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REEVES, JOHN, judge and author; b. 20 Nov. 1752 in London, son of John Reeves; d. there unmarried 7 Aug. 1829.
Schooled at Eton College, John Reeves was denied a fellowship at King's College, Cambridge, but matriculated at Merton College, Oxford, on 31 Oct. 1771. He obtained his ba in 1775 and on 11 November was elected Michel scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. He became a fellow of Queen's on 8 Oct. 1777, qualifying for an ma the next year. In 1780 Reeves was made a commissioner of bankrupts, having been called to the bar via the Middle Temple the previous year. In 1779 too he had begun his career as a prolific author of works on legal, political, and constitutional questions. Legal adviser to the Privy Council committee for trade from 1787, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society three years later.
In 1791 Reeves stepped out of the conventional life of his profession when he became a judge in Newfoundland. The circumstances of his nomination were complex. In 1787 a decision of the Court of Quarter Sessions in Devon, England, had challenged the legality of the system of civil justice on the island [see Richard Hutchings*]. As a result, prospective litigants were unable to obtain hearings on the island, a difficulty compounded by a severe set-back in the fishery late that year. In 1789 Governor Mark Milbanke* established a court of common pleas, but his authority to do so was denied by the English law officers. Finally, in 1791 remedial legislation was passed by parliament. The act 31 Geo.III, c.29, created "a court of civil jurisdiction" to determine "all pleas of debt, account, contracts respecting personal property, and all trespasses committed against the person or goods and chattels" in Newfoundland "and islands and parts adjacent, or on the banks" off Newfoundland. The court was to consist of a "chief judge," appointed by the king, and two assessors, appointed by the governor. During the governor's residence it would also have exclusive jurisdiction in disputes about the wages of seamen or fishermen. In the governor's absence such disputes could be heard, as before, in the court of session mentioned in 15 Geo.III, c.31. The act was to take effect on 10 June 1791 and continue for one year, "and unto the end of the then next session of Parliament."
Reeves arrived in Newfoundland as chief judge on 10 Sept. 1791. The assessors were Aaron Graham*, secretary to successive governors, and D'Ewes Coke, the controller of customs. Between then and 31 October, 138 writs were issued. Reeves left for home on 1 November, and reports on his work went to Henry Dundas, the home secretary, and the Privy Council committee for trade. Noting that the influence of the court had been confined to the St John's area, Reeves proposed several reforms, the most important of which was the establishment of a permanent supreme court with both civil and criminal jurisdiction. The existing courts of session would work in concert with this new court by trying petty offences, "especially those arising from disputes over wages." Reeves also called for the granting of legal status to the courts held in the outports by naval officers.
An act incorporating these suggestions received royal assent on 15 June 1792, despite vigorous opposition from West Country interests. By its terms a supreme court with full authority in all civil and criminal cases was to be established. In criminal matters the court was to follow English law, and in civil cases English law "as far as the same can be applied to suits and complaints" arising in Newfoundland. Presiding over the court would be a chief justice, appointed by the king, with officers appointed by the chief justice. The act also empowered the governor, with the advice of the chief justice, to institute civil courts called surrogate courts in different parts of the island as required. These were also to determine cases according to English law. In civil cases in both courts defendants could claim trial by jury if "the cause of action" exceeded £10. Judgements by the surrogate courts for sums exceeding £40 could be appealed to the Supreme Court, those by the Supreme Court for sums exceeding £100 to the king in council. The court of civil jurisdiction established in 1791 was to function until the opening of the new court, which would have the same life as its predecessor.
Reeves returned to Newfoundland as chief justice on 3 Sept. 1792. Besides holding court in St John's, he "made a Circuit round to Conception Bay and Trinity Bay" and visited Ferryland. His staff consisted of a single clerk, but he had the "voluntary Assistance" of Coke. By 30 October, when he left for home, he had issued 120 writs. While in Newfoundland Reeves recommended to Dundas that a system of justice like that created by the 1792 act be made permanent, and on his return to England he devoted himself wholeheartedly to this cause. In February 1793 he was given a public forum for his views when the House of Commons appointed a committee to inquire into the state of the trade to Newfoundland.
On appearing before the committee, Reeves was permitted to read a paper which examined both the history and the existing state of Newfoundland. In particular, he was concerned to rebut the evidence of Peter Ougier* and William Newman, Devon merchants opposed to the judicial changes. Reeves attributed their attitude and that of their supporters in the West Country to the disreputable activities of merchants' agents in Newfoundland, who would resist the administration of justice in order "to draw as few Bills" as possible on their principals. "A certain Class" of West Country merchants had "invariably set themselves against every Attempt to introduce Order and Justice" to Newfoundland, looking upon the island as their own property. Their purpose had been "to secure their private Interests . . . independent of any Competition from other Traders, and of any Inspection." Their policy had been embodied in slogans such as "No Residents" and "A free Fishery carried on from Great Britain," but the freedom they had sought was that "of being free of all Rule and Order themselves, in the Enjoyment of an exclusive Monopoly, and at Liberty to exercise a Dominion over the Boatkeepers and poor Inhabitants, whom they kept in perpetual Thraldom." Reeves strongly recommended the continuance of the court system, and argued that it could be improved by the establishment of a court to function in the absence of the chief justice and surrogates for the recovery of debts and for the determination of any sort of cause. The personnel of this court, from which there should be right of appeal to the Supreme Court, night be "no other than the very Persons who sat in the Court of Common Pleas." Newfoundland needed "the Control and the Protection of Magistracy and Officers, like the rest of the King's Dominions," in short "something more of a resident Government."
Reeves also commented on the nature of landholding in Newfoundland, noting that the ownership of "Three Fourths of the Ground . . . used and possessed in the Island" could not be traced to any "Grant or . . . Thing to shew for the original Possession." Title by occupancy alone was especially the case in the outports, "where being removed from the Eye of Government, they make Inclosures, and carve for themselves almost as they please." He recommended that the crown should receive from landholders "some Acknowledgment by way of Quit Rent."
His judicial advice at least was sympathetically heard, for on 17 June 1793 royal assent was given to an act which continued the system he had inaugurated. Reeves's successor as chief justice was D'Ewes Coke.
In April 1793 Reeves completed his famous History of the government of the island of Newfoundland, the first comprehensive account of the island's past. In keeping with his own experience, he focused on "the struggles and vicissitudes of two contending interests. – The planters and inhabitants on the one hand, who, being settled there, needed the protection of a government and police, with the administration of justice: and the adventurers and merchants on the other; who, originally carrying on the fishery from this country, and visiting that island only for the season, needed no such protection for themselves, and had various reasons for preventing its being afforded to the others." The dialectic thus posed was to be examined over and over again in the historiography of Newfoundland. In 1978 Keith Matthews argued that Reeves's work, the "first published identification of the West Country merchants with villainy," had "been read and broadly accepted by every recent historian."
On 22 March 1794 Dundas recommended to the Treasury that Reeves be paid £500 for each period of his service in Newfoundland. In 1795 the ultra-royalist Reeves published anonymously in London a pamphlet entitled Thoughts on the English government; addressed to the quiet good sense of the people of England; in a series of letters; letter the first. This work exaggerated the power of the monarch in the constitution at the expense of parliament and juries. He was charged with libel on this account – an unusual fate for a conservative spokesman – but was acquitted the following year. In 1800 Reeves was appointed king's printer and in 1824 elected a bencher of the Inns of Court. He died a wealthy bachelor and was buried in the Temple Church (St Mary's) on 17 Aug. 1829.
John Reeves is the author of History of the government of the island of Newfoundland . . . (London, 1793; repr. New York and East Ardsley, Eng., 1967).
G.B., Parl., House of Commons, Journals (London), 46 (1790–91)–48 (1792–93); House of Commons papers, 1793, no. 4393, First report from the committee appointed to enquire into the state of trade to Newfoundland; no.4407, Second report . . . ; no.4438, Third report. . . . DNB. The Eton College register, 1753–1790, ed. R. A. Austen-Leigh (Eton, Eng., 1921). C. R. Fay, Life and labour in Newfoundland (Toronto, 1956). A. H. McLintock, The establishment of constitutional government in Newfoundland, 1783–1832: a study of retarded colonisation (London and Toronto, 1941). Keith Matthews, Lectures on the history of Newfoundland: 1500–1830 (St John's, 1973). Prowse, Hist. of Nfld. (1895). Keith Matthews, "Historical fence building: a critique of the historiography of Newfoundland," Newfoundland Quarterly (St John's), 74 (1978–79), no.1: 21–30.
Peter Neary, "REEVES, JOHN," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 6, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed July 25, 2024, https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/reeves_john_6E.html.
Permalink: | https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/reeves_john_6E.html |
Author of Article: | Peter Neary |
Title of Article: | REEVES, JOHN |
Publication Name: | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 6 |
Publisher: | University of Toronto/Université Laval |
Year of publication: | 1987 |
Year of revision: | 1987 |
Access Date: | July 25, 2024 |


