of its two major concessions: leaving Iran with a vast nuclear program and lifting the restrictions on that program in about a decade. "It doesn't block Iran's path to the bomb; it paves Iran's path to the bomb," said the Prime Minister. Netanyahu also urged the leaders of the world "not to repeat the mistakes of the past" and expressed his commitment that "if Israel has to stand alone, Israel will stand."[242]
After the meetings between Western foreign ministers and Iranian counterpart on 13 July 2014 Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu in an interview with Fox News stated that "a bad deal is actually worse than no deal." He explained that allowing Iran to stockpile nuclear material or to preserve the capability of uranium enrichment in return for the presence of international inspectors would lead to a "catastrophic development".[240] At his meeting with Barack Obama in Washington in October 2014, Benjamin Netanyahu warned the U.S. President not to accept any Iran deal that would allow Tehran to become a "threshold nuclear power." Netanyahu's remark highlighted the long-standing disagreement between Israel and the Obama administration on the nuclear talks with Iran.[241]
In 2015, a report in the Sunday Times quoted unnamed senior U.S. officials asserting that Saudi Arabia had made the decision to buy a nuclear weapon from Pakistan, due to anger among Sunni Arab states at the Iran deal, which they feared would allow Iran to get a nuclear weapon.[239]
Saudi Arabia fears that a deal with Iran could come at expense of Sunni Arabs. U.S. President Barack Obama paid a visit to Riyadh in March 2014 and assured King Abdullah that he is determined to stop Iran from getting a nuclear weapon and that the United States would not accept a bad deal. However, an editorial in Al Riyadh newspaper claimed that the president did not know Iran as the Saudis did, and could not convince them that Iran will be peaceful.[238]
The United Kingdom is interested in constructive relationship with Iran. For decades Iran has been regarded as a threat to the security of the UK and its regional partners in the Middle East and in the Persian Gulf. The UK believes that negotiations in Vienna are the most appropriate framework for coping with Iranian nuclear intentions. The British Government is satisfied with the convergence of UK and US policy on Iran and with a united front maintained by the P5+1 countries. It also assures that the agreement with Iran does not imply any diminution in the commitments to the alliances in the region and to the struggle against terrorism. The Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Commons expressed opinion that the comprehensive agreement should include the issues of the Parchin Military Complex.[237]
On the basis of international inspectors' reports, The New York Times estimated on 1 June 2015 that Iran's stockpile of nuclear fuel increased by about 20 percent during the last 18 months of negotiations, "partially undercutting the Obama administration's contention that the Iranian program had been 'frozen'".[236]
About 14 months after the Geneva interim agreement was signed, Obama reiterated his assessment that the chances to "get a diplomatic deal are probably less than 50/50."[233] Shortly afterwards, in his State of the Union presented to a joint session of the United States Congress, the President announced: "Our diplomacy is at work with respect to Iran, where, for the first time in a decade, we've halted the progress of its nuclear program and reduced its stockpile of nuclear material."[234] The accuracy of this statement has been challenged by some media sources. For example, based on experts' assessments Glenn Kessler from the Washington Post has come to the conclusion that between 2013 and 2014 the amount of nuclear material, which could be converted by Iran to a bomb, has been increased. Olli Heinonen observed that the interim agreement "is just a step to create negotiation space; nothing more. It is not a viable longer term situation." Jeffrey Lewis observed that Obama's statement was an oversimplification, and that while Iran's stockpiles of the "most dangerous" nuclear materials had declined, overall stocks had increased.[235]
Two weeks after the Geneva interim deal was achieved, President Barack Obama disclosed in an interview that while taking office, he decided to "reach out to Iran" and open up a diplomatic channel. He emphasized: "the best way for us to prevent Iran from getting a nuclear weapons is for a comprehensive, verifiable, diplomatic resolution, without taking any other options off the table if we fail to achieve that." The President also expressed strong belief that an end state can be envisioned, where Iran will not have breakout capacity. President Obama, however, added: "If you asked me what is the likelihood that we're able to arrive at the end state that I was just describing earlier, I wouldn't say that it's more than 50/50."[231][232]
