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Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment & Management (PSAM)
228 Application of Probabilistic Methods for the Evaluation of Deterministic Deviations from Technical Specifications (PSAM-0277)
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The German Atomic Energy Act stipulates damage precaution in line with the state of the art in science and technology for operating NPPs. Thus it could be expected, that existing nuclear power plants could not cope with updated Technical Specifications (tech specs) and regulations and would have deviations from the current state of the art concerning design and safety features. Nevertheless it is not necessarily the case that these plants are less safe and less available than newer ones. In this paper it is shown, how to assess deviations from the state of the art for an existing and operating NPP.
This assessment process is not part of the German supervising procedures and regulations. Some first steps to bring this process into legislation have been stopped due to political reasons. But there is an ongoing discussion in Germany how probabilistic methods could support deterministic ones in decision-making concerning necessity and time-frame of back fitting measures.
NPP Biblis Unit A, the first 4 loop 1300 MW PWR in Germany, has been selected to demonstrate this assessment process. The NPP was connected to the grid in 1974 and has produced more than 210 TWh of electricity. Biblis Unit A has most of the safety systems of modern plants. The incomplete physical separation of redundant trains and cross connections in cooling systems are plant specific. Due to back fitting of systems and accident management measures the CDF-result of the probabilistic safety analysis in 1990 was <3E-5 1/a. The deterministic part of the safety analysis revealed approx. 50 deviations from current regulations and tech specs. Most of them lead to back fittings. In 2000 a second safety analysis for Unit A was performed by RWE and reviewed by TÜV SÜD on behalf of the supervisory authority. The CDF-results were improved and well balanced but the number of deviations from tech specs, now based on the year 2000 had increased. This could lead to recommendations of the supervisory authority concerning additional back fitting measures.
To handle the deterministic results an integrated assessment using probabilistic methods has been performed. In this paper we will present examples for this assessment like
• back fitting of systems
• evaluation of operating experience
• evaluation of probabilistic relevance of "deterministic postulated" accidents
• comparison of old and new system engineering solutions
It is shown, that Unit A Biblis NPP reaches almost the same safety level as newer NPPs. The importance of the supervisory authority recommendations can be assessed based on PRA-results in terms of influence on CDF, necessity and ranking of modifications and optimisations.


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1 x Bent Shaft 220cm in stock – All else available only as a pre-order item – Approx 8-10 week delivery
The Ikelos is Werner's most advanced high-angle paddle, with our best paddling design and construction features. You'll feel exceptionally light, buoyant strokes while the smooth back face gives a quiet entrance and exit from the water. The award winning Ikelos is the smart choice for those playing or cruising with a high-angle style of paddling and wanting the powerful feel of a full-sized blade.
- Ultimate performance brings together all of Werner's most advanced designs.
- Full sized blades are and ideal fit for larger, well-conditioned paddlers.
- The volume of the buoyant, full carbon, blades creates an exceedingly light feel for effortless and confident strokes.
- Dynel® edges protect the paddle from the rigorous environment paddlers often find themselves in. A roping material, dynel is impact and abrasion resistant.
- Dihedral allows for smooth and stable forward paddling, a core philosophy for Werner.
- Smooth back face makes for cleaner entry and exit of your strokes and an elegant feel on the water.
- Optimized flex and strength.
- The Smart View Adjustable ferrule is the most simple, precise fitting on the market. The solid feel of a 1-piece paddle and nothing to snag your gear. (US Patent # 6881111 )

subset: commoncrawl


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In the lead-up to the RLUK Linked Open Data (LOD) Hackathon on Wednesday 14th May in London, The European Library is running an awareness campaign to promote LOD innovations in libraries across Europe. This case study is one of a series that highlights achievements of pioneering libraries to date in this exciting area.
Read the interview with our strategic officers on the use of Linked Open Data by KB, the National Library of the Netherlands on the The European Library website!


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I recently read "The Most Human Human: What Artificial Intelligence Teaches Us about Being Alive" by Brian Christian, a very interesting book recommended by a friend. I learned some things about cognitive computing, but more importantly, it made me think about the unique values we bring as humans in the digital age.
Alan Turing, widely regarded as the father of artificial intelligence (and portrayed in the 2014 movie, "The Imitation Game"), postulated by 1990 a machine would be able to mimic the intelligence of a human so well that at least 30% of human judges could be convinced the machine was indeed a human. The Turing Test evaluates a machine/computer's ability to "exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human" (Wikipedia).
In 1991, the annual Loebner competition was created to determine which computer would be most humanlike as evaluated by a set of judges in a five minute chat. To create a control group, human "Confederates" would also be paired with the judges in chat sessions. Judges then would vote on whether the entity they were chatting with was human or machine. The machine receiving the most "human" votes would win the Loebner Prize. The Confederate receiving the most "human" votes would be declared "The Most Human Human".
The author of the book was selected to be a Confederate in the 2009 Loebner competition. The book explores his preparation to distinguish himself as Most Human when compared to fellow Confederates and their computer competitors.
The overarching question is: "What makes humans unique?" and interestingly, we find that machines not only can do the things we do, but they can do many things better. When we say World Chess Champion Magnus Carlsen "plays like a computer", we are complimenting the human that he is approaching the precision of a machine.
But, being "like a computer" used to mean something different entirely…
In the infantile days of computer research and the development of algorithms, the best "computers" were not machines at all...they were humans (and usually women). In early code breaking attempts at Bletchley Park, the Allies employed small armies of human "Computers". In fact, if a machine was found in some way to come close to the ability of a human, it was declared to be "almost as good as a Computer".
How times have changed when the device in your pocket has magnitudes more computing power than the best mathematician!
To be sure, one way to be more human is to make more mistakes, after all, "to err is human..." Machines in the Loebner competition often were programmed to make typos (or curse) to appear more human. Conversely, Confederates with in-depth understanding of certain disciplines were commonly regarded by judges as too "booked up" to be real.
Next, the author delved into the philosophical differences between humans and machines. Descartes famously said: "Cogito ergo sum", translated, "I think therefore I am". A distinctive between humans and machines for decades has been in the ability to associate value in things, not just count them. But, alas, we find today's computers also are better at valuation than are we. One example is the systems used to evaluate the stock market. Today, only a foolish investor would put money behind a human analyst whose recommendations lacked solid computer data!
One remaining bastion where machines have not yet surpassed human ability is in the field of creative art. While a machine can be built to render a copy of a work of art better than a human, building a machine with the genius to create (or learn to create) an original masterpiece which could stand up to professional scrutiny is a challenge we haven't yet solved...and that is probably a good thing!
If the author asked me, I would say an area where humans continue to be "more human" than machines is in understanding and managing relationships. Indeed, people like you – reading this very blog – are an extension of my personal human network. Of course, some machines now are being taught to act as "virtual counselors". These go far beyond the automated response lines we all have encountered; some are being used in suicide prevention lines (!) and are programmed to use methods a psychologist might employ in treatment of patients. (Honestly, this gives me reason to doubt the Psychology profession more than it makes me believe computers are better at relationships than people are - although some of us are better at relationships than others!)
This article doesn't give me the time to give you the full CliffsNotes summary of the book, and if you read it, some parts may resonate more with you than with me, so I would encourage you to do so. You should look into whether a machine has successfully passed the Turing Test or not...and don't use Google! (Because what if the machine is lying to you?)
In a time when everyone from our best trained analysts to fast food workers may soon be replaceable by machines, we would all do well to think of ways we truly are unique - and better.
An interesting side note is that Hugh Loebner, the benefactor who funded the Loebner competition, previously had been victim of a scam, when for six months he had romantic correspondence with a Russian woman, who later was revealed to be…
A computer. Of the digital kind.