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The award-winning VROOM Virtual Reality Training Toolkit lets you develop immersive training programs for your product. It features an easy to use icon-based visual flow programming toolkit and uses your existing CAD data. Once arranged, the training program can be run on any computer processor, from a basic 2D rendering system to a full body-tracked immersive virtual reality system.
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subset: commoncrawl


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ped-, pedi-, -pedal, -ped, -pede, -pedia
(Latin: foot, feet; people often see this ped element in other words. When people refer to "pedal extremities", they mean "feet". When anyone pushes the pedals of a bicycle, it is done with the feet. A pedestrian must use the feet for walking. A quadruped has four feet while a centipede has "100 feet"; or a large number of them because it may be impossible to count all of them.)
2. In zoology, having the toes connected by a membrane that serves as a wing: "Bats are known as alipeds or cheiropterous (hand-wing) animals."
Anomaliipods is another term for those birds whose middle toe is connected to the exterior toes by three bones, and to the interior toe by just one bone.
Even people are classified as bipeds; of course, dogs, cats, and all of the other animals that have four feet are not bipeds, but quadrupeds.
Many primate and even bear species will adopt a bipedal gait in order to reach food or so they can explore their environment; while humans, gibbons, and large birds walk by raising one foot at a time.
Go to this Word A Day Revisited Index
so you can see more of Mickey Bach's cartoons.
2. Capable of locomotion on two feet: When they are really in a big hurry, some iguanas and other lizards bipedal their way across land and even water.
3. Sometimes used humorously as a reference to a human: Unless something has caused a person to lose one or both feet, he or she bipedal themselves from here to there and where ever they can.
Some people are known as bipedaling monoglots (two-footed people who speak one language) or bipedaling polyglots (two-footed people who speak many languages).
It is obvious that the animal below is a more bipedaling horse than the usual quadrupedal ones that people normally see.
An unusual example of a quadrupedal horse transformed into the most bipedaling runner ever seen.
Ted's gardner was seen striding five bipedalities from the wall and then he started to dig a hole for a new tree.
The capripedes represented excessive desires.
Hypocalcaemia is abnormally low calcium concentration, which can result in muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, spasms, and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes.
Hyperventilation refers to the depth and rate of breathing which is greater than that required by the needs of the body. Such a condition can cause dizziness and tingling of the fingers and toes.
Keep in mind that all of the ped words which you see in English are not always from the Latin "foot" or "feet". There are also some Greek ped words in English which do not mean "foot"! So, don't confuse this Latin element with a Greek pedo- that means "child" or the Greek pedo- which means "ground, soil".
If you want to leave footprints in the sands of time, don't drag your feet.


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WEDNESDAY, Feb. 1 (HealthDay News) — U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the Novartis drug Gleevec has been expanded to include adults who have had surgical removal of CD117-positive gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), the agency said in a news release.
GIST is a rare cancer that forms in cells that line the walls of the GI tract, including the stomach. Such cells play a role in food digestion and other bodily processes, the FDA said.
Gleevec, first approved in 2001 to treat a genetic disease called Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia, has been sanctioned subsequently for a number of forms of GIST.
Gleevec's label will be updated to include clinical study results about CD117-positive GIST. The drug significantly increased patient survival when taken for 36 months, compared to the standard 12 months, the FDA said.
Common clinical side effects of Gleevec included swelling, nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, bone or muscle pain, diarrhea, rash, fatigue and abdominal pain.
Novartis is based in East Hanover, N.J.
More information
The U.S. National Institutes of Health has more about GIST.


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- Signal reception by microphone and by electric piezo, to tune in any environment, with noise, without light, etc.
- A4 frequency range of 430Hz. at 450hz.
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- Battery type Cr2032 of more than 100 hours of duration.
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- Stylized design of robust manufacturing.
- Instruction manual in Spanish.
The customer may exchange any item that he does not like or does not fit as long as he meets the following conditions:
The customer has a period of 30 calendar days, from the date of receipt of the merchandise, to return a product. The essential requirements to carry out the return are:
* That the product is new, without signs of use, with the original box and labels properly wrapped. If the product meets the above conditions, the customer may exchange the item for any other size or for another model that we have in stock, the costs of returning the product will be borne by the customer, as well as customs costs if there would be. To return an item, you must previously contact us and send us an e-mail to: email@example.com indicating us in the subject RETURN and detailing in the mail your purchase data including name, telephone number and order or ticket number. We will be able to contact you as soon as possible indicating the shipping costs generated for the subsequent shipment of the exchanged item and the method of payment for it.
* That the product has not been tampered with.
* Have the invoice or purchase receipt.
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PEIN Gear Mount means you are in the best position to make you feel as if you were sitting in a real cockpit.
Equipment in the correct position will make you feel like you are in a real situation.
PEIN Gear Mount series are made with more than 10 years' practical know-how in Korea.
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Russia is among the world's leading oil producers, sitting atop the planet's eighth largest reserves. Like other oil-producing nations, it has been profoundly transformed by the oil industry. In The Depths of Russia, 2000 IDRF Fellow Douglas Rogers offers a nuanced and multifaceted analysis of oil's place in Soviet and Russian life, based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in the Perm region of the Urals. Moving beyond models of oil calibrated to capitalist centers and postcolonial "petrostates," Rogers traces the distinctive contours of the socialist―and then postsocialist―oil complex, showing how oil has figured in the making and remaking of space and time, state and corporation, exchange and money, and past and present. He pays special attention to the material properties and transformations of oil (from depth in subsoil deposits to toxicity in refining) and to the ways oil has echoed through a range of cultural registers.
The Depths of Russia challenges the common focus on high politics and Kremlin intrigue by considering the role of oil in barter exchanges and surrogate currencies, industry-sponsored social and cultural development initiatives, and the city of Perm's campaign to become a European Capital of Culture. Rogers also situates Soviet and post-Soviet oil in global contexts, showing that many of the forms of state and corporate power that emerged in Russia after socialism are not outliers but very much part of a global family of state-corporate alliances gathered at the intersection of corporate social responsibility, cultural sponsorship, and the energy and extractive industries. Buy it on Amazon.


