text:
Elevated Plasma Fibrinogen and Diabetes Mellitus Are Associated With Lower Inhibition of Platelet Reactivity With Clopidogrel
Author + information
- Received January 6, 2008
- Revision received May 27, 2008
- Accepted May 28, 2008
- Published online September 23, 2008.
Author Information
- Lawrence Ang, BS,
- Vachaspathi Palakodeti, MD, FACC,
- Ahmer Khalid, BS,
- Sotirios Tsimikas, MD, FACC,
- Zaheib Idrees, BS,
- Phillip Tran, MD,
- Paul Clopton, MS,
- Nayab Zafar, MD,
- Guilherme Bromberg-Marin, MD,
- Shahin Keramati, MD, FACC and
- Ehtisham Mahmud, MD, FACC⁎ (emahmud{at}ucsd.edu)
- ↵⁎Reprint requests and correspondence:
Dr. Ehtisham Mahmud, Cardiovascular Catheterization Laboratories, UCSD Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, California 92103
Objectives The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with lower platelet inhibition (PI) with clopidogrel in subjects with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Background A heterogeneous platelet reactivity response to clopidogrel exists, and the clinical or biochemical predictors of suboptimal PI with clopidogrel remain unclear.
Methods This study prospectively enrolled subjects with CVD requiring treatment with clopidogrel (75 mg daily for ≥7 days or 600-mg bolus ≥24 h before recruitment). A bedside rapid platelet function assay (VerifyNow, Acccumetrics, San Diego, California) to measure maximal and clopidogrel-mediated platelet reactivity was utilized, and factors associated with lower PI were identified.
Results A heterogeneous, normally distributed PI (mean 40.8 ± 26.2%) response to clopidogrel was observed in 157 subjects (age 67.2 ± 12.2 years; 59.9% men). Multiple variable analysis of clinical and biochemical factors known to affect platelet reactivity revealed lower PI in patients with an elevated plasma fibrinogen level (≥375 mg/dl), diabetes mellitus, and increased body mass index (BMI) (≥25 kg/m2). On testing for interaction, elevated fibrinogen level was associated with diabetic status, resulting in lower PI in diabetic patients (23.9 ± 3.9% vs. 45.1 ± 4.5%, p < 0.001), but not nondiabetic patients (44.7 ± 4.4% vs. 46.3 ± 4.8%, p = 0.244). Increased BMI remained independently associated with lower PI after clopidogrel therapy regardless of diabetic status or fibrinogen level (36.8 ± 9.0% vs. 49.0 ± 7.0%, p < 0.001).
Conclusions Elevated plasma fibrinogen (≥375 mg/dl) in the presence of diabetes mellitus and increased BMI (≥25 kg/m2) are associated with lower PI with clopidogrel in patients with CVD.
Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel reduces adverse cardiovascular events, including death, stroke, myocardial infarction, recurrent ischemia, and urgent target vessel revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (1) with enhanced platelet reactivity associated with an increased incidence of adverse ischemic events (2). Aspirin and clopidogrel are associated with a heterogeneous platelet aggregation response as shown using various platelet function assays (3–5). Light transmission aggregometry (LTA) is considered the "gold standard" for platelet function testing (6) and has been used to demonstrate significant heterogeneity in platelet aggregation after antiplatelet therapy in populations with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD) (4). However, due to labor-intensive assays, expense, confinement to a clinical laboratory, potential for inconsistency, and delayed availability of results, LTA is difficult to use clinically at the bedside (6). Additionally, an increasing clinical interest in evaluating immediate patient response to antiplatelet therapy has led to the development of various rapid platelet function assays (7).
The VerifyNow System (Accumetrics, San Diego, California) is closely modeled after LTA and uses similar reagents and photospectometry to measure light transmittance in whole samples of blood (8). A previous study using the VerifyNow System to measure platelet reactivity reported a heterogeneous response to clopidogrel in subjects with multiple risk factors for CVD (3). The etiology behind this heterogeneous response to clopidogrel is incompletely understood. Multiple studies attempting to characterize this phenomenon have identified interpatient pharamacokinetic and pharamacodynamic variation, including differences in drug absorption, bioactivation by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, platelet cell surface P2Y12 and glycoprotein (GP) receptor polymorphisms, drug–drug interactions, baseline platelet reactivity, and metabolic profile as potential factors (9–11). However, clinically useful indicators and biomarkers to identify patients at risk for suboptimal platelet inhibition (PI) with clopidogrel remain unclear.
Increased tendency for platelet aggregation is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (12), smoking (13), hyperlipidemia (14,15), higher fibrinogen (16), and a history of coronary atherosclerosis (17). Further, plasma fibrinogen ≥375 mg/dl is associated with suboptimal PI with the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor epitifibatide (18). We undertook this study to determine the level of PI achieved with clopidogrel as measured with the rapid platelet function assay VerifyNow in patients with CVD, and to define the role of clinical and biochemical factors known to affect platelet reactivity on the platelet response to clopidogrel.
Patient selection
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, San Diego, and informed written consent was obtained from study participants. Patients with established CVD requiring treatment with clopidogrel were prospectively recruited and enrolled. Subjects included, but were not limited to those with prior coronary or peripheral vascular interventions, those undergoing elective PCI, elective peripheral vascular intervention, and being medically treated for an acute coronary syndrome. All subjects were considered for inclusion if they were treated with clopidogrel 75 mg daily for a minimum of 7 days or were administered a 600-mg bolus at least 24 h before enrollment. Exclusion criteria included age younger than 18 years, anemia (hemoglobin <10 g/dl), thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000 cells/μl), diagnosis of inherited platelet disorders, serum triglycerides ≥400 mg/dl, chronic liver disease, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor administration (within previous 30 days), and acute myocardial infarction within 72 h.
Demographic information, baseline laboratories including complete blood count, lipid panel, and serum markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], fibrinogen) were obtained in all subjects. The complete blood count was performed using the Abbott Cell-Dyne 3500 Analyzer and commercial reagents (Abbott, Abbott Park, Illinois). Lipid panel and CRP were measured using a Beckman Coulter Synchron LX 20 analyzer and commercial reagents (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, California). Fibrinogen was measured using the Beckman Coulter ACL-TOP analyzer with Instrumentation Laboratory reagents (Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts). Platelet function testing was performed using the bedside rapid platelet function VerifyNow P2Y12 and aspirin assays.
Blood sample collection
Whole samples of blood were obtained from the femoral artery catheter introducer sheath inserted before PCI or from the antecubital fossa vein using standard phlebotomy techniques. The first 4 ml of blood taken from either location were discarded before being drawn into a syringe and transferred into standard tubes for respective serology assays and 2-ml Bio-One Vacuette tubes (Greiner Bio-One North America Inc., Monroe, North Carolina) containing 3.2% sodium citrate specifically for platelet function testing.
VerifyNow System
The cartridge-based VerifyNow System utilizes optical turbidometry to rapidly assess platelet function and strongly correlates with traditional LTA (5). This method of platelet function testing depends on platelet reactivity in vitro and allows for evaluation of platelet function with thienopyridine, aspirin, or GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy. In the P2Y12 assay, adenosine diphosphate agonist activates platelets at P2Y12 and P2Y1 cell surface receptors while prostaglandin E1 increases assay specificity by blocking signaling through the P2Y1 receptor. Activation at the P2Y12 receptor causes flattening of platelet shape, liberation of intracellular GP IIb/IIIa receptor reserves, and conformational change of the GP IIb/IIIa beta integrin subunit that increases receptor affinity for fibrinogen (19). These effects lead to increased platelet aggregation around fibrinogen-coated beads and light transmittance through the sample reported as P2Y12 response units (PRU). Unique to the P2Y12 assay, a high concentration of thrombin receptor activating protein (iso-TRAP) is added to the blood sample to circumvent the P2Y12 receptor signaling pathway and induce maximal platelet activation and aggregation. This is designed to allow platelet function before clopidogrel treatment ("baseline") to be determined without discontinuing treatment, and for PI to be measured in clopidogrel users. Platelet inhibition is calculated as the quotient of PRU "base" minus post-treatment PRU "result" and PRU "base" (20).
In the aspirin assay, a lyophilized arachidonic acid reagent is converted to thromboxane A2 platelet agonist by the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme (21). Thromboxane A2-induced platelet activation in vitro is reported as aspirin response units, which negatively relates to the efficacy of cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition by aspirin. This assay has high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (100%) (22) with aspirin response units ≥550 indicating the failure of aspirin to adequately inhibit platelets.
Statistical analysis
Data were collected and analyzed with the use of SPSS software (version 15.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Categorical variables are reported as percentages while continuous variables are reported as mean ± SD. Distribution of PI achieved was confirmed for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Correlations between continuous variables and PI achieved were evaluated using Pearson's correlation or point-biserial correlation as appropriate. Categorical variables were analyzed by comparing the PI achieved within each subgroup using independent-samples 2-tailed ttests. The PI by fibrinogen tertiles was determined and compared using an analysis of variance. The p values <0.05 indicated significant relationships.
Age, gender, and all factors known to affect platelet reactivity that were associated with PI in univariate analysis (p ≤ 0.05) were entered into a multiple variable analysis model. The effects of DM, elevated fibrinogen, and their interaction were evaluated in multiple regression after controlling for the aforementioned covariates including age, gender, venous blood sampling, history of hyperlipidemia, and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. Adjusted PI means for groups based on DM and fibrinogen were computed using the significant control variables from the regression analysis.
A total of 157 subjects (67.2 ± 12.2 years; 59.9% men) treated with clopidogrel were enrolled in the study (Fig. 1,Table 1).There was a high prevalence of multiple risk factors for CVD, and the majority of subjects had previously undergone coronary revascularization. Clopidogrel was administered to the majority of patients for coronary or peripheral vascular stent placement. Concomitant aspirin and statin use was observed in 89.1% and 72.4% of the study population, respectively. The majority of subjects were being treated with clopidogrel ≥7 days (n = 137) while the rest received a 600-mg bolus dose of clopidogrel 24 h before recruitment (n = 20). The measured PI followed a normal, bell-shaped distribution (mean 40.8 ± 26.2%) (Fig. 2)with a strong negative correlation with the final PRU values (r = −0.879; p < 0.001) (Table 2).There was no correlation between PI with clopidogrel and the baseline PRU (r = −0.058; p = 0.455).
The presence of elevated fibrinogen (≥375 mg/dl), DM, increased BMI (≥25 kg/m2), venous blood sampling, nitrate therapy, history of hyperlipidemia, and elevated serum triglyceride level each demonstrated a significant relation with PI achieved (Tables 3 and 4).⇓⇓A significantly lower PI was observed in the highest tertile of fibrinogen level (44.3 ± 23.9% first tertile vs. 44.7 ± 29.5% second tertile vs. 32.8 ± 23.7% third tertile; p = 0.032) (Fig. 3).Patient response to aspirin coadministration revealed no significant relation with level of PI with clopidogrel (r = −0.097; p = 0.239). Indicators of inflammation including CRP >0.5 mg/dl, white blood cell count, platelet count, and past cardiovascular history including prior history of stable angina or unstable angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and PCI did not demonstrate a significant relation with PI achieved. Similarly, smoking was not found to be associated with the PI achieved with clopidogrel. Notably, significantly higher final PRU values were observed in the presence of an elevated fibrinogen (205.0 ± 80.4 vs. 169.0 ± 90.3, p = 0.015), DM (191.1 ± 84.7 vs. 156.8 ± 91.8, p = 0.022), and increased BMI (191.1 ± 84.7 vs. 156.8 ± 91.8, p = 0.022), respectively.