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Hungary has borne witness to over 2,000 years of history, and its vibrant culture reflects both its storied past and colourful traditions. Ancient monasteries and age-old castles dot the landscape of this fascinating country. No matter where you are in Hungary, you will never be short of things to do or places to see. These are small group escorted tours of key cultural & historic places of interest in Hungary. For mature & senior travellers who are curious about the world and enjoy touring with like minded people.
Touring Hungary
Getting around
Odyssey travels by coach and occasionally uses local transport, including trains and ferries. Specifics are always outlined in your tour itinerary. Hungary has a well-developed public transport system, with rail services linking all major cities, and bus services readily available. Taxis can be found in all major cities and are reasonably priced, though it's best to call a reputable taxi company rather than hail one off the street.
In major cities, Odyssey stays in centrally located good quality 3-4 star hotels, with easy access to public transport.
In smaller towns or rural areas, we usually stay in family-run hotels or guesthouses. On our long stay tours, during which you spend the length of the tour in a single location, we use serviced apartments.
Tour guides
Odyssey always engages local guides with regional knowledge to ensure an authentic experience during which you can learn as much as possible about the history and culture of places you visit.
Geography, environment and weather
Hungary is a landlocked country covering 93k square kilometres. Hungary has 2 major rivers, the Tisza and the Danube, the latter of which stretches over 418 kilometres of Hungarian territory.
Hungary is a largely flat country, and has three main geographic regions – the North Hungarian mountains, the hilly region of Transdanubia, and the Great Alfold (the Great Hungarian Plain), east of the Danube River.
Hungary has a continental European climate, with warm to hot summers and cold winters.
Depending on the time of year you intend to travel, check the weather reports and prepare accordingly.
World Heritage sites
Hungary has some 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. You can view the official list of the sites here (https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/hu). While every site is worth a look, here are a few highlights:
- Christian Necropolis of Pecs, featuring beautiful early Christian art and decorated murals
- Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst caves, a cave system of over 712 caves with a geological history dating back millions of years
- Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma, the second largest territorial abbey in the world
Festivals and events
Hungary has an eclectic mix of different festivals and events throughout the year. Hungarians are proud of their heritage, with festivals such the Koros Valley Folk Arts Festival celebrating folk traditions with music, dance, drama and crafts. The Busójárás celebration is a truly unique spectacle – held in the town of Mohacs, it involves the men of the town donning carved masks and furry costumes and parading through the streets of the town.
Hungary hosts numerous international events, including the Hungarian Formula 1 Grand Prix and the Budapest International Circus Festival.
Reading list
- A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár
- The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary, by Bryan Cartle
- Eclipse of the Crescent Moon, by Géza Gárdonyi
Budapest 1900, by John Lukacs
Eating and Drinking
No discussion on Hungarian cuisine would be complete without mentioning goulash – the famous meat stew is the country's national dish, made out of beef, potatoes, carrots, and generous quantities of paprika. Paprika features prominently in Hungarian cuisine; aside from goulash, paprika is used to flavour numerous other dishes, including paprika chicken, halászlé (fishermen's soup), and lecsó (a vergetable stew with a base of tomatoes, peppers, and paprika).
Sweeter offerings include kürtőskalács ('chimney cake', rolled in cinnamon, sugar, and nuts), palacsinta (crepes) and rétes (Hungarian strudel). Hungary's national drink is unicum, a herbal liquer, while the country also produces numerous other liquers and varieties of wine.
Health and safety
Hungary is generally safe to travel around in, though always exercise common sense whenever you travel.
Electrical supply
Whenever you travel overseas, it's always wise to take an appropriate travel adapter. Hungary operates on a electricity supply of 230V and 50 Hz. Hungary uses both the Type C and Type F plug, so be sure you have an adapter handy as needed.
Buda Castle,Budapest
The Danube River
Budapest Parliament
Hungary Tours
The Oberammergau passion play is part of this small group escorted tours for 21 days that travel across central Europe from Vienna to Budapest with points in between. The group spends 2 nights in the town of Oberammergau for the play.
The program follows the Habsburg dynasty was influential in Central Europe from the 10th century. As Holy Roman Emperors they controlled an Empire which at its medieval zenith covered huge tracts of Europe stretching from Spain and the Netherlands to the Black Sea.
Bulgaria and Romania have been at the crossroads of civilisations for centuries. Thracian and Roman ruins compete with Ottoman mosques and architecture. Austro-Hungarian churches, monasteries, castles and villages stand next to communist-era mansions and museums. All embraced by spectacular, varied and unspoilt natural beauty.
From the mediaeval jewel of Cesky Krumlow to the grandeur of the Habsburg's summer palace in Vienna, we embark on a 21 night journey to learn about these vibrant and artistically rich cities. We delve into the history of the famous artists, musicians, writers, architects and composers from Austria, Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic.
Hungary has a single time zone, Central European Time (UTC+1). Daylight savings starts on the last Sunday of March and ends of the last Sunday of October.
If you're on an Odyssey tour, we take care of tipping so you don't need to give it a second thought. However, in your free time, or if travelling independently, it's essential that you tip an appropriate amount for services. In Hungary, tipping is appreciated though not mandatory. Tips in restaurants, bars and taxis are usually 10% of the price, though if tipping in a restaurant or bar, tip the server directly rather than leaving a tip on the table.
Wifi is widely available in cafes, bars, restaurants and hotels.
Check with your cell phone provider to see whether you're able to make calls and use data while in Hungary. Many providers will allow you to pay a daily fee that allows you to make calls and check the internet while only being charged your regular rates. However, be certain to inform your provider that you're heading overseas, because just like a bank they can turn off your service as a result of unusual activity.
Responsible travel tips for Hungary
- Learn at least the local greetings to break the ice. Although many locals speak English, the more you know of the native language, the greater your experience of the country will be.
- Carry a business card in your wallet or purse from your local hotel, to assist you with the return journey if you do become lost.
- Always ensure that you are covered by travel insurance. If you need advice on this feel free to contact Odyssey and we'll be able to help.
- When travelling independently, make sure you check the opening hours of shops and museums so that you don't miss out! Museums and galleries are often closed on Mondays. Also be certain to check whether your trip coincides with any public holidays, so you can plan accordingly.
- Consider contacting your bank to inform them that you may be making purchases overseas. Otherwise, they may flag any activity on your account as suspicious. Also, check which ATMs and banks are compatible with your cards, to ensure you can withdraw cash with minimal fees.
- Before departing, make sure you have a number of Hungrian notes, the forint, in a range of denominations. You don't want to be carrying around enormous amounts of cash, but take enough to make it easy to pay in locations that might not accept credit card. It will also help you avoid card transaction fees, and it makes tipping a breeze.


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December 9, 2013
The Y4Y Team will be attending the Beyond School Hours XVII conference in Atlanta, Georgia this coming February to conduct workshops and to present on a variety of topics. Don't forget to register for the conference … and be sure to look for our breakout sessions in the schedule!
Watch upcoming issues of this newsletter for more information about our topics, our guest speakers, and exactly where you'll be able to find us during the conference. For more information about Beyond School Hours, see www.beyondschoolhours.org.


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Cougars Travel To Alabama Invitational
Sept. 25, 2001
THIS WEEK: The Cougars women's tennis team ventures to Tuscaloosa, Ala., for the Alabama Invitational Friday. Aside from the Cougars, the 12 team invitational will include Alabama, Arkansas State, Auburn, Auburn-Montgomery, Birmingham Southern, Florida State, Houston, Louisiana-Monroe, Mississippi, Mississippi State and Troy State. The tournament runs through Sunday.
HEAD COACH CARI GROCE ON THIS WEEKEND: 'This is going to be a great opportunity for Stacy (McKenna) and Lorena (Arias). This is also a great chance for our freshmen to get comfortable and start taking the steps to be successful.'
LAST WEEK: Washington State is coming off a solid performance in the 10th Annual Cougar Classic. Led by ranked players Erica Perkins and Stacy McKenna, the Cougars won eight of the 12 titles in the tournament. WSU won five singles and three doubles championships.
COUGARS IN THE RANKINGS: The Cougars are anchored by Erica Perkins, a senior ranked 24th, and Stacy McKenna, a sophomore ranked 83rd nationally. Combined they form the No. 27 doubles team.
NEXT WEEK: The Cougars will travel to Provo, Utah Oct. 11-13 to play in the BYU Invitational.
Airing on:
- Pac-12 Network
TOMORROW | 3:00pm PTLive
TOMORROW | 5:00pm PTLive
TOMORROW | 8:00pm PTLive


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The last app I used to try this wouldn't let me post photos. I bought a new app today and my fingers are crossed that this one will actually work!
To test it out, here's a quick snapshot of the Tadpole, sporting his new summer haircut.
We usually go see Megan at Headstart, but all of a sudden he's scared to get his haircut so this time Mister sat Tadpole in his highchair, got out the clippers, and took matters into his own hands. Hopefully it was enough to cure Tadpole's phobia so that we can go see Megan for a stylin 'do next time.
– Posted from my iPhone


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Published at Sunday, January 27th, 2019 - 10:30:56 AM. Bedroom. By Geraldina Sauer.
As for the lighting, it should create a warm and soft impression by using dark colored lamp shades. Should you choose to display any artwork in the bedroom, it should be in classical style. The best types of paintings to display in traditional bedroom design are landscape and portraits. Finally, a plush oriental rug would complete the traditional look in the room.
If, on the other hand, you want to have an accent wall in the bedroom and you choose black as a color for it, then making the room look airy and inviting will be easier. Black accent walls look especially nice when the rest of the walls and the ceiling are white. This way the contrast is stronger and the décor becomes elegant.
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National Geographic : 1951 Apr
Perfume, the Business of Illusion Wide World No Free Sniffs Allowed. Uncle Sam Displays Contraband Perfumes Behind Wire Netting These imports were confiscated at New York for failure to meet customs regulations. Owners may have evaded declarations or neglected to obtain entry permits. Buyers will get a chance to bid at public auction. Unlike department-store customers, they are not allowed to handle the goods. To fill its orders, which may range from a few sample pounds to many tons, this factory uses enough steam, fuel oil, gas, and electric power to serve a small town. It covers 30 acres and has its own fire department. But the score for an aromatics plant is not found in its machines, or even in its chemical formulas. It is recorded in the "nose chart," kept by an expert sniffer who grades there each sample of finished material. "The chemical analysis for an order may check perfectly," I was told by the plant chemist. "But if the odor is off, even infini tesimally, back the solution goes till it is nose perfect." From such factories come scents that make a thousand and one everyday articles easier to live with. Manufacturers now regularly neu tralize or replace the disagreeable smells in herent in some raw materials or acquired in factory processes. Scented Goods Include a "Best Smeller" The old fish-oil and kerosene-reeking ink of news rotogravure sections has come to be just a bad olfactory memory. The once smelly paste jar gives off a delicate lilac odor. The air circulated by air conditioning can be freshened to recall the pine-scented out-of doors. Even periodicals have been printed on 545
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United copiers understands that buying online can seem like a challenging action to take for some buyers, not knowing if they have chosen the correct machine, or if the machine will meet their requirements. In the past sales experts have guided the buyer through this process and that gave the buyer reassurance they were receiving the machine they required without any error on their behalf.
To eliminate this concern United Copiers has a seven day risk free swop out policy, the buyer is able to return the machine they have purchased within seven days and a new machine will be installed and setup that will suit the buyer's needs at no additional cost
By doing this United Copiers business has removed all risk involved, leaving the buyer and our new customer satisfied.