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Pipeline anarchyTrump win fuels more rampant theft and destruction – and North Dakota citizens pay the price
Is this to be our future? Last week's elections will soon end autocratic rule via executive fiat, the war on coal and hydrocarbons, IRS agents targeting conservative groups, government SWAT teams invading businesses and homes, and numerous other Abuses and Usurpations.
But now we're getting leftist anarchy and riots – with mindless, incoherent radicals smashing Portland storefronts, beating a Chicago motorist, and pummeling a ninth grade Woodside, CA Trump supporter.
Amid it all, the epitome of nihilist, watermelon environmentalist, criminal, sore-loser fury is raging south of Bismarck, North Dakota, where thousands of "peaceful protesters" are camping illegally on federal and private lands, "venting their anger" over the Dakota Access Pipe Line.
This $3.8-billion, 1,172-mile, state-of-the-art, 30-inch conduit will carry 470,000 barrels of oil daily from the state's Bakken oil fields to Illinois. It's about 85% complete, and the only segment left to be finished in North Dakota is a 1,000-foot passage under Lake Oahe, a manmade reservoir on the Missouri River. DAPL runs parallel to the existing Northern Border natural gas pipeline, through the same area and under the lake.
The pipeline would replace 700 railroad tanker cars or 2,000 semi-trailer highway tanker trucks per day. It has created thousands of manufacturing and construction jobs. Bakken's light, sweet crude oil replaces imports, fuels our vehicles, powers our economy, and provides raw materials for many essential products.
Since it is underground, once it is installed and grasses are planted, the pipeline will be invisible except for occasional pumping stations, valves and other facilities. Modern metals, warning systems, automatic shutoff valves, 24/7/365 monitoring and other safeguards minimize the risk of spills – and nearly 140 revisions rerouted the DAPL around populated areas and sensitive ecological, archaeological, sacred and historic sites. The pipeline is 99.98% on private land and is covered by easements and other agreements.
All these and other issues were addressed repeatedly and thoughtfully during a three-year, 389-meeting review and approval process. Landowners, communities, environmentalists and citizens provided input, and 55 Native American groups were consulted. Prominent in their refusal to participate were the Standing Rock Sioux, whose reservation is a half-mile from Lake Oahe, where the pipeline is set to cross.
Only now are Standing Rock tribal leaders and members voicing opposition. Not surprisingly, they have been joined by Indians from across America, and by a motley assortment of activists, agitators and anarchists whom friendly media and politicians insist on praising as "peaceful resisters" against an industrial intrusion that "threatens" the climate, tribal culture, drinking water, historic artifacts and sacred sites. A United Nations "special rappoteur" on human rights claims law enforcement officials are using "violent" tactics against arrested protesters and subjecting them to "inhuman and degrading" conditions!
These claims are "tonka chesli" – Lakota for BS.
These thousands of militants are trespassing. They've wiped out forage that ranchers were depending on to feed their cattle and bison during fall and winter months. They blockade roads and rail lines, set fires to make passage impossible, and harass reporters who question their actions. One tried to shoot a deputy. They have burned bridges, destroyed millions of dollars of construction equipment, chased livestock until they lose their calves or die of exhaustion – and killed, maimed or eaten cattle, horses and domesticated buffalo. They've promised far more destructive actions, and even issued death threats against their critics.
A favorite tactic employs "peaceful dissidents" and "prayer groups" to block and distract ranchers and sheriff's deputies from an area, while others destroy nearby fence wire and posts. One rancher told me repairing just the fence on the ranch where they graze buffalo will cost at least $300,000 and weeks of hard work. The anarchists obviously don't care about innocent people who are caught in the middle.
Other ranchers' lost forage and animals, time and fuel spent on repairs, and other expenses will cost well over $500,000. No one has offered any compensation, even though the militants have millions of dollars.
Washington Times journalist Valerie Richardson reports that, as of November 1, the militants' Sacred Stone camp alone raised $1.3 million for supplies on GoFundMe and $1.2 million on FundRazr for legal defense. The Red Warrior Camp quickly collected $142,000 via GoFundMe and $105,000 in legal defense cash on IndieGogo, even though the Standing Rock council is frustrated and wants them gone.
Rumors run rampant that the "protesters" are also raking in bundles of welfare checks, plus "charitable and educational contributions" from "progressive" billionaires like Tom Steyer (coal), George Soros (currency speculation), Warren Buffett (railroads and tanker cars); outfits they fund, such as the Tides Foundation, 350.org, EarthJustice and Indigenous Environmental Network; and various Russian, Saudi and other foreign sources that would like to keep US oil and gas locked up.
Perhaps the abundant cash will attract corporate and pro bono lawyers, legal foundations and attorneys general who can freeze the assets and pursue individual or joint and several liability claims, plus punitive damages, to compensate ranchers, other locals and companies – and dissuade future lawlessness.
Last January, 26 peaceful ranchers who encamped on federal wildlife refuge property in Oregon were arrested, one was shot and killed, and the survivors were charged with, tried for (and found not guilty of) theft, conspiracy and weapons violations. Many wonder why these North Dakota militants and criminals are getting a free pass, glowing press coverage, and millions of dollars from crime-financing enablers.
The nearly completed DAPL has to cross the river somewhere and will pose the same low pollution risks wherever it goes. But it will be built with the utmost care, with the best technologies and materials.
So what is actually driving these destructive, vindictive, violent protests against this convenient "poster child" pipeline?
They have no grasp of basic facts. Pipelines are safer than trucks or rail cars. This low-pressure line is state-of-the-art and will be monitored constantly and inspected regularly. High-cost renewable energy impacts small businesses, hospitals, blue-collar workers, and poor and minority families the hardest. And President Obama's refusal to accept a court order or speak out against the crime is fueling the insanity.
Hopefully, President Trump, governors, AGs, other elected officials, and publicly spirited lawyers and judges will do the right thing: shut these anarchists down, compensate ranchers and other victims – and award punitive damages against the Big Green operatives who have caused so much damage, under the guise of freedom of speech (for them only) and phony concern for Native culture and the environment.
Then finish the pipeline, renew our focus on energy we can count on, and put America back to work.
Paul Driessen Eco-Imperialism
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Paul Driessen is senior policy advisor for the Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow (www.CFACT.org). He received his J.D. from the University of Denver College of Law.
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Copyright © 2016 by Paul DriessenAll Rights Reserved.
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By Jillian Jorgensen Staten Island Advance
U.S. Army Specialist Brendan Marrocco's high-tech Smart Home isn't far from the ocean — and not at all far from The Annex, a Prince's Bay bar that Sandy smashed to bits.
But somehow, the veteran's home escaped the storm mostly unscathed.
"He was very fortunate," said Frank Siller of the Stephen Siller Tunnel to the Towers Foundation, which helped build Marrocco's home along with Building Homes for Heroes. "The Annex before him, the bar before him, got leveled."
The home — outfitted to be totally accessible for Marrocco, the first U.S. soldier to survive losing all four limbs in combat — shipped less than a foot of water, Siller said.
"The Sheetrock is already torn out, and that was done immediately, and the property has been cleaned up," Siller said.
But the house and its electronics came through the storm intact.
"Thank God, the house is fine structurally, absolutely 100 percent fine," Siller said. "Just like a lot of other people, it's still nonetheless nerve-racking because of the situation."
If storms like this one only hit once every 500 years, Siller said, it should be fine — but the foundation is already discussing potential ways to protect the house in the future if storms like Sandy become more common.
"So many people called me on it and asked how Brendan was," Siller said.
Marrocco wasn't on the Island during the storm, but his father, Alex, stayed in the house during Sandy.
"His father, who is one of the greatest human beings I've ever met, was there protecting his house," Marrocco said.
Marrocco is staying with his dad while the minors repairs are finished at the house, Siller said, and he was put up for a few days after the storm by Richard Nicotra, owner of the Hilton Garden Inn and Hampton Inn hotels in Bloomfield.
The Siller Foundation has been busy in the wake of the storm — the organization has added helping Sandy victims to its long list of services, including helping wounded combat veterans and holding the Tunnel to Towers run every year in memory of Stephen Siller, a firefighter who died responding to the September 11, 2001 attacks.


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The residual information will not be used for commercial purposes; however Wakelounge.com reserves the right, from time to time, to recontact former customers or users of Wakelounge.com. Questions? Questions regarding this Privacy Policy should be directed to Wakelounge.com at email@example.com. |


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Some Facebook users can now see whether their data may have been obtained by political data firm Cambridge Analytica.
On Monday, the social media giant began rolling out a "see how you're affected" tool at the top of News Feeds to inform users if they're among the tens of millions of people who had their data improperly harvested by Cambridge Analytica.
The full roll out will happen over time, so not all users will see the link at the same time.
Users who were not affected will see a different link highlighting which apps are connected to their Facebook accounts and what data those third parties can see. The link also directs users to a tool that allows them to disconnect apps from accounts.
Last month, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg promised to "show everyone a tool at the top of your News Feed with the apps you've used and an easy way to revoke those apps' permissions to your data."
Facebook has also said it will reviews thousands of apps to search for additional abuse.
"If we find developers that misused personally identifiable information, we will ban them and tell everyone affected by those apps," Zuckerberg said.
Facebook has been under fire since the Cambridge Analytica news broke last month. The controversy has raised questions about whether the social media giant does enough to protect user information.
Last week, Facebook said Cambridge Analytica may have had information on about 87 million Facebook users without the users' knowledge. Previous reporting had put the number of users at about 50 million.
The data obtained was originally collected by University of Cambridge professor Aleksandr Kogan who used an app called "thisisyourdigitallife," which offered a personality test. Facebook users who downloaded the app granted it permission to collect data on their location, friends and things they Liked. The data collection was allowed by Facebook at the time.
However, Facebook has said that Kogan violated its terms of service by giving the information to Cambridge Analytica.
Facebook banned Kogan and Cambridge Analytica from its platform last month ahead of a New York Times investigative report about how the data was passed on.
On Tuesday, Zuckerberg will appear before Congress to discuss the data controversy.


