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Our mission is to remain as a top service provider of property claims management
Minimum investment
Funding support
Total investment
Franchise fees
Business type
Expected revenue after 2 years
Managing a new business can be challenging work
At Aspray, we make the process smooth and hassle-free
We are an award winning company that helps in the creation of start-up businesses. Our mission is to remain as a top service provider of property claims management.
We make the process of claiming residential and property insurance easy and ensure that our customers will get a fair settlement from their insurance companies.
We serve as the bridge between the claimant and the insurer during the negotiations process. It is our aim to promote the best interest of our customers by working out the most efficient insurance claim for them.
We have received various accolades which includes being a Finalist during the 2016 Insurance Times Claims Excellence Awards for Third Party Claims Management Team of the Year and Best Property Insurance Project Management Firm during the Construction & Engineering Awards 2016.
We are on the process of looking for franchisees who will help us in the creation of start-up businesses by following our simple and proven business model.
As a franchisee, you will have the opportunity to learn and follow a comprehensive marketing strategy which you can use for your marketing and sales activity.
As our part of our team, you will get the benefit of working with some of the best project managers in the business. Our franchisees get the benefit of directly working with insurance companies in order to help policy holders get a fair settlement while keeping in mind our core values.
Growth Opportunities
Since we will provide full training and support to you, past experience is not essential for the role. As a franchisee, you will be given recruitment and training support. Some of the trainings you will receive includes submitting research projects, launching events, and in the field, hands on support. You will also be attending regional meetings and national conferences so you can continuously upgrade your skills. Trainings will be given by experienced franchisors and external specialists. As a franchisee, you will also be entitled to administrative support and marketing assistance.
Succeed As An Insurance Claim Franchisee
To become successful as a business partner, you need hard work and excellent project management skills.
You also have an interest in property restoration as well as a people-oriented person. You will also need to be organized and motivated. In addition, you must show a genuine interest in helping people during stressful situations.
Apart from these, we require a franchise fee of ₤28,000 plus the VAT and working capital. There are banks who can shoulder 50 70% of your costs, depending on your credit history. You need also to attend a discovery seminar which are held throughout the year.
Aspray was founded by James White in 2005.
He established the company while managing his family removal business for 12 years.
He has gained extensive experience in the franchise industry and has since advised numerous franchises on how to expand their network.
Aspray clears the waters
Aspray has been offering its take on the complicated work of sewage damage claims and advising those affected how to proceed. Claims management franchise [...]Read more
Aspray cleans up at Point Franchise
Aspray is the newest member of Point Franchises network lets find out more about the exciting opportunity. Point Franchise is thrilled to welcome [...]Read more
Aspray qualifies for excellence
Aspray celebrates as one of its key staff earns a prestigious qualification. Property insurance claims management franchise Aspray has set itself apart [...]Read more
Aspray Launches Discovery Seminars
Established in 2005, Aspray has become the leader in the property repairs and insurance claims management industry, helping introducers in the claims and [...]Read more


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Motivation fuels your desire to make the small changes necessary to reach your long-term goals. The sources for your motivation may change and at times it can feel like it's disappeared completely. When you hit a low point, it's important to find ways to stay motivated.
Make a list of your positive changes.
Don't allow frustrating weight loss and strength training plateaus make you lose focus and overlook your progress. Make a list of your positive changes. Include everything from exercising three times a week and drinking less soda to improved mood and more energy. All of these small changes matter, and when you see them all on paper, they become a source of motivation.
Pick one exercise to measure your progress.
Select an exercise that is timed or measured by repetitions and requires no equipment. Wall sit, plank, or push-ups are good examples. If you make it part of your regular routine, this one exercise can be enough to show your progress and keep you motivated. Advancing from a 15 second wall sit to 90 seconds or from 5 modified push-ups to 10 standard push-ups proves your hard work is paying off. Seeing these results can keep you from throwing in the towel when it feels like your progress has stalled.
Give yourself the day off.
If you've been working hard to reach your goals, but your motivation is wavering, you may need a break from your routine. Even the most committed exercisers need a break to rest, relax, and revisit goals. If your program has been strict, you might consider giving yourself a cheat day.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hiring for Key Account Manager channel Sales ( 1 - 6 yrs)
Trisha Consultancy Services
RS 1,50,000 To 4,00,000 p.a. Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara
We are hiring for our sales department. Role - Key Account Manager-Alternate Channel Sales Location - Baroda/ Bharuch/ Navsari KEY RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITIES Will be responsible for sourcing & deepening relationships from existing ...
Key Skills : Key Account Manager,Sales,Channel Sales,Marketing,Business Development


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The Hon. John Fahey AC
Chancellor of Australian Catholic University
The Hon John Fahey AC has been a figure in public life for more than 30 years. He has shown exemplary leadership and integrity at the highest level of government, sport, community organisations and business.
Mr Fahey was New South Wales Premier from 1992-95 before entering federal politics, and serving as the Minister for Finance and Administration in the Howard government until 2001. He was instrumental in securing the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, acting as Chairman of the bid team. In 2002 Mr Fahey was made a Companion of the Order of Australia for his work in the political arena, and facilitation of industry growth and industrial relations reform.
Five years later he became President of the World Anti-Doping Agency, a position he held until November 2013. In this role Mr Fahey was a driving force behind moves to increase and enhance drug testing in sport around the world.
Mr Fahey currently chairs the Australian Government Reconstruction Inspectorate, and is the fourth Chancellor of Australian Catholic University.
University Profile
At ACU we pride ourselves on offering a welcoming environment for everyone. At the same time, we are a university committed to standing for something clear. We stand up for people in need and causes that matter.
The world is our campus
We're young, but we're making our mark. We're ranked in the top 50 of Generation Y universities worldwide* and in the top 10 Catholic universities** – alongside Georgetown University and Boston College in the US. We put our students and staff at the centre of a vibrant global network of scholars, partnerships and opportunities. ACU has seven campuses around Australia – in Brisbane, North Sydney, Strathfield, Canberra, Ballarat, Melbourne and Adelaide – and a campus in Rome, Italy. Our students have the chance to study overseas with one of more than 200 partners around the world.
Engaged with industry and society
We're closely integrated into our communities and industries, working with them to answer the big questions, and to create tangible results. All our students enjoy extensive opportunities for practical placements, and community engagement is a core part of their university experience. When they graduate, our students are ready to work.
We see the whole person
Everyone is welcome at ACU. We're inclusive and supportive of everyone, every day, and our students feel it – giving us five stars for full-time employment, overall experience, learner engagement and skills development.***
From academic skills to career and counselling services, we have a range of support services to help our students succeed, and we offer nearly 400 scholarships.
Education with a bigger purpose
ACU offers programs in allied health, business, creative arts, early childhood education, global studies, humanities and social sciences, inclusive education and disability studies, information technology, law, nursing, midwifery and paramedicine, nutrition and biomedical science, philosophy, psychology, public health and administration, sport and exercise science, teaching and education, and theology.
Our research programs tackle enduring and pressing issues in society, in Australia, and around the world.
At ACU, it's education, but with a bigger purpose.
* Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2018
** Times Higher Education World University Rankings 18/19, IFCU members
*** Good Universities Guide 2019
To find out more, view the Australian Catholic University Constitution or visit the Australian Catholic University website.
Australian Catholic University Senate
ACU is a public company limited by guarantee in addition to a public university under the Higher Education Support Act 2003 (Cth). The governing body of ACU, as prescribed in Section 13 of the Constitution of the University, is the Senate.
The objects of the Senate are as follows:
Review and endorse strategic directions and priorities; and monitor progress against agreed goals.
Oversee the establishment and effective operation of key policies.
Ensure adequate risk management procedures and associated internal controls are established and effectively maintained.
Oversee the effective and prudential operation of the University, including approval and monitoring of budgets and financial plans.
Require and monitor compliance with statutory and regulatory obligations.
Ensure the University's assets and resources are properly managed.
Effectively manage its own operations with due concern for proper and appropriate accountability.
Appointment of the Vice-Chancellor and President.
Ensure a clear definition of Senate's role and the delegated responsibilities and authorities it assigns to the Vice-Chancellor and President, other officers, and the Senate Sub-Committees and the Academic Board.
Membership of Australian Catholic University's Senate is as follows:
Ex-Officio Members
The Hon. John Fahey AC – Chancellor
Mr Julien O'Connell AM – Pro-Chancellor
Professor Greg Craven – Vice-Chancellor and President
Professor Margot Hillel OAM – Chair of Academic Board
Most Reverend Christopher Prowse DD (Archibishop of Canberra and Goulburn) – Cleric nominated by the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference
Elected by State Chapters
Ms Annette Schmiede – New South Wales (to May 2018)
Mr Stephen Elder OAM – Victoria (to May 2020)
Ms Margaret Vider – Queensland (to May 2019)
Ms Moira Najdecki – Australian Capital Territory (to May 2019)
Elected from Panel
Mr Tim Kirk – New South Wales (to May 2020)
The Hon. Barbara Perry – New South Wales (to May 2019)
Ms Bernadette Steele – Victoria (to May 2020)
The Hon. Justice James Douglas – Queensland (to May 2019)
Elected Members
Dr Josephine Ryan – Academic Staff (to May 2020)
Dr Bill Franzsen – Academic Staff (to May 2019)
Associate Professor Michael Ondaatje – Academic Staff (to May 2019)
Ms Danielle Leahy – Professional Staff (to May 2020)
Michael Benson – Undergraduate Student (to December 2018)
Other Governing Bodies
Constituted under Sections 1-12 of the ACU Constitution, ACU Limited (Corporation) consists of 24 Members, divided according to Bishops and their nominees and Congregational Leaders. There are 24 Member in total. The President of Corporation is Most Reverend Denis Hart DD, Archbishop of Melbourne.
State based Chapters serve as conduits between the University's multi-State campuses and the respective dioceses with respect to the application of the University's teaching, research, mission and social engagement initiatives in the dioceses.
Reporting to the Senate are the following:
Standing and Finance Committee
Chair – Mr Julien O'Connell AM, Pro-Chancellor
Audit and Risk Committee
Chair – Mr Robert Baker (external to University)
Nominations and Remuneration Committee
Chair – The Hon. John Fahey AC, Chancellor
Honorary Awards Committee
Chair – The Hon. John Fahey AC, Chancellor
Academic Board
Chair – Professor Margot Hillel OAM
Ceremonial and Protocols Committee
Chair – Professor Pauline Nugent, Provost
Board of Identity
Chair – The Hon. John Fahey AC (Acting)


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Found 1 resultsAuthor Title Type [ Year]
Filters: First Letter Of Title is H and Author is Mitsnefes, M [Clear All Filters]
"Hypertension in Pediatric Patients on Long-Term Dialysis: A Report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS)", Am J Kidney Dis, vol. 45, pp. 309-315, 2005.,


text: These awesome photos Soccer babes love having sex with their coach were made accessible to you thanks to Babes.com. To find even more hot and sexy porn pics, you can do the following: check out even more hot fuck porn galleries featuring Lucia Love, Michelle Thorne, Mila Milan, Tamara Grace OR you can explore some of the hottest porn genres, including uniform, orgy, lesbian, brunette. Porn 7 XXX always make sure that the hot porn videos and even hotter porn galleries available here are among some of the best XXX content from the web. Take your time, discover even more mind-blowing XXX pics.