Subject age, gender, and measured variables known to affect platelet reactivity that showed significant univariate relationships with PI were included in a multiple variable linear regression model. Before testing for interactions, elevated fibrinogen (≥375 mg/dl) (p = 0.047), DM (p = 0.021), and increased BMI (≥25 kg/m2) (p = 0.031) were the only factors associated with lower PI with clopidogrel (Table 5).Evaluation of these variables for interactive effects revealed a significant interaction between elevated fibrinogen and DM while no other interaction was detected. After including this interaction in the multiple variable model, elevated fibrinogen and DM lost statistical association with PI (p = 0.600 and 0.457, respectively) independent of each other. Elevated fibrinogen level in the presence of DM was associated with lower PI (p = 0.024) while higher BMI (≥25 kg/m2) regardless of fibrinogen level or DM remained significantly associated with lower PI (p = 0.026) (Table 5).
The adjusted PI (mean ± SD) was significantly lower for diabetic subjects with elevated fibrinogen (23.9 ± 3.9%) compared with diabetic subjects without elevated fibrinogen (45.1 ± 4.5%) (p < 0.001) (Fig. 4).No significant difference existed in PI for nondiabetic subjects with elevated fibrinogen (44.7 ± 4.4%) compared with that in nondiabetic subjects without elevated fibrinogen (46.3 ± 4.8%) (p = 0.244) (Fig. 4). Adjusted PI was also significantly lower for subjects with increased BMI (36.8 ± 9.0%) compared to those with normal BMI (49.0 ± 7.0%) (Fig. 5).
This study documents a heterogeneous PI response to clopidogrel for patients with CVD as measured with a rapid platelet function assay. The presence of elevated fibrinogen (≥375 mg/dl), DM, and high BMI (≥25 kg/m2) are all associated with lower PI after treatment with the oral thienopyridine clopidogrel in subjects with CVD. Most importantly, elevated plasma fibrinogen is identified as a unique factor associated with the lower PI in diabetic subjects who are generally at higher risk for cardiovascular events.
This study uniquely addresses the phenomenon of suboptimal PI achieved in the diabetic patient by revealing a significant interaction between elevated plasma fibrinogen ≥375 mg/dl and the presence of DM. This finding may be an important step in explaining the prothrombotic effects observed in diabetic patients. A persistently elevated fibrinogen level is associated with the development of CVD (23), and an elevated plasma fibrinogen level is also associated with achieving suboptimal PI with the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide (18). The current study demonstrates a similar finding with the thienopyridine clopidogrel. The relation between an elevated fibrinogen level and lower PI in response to clopidogrel was strongest in diabetic subjects who are also known to have higher fibrinogen levels (24). Fibrinogen mediates platelet plug formation and stabilizes clots though the polymerization of fibrin. Platelet plugs are formed as fibrinogen binds and crosslinks exposed GP IIb/IIIa receptors on platelet cell surfaces while fibrin is produced by the proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin (19). Antiplatelet therapy interferes with this process by inhibiting platelet activation, limiting the availability of GP IIb/IIIa receptors at the platelet surface, and lowering GP IIb/IIIa binding affinity to fibrinogen (9). Fibrinogen concentration in serum may also decrease by 10% to 25% with thienopyridine administration, further contributing to the antiplatelet effects of these agents (25).
The etiology for clopidogrel resistance in diabetic patients is multifactorial, and insulin resistance and systemic inflammation play a significant role (26). Insulin resistance characteristic of type II DM exhibits both direct and indirect effects on platelets. Directly, decreased platelet sensitivity to insulin is associated with reduced P2Y12 receptor inhibition and increased platelet reactivity (27). Indirectly, hyperglycemic states have also been implicated in nonenzymatic glycation of platelet GPs resulting in altered platelet structure, conformation, and membrane lipid dynamics (28). Further, strict control of serum glucose levels have been shown to diminish platelet aggregation (26). Clinically, Buonamici et al. (2) have demonstrated that DM is significantly more prevalent in individuals who obtain ≤30% PI with clopidogrel, who are also at an increased rate of late stent thrombosis and death compared with those achieving >30% PI. In this study, we also identify the presence of DM as a factor associated with lower PI. However, this finding was only significant in the presence of an elevated serum fibrinogen level. Diabetic subjects with fibrinogen ≥375 mg/dl only achieve 23.9% PI with clopidogrel, and an elevation in this biomarker might identify a group of diabetic patients who require a higher dose of this thienopyridine or an alternative agent for optimal PI.
In addition to being a common end product of both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting cascades, fibrinogen is also an acute-phase reactant of inflammation. It, along with other acute-phase reactants including CRP, is synthesized and released by hepatocytes in increased amounts when triggered by specific inflammatory cytokine signaling produced in the presence of DM (29). However, in this study no difference in PI achieved was observed between individuals with lower circulating CRP ≤0.5 mg/dl and those with higher circulating CRP >0.5 mg/dl. This is consistent with the results of another study that failed to demonstrate a role of CRP with platelet aggregation (22). In addition, no relation between other markers of inflammation including white blood cell and platelet counts, and PI achieved with clopidogrel was observed. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fibrinogen affects PI by its direct interaction with the GP IIb/IIIa receptor and not due to a systemic state of inflammation.
This study also demonstrates that BMI ≥25 kg/m2is independently associated with lower PI with clopidogrel regardless of diabetic status or plasma fibrinogen level. The relationship between BMI and the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy remains a topic of debate since past studies have provided conflicting results. Though increased BMI is associated with higher platelet aggregation and decreased treatment efficacy (30), larger body size is also associated with superior 1-year clinical outcomes for death, myocardial infarction, and stroke after PCI (31). Potential confounders for these findings include the effects of age and gender differences in the 2 studies. The finding that higher BMI is associated with lower PI is intuitive, confirms previous findings (31), and raises into question the administration of the same maintenance dose of clopidogrel to all patients regardless of BMI.
Several other factors known to affect platelet aggregation, including low-density and high-density lipoprotein levels, smoking status, presenting with an acute coronary syndrome, history of coronary artery disease, and inflammatory state (CRP, white blood cell, and platelets) were not found to have a significant relation with the PI observed with clopidogrel. Although a history of hyperlipidemia was associated with lower PI after univariate analysis, this relation did not retain significance after multivariate analysis. Further, the use of statins and specific use of atorvastatin was not associated with PI, a finding supported by a post-hoc analysis of the CHARISMA (Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance) trial, which revealed no adverse clinical interaction during coadministration of clopidogrel and statins (32). Additionally, patient response to concurrent aspirin administration did not show a significant relation to the degree of PI achieved demonstrating that the PI response observed with aspirin and clopidogrel therapy are independent of each other.
Finally, in patients with established CVD, the mean PI of 40.8% as measured by the VerifyNow assay is similar to the 41.9% PI achieved in a similar population using LTA (4). A recent head-to-head comparison of LTA and the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay showed a strong correlation between final PRU values and percent "peak" aggregation according to LTA after clopidogrel administration (r = 0.73; p < 0.01) (5). Our findings also show that PRU "result" values, rather than "base" values, highly correlate with calculated PI (r = −0.879; p < 0.001), implying that baseline platelet reactivity might have a less significant role in the final PI achieved. Recent studies linking level of PI achieved with clinical outcomes have all utilized LTA, and studies with the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay linking clinical outcomes are required to further validate this assay for routine clinical practice.
Study limitations
Polymorphisms of the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes were not evaluated, possibly allowing confounding effects from altered drug metabolism of clopidogrel. The diagnosis of DM in study subjects was determined from direct patient interviews and review of medical records rather than from evaluation of serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Nevertheless, in a clinical environment, fibrinogen is an easy marker to measure, and may serve as an indicator of a high-risk patient for thrombotic risk due to poor PI in response to therapy with the thienopyridine clopiodgrel.
A heterogeneous, normally distributed platelet reactivity response to clopidogrel in subjects with CVD is demonstrated using a rapid platelet function assay. Elevated plasma fibrinogen ≥375 mg/dl, the presence of DM, and BMI ≥25 kg/m2are associated with lower PI with clopidogrel therapy in subjects with CVD. A significant interaction between elevated plasma fibrinogen and DM exists, identifying elevated plasma fibrinogen as a unique factor associated with lower PI in diabetic patients. Increased BMI remains independently associated with lower PI after clopidogrel therapy.
Support for Mr. Ang was provided, in part, by the University of California SMART (SIRA Medical-Student Aging Research Training) Grant. Steven E. Nissen, MD, MACC, served as Guest Editor for this article.
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- body mass index
- C-reactive protein
- cardiovascular disease
- diabetes mellitus
- glycoprotein
- light transmittance aggregometry
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- platelet inhibition
- P2Y12 response units
- Received January 6, 2008.
- Revision received May 27, 2008.
- Accepted May 28, 2008.
- American College of Cardiology Foundation
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Star Wars T-Shirts, Hoodies & Clothing — Internet-shop Star Wars T-Shirts
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Eifman Ballet of St. Petersburg presents Anna Karenina choreographic performance in Doha for the 1st time
The premiere of Anna Karenina ballet will take place at QNCC Al Mayassa Theatre in Qatar on the 12th and 13th of February. The event will continue a series of projects held in the framework of the Year of Culture Qatar-Russia 2018. The general partner of the event is Russian oil company Rosneft.
Anna Karenina, a theatrical production by legendary choreographer Boris Eifman, has gained global recognition and captivated audiences at the best theaters in Russia, USA, Australia, UK, Germany, Holland, Spain, France, China and many other countries over 14 years for its distinguished choreography, technical mastery and eye-catching costumes and set design. The premiere in Qatar will be the first time the Anna Karenina ballet is set to music by revered Russian composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
H.E. Fahad bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah, Ambassador of the State of Qatar to the Russian Federation, stated: "We are thrilled to welcome the Anna Karenina ballet performance in Qatar for the first time. As a continuation of the Year of Culture Qatar-Russia 2018, this performance is yet another exciting opportunity for mutual cultural exchange, highlighting Qatar's celebration of the arts, and showcasing Russia's rich artistic and cultural history." "We are confident that our audiences here will find Eifman's production truly memorable and inspiring. We thank Eifman Ballet and Rosneft Oil Company for all their efforts in bringing this performance to Qatar," he added.
Boris Eifman, Artistic Director of Eifman Ballet of St. Petersburg, stated: "Ballet is a very special realm where psychological drama is recreated; it is an opportunity to get an insight into the subconscious. Anna Karenina novel by Tolstoy has always been the object of my keen interest. While reading Tolstoy, one can see how fully and accurately the author understands the inner world and psychology of his heroes, how sensitively and precisely he describes life in Russia. "In the novel, one is not only immersed in the psychological world of the main character but is also offered an interpretation of her personality. Even in our contemporary literature, we won't find similar passions, metamorphoses, and phantasmagoria. All this has become the gist and essence of my choreographic reflections", he added.
Ingenious Russian choreographer Boris Eifman created his own theater to combine the dance and the drama and tell people touching stories of human souls. The famous choreographer successfully fused off-the-wall modern dance and the rich tradition of the Russian classical ballet. Eifman Ballet in Saint Petersburg was founded by the choreographer himself. The combined company and theater is now widely known and loved by ballet fans all over the world.
For further information please follow the link: Watch Anna Karenina ballet trailer: https://bit.ly/2IFJ9Nk
For additional information, please contact: Rawan Shawqi
Tel: 66300833
Email: [email protected]