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The Northern States Conservation Center emphasizes practical solutions to common collection care problems. We believe conservation treatment is part of a process that preserves our cultural heritage. Without well-trained institutional caretakers, environmental controls, and monitoring systems that alert staff to potentially damaging situations, conservation treatment is a waste of precious funds.
We offer training, consultation on museum expansion and new construction, support in grant writing and editing, and regular updates on developments in collection care. Additionally we offer skilled conservation treatment to stabilize and repair damaged artifacts of all types: three-dimensional objects, works of art on paper, books, paintings, sculpture, furniture and photographs. We use a process called phased conservation to assess the current environment, devise a plan of action to address problem areas, survey specific collection objects, and develop and perform treatment as needed. The results benefit the entire collection.
Providing collection care, preservation and conservation treatment services to collectors and collecting institutions internationally.


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As noted many times before, a major theme of this blog has been the utter lack of accountability for the faculty members and academic administrators whose behavior in the lacrosse case failed to meet even the minimal ethical standards that a world-class university should expect of its faculty. Duke provided yet another reminder of the pattern earlier this week, when it named Group of 88'er Paula McClain--yes, that Paula McClain--as dean of the university's Graduate School and vice provost for graduate education.
In announcing yet the latest Group member to receive a promotion, President Brodhead hailed McClain as an "outstanding university citizen." And he singled out for particular praise "her concern for the well-being of individual students."
That's a very interesting description of McClain, who in 2006-7 displayed an utter indifference to the well-being of dozens of Duke students.
- In April 2006, she signed a statement that prejudged a criminal case against Duke students, affirming that something "happened" to false accuser Crystal Mangum, and that she would continue to protest the issue regardless of what the police or court decided.
- The next month, in an interview with espn.com, McClain rationalized Nifong's pre-primary publicity crusade (which ultimately contributed to his disbarment), absurdly claiming, "Whether what he's done has made it more political? . . . This would have been political, regardless."
- In summer 2006, McClain (apparently expressing "her concern for the well-being of individual students") issued a one-word response--"No"--when a DIW reader asked her whether she'd be willing to issue a statement on behalf of the falsely accused students, even to the extent to demanding that they receive fair treatment by Nifong.
- A few months later, in perhaps another expression of "her concern for the well-being of individual students," this time for Duke student-athletes, McClain termed herself "aghast" at a common-sense proposal to improve coordination between professors and coaches. She also openly mocked a sophomoric spoof of the proposal. As Sports Law Blog tartly observed at the time "Apparently, Professor McClain--who is co-director of Duke's Center for the Study of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Social Sciences--believes that in the aftermath of the Duke lacrosse scandal, the University needs to distance itself from its sports teams, rather than embrace them."
- In 2007, in what was perhaps another expression of "her concern for the well-being of individual students," McClain responded with defiance to the legal settlement between Duke and the falsely accused players--a settlement in which Duke shielded the faculty from any lawsuits filed by the falsely accused students.
I'm sure McClain's appointment has nothing to do with Brodhead's recent remarks in which he profoundly apologized for not appointing more women and/or minorities to upper-level administrative posts--even as he, a white male, refused to resign to allow the Duke trustees to appoint a female or minority president.


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A little thought experiment, similar to this one: Imagine you are making a cup of tea when the door bell rings. You've poured the boiling water into a cup with a teabag in it. As you're just about to pour milk in to the mix, the door bell rings.
My question is: what will keep the resulting drink hottest after my chat with the person at the door: quickly pouring the milk in, or leaving it in the carton until after the interruption ends?
Being a bit of a mathematician I'm happy to have the questions answered with a formula in terms of $t$ the length of the interruption, $m$, the temperature of the cold milk, $w$ the temperature of the hot water, $a$ the ambient temperature etc. I guess you'll have to use a model of how an insulated body loses/gains heat... feel free to use simplifying assumptions like the environment stays the same temperature etc.
My starting point from a physics point of view, is that heat is lost (or gained) proportional to the temperature difference between the object and the environment. So I imagine that would create some sort of exponential curve?


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Deloitte Supplier Code of Conduct
Deloitte's commitment to responsible business is rooted in our Purpose—175 years of making an impact that matters for our people, society, and clients. Our Purpose defines who we are and why we exist. Our Shared Values describe how we live our Purpose, and our Global Principles of Business Conduct explain our ethical commitments. Our Supplier Code of Conduct ("Supplier Code") outlines our expectations of Suppliers.


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Acupuncture applies needles, heat, pressure, and different therapies to a number of places on the pores and skin often known as acupuncture points (see Question 1 ). Sufferers who acquired infrared laser acupuncture 3 occasions per week for four weeks had much less fatigue than those that obtained sham treatment. Analysis means that acupuncture will help manage sure ache circumstances, but evidence about its value for different health issues is uncertain. For Schirmer check scores and frequency of synthetic tear utilization, 2 RCTs reported superior effects of acupuncture plus artificial tears, while 1 RCT failed to take action. The authors concluded that these findings present limited evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture for treating dry eye.
Current proof means that many factors—like expectation and perception—which might be unrelated to acupuncture needling could play necessary roles in the helpful results of acupuncture on ache. After most cancers surgery, some patients develop ileus Randomized clinical trials that studied acupuncture for ileus had combined results. A systematic overview discovered no dependable proof for the effectiveness of acupuncture in the administration of xerostomia.
In a 2016 study, 23 breast and head and neck cancer patients with lymphedema who had acupuncture and moxibustion treatments reported improved levels of energy and decreased ache. Leggett Tait P, Brooks L, Harstall C. Acupuncture: Evidence from systematic opinions and meta-analyses. Several studies have reported the efficacy of acupuncture, with fewer hostile effects than analgesic drugs, in the therapy of painful diabetic and human immunodeficiency virus-related neuropathy.
Based on TCM theory, there are over one thousand acupuncture points on the physique, every mendacity on an invisible vitality channel, or meridian" Every meridian is associated with a special organ system. Ling WM, Lui LY, So WK, Chan K. Results of acupuncture and acupressure on cancer-related fatigue: A systematic evaluation. The remaining 2 research had been uncontrolled scientific trials.
Acupuncture will help with relaxation and cancer-associated fatigue, in addition to serving to to scale back cancer therapy unwanted side effects. If acupuncture is used, it must be as an addition to, relatively than as a substitute for, standard medical remedies , and should solely be used after session with one's physician or different MS healthcare skilled.


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We are committed to protecting the privacy of our patients and other visitors. This policy explains how we protect your privacy while visiting our web site. For information about how we protect your privacy at our office, see our Notice of Privacy Practices.
No cookies
We do not deposit "cookies" on your computer, nor do we retrieve them. (Cookies are small files some web sites place on your computer to track your usage and preferences).
The information we do collect
We do collect information for use in generating summary statistics, but this information is limited to generic information (for example, what Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is used to access our site), and this information does not identify you individually. The only way we obtain your email address or name is if you provide it via feedback form or direct email communications.
What we do with the information we collect
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By using our web site, you consent to the collection and use of the information described herein. Changes in this policy will be posted on this page so you can always be fully aware of what information is being collected, how it is being used, and under what circumstances it is being disclosed.
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Suave Dude Falls Down Stairs While Walking With Prom Date
The prom did not get off to a good start for this teen.
Austin Cooper was walking down a set of stairs with his girlfriend and prom date, Jordyn McManus, when he slipped, inadvertently becoming an Internet sensation in the process.
The incident took place last weekend at Jordyn's house. The couple managed to let the whole thing roll off their backs.
"My back was hurting during the whole night of prom but I stuck with it and manned up," Cooper told Mashable.
Jordyn, meanwhile, has found the humor in the whole matter. "I was laughing for about 10 minutes and couldn't stop watching the video throughout the night," she said. "It was great."
She's hardly the only person to embrace the slip. The clip has been retweeted well over 110,000 times and liked nearly 300,000 times. The twittersphere has been buzzing about the fall to end all falls, too.