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Academic Conferences as Neoliberal Commodities
Authors: Nicolson, Donald JFree Preview
- Examines the role of academic conferences in higher education research and academic life
- Explores a range of conference-specific issues including travel, networking, intellectual communication, social media, conference dinners and presenting
- Uses academic conferences as a case study for demonstrating the increasing neoliberalization of academia
Buy this book
- eBook $54.99
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- Included format: EPUB, PDF
- ebooks can be used on all reading devices
- Immediate eBook download after purchase
- Hardcover $69.99
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- About this book
This book empirically examines academic conferences in the social sciences, and explores the purpose and value of people interested in the social sciences attending and presenting at national and international academic conferences. Using a highly original structure and style, the book considers the damaging impact of neoliberalism on conferences, and academia more widely, and explores the numerous barriers to conference attendance. It will be of interest to students and researchers who attend conferences in fields spanning the social sciences, as well as those interested in the effects of neoliberalism on academia.
- About the authors
Dr Donald J Nicolson worked in academic research for 13 years and was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow. He is currently a freelance writer. His works have been published in the likes of the British Medical Journal, Health Technology Assessment, The Cochrane Library, The Scotsman, and London School of Economics Impact Blog.
- Reviews
"This is fluently written—an interesting read and also the first substantive treatment of this topic with a decent body of relevant literature reviewed to support it. The innovations in style and structure are really refreshing and I hope to see more from Nicolson in future." (Kevin Morrell, Management Learning, April, 2017)
"Nicolson's book Academic Conferences as Neoliberal Commodities provides an exploratory study into conferences in the social sciences, looking explicitly at the link between conferences and the neoliberalism of academia itself. … is highly recommended to anyone working within the social sciences who aspires to make the most out of this unexplored yet integral part of performing and producing academia." (Fawzia Haeri Mazanderani, LSE Review of Books, blogs.lse.ac.uk, April, 2017)
"This is definitely and deliberately an unconventional book... Nicolson has certainly made the most of a novel format to create something that is original, and this license also allows him to carry out work with the care and passion of genuine and sustained intellectual curiosity, rather than having to follow - perhaps narrower - academic strictures. Overall, there is a lot in the book that is clever and it seems a kind of cleverness that reflects a natural intelligence which is not stilted or formulaic." (Kevin Morrell, Professor of Strategy, Warwick Business School, UK)
"Have you ever wondered if academic conferences are worth the expense and hassle they cause to those organising and attending them? If so, you'll find Donald Nicholson's thoughtful analysis of conferences as 'neoliberal commodities' of interest. He shows that conferences are competitive market places for the commodification of 21st century academia's products." (Sir Iain Chalmers, Coordinator, James Lind Initiative, Oxford)
"In this highly insightful book, Donald Nicolson subjects to much-needed scrutiny an aspect of the academic life that this is often enjoyed or endured, but rarely attracts the attention it merits: the conference. Drawing on his own experience as a delegate and presenter, as well as on an impressive range of other interviews, Nicolson reflects on the uses and usefulness of conferences: for the disciplines with which they engage; for the researchers who attend them; and for society at large. The academic conference is understood as both experience and commodity. It is a form of travel (with everything that entails), as well as a marketplace in which ideas, values and reputations are traded. The book will serve as a provocative keynote lecture, designed to trigger further conversations in its wake." (Charles Forsdick, James Barrow Professor of French, University of Liverpool, UK, and AHRC Theme Leadership Fellow for "Translating Cultures")
- Table of contents (6 chapters)
Pages 1-9
Opening Keynote
Pages 11-20
Parallel Session One: Case Studies
Pages 21-35
Parallel Session Two: Interviews
Pages 37-58
Closing Keynote
Pages 59-66
Table of contents (6 chapters)
Buy this book
- eBook $54.99
price for USA (gross)
- Digitally watermarked, DRM-free
- Included format: EPUB, PDF
- ebooks can be used on all reading devices
- Immediate eBook download after purchase
- Hardcover $69.99
price for USA
- Free shipping for individuals worldwide
- Usually dispatched within 3 to 5 business days.
- Softcover $69.99
price for USA
- Free shipping for individuals worldwide
- Usually dispatched within 3 to 5 business days.
Services for this book
Bibliographic Information
- Bibliographic Information
- Book Title
- Academic Conferences as Neoliberal Commodities
- Authors
- Donald J Nicolson
- Copyright
- 2017
- Publisher
- Palgrave Macmillan
- Copyright Holder
- The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)
- eBook ISBN
- 978-3-319-49190-5
- 10.1007/978-3-319-49190-5
- Hardcover ISBN
- 978-3-319-49189-9
- Softcover ISBN
- 978-3-319-84099-4
- Edition Number
- 1
- Number of Pages
- Topics


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I always have a notebook or a journal on me, as sometimes I am inspired to write or doodle in the most random places. I always worry that I will forget what is passing through my mind, so I just scribble it down, sometimes to be forgotten until I come across it again, sometimes the scribbles become a story or an essay. Last Monday I was sitting at Heathrow airport, waiting for my gate to be announced when I noticed a man looking at a PowerPoint presentation on his laptop, and another women typing feverishly on her computer. I pulled out my notebook and wrote the following piece. Interesting or not, I do not know, but I felt like posting it on here.
I used to pretend to be a business woman. "Pretend" being the accurate word because I just didn't fit the profile, and never felt comfortable in it. My "suits" never looked 100% comfortable unless I was wearing flip flops or Converse, and had rolled up the shirt sleeves. On business trips I would walk around the airport barefoot totter along in my 4 inch heels that I deemed necessary for a client meeting. I've never been able to wear "sensible" heels anyway, in my world it's either gorgeous 4 inch heels or biker boots (mainly the latter these days). At airports I would sit on the floor, nearest the closest electricity outlet, typing away frantically, responding to the 100+ emails I had received during my 60 minute flight. My desk always looked like a bomb had gone off somewhere near: papers everywhere, dust piling up on little dolls and knickknacks I had inherited from colleagues who were long gone, pictures and postcards stuck on the walls and a little headset that I had stopped trying to use because it kept echoing in my ear.
That said, I was pretty good at my job. Sometimes pretty brilliant. Sometimes I failed in a nice, big exploding splash, but I often succeeded, most often without much of a word, except a thanks from my client (and undying love from some of them). For six whole years I would walk into that elevator on the ground floor and whizz up to the 40th floor, my stomach falling to my knees, not because of gravity, because of dread. Dread that I would be found out for being an imposter.
Every day I would get my coffee from the same mobile coffee vendor, my lunch from the same two or three salad bar/sandwich/soup places, nab my cigarette breaks whenever I could between client calls. I would go home after work and guess what I would do? Check my email, work some more and dream (nightmare) about something I had forgotten (or not forgotten for the most part).
For six years I felt like I was playing a part, trying a role out in a play that I didn't really understand or like that much. may have played it well, sometimes too well. I kept my own personality and tried to mold it into a business woman persona.
I used to pretend to be a business woman until I got tired of pretending. In the end we only have one life and it really is up to ourselves to make it into something that we can be proud of and happy with. That may not always be something that you find immediately but there's no harm in trying everything until you do. Just don't spend your life pretending, it's not worth it.
Maybe I should become an actress...
Thursday, March 15, 2012
Ramblings: Airport notes
Posted by Paradox at 4:46 PM
Labels: life, personal thoughts, Pretense, Ramblings, Random thoughts, Thoughts, Work, Writing
2 comments:
- CJR said...
"I got tired of pretending. In the end we only have one life and it really is up to ourselves to make it into something that we can be proud of and happy with. That may not always be something that you find immediately but there's no harm in trying everything until you do. Just don't spend your life pretending, it's not worth it."
perfectly put
I love you
and you'd make a super awesome actress in a beautiful movie
maybe you and bela should make one, I'll do the soundtrack ;)
- March 16, 2012 at 4:59 AM
- Paradox said...
Wouldn't that be amazing! I think the three of us could put something pretty sound together ;)
<3 <3
- March 16, 2012 at 8:44 AM
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I am purposely spending significant amounts of time in Bible study, devotionals, and reading books that encourage me to live a life of faith. I'm just very hungry and thirsty for it right now. For quite a long time, I've felt spiritually attacked and just trying to keep my head above water. But as I began to pray for Him to move my heart from survival mode to thriving mode, I'm finding that happening through the pages of Scripture, inspired and honest authors, study groups and pen and paper. Yes, this girl is notebook and journal obsessed. It's addiction level! ;) I also know that in just a few weeks my attention span greatly takes a nose dive as we start year 16 of homeschooling. I need extra "stored" in my tank so that I have enough to pour out and still sustain my own needs. Each day will have its own manna, but let's get real... it's harder to attain when you're spread thin or distracted.
Today I was working in Beth Moore's "Entrusted study. Technically the study just ended and I'm only half way through, but I'm still pressing forward. It's an in-depth study of 2 Timothy. I already loved this specific book (letter), but her incredible teaching ability has illuminated so much more than I thought possible. She doesn't just do a study that says fill in the blank. No spoon feeding! Honestly, many times I feel like I don't know the answer even though I'm looking straight at the book and the Bible. But that's ok. That's why we keep learning and being a student. Later this week will mark 32 years of my personal relationship with Christ and I feel like I'm barely scratching the surface of knowledge.
But, today's teaching...
Spoke directly and plainly to my heart.
Honestly, it moved me to tears.
"And, while you're at it, don't give up on humanity. There are still Onesiphoruses in the world. Be one until you are found by one. "
Let me back up and explain in case you aren't familiar with Onesiphorus.
Onesiphorus searched HARD for Paul until he found him Scripture says. He wasn't ashamed that Paul was in chains. "He refreshed me," Paul says. For Onesiphorus to get to Paul took extreme effort. Travel from Ephesus to Rome wasn't just a quick hop on a bus. Though getting to the city itself was hard, Paul was imprisoned in an undisclosed location. Hidden away and under guard. I just finished reading the Mark of the Lion series by Francine Rivers and though it was a fictional work, scripture really came alive as I was reading it because I could just picture the journey. Though this is a great understatement: it took work and commitment to find him.
Beth writes in her study that we all long to be earnestly searched for and found by somebody wonderful. We may not admit it, but even those with the toughest exteriors have that longing. "We yearn to know there are people who'd diligently search for us if we are missing. People who'd swim the ocean to get to us if we were stranded on an island. We want to be worth looking for. Worth not giving up on."
Even rereading and typing those words has tears streaming. Again.
Haven't you felt that way at times? Even, perhaps, right now. Many of us carry deep wounds of being abandoned, deserted, not fought for. Maybe we've felt so invisible or alone, even while surrounded by a crowd. Oh, dear ones, I understand those scars. Whether by a parent, a family member, a spouse or a friend, it hurts.
I love how she reminds us that with Christ, we are "audaciously searched for and passionately found." Yes, that is beautiful beyond words. His redemption and love for us knows no bounds.
However, our hearts might ache to have a physical being, someone we can physically reach out and touch, feel that way about us. We all want to know that we have an Onesiphorus in our lives. That ache may run even deeper when we've felt the opposite from someone. Most especially someone that should have loved is unconditionally but didn't.
What do we do when we aren't sure we have someone like that? Or when we wish we had more than just one?
Recommit to being a friend. Reach out to a neighbor. Serve someone in need. Show kindness to someone that is rude. Look for the lonely. Encourage. Build bridges. Let someone know they are seen and valuable. Forgive. Get off a screen and look someone in the eyes. Get in touch with someone that matters to you---maybe you've been using the I'm too busy excuse --- reconnect. Put your spouse as a priority.
Just be one.
It's why I'm so PASSIONATE about "happy mail", sending handwritten cards and being an encouragement. We often don't realize how much our "small" effort might make an enormous difference to someone else. If the Holy Spirit puts someone on your heart, be obedient, even if it feels awkward or even "not enough". Our words may seem trivial, but we might be that Onesiphorus for someone at a crucial life point. And I've often said it and will say it again and again, when you care for and encourage others, you will find yourself encouraged in the process. Guaranteed.
And while you're showing someone they are worth fighting for, you might find that someone is fighting to get to you. Without a doubt, Christ most definitely finds you that valuable. He moved heaven and earth. He inscribed you on the old of his hand. Cling to that.