In its Nuclear Posture Review in April 2010 the United States has stated that in Asia and the Middle East – where there were no military alliances analogous to NATO – it had mainly extended deterrence through bilateral alliances and security relationships and through its forward military presence and security guarantees. According to the Review Report: "The Administration is pursuing strategic dialogues with its allies and partners in East Asia and the Middle East to determine how best to cooperatively strengthen regional security architectures to enhance peace and security, and reassure them that U.S. extended deterrence is credible and effective."[229] Since 2010 the U.S. position has been less clear and it seems "to be deliberately lowering its profile - either because it might interference with negotiations by the 5+1 or because it has less support within the Obama Administration."[230]
According to Islamic Republic News Agency the talks were based on the "guidelines of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution".[228]
Former U.S. Secretary of State United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, said about Iranian nuclear ambitions:
On 4 January 2015 President of Iran Hassan Rouhani pointed out that the Iranians' cause was not connected to a centrifuge, but to their "heart and willpower". He added that Iran could not have sustainable growth while it was isolated. So he would like some economic reforms passed by referendum. These words could be considered as willingness to work with international powers.[226] But a few days later Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei warned that "Americans are impudently saying that even if Iran backs down on the nuclear issue, all the sanctions will not be lifted at once." Iran should therefore "take the instrument of sanctions out of enemy's hands" and develop "economic of resistance."[227]
A quite different approach to Iran has been proposed by The Economist:
According to policy documents published by the Obama administration, it believes in the efficacy of traditional Cold War deterrence as the remedy to the challenge of states acquiring nuclear weapons. Another assumption of the administration is that the Iranian regime is "rational" and hence deterrable. Dr. Shmuel Bar, former Director of Studies at the Institute of Policy and Strategy in Herzliya, has argued in his research that the Cold War deterrence doctrine will not be applicable to nuclear Iran. The inherent instability of the Middle East and its regimes, the difficulty in managing multilateral nuclear tensions, the weight of religious, emotional, and internal pressures, and the proclivity of many of the regimes toward military adventurism and brinkmanship give little hope for the future of the region once it enters the nuclear age. By its own admission, the Iranian regime favors revolution and is against the status quo in the region.[224] Shmuel Bar has characterized the regime as follows:
Iran insists that its nuclear program is "completely peaceful and has always been carrying out under supervision of the IAEA".[222] Some analysts argue that "Iranian actions, including the evidence of work on weaponization, the development of long-range ballistic missiles, and the placement of the program within the IRGC" indicate that Iran's arsenal is not virtual.[223]
The FATF has been "particularly and exceptionally concerned" about Iran's failure to address the risk of terrorist financing. Iran was included in FATF blacklist.[220] In 2014 Iran remained a state of proliferation concern. Despite multiple United Nations Security Council resolutions requiring Iran to suspend its sensitive nuclear proliferation activities, Iran has continued to violate its international obligations regarding its nuclear program.[221]
The United States and Iran cut off diplomatic ties in 1979 after the Islamic Revolution and the storming of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, where 52 Americans were held hostage for more than a year. After Barack Obama's inauguration, he authorized talks with Iran in order to reach out to this country.[219]
Supporters of a deal with Iran have said that opponents do not offer a viable alternative, or that the only alternative is war.[208] Netanyahu argued that the alternative to the deal currently being negotiated is a better deal, because, he said, Iran needs a deal more than the West does. Other opponents have argued that a war is in fact the best option for the West, as, they say, sanctions have historically failed to stop nuclear programs.[209][218]
Opponents such as Schultz, Kissinger, and Netanyahu are skeptical of promises of cooperation. Netanyahu argued that Iran's "tentacles of terror" were threatening Israel, and an Iranian nuclear bomb would "threaten the survival of my country." He pointed to tweets from Ali Khamenei calling for the destruction of Israel. He said that any agreement with Iran should include an end of Iranian aggression against its neighbors and recognition of Israel.[209][217] For their part, Schultz and Kissinger note a lack of evidence of Iranian cooperation to date.[210]