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Carr, Rachel, Be a Frog, a Bird, or a Tree.Harper Colophon Books, 10 East 53rd Street, New York, New York 10022, USA. 1977. A children's course in hatha yoga,with 30 poses.
Corkery, Forrest and Marti Mueller, A Child and a Tree.Sri Aurobindo International Institute of Educational Research Aspiration, Auroville, Tamil Nadu 605 104, India. 1989. The cause, consequences and solution to deforestation, as seen through the eyes of a boy in an Indian village.
Dasa, Yogesvara and Jyotirmayi-devi dasi, A Gift of Love: The Story of Sudama the Brahmin.Bala Books, 125520 Kirkham Court, Suite 7, Poway, California 92064, USA. 1982. The story of Krishna's boyhood friend Sudama. For young children.
Greene, Joshua, Sakshi Gopal, A Witness for the Wedding.Bala Books, 125520 Kirkham Court, Suite 7, Poway, California 92064, USA. The classic tale of an old brahminwho gets the Deity Sakshi Gopal to come as a witness for him. For young children.
Harkonen, Reijo, The Children of Nepal.Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 241 First Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401, USA. A colorful picture book of children from all parts of Nepal. Not especially informative on Hinduism, but a nice glimpse into a child's life in Nepal.
Hermes, Jules, The Children of India.Carolrhoda Books, Inc., 241 First Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401, USA. A colorful picture book of children from all parts of India. Not especially informative on Hinduism, but a nice glimpse into a child's life in India.
Kalman, Bobbie, India, the Culture; India, the Landand India, the People.Crabtree Publishing Company, Department 2TT, 350 Fifth Avenue #3308, New York 10118, USA. Nicely written; beautiful photographs. This is a children's tour of India's land, people and culture. It has a reasonably accurate description of Hindu beliefs and customs.
*Khandpur, Swarn, Let Us Know India(12 volumes).India Book House, 249, Dr. D.N. Road, Bombay 400 001, India. 1976. A comprehensive series dealing with all aspects of India: people, geography, history, customs, culture, arts, economy, agriculture, dress and music.
Krishnaswami, Uma, Stories of the Flood.Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 5455 Spine Road, Mezzanine West, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA. Similar stories of a great flood in ancient times found in many world religions, including Hinduism.
Nath, Pratibha, A Bowl of Water.Children's Book Trust, Nehru House, 4, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, India. A book for young children on kindness to animals.
Patel, Mickey, Rupa the Elephant.National Book Trust, A-5 Green Park, New Delhi 110 016, India. 1974. A book for very young children about a friendly elephant.
Pfeffer, Pierre, Elephants, Big, Strong and Wise.Young Discovery Library, 217 Main Street, Ossinging, New York 10562, USA. Adults will also love this remarkably comprehensive book on these marvelous creatures.
*Rushton, Lucy, et al., Comparing Religions.Thomson Learning, One Penn Plaza, 41st Floor, New York, New York 10119, USA. This is a six-book series originally done in the United Kingdom: Pilgrimages and Journeys, Death Customs, Birth Customs, Food and Fasting, Marriage Customsand Initiation Customs.Excellent and unbiased presentations for each of the world's major religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The series has the impact of strengthening each religion's beliefs, culture and customs.
Sasso, Sandy Eisenberg, In God's Name.Jewish Lights Publishing, P.O. Box 237, Sunset Farm Offices, Route 4, Woodstock, Vermont 05091, USA. 1994. A story for young children on how people learned the nature of God.
Sawnt, S.D. and Badalkar, S.D., The Gandhi Story.Director, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, Patiala House, New Delhi 100 001, India. 1966. A picture book on the life of Mahatma Gandhi.
Shepard, Aaron, Savitri.Albert Whitman and Co., 6340 Oakton Street, Morton Grove, Illinois 60053, USA. Well-illustrated retelling of the classic tale of Savitri's winning of her husband from Yama, God of Death.
*Singh, Anne, Living in India.Young Discovery Library, 217 Main Street, Ossinging, New York 10562, USA. Colorful and entertaining book about India's people and way of life.
*Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya, Saivite Hindu Religion, The Master Course, Book 1.Himalayan Academy Publications, 107 Kaholalele Road, Kapaa, Hawaii 96746, USA. A complete, modern children's course for teaching Sanatana Dharma in its purity.
Tilak-devi dasi, ABC Coloring Book.Bala Books, 125520 Kirkham Court, Suite 7, Poway, California 92064, USA. 1982. An A-to-Z coloring book for young children.
Vijaykar, Mona, The Vee Family(series). Tri Color Books, 38774 Altura Street, Fremont, California 94536, USA. 1991. Color books for children on an Indian immigrant family's adjustments to America.
*Vishwashrayananda, Swami, Ramakrishna for Children.Sri Ramakrishna Math, Udbodhan Office, 1 Udbodhan Lane, Calcutta 700 003, India. 1975. The life of Sri Ramakrishna, with color illustrations.
*Vishwashrayananda, Swami, Vivekananda for Children.Sri Ramakrishna Math, Udbodhan Office, 1 Udbodhan Lane, Calcutta 700 003, India. 1975. Companion book to Ramakrishna for Children.
Warner, Rachell, Indian Migrations.Thomson Learning, One Penn Plaza, 41st Floor, New York, New York 10119, USA. Well illustrated book detailing the migration of Indians to many countries, including England, Fiji, Trinidad, South Africa, USA, etc. Many first-person accounts bring to life the hardship and adventures of the early Indian immigrants. The book is surprisingly up-to-date also, with accounts of present-day situations.
White, Rosalyn et al., illustrators, Jataka Tales.Dharma Publishing, 2425 Hillside Avenue, Berkeley, California 94704, USA. This is a set of beautifully illustrated and printed books for young children drawn from traditional Buddhist tales. Parents might be selective in which ones to acquire as some are overly violent, or without a strong moral point. Recommended are: The Magic of Patience, Great Gift and the Wish-Fulfilling Gem, Courageous Captainand A Precious Life.
Wood, Douglas, Old Turtle.Pfeifer-Hamilton Publishers, 210 West Michigan, Duluth, Minnesota 55801, USA. 1992. Similar to In God's Nameabout how people come to understand God, for young children.
*Nivedita, Sister, Cradle Tales of Hinduism.Advaita Ashrama, available from Auromere, 1291 Weber Street, Pomona, California 91768, USA. 1907. Wonderful retelling of India's classic stories in a thoughtful and gentle way suitable for children.
Prakashananda, Swami, Don't Think of a Monkey and Other Stories My Guru Told Me.Saraswati Productions, 43463 Columbia Avenue, Fremont, California 94538, USA. A collection of traditional and contemporary stories as told by Swami Muktananda.
Ramakrishna, Sri, Tales and Parables.Sri Ramakrishna Math, 16, Ramakrishna Math Road, Madras 600 004, India. A collection of the stories told by Sri Ramakrishna to his disciples.
Ramdas, Swami, Stories as Told by Swami Ramdas.Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, South Asia Books, P.O. Box 502, Columbia, Missouri 65205, USA. 1969. A collection of traditional and contemporary stories.
*Ryder, Arthur W. (trans.), The Panchatantra.The University of Chicago Press, 11030 South Langley Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60628, USA. 1925. A highly readable translation of the classic animal tales.
Anandamayee Sangha, Mother as Seen by her Devotees.Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha, Bhadaini, Varanasi, India. The story of Ma Anandamayee, one of India's greatest modern-day woman saints.
Brunton, Paul, A Search in Secret India.Samuel Weiser, Inc., Box 6612, York Beach, Maine 03910, USA. 1985. Classic account of Brunton's meeting with the saints and sages of India in the early 20th century, especially Ramana Maharshi.
*Evans-Wentz, W.Y. (editor), Tibet's Great Yogi Milarepa.Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, North Carolina 27513, USA. 1928. This classic story details the austere training of Milarepa under his guruMarpa. Good for appreciating the guru.
Gandhi, Mahatma, The Story of My Experiments with Truth.Beacon Press, 25 Beacon Street, Boston 02108, USA. The influential story of Gandhi's life as recounted by himself. Useful both for its insights into Hinduism and for India's history.
Gowda, H.H. Anniah, Divine Power from Adi Chunchanagiri: The Spiritual Biography of Sri Sri Sri Balagangadharanatha Swamiji.Sri Adi Chunchanagiri Mahasamsthana Mutt, Vijayanagar, Bangalore 560 040, India. The inspiring life-story and modern achievements of one of Karnataka state's most beloved swamis.
Hall, Manly P., The Guru.The Philosophical Research Society, Inc., 3910 Los Feliz Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90072, USA. 1972. Entertaining and somewhat embellished narrative of a Hindu saint.
*Johnsen, Linda, Daughters of the Goddess, the Women Saints of India.Yes International Publishers, 1317 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA. 1994. Short biographies of modern women saints: Sri Ma, Anandamayi Ma, Anandi Ma, Gurumayi Chidvilasananda, Ma Yoga Shakti and Ammachi.
Nikhilananda, Swami (trans.), The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna.Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, 17 East 94th Street, New York, New York, USA. The classic biography of one of the greatest modern Hindu saints.
Ramdas, Swami, In Quest of God, The Saga of an Extraordinary Pilgrimage.Blue Dove Press, P.O. Box 261661, San Diego, California 92196, USA. 1994. An inspiring narrative of the life of Swami Ramdas (1884-1963).
Rao, S.K. Ramachandra, Life and Light of Sri Thiruchi Swami.Sri Kailasa Asrama Maha-Samsthana, Sri Rajeswari-Nagar, Bangalore 560 039, India. 1994. Rare life story of one of the most respected swamisin South India.
Sharga, P. Brijnath, Life of Swami Rama Tirtha.The Rama Tirtha Pratishthan, 14 Marwari-Gali, Lucknow, India. 1968. The story of Rama Tirtha, who journeyed to the USA, Japan and other countries in the early 20th century.
*Shastri, Hari Prasad, The Heart of the Eastern Mystical Teaching.Shanti Sadan, 29 Chepstow Villas, London, W. II, United Kingdom. 1954. Life story of Shri Dada, a saint born in North India in 1854.
*Sivananda, Swami, Saints and Sages.Divine Life Society, 570 New Germany Road, Clare Estate, Durban, South Africa. Short accounts of the lives of many saints from several religious traditions.
Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Sri Aurobindo, The Story of His Life.Auromere Books, 1291 Weber Street, Pomona, California 91768, USA. The story of one of India's great modern sages, whose impact is far-reaching.
*Sugrue, Thomas, There is a River, the Story of Edgar Cayce.Dell Publishing Co., Inc. 750 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10017, USA. 1961. Remarkable account of an American healer who lived in the first half of this century and taught of karmaand reincarnation.
*Yogananda, Paramahansa, Autobiography of a Yogi.Self-Realization Fellowship, 3880 San Rafael Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90065, USA. Classic story of Yogananda's training in India and later mission in the West.
*Borgia, Anthony, Life in the World Unseen.The Citadel Press, Carol Publishing Group, 120 Enterprise Avenue, Secaucus, New Jersey, 07094, USA. 1962. A very unusual book describing life in the Devaloka, where souls live after death.
Johari, Harish, Chakras, Energy Centers of Transformation.Destiny Books, One Park Street, Rochester, Vermont 05767, USA. 1987. A well-done and technical book on the chakras,the inner force centers of the body discovered through yoga.
*Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya, Dancing with Siva, Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism.Himalayan Academy Publications, 107 Kaholalele Road, Kapaa, Hawaii 96746, USA. An unequalled Hindu reference book.Its 1,008 pages contain 155 daily lessons, 300 illustrations, 600 Vedic verses, a 40-page timeline, world religions' summary, children's primer and a 190-page lexicon.
*Vivekananda, Swami, Jnana Yoga, Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga & Bhakti Yogaand Inspired Talks.Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, 17 East 94th Street, New York, New York, 10018, USA. 1955. A set of four small books containing the essence of Swami Vivekananda's teachings.
Ballentine, Rudolph, Transition to Vegetarianism.The Himalayan Publishers, RR1, Box 405, Honesdale, Pennsylvania 18431, USA. How to overcome meat eating.
Krizmanic, Judy, A Teen's Guide to Going Vegetarian.Puffin Books, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA. Designed to help Western youngsters make the transition to vegetarianism by giving advice for a balanced diet and addressing a variety of possible concerns.
Null, Gary, The Vegetarian Handbook.St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA. 1987. A comprehensive sourcebook on vegetarianism.
*Satchidananda, Swami, The Healthy Vegetarian.Integral Yoga Publications, Route 1, Box 172, Buckingham, Virginia 23921, USA. 1986. Practical reasons and good advice for becoming and staying a vegetarian.
Desiring success, they sacrifice to the Gods with ritual actions, for from such actions success comes quickly in the world of men. Liberation achieved,
attachments gone, with a mind fixed on knowledge, man's whole action becomes a sacrifice, his deeds melt entirely away. –Bhagavad Gita 4.12.12, 23