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I've said it before - when my youngest child started school I struggled a bit to find myself. Someone jokingly told me I should love on some puppies to snap myself out of my funk. So I did. For the past 8 months I've been a volunteer photographer at Pawmetto Lifeline of Columbia. Every week I take my lighting and gear to photograph adoptable dogs. It's changed my perspective, as giving of yourself usually does.
Most recently I was honored to serve as photographer for a project to promote the Fur Ball Moonlight Gala, an annual fundraiser for Pawmetto Lifeline. As a joint project between Pawmetto and Sylvan's Jewelers, I photographed some adorable adoptable cats and dogs wearing beautiful jewelry from Sylvan's. I'm proud to show you the finished product.
This shoot was full of toys, treats, laughs, and full on sweating, but it was an absolute blast and honor to give back in such a creative way. What an opportunity.


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The Secret Life of DogsThere's no denying that we humans love our dogs. Man and canine have lived together for thousands of years. But how much do you really know about your best friend? Secret Life of Dogs uses cutting-edge cinematography to really get under the fur of our most prized companions, from their super power senses to their extraordinary behaviour and unquestioning loyalty; but most of all this film really gets to grips with their relationship with us. Revealing spectacular new insights into the way dogs understand us, love us and in some cases, can dramatically save or enhance our lives, this film . . .
|Episode Description
|Friday, Jan 25, 2019 - 7:00 PM
"We Are Family"
No description available
|More The Secret Life of Dogs on PLUS (MT)
Friday, Jan 25, 2019 - 7:00 PM
"We Are Family"
Friday, Jan 25, 2019 - 11:00 PM
"We Are Family"


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Friday, 22 May 2009, 9:00PM – 10:00PM
Danny (Rachael Stirling) realises that saying yes to Jay's (Paterson Joseph) marriage proposal has put an obstacle between him and Fiona (Angela Griffin), and Siobhan (Tamzin Malleson) is horrified when she catches her best friend in bed with a woman who works in a DIY store. Meanwhile, Pete (Marshall Lancaster), who now finally believes that Danny is actually trapped inside the body of this woman, is furious when he realises Danny's deceiving Fiona and demands he ends his relationship with her.
Veronica (Martin Freeman) traces Danny to the DIY shop, but some local villains are lying wait for him and when Danny (Rachael Stirling) spots Veronica (in his body) she is being forced to commit a robbery to repay a debt. Danny helps her to escape and the two properly meet for the first time. Veronica has convinced herself via spurious internet research that recreating the electrical shock they received may reverse the gender-swap. She's desperate to stop being Danny and assumes Danny feels the same way. However, Danny doesn't want to swap back – he like being Veronica, and doesn't want to lose Fiona. He leaves a shocked Veronica stuck in his body and with no option but to live his depressing life.
Danny keeps his word to Pete and despite how hard it is for him, he breaks up with Fiona, who doesn't understand why it has to end. They're both heartbroken and reality hits home when he arrives back at the flat to find to find a surprise engagement party and Jay in full wedding mode. As Siobhan and Ali (James Lance) confront him about the affair with Fiona, Jay enters and demands to know the truth but is baffled when Pete turns up and calls his fiancée Danny.
Meanwhile, Veronica has been watching from the car and orders Danny to get in the car, she's not spending another day in his shoes. She starts driving back to the scene of the explosion to recreate it by force if necessary. Will they get their old lives back, and if they do, will it ever be the same?


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Frequently Asked Questions
How Do I Book?
You have the option of emailing us at firstname.lastname@example.com with you contact details and preferred class/time OR calling +971 4 321 6006 to sign-up through the phone.
I don't train often/I'm not very fit, is Calisthenics or Parkour still an option?
Absolutely. The beauty of our disciplines is that they are progressive sports. Everyone has their own unique starting point that allows them to progress into Calisthenics and Parkour. Our trainers are well-aware of developing a starting point and curating the workout to your needs.
Is there a free trial?
What specific Calisthenics workout is best for losing weight?
The nature of the discipline is to utilize the full body to work out without isolating specific muscles. This form of training allows for a well rounded approach to weight loss and fitness improvement. When you join our family, the best starting point is Foundations class as it begins by teaching you the techniques and turns your workouts into cardio based reps.
How long will it take to see the result/my goal?
Keeping in mind your commitment, nutrition habits and general body build you can start to see results from 3 weeks - 1 month. This is not set in stone as many variables play a role in how fast it takes to reach your goal. Our main focus is to build a healthier lifestyle and better living habits before any goal is reached.
If I had an operation, am I allowed to do Calisthenics? What are the limitations?
Yes, only after consultation from your doctor and informing your trainer, you can attend a Calisthenics class. The workouts may be changed to suit your requirements in order not to pressure your injury or go beyond the safe limit set by your doctor.
Who is the most recommended trainer? What are their differences?
Our team consists of a well-rounded approach to fitness. All our trainers are recommended as they all have sufficient experience in their respective fields. Depending on your goals and your preferred teaching method, you can select your trainer.
What is the guarantee that I will become fit?
It all depends on your effort and commitment. How bad do you want it? Like anything else in life, your fitness requires a great amount of commitment to reach your goals. As Calisthenics is an effective training discipline, with the right commitment you will see your lifestyle enhance with fitness.
Is your pricing worth it?
The sessions at the gym are taught by some of the worlds best athletes and coaches in their respective fields. They are individuals that have pursued their education and careers in everything they bring to the gym and make sure everyday to share their knowledge and time with the members at Gravity Calisthenics Gym exclusively.
Class Analysis & Breakdown - which class best suits you?
Calisthenics Foundation: If you are new to Calisthenics and all of it's skills and movements this class is perfect for you.
Calisthenics Graduate: If Calisthenics is your thing and you've been doing it for a long long time, you will fit right in. Make sure to pass our Graduate Assessment Test before entering this class (the main desk will guide you).
Strength & Conditioning: For those that are looking to use external weights in addition to their workout, this class is taught with the weights available at the far end of Gravity.
Yoga: I suppose we all know why you would want to do yoga. Our classes consist of the functional type to continuously enhance your mobility and stamina in static positions.
Inversion: For those that want to get comfortable being upside down.
Mobility: Tight joints and limited movement radius? This class encompasses everything you need to know about muscle movement and everything you can do to increase your mobility - in the gym and outside.
Parkour (all levels): If you are looking to learn how to get from place to place in the most efficient way possible, this Parkour class in both it's levels teaches you precision in movement using gravity and momentum to push you forth.
Parkour Conditioning: As stated, a high intensity interval training class that uses workouts derived from the discipline of Parkour.
Trampoline: Catching air, finding your strength to rocket yourself into the air and using momentum to build stamina, agility and movement. If this is what you're looking for, our trainers train exactly what you need.
Flexibility: A desire to be able to touch your toes? get those splits? or just want a slow paced movement class? At flexibility we push past your boundaries of stiff muscles while enhancing your mobility.
Tumbling: Gymnastic based flips and acrobats performed safely and spotted on an Airtrack.
Silk: Bringing circus art into functional training with aerial conditioning, climbing and wrapping within a safe environment.
Leg Day: For our only muscle group focused class, we use bodyweight and external weight exercises.