Iran's foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif argued in the New York Times that the framework agreed on in April, 2015 would end any doubt that Iran's nuclear program is peaceful. Zarif also argued that a deal would open the way to regional cooperation based on respect for sovereignty and noninterference in the affairs of other states.[215][216]
Opponents have countered that the proposed deal would concede to Iran a vast nuclear infrastructure, giving it the status of a threshold nuclear state. They argue that rivals such as Saudi Arabia would likely counter by becoming threshold nuclear states themselves, leading to an inherently unstable situation with multiple rival near-nuclear powers. They argue that such a situation would heighten the risk of war and even the risk of nuclear war.[210][213][214]
Obama has argued that failure of the negotiations would increase the chance of a military confrontation between the United States and Iran.[212] In an interview with Thomas Friedman, Obama argued that an agreement would be the best chance to ease tensions between the US and Iran.[208]
The negotiations on the Bob Menendez.[208][209][210][211]
Fact checker Glenn Kessler of the Washington Post took a look at the Fatwa question. He notes that in Shiite tradition, oral and written opinions carry equal weight, so the lack of a written Fatwa is not necessarily dispositive. He also notes that while Khamenei said in 2005 that "production of an atomic bomb is not on our agenda," more recently he has said the use of nuclear weapons is forbidden, while saying nothing about their development. Kessler sums up by saying that even if one believes the Fatwa does exist, it appears to have changed over time, and refused to give a verdict on the truth of the matter.[207]
Doubts have been cast by some experts from U.S. or Israeli-affiliated think tanks on either the existence of the fatwa, its authenticity or impact.[202] The Iranian official website for information regarding its nuclear program documents numerous instances of public statements by Khamenei wherein he voices his opposition to pursuit and development of nuclear weapons in moral, religious and Islamic juridical terms.[203] Khamenei's official website specifically cites a 2010 statement, in which Khamenei says "We consider the use of [nuclear] weapons as haraam[forbidden]"[204] of these statements in the fatwa section of the website in Farsi as a fatwa on "Prohibition of Weapons of Mass Destruction."[205] Ayatollah Ali Khamenei also declared that the United States created the myth nuclear weapons in order to show Iran as a threat.[206]
At an August 2005 meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, the Iranian Government asserted that Ali Khamenei has issued a fatwa declaring that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons is forbidden under Islam.[200] In a 2015 interview with Thomas Friedman of the New York Times, President Obama cited Khamenei's purported Fatwa "that they will not have a nuclear weapon."[201]
On 16 June 2015 U.S. Secretary John Kerry told reporters that the possible military dimensions problem was a little distorted, since the U.S. was "not fixated on Iran specifically accounting for what they did" and the U.S. had "absolute knowledge" with respect to this issue.[198] CNN reminded that according to the framework deal Iran "will implement an agreed set of measures to address the IAEA's concerns" about the PMD. It also reported that about two months ago Secretary Kerry told PBS that Iran had to disclose its past military-related nuclear activities and this "will be part of a final agreement".[199]
In September 2014 the IAEA reported about ongoing reconstructions at Parchin military base. The Agency has anticipated that these activities will further undermine its ability to conduct effective verification if and when this location would be open for inspection.[156] A month later, The New York Times reported that according to a statement by Yukiya Amano, the IAEA Director General, Iran had stopped answering the Agency's questions about suspected past weaponization issues. Iran has argued that what has been described as evidence is fabricated.[196] In his speech at Brookings Institution Yukiya Amano said that progress has been limited and two important practical measures, which should have been implemented by Iran two months ago, have still not been implemented. Mr. Amano stressed his commitment to work with Iran "to restore international confidence in the peaceful nature of its nuclear programme". But he also warned: "this is not a never-ending process. It is very important that Iran fully implements the Framework for Cooperation - sooner rather than later."[197]