text: First, sorry for my bad english (I am French). I registered on the forum, there is about a year looking for information (in this case, concerning Sergeant Francis H. Banfield, of No.203 Squadron, thanks to the help of a member of your forum), but without ever posted (and forgetting my registration...), so I correct this error. For the last few years (four years), I have been doing research on Air Operations during the East Africa Campaign. For now, I mainly studied the period June - December 1940 (part is available on my website). Unfortunately, this work is difficult because of the very limited documentations (and sometimes absent) on the subject. Unfortunately, I had to interrupt this research for personal reasons (for two years) before starting to work on it again this summer. So I hope I can find some information (documents?) missing through this forum. In parallel, I am also interested in the history of No.615 Squadron. I work on the subject only since a few months, and I am mainly interested in the presence of the Squadron in France between 1939 and May 1940. Unfortunately, again, the documentation is very small (the ORB of No.615 Squadron is reduced to 2 pages for the period 10 - 20 May with several errors or omissions). I'am trying, in particular, to find a way to get a copy of casualties files related (in TNA), in the hope of finding additional details. Regards, Alexis


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Top tech gifts to give your kids.
Tips and tricks for how to get your kids back to school ready and prepared.
All of the fun, small tech accessories that can be used as stocking stuffers for Christmas.
Guide of all the tech accessories that should always be bought on sale.
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At first glance, the headline invoked a myriad of negative emotions and thoughts. There is a certain connotation tied to reports of "booty popping" and "booty crack" that only bring about negative imagery of debauchery when kids are involved. But to be honest, the actual video posted by Stephanie Morales, a Virginia prosecutor, is a far cry from the commonplace twerk videos of today's social media generation… even though the phrase 'booty popping' is used more than 30 times throughout the song.
The Portsmouth, Va., commonwealth attorney appeared in the uploaded video along with her husband, son, and two young daughters. She shared the rap video on her Facebook page documenting the 'summer family fun' they had. The elected Virginia prosecutor explained that her 14-year-old son is an aspiring producer. He recently lost a bet to his father, Luis her husband, and as a result, had to give his father a beat he created. The beat was originally meant for the trash can but Morales had a different idea. Instead, she compiled all the summer photos and videos and grabbed the family to record the track, Sundress Season.
Luis Morales wrote on Youtube, "The things we do for our kids." According to the post, their son "needed an opportunity to produce and engineer a song to its completion."
"He has done several since and they have gotten progressively better," added Luis Morales.
Although certains terms used in the video are not exactly "rated E for Everyone" the video itself does not feature any booty popping or booty cracks. The children are not seen twerking or popping their booty or in various states of undress like common rap videos. Even the prosecutor's cameo is, at worst, rated PG-13. At worst!
But that hasn't stopped social media warriors and couch critics from throwing shots at #BlackGirlMagic. One such critic, Barry Randall, told WTKR, ""[Morales] has every right to pop her booty in her home with her husband but to do that with a bunch of teenagers who look to her for mentoring, young boys and girls, and she is booty poppin'. That's a problem."
That statement alone says Randall, the People's Pastor as he calls himself, has not seen the video. At least not before talking with the news outlet. If he had seen the video he would know that the Virginia prosecutor does not booty pop in the video.
But Randall doubled down when the spoke with 10 On Your Side. He told them, ""What women have to face on the workforce and sexual assault, I think it is a poor choice for our city's top cop to exploit and display her body in that manner."
Morales fired back at her critics saying, ""To suggest that women are disrespecting themselves by having a positive body image as I do in that video, where I discuss my fitness goals, also talk about my intellect, on a track produced by my son, that person needs to do a little bit of soul searching."
Randall also made claims that Morales has shirked her responsibilities citing recent deaths of juveniles in the community. "We had four people shot last Thursday, we had three males shot last Monday and we have cases that have yet to be brought to trial, but [Morales] is booty poppin'" he said.
Morales clapped back at her critics by telling WTKR:
"[The video] shows our ability to set aside time to enjoy family time and support our children at their level and also highlights the fact that we are normal people and we have a sense of humor. I hope voters always remember the importance of making time for family and also the importance of finding different ways to engage and support the ones we love the most."
So… a Florida prosecutor is caught stealing from Publix and no one is publicly calling for her ousting, a black Virginia prosecutor shares a family project with her Facebook friends and constituents and a black pastor is offended and is calling for her to step down. The only thing wrong in the video is the gratuitous use of the terms "booty popping" and "booty crack". Everything is mild in comparison and plains in the face of what is truly marketed to children. Yes the Virginia prosecutor could have chosen different words to use considering her supposed extensive vocabulary. She did not have to assume that in order to get on the level of her kids she needed to use those terms. Aside from that, she did nothing wrong.
The People's Pastor is complaining about deaths in the community. He's placing the blame at the feet of the prosecutor. Her job is to incarcerate. He, by profession and interest, should be against that. Randall should gather the community leaders and the leaders of these troubled youth himself and sit down and mediate a truce. Maybe he should focus on saving souls more than saving potential members for his congregation to pay him tithes.