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Hi everyone! As mentioned before… I am a busy busy gal and sometimes just don't have the time to cook (I know, how can I say that and have a cooking blog…)
ANYWAY! Sometimes on the days when I know I will be having a late night at the office, I will cook Thomas a quick lil something in the morning for him to have for dinner… this quick 20 minute shrimp recipe is a LIFE SAVER!
Start off by thawing some frozen raw shrimp and peel the shrimp.
Heat a pan and add olive oil once the pan gets hot (super important, I think it makes a big difference to wait the extra 20 seconds). Add in some minced garlic and thyme and stir around a bit in the pan.
Add in the shrimp before the garlic burns and toss around to get the shrimp nice and covered.
YUMMMM now… very important… after about 1 minute, juice one lemon right into the pan. These flavors together are AMAZING OMG I CANNOT EXPLAIN.
Alright, done being a teenage-girl and let this cook down until pink.
The trick about shrimp is… right when you feel like you need to let it cook for another minute, take the pan off the heat! You don't want to overcook it, and it will still continue cooking a bit once off the heat.
Enjoy! 🙂
Dash of Thyme
1 tsp minced garlic
salt and pepper to taste
1 Lemon
15-16 shrimp
- Add olive oil to heated pan
- Throw in minced garlic and thyme (medium heat pan, so garlic doesn't burn)
- Add in Shrimp, coat with garlic and thyme from pan
- Juice 1 whole lemon right into the pan, add in some zest for some extra 'mph!
- Cook until vibrant pink.
- Enjoy 🙂


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#GalentinesDay : Radison Blu Mall of America
First off, Just wanted a BIG thank you to Radison Blu Mall of America for providing such a great evening for some of my good girlfriends and I. We had such a blast and it was awesome having all of the entertainment and comfort provided for us!
So first things first - right after checking in with the amazing front desk hotel staff, we grabbed our bags and headed straight to our room. They put us up on the top floor, with great views! Since the whole focus of the stay was about celebrating with your girlfriends, of course we kicked off the night with YES - cracking open that champagne bottle.
After we spruced up a bit, we went into the mall to eat some dinner and do some shopping. One of the coolest features of the galentines package was the INCREDIBLE MOA (Mall of America) coupon book! Full of TONS of discounts throughout the mall, including shopping, food and pretty much everything the mall offers. Also, how awesome that they had a concierge service apart of the Galentines package which involved the hotel staff picking up your shopping bags and bringing them back to your hotel? Can't deny that!
We then went to dinner and headed to The House of Comedy and laughed our asses off at the comedians. That was another amazing feature to the Galentines Day package. Perfect evening of fun and friendship! Afterwards we were ZONKED from all the fun we had and went back to the hotel room and took all the make up off our faces and fell asleep immediately.
Waking up the next day, we headed downstairs to the hotel Restaurant and had a FAB brunch! : FireLake Grill House and Cocktail Bar.
I just need to take a second and rave abut this restaurant. Most hotel restaurants are either really nice, but almost like... too nice. You know what I mean? Which there's always a time and place for that - but FireLake Grill is one of the coolest hotel restaurants I've been too! The tiled floor, big windows, wood accents and muted colors were SPEAKING to me! On top of that - the food was prepared very well and was presented well. For sure will be revisiting this restaurant soon.
After the awesome brunch, we then packed up our bags and headed home. The night went SO quickly, but those are the best right? Sometimes its nice to just ditch the husbands and get away the girls to have some fun!
Again thank you so much Radison Blu Hotel for putting my friends and I up for the night and providing all the entertainment and comfort! Also huge shout out to muh home girls Courtney and Julie for being awesome and spending the evening with me! Those girls are GOLD.


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By Michael Aron
Chief Political Correspondent
Unlike other speakers at CPAC, Gov. Chris Christie was interviewed by conservative commentator Laura Ingraham, who noted he's had a tough couple of weeks in the media.
"I think Gail Collins, is a liberal columnist, just savaged you today. And said you're toast, your campaign is over," Ingraham said.
"I'm from New Jersey. I have the New York Times in my media gaggle every day. And when you do things like I've done in New Jersey, take on a lot of these special interests frontally, that they support, they just want to kill you," Christie said.
Ingraham read off some one-word descriptions of Christie: "Explosive, short-tempered, hothead, impatient. And that's just what your friends are saying. Bad temperament. The presidency."
Christie replied, "There's one word they miss. The word they miss is passionate."
"But sit down and shut up?" she asked.
"Yeah, well, sometimes people need to be told to sit down and shut up," said Christie.
Christie talked about being pro-life in front of this crowd of conservative activists, and about his turning against core curriculum standards in education.
But what he was really selling the notion that he can be the one to break Washington D.C. gridlock.
"Just like Ronald Reagan did, when you stand up firmly for your principles, then you're in a position to negotiate and break that logjam. I've done that in New Jersey with a Democratic Legislature, so if I decided to do something else with a little more difficult group in Washington D.C., they have to know you're willing to fight but also that you're willing to talk," Christie said.
Seton Hall political science professor Matt Hale sees Christie as a northeast moderate trying to win over hard-core conservatives.
"He has spent a lot of time talking about his bipartisan ability. He's talked about reaching across the aisle. I think it's important to remember, a lot of the conservative base has no intention of reaching across the aisle. They don't want to go to the other side. They want to make sure the conservatives stay conservative," Hale said.
Ingraham noted Christie has dropped to just 5 percent in the latest poll.
"How do you overcome that deficit? It's a pretty big deficit," she said.
Christie replied, "Is the election next week? If I decide to run for president, I'm not worried what polls say 21 months before we're gonna elect a president of the U.S. If I decide to run, let me tell you one thing, I will run a hard, fighting campaign where I will fight for the hard-working taxpayers of this country. I'll take my chances on me. I've done pretty well so far."
Christie was "on" today and got a good reaction from the crowd. Whether that translates into conservative support is the question and the challenge.


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A few weeks ago, we introduced Memory, a bubbly and energetic student at Nsondole CDSS. Her story continues as she shares the struggles she's had with balancing school, providing for her family, and setting herself up for her future.
Memory's Path: Part 1/3
Ms. Changuya Didn't Think She'd Be a Teacher
Chikondi's Eyes
What is it Like to Eat in Malawi?
Learn about common Malawian foods, and even try out cooking a Malawian dessert for yourself!
The Malawian economy is primarily based on agriculture, with many Malawians living as subsistence farmers. This means that families rely primarily on their own crop yields to feed themselves. The foods they eat are full of carbohydrates, meant to provide plenty of the energy required to farm.
3 Energy Alternatives Bring Hope to Malawi
Malawi not only faces rising energy demand, but has insufficient power generating capacity, lacks investment in new generators, struggles with high transmission and distribution costs, poor power quality and reliability, and finally, heavily subsidized pricing, that is controlled mostly by the government. But there is some hope on the horizon.
One Parent's Brave Journey to Food Security
Odala's Brick to Success
This week's story dives a little deeper into the personal life of one of our students. Odala is the epitome of a student that thrived when he was given the opportunities and chance to. Recently, he was able to pass the national Examinations and graduate high school. Learn more about Odala by reading this account of a typical day in his life.