Some organizations have published lists of suspected nuclear-weaponization facilities in Iran.[194][195] Below is a partial list of such facilities:
Prior to the signing of an interim nuclear agreement, it was commonly understood in Washington that Iran must "come clean about the possible military dimensions of its nuclear program," as Undersecretary Wendy Sherman testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 2011. The Iranians have refused to acknowledge having a weaponization program. Meanwhile, analysts close to the Obama administration begin to boost the so-called limited disclosure option.[192] Nevertheless, 354 members of U.S. Congress were "deeply concerned with Iran's refusal to fully cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency." On 1 October 2014, they sent a letter to Secretary of State John Kerry stating that "Iran's willingness to fully reveal all aspects of its nuclear program is a fundamental test of Iran's intention to uphold a comprehensive agreement."[193]
In November 2013 Iran and the IAEA have signed a Joint Statement on a Framework for Cooperation committing both parties to resolve all present and past issues.[151] In the same month the P5+1 and Iran have signed the Joint Plan of Action, which aimed to develop a long-term comprehensive solution for Iran's nuclear program. The IAEA continued to investigate PMD issues as a part of the Framework for Cooperation. The P5+1 and Iran have committed to establish a Joint Commission to work with the IAEA to monitor implementation of the Joint Plan and "to facilitate resolution of past and present issues of concern" with respect to Iran's nuclear program, including PMD of the program and Iran's activities at Parchin.[176][190] Some analysts asked what happens if Iran balks and IAEA fails to resolve significant PDM issues. According to the U.S. Department of State, any compliance issues wouldn't be discussed by the Joint Commission but would first be dealt with "at the expert level, and then come up to the political directors and up to foreign ministers if needed." Thus, an unresolved issue might be declared sufficiently addressed as a result of a political decision.[191]
Since 2002, the IAEA has become concerned and noted in its reports that some elements of Iran's nuclear program could be used for military purposes. More detailed information about suspected weaponization aspects of Iran's nuclear program — the possible military dimensions (PMD) — has been provided in the IAEA reports issued in May 2008 and November 2011. The file of Iran's PMD issues included development of detonators, high explosives initiation systems, neutron initiators, nuclear payloads for missiles and other kinds of developments, calculations and tests. The Security Council Resolution 1929 reaffirmed "that Iran shall cooperate fully with the IAEA on all outstanding issues, particularly those which give rise to concerns about the possible military dimensions of the Iranian nuclear program, including by providing access without delay to all sites, equipment, persons and documents requested by the IAEA."[138][188][189]
Nobel Peace Prize, United Nations, United States, Vienna, Egypt
European Union, Iran, John Kerry, Geneva, Lebanon
Barack Obama, Nuclear program of Iran, Ir-40, Sanctions against Iran, Iranian Revolution
Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, Barack Obama, Non-Aligned Movement, Foreign Policy


text: Here's some video of Donald Trump outlining his case on the Obama birth certificate issue. What I'm wondering is, what do you think about the politics of this? Does Trump's revival of this issue help President Obama by aiding him with Democrats and some independents who think the issue makes the GOP look like a circus, or does it hurt him by bringing up nagging questions among Republicans and other independents about Obama's lack of transparency about elements of his background?


text:
The Nigerian economy attracted a total investment inflow of $78.27bn (N12.52tn) between 2007 and 2013, a National Bureau of Statistics report has shown.
The figure was contained in the 'Capital Importation' report prepared by the NBS, a copy was obtained by our correspondent on Thursday in Abuja.
According to the report, the global financial crisis, which was experienced in 2008, largely shaped capital importation over the seven year period.
The report stated that prior to the global financial crisis, the nation's capital importation was high and rising, noting that it grew by 16.7 per cent from $9.57bn in 2007 to $11.17bn in 2008.
However, the report said at the outset of the crisis, the investment inflow recorded a sharp decline to half of the 2008 value, dropping to $5.70bn in 2009.
Some of the greatest declines, it noted, came from the banking and stock market sectors, with annual totals of $2.04bn and $1.81bn.
This, according to the report, represents 43.7 per cent and 53 per cent decline, respectively from the preceding year.