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Join us at the Wears Valley Fall Fest
October 18-20, 2019
What do you get when you take the Smoky Mountains encased in brilliant fall colors, crafters, entertainers, interactive activities, and Keep Sevier Beautiful? A one-of-a-kind Fall Fest that you won't want to miss!
Wears Valley Fall Fest offers three full days of family fun. Families will find traditional elements such as pumpkins, crafts, incredible southern food and of course – entertainment!
The Fall Fest will open 10 am - 6 pm Friday & Saturday. On Sunday, the Fest will be open from 10 am - 4 pm.
For information on lodging please visit our friends over at www.visitmysmokies.com
The Fall Fest features a diverse group of artisans, showcasing traditional and contemporary crafts. Learn more about the craftsmen already confirmed or sign up to participate.
Enjoy various Festival foods, from the popular steak on a stick and grilled corn on the cob, to BBQ, Greek and Italian. For dessert, try Fall goodies such as gourmet caramel and candy apples.
Southern gospel, country, folk, Elvis... with a full lineup on stage throughout the weekend, there's something for everyone!
Kids can enjoy endless free activities from making crafts, playing games, running through an obstacle course, jumping in inflatables, and more!
Directions: The Wears Valley Fall Fest is located next to the Tennessee State Bank on Wears Valley Road, 3179 Wears Valley Rd, Sevierville, TN 37862. It is 7 miles from Pigeon Forge and 7 miles from Townsend.


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Joan Eicken
I am a successful, full-time Realtor® with 10+ years of experience. Again, in 2014, I was named as one of the top 20 La Grange Brokers in Residential Sales (market statistics January 1, 2014 - December 31, 2014). Prior to beginning my career in real estate, I was a Senior Marketing Manager with Spiegel catalog. My professional marketing experience has been extremely valuable as a Realtor®.
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We're here to make a complicated system easier & Fun. Working with the primary founders and investors we brought this identity alive from naming, strategy and design. Not to bore you with long specifics but its RX at its lowest cost to your door. Excited to see this brand come alive this year and for its impact on the frustrating system we all know as healthcare.
Role: Design DirectorStudio: JKRDesigners: Cyrus Blais, CJ Draper, Izgi YapiciYear: 2017