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Coffman Commentaries on the Old and New Testament
Jehu the son of Hanani (1 Kings 16:1). Jehu, a prophet, was also the son of a prophet; and he is mentioned in 2 Chr. 20:34 as being the author of a history which was inserted into the book of the kings of Israel. The importance of this fact should be stressed. The sacred author of Kings, living long after some of the events recorded, had no need whatever to rely upon his imagination, nor upon the biased report of some imaginary Deuteronomist in order to produce the records which have come down to us. No indeed! There were available authentic, inspired records by true prophets of God such as Jehu and his father. No editor, compiler, redactor, interpolator or any other mythical person would have dared to contradict anything that such prophets said. The whole tradition of the people of Israel was adamantly set against such a thing.
This same prophet later moved to Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 16:7-10), "Where he prophesied under Jehoshaphat, whom he rebuked on one occasion; he must have lived to a great age, for he outlived Jehoshaphat and even wrote his life (2 Chronicles 20:34)."F1
The books of the O.T. are founded upon the writings of the prophets of God, as stated by Josephus, who declared that, "After the death of Moses, the prophets that were after Moses wrote down what was done in their times in thirteen books (Josephus identified these as including all of the historical books)."F2
Josephus also stressed the truth that no Jew who ever lived would have dared to change even a syllable of what the holy prophets had written. "During so many ages which have already passed, no one has been so bold as either to add anything to them, take anything from them, or to make any change in them."F3
The O.T. is itself the incontrovertible proof of what Josephus wrote. If any Jew who ever lived could indeed have succeeded in changing a single line of the writings of the prophets, who can believe that the vulgar, sordid, unbelievably wicked deeds of even the most beloved of Jewish heroes would have remained in the full, stark, and ugly records as they stand? Such things as God's cursing the priesthood of Israel, that terrible chapter of Hosea (Hos. 9) in which God flatly declared that He would cease to love Israel, and half a thousand other derogatory and shameful records of Israel's apostasy stand in the O.T. as a perpetual embarrassment to Israel; and yet not a line of all that was ever edited, omitted, deleted or changed in any manner! If any such person as "the Deuteronomist" had ever existed, WHY were no changes ever made in things like these?
Where, on the face of the earth, were all of those imaginary editors, redactors, and compilers, who are alleged by critics to have done this or that to the text? And as for that imaginary angel of the critical scholars, "the Deuteronomist," why, for heaven's sake, did he not do something to improve the Biblical picture of Israel's reprobate priesthood (of which he was allegedly numbered), which was condemned and cursed by God himself (Malachi 2:2)? When an intelligent person seeks the answers to such questions as these, and hundreds of others just like them, he can at once see why the sacred text of the Holy Bible should be received, as is, without any regard whatever for the insinuations of evil men who would like to change it.
This writer appreciates true scholarship and is willing to honor the significant and helpful contributions to Biblical knowledge which have resulted, but we cannot, in true conscience, allow the crooked, unscientific, and ridiculous postulations of certain writers who do not believe the Bible, who deny any such things as predictive prophecy, miracles, Divine intervention in human history, the virgin birth of Christ, his resurrection from the dead or anything else that speaks of the supernatural -- we cannot allow that kind of Biblical misinterpretation to stand unchallenged!
Regarding the Book of Kings, a vital part of the Bible, we remember the words of the apostle Peter, "Men spake from God, being moved by the Holy Spirit," (2 Peter 1:21), and he was not talking about "the Deuteronomist"!
Him that dieth of Baasha in the city shall the dogs eat (1 Kings 16:4). Baasha, having chosen to share in the iniquity of the house of Jeroboam, likewise shared in the severe penalty thereof, even to being eaten by dogs.F4 This prophecy is remarkably like that which Ahijah had spoken regarding Jeroboam (1 Kings 14:7-11); but that is not sufficient reason to reject either account.F5
And because he smote him (1 Kings 16:7). The very fact that Baasha continued Jeroboam's sin and caused the illegal worship to be perpetuated, showed clearly enough that in his exterminating the family of Jeroboam he did not act under Divine direction, but simply pursued his own selfish ends.F6
In the twenty and sixth year. in the twenty and seventh year (1 Kings 16:8,10). From this it is dear that Elah's reign was actually somewhat less than two years.
Zimri. conspired against him (1 Kings 16:9). Zimri did that to Baasha's son only that which Baasha had done before him. Baasha was hoist by his own petard. As for Elah, he was a dissolute and pusillanimous prince.F7
He was drinking himself drunk. in the house of Arza (1 Kings 16:9). This was certainly conduct, unworthy of royalty, demonstrating the despicable character of Elah.F8 He should have been with his troops in battle. The Arza who was mentioned here had charge of the palace at Tirzah and was very likely a co-conspirator with Zimri.
Zimri went in and smote him. and reigned in his stead (1 Kings 16:10). In Zimri the third dynasty in Israel came to the throne, if indeed a line that ruled only seven days should be dignified with a title such as dynasty.F9 Zimri was a professional soldier, perhaps not even an Israelite, since he is not identified with any tribe.F10 The short reign of this monarch, which lasted only seven days, is the shortest reign of any of the kings.
This paragraph concludes the record of Zimri's brief reign. The tenderness with which some writers discuss these wicked kings amazes us. Snaith tells us that Zimri "assassinated Elah while he was feasting"!F11 Also, Matheney spoke of extra-Biblical sources which give "a more just estimate of Omri's activities,"F12 bemoaning the fact, as he called it, that, "It is a testimony of the religious bias of the historian that such a short section (on Omri) is given to such a talented king"!F13 It is the viewpoint of this writer that the Biblical record is truthful and absolutely unbiased, and as for that "feasting" of Elah, that is the most polite term we have ever heard for "drinking himself drunk'! It occurs to this writer that the "bias" is not in the Bible but in such critics!
Wherefore the people. made Omri ... king (1 Kings 16:16). There were two excellent reasons why the army of Israel would not accept Zimri as king: (1) He was a subordinate commander to Omri; and (2) His murder of a host of Elah's friends, along with Elah, and all of their sons must have made him a host of bitter enemies.F14 The army's elevation of their commander to the kingship is a reminder of the way it was during the period of the Phantom Emperors of Rome. As soon as any king died, the army promptly made the head of the troops king.
"The death of Zimri is another illustration of the curse that was upon the monarchs of Israel on account of their persistence in the sins of Jeroboam."F15
Zimri's suicide is one of only four that are mentioned in the Bible; for a list of these see my comment under Ahithophel in 2 Sam. 17:23.
For his sins (1 Kings 16:19). This sets forth the ultimate ground of Zimri's terribly swift end. Divine judgment had been visited upon him.F16
So Tibni died, and Omri reigned (1 Kings 16:22). When two men claimed a throne, the only possible solution was the death of one of them; and, in this case, it was Tibni who died. We are not told how his death occurred, but it was probably in the battle, mentioned by Josephus, in which the forces of Omri triumphed.F17 This of course terminated the civil war, but it had also exhausted one-third of Omri's twelve-year reign.
Six years reigned he in Tirzah (1 Kings 16:23). The fire at Tirzah in which Zimri's suicide occurred had doubtless severely damaged that capital city of Israel, but the end of the war gave Omri the opportunity to build another capital. Omri's reign continued six more years in his new capital in the city of Samaria. Herod the Great rebuilt Samaria and named it after Augustus Caesar.
This is that short account of which Matheney complained in his comment, above. However, the worldly glory and success of Omri, which indeed were great, amounted to less than nothing in the eyes of God. Men should not be distressed at this, because the same thing is true of countless "great men" of our own generation. Could anyone suppose that a prophet of God evaluating the lives of Adolph Hitler or Joseph Stalin would need any more than three or four lines to do it?
The holy man of God who wrote Kings was not at all impressed with Omri's achievements, such as his building Samaria which continued as the capital of Israel until the destruction of the kingdom, his defeat of the Moabites mentioned in some pagan sources, his founding a dynasty that lasted forty years, or anything else that he did. The verdict on Omri was that he was even worse than his predecessors, and through an alliance that he apparently made with Phoenicia, "There came that ill-fated marriage of his son Ahab with the pagan Jezebel,"F18 who killed every priest of God that she could find in all Israel.
AHAB CAME TO THE THRONE OF ISRAEL (1 Kings 16:29-22:40)
Nearly all of the rest of First Kings is concerned with the state of Israel during the reign of Ahab, and there is an excellent reason for the devotion of that much space to this narrative. "The reign of Ahab was one of the turning points of Jewish history. It was during that time that one of the truly `decisive battles of the world' was fought. It was the battle between the Lord and Baal."F19 The holy men who wrote the Bible, unlike the sun-dial which records only those hours which are serene, give us in these chapters an impartial register both of the glory and of the shame of Israel.
During the reign of the wicked Ahab and his evil wife Jezebel, the true religion of God almost succumbed to the pagan worship of Baal. Not only did the horrible infection threaten the existence of Israel, but Judah was also contaminated; and, except for the magnificent efforts of the great prophet Elijah the Tishbite, the cause of Truth might have been lost. These terrible chapters that conclude the first book of Kings spell out the details of that conflict.
During the reign of Ahab, the worship of Baal was officially installed as the national religion of Israel, but to guard against the triumph of that deadly virus, God raise up Elijah the Tishbite. "He was the most powerful of the prophets, and he worked mightily upon the formation of the spiritual life of the nation and the ultimate fate of Israel."F20 The remarkable deeds of that mighty prophet will dominate the remaining chapters of 1 Kings,
"In some ways, that conflict between Ahab and Jezebel on the one hand and Elijah upon the other was the crucial hour for the worship of Jehovah. The king and queen of Israel would have wiped it from the face of the earth if they had been able to do so; but Elijah was able, by the blessing of God to stem the evil tide."F21
The name of Baal was connected with several kinds of paganism, but Gates tells that "The god of Jezebel was Melkarth the Baal of Tyre. He was the kind of god who required the burning of innocent little children at the oblations upon his altar. He was believed to be the lord of the land; and to induce him to send rain upon the earth, fertility cult practices were engaged in and sacrifices were offered."F22 Jezebel had been reared in a pagan home, and there might be some excuse for her worship of Baal, but for Ahab, his motivation was not due to ignorance but to his consummate wickedness. Thus, within the space of about forty years, Jeroboam's golden bulls were fully revealed for what they were all the time, namely, PAGAN IDOLS, and nothing else!
Ralph W. Sockman has an interesting paragraph describing the evil that characterized Israel at this time:
"Sin often has the aspects of a flood. Evil thoughts and practices keep falling like rain in the minds of sinful men. Tributaries pour their muddy waters into the social mind. The dams of restraint give way. The flood rises with frightening and unbelievable rapidity, engulfing the unsuspecting and sleeping victims. In the kings and people of Israel from Solomon on, the evil gathered momentum, until in the reigns of Omri and Ahab there came the flood."F23
The prophecy spoken by the Lord through Joshua was:
"Joshua charged them ... saying, Cursed be the man before Jehovah, that riseth up and buildeth this city of Jericho: with the loss of his first-born shall he lay the foundation thereof, and with the loss of his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it." (Joshua 6:26).
It would be difficult indeed to find a clearer example than we have here of a prophecy of God, literally and circumstantially fulfilled many centuries after it was spoken.
This account of the rebuilding of Jericho was probably introduced at this time for the sake of showing the widespread apostasy and unbelief of the people. That man, Hiel the Bethelite, challenged the well-known prophecy regarding the person who would build Jericho, but, sure enough, it turned out exactly as God had prophesied. Of course, the radical critics who deny any such thing as predictive prophecy explain it this way, "Some tragic fate overtook them."F24 However, no matter what happened to the builder's oldest and youngest sons, their death most certainly fulfilled the prophecy. Gates asserted that there is a newer view among commentators which holds that, "The lives of the builder's two sons were cut off as a divine visitation upon Hiel for his disobedience in rebuilding the city that God had cursed."F25 Of course, Dentan explained their death as, "Fatal accidents"!F26 But no matter what happened, the prophecy proved to be true.
Bibliography Information
Coffman, James Burton. "Commentary on 1 Kings 16". "Coffman Commentaries on the Old and New Testament". <http://classic.studylight.org/com/bcc/view.cgi?book=1ki&chapter=016>. Abilene Christian University Press, Abilene, Texas, USA. 1983-1999.
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WOD - Monday, 7/9/2018
20 Kettlebell Swings (USSR)
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Psychology Development in Chine
History and Systems of psychology PSYC 331 Dr. Bihan Al Qaimari Midterm Paper "Development of Psychology in China" Name: Ahmad Shiber Student number: 1071843 Introduction: When we started this class, we started learning the history of psychology, its theories, and its development. I couldn't help but notice that the course curriculum is focused on European and American psychologists and their theories, which gives us a very westernized view of psychology and the nature of humans and their humanity.
or any similar topic only for you
Studying psychology from a western point of view also limits the horizons of applying psychology and how it explained since it will be connected to mainly western church ideologies and financial and political systems are in the west like capitalism and democracy. I developed an interest in far eastern cultures four years ago studying the common religions in that region basics of languages spoken there, and I even started studying the Japanese language as a second language.
Thus, I was interested of how these cultures saw psychology and compare their psychological thinking with Greek and Islamic psychological thinking and philosophy which was covered in class. I was amazed by the sheer amount of knowledge these cultures had offered in psychology and I was disheartened on how it is almost never mentioned in psychology classes or when mentioned it gets marginalized. Of all the cultures that constitute the Far East, I chose China.
In this paper I will discuss the development of psychology in this country from its historical roots till the modern day, along with all the ups and downs of this field. I hope to shed light on the amazing contributions to the psychology field in particular, and to humanity in general. Attachment: a brief description of Chinese culture of well being. The Historical Roots: Modern psychology was brought to China from the West in the late 1800s, but the study and discussion of psychological issues had a long history in ancient China.
Read also Memory – Forgetting
Early psychological thinking in China not only was contained in diverse philosophical, political, military, and other literature but was also expressed through various practices in education, medicine, and human resource management. The influence of Chinese culture on world psychology has been widely recognized in current literature in the field and is attracting more and more attention (Jing, 1994; Murphy & Kovach, 1972; Wang, 1993). In China a rich body of psychological thought existed in the writings of the ancient Chinese philosophers.
One of the most important figures was Confucius (551-479 B. C. ) whose teaching has, for centuries, exerted a profound influence on the development of China's cultural history. Confucian thinking emphasized the discussion of human nature, education, human development, and interpersonal relationships. For example, when Confucius discussed human nature, he asserted that "human nature is the order of heaven" (Jing, 1994, p. 668). By this Confucius meant that our patterns of existence are determined by Nature or by God.
He did not address this issue in order to differentiate whether human nature was good or evil but proposed it as a common heritage upon which personal and mental development could be based through education: "By nature close to each other, but through practice far from each other" (Analects 17:2, Dawson, 1993). This means that people are similar when they are born but that they become different as a result of social molding; hence the importance of learning. Confucius was a famous teacher as well as a philosopher; he advocated that all people should be educated, irrespective of their abilities.
He categorized people into three types: superior, medium, and inferior and concluded that everyone should be educated according to their abilities. These ideas are in agreement with the modern idea of everyone's right to an education and the concept of individual differences and the need to provide education in a suitable form for all to benefit, whatever their abilities. With regard to human development, Confucius viewed this as a life-long process as stated in the summary of his own life:. At fifteen I set my mind on learning, at thirty I became firm in my purpose; at forty I was free from doubts; at fifty I came to know fate; t sixty I could tell truth from falsehood by listening to other people; at seventy I followed my heart's desire without trespassing the norm of conduct. (Analects 2:4; Tang, 1996). A distinctive feature of this outlook is an emphasis on the development of wisdom and social maturity at a later age. Contrary to some modern thinking that human development is primarily an early childhood process (as has been proposed by Freud or Piaget), Confucius gave new insight with the view that development is a life-long process. In addition to Confucianism, other Chinese philosophies such as Taoism and Zen Buddhism were also important.
For instance, Chinese Taoist scholars considered that opposition exists everywhere in the universe and that the synthesis of contrary systems operates to form an integrated unity that is a manifestation of the power and operation of the Yang and the Yin, the alternating forces expressive of light and darkness, birth and decay, male and female. These powers, which in their combined operation form the Tao, the Way, the great principle of the universe, are the mainspring of every activity, the mechanism of constant change and balance, which maintains the harmony of the cosmos. (Fitzgerald, 1976, p. 220). According to Lao-tzu (570-490 B.
C. ), the reputed founder of Taoism, nature keeps a proper balance in all its working. If any activity moves to an extreme in one direction, sooner or later a change occurs to swing it back toward the opposite. This thinking may have influenced Jungian psychology, for "Jung discovered the self from Eastern philosophy and characterized it 'as a kind of compensation for the conflict between inside and outside " (Jung, as cited in Kuo, 1971, p. 97). In addition, recent findings indicate that the self-actualization theories of Rogers and Maslow bear certain similarities to concepts in Taoism and Zen Buddhism (e. . , Chang ; Page, 1991; Ma, 1990). The practice of naive psychology was widespread in ancient China, and many present-day psychology applications could trace their roots to thousands of years ago. For instance, in Medical Principles of the Yellow Emperor, the first Chinese encyclopedia of medicine, published about 2,000 years ago, links between brain pathology and psychological problems were described, and a bio-psycho-social model was the main approach to medical and mental treatment (Wang, 1993).
Another famous ancient Chinese text, Sun-tzu's classic book The Art of War, was written 2,500 years ago. It is a treatise on strategies of warfare containing an analysis of human nature, organization, leadership, the effects of the environment, and the importance of information and may have influenced the development of modern organizational psychology. The most important contribution of Chinese culture to the application of psychology is that of mental testing. It is common to think of testing as both a recent and a Western development. The origins of testing, however, are neither recent nor Western.
The roots of psychological testing can be traced back to the concepts and practices of ancient China for some 3,000 years (Anastasi, 1988; Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 1993). Various methods for measuring talent and behavior were popular, such as observing traits from behavioral changes, identifying intelligence by response speed, eliciting personality across situations, and measuring mental attributes through interviews (Lin, 1980). The purpose of all these tests was to allow the Chinese emperor to assess his officials' fitness for office. By the time of the Han Dynasty (206 B. C. to A. D. 20), the use of test batteries (two or more tests used in conjunction) was quite common in the civil service examination system (Zhang, 1988) with essay writing and oral exams in topics such as civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography. Tests had become quite well developed by the time of the Ming Dynasty (A. D. 1368-1644). During this period, there was a national multi-stage testing program that involved local and regional testing centers equipped with special testing booths. Those who did well on the test at the local level went on to the provincial capital for more extensive essay examinations.
After this second testing, those with the highest test scores went on to the nation's capital for a final round of examinations. Only those who passed this third set of tests were eligible for public office. It is probable that the Western world learned about these national testing programs through exposure to the Chinese during the 19th century. Reports by British missionaries and diplomats encouraged the British East India Company to copy the Chinese system in 1832 as a method for selecting employees for overseas duty.
Testing programs worked well for the company, and the British government adopted a similar system of testing for its civil service in 1855. Later, French, German, and American governments in succession endorsed it, and the testing movement in the Western world has grown rapidly since then (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 1993). Testing was also well developed in ancient Chinese folk culture. An article written by a scholar, Yen (531-590), indicated that, the so-called "testing the child at one year of age" was a popular custom in southern China.
On a child's first birthday, he/she would be placed on a large table full of food, clothing, paper, pens, jewelry, toys, books with, in addition, an arrow and sword for the boys, and needle and thread for the girls. The baby was encouraged to crawl freely and pick up the item he or she liked best. By observing what the baby grasped first, the proud parents projected the baby's intelligence, personality characteristics and aptitude by the things taken from the table. This custom lasted until the 20th Century. (Zhang, 1988, p. 02). Although clearly not a test by modern standards, it does illustrate a willingness to assess individual differences by concrete means. Zhang (1988) also noted that Lin Xie, a well-known 6th century scholar, designed what appeared to be the first experimental psychological test in the world. He asked people to draw a square with one hand and at the same time draw a circle with the other. His aim was to show that, with interference from the attempt to do the second task, neither task could be done correctly.
Interestingly, Binet in the 1890s developed a similar test as part of the early psychological work on the effect of distraction (internal and external) on mental tasks (Pillsbury, 1929; Woodworth & Marquis, 1949). Binet may have been aware of the Chinese history. This review is only a brief discussion of the historical background of Chinese psychology. However, psychology in China did not develop into a systematic discipline, despite the fact that the concepts of psychology have deep roots in Chinese civilization dating back almost 2,500 years.
Furthermore, few empirical studies have been done in this area of knowledge in China, compared with studies done in the Western world. Thus, Chinese psychology has lacked a scientific basis because of the belief that Chinese scholars should only concern themselves with "book learning, literature, history and poetry–but not with science" (Fitzgerald, 1976, p. 274). When Chinese intellectuals began the reform movement in the early 1900s, they promoted an uncompromising rejection of Chinese traditions (especially those with Confucian roots) and advocated total or whole-hearted Westernization, in terms of science.
Chinese psychology became a graft product of Western and Soviet psychology (Barabanshchikova & Koltsova, 1989). Early Chinese psychologists had adopted the Western ideas of behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and gestalt psychology, and the works of Pavlov, Bekhterev, and Komilov were translated from the Russian. Nowadays, however, more and more scholars taking the cross-cultural view of psychology (e. g. , Matsumoto, 2000) have realized that it is not appropriate simply to apply Western theories to explain the behavior of the Chinese or any other cultural group.
Although the collection process has not been fully carried out, some Chinese psychologists (such as Gao, 1986) have started their exploration of the old studies and literature to search for the roots of Chinese psychology. Those valuable assets of the old civilization, when thoroughly explored, may give us new insights into the understanding of contemporary psychology. For example, researchers are studying early writings on traditional Chinese medicine and translating their conclusions into testable hypotheses of therapeutic effectiveness (Lee & Hu, 1993; Li, Xu, & Kuang, 1988; Tseng, 1973).
This kind of work is also significant in cross-cultural studies and has particular relevance in the Chinese context. Development of Modern Chinese Psychology: Chinese psychology began a long time ago, but the modern scientific method is only recent. However, the era of modern Chinese psychology commenced in the late 1800s with the dissemination of Western psychology in China along with other Western influences. Chinese students who had studied in the West brought back ideas fundamental to modern psychology and translated Western books.
In 1889, Yan Yongjing translated a Japanese version of Joseph Haven's Mental Philosophy (1875), which was regarded as the first Western psychology book to be published in China (Kodama, 1991). Psychology as an independent scientific discipline was first taught in some Chinese pedagogical institutions at the turn of this century. The Chinese educational reformer, Cai Yuanpei, who studied psychology at Wilhelm Wundt's Laboratory in Leipzig and who later became president of Beijing University, set up the first psychology laboratory at Beijing University in 1917 (Jing, 1994).
In 1920, the first psychology department was established in South Eastern University in Nanjing (Li, 1994). In August 1921, the Chinese Psychological Society was formally founded. Unfortunately, its activities were interrupted by the Sino-Japanese war. Meanwhile, some Chinese scholars finished their studies in Western universities and returned to China to teach and do research in psychology. They played important roles in laying the foundation for the development of modern Chinese psychology. One of the most widely known Chinese psychologists from that period was R. Y.
Kuo, who went to the University of California at Berkeley in 1918 and returned to China in 1929. As a behaviorist, his major contributions were in the field of the developmental analysis of animal behavior and the nervous system (Brown, 1981). Another influential figure was P. L. Chen, known as the founder of Chinese industrial psychology, who carried out field studies in Chinese factories after studying under Charles Spearman of University College London. Later, Chen's study on the G factor was translated and noted as an achievement in the developing understanding of intelligence (Wang, 1993).