The financing and oil and gas sectors also took a large hit, declining by 69.2 per cent and 82.2 per cent, respectively, translating to a decline of over $500m in each activity in 2008.
A further analysis of the report showed that in 2010, the value of investment inflow remained depressed, increasing by a marginal 5.1 per cent to $5.9bn.
It, however, noted that a slow recovery began in 2011, as investors raised their stake by 31.8 per cent to $7.9bn, noting that the transformational upturn pushed up the country's investment portfolio by 110.2 per cent to $16.61bn in 2012 and $21.31bn in 2013.
It also showed that portfolio investment in equity, bonds and money market instruments accounted for the highest amount of investment.The $21.31bn investment inflow, according to the report, is the highest value that Nigeria has experienced in its 54 year history.
The report stated that out of the total $16.615bn invested in 2012, portfolio investment in equity, bonds and money market instruments accounted for $13.485bn or 81.16 per cent.
Foreign Direct Investment in equity and other capital accounted for $1.99bn or 1.19 per cent; while other investments such as trade credits, currency deposits, loans as well as other claims recorded the balance of $1.145bn.
For 2013, the report stated that out of the $21.318bn investment attracted, portfolio investments in equity, bonds and money market instruments accounted for $17.368bn or 81.47 per cent.
Similarly, the FDI in equity and other capital accounted for $2.7bn while other investments such as trade credits, currency deposits, loans as well as other claims recorded the balance of $1.243bn.
Commenting on the huge interest of investors in the Nigerian economy, the Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment, Mr. Olusegun Aganga, said the country had an investment climate favourable to investors
Given an instance, Aganga said a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report ranked Nigeria as number four globally in terms of return on investment with an average return of 35 per cent, compared to a global average of about 6.6 per cent.


text:
Set off a village square in a quiet village to the north of Cahors, a detached, stone, village cottage with 3 bedrooms, an enclosed garden and garage.
You enter into an open-plan living room with a fitted kitchen at one end, dining table in the middle and sitting area with fireplace at the other end. Two glazed, wooden doors lead to the rear terrace which runs the length of the property to the rear.
A wooden staircase leads to the first floor with a spacious landing, two double bedrooms both with fitted wardrobes and one with an original, stone sink; a family bathroom (bath, single vanity and WC) and an office.
Another wooden staircase leads to the attic level where there is a third double bedroom under the eaves with dormer windows to the front and rear as well as a wall of fitted wardrobes and a storeroom.
Outside there is a terrace, a covered terrace and a garage. The enclosed plot has a couple of trees providing shade, a fig tree and a gate leading to the front.
Single-glazing - wooden windows and shutters - fireplace - tiled floors on the ground floor - solid wooden flooring on the upper levels - septic tank - broadband.
This is a lovely cottage in a pretty village. It needs some love and updating and could provide a good home or easy to maintain holiday home.
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Empowering the next generation of emerging filmmakers worldwide.
A documentary filmmaking curriculum in partnership with Big Sky Film Institute.
A documentary filmmaking curriculum in partnership with Big Sky Film Institute.
We have reframed the entire concept of film production training, and have built our free curriculum from the ground up to encourage an active, social, and scenario-based online learning experience.
The Stories Found intensive is a one-time, week-long workshop designed for a small group of highly-motivated Kenyan filmmakers who wish to jumpstart their careers in documentary film. APPLY NOW.
The filmmaking intensive culminates in participants submitting their films to international film festivals.
Participants of the filmmaking intensive receive feedback on their films from a panel of of professional documentary filmmakers from across the globe.
The goal of Stories Found is to teach emerging Nairobi filmmakers how to find and share compelling stories from their own communities. Our hands-on approach to film training and production is designed to remove barriers, answer questions, and instill confidence.
The Stories Found program is a proud recipient of a Fulbright-Hays grant from the United States Department of State. The curriculum and the filmmaking intensive is hosted by the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.


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Comparing Weights of Objects In this lesson, students have an opportunity to explore the foundations of equivalence, an important step in their development of algebraic thinking as they see how quantities relate. Students explore equivalence by comparing weights of different collections of objects.
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