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December 27, 2014
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High rate chemical vapor deposition of carbon films using fluorinated gases
A high rate, low-temperature deposition of amorphous carbon films is produced by PE-CVD in the presence of a fluorinated or other halide gas. The deposition can be performed at less than 100.degree. C., including ambient room temperature, with a radio frequency plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition process. With less than 6.5 atomic percent fluorine incorporated into the amorphous carbon film, the characteristics of the carbon film, including index of refraction, mass density, optical clarity, and chemical resistance are within fifteen percent (15%) of those characteristics for pure amorphous carbon films, but the deposition rates are high.
Latest The United States of America as represented by the United States Department of Energy Patents:
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the deposition of films and more specifically to a high-rate, low-temperature method of depositing amorphous carbon films.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Amorphous carbon with diamondlike (single) bonds, as opposed to graphite (double) bonds, has a number of beneficial properties, including hardness, low coefficients of friction, chemically inertness, strength, and transparency. A unique feature of an amorphous carbon film is that it has thermal conductivity properties among the highest of any materials, including metals, at room temperatures and above, while at the same time being an electrical insulator, or at least only a semiconductor. A semiconductive amorphous carbon film has a variable band gap of about 1.0 to 5.45 eV, which is large when compared with more traditional semiconductors, such as silicon with 1.1 eV, and gallium arsenide with 1.4 eV. In spite of such a large band gap, amorphous carbon films are being considered for use as semiconductors, because they have a rather smooth increase in velocity of current-carrying free electrons in response to electric fields.
Because of these and other properties, more and different uses for carbon films are being found for applications in tribology, electronics, mechanical systems, and even semiconductors. Such applications include, for example, wear resistant coatings for gears, protective and transparent coatings on windows and optical equipment, high-temperature electronic components, tool coatings for improved wear and hardness, and abrasives for grinding pads and wheels.
Despite a great deal of excitement generated by the myriad potential applications of carbon films, there remain several obstacles to large-scale commercial production and use. The most significant of such obstacles include high deposition temperatures, high costs, and relatively slow deposition rates. Typically, the deposition temperatures of carbon films can be in the range of 1000.degree. to 4000.degree. C., although lower deposition temperatures are also used. Examples of such high-temperature processes may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,847 issued to Clark et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,034 issued to Olcott, U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,317 issued to Arakawa et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,049 issued to Rickborn et al. Yet deposition rates at these high temperature levels are only about 100 .ANG./min.
There have been several attempts to increase deposition rates of these high temperature processes. For example, the article, "Is Diamond the New Wonder Material?" Science, Vol. 234, pgs. 1074-1076, 28 Nov. 1986, reported high-temperature deposition rates as high as 10 .mu.m/hr (micrometers per hour), or about 1600 .ANG./min, of polycrystalline carbon film at the Nippon Institute of Technology in Saitama, Japan, with a high-temperature, tungsten filament method using acetone as a source material.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,925,577, issued to Fatzer et al. shows a process for coating isotropic graphite with a silicon carbide layer, which is done by depositing a layer of silicon on graphite and then heating to melt the silicon into the graphite. The first step in this process includes heating the graphite to a very high temperature, e.g., 1700.degree. C. to 2400.degree. C., in a halogen atmosphere of chlorine or fluorine to reduce the impurities.
The article, "Study on Hydrophobic a-C:H:F Overcoat Layer for a-Si:H Photoreceptor" by F. Ishikawa et al., Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 118, pgs. 429-434, 1988, disclosed an amorphous hydrogenated fluorocarbide film used to replace a hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) film as a passive overcoat on photoreceptors used in electrophotography to increase blurring lifetime, the deposition process of which involved plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) of perfluoroethane (C.sub.2 F.sub.6) and hydrogen (H.sub.2). However, the deposition rate and temperature described by Ishikawa, et al., were within ordinary, commonly known carbon film deposition parameters.
Some of the special problems associated with these conventional carbon film deposition methods include higher costs of production, especially in some processes due to special high-temperature furnaces and other equipment and increased power demands required to generate such heat. However, the most important limitation imposed by such high-temperature carbon film deposition processes is that the choice of substrates onto which the carbon films can be deposited is severely restricted to only materials that withstand the high temperatures. Yet, there are many ordinary, inexpensive materials, the usefulness and durability of which could be greatly enhanced by carbon films. For example, most conventional plastics melt, burn, or otherwise break down in the high temperatures utilized in such carbon film deposition processes as those described above.
Consequently, more efficient low-temperature (i.e., room temperature) carbon film deposition processes would be very beneficial, and several have been under investigation.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,519, issued to Zelez and U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,964, issued to Kincaid et al. show such low-temperature carbon film deposition methods. However, these low-temperature processes typically have deposition rates in the range of only about 10 .ANG./min. Accordingly, they have been used in only special applications, such as coating plastics that can not tolerate high temperatures.
In spite of all the attempts to solve this problem over the past several years, no one has yet been able to develop a process for the deposition of amorphous carbon films that includes the cost saving features of both higher deposition rates and lower deposition temperatures. Equally as important, there is a need for a low-temperature, high deposition rate process that also preserves the original properties and molecular purities of the resulting amorphous carbon film.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, a general object of the present invention is to provide a process for the production of amorphous carbon films, which is more efficient, faster, and less expensive than previous amorphous carbon deposition processes.
Another general object of the present invention is to provide a more controllable process for depositing amorphous carbon films to enhance commercial feasibility.
A more specific object of this invention is to provide a method of depositing carbon films at higher deposition rates.
Another more specific object of this invention is to provide a method of depositing carbon films at higher deposition rates in lower temperature ranges.
It is another specific object of the present invention to provide a process for depositing amorphous carbon films using gases containing halogen while still maintaining the effective integrity and purity of the resulting carbon films.
Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention shall be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The objects and the advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and in the combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the process of this invention may comprise the deposition of an amorphous carbonaceous film onto a substrate by plasma reacting a hydrocarbon gas in the presence of a fluorinated gas. A relatively high deposition rate is provided, which can be maintained at less than 100.degree. C. or room temperature. This deposition process may be by PE-CVD, such as a radio frequency plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (rf-CVD). The fluorinated gas allows a relatively high deposition to occur at ambient substrate temperatures, i.e., room temperature. The rate of deposition is a function of the fluorine to carbon ratio (F/C). The most advantageous range that maximized the deposition rate was found to be about 0.1 to 2.5 F/C. On a silicon substrate this deposition rate can be in the range of about 240 to 460 .ANG./min and on a glass substrate the deposition rate can be in the range of about 325 to 535 .ANG./min.
At these F/C ratios, and probably based upon the other physical parameters of deposition, such as temperature, the amorphous carbon film contains up to 6.5 atomic percent fluorine. Despite this small fluorine content, the film has chemical and physical properties that were essentially the same, as or within about 15%, of those properties for carbon films containing essentially no fluorine. Accordingly, the characteristics of the amorphous carbon film have not been unduly restricted by the deposition process, so it can be doped or otherwise treated to meet any particular application.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention, and, together with the description, serve, to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a general schematic layout of radio frequency plasma assisted chemical vapor apparatus that may be used with the preferred embodiment process of the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a graph showing average percent increase in deposition rate in relation to fluorine to the carbon ratio associated with the second set of examples of the process of the present invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention an amorphous carbon film is deposited at ambient or room temperature and at a relatively high deposition rate by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), such as radio frequency plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (rf-CVD), in which a very small amount of fluorinated or other halogen gas is reacted with a hydrocarbon gas. While the fluorinated gas was initially added in the carbon film deposition process in an unsuccessful attempt to improve certain physio-chemical properties of the resulting amorphous carbon films, it was discovered in this invention that the addition of fluorinated gas causes a significantly higher deposition rate of amorphous carbon film, which could even be maintained at very low deposition temperatures, including ambient or room temperature. Ambient, room, or low temperature, for the purposes of this invention, is considered to be any temperature under 100.degree. C. While the exact mechanisms are not yet understood thoroughly, it appears that the fluorine or other halogen gas allows increased deposition rates of the amorphous carbon film probably by suppressing the formation of the chemically active etching species generated in the reaction plasma.
Carbon film deposition at room temperature according to this process can be performed at deposition rates as high as 460 .ANG./min. on a silicon substrate and 535 .ANG./min. on a glass substrate, which represents as much as a 200% increase in deposition rate above those achieved on similar substrates without the fluorinated gas. Comparable room temperature carbon film deposition rates are achievable on a variety of other substrates, such as plastics. The reactants and conditions of the depositions that gave rise to these numbers will be covered in greater detail below.
Although standard PE-CVD deposition is commonly known in the industry, a brief description of the operation of such a deposition process is presented herein in accordance with the process of the present invention. There are several commercially available deposition chambers that can be used to accomplish the process of this invention, such as those marketed by Electrotech, Plasma Technology, Technics, and Glasstech Solar, Inc.
In operation, the preferred embodiment PE-CVD amorphous hydrocarbon deposition utilizing fluorinated gases usually begins with multiple cleanings of a substrate. A glass substrate provides an appropriate example for purposes of this description, although other substrates, such as quartz, silicon, plastic, iron, or virtually any material can be coated according to this invention because it is so effective at normal room temperatures and below. An initial precleaning can be accomplished with a mild detergent scrub and a deionized H.sub.2 O rinse. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the cleaned substrate 16 is then loaded into a standard plasma deposition chamber 10, which is evacuated to a desired system base pressure by a standard rotary vacuum pump 12. This desired system base pressure may typically be in the range of 5 to 10 mtorr (millitorr), as measured by, for example, a capacitance manometer gauge 20. Oxygen gas (O.sub.2) from a storage tank 30 is then admitted into deposition chamber 10 via a common reactant flow tube 24. The flow rate of this oxygen can be controlled or metered by a mass flow controller 32. When the oxygen gas is present in chamber 10, a 100 Watt rf discharge from an rf power unit 22 is initiated for about 5 minutes at 300 millitorr to further clean the substrate.
Following this substrate cleaning, the deposition chamber is again evacuated by pump 12 to base system pressure. Reactant gases from tanks 34, 38, and 42, are then, metered into the chamber through the mass flow controllers 36, 40, and 44 respectively. These reactant gases in tanks 34, 38, and 42 may include for example, a typical hydrocarbon gas such as ethylene (C.sub.2 H.sub.4), a halogen, such as fluorinated gas, or even a fluorocarbon gas, such as perfluoroethane (C.sub.2 F.sub.6), and possibly even hydrogen gas (H.sub.2). Vacuum pump 12 is then throttled by throttle valve 14 to attain the desired reaction pressure, which may typically be in the range of 300 to 600 mtorr.
A capacitively coupled rf-plasma discharge is then applied to chamber 10 by power unit 22, preferably at a frequency of about 13.56 MHz (megahertz), to ignite a plasma reaction of the hydrocarbon and halide gases in the chamber 10. Such a plasma reaction leads to the formation of a variety of new species including metastable atoms, free radicals, and ions. These products are chemically active and serve as precursors to the formation of new stable components. In essence, the plasma reaction releases carbon from the hydrocarbon gas. The carbon deposits on the substrate 16 along with small amounts of the halide in the form of an amorphous carbon film. This PE-plasma discharge is continued for the desired deposition period. Such deposition periods may vary from several minutes to a few hours or more, depending on the thickness of the carbon film desired and any operating restrictions based on the particular equipment used. At the end of the desired deposition period, the rf power to the plasma is turned off, and the reactant gas flow is terminated.
After deposition of the desired carbon film, chamber 10 is backfilled to atmospheric pressure with nitrogen, which may be stored, for example, in a tank 46 and metered through a mass flow controller 48. The carbon-coated substrate 16 may then be removed. Because this deposition occurs at ambient or room temperature, there is no need to cool the system or the substrate before further handling. Also, as described above, there are no additional furnaces or power requirements for heating, maintaining, or containing high temperatures that are required in other higher rate carbon deposition processes.
Presented below are several specific examples of the process of the present invention. It is to be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as herein described or as set forth in the appended claims.EXAMPLE SET 1
In an example of the preferred embodiment carbon deposition process of the present invention, the deposition reaction was performed at 300 millitorr, 20.degree. C., and an rf power of 50 watts for 20 minutes. At these conditions, a mixture of ethylene (C.sub.2 H.sub.4) and perfluoroethane (C.sub.2 F.sub.6) as reactant gases was compared with a control of a reactant gas of just ethylene. In both cases the ethylene had a flow rate of 36 sccm/min, while the fluorine mixture experiment added the perfluoroethane at a rate of 3.8 sccm/min. This resulted in a total carbon flow of 72.0 sccm/min for the control and 79.6 sccm/min for the fluorine mixture. This further resulted in a hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/C) of 2.0 for the control and 1.8 for the fluorine mixture and a fluorine to carbon ratio (F/C) of 0 for the control and 0.22 for the fluorine mixture.
For both, the control mixture and the fluorine mixture described above, the respective amorphous carbon films were deposited on a silicon substrate and a glass substrate. After the 20-minute reaction time, the control resulted in 2100 .ANG. thick amorphous carbon film on both the silicon and glass substrates, which was a deposition rate of 105 .ANG./min for both controls. After the 20-minute reaction time for the fluorine mixture, the silicon substrate had a 6700 .ANG. amorphous carbon film, while the glass substrate had a 6600 .ANG. amorphous carbon film. Therefore, the amorphous carbon deposition rate was 335 .ANG./min on the silicon substrate and 330 .ANG./min on the glass substrate. Consequently, the increase in deposition rate experienced with the fluorine mixture over the control was 219% {[(335-105)/105]*100%} on silicon and 214% on glass, for an average percent increase of 217%. These numbers are tabulated as items 10 and 11 in Table 1 on Attachment I, which is attached to this specification and made a part hereof.EXAMPLE SET 2
Despite the impressive increase in deposition rates at room temperature in the Example Set 1 described above, it still remained to be establish whether it was the addition of the fluorine, the increase in total carbon flow, or the reduced H/C ratio that contributed to the enhanced deposition rate. Accordingly, this Example Set 2 was performed by varying only the F/C ratio, while maintaining a fixed H/C ratio and a fixed total carbon flow.
In this Example Set 2, ethylene (C.sub.2 H.sub.4) and perfluoroethane (C.sub.2 F.sub.6) were still used as reactant gases, along with hydrogen gas (H.sub.2). Additionally, in two of the runs, a gaseous 20% perfluoroethane in ethylene solution was used in place of straight perfluoroethane.
Algebraic calculations were necessary to determine the proper mass-flow rate of each of the reactant gases in order to maintain the fixed H/C ratio and the fixed total carbon flow, while still obtaining the desired varying F/C ratios. The deposition rates were to be compared to the F/C ratios as the F/C ratio was varied from 0 to 3.0. At each mixture, where just straight perfluoroethane was used, the total flow is:
Total Flow=a H.sub.2 +b C.sub.2 H.sub.4 +c C.sub.2 F.sub.6, (1)
from which the total carbon flow is:
Total Carbon Flow=2b+2c, (2)
the H/C ratio is
H/C=(2a+4b)/(2b+2c)=(a+2b)/(b+c), (3)
and the F/C ratio is
F/C=6c/(2b+2c)=3c/(b+c) (4)
Then, using a fixed H/C ratio of 3.0 and a fixed Total Carbon Flow of 60 sccm, the corresponding values of a, b, and c can be calculated. Putting the value of total carbon flow into equation 2,
Total Carbon Flow=2b+2c=60,
results in
b+c=30. (5)
Then plugging equation 5 into equation 4,
which results in
c=10(F/C). (6)
Putting equation 6 into equation 4, and solving for b gives:
b=10 [3-(F/C)].
Since b cannot be negative, equation 7 places an upper bound of 3.0 for the F/C ratio, given these reactants, the equations, the above mentioned fixed H/C ratio, and this fixed level of total carbon flow. Finally substituting equations 5, 7, and the fixed value of the H/C ratio into equation 3 generates:
H/C=3.0=(a+2b)/(b+c)={a+20 [3- (F/C)]}/30.
Solving for a results in:
a=10 [3+2(F/C)]. (8)
Thus, by equations 6, 7, and 8, the appropriate values for a, b, and c in sccm can be calculated for the reactants, given the various values of F/C between 0 and 3.0.
A similar algebraic method can be used to calculate the appropriate mixture flow rates when a 20% perfluoroethane in ethylene mixture is used as one of the reactant gases. Table I on Attachment I also presents the appropriate flow rates for this series of example runs, which tested various F/C ratios between 0 and 3.0.
In this set of examples, the runs were conducted at a constant pressure of 600 mtorr, a temperature of 25.degree. C., and an rf power of 150 Watts, for 20 minutes. The results of the rf CVD plasma deposition are also presented in Table I.
As can be seen from Table I, the deposition rate of the amorphous carbon film in the presence of fluorine never dropped below 240 .ANG./min., and it becomes apparent that deposition rate is a function of at least the F/C ratio. FIG. 2 is a graph of this data, plotting average increase in deposition rate against the F/C ratio. As also shown by Table I and the graph in FIG. 2, there is an optimum range for F/C according to this invention that results in the greatest increases in deposition rates. For example, in the experiments where the H/C ratio was held at 3.0, 90.5% average increase in deposition rate was achieved when the F/C ratio is in the range of 1.0 to 1.5, although a substantial and significant deposition rate increase according to this invention is also obtained in the broader or extended F/C ratio range of about 0.25 to 2.5. Outside these ranges, such as F/C ratios below 0.25 and above 2.5 when H/C is 3.0, the deposition rates rapidly decrease to well-known rates for deposition of carbon films without fluorine. For example, the rate obtained using C.sub.2 F.sub.6 in a F/C ratio of 3.0, similar to that used in the Ishikawa et al. reference cited above, is for practical purposes essentially no perceptible or significant increase over that for normal or conventional amorphous carbon deposition. Therefore, the addition of the fluorine was clearly responsible for the increase in the deposition rate of the carbon film, but only in ranges of F/C ratio, as described above, when the H/C ratio was held at 3.0.
The exact amount of fluorine, or F/C ratio, which is needed to maximize the deposition rate for a particular hydrocarbon reactant, is dependent on several factors. Some of these factors include type of hydrocarbon reactant; H/C ratio of reactants; total carbon content of the reactants; temperature; pressure; rf power; and type of rf discharge. Examples of types of rf discharge that may be used in accordance with the principles of the present invention include DC, AC, rf, and microwave. However, while low temperature deposition rates of amorphous carbon film can be increased significantly, according to this invention, by the addition of a halide, such as fluorine, resulting in an F/C ratio between 0.25 and 2.5, as described above, amorphous carbon film deposition rates are optimized by the addition of fluorine resulting in an F/C ratio between 1.0 and 1.5.
However, as also shown on Table I, particularly for examples 10 and 11, when the H/C ratio is lowered, for example, to 1.8, even a very low F/C ratio, such as 0.22 in example 11, results in the very impressive average deposition rate increase of 217%. Therefore, the most effective F/C ratios according to this invention are between 0.1 and 2.5. Furthermore, as shown in Table I, where the H/C ratios were lower, as in example 11, no fluorine is incorporated in the film.
As seen in Table I, the atomic percent of fluorine incorporated into the amorphous carbon film, where available, is less than 7.5% for all F/C ratios and less than 5% in the preferred ratio range. Therefore, the improvement in deposition rate is believed to be due to a change in the gas phase chemistry branching ratios, a change in the plasma's electron energy distribution, an enhancement of the surface reactions, or any combination of these causes. However, the less than 6.5 atomic percent incorporation in the preferred ratio range of fluorine does not significantly alter the physical and chemical properties of the amorphous carbon film. Such physio-chemical properties, which remain essentially unchanged to within 15%, include refractive index, mass density, optical clarity, and chemical resistance.
In the preferred embodiment this amorphous carbon film typically contains carbon, some hydrogen, and typically less than 6.5 atomic percent of fluorine, and preferably more, with little change in physio-chemical properties over just an amorphous hydrocarbon film. A significant advantage in maintaining the carbonlike integrity in the amorphous carbon film is the freedom to alter the characteristics of the film to suit particular uses, as opposed to having the characteristics of the resulting carbon film dictated by the deposition process. Thus the addition of fluorinated or other halogen gases also allows greater control over the characteristics of the carbon film produced. Such control of the process is essential for fabrication of carbon films adapted for special uses. No matter how favorable one characteristic may be for a particular use, it may be a serious drawback to other uses. For example, if the carbon film is used as an electrically conductive film for defogging the glass in car windows or solar cells, it would be desirable to have a film with a relatively high electrical conductivity. However, if the carbon film is used as a heat sink on a tightly packed integrated circuit chip, the film would have to be an electrical insulator.
There are several classes of carbon films, including crystalline diamond films (both epitaxial and polycrystalline), amorphous diamondlike carbon (a-C), amorphous diamondlike hydrocarbons (a-C:H), and graphite. This invention is generally directed to the two amorphous diamondlike films. They are called diamondlike, because the exact nature of their chemical structure is uncertain. However, numerous properties tend to indicate that there are more single or diamondlike bonds than double or graphitelike bonds. Much of the details of how, why, and even if these amorphous carbon films are incorporating the single sp.sup.3, diamondlike bonds as opposed to the double sp.sup.2, graphitelike, bonds, as described above, is not well understood. Accordingly, although primarily referred to throughout this specification as simply an amorphous carbon film, because of the general uncertainty in this field, it is intended that this invention includes these "diamondlike" amorphous carbon films. Also, any reference to just a carbon film in accordance with this invention is not intended to exclude a diamondlike lattice or to be any qualitative or quantitative measure of the single diamondlike bonds to the double graphitelike bonds.
In addition to the ethylene (C.sub.2 H.sub.4) hydrocarbon gas used in the above examples, other hydrocarbons, such as methane, propane, pentane, hexane, and even benzene can be substituted in the process of this invention to produce the amorphous carbon film. Similarly, in addition to perfluoroethane (C.sub.2 F.sub.6) described in the above examples, other fluorine additives can also be used, such as, HF, F.sub.2, CF.sub.4, CHF.sub.3, or C.sub.2 H.sub.2 F.sub.2. Other halides, such as chlorine, can also be used. However, because of the toxic and corrosive nature of HF, F.sub.2, and Cl.sub.2, use of them in the process of the present invention could be dangerous and expensive. It is, therefore, preferred that the fluorine gas be an inert, easily handled, noncorrosive reactant, which may even be from the Freon.RTM. (registered trademark of DuPont) or chlorofluorocarbon family. Examples of some Freon.RTM. gases include Freon 11 (CCl.sub.3 F), Freon 12 (CCl.sub.2 F.sub.2), Freon 13 (CClF.sub.3), Freon 21 (CHCl.sub.2 F), and Freon 22 (CHClF.sub. 2).
The amorphous carbon film adheres well to many types of substrates, including for example glasses, metals, semiconductors, and plastics. Specific examples of some of the plastic polymers that may serve as substrates include polycarbonates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, polystryrenes, polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyesters, polybutadienes, polyamides, and polyimides, just to name a few.
Because the amorphous carbon films deposited in the presence of fluorine are transparent, they also have a great many uses as transparent coatings. For example, they may be used as protective coatings on infrared optic elements, as well as protective or hermetic coatings over softer, more easily scratched coatings, such as window panes and automotive windshields. Because of the great hardness of amorphous carbon, amorphous carbon films can also serve as protective coatings on glass for military and commercial applications. For example, hard, transparent amorphous carbon films are already used on M-1 tank windows.
The amorphous carbon films produced in accordance with the present invention can also include tribological applications, such as wear resistant coatings on bearings and gears as well as other sliding applications. The hardness of these carbon films, coupled with a characteristic low coefficient of friction, make them suitable for other tribological uses, including protective or hermetic wear resistant coatings, for example, on magnetic or optical disks and xerographic drums.
Further, because these carbon films produced according to the present invention have the capability of use as everything from an electrical conductor to an electrical insulator, including semiconductors, there exist numerous electrical and electronic applications. As indicated above, carbon films may someday be used to construct semiconductors for special purposes where the features of smooth response and great thermal conductivity can play key roles, such as power amplifiers. Additional electrical applications include electrically conductive films for defogging windows and windshields, or for use in solar cells.
Additionally, because of the thermal conduction properties, these amorphous carbon films can also be used as heat sinks in association with electronic components, such as high-temperature capacitors, and high temperature integrated circuits. Such electronic components are used commonly in automobile engines, aircraft engines, and space vehicles.
Because of the hardness and density, these amorphous carbon films generated in the presence of fluorinated gases according to this low-temperature process of this invention can be used as tool coatings. For example, they would improve the hardness of drill bits and other cutting tools.
Finally, because of the abrasive nature of carbon particles formed from these amorphous carbon films, they could find utilization as abrasives. For example, they can be crushed and used for grinding grit, grinding pads, and grinding wheels.
Accordingly, a product and process for the deposition of amorphous carbon films according to this invention have been provided with significantly improved deposition rates, even at ambient and lower temperatures. The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalence may be resorted to falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims that follow.
TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ ATTACHMENT I Plasma Processing Conditions and Results Algebraic Requirements Flow Rate of Total Deposition % Increase Average Reactant Gases (sccm/min) Carbon Rate (.ANG./min) in Dep. Rate % Atomic 20% C.sub.2 F.sub.6 Flow H/C F/C Substrate Substrate Increase % Exp #17* H.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.4 C.sub.2 F.sub.6 in C.sub.2 H.sub.4 (sccm) Ratio Ratio Si Glass Si Glass in Dep. Rate Fluorine __________________________________________________________________________ 17-1 30 30.0 -- -- 60 3.0 0 235 290 0 0 0 0 17-8 32 25. -- 5.0 60 3.0 0.1 270 330 15 13 14.0 0.9 17-9 30 17.9 0 12.5 60 3.0 0.25 330 490 40 68 54.0 1.3 17-10 40 25. 5.0 -- 60 3.0 0.5 390 510 66 76 71.5 2.4 17-11 45 22.5 7.5 -- 60 3.0 0.75 415 525 77 81 79.0 3.9 17-2 50 20 10.0 -- 60 3.0 1.0 460 535 96 85 90.5 3.8 17-6 60 15 15.0 -- 60 3.0 1.5 460 535 96 85 90.5 4.4 17-3 70 10 20.0 -- 60 3.0 2.0 452 490 92 66 79.0 4.0 17-7 80 5 25.0 -- 60 3.0 2.5 400 435 70 50 60.0 6.5 17-4 90 -- 30.0 -- 60 3.0 3.0 240 325 4 12 8.0 7.4 10** -- 36 -- -- 72.0 2.0 0 105 105 0 0 0 0 11** -- 36 3.8 -- 79.6 1.8 0.22 335 330 219 214 217.0 0 __________________________________________________________________________ n.a. = not available *Experiments in the #17 Series were performed with constant pressure, temperature, RF power, and deposition time, i.e., 600 mtorr, 25.degree. C., 150 watts, for 20 minutes. **Exps. #10 and #11 were performed at 300 mtorr, 20.degree. C., 50 watts, for 20 minutes.
1. A process of depositing an amorphous diamondlike carbonaceous film on a substrate, comprising the steps of:
- positioning said substrate in a chemical vapor deposition chamber;
- flowing hydrocarbon and halide gases into said chamber in respective quantities that provide a ratio of halogen species to carbon (F/C) present in a plasma in a range of about 0.1 to 2.5; and
- igniting a plasma reaction of said hydrocarbon and halide gases in said chamber to produce chemically active carbon and halogen species in said plasma in the chamber while maintaining the chamber and the substrate at ambient temperatures so as to deposit said amorphous diamondlike carbonaceous film on said substrate.
2. The process of claim 1, including the step of flowing said hydrocarbon and halide gases into said chamber in respective quantities that provide an F/C ration in the range of about 1.0 to 1.5.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein said halide gas is a perfluoroethane (C.sub.2 F.sub.6).
4. The process of claim 1, wherein said halogen species is fluorine.
5. The process of claim 1, including the step of maintaining the temperature in the chamber at less than 100.degree. C.
6. The process of claim 1, including the step of igniting said plasma reaction with a radio frequency discharge into said chamber.
7. A method of depositing an amorphous diamondlike carbonaceous film on a substrate, comprising the steps of:
- flowing a gaseous mixture comprising hydrocarbon and a halide with a ratio of halogen species to carbon (F/C) in the range of about 0.1 to 2.5 adjacent said substrate at ambient temperature; and
- igniting a plasma reaction of said hydrocarbon and halide gases adjacent said substrate at ambient temperature to produce chemically active carbon and halogen species in a plasma and allowing some of said carbon and halogen species to deposit on said substrate to form said amorphous diamondlike carbonaceous film thereof.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said gaseous mixture comprises respective quantities of hydrocarbon and halide that provide a ratio of halogen species to carbon (F/C) in the range of about 1.0 to 1.5 in said plasma.
9. The method of claim 7, including the step of forming said amorphous diamondlike carbonaceous film with the halogen comprising less than about 7.5 atomic percent of the film.
|December 1970
|Clark et al.
|December 1975
|December 1975
|Fatzer et al.
|March 12, 1985
|March 10, 1987
|Eden et al.
|October 20, 1987
|Arakawa et al.
|July 12, 1988
|Kincaid et al.
|April 25, 1989
|December 10, 1991
|Patterson et al.
|October 1986
|May 1987
|August 1989
|December 1989
|April 1990
|April 1990
- Arthur L. Robinson, Is Diamond the New Wonder Material? Science, vol. 234, pp. 1074-1076 (Nov. 28, 1986). F. Ishaikawa et al., Study on Hydrophobic a-C:h:F Overcoat Layer for a-Si:H Photoreceptor, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceeding, vol. 118, pp. 429-434 (1988).
Type: Grant
Filed: Mar 15, 1991
Date of Patent: Mar 30, 1993
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the United States Department of Energy (Washington, DC)
Inventors: Byron L. Stafford (Arvada, CO), C. Edwin Tracy (Golden, CO), David K. Benson (Golden, CO), Arthur J. Nelson (Longmont, CO)
Primary Examiner: Shrive Beck
Assistant Examiner: Roy V. King
Attorneys: Ken Richardson, John M. Albrecht, William R. Moser
Application Number: 7/669,718
International Classification: B05D 306; C23C 1626;


