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Browsing Cand.merc.POL - MSc in International Business and Politics by Year Published
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A constructivist insight in regionalization processesNicolella, Dario (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: As a general aim, this work seeks to propose a new approach to the study of regionalization processes, completing their understanding based on economic interests with a view on political and identity- related factors. Indeed, due to the limited resources and space available for the research, in the necessary choice between wideness and deepness of the reasoning I rather leaned towards the former, leaving the deepening as a stimulating task for further investigation. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1502
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A descriptive case study of six partnerships in NorwayBoué, Kim; Kjær, Kristine (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: How do mutually beneficial strategic partnerships between NGOs and businesses form and prosper? What important features characteristics can be found in strategic partnerships, and how can we best describe the dynamics between the parties? URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1501
Files in this item: 1kim_boue_og_kristine_kjaer.pdf (2.681Mb)
Increasing energy security in importing countries, while creating sustainable development in exporting countriesThe case of international energy relations between the EU, China and Sub-Sahara AfricaFarah, Hosh M. K. (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to map the international trade in energy, and more specifically examine the strategic policy directions of the EU and China, in their resource endowments in SSA, while taking into account the consequences that their strategies are having on SSA. The thesis offers an understanding of the intertwined policies as well as the means and methods utilized in the quest to increase energy security. The analysis is conducted both at a theoretical and an applied level, in order to further the understanding of the consequences arriving from the different policy directions, as a result the research is both descriptive and explanatory in nature. The main findings are: That the power of the EU in relation to SSA has decreased relative to the power of China. The EU has been unable to exercise the same influence negotiating bilaterally, compared to the influence formerly applied under free market competition and through institutions, because of fragmented coherence between national and supranational energy agendas, and between IOCs and government institutions. China has by offering bilateral deals, without "political" strings attached been able to increase its supply from the region, but their tie-inn arrangements, are fostering negative backlashes, because of negative social consequences. In order to capitalize on the energy trade the SSA countries have to shift focus from a heavy reliance on resource intensive exports, towards a promotion of a more long-term sustainable labor intensive export. This can be done by implementing macroeconomic and interventionist policies that increase investments in other industries than resource intensive. To a larger extend, the EU and China, have to incorporate socio-economic variables into their energy strategies, creating a more solid foundation for increased social cohesion in the exporting countries, hereby raising their own supply security. The originality of this study is based on filling the gap between energy security and the creation of sustainable development. The EU has to find a new way of balancing a prioritization of its external energy policy with a more focused policy agenda on development. At the same time China needs to take into consideration the long term sustainability of their strategy, by reevaluating the impact their tie-inn arrangements have on the level of energy security. SSA countries have to increase their understanding of the workings of the Chinese and European resource endowment strategies, and use the opportunities that exist in the trade off, while at the same time trying to minimize the harmful consequences. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1496
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A case study of the cleantech project Zira IslandFredbo-Nielsen, Louise Juul (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Based on the conceptual framework of the innovation system approach, this thesis explores the embeddedness of the cleantech construction project, the Zira Island, in the surrounding national-, regional-, and sectoral innovation systems. The Zira Island was originally a rocky, deserted island off the Azerbaijani coast but due to the two Danish companies, Rambøll and BIG Architects, it may well become a 1,000,000 square meter role model for sustainable urban development. Cleantech innovation thus represents a way of innovating for a sustainable growth model. Companies are embedded in complex webs of interactions and the Zira project is developed between in interactions through informal relations with reciprocity and feedback mechanisms in loops. The interactions and relations are mainly based on non-market collaboration characterised by a high degree of trust and through which the knowledge elements are transferred. The case findings show that BIG and Rambøll are influenced by the surrounding innovation systems in a variety of ways. As regards regional and sectoral innovation systems neither Rambøll nor BIG are officially members of such systems as e.g. Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster. However, the companies are arguably influenced by the more indirect effects of being situated in proximity to a large range of cleantech companies and research institutes geographically within the region. Concerning the influence of the European innovation system, the case findings do not indicate any significant and distinctive influence. The answer to the research question is to a large degree, that the Zira project can be explained by embeddedness in the Danish national innovation system. However, even though a large degree of exports and international interaction are characteristics of the Danish innovation system, they also indicate that the international embeddedness of the Zira project paradoxically can be partly explained by the project's embeddedness in the Danish national innovation system. This can somewhat be accounted for by the small open economy argument that the openness of a small economy can be explained by the small size of the domestic market and that they depend on foreign markets to grow and be competitive. The case findings indicate that international embeddedness does not discard the importance of national innovation systems – and they will remain important with the increasing globalisation and changing context. Three possibly system failures in the Danish innovation system have appeared in this thesis: inefficient and sporadic network activities; bureaucracy and ignorance about the offers in the Danish innovation support system; and lack of access to financing. These system failures all call for policy intervention in order to mitigate the problems. But the most crucial challenges for Danish innovation policy in the future will be to establish a new policy construct which encompasses the blurring of interactions and relations across sectors, technologies, company type and size, geographical borders and public-private status. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1676
Files in this item: 4BIG Architects interview 8 July 2010.WMA (10.92Mb)CCC interview 27 August 2010.WMA (8.815Mb)DASTI intervies 8 August 2010.WMA (17.22Mb)louise_juul_fredbo-nielsen.pdf (1.763Mb)
Multi-stakeholder environmental governance in the Arctic; institutionalized cooperation or informal dialogue?A case of the oil and gas industryRefsnes, Aase (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Multi-stakeholder cooperation, with particular presence of private business entities, is receiving increasing attention in the global governance literature. Private-public partnerships and global policy networks especially has been emphasized as new governance mechanisms. Recently, the world is also witnessing the consequences of global warming; large areas in the Arctic are becoming ice-free, opening for oil and gas activities. As a consequence, various environmental issues, have arisen on how we should govern these activities in the vulnerable Arctic environment. Especially within trans-boundary environmental issues it is advocated that these new governance structures with cooperation between public and the private sectors are particularly pronounced. Therefore, taken the case of the environmental aspects of oil and gas activities in the Arctic, is it possible to observe such governance arrangements in the Arctic or has global governance theory exaggerated the extent of multi-stakeholder cooperation and partnerships between private sector business entities and the public sector? Multi-stakeholder theory has mainly relied on institutionalized relationships between private and public actors. Consequently, I expected to witness a formal cooperative arrangement between the oil and gas industry and the Arctic Council, as a representative for the public authorities, on environmental aspects of oil and gas activities. Through qualitative interviews with main actors involved in the cross-border cooperation, I have obtained the following results: Firstly, there is a small degree of formal cooperation among the actors. Secondly, there is a high presence of informal cooperation, especially through voluntary standards. Thus, no institutionalized cooperation was found between the actors. On this background, my main conclusions has been that learning from the case of the Arctic, there has been a too narrow focus on the different forms of collaborative action, prioritizing formal partnerships and underestimating the informal cooperation on issues such as voluntary guidelines and standards. Consequently, global governance has in the case of the Arctic exaggerated the extent of formal public-private cooperation; as such collaborative arrangements are presented in multi-stakeholder theory today. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1675
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Between bilateralism and WTO lawPetrescu, Ana-Maria (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In a post-crisis context characterized by renewed multilateralism, investment related concerns, the need for international regulation and a development conscious international community, an unresolved issue resurfaced: Which way ahead for international investment law? Should it try to improve the current patchwork of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) or should the negotiation of a development friendly Multilateral Investment Agreement (MIA) at the WTO be attempted at? Answering the question requires an integrated approach that analyses both bilateralism and multilateralism, which takes into account previous attempts (e.g. OECD's Multilateral Agreement on Investment) and explanations for their failure, looking at possible future actions (an MIA at the WTO) and trying to understand their developmental implications. Although theories addressing the bilateralism vs. multilateralism debate are inconclusive as to which of the two is preferable, history shows BITs were resorted to given the failure of attempts at multilateral lawmaking. They were thus considered second best options and states constantly sought to replace them with an MIA. Since BITs are a suboptimal form of investment regulation, a multilateral agreement that creates coherence in international investment law is necessary. Using the example of the MAI, it is shown that the failure of previous attempts at such a multilateral agreement were due to national sensitivities and anti-globalization fears, thus, provided these causes are acknowledged and addressed within the negotiation of an MIA, the success of such an agreement is likely. And since investment is already addressed at the WTO, building on the existing investment provisions in WTO law so as to conclude an MIA appears logical. Since the MIA is also preferable development wise and, despite its temporary suspension, a goal most likely not given up on any time soon, it seems plausible to state that the negotiation of a development friendly multilateral legal framework for international investment at the WTO should be attempted at. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1674