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Paul Sohrweide
Paul Sohrweide has loved living in North Idaho since 1978. His passion in life is helping his clients realize their dreams and goals in Real Estate.
He and his wife, Debe Sohrweide, own Hope Realty, and manage a team of REALTORS that share the same vision.
Although Paul has over 30 years of sales experience, he does not think of himself as a salesman. His priority is to place the needs of his clients before all else.
Since Hope Realty was founded in 1977, it has earned a solid reputation of fairness and honesty within both the Real Estate and North Idaho communities at large. Hope Realty is one of the longest standing independent Real Estate brokerages in Coeur d'Alene.
It is associated with the Idaho Association of Realtors and the National Association of Realtors. Paul and Debe have strived to and will continue to keep Hope Realty's rock solid reputation as one of the best brokerages in the Northwest.
Website: http://www.hoperealtyidaho.com


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2017 was one of our busiest year's yet and we can't believe it's almost time to transition into 2018! This past year, our small but highly nimble team hosted 27 large events and managed 2 community brands on an ongoing basis.
Branch Out Snowshoe Tour (top left); AccelerateAB (top right); Cyber Summit (bottom left); Classroom Champions Champion Chats (bottom right)
In May of 2017, one of our very first clients Startup Calgary, joined the Calgary Economic Development family. Shortly after, Catalystica was contracted to provide program management, community building and marketing support for Startup Calgary on an ongoing basis.
In the summer, we collaborated with the super positive, detail oriented, event whiz, Michelle Moody of Gidget Event Productions, to help us coordinate four of our events. Best decision ever!
2017 was an amazing year and we are excited to share that we're fully booked for 2018. Stay tuned for more details and follow along with our personal journeys. Happy holidays!


