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This is "Sources of Law and Their Priority", section 1.4 from the book Legal Basics for Entrepreneurs (v. 1.0). For details on it (including licensing), click here.
For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page. You can browse or download additional books there. To download a .zip file containing this book to use offline, simply click here.
In the United States today, there are numerous sources of law. The main ones are (1) constitutions—both state and federal, (2) statutes and agency regulations, and (3) judicial decisions. In addition, chief executives (the president and the various governors) can issue executive orders that have the effect of law.
In international legal systems, sources of law include treatiesFormal agreements concluded between nation-states. (agreements between states or countries) and what is known as customary international law (usually consisting of judicial decisions from national court systems where parties from two or more nations are in a dispute).
As you might expect, these laws sometimes conflict: a state law may conflict with a federal law, or a federal law might be contrary to an international obligation. One nation's law may provide one substantive rule, while another nation's law may provide a different, somewhat contrary rule to apply. Not all laws, in other words, are created equal. To understand which laws have priority, it is essential to understand the relationships between the various kinds of law.
ConstitutionsThe founding documents of any nation-state's legal system. are the foundation for a state or nation's other laws, providing the country's legislative, executive, and judicial framework. Among the nations of the world, the United States has the oldest constitution still in use. It is difficult to amend, which is why there have only been seventeen amendments following the first ten in 1789; two-thirds of the House and Senate must pass amendments, and three-fourths of the states must approve them.
The nation's states also have constitutions. Along with providing for legislative, executive, and judicial functions, state constitutions prescribe various rights of citizens. These rights may be different from, and in addition to, rights granted by the US Constitution. Like statutes and judicial decisions, a constitution's specific provisions can provide people with a "cause of action" on which to base a lawsuit (see Section 1.4.3 "Causes of Action, Precedent, and " on "causes of action"). For example, California's constitution provides that the citizens of that state have a right of privacy. This has been used to assert claims against businesses that invade an employee's right of privacy. In the case of Virginia Rulon-Miller, her employer, International Business Machines (IBM), told her to stop dating a former colleague who went to work for a competitor. When she refused, IBM terminated her, and a jury fined the company for $300,000 in damages. As the California court noted, "While an employee sacrifices some privacy rights when he enters the workplace, the employee's privacy expectations must be balanced against the employer's interests.…[T]he point here is that privacy, like the other unalienable rights listed first in our Constitution…is unquestionably a fundamental interest of our society."Rulon-Miller v. International Business Machines Corp., 162 Cal. App.3d 241, 255 (1984).
In Washington, DC, the federal legislature is known as Congress and has both a House of Representatives and a Senate. The House is composed of representatives elected every two years from various districts in each state. These districts are established by Congress according to population as determined every ten years by the census, a process required by the Constitution. Each state has at least one district; the most populous state (California) has fifty-two districts. In the Senate, there are two senators from each state, regardless of the state's population. Thus Delaware has two senators and California has two senators, even though California has far more people. Effectively, less than 20 percent of the nation's population can send fifty senators to Washington.
Many consider this to be antidemocratic. The House of Representatives, on the other hand, is directly proportioned by population, though no state can have less than one representative.
Each Congressional legislative body has committees for various purposes. In these committees, proposed bills are discussed, hearings are sometimes held, and bills are either reported out (brought to the floor for a vote) or killed in committee. If a bill is reported out, it may be passed by majority vote. Because of the procedural differences between the House and the Senate, bills that have the same language when proposed in both houses are apt to be different after approval by each body. A conference committee will then be held to try to match the two versions. If the two versions differ widely enough, reconciliation of the two differing versions into one acceptable to both chambers (House and Senate) is more difficult.
If the House and Senate can agree on identical language, the reconciled bill will be sent to the president for signature or veto. The Constitution prescribes that the president will have veto power over any legislation. But the two bodies can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in each chamber.
In the case of treaties, the Constitution specifies that only the Senate must ratify them. When the Senate ratifies a treaty, it becomes part of federal law, with the same weight and effect as a statute passed by the entire Congress. The statutes of Congress are collected in codified form in the US Code. The code is available online at http://uscode.house.gov.
Congress has found it necessary and useful to create government agencies to administer various laws (see Chapter 5 "Administrative Law"). The Constitution does not expressly provide for administrative agencies, but the US Supreme Court has upheld the delegation of power to create federal agencies.
Examples of administrative agencies would include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
It is important to note that Congress does not have unlimited authority to delegate its lawmaking powers to an agency. It must delegate its authority with some guidelines for the agency and cannot altogether avoid its constitutional responsibilities (see Chapter 5 "Administrative Law").
Agencies propose rules in the Federal Register, published each working day of the year. Rules that are formally adopted are published in the Code of Federal Regulations, or CFR, available online at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html.