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Towards efficient risk mitigationMajanen, Markus (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Public sector often lacks expertise and knowledge to implement Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) successfully. To manage PPPs efficiently, government officials need guidance how to apply PPPs in different sectors of the society. However, sector specific PPP guidance is scarce. In particular, practical information about railway sector PPPs is hard to find. At the same time, interest toward these special vehicles for the implementation of new 'green' public policies is increasing among governments. Hence, the aim of this study was to provide a railway sector specific PPP guidance for public sector workers by examining project management practices. Methodologically each project was divided into three phases (preparation and promotion, construction and operating phase) according to Griffith-Jones typology of specific risks in large infrastructure projects. Next, the mitigation practices of phase specific risks were analyzed through project management theories, Traditional Project Management (TPM) and CPM (CPM). As a result, best practices emerged from those mechanisms, techniques, elements and principles explaining efficient risk mitigation in projects. In the preparation and promotion phase, importance of defining full project scope and clarifying project objectives were highlighted as efficient risk mitigation practices. In the construction phase, project context appeared to be dynamic highlighting change management and alliancing practices. In the operating phase, shared financial risks and a flexible contract appeared to be the key elements behind the success. These results indicate that railway PPPs are subject to uncertainties, thus project managers should embrace change management practices. Analytical method used here will be useful for future studies aimed at providing PPP best practices in other sectors of the society in order to educate public workers participating in PPPs. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2019
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Branding as a socio-political legitimization for commercial security provision by G4SOchanda, Vivian (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: How does a market‐based process of legitimation through fear by a private security company unfold and fit into an Israeli context, and how does it translate into the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict? URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2010
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A case study of the qualitative impacts of a private regulation machanism on Kenyan exporters and smallholdersLind, Anne; Pedersen, Mads (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The GlobalGAP standard is a private food safety standard developed to regulate production processes at farm level. The main aim of the standard is to ensure that all agricultural products by certified producers are handled in a manner safe for the end consumers, the producers and the environment. Since its emergence in 1997 the GlobalGAP standard has gained momentum and still more European retailers expect their suppliers to adhere to its requirements. The GlobalGAP standard is thus influencing the premises of trade in the global horticultural value chain. In this dissertation we explore how the GlobalGAP has emerged and is incorporated as a regulation mechanism and how it affects exporters and smallholders in Kenya. The GlobalGAP standard is developed by the agri-food industry itself as a regulation mechanism to supplement existing national and international legislation. In this dissertation we analyse the context of the emergence of the GlobalGAP. By applying the theoretical global governance approach, we argue that the GlobalGAP standard has emerged in order to fill out a vacuum caused by the lack of transnational legislative bodies to govern the globalised trade of today. The GlobalGAP transcends EU regulations in order for the European retailers to meet the dynamic preferences of modern consumers. Additionally, we use the analytics of government approach to show how the GlobalGAP standard works as an advanced means of public regulation that utilises the existing driving force of the private agri-food industry to achieve the goal of providing safe and high quality foods for the consumers. The GlobalGAP standard affects the terms on which the trade between the different actors in the horticultural value chain takes place. Two case studies conducted in Kenya constitute the main empirical foundation for the dissertation's exploration of these effects. The case studies consist of observations, interviews and document research with respectively a large Kenyan exporter and a small Kenyan exporter and their affiliated smallholder groups. The analysis shows how the incorporation of the GlobalGAP standard in the global horticultural value chain facilitates an easier coordination and communication between the European buyers and the Kenyan exporters. The GlobalGAP provides a language and a clearly defined set of requirements, which constitute a shared frame of reference for the two parties. This point is especially relevant in the case of the small exporter, who through the GlobalGAP certification is able to demonstrate the quality of its produce and thus attract new European buyers. The large exporter on the other hand has less of a benefit from signalling the GlobalGAP certification of its produce, as it already has tight connections to the UK market. While providing some benefit to the Kenyan exporters, we argue that the European buyers' demand for GlobalGAP certified products leaves the exporters with an increased amount of risk: It becomes the responsibility of the exporters to make sure that the Kenyan smallholders of whom they buy some of their produce comply with the GlobalGAP standard. This entails investments and ongoing support from the exporters to the smallholders, while the European buyers experience an easier trade and no increased risk or workload. This consequently cements the buyer-driven dominance of the global horticultural value chain. For the smallholders the implementation of the GlobalGAP standard has comprehensive consequences. This dissertation shows how compliance to the GlobalGAP standard causes a change of not only the smallholders' farming practices, but of the smallholders' mindsets as well. The smallholders internalise the values and practices of the GlobalGAP and make them their own, and they adopt the group structure enforced by the GlobalGAP in the way their local communities are organised. Additionally, the exporters' investments in the smallholders' GlobalGAP certification place the smallholders in a subordinated position to the exporters disabling the smallholders of freely choosing to whom they want to sell. With its qualitative and explorative point of departure this dissertation provides new knowledge about the GlobalGAP as a regulation mechanism and its consequences throughout the horticultural value chain. With this contribution the dissertation constitutes the basis for further research on the consequences of the implementation of the GlobalGAP standard in developing countries and for discussions about the role of private regulation mechanisms in defining the future of the horticultural sector in developing countries. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2009
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Institutional barriers and opportunities for Icelandic technology transferPétursson, Heimir (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper is guided by a vision to create Icelandic-Indonesian cooperation within the geothermal sector. It sets out in an explorative manner to analyse the institutional barriers to geothermal development in Indonesia. Building on that analysis and the overlapping literature of technology transfer, sustainable development, innovation diffusion, and energy based economic development; the paper suggests and develops an opportunity for collaboration between the two nations with both public and private involvement. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2008
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A case study on the Danish Export Credit AgencyJuul Andersen, Nina (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The thesis at hand is motivated by the lack of theory on reputational risk in public sector organization and poses the research question: For a public sector organization like the Danish Export Credit Agency, how should reputational risk be measured, what is the importance of it, and how should it be managed? To answer this, the thesis searched for the answer by analyzing existing data on stakeholder management and reputational risk, identifying and interviewing eight external stakeholders in an inductive, case-‐based design as well as recommending steps to follow in reputational risk management. The stakeholders were interviewed about four specific cases that may have hurt EKF's reputation due to the performance of the organization in these specific situations. The thesis found that the method of measuring reputational risk using the stakeholders' perceptions may be a possible way but also shows that reputational risk management may not play a crucial role for public sector organizations. In sum, I conclude: o As regular measurements of reputation and therefore risk to it is not an available measuring tool, stakeholder perception can help measure reputational risks to a public sector organization. These organizations cannot measure book and market value. o In general, stakeholders have higher expectations to public sector organizations than corporations due to the fact that they operate under the Danish state as well as are funded partly through taxes. o There seems to exist a paradox though. The actual performance of the organization did not influence the relationship between the stakeholders and the organization although the organization is accused of breaking the law and standards for export credit agencies. o A neutral reputation may not be appropriate for EKF. Although it will make it possible to go below the media radar while still maintaining good relations with other stakeholders, it poses some limitations due to EKF's minimal role in the Danish public sector and unknown role in society at large as well as a need for customer revenue. o Furthermore, a bad reputation should at any case be avoided as this only costs the organization a lot of resources, which public sector organizations in general have a lack of. o It is therefore recommended that EKF ensures proper knowledge of their stakeholders, like identification of their needs, demands, and perceptions of the organization, as well as how they evaluate EKF and the organization's performance. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2047
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How E.ON and DONG Energy use the access channels to the EU institutions for their interest representationSchenka, Ulrike (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This thesis examines how the German utility company E.ON and the Danish utility company DONG Energy use the access channels to the European institutions for their interest representation and what determines their choice of these channels, since it is argued that the utility companies' lobbying endeavours have not been studied comprehensively beyond their role during the EU electricity liberalization in the mid-1990s. Guided by a conceptual framework constructed from Pieter Bouwen's ‗logic of access approach' (2002) and Rainer Eising's ‗resource dependencies approach' (2007, 2009) relevant stakeholders in the EU policy process were identified and consecutively interviewed in addition to the companies' representatives. Based on these interviews the present thesis demonstrates that both companies use a range of access channels as supportive means for their interest representation. Through the application of a multi-level lobbying approach, they combine their individual lobbying efforts with the lobbying endeavours of their national energy association or other associations, which are representing a particular area of their business activities as well as approaching the European sector associations individually or through their national energy association. The companies' choice of the respective access channel is thereby based on a venue-shopping approach, i.e. the companies try to approach all crucial actors at the relevant time through the most appropriate access channel by following the EU policy process. The interviews with relevant stakeholders further implied that the EU institutions grant access based on the degree of expert knowledge, professionalism, trust and reliability – a ‗formula', which both companies seem to be able to live up to. While E.ON has proven to be an essential resource for information for the EU institutions and has established a strong degree of trust among them through their many years of experience, DONG Energy quickly gained access to the EU institutions after gearing up their EU lobbying activities in late 2010 by branding their progressive business model of reversing their current energy mix over the next 30 years to the advantage of renewable sources of energy and by benefitting from the good reputation that Danish companies enjoy in Brussels. The present study therefore shows that the (market) size of a company does not exclusively determine the degree of access to the EU institutions but that expert knowledge (e.g. technical information) and best practices (e.g. ambitious CO2 emissions reduction strategies) are more important assets to become an interesting interlocutor for them. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2664