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Winelands: uncorked
No longer simply wine farms, landed gentry and gourmet tourism, the lifestyle, proximity to Cape Town, growing towns and infrastructure (from roads to schools), means families are able to join the property market in the Winelands.
Rhythmic rows of vineyards, arresting architecture and a depth of restaurant offerings epitomise the Cape Winelands, one of South Africa's most extraordinarily scenic regions. Many of the farms and wine labels here are an integral part of local history, so there's little doubt why tourists are drawn to the area.
'The tourism growth has given rise to product development, from boutique hotels and cottages on wine farms to top-ranked restaurants run by award-winning chefs, either at the wine farms or in the villages themselves,' says Pierre Germishuys, MD of Seeff's Winelands/Boland region. 'Six of Eat Out's top 10 restaurants from 2015 are in the area: La Colombe (Constantia), The Tasting Room at Le Quartier Français (Franschhoek), Greenhouse at The Cellars-Hohenort (Constantia), The Restaurant at Waterkloof (Somerset West), Terroir (Stellenbosch) and Jordan Restaurant (Stellenbosch).'
Tara Whiting, founder-director of Acquire Africa, considers the Winelands' tourism to be in its infancy: 'One of the fastest-growing tourism categories is food and wine, and South Africa should be getting a piece of that pie,' she says. She foresees a doubling of the local wine tourism industry within the next 10 years and supports the view of Rico Basson, executive director of VinPro, that 'prospective investors should also look at the wine industry through the lens of tourism to find the sweet spots.'
A status symbol
There's little doubt that South African wine farms have become symbols of affluence. The South African Wealth Report 2015 puts it into a global perspective: 'The Western Cape is home to some of the most expensive wine property in the world, valued at more than $75 000 per hectare (source: Knight Frank). These estates have become a popular investment for high net worth individuals (HNWIs), with many of the most well-known South African HNWIs having their own wine farms in the area. The most exclusive of these estates are located in Stellenbosch, Constantia and Franschhoek.'
Whiting has long been involved at the wine end of the property market, including selling the legendary Mont Rochelle Hotel and Wine Estate to Richard Branson's Virgin Limited Group. 'South Africa's smaller boutique/lifestyle wine farms (around 10ha) start at the R20 million to R30 million mark, while top-end wine brands can sell for between R100 million and R200 million, up to R300 million,' she says.
The simple (but stylish) life
What about those who aren't bona-fide wine farmers, but find the romance of the region, the landscape and lifestyle irresistible? What constitutes a Winelands lifestyle, in fact? While it means different things to different people, it's anchored in a privileged quality of life, which increasingly means time spent with family, being outdoors, feeling more connected to the earth, easy accessibility to retail, commercial and transport links, security, and 'simple' pleasures.
Of course, simplicity here comes in some glorious packaging – particularly in the burgeoning gated estate and property development market. This talks to different interests: world-class golf courses – such as one of South Africa's top residential estates for 2015, Pearl Valley Golf & Country Estate – equestrian and polo pursuits, mountain biking, hiking and fly-fishing, and small-scale or boutique-type farming such as Val De Vie's Gentleman's Estate.
'Other developments include vineyards and olive groves such as La Ferme Chantelle, situated on the R45/Main Road just as you enter Franschhoek, and Domaine des Anges in the village itself,' says Seeff's Germishuys. 'Just outside Paarl, there's Santé Winelands Estate, a working wine estate with a beautiful hotel and spa, and stunning residences on plot sizes of 4 000m2 to almost 2ha. The latter is inclusive of a private vineyard or olive grove, fully maintained by the estate.'
And this lifestyle is holding more and more appeal for those with money to invest: the area comprising Paarl, Stellenbosch and Franschhoek has been the fastest growing region in the country, with the number of millionaires moving here increasing by 38% between 2007 and 2015, according to New World Wealth. There are now 2 200 millionaires in the Winelands, just behind the Garden Route (2 400), Durban (2 600) and Pretoria (2 600).
Live and learn
But there's another factor, a box that needed ticking to woo families into permanent residence here: the rise in quality schooling and tertiary education options, both private and government. For a number of years, the region's lifestyle has drawn Gauteng investors to the area. Now, with the growing educational possibilities, this trend has accelerated to include younger families from Gauteng, as well as from Cape Town and KwaZulu-Natal, who can live, work, play and receive world-class schooling on their doorstep. Yes, some breadwinners still commute to major business hubs, but fewer do and less often. If they do, the road/air commute just keeps getting better, faster, easier.
Stellenbosch University is also a clear drawcard for families in the area but with 35 000 students needing accommodation, it's also attracting investors. Louise Varga, projects manager for Pam Golding Properties in the Boland and Overberg regions, believes Stellenbosch is quite possibly the safest market to be in from a buy-to-let perspective: 'It's a global phenomenon that residential properties in student towns achieve a higher capital growth compared to the national average, so if you're acquiring a property to retain for several years then exit the investment, Stellenbosch is recommended (each year, parents of students are looking to buy),' she says.
'The cost for a typical two-bedroom, one-bathroom apartment on campus would set you back on average of R2 million – with rental income of R12 500 to R14 000 a month – while an apartment about 500m off-campus would fetch R1.5 million and generate a monthly rental of R8 000,' she adds. 'You may choose to hold onto your investment property longer for excellent capital growth – in 2002, if you had bought in Bergzicht Plaza, close to campus, you would have paid R398 000 for a two-bedroom apartment, which recently sold for R1.8 million. Today, the rental income is R9 000 a month.'
The power of Durbanville
Annemarie Cilliers is the principal/owner of Fine & Country in Durbanville, where, she says, their wine farms – Meerendal and Bloemendal are examples – are mostly bought by Joburg business consortiums. The latter was bought for R120 million by Tokyo Sexwale. 'The buyers are mostly chequebook farmers, who purchase the wine farms as businesses,' she says. 'In general, residential properties in the Durbanville area are bought by business people, "semi-grating" from Joburg and Pretoria. We've also recently had buyers from Wilderness/George and the Eastern Cape, and there are still those who move here from Cape Town's southern suburbs because of better value and less crime. Typical buyers are the smaller business man who likes the lifestyle, as well as equestrian lovers.'
And then there's the schooling. 'There's a tendency for Durbanville parents to send their children to Paarl Boys High, Paarl Gymnasium or Paul Roos in Stellenbosch,' she says, 'but there are some superb Durbanville schools, whether private, international or government, such as Chesterhouse, Curro, Kenridge and Gene Louw.'
Luxury estate living
Doug Gurr, Pam Golding Properties' agent in Franschhoek, describes their sales activity focus as far more around lifestyle farms than their wine counterparts and the trend has been steadily growing in the last 12 months. 'Smallholdings from 2ha to 5ha are priced mainly between R15 million and R30 million, depending on the location and quality, while houses range from about R4 million to R20 million,' he says. 'There's also a growing permanent population in the Winelands – international, returning South Africans, and increasingly, Gautengers. Many are residing in the upmarket secure estates scattered throughout the valley.'
Simon Bray, Private Property CEO, concurs: 'The Cape Winelands contain some of the most sought-after residential property spots in the country as buyers who are attracted to the lifestyle and location flock to the area,' he says. 'The demand is being driven in part by the wide range of residential estates that have been developed in the area. From luxury estates such as Val de Vie in Paarl to the more affordable estates around Somerset West, the property market in the Winelands has options that will appeal to a wide range of buyers.'
'Somerset West now comfortably tops the Helderberg property market and, in terms of demand and average prices, rivals Stellenbosch when it comes to values,' says Loretta Diab, manager for Seeff Somerset West. Tellingly, the next phase of Sitari Country Estate – with its olive groves and orchards, 3 150 luxury residential apartments, turn-key village and country homes – is about to be launched, alongside Curro, South Africa's fastest-growing independent school brand, which will make access to quality education that much easier for parents living within Sitari.
'The village has in recent years become one of the most sought-after residential hot spots in the country,' says Diab. 'It's largely South Africans who are buying and no longer just older buyers. There's a clear shift in the demographic, with 40% now under the age of 40. While the sub-R3 million price band remains the most active, top-end sales prices of luxury homes have comfortably reached R3.7 million in Fairview Heights, R4.5 million and R5.2 million in Dennegeur Estate, R5 million in Boskloof Estate, R6 million in Bellaire Estate and R6.5 million in Spanish Farm.' In this glorious landscape, eco-estates, too, are understandably sought after, a prime example being Balwin Properties' De Velde, where phase four has just sold out.
An unparalleled lifestyle
From one end of the Winelands to the other – region and scale – it's hard to imagine a finer lifestyle for super-luxury residential estates and investment. Wine tourism, too, has an impact beyond the obvious, in that it offers growing entrepreneurial and commercial possibilities – drawing younger buyers and families – while a strong economy in a town leads to increased public and/or private infrastructure, retail and, as is increasingly visible and viable, quality education.
On foreign ownership
By Dr Andrew Golding, chief executive of the Pam Golding Properties group
Last year's (2015) announcement regarding the potential introduction of legislation to restrict foreign ownership of land created some confusion and resulted in a number of issues being raised by potential and existing clients. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no restrictions of residential property proposed in respect of foreign ownership and it seems this is to be confined to foreign ownership of agricultural land. With regard to agricultural land, presumably there is still a great deal of detail that needs to be indicated and understood when it comes to government's proposal – the specific detail around proposed leasehold regulation, as an example: a 99-year lease is fundamentally different from a 50-year lease. And so, while this is potentially positive news for the residential sector, there is still considerable uncertainty about the detail regarding agricultural land. As is often the case when statements regarding foreign ownership are made, we receive a significant number of enquiries from existing and potential property owners.
The big 5
According to the South Africa 2016 Wealth Report by New World Wealth, last year, five of South Africa's top 12 estates for super-rich residents were located in the Winelands. These are:
1. Pearl Valley, Paarl
2. Val De Vie Polo and Wine Estate, Paarl
3. De Zalze, Stellenbosch, a working farm of vineyards, citrus orchards and olive groves, plus a golf course
4. Erinvale, Somerset West
5. Steenberg, Tokai, large winery and vineyard
Estates to watch
Annien Borg, regional head of Pam Golding Properties' Boland and Overberg areas, considers lifestyle – and that includes proximity to quality schooling and commercial hubs – to be the gold-chip motivation to invest in these estates:
• Val De Vie Polo and Wine Estate, Paarl
• Boschenmeer Golf Estate, Paarl
• Andringa Walk, Stellenbosch
• Brandwacht Aan Rivieren, Stellenbosch
• Fernkloof Golf Estate, Hermanus
• Hemel-En-Aarde, Onrus/Hermanus
• Schonenberg Estate, Somerset West
• Croydon Village, Somerset West
• Erinvale Golf Estate, Somerset West
• De Zalze Golf Estate, Stellenbosch
Contact details
• Seeff: seeff.com
• Pam Golding Properties: pamgolding.co.za
• Fine & Country: fineandcountry.com/sa
• Private Property: privateproperty.co.za
• La Colombe: lacolombe.co.za
• The Tasting Room: lqf.co.za
• Greenhouse: greenhouserestaurant.co.za
• The Restaurant at Waterkloof: waterkloofwines.co.za
• Terroir: kleinezalze.co.za
• Jordan Restaurant: jordanwines.com
• Acquire Africa: acquireafrica.com
• VinPro: vinpro.co.za
• Pearl Valley Golf & Country Estate: pearlvalley.co.za
• Val De Vie: valdevie.co.za
• Sitari Country Estate: sitari.co.za
Text Anne Schauffer
Photographs iStock by Getty Images and supplied