Statutes are passed by legislatures and provide general rules for society. States have legislatures (sometimes called assemblies), which are usually made up of both a senate and a house of representatives. Like the federal government, state legislatures will agree on the provisions of a bill, which is then sent to the governor (acting like the president for that state) for signature. Like the president, governors often have a veto power. The process of creating and amending, or changing, laws is filled with political negotiation and compromise.
On a more local level, counties and municipal corporations or townships may be authorized under a state's constitution to create or adopt ordinances. Examples of ordinances include local building codes, zoning laws, and misdemeanors or infractions such as skateboarding or jaywalking. Most of the more unusual laws that are in the news from time to time are local ordinances. For example, in Logan County, Colorado, it is illegal to kiss a sleeping woman; in Indianapolis, Indiana, and Eureka, Nebraska, it is a crime to kiss if you have a mustache. But reportedly, some states still have odd laws here and there. Kentucky law proclaims that every person in the state must take a bath at least once a year, and failure to do so is illegal.
Common lawJudicial decisions that do not involve interpretation of statutes, regulations, treaties, or the Constitution. consists of decisions by courts (judicial decisions) that do not involve interpretation of statutes, regulations, treaties, or the Constitution. Courts make such interpretations, but many cases are decided where there is no statutory or other codified law or regulation to be interpreted. For example, a state court deciding what kinds of witnesses are required for a valid will in the absence of a rule (from a statute) is making common law.
United States law comes primarily from the tradition of English common law. By the time England's American colonies revolted in 1776, English common-law traditions were well established in the colonial courts. English common law was a system that gave written judicial decisions the force of law throughout the country. Thus if an English court delivered an opinion as to what constituted the common-law crime of burglary, other courts would stick to that decision, so that a common body of law developed throughout the country. Common law is essentially shorthand for the notion that a common body of law, based on past written decisions, is desirable and necessary.
In England and in the laws of the original thirteen states, common-law decisions defined crimes such as arson, burglary, homicide, and robbery. As time went on, US state legislatures either adopted or modified common-law definitions of most crimes by putting them in the form of codes or statutes. This legislative ability—to modify or change common law into judicial law—points to an important phenomenon: the priority of statutory law over common law. As we will see in the next section, constitutional law will have priority over statutory law.
The US Constitution takes precedence over all statutes and judicial decisions that are inconsistent. For example, if Michigan were to decide legislatively that students cannot speak ill of professors in state-sponsored universities, that law would be void, since it is inconsistent with the state's obligation under the First Amendment to protect free speech. Or if the Michigan courts were to allow a professor to bring a lawsuit against a student who had said something about him that was derogatory but not defamatory, the state's judicial system would not be acting according to the First Amendment. (As we will see in Chapter 7 "Introduction to Tort Law", free speech has its limits; defamation was a cause of action at the time the First Amendment was added to the Constitution, and it has been understood that the free speech rights in the First Amendment did not negate existing common law.)
Statutes generally have priority, or take precedence, over case law (judicial decisions). Under common-law judicial decisions, employers could hire young children for difficult work, offer any wage they wanted, and not pay overtime work at a higher rate. But various statutes changed that. For example, the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) forbid the use of oppressive child labor and established a minimum pay wage and overtime pay rules.
A treaty or convention is considered of equal standing to a statute. Thus when Congress ratified the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), any judicial decisions or previous statutes that were inconsistent—such as quotas or limitations on imports from Mexico that were opposite to NAFTA commitments—would no longer be valid. Similarly, US treaty obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and obligations made later through the World Trade Organization (WTO) would override previous federal or state statutes.
One example of treaty obligations overriding, or taking priority over, federal statutes was the tuna-dolphin dispute between the United States and Mexico. The Marine Mammal Protection Act amendments in 1988 spelled out certain protections for dolphins in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, and the United States began refusing to allow the importation of tuna that were caught using "dolphin-unfriendly" methods (such as purse seining). This was challenged at a GATT dispute panel in Switzerland, and the United States lost. The discussion continued at the WTO under its dispute resolution process. In short, US environmental statutes can be ruled contrary to US treaty obligations.
Under most treaties, the United States can withdraw, or take back, any voluntary limitation on its sovereignty; participation in treaties is entirely elective. That is, the United States may "unbind" itself whenever it chooses. But for practical purposes, some limitations on sovereignty may be good for the nation. The argument goes something like this: if free trade in general helps the United States, then it makes some sense to be part of a system that promotes free trade; and despite some temporary setbacks, the WTO decision process will (it is hoped) provide far more benefits than losses in the long run. This argument invokes utilitarian theory (that the best policy does the greatest good overall for society) and David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage.
Ultimately, whether the United States remains a supporter of free trade and continues to participate as a leader in the WTO will depend upon citizens electing leaders who support the process. Had Ross Perot been elected in 1992, for example, NAFTA would have been politically (and legally) dead during his term of office.