Another was S. Pan, who obtained his Ph. D. in Chicago in 1927, having worked with Carr on the influence of context on learning and memory. He later became president of the Chinese Psychological Society when it was re-established in 1955 after the People's Republic of China was founded. In short, from the 1920s through the 1940s, Chinese psychology was oriented mainly toward Western psychology and in fact was not different from the latter. Experimental approaches were emphasized, and Chinese psychologists were strongly influenced by the schools of functionalism, behaviorism, and the Freudians.
Psychology was basically an imported product whose general development was slow because of the unstable social environment in China during this period. After the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, psychology was reestablished under the auspices of the Communist Party. The new psychology took Marxism-Leninism and Mao's thought as the basic philosophy underlying its psychological theory. For instance, Marxism's materialist dialectics saw psychology (apart from experimental psychology) as entirely hypothetical and, therefore, not materialist and not permitted.
Although the Western psychology of the 1930s was well known, it was rejected after 1949 because of its capitalist nature. Chinese psychology during the mentioned time period was guided by the slogan "Learn from the Soviet Psychology" (Barabanshchikova ; Koltsova, 1989, p. 118), and books by Soviet psychologists (Pavlov, Luria, Sechenov, etc. ) were translated into Chinese; Chinese students and postgraduates began to study in Russia rather than in the United States (Barabanshchikova ; Koltsova). Soviet psychology focused on the relationship between psychology nd the workings of the central nervous system, especially as shown in the work of Pavlov with animals, whereas Western psychology with its emphasis on individual differences was seen as a "tool of the bourgeoisie," which contradicted the Marxist doctrine that states that people are primarily shaped by their social class. Jing (1994) noted that as in the Soviet Union in the 1940s and in 1950s, there were no independent departments of psychology in Chinese universities. Psychology was a secondary discipline in the departments of philosophy or education. It was only 30 years later, after the Chinese Cultural Revolution, that independent departments of psychology were reestablished in Chinese universities). (p. 670). Psychology had a preliminary development in the 1950s and early 1960s. In 1958, the Institute of Psychology was set up as a part of the Chinese Academy of Science, where, because it was classified as a science, its funding was more favorable than that of other social sciences. About half of the 3,000 Chinese psychologists then worked in normal universities or pedagogical institutes in the fields of developmental and educational psychology (Jing, 1994).
Some basic psychological studies were also carried out on perception, conceptual development, memory, and physiological psychology. The publication of three important Chinese textbooks in the early 1960s reflected a significant development of teaching and research during that period: general psychology (Cao, 1963), educational psychology (Pan, 1964), and child psychology (Zhu, 1962). However, the development of psychology was not smooth because of the ebb and flow of political movements. Even though it is a science, psychology could be construed as an ideology and hence a threat to the doctrine promulgated by the ruling regime or by influential segments of society," noted Leung and Zhang (1995, p. 694). Jing (1994) gave an explanation for this statement. He described the 1958 campaign against the "bourgeois direction in psychology" that criticized the "globalization" and "abstractionism" of psychology. This criticism was aimed at basic research with controlled experiments. In China, confounding political matters with academic ones led to the suppression of certain subfields in psychology.
For example, social psychology and psychological testing were abolished "on the grounds that the former ignored the class nature of social groups, and the latter stressed too heavily individual differences rather than social differences" (Jing, 1994, p. 671). The only social psychology articles then published were criticisms of the bourgeois and idealist values of Western psychology. As Brown (1983) noted, Western theories were viewed as a tool for exploiting the working class and a false bourgeois science, which contradicted the Marxist framework of historical materialism.
Kuo (1971) gave some interesting examples of how Western-style psychological research was seen to be politically dominated. For example, Kretch and Crutchfield's proposed social psychology program for factory managers to help eliminate conflict between workers and factory owners was described as actually intended "to iron out the class struggle, to diminish the proletarian's fighting will for revolution, and to sacrifice the proletarian basic profits in order to meet the need of capitalists" (p. 100).
For these reasons, between 1966 and 1976, during the period of the Cultural Revolution, psychology was attacked by the extreme leftist revolutionaries as a "bourgeois pseudo-science" and was uprooted completely as a scientific discipline. Leading psychologists were labelled as "reactionary academic authorities," scientific research and teaching institutions were dissolved, and psychologists were dispatched to remote areas of the country to work on the farms. The disaster lasted until the termination of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. (Jing, 1994, p. 72). In a later article (1995) Jing commented that this was a "dark period" for psychology in China and lamented the "great price to be paid for political interference in science" (p. 719). Happily, Chinese economic reform launched an open-door policy to the outside world in the late 1970s, and psychology was rehabilitated as a scientific discipline. Both the Chinese Psychological Society (CPS) and Institute of Psychology have resumed their academic activities; research in, and application of, psychology is being carried out all over China.
With increased international exchanges, new ideas and areas of research such as cognitive psychology and counseling psychology have become popular. For example major cities now have counseling telephone hot lines (Xu, Guo, Fang, & Yan, 1994), many high schools have their own counselors, and cognitive behavior therapy is a popular new approach to psychiatric problems. Chinese counseling models have to adapt to the characteristics of Chinese clients and counselors (Wang, 1994). Many Chinese psychologists visited other countries, and psychologists from abroad visited China and lectured in China's universities.
Thus began a more favorable environment for the present development of Chinese psychology. Wang (1993) gave a good picture of the current scene: By 1991, the CPS had more than 2,900 members, two thirds of whom were developmental and educational psychologists. The CPS has 11 special divisions of psychology, including educational, developmental, medical, general-experimental, industrial, sports, physiological, judicial psychology, and psychological measurement. Each province has its own psychological association such as counseling (Wang, 1993, p. 92).
Because psychology restored its momentum in the late 1970s, Chinese psychologists have reached a consensus on building psychology with Chinese characteristics (Chen, 1993; Shi, 1989). Yue (1994) reflected on the need for Chinese psychologists to strengthen their theoretical roots and bind their work closely to life in China. Wang (1993) concluded that much recent Chinese psychological research has been closely linked with economic and social reform, technological developments, and applications of psychology (e. g. , the design of Chinese language computers, the effects of the single-child policy).
Bond (1996) and the Chinese Culture Connection (1987) noted that Chinese society is still shaped by Confucian values such as filial piety and industriousness, the saving of face, and the networks of personal relationships. Even in 1922, Chinese psychologists were exhorted to unearth existing Chinese materials, investigate new materials from overseas, and based on these two sources, invent our own theories and experiments … the content must be appropriate to the national situation, and the form, must insofar as is possible, be of a Chinese nature. Jing ; Fu, 1995, p. 723). In experimental psychology, the Chinese language with its ideographic characters has become a subject of great interest (see Bond, 1986, for some examples). Extensive studies are being carried out in this field, including ideographic and sound characteristics of Chinese characters; the relationship between Chinese languages and Western languages; the hemispheric laterality of information processing of the Chinese language; and reading and comprehension of the Chinese language.
Because of the importance of the application of these studies to school education, artificial intelligence, and industrial technology, many Chinese psychologists are collaborating in their research efforts in the hope of finding some answers, such as how to simplify the typing of Chinese characters on computers (Tan ; Peng, 1991; Yu, Feng, ; Cao, 1990; Zhang ; Shu, 1989; Zhang, Zhang, ; Peng, 1990). Developmental psychology is another area of intensive study.
There are 300 million children in China, and any new knowledge acquired in the field would have important implications for the education of this next generation (Jing, 1994). For example, Mei (1991) demonstrated that the remote rural minority people's tradition of keeping their babies propped up in sandbags for most of their first 6 months resulted in lower IQ scores up to the age of 16. Much has been published on concept development, language development, the development of thinking, personality, and moral development, gifted children, and slow learners (see Dong, 1989; Liu, 1982; Zhu & Lin, 1986).
These findings have been applied to improve the teaching and testing of children, such as the development of the standardized Higher Education Entrance Examination. In addition, since the national family planning and birth control program was implemented in the mid-1980s the characteristics of the only-child policy have been a hot topic (Chen, 1985; Falbo & Poston, 1993; Jing, 1995). For example, Ying and Zhang (1992) found that rural Chinese still expected their children rather than the government to support them in their old age. This will clearly be a burden on a single child with four dependent grandparents.
Psychologists are concerned with the school achievement and social development of these only children as well as the social psychological effects and personality problems that may be encountered in the future. Within this area, cross-cultural psychology studies among China's minority groups offer an important new prospect (Hong ; Wang, 1994; Xie, Zhang, Yu, ; Jui, 1993). In the field of medical and clinical psychology, besides the introduction of Western psychotherapeutic methods (behavior modification, group therapy, psychoanalysis, etc. ), the demonstration of the effectiveness of some traditional Chinese medical treatments (e. . , acupuncture, see Ng, 1999a) and therapies (e. g. , qigong ; taichi, see Ng, 1999b) has been a significant development (San, 1990; Sun, 1984; Wang, 1979). Moreover, many psychologists are also involved in the process of modernization in industrial, military, and educational areas, playing important roles in policy making. For example, psychometricians helped to initiate the standardization of college entrance examinations. In personnel selection for the Air Force, psychologists are widely consulted and are actively participating in the design of selection procedures (Hao, Zhang, Zhang, ; Wang 1996).
Industrial psychologists also make their contribution to the establishment of color standards of industrial illumination as well as to the developments of signs and symbols for technical products. The role of psychology has become increasingly prominent in China's rapid modernization and economic and social development. Disadvantageous Factors that May Impede the Development of Psychology: Although psychology is recognized by the Chinese government and is enjoying apparent prosperity at the moment, its future status is questionable.
The development of psychology is contingent on economic growth. Compared with the other natural sciences (such as mathematics, physics, and chemistry), the development of psychology depends especially on the resources and prevailing intellectual practices of that country. It was reported in the mid-1980s that there were well over 60,000 psychologists who belonged to the American Psychological Association (Mays, Rubin, Sabourin, & Walker, 1996), whereas there were fewer than 3,000 registered members in the Chinese Psychological Society by 1991 (Wang, 1993).
The ratio of psychologists to the general population is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. China has fewer than 2 psychologists for every million people (Jing & Fu, 1995). A developing country has to provide for its people's basic needs–food, shelter, health–before it can afford to provide for their "higher" psychological needs. When a country is underdeveloped, the more important problems of developing industry, commerce, and agriculture receive more attention because of the need to improve basic living conditions for everyone.
In China today, with its economic pressures and its huge population problem, the further development of psychology cannot be seen as a top national priority. However, the Chinese government has begun to recognize that economic progress ultimately depends on the talents of the managers and workers and now sees the value of investing in modern management selection and training (e. g. , the setting up in 1999 of the Beijing Senior Management Selection Centre; personal communication, Gu Xiang Dong, January, 1999). Because the Chinese Government employs almost all the psychologists in the country, the future of the profession depends n its support (Jing ; Fu, 1995). In practical terms, lack of funding in developing countries means that psychologists cannot afford to attend international conferences, buy expensive books and journals, or experiment with highly technical equipment. Jing and Fu noted,. As China's market-oriented reform continues, people in academic circles are adjusting their ways of making a living. The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the main organizational body of scientific research in China, started its reform in the middle 1980s to satisfy the market need for applied technology. p. 721). In 1993, the CAS elected to move 70% of its staff into research related to economic development and thus more than 50,000 people began to conduct research in areas relevant to the market economy (Wang, 1995). It is also known that a further 10,000 of the original CAS staff have become businessmen or managers as a result of the expansion of private business enterprises (Jing & Fu, 1995). Budgetary difficulties are a more immediate problem for reform. In developed countries, psychology can rely on private funding.
For example, the ratio of private to government funding in the United States was as high as 1 to 10 in 1990 (see Rosenzweig, 1992), whereas in China there is little private funding to which psychologists can turn. If such funding does exist, psychology is rarely on the list for support. The lack of funding for research has had an adverse impact on basic research. In an analysis of 2,274 studies between 1979 and 1988 in developmental and educational psychology involving 362,665 participants, Shi (1990) found that 48. 9% of the studies were applied research whereas only 8% were described as basic research. The rest were more or less repetitions or adaptations of previous studies or instruments. ) Psychologists in China are predominantly concerned with applied problems, and research that addresses economic and social problems. This situation was aptly described by Long (1987): "The pressing need … was a technocrat in a factory, not a rat in a Skinner box" (p. 232). An applied orientation is understandable in the light of the heavy emphasis placed on economic development. It may be expected that psychology will play an important role in the attainment of China's present goal to modernize industry, agriculture, science, and technology.
The main problems for Chinese psychologists are how to help the nation accomplish these important tasks with minimal funding and lack of facilities (Jing ; Fu, 1995). The development of psychology is based on having a sufficient number of people with advanced training, and universities are the main source of training for psychologists. Bachelor degree courses in psychology are similar to those in the United States, but Chinese lecturers have far heavier teaching commitments than their Western counterparts, and they are often required to teach topics well outside their specialist areas.
The lack of educational funding also limits access to leading journals and books in the field. Universities in China can afford to subscribe to only a few American and European journals, and most newly published English language books are not available in the library or if they are, their use may be restricted. Thus "psychological knowledge transmitted to China falls behind the times and is less sophisticated than that in the West" (Jing ; Fu, 1995, p. 725).
At present, there are only six psychology departments and four psychology institutions among all the institutions of higher education, although all normal universities and teachers' colleges have psychology curricula and established psychology teaching and research groups. This provision is clearly inadequate for future needs. In addition, students often teach in the universities in which they received their degree, leading to a restricted perspective of the discipline. To a certain extent, China must depend on the developed world for the training of its psychologists (Jing & Fu, 1995).
This dependence comes through the importation of foreign experts as well as the training abroad of Chinese psychologists at the postgraduate level and the subsequent brain drain, as many of the latter do not return to China. Another serious problem affecting the development of psychology is that there are no specific career paths for students who major in psychology. There is no organized postgraduate professional psychology training, and psychology graduates are often trapped in low-income jobs. Thus, uncertain career prospects have turned away many talented students.
Unfortunately many students who chose psychology as a major have turned to unrelated professions on graduation. Future Perspective The field of psychology has a long road to travel before it will reach its maturity in China. Despite the difficulties mentioned here, recent developments have revealed some directions for the future. As we have seen, the development of Chinese psychology is closely linked with the social environment and with government policy, such as the influence of the family planning program and the open door policy. This link will continue and will orient most psychological research toward practical applications.
Given the poor resources in research and the limited number of psychologists, the nationwide and collaborative approach will greatly facilitate research, teaching, and the practical application of psychology. Chinese psychology has attracted tremendous interest from all over the world in recent years. The reason for this sinophilia (Leung & Zhang, 1995, p. 696) "is because of the increasing importance of China world-wide, both politically and economically. " In the next few years, more emphasis will be put on the mutual communication and exchange of ideas with the rest of the world.
Chinese psychology will certainly benefit from learning from Western advanced psychology. However, to interpret the mental phenomena and behavior of the Chinese people, attention must also be focused on the theoretical construction of China's ancient psychological heritage traced through traditional Chinese culture. It may be that this will eventually reflect Fairbank's view (1992, p. 258) when he stated, "Chinese learning for the substance the essential principles and Western learning for function the practical applications. That is, the traditional Chinese philosophical stress on the importance of understanding human nature, balanced harmony, and the "unity of multiplicity" may serve as a useful foundation for the future development of Chinese psychology, especially in applied settings. The adherence to the ancient wisdom in modern Chinese psychology will place world psychology in a broader framework and expand psychology to a more complete body of knowledge. REFERENCES Anastasi, A. (1988). Psychological testing (6th ed. ). New York: Macmillan. Barabanshchikova, V. A. , & Koltsova, V. A. (1989).
Psychology in China: History and the present status. Soviet Journal of Psychology, 10, 116-124. Bond, M. H. (1996). The handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Bond, M. H. (Ed. ). (1986). The psychology of the Chinese people. New York: Oxford University Press. Brown, L. B. (1981). Psychology in contemporary China. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. Brown, L. B. (1983). Social psychology in China. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 363-372. Cao, R. C. (1963). General psychology. Beijing: People's Education Press (in Chinese). Chang, R. , ; Page, R.
C. (1991). Characteristics of the self-actualized person: Visions from the East and West. Counselling and Values, 36, 2-10. Chen, H. W. (1985). A comparative study on behavioural characteristics and family education between only-children and children with siblings. Social Investigations Study, 6, (in Chinese). Chen, P. L. (1993). To build Chinese characteristic psychology. New China Digest, 6, 36-39 (in Chinese). Chinese Culture Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-164. Dawson, R. (1993).
Confucius: The analects (translation). New York: Oxford University Press. Dong, Q. (1989). The development of meta-cognition among children aged 10-17. Psychology of Development and Education, 4, 11-17 (in Chinese). Fairbank, J. K. (1992). China: A new history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Falbo, T. P. , ; Poston, D. L. , Jr. (1993). The academic, personality ; physical outcomes of only children in China. Child Development, 64, 81-35. Fitzgerald, C. P. (1976). China. A short cultural history. London: Century Hutchinson. Gao, J. F. (Ed. ). (1986). History of Chinese psychology.
Beijing, China: People's Education Press (in Chinese). Hao, W. P. , Zhang, Z. X. , Zhang, L. , & Wang, Y. M. (1996). Personality and neurosecretion measurements in pilots with peptic ulcer or chronic gastritis. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 10(6), 244-245 (in Chinese). Hong, J. Z. , & Wang, X. Y. (1994). Cross-cultural psychology in China–Present situation and future. Psychologia, 37, 117-128. Jing, Q. C. (1994). Development of psychology in China. International Journal of Psychology, 29(6), 667-675. Jing, Q. C. (1995). The Chinese single-child family programme and population psychology.
Psychology and Developing Societies, 6(1), 29-53. Jing, Q. C. , & Fu, X. L. (1995). Factors influencing the development of psychology in China. International Journal of Psychology, 30(6), 717-728. Kaplan, R. M. , & Saccuzzo, D. P. (1993). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Kodama, S. (1991). Life and work: Y. J. Yan, the first person to introduce Western psychology to China. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 34(4), 213-226. Kuo, Y. (1971). Psychology in communist China. The Psychological Record, 21, 95-105.
Lee, Y. , & Hu, P. C. (1993). The effect of Chinese qi-gong exercises & therapy on diseases and health. Journal of Indian Psychology, 11, 1 & 2, 9-17. Leung, K. , & Zhang, J. X. (1995). Systemic considerations: Factors facilitating and impeding the development of psychology in developing countries. International Journal of Psychology, 30(6), 691-706. Li, M. (1994). Psychology in China: A brief historical review. The Journal of Psychology, 128(3), 281-287. Li, X. , Xu, S. , & Kuang, P. (1988). 30 Years of Chinese clinical psychology. International Journal of Mental Health, 16(3), 3-21.
Lin, C. D. (1980). A sketch on the methods of mental testing in ancient China. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 12, 75-80 (in Chinese). Liu, F. (1982). Developmental psychology in China. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 14, 1-10 (in Chinese). Long, F. Y. (1987). Psychology in Singapore: Its roots, context and growth. In G. H. Blowers & A. M. Turtle (Eds. ), Psychology moving East: Status of Western psychology in Asia and Oceania (pp. 231-236). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Ma, H. K. (1990). The Chinese Taoistic perspective on human development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 235-249.
Matsumoto, M. D. (2000). Culture and psychology. People around the world (2nd ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Mays, V. K. , Rubin, J. , Sabourin, M. , & Walker, L. (1996). Moving toward a global psychology. American Psychologist, 51(5), 485-487. Mei, J. (1991). A study of the IQ of sandbag-raised children, Psychological Science-China, 1, 42-44 (in Chinese). Murphy, G. , & Kovach, J. K. (1972). Historical introduction to modern psychology (3rd ed. ). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Ng, B. Y. (1999a). The effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine on depressive symptoms.
Dissertation Abstracts International: 60(2B), 0860. Ng, B. Y. (1999b). Qigong-induced mental disorders: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 197-206. Pan, S. (1964). Educational psychology. Beijing: People's Education Press (in Chinese). Pillsbury, W. B. (1929). The history of psychology. London: George Allen ; Unwin. Rosenzweig, M. R. (Ed. ). (1992). International psychological science: Progress, problems and prospects. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers. San, H. H. (1990). Mental hygiene problems of qi gong. Information in Psychological Science, 6, 41-43 (in Chinese).
Shi, S. H. (1990). Analysis of the development in research of developmental and educational psychology during 1979-1988 in China. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 22, 322-328 (in Chinese). Shi, X. Y. (1989). A review and outlook of social psychology in China. Hiroshima Forum for Psychology, 14, 45-59. Sun, F. L. (1984). An analysis on EEG power spectrum and coherence during quiet state in qi gong. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 16, 422-427 (in Chinese). Tan, L. H. , ; Peng, D. L. (1991). Visual recognition processes of Chinese characters: A research to the effect of grapheme and phoneme.
Acta Psychologia Sinica, 23, 278-283 (in Chinese). Tang, C. H. (1996). A treasury of China's wisdom. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. Tseng, W. S. (1973). The development of psychiatric concepts in traditional Chinese medicine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 569-575. Wang, J. S. (1979). The role played by the psychological factors in the clinical mechanism of acupuncture anaesthesia. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 11, 88-97 (in Chinese). Wang, L. (1994). Marriage and family therapy with people from China. Contemporary Family Therapy, 16(1), 25-37. Wang, X. Z. (1995). Academics face funding challenge.
China Daily, January 30 (in Chinese). Wang, Z. M. (1993). Psychology in China: A review dedicated to Li Chen. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 87-116. Woodworth, R. S. , & Marquis, D. G. (1949). Psychology. London: Methuen. Xie, Y. , Zhang, Y. , Yu, T. , & Jui, X. (1993). Relationship between life events and psychological well-being of minority college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 7(4), 182-184 (in Chinese). Xu, G. , Guo, L. , Fang, Y. , & Yan, H. (1994). Shanghai Workers' Hotline Research Project Chinese Mental Health Journal, 8(4), 176-177 (in Chinese). Ying, Y.
W. , ; Zhang, X. L. (1992, Jan-Jul, No. 28-29). Attitude toward childbearing in rural Beijing: A decade after launching the one-child policy. Bulletin of the Hong Kong Psychological Society, 27-37. Yu, B. L. , Feng, L. , ; Cao, H. Q. (1990). Visual perception of Chinese characters: Effects of perceptual task and Chinese character attributes. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 23, 141-148 (in Chinese). Yue, G. (1994). More on Chinese theoretical psychology: A rejoinder to Matthias Petzold. Theory and Psychology, 4(2), 281-283. Zhang, H. C. (1988). Psychological measurement in China.
International Journal of Psychology, 23, 101-177. Zhang, H. C. , ; Shu, H. (1989). Phonetic similar and graphic similar priming effects in pronouncing Chinese characters. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 21, 284-289 (in Chinese). Zhang, J. J. , Zhang, H. C. , ; Peng, D. L. (1990). The semantic retrieval of Chinese characters in the classifying process. Acta Psychologia Sinica, 23, 397-405 (in Chinese). Zhu, Z. X. (1962). Child psychology. Beijing: People's Education Press (in Chinese). Zhu, Z. X. , & Lin, C. D. (1986). Developmental psychology of thinking. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press (in Chinese).