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Bittersweet Memories
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Roxy Lalonde
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always moving
Subject: Re: Bittersweet Memories
Sat Nov 24, 2012 9:31 pm
After hearing what Jane had to say about her friends, Roxy couldn't help but smile.
"They sound awesome!"
she commented, and then added with perhaps a bit of envy in her voice:
"You're really lucky."
Friends her age was what she craved the most right now, and Jane's happiness, even though the maiden herself didn't have that many friends, almost made her regret asking that question.
As envious as she was, Roxy never stopped smiling. The fact she was alone didn't meant others had to be. And she was happy for Jane. However, her fake smiled turned into a genuine one when Jane started talking about her interests. Her eyes lit up with curiosity as she was told about mysterious hobbies. Plays? She heard of them before: people pretending to be other people, dressing up and playing for spectators. It was kind of weird and too surrealist for Roxy to imagine but she knew everyone was all about them! The detective thing made her smile even more: she could definitely see Jane go around Prospit and solve mysteries. She kept that thought to herself.
Baking goods? She had no idea people could cook and bake for fun! For her, meals were mostly eating because you are hungry. The aesthetics of food were a mystery. But Jane seemed so eager about that hobby that Roxy could only feel the same.
she exclaimed, clapping her hands with enthusiasm.
"I'm sure you're a good at baking things! I wish I could eat something you made yourself! We almost never get to eat cake because they are so expensive..."
Roxy waited patiently for Jane to speak again, wondering what her unspoken question was. She listened to her, being very solemn about it. She was truly happy that Jane decided to trust her and she didn't want her friend to think she was taking her confidences lightly. In fact, if something could take away Roxy's smile and make her serious, it was what Jane was saying right now. There was something tragic about that confidence. And fear. Well hidden, almost as if it was shameful to feel it. But she could still feel it, it was the fear of not knowing who you are supposed to be. These uncertainties were the worst thing and Roxy knew that because she felt them all the time.
The mix of emotions she was feeling was a little painful: compassion, sadness and guilt. She felt bad for forcing Jane to speak about that. But most importantly, she felt the urge to comfort her, to tell her it was ok, to make her feel better in some way. She leaned forward and grabbed Jane's hands.
"It will be fine, Janey."
She said with a comforting smile, her bright pink eyes staring straight at Jane's blue eyes.
"Everything happens for a reason. So what if you can't fight or do magic? That doesn't change a damn thing about you! Never compare to others! I'm sure you'll find out what you have to do, and you will blow their mind!"
After a moment of being silent, she winked at her friend and added:
"Also, never say you're not special! There is no other maiden-detective-baker in all of Skaia! Trust me, I've been there!"
What she really wanted to say was that Jane was special for her, that she was her very first friend... But she was almost ashamed of sharing that personal fact.
Jane Crocker
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Temple of Life on Prospit's Moon
Subject: Re: Bittersweet Memories
Mon May 06, 2013 5:22 am
Jane was never the type of girl who took to flattery. Nor was she able to read emotions on others. But at that moment, she felt as though Roxy was one of the loneliest people in the world. Slowly Jane stood and moved to sit beside the blond on her bed. Her hands lightly clasped the others and she gave her what she hoped was a comforting smile.
I'm sure the others would love a new friend! John loves playing pranks, and I'm sure you two would get into plenty of mischief if left to your own devices!"
Her voice started to become shaky for some reason. "
Jade is such a wonderful girl, she can read the clouds and make potions and shes always smiling and optimistic!
" Tears began to fall onto the clenched hands.
"And Jake!! Jake would love a new friend! He'd ask you to scrap with him if you know how to fight a little and he's really cool and I just… My friends would be your friends, if that would help you not look so lonely!"
She wasn't entirely sure what it was that made her start crying quietly that evening. She assumed it was pity, looking back on it years from now, but it wasn't. She loved her friends dearly, and seeing even one of them sad would make her strive to bring back a small glimmer of joy.
"They can be your friends too Roxy. You wouldn't have to feel like that anymore. Even if you go away, we'll still be your friends."
Roxy Lalonde
Join date
always moving
Subject: Re: Bittersweet Memories
Wed May 15, 2013 12:51 am
In a second, Jane was sitting next to her. Roxy didn't question it, it only felt natural. The maiden's hands on hers felt warm and comforting, as did her smile. In that moment, Roxy wondered why that smile was on her friend's face because just a second ago, it was her who was trying to comfort Jane.
Roxy listened to Jane talk about her friends. She gazed at Jane with intensity, her eyes never moving away. She was truly fascinated. Through Jane's words, she had the impression of knowing each of them personally, and she could picture herself play with them: running around the castle with John, fooling around with Jade's potions and fighting with Jake. She watched in utter incredulity tears fall from Jane's eyes. The rogue's sight started to blur slowly but she still stared at her friend without blinking.
"I'm not lonely, I..."
She finally blinked, feeling the sting of tears in her eyes. Her pride was strong and she tried to stay calm, repressing the tears. She kept staring at her friend, trying to focus and to push away the emotions that were flooding her. By the end of Jane's last sentence, she was slightly shaking.
"Look Janey, I'm not sad. Not at all."
That's when she felt the lonely tear on her cheek, slowly making its way to her neck; the one tear that was too strong for her to hold back. She stared at their hands and real tears started streaming down her face.
The moment was so intense Roxy couldn't even figure out why she was crying. The only thing that mattered was the girl next to her and the things that she said. That if she went away, they would still be friends. That Jane considered her friend, in the first place.
Without thinking, Roxy threw her arms around Jane in an embrace. She rested her head on her shoulder and started sobbing quietly.
"I'm sorry."
She whispered through her tears. And she was. She was ashamed of crying like that on her new friend's shoulder. But at the same time, she was so relieved she could. She added in a strangled voice:
"Thank you so much."
Jane Crocker
Join date
Temple of Life on Prospit's Moon
Subject: Re: Bittersweet Memories
Thu May 16, 2013 12:55 pm
The quiet sobs of her newfound friend made her feel a little remorse. Maybe she shouldn't have brought it up. But with the way Roxy was crying on her shoulder, she knew that this was what she needed. Her arms wrapped themselves around her; one of her hands petting her hair in what she honestly hoped was a soothing gesture. The mumbled words she heard through the crying made her own tears continue.
"Cry all you want."
Her voice was soft as her hands continued to try and comfort her. She didn't care if she was soaked with the tears, if it meant that her friend would smile brighter later. It seemed like it was hours later that they finally pulled apart. Jane gave Roxy a watery laugh and pulled out her handkerchief to dab at her friends face.
"You're a mess Roxy."
She wiped away the tears that still clung to her cheeks and tried to not resume crying again.
"But I meant it. We'll always be friends, as long as we want the other as one!"
Roxy Lalonde
Join date
always moving
Subject: Re: Bittersweet Memories
Wed May 22, 2013 11:03 pm
Feeling Jane's arms around her, Roxy gave in completely to the intensity of the moment. The emotions she was feeling were shaking her because she didn't knew she felt that way. Of course, she always felt a little lonely but she had no idea her sadness was so deep. It was like talking to Jane opened a gate she could not shut back as for now.
The assurance Jane would not push her away and the fact she would wait until she was done crying made her feel a little better. She was still sobbing but at least, she was sure Jane would still be here, that she wouldn't be afraid of how ugly her sadness was. It was the first time someone other than her dad held her like that and pet her hair to make her feel better. At that moment, Roxy was certain no one else would ever do it again. She felt deep inside of her that if someone in this universe was made to be her friend, it was Jane and her only, and that she could not feel closer to anyone else. That night, the emotional connexion between the two girls, was so intense no one could have described it.
After a while, the sobs quieted down. When the two girls pulled apart, it felt like an eternity. Roxy could see that Jane's face was a little red from all that crying and she could only imagine what her own face looked like. She stood still when the priestess dried her tears. When she told her she was a mess, Roxy genuinely giggled.
"You don't look so great either!"
Her hand flew to Jane's and she held them once again. Looking at her straight in the eyes, Roxy replied:
"As long as I live, I'll be your friend too, Janey. I don't know what brought my dad and I here, but I will eternally thank the rain that fell on Prospit today. Without it, I would have never met you."
She was quiet for a moment, then an idea popped into her mind and she said:
"One day, I'll take you to Skaia with me. You'll see all its wonders by your own eyes!"
The idea of travelling with her friend made Roxy really happy.
Jane Crocker
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Temple of Life on Prospit's Moon
Subject: Re: Bittersweet Memories
Mon Jun 17, 2013 9:16 pm
Jane let out another watery laugh as she felt her hands clasped by her friend.
"I'm pretty sure that's my line."
She rubbed at her eyes with the back of her hand, using her sleeve, before Roxy spoke again.
She couldn't keep the excitement from her voice. Sure she was allowed out the building, but never to Skaia. She always wanted to visit down there, see the marvels that the moon didn't have. The growing
on the surface, the so-called pristine waters. Maybe there, she could be useful! She wouldn't mind devoting her life to helping others and being a healer. Not in the slightest.
"I'd love that Roxy. I really would."
She smiled. The idea really was a good one, and she would love to go and explore with her.
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Washington in Adams County, Mississippi — The American South (East South Central)
Territorial capital 1802-17. Statehood constitutional convention held here in 1817. Legislature met here until 1820. During its great days, it was known as the "Versailles" of the territory.
Erected 1969 by Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
Marker series. This marker is included in the Mississippi State Historical Marker Program marker series.
Location. 31° 34.765′ N, 91° 18.032′ W. Marker is in Washington, Mississippi, in Adams County. Marker is on Jefferson College Street north of U.S. 61, on the right when traveling north. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Washington MS 39190, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Dr. John W. Monette (a few steps from this marker); Andrew Jackson at Washington (within shouting distance of this marker); Jefferson Military College (within shouting distance of this marker); The President's House (about 400 feet away, measured in a direct line); Washington Campground Site of Assembly Hall (about 700 feet away); Elizabeth Female Academy (approx. 0.6 miles away); Site of Elizabeth Female College (approx. 0.6 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Washington.
Categories. • Settlements & Settlers •
More. Search the internet for Washington.
Credits. This page was last revised on July 11, 2017. This page originally submitted on July 11, 2017, by Cajun Scrambler of Assumption, Louisiana. This page has been viewed 149 times since then and 18 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on July 11, 2017.