No matter how wrong someone's actions may seem to you, the only wrongs you can right in a court are those that can be tied to one or more causes of actionIn a complaint, a legal basis on which a claim is predicated. The legal basis can be a Constitutional law, a statute, a regulation, or a prior judicial decision that creates a precedent to be followed.. Positive law is full of cases, treaties, statutes, regulations, and constitutional provisions that can be made into a cause of action. If you have an agreement with Harold Hill that he will purchase seventy-six trombones from you and he fails to pay for them after you deliver, you will probably feel wronged, but a court will only act favorably on your complaint if you can show that his behavior gives you a cause of action based on some part of your state's contract law. This case would give you a cause of action under the law of most states; unless Harold Hill had some legal excuse recognized by the applicable state's contract law—such as his legal incompetence, his being less than eighteen years of age, his being drunk at the time the agreement was made, or his claim that the instruments were trumpets rather than trombones or that they were delivered too late to be of use to him—you could expect to recover some compensation for his breaching of your agreement with him.
An old saying in the law is that the law does not deal in trifles, or unimportant issues (in Latin, de minimis non curat lex). Not every wrong you may suffer in life will be a cause to bring a court action. If you are stood up for a Saturday night date and feel embarrassed or humiliated, you cannot recover anything in a court of law in the United States, as there is no cause of action (no basis in the positive law) that you can use in your complaint. If you are engaged to be married and your spouse-to-be bolts from the wedding ceremony, there are some states that do provide a legal basis on which to bring a lawsuit. "Breach of promise to marry" is recognized in several states, but most states have abolished this cause of action, either by judicial decision or by legislation. Whether a runaway bride or groom gives rise to a valid cause of action in the courts depends on whether the state courts still recognize and enforce this now-disappearing cause of action.
Your cause of action is thus based on existing laws, including decided cases. How closely your case "fits" with a prior decided case raises the question of precedent.
As noted earlier in this chapter, the English common-law tradition placed great emphasis on precedent and what is called stare decisis. A court considering one case would feel obliged to decide that case in a way similar to previously decided cases. Written decisions of the most important cases had been spread throughout England (the common "realm"), and judges hoped to establish a somewhat predictable, consistent group of decisions.
The English legislature (Parliament) was not in the practice of establishing detailed statutes on crimes, torts, contracts, or property. Thus definitions and rules were left primarily to the courts. By their nature, courts could only decide one case at a time, but in doing so they would articulate holdings, or general rules, that would apply to later cases.
Suppose that one court had to decide whether an employer could fire an employee for no reason at all. Suppose that there were no statutes that applied to the facts: there was no contract between the employer and the employee, but the employee had worked for the employer for many years, and now a younger person was replacing him. The court, with no past guidelines, would have to decide whether the employee had stated a "cause of action" against the employer. If the court decided that the case was not legally actionable, it would dismiss the action. Future courts would then treat similar cases in a similar way. In the process, the court might make a holding that employers could fire employees for any reason or for no reason. This rule could be applied in the future should similar cases come up.
But suppose that an employer fired an employee for not committing perjury (lying on the witness stand in a court proceeding); the employer wanted the employee to cover up the company's criminal or unethical act. Suppose that, as in earlier cases, there were no applicable statutes and no contract of employment. Courts relying on a holding or precedent that "employers may fire employees for any reason or no reason" might rule against an employee seeking compensation for being fired for telling the truth on the witness stand. Or it might make an exception to the general rule, such as, "Employers may generally discharge employees for any reason or for no reason without incurring legal liability; however, employers will incur legal liability for firing an employee who refuses to lie on behalf of the employer in a court proceeding."
In each case (the general rule and its exception), the common-law tradition calls for the court to explain the reasons for its ruling. In the case of the general rule, "freedom of choice" might be the major reason. In the case of the perjury exception, the efficiency of the judicial system and the requirements of citizenship might be used as reasons. Because the court's "reasons" will be persuasive to some and not to others, there is inevitably a degree of subjectivity to judicial opinions. That is, reasonable people will disagree as to the persuasiveness of the reasoning a court may offer for its decision.
Written judicial opinions are thus a good playing field for developing critical thinking skills by identifying the issue in a case and examining the reasons for the court's previous decision(s), or holding. What has the court actually decided, and why? Remember that a court, especially the US Supreme Court, is not only deciding one particular case but also setting down guidelines (in its holdings) for federal and state courts that encounter similar issues. Note that court cases often raise a variety of issues or questions to be resolved, and judges (and attorneys) will differ as to what the real issue in a case is. A holding is the court's complete answer to an issue that is critical to deciding the case and thus gives guidance to the meaning of the case as a precedent for future cases.
Beyond the decision of the court, it is in looking at the court's reasoning that you are most likely to understand what facts have been most significant to the court and what theories (schools of legal thought) each trial or appellate judge believes in. Because judges do not always agree on first principles (i.e., they subscribe to different schools of legal thought), there are many divided opinions in appellate opinions and in each US Supreme Court term.