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As medvis professionals, we are accustomed to volume rendering as an every-day tool for exploration of medical data. The two technical papers below represent one of the first milestones in rendering volumetric data. We are extremely happy and excited that Professor Karl Heinz Höhne allowed us to post these papers on our blog. Published in 1986 and 1988, these papers cannot be found online anywhere else and proposed groundbreaking volume rendering techniques.
The first paper entitled 'Shading 3D-images from CT Using Gray-Level gradients' by Karl Heinz Höhne and Ralph Bernstein was published in 1986 in the IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. This paper describes a shading method based on the partial volume effect using the gray-level gradients along a surface reconstruction of CT images. What sets this method apart from current gradient vector computations is that the gray-values are sampled in screen space and not in voxel space. As a result, surfaces perpendicular to the viewer are brighter than surfaces oriented away from the viewer. In essence, this shading method simulates a headlight configuration.
- Shading 3D-images from CT Using Gray-Level gradients – hohne86
- Shading 3D-images from CT Using Gray-Level gradients correction – hohne86
Using the software and hardware that was available at the time, these papers represent many contributions to the field, for instance selective volume clipping and multimodal visualization. With their work, they created a solid foundation for state-of-the-art (medical) volume rendering techniques. The two papers usually credited as first presenting the ideas behind raycasting, both published in 1988, are:
- R. A. Drebin, L. Carpenter, and P. Hanrahan, "Volume rendering," SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 65–74, Aug. 1988.
- M. Levoy, "Display of surfaces from volume data," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 29-37, May 1988.


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This hoodie has a classic unisex design and provides comfort with style. .: Loose fit .: 80% Cotton; 20% Polyester (fibre content may vary for different colors) .: Medium Heavy fabric (8.3 oz /yd² (280 g/m²)) .: Tear away label .: Runs true to size
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I have my TV connected to my iMac via HDMI and speakers hooked up to the iMac via the headphone port.
Whenever I turn the TV on, the Mac starts playing audio through the TV instead of the speakers and I have to manually switch back.
Is there any way to make my Mac keep playing through the headphonejack?