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I believe people with kids and dogs should be able to own white sofas. I believe there is a beach towel for every occasion. I believe in fresh lime juice in margaritas. I believe when it comes to design rules— there are no rules. I believe every women should own a tool box and feel confident to make holes in the wall. I believe in the power of paint. I believe fresh flowers should be a part of every day life. I believe life is sweeter in the summer and cozier in the winter. I believe there is no limit to gold or diamonds. I believe in the value of vintage. I believe travel is the best source of inspiration, of all kinds. I believe in "YES."
P.S. I really like wine.
Our very own in house graphic designer and photographer who enjoys adding her creative touch to everything from our website to our window displays.
When she's not at the shop, Bekah is soaking up every minute with her hubby and baby boy. Lazy Sundays filled with way too much coffee and lots of baby snuggles are becoming a favorite family tradition.
Most useless talent?
Walking on my hands
Three favorite foods?
Coffee, chips & sushi
Favorite time of day?
Early mornings
Lover of all things handmade and do it yourself, if there's a will there's a way to make it! Her current obsession is crocheting and knitting. She is currently in the process of starting her own business .
You can find her crochet and knitwear sprinkled throughout our shop:)
Fringe or pom poms?
Pom poms
Which of the Seven Dwarfs is most like you?
Three best things about you?
I'm ambitious, tenacious and a perfectionist