There are different sources of law in the US legal system. The US Constitution is foundational; US statutory and common law cannot be inconsistent with its provisions. Congress creates statutory law (with the signature of the president), and courts will interpret constitutional law and statutory law. Where there is neither constitutional law nor statutory law, the courts function in the realm of common law. The same is true of law within the fifty states, each of which also has a constitution, or foundational law.
Both the federal government and the states have created administrative agencies. An agency only has the power that the legislature gives it. Within the scope of that power, an agency will often create regulations (see Chapter 5 "Administrative Law"), which have the same force and effect as statutes. Treaties are never negotiated and concluded by states, as the federal government has exclusive authority over relations with other nation-states. A treaty, once ratified by the Senate, has the same force and effect as a statute passed by Congress and signed into law by the president.
Constitutions, statutes, regulations, treaties, and court decisions can provide a legal basis in the positive law. You may believe you have been wronged, but for you to have a right that is enforceable in court, you must have something in the positive law that you can point to that will support a cause of action against your chosen defendant.


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If you are looking for a way to get involved or change the future of MS research, the Accelerated Cure Project and NARCOMS (North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis) are great places to get started!
I want to bring attention to these two organizations, which you may not be familiar with and encourage you to look into their websites if you are interested in learning more about what they do.
The Accelerated Cure Project maintains an MS-research repository and also will be launching an online patient powered research effort. They focus on making sure researchers have access to the biospecimens (for example blood, or CSF fluid) they need to conduct research, and then aggregate the results of all of the studies performed using these research samples.The sharing of research information and results helps to expedite the MS research process.
NARCOMS is a voluntary MS registry with over 37,000 registrants currently. They support the increase in collective knowledge of the MS experience through surveys and other activities in hopes that the collective knowledge gained about the MS experience will be helpful to researchers and will also promote a greater understanding of MS.

subset: commoncrawl


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Scientists from the University of Southampton have developed a device which records the brain activity of worms to help test the effects of drugs.
NeuroChip is a microfluidic electrophysiological device, which can trap the microscopic worm Caenorhadbitis elegans and record the activity of discrete neural circuits in its 'brain' – a worm equivalent of the EEG.
C. elegans have been enormously important in providing insight into fundamental signalling processes in the nervous system and this device opens the way for a new analysis. Prior to this development, electrophysiological recordings that resolve the activity of excitatory and inhibitory nerve cells in the nervous system of the worm required a high level of technical expertise – single microscopic (1mm long) worms have to be trapped on the end of a glass tube, a microelectrode, in order to make the recording. The worms are very mobile as well as being small and this can be a challenging procedure.
The microfluidic invention consists of a reservoir through which worms can be fed, one after the other, into a narrow fluid-filled channel. The channel tapers at one end and this captures the worm by the front end. The worm is then in the correct orientation for recording the activity of the nervous system in the anterior of its body. The device incorporates metal electrodes, which are connected to an amplifier to make the recording. The design of the trapping channel has been optimised by PhD student Chunxiao Hu, so that the quality of the worm 'EEG' recording is sufficient to resolve the activity of components of the neural circuit in the worm's nervous system.
This device has been used to detect the effects of drugs and is highly suitable for high throughput screens (which allow researchers to quickly conduct millions of chemical, genetic or pharmacological tests) in neurotoxicology and for generic screening for neuroactive drugs. It has more power to resolve discrete effects on excitatory, inhibitory or modulatory transmission than previously possible with behavioural screens.
Lindy Holden-Dye, Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Southampton and lead author of the paper, says: "We are particularly interested in using this as a sensitive new tool for screening compounds for neurotoxicity. It will allow us to precisely quantify sub-lethal effects on neural network activity. It can also provide an information rich platform by reporting the effects of compounds on a diverse array of neurotransmitter pathways, which are implicated in mammalian toxicology. "
The research, which is published in the latest issue of the journal PLOS One, is a joint project between the University's Centre for Biological Sciences and the Hybrid Biodevices Group.
May 03 2013
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The Many Benefits of Hot Tubbing in January
There is no better time to enjoy a hot tub than when the winter frost settles in and the crisp, cold air of January arrives. While many might associate backyard spas with summer evenings, these bubbling wonders hold an especially unique charm during the winter months. Let's explore the numerous benefits of hot tubbing in January.
- Combat the Cold:
January often brings freezing temperatures, but your spa can provide a cozy oasis from the cold, in the comfort of your own backyard. The warm water completely soothes your muscles and offers a comforting escape from the winter chill, making it an ideal relaxation environment. Imagine submerging yourself in the soothing embrace of your spa while soft snowflakes fall around you, allowing you to discover a serene experience that can't be replicated in any other season. - Stress Relief:
The holiday season can be hectic and stressful, with the hustle and bustle finally settling down in the new year. As the busy season winds down, your hot tub can become an ideal haven for relaxation. Allow hot water to help you chill out as soothing jets and comfortable seating create a tranquil environment that helps you melt away the stresses of daily life. - Health Benefits:
Cold weather can take a toll on your immune system, but your spa can help. Studies show that hot tubbing improves blood circulation, promotes better sleep, and even alleviates joint and muscle pain. But did you know it can also achieve some of the same health benefits as a run after only 30 minutes in hot water? - Socialize in Comfort:
Invite friends and family over for a unique winter gathering. Enjoy meaningful conversations and laughter in the warm embrace of the hot tub, creating unforgettable moments even in the coldest months. - Improved Sleep:
Soaking in a hot tub before bedtime helps to relax both the body and mind, allowing you to drift into a more peaceful sleep. The perfect combination of warm water and fresh winter air is sure to lead you into a night of restful sleep.