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Sweet Evil Trilogy Giveaway
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Wait … did you say 6 MONTHS OF GIVEAWAYS??? Yep, that's exactly what I said. And here's why … my debut YA Paranormal novel, coming out in 2018, stars a daughter of an Angel and Fallen. The book includes everything from magic, deep emotion, snarky dialogue, and swoon-worthy romance. I mean, what's a novel without…
Expires at October 31, 2017


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Earning a Ph.D. requires extended study and intense mental effort. A PhD is an academic study on which you concentrate for four to six years after obtaining your master's degree, and that leads, if successful, to a PhD degree, the highest academic degree.
Students interested in applied mathematics might choose to pursue architecture studies. Many classes teach individuals how to design cost-effective, visually eye-catching and structurally feasible homes and buildings by stressing engineering principles and problem-solving techniques.
Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a nation state in Central Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. Slovenia is a relatively safe country to visit. The university in Ljubljana is the oldest and largest educational institution in the country, offering three art academies: Theatre and Film; Music; and Fine Arts.
Doctorate Program in Architecture in Slovenia
The doctoral study programme in Architecture lasts 3 years (6 semesters) and is comprised of a total of 180
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Ph.D. in ArchitectureThe doctoral study programme in Architecture lasts 3 years (6 semesters) and is comprised of a total of 180 ects–credits.The study programme includes 60 ects–credits in organized study form, and 120 ects–credits of individual research work (basic or applied research). The organized forms are comprised of a general, architectural module and interdisciplinary optional modules, as well as of an annual research presentation (ranging from the presentation of the study plan to the defense of the dissertation).The scientific title acquired by the doctoral student in the field of architecture is Doctor of Science. The abbreviated form of the title placed in front of the name is Dr.Basic GoalsThe programme trains the independent scientific researcher in the widest problem area of architectural issues, demonstrating responsibility towards the cultural region and excellence at an international level. Responsibility for architecture as both a field of scientific research and a cultural region derives from the significance of architectural design, the quality of buildings harmonizing with the environment, respect for natural and urban landscapes, which is in the public interest. The quality of physical space is protected in the public interest by Slovenian and European legislation.General competencies...


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-Cleverly named after Anthony's lovely wife.
-Camera rotator and support system for large lenses.
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MELBOURNE, Fla. – Tiffin men's basketball came alive in the second-half to run away from Florida Tech but then had to hold on tight to defeat the Panthers 78-74 to improve to 2-0 at the Florida Tech Winter Classic.
The Dragons will return home with an overall record of 5-7 and enjoy a well-earned break as they have 10 days off before a road game at West Liberty on Dec. 30.
The story of the game came down to runs for each team, as Florida Tech opened the contest on a 26-11 run over the first 10:56. From that point until there was 4:51 remaining in regulation (a 24:13 stretch), TU enjoyed a 62-28 advantage over the Panthers. Turnovers against a tough Florida Tech press would help the Panthers score the next 16 unanswered, but the Dragons made their free throws to hold on in the end.
Tiffin went from shooting 4-16 (25%) from deep in the first-half to 8-15 (53%), and was able to outscore Florida Tech 20-9 on the break. Justin Miller scored 15 points including 5-8 from deep, while Joshua Williams added 16, Austin Adams 13, and Shane Waldon 10. Williams also recorded a career-high eight rebounds in the win.
TU got off to a slow start, unable to make shots from deep (1-8) in the early going as the Panthers took a 21-11 advantage into the second media timeout at the 10:25 mark.
The deficit would grow to 15, 26-11, with 9:04 remaining. The Dragons countered with a run, though, as shots began falling and defense picked up the rest of the half. Over the remaining nine minutes, TU outscored Florida Tech 20-5, heading into halftime knotted at 31.
Highlighting the run was a nifty old-fashioned three-point play from Thomas Hickman, a three from well beyond the arc that was splashed in by Justin Miller, and a triple from the top of the key off the hands of Austin Adams that banked in to tie things up with six seconds left in the opening period.
Tiffin grabbed their first lead of the game immediately after the break, as Joshua Williams knocked down a three from the corner on the first possession.
Miller took over the game for about a five-minute stretch midway through the second period, draining three triples in a row and dishing out a beautiful assist to Adams for a backdoor layup as Tiffin flipped the script on Florida Tech and gained a 15-point lead of their own at 64-49 with 9:16 to play.
The Dragon advantage would grow to as many as 19 at the 4:51 mark, but Florida Tech responded with 16 unanswered points over the next three minutes to cut the lead to just three, 73-70.
Adams would finally break the scoring drought for Tiffin, converting a layup with 50 seconds left to build the lead back up to five. TU was able to make free throws over the remainder of the game, and Tiffin held on for the 78-74 victory.


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Michio Kaku – A new age of Guru of Science for Non cosmological people around the world
Being a Science student, I have always love for Physics and Cosmology, Although I am not very good with equations and Mathematics (**Still I am an electrical engineer 😉 ). This my third book of Kaku which is more fascinating and interesting than others. Kaku's book always have charm to dilute you with history of Science and Technological evolution. Kaku's book remind me one famous line of my state:
"Books are not only summarization of knowledge but its a whole journey of a human, his experience and his wisdom. So never waste your time to do anything else except gasping wisdom from world most enlighten people [around the world]"
Well, Moreover Kaku has started his journey with as usual legend of Physics : Einstein and Isaac Newton. These prime bacon of science is almost starting point of everything. Kaku's explain Gravity and their relation with other cosmic bodies in solar system. What more passionate me !!
Kaku describe these complex theories (Quantum Entanglement, GUT symmetry, Quantum paradox's) like a teacher to laymen. The very important part of the book is writing style. its not book for a science graduate, not for a physicist or anyone who is nerd. This is for everyone who is little bit open the box. Kaku's explanation about creation of universe through big bang, and how even big bang (its funny name taken due to criticism of this theory) has named which was initially very shameful in science community.
In Part One, Kaku explain how the question of universe actually arise. One Incident of Apple fall in Newton garden to Einstein jobs as a clerk of patent house turns their life. How the imagination of these two powerful men create human history in very different point of view. Humans have always dream about heaven beyond the star, but Einstein create heaven on paper for them. But jolt of Quantum mechanics and evolution of quantum paradox shake him hard. His theory of General relativity suits in macro world. but its almost fail in micro world. New research on area of quantum mechanics given him more jolt and one day he died in dream of single theory for this universe. Known as "Theory of Everything".


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Give your home the upgrades it needs.
Discover up to $4,000 cash-back and up to $15,000 worth of financing incentives to improve the comfort and energy-efficiency of your home.
Glen Rock residents enjoy a special rate of $49 on New Jersey's premier home energy audit.
The Glen Rock Energy Smart Rock Homes Energy Audit program utilized the purchasing power of our municipality to secure a negotiated rate on a home energy audit for Glen Rock residents at a significant discount from the prevailing rate through Ciel Power LLC.
Practical steps to save energy and money.
The Energy Smart Rock Homes campaign was established by the Glen Rock Environmental Commission and the Borough of Glen Rock as a way to promote awareness of practical resources available to Glen Rock residents that will help save energy and money while bringing us closer to achieving our goal of a sustainable Glen Rock.
How it works
1) Schedule your energy audit
Certified Ciel technicians perform a top-down assessment of the safety and energy efficiency of your home using specialized diagnostic equipment. The more we can save on your utility bills, the more cash and financing incentives you qualify for!
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Pick and choose exactly which upgrades to make on your home. Choose from upgrades to your home's insulation, heating, air-conditioning, and hot water systems to save up to thirty percent on your energy bills.
3) Get your New Jersey Home Performance with ENERGY STAR® rebate
Up to $4,000 in cash-back rebates and up to $15,000 worth of incentive financing is available through the New Jersey Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program! Let our team of specialists manage the paperwork and processing so you don't have to. Cash-back incentives are delivered within 60 to 120 days after your upgrades are installed.
New Jersey Home Performance with ENERGY STAR
More than 500,000 homeowners nationwide have participated in Home Performance with ENERGY STAR.
New Jersey's Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program offers whole-house solutions to high energy bills and homes with comfort problems.
Unlike typical energy audit programs, the goal of Home Performance with ENERGY STAR is to turn recommendations into improved homes.
Cash-back incentives in the amount of $2,000, $3,000, or $4,000 help you save money and extend your home improvement dollars.
Incentive financing totaling $5,000, $10,000, or $15,000 provides multiple payment options to meet your needs and your budget.
Take the first step towards participating in the New Jersey Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program with New Jersey's premier provider of home energy audits.
Questions? Our reps have answers. (201) 632-3463
Honorable Mentions
Rebecca Jarvis, Chief Business Correspondent for ABC's World News Tonight with David Muir joins Ciel on this Home Energy Audit in Ridgewood, New Jersey.
Responsibly Raising The Bar
While conventional insulation and mechanical contracting has evolved to maximize profits and production, we carefully examine each of our customer's homes to make insightful recommendations about budget-friendly improvements that will yield the biggest impact on their home's overall comfort and efficiency.
Every home. Every day.
We're all about focusing on what matters most – keeping your family healthy and safe. Morning to night, certified Ciel technicians are using sophisticated diagnostic equipment to meticulously examine gas lines, combustion appliances and exhaust ventilation so we can make recommendations that underscore the health, safety, and well-being of our customers.
Comfort and energy efficiency
Sophisticated Thermal Imaging
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Detailed Analysis
Health and safety testing:
Carbon Monoxide
Gas leaks
Exhaust ventilation
Best-In-Class Reporting
Dig deeper with detailed reports that provide the visibility and insight necessary to make important decisions about your home.
Professional Consultation
Get experienced insight on the multiple paths towards a comfortable and efficient home, understand the financial incentives available for upgrades, and enjoy a streamlined paperwork process so you can stay productive.
Health and Safety
Get a real time view into the safety and energy-efficiency of your home's heating and hot water systems. Watch as they use sophisticated equipment to closely examine the exhaust gasses of your system so that you can be confident that the combustion, exhaust ventilation, and carbon monoxide levels of your heating system are functional and within normal ranges.