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Monday Nights at 6:30 PM
Praying the Names of God
Marilyn Kolo in the North Worship Center Classroom
Join Marilyn Kolo and Friends in the North Lobby classroom to go through Praying the Names of God by Ann Spangler. This study will help you learn the Biblical context in which each name was revealed and how to incorporate His names and titles into prayer.
This class is Monday nights at 6:30 PM in the North Worship Center Classroom.
Tuesday Mornings
Palmcroft Women is pleased to host a variety of Bible Studies on Tuesday Mornings.
Childcare and a home schoolroom isavailable for the Tuesday 9:00 AM classes for $20 per family.
Comevisit with us and register in the lobby on Sunday, August 26 and September 2 & 9 or register here.
Wednesday Nights at Palmcroft
Maggi Garrison & Kendra Gould in Forum 301
Most of us live a shadow of the life we want to. Perhaps more than any other book in the Bible, Acts shows us what life can be like when we live in the power of God. This in-depth study is designed to reignite a movement of the Holy Spirit in us and in our churches collectively.
Erin Higgenbotham in Forum 200
This study looks at the heart of what women are thinking and feeling. We've all got insecurities, flaws, and struggles that we're afraid to address. But if we can be brave enough to raise the questions, God will answer us. You've got questions. God's got answers. Be brave. Ask.
Becky Brown in Forum 100
Sooner or later, we all find ourselves on the battlefield of life and struggle to know how to respond. Though we can choose from many weapons, God wants to empower us to fight back with joy. This 6-session Bible study will help you embrace a richer life—a life radiant with joy.