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Backbone interconnection as a network neutrality issueSoelberg, Jonas From (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Netværksneutralitet er et emne, der har været debatteret en del i de senere år. Spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt man skal tillade internetudbydere at prioritere det indhold, der leveres til deres kunder imod betaling fra indholdets udbydere, har ligget til grund for flere akademiske artikler. Formålet med denne litteratur har primært været at adressere, hvorvidt det betaler sig samfundsøkonomisk at begrænse internetudbydernes mulighed for at tage sig betalt for dataprioritering. Denne afhandling tager et andet afsæt. Indtil nu er henholdsvis netværksneutralitet og dataudveksling mellem netværk i internettets rygrad (backbone) udelukkende behandlet som to separate emner. Denne afhandling forsøger at undersøge, hvorvidt denne distinktion mellem dataprioritering i internetudbydernes egne netværk (traditionel netværksneutralitet) og de facto prioritering i udvekslingen af data mellem rygradsnetværk er gavnlig. Internetudbyderne har i begge tilfælde monopol på adgangen til kunderne og kan derfor udnytte den kontrol, som denne unikke position giver dem, til at kræve betaling for at stille tilstrækkelig netværkskapacitet til rådighed for både indholdsudbydere og indholdsnetværk (dvs. indholdsudbydernes netværksoperatører). Markedsstrukturerne er således ens for både dataudveksling i internettets rygrad såvel som i den generelle debat om netværksneutralitet. Det gør ingen forskel om prioriteringen af data foregår i internetudbydernes egne netværk eller om den foregår de facto i forbindelser mellem netværk. Effekten på kvaliteten af dataleverancen er den samme, hvorfor de to emner bør integreres fremadrettet. Konflikten mellem rygradsudbyderen Level 3 og internetudbyderen Comcast, der brød ud i lys luge i november 2010, er et udmærket eksempel på, hvorledes dataudveksling mellem netværk er styret af de samme fundamentale strukturer som de, der findes i debatten om netværksneutralitet. Level 3 vandt i efteråret 2010 en kontrakt med videoindholdsudbyderen Netflix, der betød at dataudvekslingsforholdet mellem Level 3s netværk og Comcasts netværk ville gå fra 2:1 til 5:1 i favør af datatrafik fra Level 3 til Comcast. Comcast ville tage sig betalt for denne ændring, og da Level 3 ikke kunne opnå tilstrækkelig forbindelse til Comcasts mange internetbrugere uden direkte forbindelse til Comcast, blev firmaet nød til at acceptere Comcasts krav. Fordi videodatatrafik altid vil forsage ubalancerede dataudvekslingsforhold mellem en kommerciel internetudbyder som Comcast og et såkaldt indholdsnetværk, som Level 3 også er, er det oplagt at sammenligne Comcasts krav om betaling for direkte dataudveksling med den generelle debat om netværksneutralitet. Konflikten kan derfor heller ikke sidestilles med gammeldags eller sædvanlige konflikter om dataudveksling i internettets rygrad, da disse traditionelt har handlet om andre faktorer som netværkenes datamæssige størrelse og potentielle kundeforhold. Det til trods forsøger Comcast alligevel at italesætte en diskurs, der definerer forholdet til Level 3 udelukkende som en konflikt i internettets rygrad, hvilket vil minimere risikoen for at de føderale myndigheder griber ind. Som et forsøg på at undgå et scenarie, hvor Comcast blev betalt for at give tilstrækkelig adgang til kunderne, fremsatte Level 3 et forslag, der var designet til at reducere Comcasts afledte omkostninger ved en udvidelse af parternes daværende vederlagsfrie dataudvekslingsaftale. Level 3 foreslog således at ændre routingsystemet mellem de to netværk, så trafik med oprindelse hos Level 3 blev fragtet på deres rygradsnetværk på langt den største del af strækningen til slutbrugeren. Dette forslag ville betyde betydelige besparelser for Comcast, der leaser en del af Level 3s fiberkabler til deres nationale netværk, og som således må antages at have betydeligt højere routingomkostninger end Level 3. At Comcast insisterer på selv at fragte datatrafikken fra Level 3 til gengæld for et mindre beløb, er derfor umiddelbart mærkværdigt. Beslutningen skal imidlertid forstås i et større perspektiv. Ved at insistere på betalt dataudveksling beskytter Comcast sit monopol på adgangen til deres kunder, hvilket på den længere bane kan være med til at sikre firmaet betydelige indtægter. Det forudses nemlig, at videotrafik, der skaber betydelige ubalancer i dataudvekslingsforhold mellem netværk, i den nærmeste fremtid vil udgøre mere end halvdelen af al internettrafik, hvorfor Comcast vil få stor gavn af et regime, der dikterer at betaling skal ske på baggrund af netop ubalancerede dataudvekslingsforhold. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2662
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A case study on petty corruptionHerland, Rita Elisabet (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Institutional distances are utilized to explain country differences. When MNEs operate across several countries, they experience different cultures, norms and social habits which may be in conflict with customs they are used to from their "home country". The notion of institutional dualities is employed to explain MNEs' challenges of striving to earn legitimacy in two different environments simultaneously. Problems caused by institutional dualities are already explored in literature but how MNEs manage them in practice remains under-addressed. Besides, current literature treats institutional dualities generically and ignores the fact that some institutional domains within one institutional duality deviate more than others. To address these shortcomings, this study embraces the value of assessing different institutional dualities distinguishably. I look at petty corruption and treat this as an example of an institutional distance. I strive to extend existing theory on how MNEs can deal with institutional dualities by conducting an in-depth case study on a company based in a low-corrupt country having a subsidiary in a relatively high-corrupt country. I find that MNEs manage the institutional duality of petty corruption either by institutionalization or externalization of inconsistent practices. MNEs institutionalize petty corrupt practices by developing rules and routines that directly control conflicting host country practices. In cases where the cost is disproportionately high, MNEs externalize incongruent practices – thereby accepting less direct control with activities in the host environment. The research illustrates how MNEs which operate in countries with significant institutional distances still can avoid engaging in corrupt practices. It also illustrates that an in-depth understanding of institutional differences between host and home environments increase MNEs success in dealing with institutional dualities. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2765
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The case of Angola, Nigeria and SudanTurek, Maja Julia (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to uncover the actual trends behind the Chinese economic involvement in Africa. The report is conducted in a form of comparative case study based on the examples of three oil rich sub-Saharan states. The analysis is structured with the help of seven elements of Structural Theory of Imperialism. The author aims to find out to what extent China exercises its economic dominance over the African states. Furthermore, the research challenges the negative press opinions that it is only China that gains from the relationship and analyzes the impact of Chinese involvement in Africa via all three categories of economic interaction: Chinese aid, mutual trade and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). It is intended to find out whether the Chinese presence in Africa is marked solely by the signs of exploitation and oil seeking or whether China actually provides the African states with a support for their future development. The final purpose of the study is to examine what is the role of oil in the relationship. The research allows to draw a conclusion that despite the fact that one can observe the evidence of Chinese economic dominance and a clear tendency of oil-seeking, one cannot conclude explicitly that China is the only party benefiting from the relationship. The role of People's Republic of China in Africa can be called "new support for development" and the negative impact it has on the African economies might actually be a result of the inefficient local governance rather than a result of Chinese dominant or exploitative strategy. The originality of this study stems from its focus on all three categories of economic interaction: aid, trade and FDI; its emphasis on oil and on applying an old-days' theory of imperialism to the present reality. The findings enable the reader to gain deeper understanding of the subject and form their own opinion based on sources other than the controversial Western press articles. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2797
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Sandal, Jonas (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This thesis examines the potential influence effect of donor funding on the sustainability of microfinance institutions, and analyses the role of governments in the microfinance industry. The nature of this explorative study is qualitative, and expert interviews with three different stakeholders in the microfinance industry are applied. The theoretical framework employed is that of the Balanced Scorecard Methodology as proposed by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, and Agency Theory as presented by Kathleen Eisenhardt. The thesis suggests that donor funding can have positive effect on microfinance institutions in their start-up phase allowing them access to capital they otherwise would unable to obtain. However, in general terms donor funding can have a detrimental effect on microfinance institutions' sustainability since it can create a dependency on subsidies. Additionally, it is argued that the external pressure from donors can have negative effects on the microfinance institutions. It is suggested that the microfinance institutions must look to improve other strategies and diversify their sources of income in order to ensure financial self-sufficiency. In this respect, the Balanced Scorecard framework is proposed as a mean to establish independence from subsidies. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3086
Files in this item: 1jonas_sandal.pdf (1.169Mb)
Thesis on how less competitive local and EU firms, can strategically re-position themselves to be more competitive and create better possibilities for their business against those of the Chinese in the changing business environment in KenyaMwangi, Daniel Maina (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In the last decade, Chinese presence in Kenya for investment and trade purposes has drawn a lot of controversy among the local businessmen especially in the construction and manufacturing sectors whose infant industries have either been forced to close down due to inability to compete with the Chinese firms or in the verge of collapse. The EU firms who used to dominate the Kenyan market have also found themselves losing ground to the Chinese especially in terms of market share for their manufactured goods, and outcompeted in the tendering process of the infrastructure contracts from the Kenyan government. The thesis however analyses how these less competitive local and EU firms can strategically re-position themselves to be more competitive and create better possibilities for their business against those of the Chinese in the changing business environment in Kenya. The reason why Kenya is chosen as a case is because of the intensity of this trend that has drawn attention of different stake holders both within the country and the rest of the world. Internally, the thesis analyses SBR and its role in the Kenyan economic growth and also introduces the MNEs theory which involves Dunning's Electic paradigm OLI model and Mathews LLL model which are used to provide the theoretical base for this research. The models explain how FDI has affected the practice of SBR in Kenya. Two case studies are introduced describing what kind of challenges are faced by the Local, Chinese and the EU firms in the construction and horticultural sectors in Kenya, also their current and future competitive positions in their respective sectors. To establish concrete results an empirical research was done which was built on interviews both through questionnaire and face to face with an Economist at the Ministry of East Africa Community and a manager at the Kenyan chamber of Commerce and industry. Accordingly the paper also addressed the legal issues in terms of Chinese failure to adhere to the compliance international law and how corruption as a global prohibition regime has been undermined due to hypocrisy by Chinese investors thus affecting its fight on the global scale. In conclusion I propose the less competitive local firms should compel the government to adopt policies advocating for joint ventures with the Chinese firms establishing in the Country like is done in Arab countries to protect their infant industries. This will help them in building their competencies and with time they will have enough experience for big projects and bid competitively. As for the EU a race to the bottom in terms of policies will be inevitable since the tied aid policy is not working for their best interest. They need also to compel the government to adhere to its commitment on good governance and anti corruption and shun away from operating with firms that have a bad record on good business practices thus giving them an edge compared to the Chinese. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3104