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Q. Do you have a brick and mortar storefront?
A. We bake out of our commercial kitchen and do not have a storefront shop. We pride ourselves on baking the FRESHEST treats! That means we are a made to order bakery and do not have anything sitting on a shelf. All orders placed are made for each individual client to guarantee the freshest tasting treats. We offer Curbside Pick Up at our kitchen. All orders require a minimum 48 hour advance notice. Our kitchen is located at:
5600 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90036
Q. What is this "Gluten-free" all about?
A. Gluten is a protein that can be found in wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten helps foods maintain their shape, acting as a glue that holds the food together. A Gluten-free diet is one that excludes gluten and is primarily used to treat Celiac Disease and other gluten sensitivities. More than a quarter of Americans are cutting down on gluten or eliminating it entirely from their daily diets and experiencing better digestive health, increased energy and reduced bloating. ReMixed Bakery is proud to be 100% Gluten-free!
Q. What do you mean you're bakery is 100% Gluten-free?
A. 100% Gluten-free means everything that is made in our kitchen is Gluten-free and we only use Gluten-free ingredients.
***All ReMixed Bakery goods are made in a facility that processes nuts, soy and dairy. Our facility is Gluten-free.
Q. What is Paleo?
A. The Paleo diet is very similar to the diet of the Caveman Era (or Paleolithic Era) which consisted of whole unprocessed nutrient dense foods. All of our Paleo items are Gluten-free, Grain-free, Dairy-free, and Refined Sugar-free. Wether you're looking for a healthy option or have special dietary needs our Paleo treats are satisfying and nutritious.
Q. Are any of your baked goods Sugar-free?
A. All of our Paleo items are Refined Sugar-free, which means we use All Natural Sweetener substitutes such as Raw Honey and Maple Syrup Grade B.
Q. How big are the baked goods?
A. Almost everything (with exception of our Cakes) at ReMixed Bakery is bite size, which means they are mini and perfectly portioned. The Cupcakes can be made Mini or Standard size.
Q. How long do your treats stay fresh?
A. Our treats are perishable and do not contain preservatives. We suggest storing your baked goods in sealed containers for optimal freshness. Follow our guide below:
4 Days at Room Temperature
7 Days in the Refrigerator
1 Month in the Freezer
Q. How do I place an order?
A. To place an order:
Shop on our website here
Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com
Call us 424-284-3879


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Kenosha 1st Grader Gets New Heart
Back in December, we brought you the story of Lily Lachman, a Kenosha 6-year-old in desperate need of a heart transplant.
Lily was diagnosed with Cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and unable to pump blood efficiently.
She's been at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin ever since, waiting for a donor.
Friday, her parents got the call they've been waiting for.
"I said all we need is a new heart, and then all of a sudden the pager goes off," says Mother Nicole Lachman. "Next thing I know, I'm at the hospital. The tears were joy, sadness, fear, everything. It's overwhelming."
Nicole gave Lily's father, Dan, the honor of telling Lily the news.
"I started by asking her, what's the one thing you've been asking for that you want? That you really want?" he says. "And she replied, ice cream."
Her second request? A new heart.
"I told her that more than likely, if things went all, that she was going to be getting a new heart tonight or tomorrow," he says. "It sent her into a whirlwind of emotions."
Saturday morning at 1 a.m., the family gave Lily a good-luck kiss as she was wheeled off for the lengthy surgery.
"It was very hard to explain," says Step-Mother Lisa Bella of the emotions. "Sad, hopeful, happy, very scared."
Over 12 hours later, the heart was in, beating on its own without a heart and lung bypass machine.
The family says they've been told they'll legally need to wait a year before attempting to learn the identity of Lily's donor.
"We just want to thank each and every one of them," says Lachman. "If it wasn't for them, this day would have never come."


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The iRMC identifies ongoing opportunities for executing agency strategy, optimizing the use of available resources, and expanding service levels to unprecedented heights with limited resources.
Successful execution of security plans and strategies often depend on the availability of resources and how well this scarce commodity is managed and aligned with agency goals.
Emergency 9-1-1 and routine service demands can easily overwhelm resources and limit the agency's capacity to merely servicing rather than preventing and solving security problems.
For this reason, effectively balancing contending workload demands, managing bottlenecks and performance shortfalls that impact resource levels, and focusing resources on agency priorities are important functions for agencies of all sizes, and mission critical for agencies with staffing shortages. It was with these challenges in mind that we developed the IRMC.
IRMC helps users to:
Get up to the moment information about current resource capacity, use, and availability
Gain objective and timely insights into agency performance metrics
Achieve greater control over agencies resources and resource allocation
Better manage dynamic workload demands and bottlenecks that impact performance
Deconflict and prioritize the use of agency resources
Monitor current performance activities in relation to agency objectives and strategies in real-time
Identify, utilize idle and redirect misaligned resources in real-time
iRMC KEY BENEFITS…
Optimize the use of limited resources
Match the available resources with the needs of the organization to achieve agency goals.
Close the performance gap between strategy and execution
Increase agency performance and productivity
Cut costs and extend the reach of available resources
PROVEN and Reliable
Mid-size agency productivity gains have reached $5.7 million annually and $1.9 million in just 6 months


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French multinational company Schneider Electric has partnered with industrial cybersecurity firm Nozomi Networks to provide advanced anomaly detection, vulnerability assessment and other cybersecurity solutions and services to customers in the industrial and critical infrastructure sectors
The company stated that the partnership enables Schneider Electric to respond more aggressively to the immediate demand for effective, operational technology cybersecurity services, solutions and expertise in oil and gas, power, building automation and other industrial sectors.
It will offer Nozomi Networks' advanced solutions for industrial control system cyber resilience and real-time operational visibility to customers worldwide.
Nathalie Marcotte, senior vice president, Industry Services and Cybersecurity, Schneider Electric, said, "The industry-wide transformation taking place today enables our customers to improve their business performance in ways they never imagined, but it requires them to expand connectivity across their operations, so they can extract, contextualise and apply new levels of rich data."
"However, extending connectivity also extends the attack surface for would-be cybercriminals. Therefore, cybersecurity can no longer be an afterthought. There's too much at stake, financially and operationally. By adding Nozomi Networks to our family of partners, we strengthen our ability to help customers understand and eliminate risks and threats to their operations and assets while reducing potential impact on their business success," she added.
The company will combine its EcoStruxure IIoT process automation and industrial control solutions with Nozomi's SCADAguardian platform for real-time operations visibility.
EcoStruxure is Schneider Electric's open, interoperable, IoT- enabled system architecture and platform that delivers enhanced value for customers in terms of safety, reliability, efficiency, sustainability and connectivity, the company added.
Edgard Capdevielle, chief executive officer at Nozomi Networks, commented, "Years of multi-industry experience discerning the complexities of industrial control system networks, continuous innovation and expertise in artificial intelligence and machine learning have made Nozomi Networks SCADAguardian the most comprehensive, scalable and mature product in its category."
Alain Charles Publishing, University House, 11-13 Lower Grosvenor Place, London, SW1W 0EX, UK
T: +44 20 7834 7676, F: +44 20 7973 0076, W: www.alaincharles.com