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Meet our coaches
Brad Collins, NSCA CPT, NSCA CSCS USAW-I,
PN-I, Difference Maker & Owner
A 2012 graduate of Lyndon State College, (now NVU), Brad studied exercise science, minored in psychology and earned two NSCA (National Strength and Conditioning) Certificates. Post graduation, Brad cut his teeth at a local gym for the next eighteen months before moving on to a coaching career in Indianapolis under head coach Tyler Miller of Force Barbell. Three years ago, he settled back in the Northeast Kingdom. This move led to Brad's realization of the need for personal and athletic development centered around the betterment of the community and the idea for Kilos was born!
"The summit of a pyramid is dictated by the size of it's base. Development of an individual is no different. Dedicating adequate time to the basic Squat, Press and Hinge patterns will enable an individual to progress through performance training and preparation for life with a lower likelihood of injury and prolonged performance."
- Brad Collins


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Anuradhapura, the vast Sinhalese capital that endured for nearly a millennium from around 377 BC, remains a sacred city simply because it was Buddhism's initial home on the island. The famous Tooth Relic, a canine of the Buddha retrieved from his funeral pyre, reputedly came first to what is now the Isurumuniyagala Monastery, a small but charming temple hollowed out of a dark, boulder-strewn hillock around a sunken water pool.
Today, Anuradhapura retains great appeal for both tourists and pilgrims. It is the sheer scale of its dagobas, or stupas, which impresses most. While Sri Lanka is dotted with these typically bell-shaped and whitewashed memorials, but the largest and most impressive are found here.
Talk to the Experts
At TransIndus we are committed to quality and determined to ensure every one of our clients enjoys the best holiday possible. Having lived or worked, and travelled extensively in their specialist countries, our consultants are experts whose advice can be depended on. To make an enquiry, call us on 0208 566 3739
020 8566 3739