Files in this item: 1daniel_maina_mwangi.pdf (964.3Kb)
How Brazilian companies create legitimacy for their sustainability practicesDahlman, Sara (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: CSR as a corporate practice has gained momentum over the years. There has been a clear focus on the strategic approach to CSR and developed countries in the academic literature. Giving the lack of insight in the institutional perspective on CSR in Brazil this study aims to create a deeper understanding for how Brazilian companies create legitimacy for their sustainability practices, as a mechanism of the institutionalisation process of CSR in Brazil. The research project highlights three specific cases, the Soy Moratorium, the Sustainability Index and the Equator Principles and Amazon Dam Projects were the nine focal companies have been faced with legitimacy challenges. Institutionalisation as a process often has longitudinal features, why the study focuses of the corporate communication over ten years' time. An inductive approach was employed, where grounded theory and a case study have been used as methodological stand for the thesis. The study concludes that the companies employ different legitimacy strategies depending on the setup of the standards. The soy moratorium is multi-stakeholder initiative, created by the soybean companies in collaboration with business associations and civil society. The companies have a more active political role, and it is more in line with institutional conceptualisation of CSR, where moral legitimacy is the most important form of legitimacy. The soy moratorium is grounded in a democratic dialogue between stakeholders, in order to find the most appropriate way of solving the problem of deforestation. The Sustainability Index has several features of cognitive legitimacy, where it is used by the companies as a verification of their sustainability practices, as a way to show convergence with wider accepted cultures and norms. The Equator Principles encourage best practices and the companies adopting the principles promote cognitive legitimacy for their practices, through complying with generally recognised norms. The difference between the sustainability index and the Equator Principles are the setup of the initiatives. The index selects companies based on static criteria, eliminating the companies' possibilities to negotiate inclusion or exclusion. The Equator Principles are guidelines that the companies implement, why the application of the principles can be negotiated. As there is no external authority to decide whether the principles are properly applied or not, it opens up possibilities for critique from other societal actors. Civil society can be seen as a moderator between companies and morality, where legitimacy has to be negotiated through a deliberate dialogue. This differs from the Soy Moratorium, where the democratic dialogue is the foundation for the initiative. Hence, the Soy Moratorium and the Equator Principles implies some form of societal dialogue, while the Sustainability Index is a more traditional form of standard. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3103
Files in this item: 1sara_dahlman.pdf (1.189Mb)
Understanding the institutional environmentKnutsen, Eva Cecilie (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The challenges facing multinational corporations (MNCs) are increasingly complex. Among contemporary issues facing MNCs are the opportunities of success and failure in the context of emerging market environments. This thesis investigates the particularities surrounding emerging market institutional context. It takes a critical view of the definition of emerging markets and proposes that MNCs cannot understand and evaluate their emerging market context by only looking at economic indicators for the definition of emerging markets. Instead a further look into the institutional context is merited. This is also something that is warranted by scholars of the international business perspective. The thesis starts by looking at the liability of foreignness that is often experienced by firms when entering new markets, exemplified by recent difficulties experienced by Danish companies in the Chinese context. It further conducts an empirical study of developing countries in three geographical regions to objectively analyze their potential as emerging markets. The study uncovers the ambiguities connected to defining emerging markets, and the difficulties of categorizing emerging markets in order to establish a clear view of the corresponding threats and opportunities. The levels of institutional differences are many and hard to decipher. From this point of view, a deeper investigation into the institutional frameworks and dynamics of emerging markets is merited. To better investigate the research question of how a better understanding of institutional environment dynamics may help MNCs optimize their ability to manage their emerging market context, a literature review of theories from both the perspectives of international business and that of international political economy is undertaken. From the perspective of international business, a review of the theories of resource-based view, institutional theory, stakeholder theory as well as resource dependence theory is undertaken. From international political economy, theories of power were focused on to enhance the understanding of emerging market dynamics. The theories reviewed here include those of neo-Gramscian framework, business power and conflict, as well as views on host government power. This thesis has explained how elements of power and control, issues not generally included in generic theories explaining how MNCs manage their institutional context, may be of value to MNCs. The value lies in the extent that firms hold an explicit knowledge of the complex institutional dynamics taking place in their surrounding environment, and based on this are able to increase their ability to successfully manage their activities in emerging markets. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3154
Files in this item: 1eva_cecilie_knutsen.pdf (846.4Kb)
And why the policy process matterEllegaard Jacobsen, Anders (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This thesis examines the potential for industrial policies to support the development of competitive industrial sectors in developing countries, and how the set-up of the policy processes can influence whether the approach of the industrial policy targets the relevant challenges and therefore lead to more successful outcomes. This is done by using two case studies from South Africa. In 1995 when the first democratically elected government came into power in South Africa, the local automotives sector and clothing- and textile sector faced a similar challenge of increasing their competitiveness in order to survive the liberalization of the domestic market. The government has since 1995 followed very different approaches in the industrial policies that were to support the effort of integrating the two sectors into the global economy. Where the Motor Industry Development Programme introduced incentives to attract FDI to the automotives sector, the government followed an Export-Oriented approach in order to integrate the clothing- and textiles into the global market. By 2011 the policies have had different outcomes. The automotives sector has developed through the influx of FDI, while the clothing- and textiles sector has declined drastically and struggle to compete on the global and local market against cheap Asian competitors. Hubert Schmitz' theory on "four strategies for integrating into global economy" and Dani Rodrik's claim that inclusive and well-structured policy processes are essential for effective industrial policies is the thesis' theoretical framework. From this the thesis explains the rationale behind the applied industrial policies; evaluate their outcome; before analyzing how the interaction between the relevant stakeholders, government, industry actors and labor unions, have influenced the design of the industrial policy. Through an analysis based on interviews with industry representatives from the two sectors, scholars who follow the South African industrial policies closely and published research and reports on the subject I will argue that the policy processes have indeed played an important role in the relative success of the South African automotives sector and failure of the clothing- and textiles sector. The conclusions adds to the argument that industrial sectors in developing countries can potentially develop through industrial policies, if the relevant stakeholders are included in the policy process and have a similar vision for how the sector should progress. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3152
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Prem looks back at his almost a decade with INF.
Can you share with us your journey with INF?
I joined INF in 2009 having been in the UK since 1998. I joined as Assistant Programmes Director. At that time all our work was arranged in district programmes and I had responsibility for looking after all the programmes. After two years I became Programmes Director and then in June 2013 I became Executive Director.
I really thank God for this opportunity to work with INF. When I returned from the UK everything was new for me; not only INF but the whole of Nepal was different too, so there was a lot to get used to!
How have you seen God at work in INF?
I can see God at work throughout the history of INF, right from the beginning with our fore-runners. INF has been through many tough times but God has always delivered. I've seen that personally too, in the time I have been with INF. There have been some significant challenges, such as personnel, funding and visas, but, reflecting back, I know God is sovereign and that even in the challenges there has been a purpose and God has been in control.
How has God led you to move on from INF and what will you be doing next?
A few reasons: family commitments among others.
When I first joined INF, I said I would stay for five to six years and that time has passed and I feel it is right personally, and for the organisation, for me to move on.
I feel called to work in Nepal and I shall be working within the church to help leaders, especially young leaders, understand the social dimension to the gospel – integral mission or holistic mission as it's also known. That will be mostly based in Kathmandu with family, but also travelling around Nepal. There will also be some trips to the UK to visit our two sons there. Our youngest goes to university there next academic year and our eldest is already there.
What will you miss most about leading INF?
I shall miss the family nature of working in INF; whether the staff, the board or the international family, we share a special family bond. There is that culture, that sense of belonging to a big family.
What advice would you give the new ED?
Do a lot of listening!
The challenge for INF now is how to work within in the new federal structure and there is a need to be pro-active with long-term planning, especially when considering the different levels of the new government structure. There needs to be relationship building at all the new levels.
The newly appointed ED Krishna brings with him the great strength of knowing INF well and I want to wish him great success.
And finally?
I want to thank all the supporters of INF both within and outside of Nepal. Thanks also to the INFN Board and the rest of the INF family here in Nepal and worldwide. I think too of, and thank, all the communities and clients that we have the privilege to serve. And, finally, once again, I want to thank God for the opportunity to have served in this great organisation.
Read the full article in our latest July issue of TiN.