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CAREL in the world
The company is consolidated internationally (80% of sales are made outside of Italy), and operates both directly through subsidiaries and an organization that is present in around eighty countries.
Since the early nineties, CAREL has been operating abroad through a number of subsidiaries. Currently, these are:
- CAREL France: the first foreign subsidiary, opened in Lyon in 1992, and maintains the French, Belgian and Luxembourg markets.
- CAREL Deutschland: German subsidiary established in 1996, handles the German, Austrian and Swiss markets.
- CAREL Sud America: founded in 1998, handles the Brazilian market. Since 2010 it is also a production site.
- CAREL UK: also founded in 1998, manages the British and Irish markets.
- CAREL Asia: opened in 2000, covers the entire east Asian market, except for China.
- CAREL Australia: established in 2001, this subsidiary coordinates business in the Australian and New Zealand markets.
- CAREL USA: also founded in 2001, deals with the North American and Mexican markets, as well as operating a production site.
- CAREL Electronic (Suzhou): opened at the end of 2005, this is a production site located in Suzhou (Jiangsu region, around 100 km from Shanghai). Also includes a sales office for the Chinese market (PRC).
- CAREL Ibérica: established in 2007 to cover the Spanish and Portuguese markets, its headquarters are in Barcelona, with a local office in Madrid.
- CAREL India: founded in 2008, covers the Indian market, based in Mumbai.
- CAREL South Africa: acquired in 2008, deals with the South African market and is based in Johannesburg.
- CAREL Russia: in 2009 a representative office was opened in Russia. This was the starting point for the establishment, in 2010, of the new Group subsidiary "Carel Russia Llc", with headquarters in St. Petersburg and an office in Moscow.
- CAREL Korea: opened at the end of 2009, this representative office manages the refrigeration, air-conditioning and humidification markets in Korea.
- CAREL Nordic: established in 2013, this subsidiary manages HVAC/R business in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland and Estonia.
- CAREL Middle East, established in 2014.
- CAREL Mexicana, founded in 2015.
- CAREL Thailand, opened in 2015, in Bangkok.
- Alfaco Polska, established in 1993, in Wroclaw and acquired in 2017.
- CAREL Japan, acquired in 2018.
- Recuperator S.p.A., italian company active in the design, production and consumption of "air-to-air" heat exchangers, acquired in 2018.
- HygroMatik GmbH, company which designs, produces and markets humidifiers and related accessories near Hamburg, acquired in 2018.
- CAREL Ukraine, acquired in 2019.
- Enersol, canadian distributor of humidification systems, acquired in 2019.
- Enginia, italian company which designs, produces and markets dampers and other plastic and metal components for air handling units, acquired in 2021.
- Arion S.r.l., italian company which develops sensors for the air conditioning and refrigeration sectors, acquired in 2022.
- Sauber, italian company which provides field installation and support services for cooling/humidification systems, acquired in 2022.
- Klingenburg, leader in the production of rotary and plate heat exchangers, acquired in 2022.
- Senva, american company specialised in the design and manufacture of sensors, acquired in 2022.
- Eurotec, New Zealand distributor and system integrator, acquired in 2023.
- Kiona, a leading Norway-based Software as a Service ("SaaS") provider of prop-tech solutions, acquired in 2023.
The CAREL Group subsidiaries operate directly in their reference geographic area, while coming under the umbrella of headquarters both departmentally and as regards company hierarchy. Moreover, CAREL has created two "virtual" subsidiaries: CAREL Italy and CAREL Central & Southern Europe. The "virtual" subsidiaries operate in all countries that are not managed directly by the other Group subsidiaries.
In addition these, the company also has special commercial relationships with its "affiliates". Currently these are: CAREL Turkey, CAREL Ireland, CAREL Spol (it covers the Czech and Slovak markets) and Carel Japan. The affiliates are coordinated by one of the subsidiaries, based on its geographic location. The subsidiaries also deal with customer support and the customization of software for HVAC/R applications upon customer request; compared to our competitors, our strategy is to operate in and support the markets through a sales network that is as direct as possible at a global level. For this reason, the CAREL sales network is completed by dozens of agents and distributors located all over the world, which report directly to their reference subsidiary.


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Lotus is weighing up between Nico Hulkenberg and Felipe Massa to complete its 2014 driver lineup.