text:
I was really excited to attend Afiilicon 2009 this week.
The conference was fascinating, full of great quality content presented by excellent speakers.
My favorite was Harlan Kilstein, which I'm going to hear again this Monday.
On this video, Harlan talks about adding video to web pages, and how important this is.
On this video, Harlan shows a successful campaign he made for a diet program "Mommy, the kids in school call me fat!"
And there is another example for a succesfull campain for a pill called RU21 that supposed to help you drink without getting drunk. (why is that fun?)
And here again is our good old PJ, I just took the first few minutes of his lecture. He was really good, although his English is not as good as Harlans
I bought a new HD video camera. I promise to get better quality next time I put videos on this blog…


text:
A.J.'s initial treatment is going very well. His doctors suggested it would be in A.J.'s best interest to take an additional two weeks in transitional care.Kevin Richardson
It was called the Backstreet Market, and it was just like a local hangout. That was where the kids would drive their cars, hang out with their convertibles and listen to music. That's how we got ''Backstreet.'' We put ''Boys'' on it, because no matter how old we get, we'll always be boys.Kevin Richardson


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Dressing a 5 Year Old Girl like a 5 Year Old Girl
I won't lie I dreaded the day my daughter Tessa (now 5) would move out of the toddler section and into the girls. The move from the infant section to toddlers wasn't quite as painful. Most brands/designers make the transition painless going from infants to toddlers. They keep fabrics and patterns similar just update the cut/shape to work for a child who is more active. However, the jump from toddler to girls forces you to dress your 5 year old in the same style outfits as a girl who is 8 and up.
My husband and I have had heated conversations on this topic and both of us agree it's not fair for our daughter to be accelerated into preteen status. I missed the simple and sweet styles of the Toddler section, but I wasn't about to pick up a sowing machine and start making her clothes.
Luckily, thanks to several badass lady bosses there are better options for my 5 year old to keep her looking young, sweet and FIVE. Here's a list of some of our favorite little shops we frequent:
Alice and Ames IG: @aliceandames Arizona based and the perfect simple ballet style dresses that give the best twirl!
Soor Ploom IG: @soor_ploom this shop uses the lushest, simplest fabrics and their design is modern yet vintage.
Remie Girl IG: @remie.girl From twirl dresses to the cutest little day dresses with the best pockets done in the softest jersey knit, this is a favorite!
Mabo IG: @mabokids Very simplistic and classic garments for girls, boys, moms AND stuff for the home home! I especially love her basics line!
Wunderkin Co. IG: @wunderkin_co the most gorgeous hair bows done in vintage fabrics and Collegien knee socks and tights!
Piper Reece Handmade IG: @piper.reece.handmade another adorable bow company with the sweetest owner to boot!
Raine and Skye IG: @raineandskye Heirloom Leather Accessories handmade in California. Rosemary's bags are perfect for toddlers and younger girls to take along on their adventures!
I think some of the bigger named stores are starting to notice the trend of people moving more toward smaller shops and I've noticed Gap (always a favorite) starting to carry some more simple reserved styles in their girls section; so I'm confident other brands will catch on too. What are some of your favorite shops? Have you felt this way about girls' clothes before?