subset: commoncrawl


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This week's design inspiration, we take pleasure touring our favourite discovery in Dulwich Village, London. The Pavilion is this Summer's new installation at The Dulwich Picture Gallery, and is part of of the annual London Festival of Architecture.
Designed by If_Do, whom won the competition to design and build the pavilion on the grounds. The mix of material and reflections of mirror, captured our immediate visions of elegance, simplicity and beauty. An inspiring perception of space and reflections of the beautiful surrounding grounds is clearly a great destination to enjoy. The pavilion is free entry with themed Friday Lates throughout the Summer. Definitely worth a visit!
Dulwich Picture Gallery, Gallery Road, London
2 June - 8 October 2017
Contact us today to discuss your project's glazing requirements or for a quote.


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3 rooms 6 people ski-in ski-out / NOGENTIL A309 (Mountain)
Self-catered apartment |
A living-room opening onto a South/East facing balcony, overlooking the valley
Dining area
Equipped kitchen
Bedroom 1 with two bunks beds
A bathroom with basin, bath and toilet
Bedroom 2 with double bed
Independent toilet
Courchevel 1850 : A 54 sqm apartment labelised ''Mountain'' and 2* situated in a skiin skiout residence with a luminous living-room opening onto a South/East facing balcony, overlooking the valley and slopes.
Separated equipped kitchen with fridge, dishwasher, electric hobs and mini oven.
Bedroom 1 : bunks beds and a single bed
Bedroom 2 : 1 double bed
Salon : 1 single bed
1 separated bathroom
Independent toilet
Ski Locker
Wifi 4G connection extra charge
Facilities and services
General facilitiesBalcony**
Leisure facilitiesSki in/ Ski out (alpine)
Special requirementsSki in/ Ski out (alpine) Montagne


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It seems fall is in full swing in the knitting world this week. We released our fall collection of colours on Tuesday, Brooklyn Tweed released their Fall Lookbook on Wednesday, and Glenna C. released a great fall sweater from our Bayfield Aran in McEwen Wrought Iron yesterday. But today, lets talk about Retreat by Glenna C.
What makes for the perfect fall sweater? There are lots of designers with different opinions and takes on the fall sweater, but to me, Glenna hit the nail on the head with this one. For me, a perfect fall sweater is wooly, heavier weight, cabled, a cardigan, and from a great brown toned neutral. Retreat hits every point exactly. If I had some fall knitting time, this would definitely be in my queue!
What is on your fall knitting queue? What makes for your perfect fall sweater?
Photos by Glenna C.


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Ivy Nevares was born in Mexico City and has since lived in 10 different cities in Mexico, the United States and South Korea. Her time in Korea, however, would play a more defining role. Seoul, bustling and exploding with cultural diversity, provided the space for a first awakening at the age of sixteen; her experiences inspiring a deeper search to understand herself and the world around her.
In 1995, Ivy returned to Mexico to attend the Technological Institute of Monterrey (ITESM), where she earned a B.A. in International Relations with concentrations in Literature, Writing and Foreign Languages. During her senior year, she worked as attaché and interpreter for Nobel laureate Bishop Desmond Tutu during the State of the World Forum for Emerging Leaders. Moved by Bishop Tutu's humanitarian leadership, she began exploring avenues for bringing about life-affirming transformation.
In 2000, Ivy moved to New York City to work with the principal U.S. division of PEN International—the world's oldest human rights and international literary organization. At PEN America she coordinated advocacy campaigns exposing the plight of imprisoned and persecuted writers around the world. Although passionate about furthering freedom of expression through this work, she was discouraged by the brevity of its impact: no sooner a victory claimed, another mind silenced.
Two years later, Ivy came across Executive Success Programs (ESP). She joined the company as a professional coach, later rising to the position of regional executive. In this role, she coached and mentored hundreds of people, and helped others to grow into executive positions within the company.
From 2002 to 2017, Ivy worked with ESP as a writer and editor. In addition to managing the company's communications, curriculum and collateral writing projects, she devoted time to developing other writers and editors. She also worked to develop applications of ESP's proprietary methodology for use in critical information processing and analysis, and news media.
As a further expression of her interests, Ivy is an accomplished performer, choreographer and instructor of various dance forms. She began classical ballet training and performances at the age of four with the late Bellas Artes ballerina Laura Urdapilleta. In college she began diversifying within the art form, additionally training in Flamenco, Argentinean Tango, Ori Tahiti (Tahitian dance), Hawaiian and Middle Eastern Belly Dance. In 2004, she became an independent instructor and choreographer of Flamenco, Tribal Fusion Belly Dance and Ori Tahiti in the New York capital region. Three years later, she founded Nataraja Center for Movement Arts in Clifton Park, New York. There, in October 2007, she launched Ultima™—a multidisciplinary program designed to advance the full range of human expression in its various forms.
Since July 2005, Ivy co-authored and published numerous articles on science, philosophy and ethics in the Mexican scientific journal, Conocimiento (Knowledge). A special edition of the journal was dedicated entirely to these literary creations a year later. The articles were then published as books: Odin and the Sphinx (2008) with a foreword by former Ambassador and Permanent Representative for Mexico to UNESCO Dr. Luis Eugenio Todd, and The Sphinx and Thelxiepeia (2009) with a foreword by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.
From 2016 to 2018, Ivy worked with The Knife Media, a media analysis company. She and a team of journalists and analysts examined the bias in today's news, presenting readers distinctions in ways that could promote both critical thinking and unbiased journalism. There, she held the roles of editor, lead media analyst and writer.
She is now in the process of writing and publishing two books—a biography of a prominent entrepreneurial family and a commemorative book for one of the world's leaders in the hospitality industry.