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Grand Station specialises in every event.
We provide a bespoke service to ensure that your day is planned from start to finish. With fantastic decor alongside a range of packages, your dream day is a reality.
In our two separate rooms, we can host from 50 people onwards making Grand Station an elegant and versatile place for holding parties, conferences, exhibitions and more.
We have a conference set up available, helping you with all your needs for your event, as well as some state-of-the-art meeting rooms for you and your guests.
Planning ahead for this years Christmas? We have more info coming soon…
Grand Station is the epitome of timeless elegance, combining modern style with grandeur and decadence. With its own dedicated entrance hall and stylish yet timely function rooms, we are able to accommodate all wedding parties and we are also licensed to conduct Civil Ceremonies. Our stunning entertainment spaces and romantic setting form the perfect lavish wedding – whether it is an intimate ceremony or an exquisite reception.
We understand how important this special day is to our couples, and our events team work tirelessly to ensure everything is arranged perfectly and to the last detail, to help deliver the day of your dreams.
When searching for event venues in the West Midlands, Grand Station is the perfect option. Grand Station can hold up to 700 guests for private parties in a magnificent setting. Our events team have a vast amount of experience in hosting both formal and informal private events.
Our team is dedicated to ensuring your event will be as special and as memorable as you wish; no matter the size and scale, we will endeavour to meet all needs. We also provide bespoke events customised to your needs.
Grand Station combines style and professionalism to create the perfect business venue. When searching for event or conference venues in the West Midlands, Grand Station is the ideal option for you.
Grand Station offers an elegant and versatile setting for meetings, seminars, training events, conferences, exhibitions, private dining functions, award dinners and more. Our conference layout has a seating capacity of up to 1000 delegates. Located within easy walking distance to Wolverhampton's transportation links and just a short drive away from the motorway, Grand Station ensures that delegates and organisers can arrive and depart easily.
We have meeting rooms available for hire. The meeting rooms are ideal for training courses, job interviews, team meetings and examinations.
The meeting rooms can hold up to twenty-two delegates. The rooms are available in theatre, boardroom or classroom style. Each meeting room comes with complimentary water, Wi Fi, parking and have full disabled access.
The meeting rooms can also be used as breakout areas to help compliment a Grand Hall or Brunel Suite event.
Want to find out more? Call us on 01902 454 550 or enter your details below:
"Grand Station exceeds all expectations to cater for your special occasion."
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This recipe is a miracle for people who are dairy free. Spanakopita is a traditional Greek dish that uses feta cheese- this is a fantastic alternative for people avoiding dairy (plus it's healthier too!). This recipe is a little more work than most of the recipes we post, though I think the end result is worth it!
1/2 Tbsp. olive oil
1 medium yellow onion, diced
8 green onion stalks, chopped
4 garlic cloves, minced
2 10 oz. frozen chopped spinach packages, thawed
1 15 oz. can of chickpeas, drained, rinsed and mashed
3 Tbsp. nutritional yeast
1/3 cup kalamata olives, de-pitted and chopped
1/3 cup tahini
1 Tbsp. apple cider vinegar
1/2 Tbsp. dried oregano
1/2 Tbsp. dried parsley
1/2 tsp. kosher salt
1/4 tsp. ground black pepper
1 lemon, juiced (divided into 1/4 cup and remainder)
12 phyllo dough sheets
1/4 cup lemon juice
1 1/2 Tbsp. maple syrup
2 Tbsp. ground flax seed