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For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
June 8, 2004
Press Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on Nonproliferation
Media Center
Savannah, Georgia
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Good afternoon. Let me just start off with a few words, and then I'd be happy to answer your questions. The G8 leaders will be issuing an action plan on nonproliferation tomorrow. This will be the most significant statement on weapons of mass destruction that the G8 leaders have issued. It follows from the first extended discussion of weapons of mass destruction at the Kananaskis Summit, when the G8 leaders created the global partnership against the spread of WMD and WMD-related materials.
Last year at Evian the leaders issued the first statement on nonproliferation as such, including some significant comments on North Korea and Iran. This year, the action plan will ratify a substantial amount of progress on a number of initiatives that President Bush announced in his February speech to the National Defense University. We expect that the leaders will confirm the expansion of the activities of the Proliferation Security Initiative, which was launched by President Bush in May of last year.
Just last week in Krakow, Poland, the PSI countries agreed that Russia should join the core group. This is a very substantial addition to the PSI core group. With Canada's earlier addition, it now means that all eight G8 countries are part of the core group. And at the Krakow meeting, hosted by the Polish government, 62 countries were present to endorse PSI and the statement of interdiction principles.
In addition, we expect that the leaders will endorse the continued expansion of the global partnership that was created at Kananaskis. You may recall this was originally known as 10 plus 10 over 10, reflecting $10 billion from the United States over a 10-year period, plus $10 billion from other countries to secure or eliminate weapons of mass destruction and related materials in the states of the former Soviet Union.
Tomorrow the leaders will announce that seven new countries have joined the global partnership, those being Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland and the Czech Republic. And they will announce that the global partnership will coordinate activities in other states where there have been programs of weapons of mass destruction, such as the critically important programs to retrain WMD scientists and technicians in Libya and Iraq, the point of that being you don't want a nuclear weapons scientist to be hired off by Iran or North Korea, you want to find gainful employment for him in his home country.
The leaders will welcome the fact that the Security Council recently unanimously adopted resolution 1540, which President Bush had called for in his September speech to the General Assembly. This is a resolution that calls on states to make WMD activity criminal under their national laws, and to improve export control systems, as well as providing support for PSIs. It encourages U.N. members to take collective action against the international trafficking of weapons of mass destruction.
And finally, we expect and hope that the leaders will endorse substantial progress toward the objective that President Bush set in the February speech of closing loopholes in the Nuclear Nonproliferation regime. One of the things that we've seen is that under the guise of peaceful -- so-called peaceful nuclear programs, many states around the world have acquired very sensitive technologies that permit them, together with a clandestine weapons program, to draw very close to having a nuclear weapons capability without ever apparently violating the treaty. So one of the things that President Bush called for -- it's a very significant step, very controversial, has a lot of political and economic implications -- is to cut off the transfer of enrichment and reprocessing technology to any states that don't currently have it.
And we expect what the G8 leaders will endorse tomorrow is a one-year freeze on inaugurating any new initiatives to transfer such technology to additional states, and set a one-year target to the next G8 summit in the United Kingdom for the countries to come together on deciding what the final rules will be. Now, that's not quite to the point that the President had proposed, but it represents enormous movement in the direction of very substantial tightening on transfer of enrichment and reprocessing technology. It reflects, I think, the overwhelming agreement of the G8 leaders, that the loopholes that currently exist in the nonproliferation treat regime have to be closed.
So we're very encouraged by this, as we are by the companion step of the G8 leaders agreeing that tightening of the IAEA safeguards agreements through the implementation, what we call the additional protocol, now has to be a condition before all kinds of nuclear technologies can be imported, even for a legitimate civil nuclear power programs. This gives the IAEA and, therefore, all of its members more visibility in the nuclear programs. It's something we think is very significant. And that is -- hopefully will be endorsed by the leaders tomorrow.
And then, finally, the leaders, we hope, will endorse the President's suggestion to create a special committee of the IAEA to consider even further measures to tighten verification and safeguards measures, and a group, we hope, will endorse the idea that countries under investigation for violating their Nonproliferation Treaty commitments should recuse themselves from any decisions by the IAEA board in their own cases.
Finally, the -- and we've got a little chart here, I guess, I don't know, I suppose a chart can be on background, too -- but it's a comparison, a point-by-point comparison of the seven suggestions in the President's February speech with how we hope and expect the leaders will come out tomorrow, that I think will help show the very substantial progress towards the President's goals that we will have made.
In addition, the leaders will carry on as they did at Evian, talking about North Korea and Iran. We expect they will also talk about Libya, which is a very important success story for the Proliferation Security Initiative and for the idea that we're not simply trying to contain the spread of weapons of mass destruction, we're trying to roll back the spread of weapons of mass destruction. And I don't doubt that they will talk about other issues, such as the A.Q. Khan network, and some very important initiatives we have in the area of bioterrorism, to take more concrete steps at the national and international level to make all of our countries more secure against bioterrorism attacks.
So why don't I stop there, and I'd be pleased to answer any questions you have. And if you could identify yourselves, I'd sure appreciate it.
Yes, sir, right here.
Q I just have two quick questions on the plans for the global partnership. One is, I might be mistaken, but I thought the Czech Republic was already a member as a donor country. And I know that there had been discussion or proposals to expand the recipient countries to other former soviet states besides Russia. Will there be any talk or decision on that?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: The Czech Republic is a new country this year. Six joined last year -- Sweden, Finland, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. And the seven countries I name are seven new ones, so there's a total of 21.
In terms of recipient countries, no additional countries are formally admitted this year, but the United States and several other G8 members have long had programs in many of the other states of the former Soviet Union, and, in fact, it was agreed at Kananaskis that our programs in those countries count toward the $20 billion target. So that won't be -- it won't be affected. In fact, if anything, I think more countries are looking to expand their programs in the other states of the former Soviet Union.
Yes, sir.
Q Thank you. Could you be more elaborate on what
-- especially the United States, expects from Russia's participation in PSI? And don't you see contradiction, while the U.S. has arduous talks with the Russians over Iran and suspects Russian entities of proliferation, at the same time you invite Russia to join into this initiative? Thank you.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, I think on what we expect from Russia, as with all core group countries, we expect strong political support for the initiative. And I think that was, in part, already reflected in Russian support for Security Council Resolution 1540. We'd like additional operational support from Russia in terms of intelligence cooperation and cooperation among our militaries and law enforcement assets and the actual interdiction of WMD shipments.
And I think, as well, the decision by the Russian Federation to join the core group will send major political signals in other capitals that have not yet signaled their support for the statement of interdiction principles. Just geographically, Russia's joining cuts off major land, air, and sea routes between proliferators in the Far East and the Middle East, and I think that's extremely significant.
In terms of your second question, I think that, as we're seeing in New York, hopefully, in a couple of hours, in terms of the adoption of this resolution on Iraq, I think the issues that have divided many of the G8 countries on Iraq are fast being left in the past. And I think one of the things that was encouraging all the while, is that it did not interfere in our cooperation on nonproliferation policy. I think now with Iraq more and more a question of the past, we can enhance our cooperation further.
But one thing that I think we've seen over the past three years is the countries of European Union, Russia, Japan, and others have already been drawing closer to the very strong views that President Bush has articulated about the importance of stemming the proliferation of WMD. And I think the leaders will reaffirm what they said at Evian, that WMD proliferation, together with terrorism, is the preeminent threat to the national security of us all.
Q -- Iran, not Iraq.
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: I'm sorry, the -- I think the leaders will -- I think that the leader statement tomorrow, hopefully, will show that, in fact, they are united, unmistakably united in their determination that Iran not achieve nuclear weapons. Now, there have been a variety of disagreements about tactically how to achieve that, and that's no secret to anybody. But what is unmistakably clear is that there is no division among the G8 that a nuclear weapons-equipped Iran would be unacceptable.
Yes, sir, down here.
Q On Iraq and the search for WMD, while this is somewhat of an old story, would you comment on where that search remains? We are always apprised that it continues. Do you still expect that something will be found? And has the lack of finding affected the G8 nonproliferation talks? And could you comment on that, please, sir?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: I don't think that the -- well, number one, the work of the Iraq Survey Group continues. I really don't have anything to add at this point, but their are forensic investigation, their interviews, their reviews of files continues at apace. I don't think the dispute has affected the gradual convergence of positions, I believe legitimately, towards that of the United States on proliferation issues. And, in fact, Iraq -- the current circumstances in Iraq show, I think very graphically, something that's come home to us in a significant way as part of our experiences growing out of the Soviet Union, that part of the problem of proliferation, a significant part, in fact, the hardest part, is not tubes for centrifuges or plastic jugs of chemical agent; it's the problem of intellectual capital. It's the knowledge that scientists and technicians have about how to put a WMD program together.