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Phanteks Glacier C350i CPU Water Block ReviewPackaging & Accessories »
It is hard to believe that Phanteks, a mainstay in the PC DIY business today, is barely over a decade old as of the date of this article. Since they were established, Phanteks has added product lines galore, including cases, CPU air coolers, fans, and even PSUs. With their entry into custom watercooling a couple of years back, Phanteks also showed that there is room for the larger brands to get involved to make custom watercooling more accessible to end users across the world. The Glacier 1080 GPU water block impressed us with its good build quality, aesthetics, and performance alike compared to products from more seasoned manufacturers, if I may say so myself, and today, we take a look at their CPU water block. Thanks a lot to Phanteks for providing a review sample to TechPowerUp.
Phanteks likes to put things under a series name to define characteristic features, and as of now, all their custom watercooling offerings fall under the Glacier series. This very CPU block is called the Glacier C350i thus, with the "i" standing for Intel to denote that the block is only compatible with the more popular Intel CPU sockets for DIY enthusiasts. There are separate versions for AMD sockets, and there is even yet another just for the massive AMD sTR4 socket for Ryzen Threadripper. This review will help give a good estimate of the relative performance of the more general AMD socket version only, so be aware of this. As it stands, the Glacier C350i is similar in design to their GPU blocks in that an acrylic top with metal sideplates greets you from the top, and there appears to be integrated lighting as well. So let's get on with the review by beginning with a look at the specifications below.
|Phanteks Glacier C350i (Intel) CPU Water Block
|Acrylic top with aluminum side covers (Satin Black or Mirror Chrome)
|Mounting (hold down) bracket:
|Metal with integrated locking nut and adapter
|Cold plate:
|Nickel-plated copper
|CPU socket compatibility:
|Intel LGA 115x, LGA 1366, LGA 2011(-3), LGA 2066 (AMD sockets require a different block)
|Two, BSP G1/4" threaded
|Two years


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Looking for a Vintage guitar or amp? Trying to find a fair selling price for your vintage guitar? Just enjoy looking at cool, funky, unusual guitars? Well this is the blog for you. I AM NOT SELLING THESE ITEMS and you cannot contact sellers via the comments section of this blog. You must click thru to the original Craigslist postings. Do not post comments here asking to buy the item! LOOK AT THE DATE ON THE POSTING! Most of these items are no longer for sale. - Jim C.
Thursday, February 4, 2010
Univox Hi-Flier on Long Island for $100
This univox Hi-Flier could be a Phase 1 (since has the plastic headstock logo) which means it would have a slightly thicker body and neck than the later Phase 2, 3 and 4 models. It also has the original P90 style pickups. These are neat guitars and of course Curt Cobain used to enjoy playing and then smashing them up (he referred to them as his "plywood guitars"). I had a Phase 3 model for a while and the neck was too thin for me. But it is a personal preference.
GUITAR for sale - $100 (port jefferson station)
Date: 2010-02-04, 12:14AM EST
Reply to: email@example.com [Errors when replying to ads?]
VINTAGE UNIVOX MOSRITE HI FLIER GUITAR MIJ JAPAN 60s been sitting around for awhile needs a good tune up
Location: port jefferson station
Posted by Jim Christopher at 1:31 PM
1 comment:
I appreciate your comments but please no commercial links or non guitar related conversations. Thank you. - JC
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)
I am reposting items here that are listed on CRAIGSLIST throughout the USA. I am not selling any of these items and I cannot facilitate the sale of anything here - so please do not comment or post questions like "Is this still available?" or "I am interested in your guitar please call me, etc." You need to contact the seller directly by calling the phone number listed on the post or by going to the CL listing and emailing them. NEW FEATURE: Click on the title of the CL Listing inside my post to LINK thru to the original Post. If the original CL listing is deleted the item most likely is no longer available. Thanks for checking out my blog and GOOD LUCK!
Please don't call, contact, bother or harass these sellers long after their post is expired. Take for granted if the listing is over 30 days old that the guitar or amp is LONG GONE! Thank you.
Please don't call, contact, bother or harass these sellers long after their post is expired. Take for granted if the listing is over 30 days old that the guitar or amp is LONG GONE! Thank you.


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Browsing by Subject "2002"
Now showing items 1-2 of 2
The impact of inclusion policy on educational psychology practices: The Cypriot reality (2002)Provides a framework to understand the deployment of educational psychology practices in Cyprus and their current role in a unified educational system. It begins with an overview and general outline of the foundations and ...
Predictors of reading development in at-risk kindergarten children (2002)The purpose of the present study was to examine whether phonological and cognitive tasks predict reading acquisition in a group of at-risk kindergarten children. Planning, attention, simultaneous processing, successive ...


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City Council hearing on Better Housing by Design continued to November 6 at 2 p.m.
Testimony on proposed changes to multi-dwelling zones prompts Mayor to commend testifiers.Read More…
General Information: 503-823-4000
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
1221 SW 4th Avenue, Room 110, Portland, OR 97204
Welcome to the Better Housing by Design online "customer service" page. We're glad you're here.
You are not alone! Some 33,629 property owners received the mailing pictured at right from the City of Portland. This is required by state law whenever a change in the zoning could affect the value of a property — up or down. Your address was pulled from the County Assessor's Office.
First things first
First thing to know is that these changes are proposals — not the law. We hope you'll learn more about them and tell the Planning and Sustainability Commission (PSC) what you think. Any new rules must be adopted by City Council before they become effective. And before adoption, they are refined and changed based on public testimony, as well as PSC and City Council amendments.
Second, these proposals do not require you to sell your land or do anything to your property.
We're here to help
We want to help you understand the proposal and how it may affect you and your property. You can:
Then share your feedback with the Planning and Sustainability Commission via the Map App or in person at a public hearing.
Renters matter too
You don't have to be a property owner to weigh in on these proposals. Renters are also affected by the housing shortage and the lack of housing options. So, look and imagine how these changes might affect how you live in and experience Portland. Then share your thoughts with the Planning and Sustainability Commission.
Current and proposed Comprehensive Plan and Zoning Designation Names
|Current Com Plan Name
|Current Zone
|New Comp Plan Name & Abbreviation
|New Zone
|Multi-Dwelling – 3,000
Multi-Dwelling – 2,000
|Multi-Dwelling – Neighborhood (MD-N)
|RM1 (Residential Multi-Dwelling 1)
|Multi-Dwelling – 1,000
|Multi-Dwelling – Corridor (MD-c)
|RM2 (Residential Multi-Dwelling 2)
|High-Density Multi-Dwelling
|Multi-Dwelling – Urban Center (MD-U)
|RM3 (Residential Multi-Dwelling 3)
RM4 (Residential Multi-Dwelling 4)
|Central Residential
|Central Residential (RX)
|RX (Central Residential)
Summary of the proposed multi-dwelling zones
Comparison of current and proposed development standards


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Robert J. Britt, age 94 of Delavan, Wi., joined his beloved wife Marion in eternal peace on Monday January 28, 2013. Bob was born January 17, 1919 in Delavan, Wi., the son of Rallo and Blanche (Wheelock) Britt. Bob was united in marriage to Marion Henry on April 5, 1942 in Fort Atkinson Wi. She preceded him in death on August 31, 2010. He was a machinist at the Borg's Corporation in Delavan for many years, then with several others, became a founder, owner and operator of Swiss-Tech in Delavan. Along with his wife Marion, he was a long time member of Christ Episcopal Church in Delavan. Bob was a Veteran, serving with the U.S. Army Air Force. He is survived by 2 daughters; Rebecca (Dennis) Lahey of Ca. and Deborah (Edward) Conrad of Racine Wi. His son, Mark Britt of Lake Geneva Wi. 2 grandchildren; Brandon and Shannon. Also surviving are nieces and nephews. Dear special friend, Helen Talis of Delavan. He is preceded in death by his parents, his wife , Marion. 1 brother, Walter and his sister-in-law Gwen.
Funeral Services will be 11:00am Friday February 1, 2013 at the Christ Episcopal Church in Delavan, Wi. with Rev. John Splinter officiating. Visitation will be from 10:00am to service time on Friday at the church. Burial will be at Spring Grove Cemetery in Delavan, Wi. with full military honors provided by Delavan Legion Post 95. MONROE FUNERAL HOME in Delavan, Wi. is assisting the family. Visit us at monroefh.com


text: Christopher Corbin is a performer that was born and raised in Los Angeles. He started improvising at the L.A. Connection in 1993. Since then he has studied at The Pack Theater, UCB, IO west, Groundlings, and any where else he could get some knowledge. His musical improv team Meaningful Touch runs an all musical improv show at the Clubhouse. Christopher is so proud to be on the house sketch team Dr. America, and the house improv team Rat Throat. Christopher can be seen acting on Jane The Virgin, 2 Broke Girls, Angie Tribeca, Casual, Mary + Jane, and in random commercials playing bad guys. If you want to know more go to ChristopherCorbinActing.com


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Little chair chandelier will give the lux impact on your chair. It shaped with little design together with the crystal feature on it. The part that offers the small chandelier appears so lovely is the crystal which have many colours like black diamonds, crystal clear, shadow crystal, Indian sapphire, aquamarine, Montana, turquoise, emerald, topaz, olivine, sun, ruby, cantaloupe, rose, fuchsia, violet, and a lot more. Here are some styles of popular chandelier which always Utilized in the chair:
Last but not least, you're also able to make a request to give added unique characteristics of aerodynamic movement to makes it different using other standard chair vanity seat.
This name of HERCULES Modern Black Ladder Back Metal Restaurant Chair is gallery form Black Ladder Back Chairs. Wish you can find your picture here as inspiration from our gallery here.