Asked recently if – in the interests of continuity – Romain Grosjean will definitely be retained next year if Kimi Raikkonen departs, team boss Eric Boullier answered simply: "Yes." So that leaves only the cockpit currently occupied by the Ferrari-bound Finn Raikkonen to fill. The candidates are Hulkenberg – the impressive German who after moving from Force India last year is now seeking to jump from struggling Sauber – and the experienced Ferrari refugee Massa.
Brazilian Massa, 32, might have the edge. According to O Estado de S.Paulo newspaper, Frenchman Boullier said recently that, "In 2014, experience will be more important than speed". He is referring to the move from the current engine rules to next year's regulations surrounding the turbo V6s, which according to most of the sport's technical insiders is perhaps the biggest shift in the history of F1. That is why, on the face of it, while the younger but hugely promising Hulkenberg perhaps should be the favourite, Massa's vast wealth of experience might have him in pole position for the seat.
A source close to Boullier told Brazilian correspondent Livio Oricchio: "The chances are 50 per cent apiece for Hulkenberg and Massa." Oricchio said the prize on offer is a two-year contract with options. And there may be another factor counting in Massa's favour — money. While definitely not a traditional 'pay driver', Massa would bring some weighty support to Lotus in the form of his well-connected manager, Nicolas Todt. The son of FIA president Jean Todt, Nicolas has – according to Italy's Autosprint – already brought a sponsor to Lotus in the form of Swiss watchmaker Richard Mille.
Massa's continuity in F1 is also backed strongly by Bernie Ecclestone, who fears the absence of a single Brazilian on the grid could affect the success of the crucial Brazilian market, and the popular Brazilian grand prix. "It would be surprising if (Ecclestone) has not talked to Boullier and (Gerard) Lopez about his preference regarding the choice between Hulkenberg and Massa," said Oricchio.
Massa told Brazil's O Globo broadcaster this week: "We are negotiating (with Lotus). "The Lotus is a very competitive car, which is what I want. It's a team that has a very important story with Brazil as well. "They've had a hard time financially, so we are having many conversations to try to find a way not only for me to have a good car, but for Lotus as well."
Meanwhile, when asked about Massa's claim there has also been contact with McLaren, a spokesman for the British team told us: "We don't comment on media speculation with regard to rumoured driver movements."
Info: GMM, Image: Ferrari


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Big Range of Behaviors for Tiny Graphene Pores
Like biological channels, graphene pores are selective for certain types of ions.
The surface of a single cell contains hundreds of tiny pores, or ion channels, each of which is a portal for specific ions. Ion channels are typically about 1 nanometer wide; by maintaining the right balance of ions, they keep cells healthy and stable.
Now researchers at MIT have created tiny pores in single sheets of graphene that have an array of preferences and characteristics similar to those of ion channels in living cells.
Each graphene pore is less than 2 nanometers wide, making them among the smallest pores through which scientists have ever studied ion flow. Each is also uniquely selective, preferring to transport certain ions over others through the graphene layer.
"What we see is that there is a lot of diversity in the transport properties of these pores, which means there is a lot of potential to tailor these pores to different applications or selectivities," says Rohit Karnik, an associate professor of mechanical engineering at MIT.
Karnik says graphene nanopores could be useful as sensors — for instance, detecting ions of mercury, potassium, or fluoride in solution. Such ion-selective membranes may also be useful in mining: In the future, it may be possible to make graphene nanopores capable of sifting out trace amounts of gold ions from other metal ions, like silver and aluminum.
Karnik and former graduate student Tarun Jain, along with Benjamin Rasera, Ricardo Guerrero, Michael Boutilier, and Sean O'Hern from MIT and Juan-Carlos Idrobo from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, publish their results today in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
Dynamic personality
In living cells, the diversity of ion channels may arise from the size and precise atomic arrangement of the channels, which are slightly smaller than the ions that flow through them.
"When nanopores get smaller than the hydrated size of the ion, then you start to see interesting behavior emerge," Jain says.
In particular, hydrated ions, or ions in solution, are surrounded by a shell of water molecules that stick to the ion, depending on its electrical charge. Whether a hydrated ion can squeeze through a given ion channel depends on that channel's size and configuration at the atomic scale.
Karnik reasoned that graphene would be a suitable material in which to create artificial ion channels: A sheet of graphene is an ultrathin lattice of carbon atoms that is one atom thick, so pores in graphene are defined at the atomic scale.
To create pores in graphene, the group used chemical vapor deposition, a process typically used to produce thin films. In graphene, the process naturally creates tiny defects. The researchers used the process to generate nanometer-sized pores in various sheets of graphene, which bore a resemblance to ultrathin Swiss cheese.
The researchers then isolated individual pores by placing each graphene sheet over a layer of silicon nitride that had been punctured by an ion beam, the diameter of which is slightly smaller than the spacing between graphene pores. The group reasoned that any ions flowing through the two-layer setup would have likely passed first through a single graphene pore, and then through the larger silicon nitride hole.