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Wife of the slain Professor Ahmed Mustapha Falaki of Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Hajia Gadatu Ahmed Falaki, is yet to recover from the shock of her husband's killing, as she still can't believe that her husband is gone forever.
Falaki, a Professor of Agronomy and Director of the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) of ABU, was killed in a controversial circumstance at a Kano village.
The Nation gathered that Professor Falaki was a victim of circumstance after what was reported to be a Boko Haram attack on a Kano Police Station.
It was reported that around 4.30pm last Saturday, suspected Boko Haram members attacked Kibiya Police Station in Kano and opened fire on the station. Police and villagers, however, said on Sunday that two of the sect members were killed, while running away after their defeat at the police station.
According to the Kano Police spokesman, ASP Magaji Musa Majia, "two Boko Haram members who attacked the police station in Kibiya were killed. The insurgents, who rode on three motorcycles, were ambushed by villagers who were alerted by the sporadic gunshots. They lynched one of the militants and arrested two others. Our men killed one earlier during the attack at the police station."
But, it later turned out that, one of the slain persons was Professor Falaki and the two persons arrested and tagged Boko Haram members were his brother, Mallam Abbas Mustapha, a retired school head master in Doguwa LGA and the second was the professor's official driver, Lawal Ahmad.
The Professor's body was released on Sunday around 3pm and has since been buried in accordance with Islamic rites.
Meanwhile, when The Nation visited the the late Professor's residence in a serene area of ABU, the house was very quiet, despite the influx of friends of the Falaki's family who came on a condolence visit.
Hajia Gadatu, who was apparently holding herself by her belief in the will of God told our correspondent that her husband lived a worthy life and died as a pious man.
According to her, "when I heard the news of my husband's death, I couldn't believe it and I still find it hard to believe that my husband is gone forever. My husband use to go to Kano every Friday and come back on Sunday; so that was how he left me on Friday.
"When I received the news that he was attacked at another route entirely that I was not aware of, because we didn't discuss it that he would be going to that route that very day. So, when my son came and told me that, this is what happened to him, I didn't believe it, but when the news spread, we were disturbed. all the children were crying; they wanted to know what happened to him. Because, as we were told he was attacked by Boko Haram.
"So, the question I was asking is, what took him to that route to the extent of meeting with Boko Haram? Throughout that night, we couldn't sleep; we were trying to know where he was and what happened to him. But, we couldn't get across to him until the following day (Sunday) when my sister told me that my husband is no more.
''I couldn't believe it, it was a very tragic and pathetic situation. Up till now, I don't know exactly what happened to him that led to his death; only Allah knows, and we leave everything in the hands of Allah. He is the best Judge."
Mrs. Falaki continued: "even his brother that was with him, and his driver, I have not been able to extract any meaningful information from them. Each time they tried to tell me something, they ended up crying.
"The last thing we discussed was about a message I had for my last daughter, who is also living in Kano. But, he (her husband) told me he had a lot of work to do in the office and that his driver would come and collect the message and the driver later came to get the message. I never knew I would not see my husband again," she said.
Hajia Gadatu Falaki, who had been married to the late Professor for 40 years, extolled the virtues of her slain husband, saying that she was her husband's first girlfriend.
According to her, "We met when he was very young and I was very young too in my secondary school. And we got married when he was in 200 level here in the university. So, throughout his achievements, I was with him. I was by his side, this is our 40th year together.
"We have 10 children. In fact, my husband was a very good man, a God-fearing and pious man. I was his first girlfriend. He was never……, I don't want to use this word, but he was good. You know how the society is, but he never even got interested in other women. Even his classmates were saying it when we got married that, they must go and see that lucky woman who had gotten married to this holy boy? That was what they called him. He spent his life trying to improve on his religion and other people's lives," Mrs. Gadatu Falaki said.
As at the time The Nation left Falaki's residence, the Professor's widow was alone in the house with one of her daughters, except for their security guard who was seen at the gate in a mourning mood as he was performing his duty.
Meanwhile, reports had quoted Professor Falaki's younger brother, Abbas Mustapha Falaki, as saying that they were returning from Yada-Gungume in Ningi LGA of Bauchi State when they had a flat tyre.
According to him, "We had a flat tyre in Fala village of Tudun Wada LGA of Kano State while returning from Bauchi State. It was while we were there that Boko Haram members riding on seven motorcycles came to us and demanded for the professor's Toyota Hilux vehicle. The driver looked at the professor's eyes and he asked him to give it to them. They jumped into the car and sped off. They did not harm us as we didn't argue with them," he said.
He said when the militants left, the professor asked them to trek to Fala village to get another vehicle to Kano. While trekking to the village, the professor made some calls to Kano.
"When we got to the village, the people started suspecting us because some of them saw us while we were trying to change our flat tyre on the outskirts of the village. But we told them that our car had been snatched by some gunmen. The professor told them to help us get another vehicle because it was around 6.pm," he said.
He added that while they were waiting for the vehicle, a team of policemen arrived from Kibiya and the villagers suddenly pounced on them.
"The professor quickly showed the policemen his ABU identity card and asked them to stop the villagers. But the policemen did not, and the locals continued to stab him with knives and inflict machete cuts in many places. I ran into the bush but a police officer shot at my direction.
"I thought the bullet had hit me, so I fell down. The villagers came to where I was and stabbed me on my face and other places. They threw me and professor into the police van. When we got to Kibiya police division, the policemen were celebrating that they had killed Boko Haram members," he said.
Abbas said he told the policemen that they were not Boko Haram members and that the man killed was Professor Falaki of the ABU.
"It was while we were there that the professor's driver, who ran into the bush was brought in. When operatives of the Kano Special Anti Robbery Squad (SARS) came, they interrogated me and the driver and discovered that we were not Boko Haram members," he said.
He said after the SARS operatives left, the policemen at the station blindfolded him and the professor's driver before taking them to the Kano police headquarters in Bompai.
Meanwhile, the ABU branch of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) has threatened legal action, should the Inspector General of Police refuse to bring the culprits to book. ASUU, in a press release jointly signed by its Chairman and Secretary, Dr. M.K Aliyu and Dr. Almustapha Liman respectively, said it received with shock, "the brutal killing of one of its members, Professor Ahmed Mustapha Falaki in the hands of the Nigerian Police. Professor Falaki was a dedicated Professor of Agronomy and Director Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) of ABU and also former Country Director of the SASAKAWA Project in Nigeria."
The statement added: "Professor Falaki was on an official assignment from ABU when his car was snatched by gunmen at Fala village. He was at Fala for more than two hours making calls to officers in ABU and his family on his predicament when suddenly some persons, who identified themselves as policemen, appeared on the scene allegedly in pursuit of Boko Haram members who had earlier laid siege to the police station in Kibiya town. Professor Falaki identified himself by presenting his ABU identity card and drivers licence. His driver did the same. But for some inexplicable reasons, these policemen ignored the identification, insisting that for all they cared, the deceased and his entourage were members of Boko Haram who had escaped from Kibiya.
"They then began to strike them with machetes, clubs and gun butts. Professor Falaki was struck a fatal blow and died on the scene. His brother, Abbas, sustained deep cuts to his head and trunk. The driver was unharmed at this point but was later beaten after he was apprehended by the police. The body of Professor Falaki was later transported to Murtala Muhammed Hospital, Kano, by the police. The driver and Abbas were chained, blindfolded and conveyed to Bompai, Kano, by the same police assailants.
"This is a clear case of deliberate murder by the police of an innocent citizen carrying out his lawful duties. ASUU-ABU is therefore calling on the Inspector General of Police to immediately arrest the culprits in order to bring them to justice. Anything short of that will leave the union no other avenue than to seek redress through other legal means available to it, including industrial action. It is unacceptable to our union and by extension to any lawful Nigeria that the police are killing innocent citizens in the name of fighting insurgency," ASUU said.


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Basic Digital Photography Class covering light, camera settings. making sharp images, lens selection, camera selection, printing, composition, etc. Aimed at beginning interchangeable lens camera users but useful for camera phone and point and shoot camera users as well. More imformation and registration can be found here.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: April 7Intro to Macro Photography
Later Event: June 24Basic Digital Photography


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We focus on finding the right strategies for every individual as we know a one fit it all method is not effective. You will have a programme designed specifically to meet your needs, based on a reasonable time frame and realistic goals.
Mindfulness and Life Coaching
Stress, anxiety, mood swings, lack of concentration, lack of confidence, lack of self-discipline, fear, depression. It all relates to our emotions and self-awareness. The first step to overcome these hurdles is to understand your emotions and how to manage them.
Leadership and Communication Development
We would help you to improve leadership and communication skills. On our session, you will discover how to make better decisions, how to communicate your needs and understand the needs of others, how to build a team and how to manage it. Each programme is unique and tailor made to suit your needs.
Accountability and progress review
Make real and long-lasting changes in your lifestyle
Achieve goals faster and with the support that you need from a professional that cares
Improved focus and effectiveness with tasks at hand
Learn to control your emotions and take a different approach to dealing with situations
Become motivated and resilient
Enjoy more fulfilling relationships
Make better decisions
Increase your confidence
Become a better leader
Improve your communication skills


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Jumbo Flooding Ltd. started as a small firm with an objective to help those in need and today, with the help of our valued customers and our skilled staff, we have achieved our milestone of becoming the leading flood restoration company across the town.
We are a family of over 200 staff members with a common aim to reach the epitome of success.
Jumbo Flooding Ltd. believes in offering quality services and for that reason, we have a quality control protocol that involves a quality check in-process as well as after-process.
We also believe in contributing positively towards the environment and for the same reason, we have a sustainability protocol that involves the implementation of "reduce, recycle and reuse" through the entire restoration process. Jumbo Flooding Ltd. also incorporates updated technology which, in turn, implies that our equipment is energy efficient and does its bit efficiently without any downtime.
Why Choose Jumbo Flooding Ltd.?
- 24/7 Availability
- Timely Delivery Of Services
- Transparent Costing
- Effective Services
- Aid in Settling Insurance Claims


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The Vegan Guide to Protein/
Can a vegan diet be a balanced diet with sufficient protein? Being vegan is often a compassionate choice, but for many vegans this overrides any question of whether being vegan is good for your health or not, and the assumption is that a vegan diet is by its nature a healthy one. Is that true?Read More