And Iraq is a very good example. For years, Saddam kept together a group of 1,000 nuclear weapons scientists and technicians that he called his nuclear Mujahadeen. These were the people who had the intellectual capability, with money, and free from U.N. sanctions, which is what Saddam's objective was, to recreate his nuclear weapons program. We've identified already 500 -- 400 to 500 of these scientists that we want to try and retrain and redirect, so that they can find legitimate work in Iraq, and not be hired off by another WMD aspirant. And that really signals to us why this problem is so difficult to resolve, because the intellectual capacity is something that's a lot harder to restrict and detract than the physical evidence of weapons programs.
Q On North Korea, I was wondering if there was an appraisal by the G8 of how they feel the six-party talks are going. The progress has been very slow. Is there any idea if in the next round there's not any progress, might we be looking at sending it to the United Nations or trying to send it to the United Nations?
And then, also on the PSI, is there more of an initiative to try to contain states like North Korea, with the PSI? There's been fairly good success so far. Was there any talk on how to take a step further with that?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, I think on Korea, I don't think there's going to be any disagreement among the G8 that we continue to believe there has to be complete, verifiable and irreversible dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons programs. I think that's significant. I think that continues to show important unity that North Korea is not going to be able to break, despite one effort or another.
The Proliferation Security Initiative I think has played a major role and will continue to play a major role, given North Korea's long history of proliferation activities. It is the largest proliferator of ballistic missile technology in the world, and we fear very much that a country that depends on the hard currency it earns from the sales of weapons of mass destruction, drugs, illegal gambling activities in Japan, would be prepared to sell weapons grade uranium or plutonium or complete weapons, if it could, to other rogue states or to terrorist groups to earn additional hard currency.
So PSI we think has been playing and should continue to play a major role in not only in stopping North Korea from acquiring the critical materials and technology it needs to advance its own nuclear weapons program, but from financing that program through the sales of other things, like ballistic missiles and other weapons systems.
Q (Inaudible.)
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, they're going to be discussing it tomorrow, and I think that's been a view that we've had for quite some time, that if the six-party talks don't make progress, the Security Council is obviously the body charged with threats to international peace and security, the IAEA has already referred it there. For the moment, we're continuing to pursue, as the President has directed, the six-party talks. And the next round will take place in Beijing at the end of the month. We'll see how it goes.
Q I'm astonished on the argument that you used about the scientists in Iraq. You said that Saddam Hussein put together hundreds of scientists that are capable to build a weapon of mass destruction. Which country in the world has not this accumulation of scientists, because any country can be a threat?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, I think the issue is not whether a country has a lot of nuclear physicists, the country is whether a country has scientists and technicians who know how to build uranium enrichment systems, who know how to reprocess plutonium, who have the technical capabilities to go from raw uranium to weapons grade uranium or plutonium. And thankfully, not all countries have that capability. And what we want to try and do through a variety of means, such as those President Bush has proposed, is make sure that that number doesn't get any larger.
Q Following up on the question about North Korea, Prime Minister Koizumi the other day said that he has an understanding with the great leader that he will give up his weapons of mass destruction. Do you all see that as any change, any breakthrough? Is so, will that figure into the talks this week here?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, certainly we remain hopeful that North Korea will accept that it has to dismantle its nuclear weapons program. That's the absolute bottom line for us, for Japan and for our other partners in the negotiation. And so far, North Korea in the negotiations has not shown the slightest willingness to do that. Now it's possible in the meetings at the end of the month that we'll see a changed position. We're prepared to take advantage of that, to move these negotiations ahead. The President has been very clear he wants to see a peaceful diplomatic resolution to the outcome, and that's why we're prepared for the six-party talks to proceed at the end of the month.
Q There's no change in our position vis-a-vis what Mr. Koizumi said the other day?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, I think certainly the President will receive this information. It's important, it's important that we hear from the Prime Minister on the outcome of his trip. But the North Koreans themselves, if what the dear leader has said is accurate, now we need for them to follow up in the six-party talks, and we'll see the answer to that in a couple of weeks.
Q You mentioned that Australia was now a member of the new global partnership on nonproliferation. What specific contribution do you see countries like Australia making? Is it intelligence capability, is it retraining, or is it providing scientific experts?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, on the global partnership, what we're really looking for are two things: one, additional resources to bring to bear in a prudent and effective manner in the states of the Soviet Union, but also the growing political commitment that the enlargement of the global partnership represents. And I would expect that Australia and some of the other new members will probably start with relatively modest contributions. We understand that, that they won't want to duplicate work that's already been done. And we, and I know the other G8 members, are fully prepared to work with them. We've had informal meetings with many of these new members already.
But their participation, I think is very important in showing to the states of the former Soviet Union we are determined that these WMD materials are either going to be destroyed or secured, and that the growing number of countries participating I think underlines how important that we see this work. And I think it underlines the potential for these sorts of programs in other countries -- as I mentioned, Libya and Iraq -- that are also prepared to give up the pursuit of weapons of mass destruction.
Q Of the $20 billion pledged at Kananaskis, how much has actually been spent on concrete projects, besides the bilateral American-Russian project which are underway? And it is also correct your report already said in April that of the $20 billion, you're still missing $3 billion to $4 billion?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: We have posted on the global partnership website, and I think on the Sea Island website the report to the G8 leaders from the global partnership working group that has a lot of specifics on a country by country basis as to what's actually being spent and how the programs are proceeding. Some of the countries that have just begun new programs, of course have not yet begun to spend very much. But we expect today or tomorrow, for example, Canada and Russia will announce they've signed their bilateral agreement, their framework agreement that allows the very substantial Canadian pledge of roughly equivalent to $750 million American dollars to begin to be expended.
And I think that that is a -- that is something that -- the commitments occur at the beginning, and the expenditures of the money flow a little bit later. In terms of the current amount toward the 10 plus 10 -- the original 10 plus 10 target of $20 billion, depending on what today's exchange rate turns out to be, we're somewhere just a little bit short of $17 billion U.S.
So there are some of the G7 -- the original G7 partners -- we're looking for additional contributions from. The European Commission has indicated it's going to have a very substantial addition by the end of this year. They're not quite ready to announce it, so I don't want to preempt them, but we're looking forward to that. And we are drawing closer to that target. That remains, for us, a very important part of the goal.
Q You mentioned that more or less the G8 are unified regarding Iran, at certain point. What is their attitude toward Syria and Libya. And in related to this question, the second part of the question, how Middle Eastern countries are cooperative, and if they are cooperative with the PSI regarding this Khan network and others?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: Well, on Libya, I think there will be a recognition that Libya's decision to foreswear weapons of mass destruction is an important step forward. We've believed for some time it was an important victory for the Proliferation Security Initiative because the interdiction of the ship, the BBC China, which was carrying uranium centrifuge equipment to Libya, and was diverted to Italy, when that happened, we think that the government of Libya came to the realization that we knew a lot more about their nuclear weapons program than they thought, and that at that point, there wasn't any further utility in trying to conceal it. And so that -- that is exactly the kind of paradigm of a deterrent impact of an interdiction having that we think PSI can provide.
I think in terms of other cooperation with PSI activities, that we've had very good discussions with a number of countries in the Middle Eastern region, the broader Middle Eastern region, and we have also appealed to some of those countries over the past year that have had -- have purchased military equipment from North Korea in the past, not to do so in the future, to supply their legitimate defense needs from other sources so that they're not providing North Korea with that hard currency that I mentioned before that's so critical to the North Koreans' ability to continue their nuclear weapons program.
The leaders are going to be discussing a variety of regional issues, and, you know, Syria -- it is entirely possible that would come up.
Q Thank you. You said a little while ago that so far, North Korean leadership has shown not the slightest willingness to change its aspirations on nuclear -- nuclear weapons. Prime Minister Koizumi apparently saw some change between September and May, his two visits to Pyongyang, saw some movement, at least some perceived movement on the part of the North Korean leadership. And we were told earlier that he shared that view with the President in the bilat today.
Do you think the Prime Minister is misreading the signals out of Pyongyang?
SENIOR ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL: No, I'm sure he's accurately reporting what he saw. What I said a moment ago in response to an earlier question was now we have to see whether the North Koreans follow through on that in Beijing in the next round of six-party talks.
North Korea is a very successful propagandist, and it -- it has shifted its position on critical issues in this matter before. It, for example, admitted at one point that it had a uranium enrichment program, and then denied it. So tracking the North Koreans and the consistency of their statements over time is something that tells you a lot about the way they bargain and the way they behave.
We're prepared to go ahead with these talks. We want a peaceful diplomatic solution. We're going to pursue it vigorously. The ball is in North Korea's court. On that, there is no question, either.
Okay, well, thank you very much. I appreciate it.
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