The group measured flows of five different salt ions through several graphene sheet setups by applying a voltage and measuring the current flowing through the pores. The current-voltage measurements varied widely from pore to pore, and from ion to ion, with some pores remaining stable, while others swung back and forth in conductance — an indication that the pores were diverse in their preferences for allowing certain ions through.
"The picture that emerges is that each pore is different and that the pores are dynamic," Karnik says. "Each pore starts developing its own personality."
New frontier
Karnik and Jain then developed a model to interpret the measurements, and used it to translate the experiment's measurements into estimates of pore size. Based on the model, they found that the diameter of many of the pores was below 1 nanometer, which — given the single-atom thickness of graphene — makes them among the smallest pores through which scientists have studied ion flow.
With the model, the group calculated the effect of various factors on pore behavior, and found that the observed pore behavior was captured by three main characteristics: a pore's size, its electrical charge, and the position of that charge along a pore's length.
Knowing this, researchers may one day be able to tailor pores at the nanoscale to create ion-specific membranes for applications such as environmental sensing and trace metal mining.
"It's kind of a new frontier in membrane technologies, and in understanding transport through these really small pores in ultrathin materials," Karnik says.
Meni Wanunu, an assistant professor of physics at Northeastern University, says the group's work with graphene membranes may significantly improve on commercial membranes used for water purification, which require large amounts of pressure to push water through.
"If these were replaced with graphene, since it is so thin, the pressure required to push water through would be among the lowest imaginable, if not the lowest," says Wanunu, who was not involved in the research. "However, it is only through a fundamental understanding of ion transport that the overall anticipated behaviors of bulk graphene membranes can be drawn. The work here is fundamental, and will surely guide current and future graphene membrane design principles in years to come."
This research was funded, in part, by the U.S. Department of Energy.


text:
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- Description
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6.5″ G PRO Bluetooth Segway Hoverboard Racer kart Bundle
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text:
i admit it openly. i am not good at making my children clean
up. i don't clean up, so i guess they figure they don't need to either, right?
but the countless number of cars and barbie parts scattered across my floor are
enough to make me want to get rid of every toy in my house. every. toy.
but seeing as we, and other people, have spent money on
these great little foot jabbers, it would be nice to keep them for more than
week before i toss them out in a way that would make buzz lightyear tremble in
fear. so as i scoured pinterest one day i came across an idea for a chore
and since my 5-year-old is greatly motivated by anything quarters
and dollars, i thought i could make a chore chart where the kids could earn
money for doing things they should already do anyway. but whatever, don't
so here is what i made:
it really was pretty simple to make. i bought myself a shiny
new cookie sheet and used my old one for this project (win/win!). i went to a
local store and got yellow spray paint and sprayed that sucker down. allow it
to dry a day or two before doing anything else with it, but that will give you
time to make the other parts.
then i had to think of chores and how much each was worth. i
will tell you, i apparently overpriced some of these things because in one day
my daughter made off with $2.50 from doing all the chores. be cheap!
i got magnets and would be sticking each chore onto a magnet
to put on the cookie sheet. still with me? good! i started off printing the
chores out onto little circles, but then i remembered that my children can't
read yet, so i had better use pictures. then simply cut out the little circles and
glue them onto the magnets (i used my xyron sticker maker, but use what you
since i have two children, i needed to make a side for each
child. i pulled out my cricut and made their names, again using the xyron
sticker maker to put adhesive on them.
simply put the names where you want them (or just one name
if you are only doing this for one child – but seriously, make them all do chores).
i then used bright colored duct tape to divide the areas for each child and the
chores to be done. voila!
now each child can do a chore and slide the appropriate
magnet over to his or her side and at the end of the day we pay them. like i
said before, though, one day my daughter managed to make $2.50. my son, on the
other hand, is not nearly as motivated by money and really doesn't care about
cleanliness or money.
did the chore chart save our home from the producers of
hoarders being called in? not really, but it was fun to make and it has
motivated the kids to help with the dishes and make their beds a little more. so
i'll call that a win!
allison is a stay-at-home mom of two, a biological daughter who is 5 and an adoptive son who is 4. she is also wife to one husband (and one is plenty, thank you very much), who is 31. when not blogging or ignoring her children's pleas to help find their shoes again, allison can be found attempting to write novels in what little spare time she has left between facebook, twitter, pinterest, and, you know, parenting. she is the genius behind the blog "a few sprinkles short of a sundae."