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!! History Commons Alert, Exciting News
a.k.a. Abd Al Salam Al Hilah
Many high-ranking Yemeni government officials help al-Qaeda and other militants, beginning in 1996, according to Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, a Yemeni official who will be captured after 9/11 and sent to the US prison in Guanatanamo, Cuba. Abdulrahman is a section chief in Yemen's Political Security Organization (PSO), the Yemeni equivalent of the FBI, until his arrest in 2002 (see September 2002). His 2008 Guantanamo file will state: "Detainee stated that since 1996, numerous high-ranking employees in the Yemeni government and PSO were involved in aiding al-Qaeda and other extremists through the provision of false passports and by giving them safe haven out of the country under the guise of deportation. These PSO officials included detainee; Mohammed al-Surmi, deputy chief of the PSO; Ghalib al-Qamish, director of the PSO; Colonel Ahmad Dirham, commander of the Deportation Department in the PSO; and Abdallah al-Zirka, an officer in the Yemeni Passport Authority. According to detainee, the second highest ranking person in the Yemeni government, Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, was aware of the involvement of al-Surmi and al-Qamish in these activities since at least 1999." An analyst notes in the file that Mohsen is the (half) brother of Yemeni President Saleh. [US Department of Defense, 9/24/2008] Note that this is based on Guantanamo files leaked to the public in 2011 by the non-profit whistleblower group WikiLeaks. There are many doubts about the reliability of the information in the files (see April 24, 2011). However, it should also be noted that other information corroborates the charges, including the involvement of some names mentioned by Abdulrahman (for instance, see Spring-Summer 1998, After July 1994, December 26, 1998, and April 27, 2005).
Entity Tags: Ghalib al-Qamish, Abdallah al-Zirka, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, Mohammed al-Surmi, Ahmad Dirham, Yemeni Political Security Organization
Timeline Tags: Complete 911 Timeline
Zein al-Abidine Almihdhar. [Source: Associated Press]Ahmed Nasrallah, a veteran al-Qaeda operative who has been in Yemen for several years, decides to defect and turn himself in to the Yemeni government. He discloses the location of al-Qaeda strongholds in Yemen and even gives away the location of al-Qaeda's deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri in a southern Yemeni town. He describes al-Qaeda's weaponry, security, and violent plans for the future. He offers to spy on al-Qaeda in Afghanistan or on a militant Yemeni group led by Zein al-Abidine Almihdhar, a relative of hijacker Khalid Almihdhar. (In 1999 Zein will be caught and executed in Yemen for kidnappings and killings.) However, two officials in the Political Security Organization (Yemen's equivalent of the FBI) have radical militant ties and hand over Nasrallah to al-Qaeda operatives. These operatives plan to kill him for betraying their group, but he escapes to Egypt before they can do so. The Egyptian government then interrogates him for more than a year. However, it is not known what he told them before 9/11, or what they might have passed to the US. One of the two Yemeni officers helping al-Qaeda on this matter, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, will be recorded by Italian intelligence in 2000 apparently mentioning the upcoming 9/11 attacks (see August 12, 2000). The other officer, Mohammed al-Surmi, is Deputy Chief of the PSO. [Wall Street Journal, 12/20/2002]
Entity Tags: Ahmed Nasrallah, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, Mohammed al-Surmi
Yemeni security officer Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman travels to Switzerland to purchase passport forgery equipment for Islamist extremists. Abdulsalam is a section chief in Yemen's Political Security Organization (PSO), the Yemeni equivalent of the FBI (see August 12, 2000). Abdulrahman purchases tools to forge Schengen visas, which allow their holder to travel without border controls in some European Union countries. Italian authorities investigating Abdulrahman and his associates will learn this by 2002. They will speculate that Abdulrahman is an expert forger and that he trains a militant named Mahmoud Es Sayed, a close associate of al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri (see Before Spring 2000), in forgery. Es Sayed will travel to Italy in 2000 from Yemen, where he will begin forging documents (see Summer 2000). Abdulrahman has close ties to radical organizations and provides false documents and airline tickets to al-Qaeda members to facilitate their travels to Europe. [Vidino, 2006, pp. 223-4]
Entity Tags: Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman
Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman. [Source: US Defense Department]Italian intelligence successfully wiretaps an al-Qaeda cell in Milan, Italy, starting in late 1999. [Boston Globe, 8/4/2002] In a wiretapped conversation from this day, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, a section chief in Yemen's Political Security Organization (PSO - roughly the equivalent to the FBI in the US) traveling on a diplomatic passport (see Spring-Summer 1998), talks about a massive strike against the enemies of Islam involving aircraft and the sky. The conversation takes place in a car on the way to a terrorist summit near Bologna (see August 12, 2000 and Shortly After), and the person Abdulrahman talks to is Mahmoud Es Sayed, a close associate of al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri (see Before Spring 2000). There are several significant aspects to the conversation: Abdulrahman makes comments indicating he has foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks. He says that he is "studying airlines," comments, "Our focus is only on the air," and tells Es Sayed to remember the words "above the head." He also says that next time they meet he hopes to bring Es Sayed "a window or piece of the airplane," and that the security on Alitalia and at Rome airport is poor. The name of the operation is given as "Jihadia," and Abdulrahman says, "the big blow will come from the other country: one of those blows no one can ever forget." He adds: "[It is] moving from south to north, from east to west: whoever created this plan is crazy, but he's also a genius. It will leave them speechless." He also says: "We can fight any power using candles and airplanes: they will not be able to stop us with even their most powerful weapons. We must hit them. And keep your head up.… Remember, the danger in the airports.… If it happens the newspapers from all over the world will write about it." Es Sayed remarks, "I know brothers who went to America with the trick of the wedding publications." The phrase "Big wedding" is sometimes used by al-Qaeda as code for a bombing or attack, including 9/11 (see November 30, 1999 and Late Summer 2001), so, taken together with Abdulrahman's remarks, this indicates an unconventional attack in the US using aircraft; The two discuss training camps in Yemen, which are "proceeding on a world scale." They also mention youth in Italy, and presumably the youth are training; Es Sayed says, "my dream is building an Islamic state," and Abdulrahman replies that this is possible because the Yemeni government is weak and "sooner or later we will dominate it;" Es Sayed asks after a person named Ayman, evidently al-Qaeda second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri; Abdulrahman twice mentions the name of Abdul Mejid, apparently a reference to Abdul Mejid al-Zindani, a radical leader in Yemen and associate of Osama bin Laden (see January-August 1998); Es Sayed makes the cryptic comment, "One must be cautious, like in Iran; not a single photo." Beginning in October 2000, FBI experts will help Italian police analyze the intercepts and warnings. Related conversations are overheard early the next year (see January 24, 2001 and February 2001). Neither Italy nor the FBI will fully understand their meaning until after 9/11, but apparently the Italians will understand enough to give the US an attack warning in March 2001 (see March 2001). After 9/11, this conversation and others like it will cause US intelligence to think there may be a link between the 9/11 plot and Yemen's PSO. [Los Angeles Times, 5/29/2002; Guardian, 5/30/2002; Washington Post, 5/31/2002; Wall Street Journal, 12/20/2002; Vidino, 2006, pp. 224-5] Author Lorenzo Vidino will later comment: "The chilling conversation alarmed officials before 9/11, but it took on a completely different resonance after the attacks had taken place. [Abdulrahman], who had close connections to the highest ranks of al-Qaeda, likely knew about the plan in advance and had told Es Sayed about it." [Vidino, 2006, pp. 226]
Entity Tags: Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Al-Qaeda, Mahmoud Es Sayed
Timeline Tags: Complete 911 Timeline, 9/11 Timeline
Italian counterterrorist authorities monitor a summit of leading Islamist militants near Bologna. Attendees at the meeting, which is arranged through an extremist mosque in Milan called the Islamic Cultural Institute, include: Mahmoud Es Sayed, a close associate of al-Qaeda second in command Ayman al-Zawahiri (see Before Spring 2000). He had recently been sent by al-Zawahiri to revise the militant network in northern Italy (see Summer 2000). Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, a section chief with Yemen's Political Security Organization (PSO—roughly equivalent to the FBI). Es Sayed and Abdulrahman are overheard discussing an attack using aircraft on their way to the summit, indicating they have foreknowledge of 9/11 (see August 12, 2000). The two of them will be recorded a few months later discussing trying to get some of their associates into the US (see February 2001). In 2002, Abdulrahman will be arrested and sent to the US-run prison in Guantanamo, Cuba (see September 2002). Ayub Usama Saddiq Ali, an Islamic Jihad leader and another close associate of al-Zawahiri's. Ali was convicted of murder in Egypt but fled to Germany and was granted political asylum there in 1999. Future 9/11 hijacker Ziad Jarrah called him once in 1999 and will call him again in August 2001 (see November 7, 1999 and August 4, 2001). Mohammed Fazazi, the spiritual leader of the Moroccan group Salafia Jihadia, which will be responsible for a 2003 attack in Casablanca (see May 16, 2003). Fazazi is also the imam at Hamburg's Al-Quds mosque, which is attended by the core cell of future 9/11 hijacker pilots, including Jarrah (see Early 1996 and (April 1, 1999)). Fazazi's presence indicates a further connection between the cell in Milan, which is under heavy surveillance by Italian authorities (see 2000), and the cell in Hamburg, but this link will not be exploited to prevent 9/11. [Vidino, 2006, pp. 230]
Entity Tags: Ayub Usama Saddiq Ali, Salafia Jihadia, Mohammed Fazazi, Islamic Cultural Institute, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, Mahmoud Es Sayed
Mahmoud Es Sayed (aka Abu Saleh), a member of an Italian al-Qaeda cell being monitored by the authorities there, calls an associate, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, in Yemen to discuss travel to the US. Abdulrahman is a section chief in Yemen's Political Security Organization (see August 12, 2000), but Italian authorities overhear Es Sayed telling Abdulrahman's younger brother, "I heard you were going to America." The brother replies: "I'm sorry to say we're not able to get in. It is our most important wish and our big target." [Wall Street Journal, 12/20/2002] Italian authorities had previously overheard conversations between Es Sayed and Albdulrahman in which they discussed a massive strike against the enemies of Islam involving aircraft (see August 12, 2000). The US will soon be warned of this (see March 2001).
Entity Tags: Mahmoud Es Sayed, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman
Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, a section chief in Yemen's Political Security Organization, the Yemeni equivalent of the FBI, disappears in Cairo, Egypt, after going there on business. Abdulrahman, who appears to have had foreknowledge of 9/11 (see August 12, 2000), calls his family after arriving in Cairo, but is apparently kidnapped by Egyptian intelligence and handed over to the CIA. However, it is unclear whether the CIA takes him to Azerbaijan or Afghanistan. [Vidino, 2006, pp. 230; Grey, 2007, pp. 252] He will later be taken to Guantanamo (see September 20, 2004).
Entity Tags: Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, Central Intelligence Agency
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Complete 911 Timeline
Fourteen prisoners are transferred from Afghanistan to Guantanamo. They include Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman, a Yemeni security official who had foreknowledge of 9/11 and was seized in Egypt (see August 12, 2000 and September 2002), and Saifulla Paracha, a Pakistani citizen who was arrested and sent to Bagram in July 2003 (see July 2003). All the other twelve detainees had previously been transported to Afghanistan as a part of the CIA's rendition program. [Knight Ridder, 1/11/2005; Grey, 2007, pp. 257]
Entity Tags: Central Intelligence Agency, Saifullah Paracha, Abdulsalam Ali Abdulrahman
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Complete 911 Timeline, War in Afghanistan
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Join us at Terrapin in our beautiful Living Room for a night filled with What's it and Who done it! Howard Rachelson will do his best to stump you, so bring your friends and family to create an unbeatable team. Prizes are awarded!
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Earlier Event: March 12Grateful Monday: ft. Stu Allen, Scott Guberman, Brian Rashap & Ezra Lipp perform selections from 3-12-1981 Boston Garden. 7:30pm
Later Event: March 13Stuesday: ft. Stu Allen & Friends. 7:30pm


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Estonia's president, a former U.S. citizen, is likely to win re-election Monday in a country whose economy stands out as one of the most stable in the debt-ridden 17-nation eurozone.
TALLINN, Estonia — Estonia's president, a former U.S. citizen, is likely to win re-election Monday in a country whose economy stands out as one of the most stable in the debt-ridden 17-nation eurozone.
The presidential vote takes place in Parliament, where the 57-year-old incumbent, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, has the backing of Prime Minister Andrus Ansip's Reform Party and its conservative partner IRL. Together they have formed the backbone of Estonia's ruling coalition for over six years — a record in the typically topsy-turvy world of Baltic politics.
Hendrik grew up in the United States in Leonia, N.J., graduated from Leonia High School in in 1972 as valedictorian and in 1976 received a bachelor's degree in psychology from Columbia University and a master's degree in the same subject from the University of Pennsylvania in 1978
The opposition Social Democrats have said they would also support Ilves, a member of that party before catapulting to the presidency in 2006, giving him as many as 75 votes in the 101-seat Parliament. Only a simple majority is needed to win.
The ballot is secret. Indrek Tarand, a member of the European Parliament, is the only other candidate. He has the backing of the left-leaning opposition Center Party, which is favored by Estonia's sizable ethnic Russian community.
Estonia's president is largely a ceremonial figure. Still the presiden is the formal head of the country's armed forces and can dissolve Parliament and call for new elections.
Tonis Saarts, a political analyst at Tallinn University, said Ilves, who was born in Sweden and spent much of his adult life in the United States during the Soviet occupation of Estonia, is popular since he had adopted a non-critical stance toward the prime minister.
"Ilves is largely seen as a mouthpiece for the current center-right government," Saarts said.
The Ansip government can boast the fastest-growing economy in the eurozone, which Estonia joined on Jan. 1. Economic output increased 8.4 percent annually in the second quarter, and Estonia has the bloc's lowest public debt, a huge plus in Europe's debt-weary environment.
Ilves' first term was marked by three key events: the 2007 riots that followed the removal of a Soviet war memorial in the capital of Tallinn, a deep recession in 2008-2009 that triggered runaway unemployment, and the 2011 adoption of the euro.
Many observers praise Ilves' diplomatic skills, which have helped raise Estonia's profile in the international arena. But Ilves, who gave up his U.S. citizenship in 1993 to serve in the Estonian government, is not popular among the country's non-Estonian minorities, who make up nearly one-third of the country's 1.3 million people. Most are ethnic Russians.
Ilves said in a recent debate with Tarand, 47, that Russia should be excluded from the G-8 group of wealthy nations because it lacks the rule of law.
Tarand has shied away from strong criticism of Ilves, campaigning instead on increasing the influence of the president's office.
Copyright 2011 The Associated Press.


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Trends in the employment of disabled people in Britain
|Berthoud, R.
|Year Published
|Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex
|Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex
|The number of people claiming incapacity benefits increased rapidly to the mid 1990s, and has hardly reduced since then. This paper uses survey data to plot trends over time in the prevalence of disability, and in the employment rates of disabled people, in a way which is independent of, but comparable with, benefit statistics. The research is mainly based on General Household Survey data across the period 1974 to 2005. Much of the analysis is based on a loose definition of disability, but this is effectively complemented by more detailed data on health conditions available in some GHS years.
|Employment trends in the UK over three decades raise important questions about the relationship between disability and employment. The main aim of this paper is to use population survey data to unpack the trends in disability and employment, rather than focus on the published benefit statistics. With regard to intervention, one area was examined was the effect of changes in Social Security Disability policies on employment trends.
|The General Household Survey (GHS) is a continuous multipurpose survey of large random samples of households across Great Britain.1 The survey has been conducted, using a new sample each time, every year since 1973, with the exception of 1997 and 1999. The latest year available when the data were downloaded for this analysis related to 2005. In practice the 1973 survey did not have full data on economic activities, and the 1977 and 1978 surveys did not carry the standard question on limiting long-standing illness. These three annual surveys were therefore dropped from the analysis. The database therefore provides 28 annual observations, over a 32 year period.
|The analysis in this paper is based on adults aged 20 to 59.
|Data Collection
|Each of the 28 annual GHSs included in the analysis covers between 10,000 and 16,000 men and women within this age range, with an overall total of 360,673 respondents. Where results are shown for a series of years combined, each annual survey has been given a weight based on the number of adults in the population in the years in question, controlling for age and sex.
|There was no control or comparison condition.
The administrative statistics measure the combined outcome of three sets of processes: the prevalence of disability; the effect of disability on employment rates; the number of non-working disabled people who are eligible for, and claim, earnings replacement benefits on grounds of "incapacity". In practice the prevalence estimate (based on the LLI definition) rose gradually between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s, before falling gradually over the following ten years. It is possible to interpret this as a steady rise followed by an abrupt reversal; or alternatively as a slowly evolving change in trend.
The extent of employment disadvantage faced by disabled people – the employment penalty – followed a different pattern. It rose very slowly at first, increased rapidly between 1987 and 2000, and then steadied (Figure I). There were no observable and definitive effects of policy changes and employment.
This analysis of the trends over three decades has tended to undermine some of the hypotheses frequently put forward to explain the experience of disabled people:
- there is little sign that most of the changes observed over the period have mainly been associated with minor sets of impairments;
- there is little sign that disabled people are especially sensitive to the ups and downs of the business cycle;
- although there was a substantial shift in the ratio of disability-disadvantage (as estimated by the survey) to incapacity-related benefit payments (reported by the DWP) up to about 1990, there is little sign that this ratio was influenced by major changes in the rules governing eligibility for benefits.
|No specific disability
|Male & Female
|Employment acquisition | Full-time employment | Part-time employment | Self-employment
|NIDILRR Funded
|Research Design
|Peer Reviewed


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