text: Faith and Belief (Genesis 15:1-7; Romans 4:1-12; Hebrews 11:8-19; James 2:14-26) 1Foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you not to obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly portrayed among you as crucified? 2I just want to learn this from you: Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law, or by hearing of faith? 3Are you so foolish? Having begun in the Spirit, are you now completed in the flesh? 4Did you suffer so many things in vain, if it is indeed in vain? 5He therefore who supplies the Spirit to you and does miracles among you, does he do it by the works of the law, or by hearing of faith? 6Even so, Abraham "believed God, and it was counted to him for righteousness." 7Know therefore that those who are of faith are children of Abraham. 8The Scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the Good News beforehand to Abraham, saying, "In you all the nations will be blessed." 9So then, those who are of faith are blessed with the faithful Abraham. Christ Redeemed Us 10For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curse. For it is written, "Cursed is everyone who doesn't continue in all things that are written in the book of the law, to do them." 11Now that no man is justified by the law before God is evident, for, "The righteous will live by faith." 12The law is not of faith, but, "The man who does them will live by them." 13Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us. For it is written, "Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree," 14that the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentiles through Christ Jesus, that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith. The Purpose of the Law 15Brothers, speaking of human terms, though it is only a man's covenant, yet when it has been confirmed, no one makes it void or adds to it. 16Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his offspring. He doesn't say, "To descendants", as of many, but as of one, "To your offspring", which is Christ. 17Now I say this: A covenant confirmed beforehand by God in Christ, the law, which came four hundred thirty years after, does not annul, so as to make the promise of no effect. 18For if the inheritance is of the law, it is no more of promise; but God has granted it to Abraham by promise. 19Then why is there the law? It was added because of transgressions, until the offspring should come to whom the promise has been made. It was ordained through angels by the hand of a mediator. 20Now a mediator is not between one, but God is one. 21Is the law then against the promises of God? Certainly not! For if there had been a law given which could make alive, most certainly righteousness would have been of the law. 22But the Scripture imprisoned all things under sin, that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe. 23But before faith came, we were kept in custody under the law, confined for the faith which should afterwards be revealed. 24So that the law has become our tutor to bring us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith. 25But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor. Sons Through Faith in Christ 26For you are all children of God, through faith in Christ Jesus. 27For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. 28There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. 29If you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's offspring and heirs according to promise. The World English Bible is a 1997 revision of the American Standard Version of the Holy Bible, first published in 1901. It is in the Public Domain. Please feel free to copy and distribute it freely. Thank you to Michael Paul Johnson for making this work available. For the latest information, to report corrections, or for other correspondence, visit www.ebible.org. Section Headings Courtesy BereanBible.com © 2013, 2014 Used by Permission Bible Hub Bible Hub |


text:
Salmon get more water only if die-off starts
Though a biologist says that will be too late for those in the Trinity and Klamath rivers
By Jeff Barnard
The Associated Press
July 31, 2014
GRANTS PASS — A federal agency said Wednesday it will release extra water into Northern California's Klamath and Trinity rivers once salmon start dying from drought-related disease, but not before.
Federal Bureau of Reclamation spokesman Louis Moore said from Sacramento, Calif., that the decision came under terms of a 2012 emergency water plan, and after consulting with tribes, irrigators and other agencies.
"When you look at the need and demand for water, it's for every requirement out there, whether it is drinking water, species, power, agriculture or flow in the rivers," Moore said. "The best use of that water was part of that discussion. How can we use this water and still meet all the needs that are there?"
Fisheries biologist Joshua Strange of Stillwater Sciences said that will be too late. Strange submitted a memo to the Klamath Fish Health Advisory Team saying low flows this year could lead to a salmon kill such as the massive one in 2002, when tens of thousands of adult salmon died.
The major threat is a parasite known as Ich, short for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, which attacks fish in stagnant water.
The idea of raising flows down the rivers is not to cool the water temperature or make it easier for the fish to swim, but to make it harder for the tiny parasites, which swim with hairlike filamets along their bodies, to attack fish, Strange said.
"Everything we know about Ich is that an ounce of prevention is worth 20 pounds of emergency action," he said. "If you can keep it from starting, your chances are way, way better. It builds up momentum very quickly."
After salmon were reported dying last week in the Salmon River, a tributary of the Klamath, salmon advocates called on the bureau to put more water down the Klamath and Trinity rivers to protect salmon.


text:
Release date: August 30, 2016
Last updated: September 1, 2016
Vulnerability identifier: APSB16-30
Priority: 1
CVE number: CVE-2016-4264
Platforms: All
Adobe has released security hotfixes for ColdFusion versions 10 and 11. These hotfixes resolve a critical vulnerability that could lead to information disclosure (CVE-2016-4264).
Adobe recommends that customers apply the appropriate hotfix using the instructions provided in the "Solution" section below.
Product | Affected Versions | Platform |
ColdFusion 11 | Update 9 and earlier versions | All |
ColdFusion 10 | Update 20 and earlier versions | All |
Adobe categorizes this hotfix with the following priority rating and recommends users update their installations to the newest versions:
Adobe recommends ColdFusion customers update their installation using the instructions provided in the relevant technote:
- ColdFusion 11: http://helpx.adobe.com/coldfusion/kb/coldfusion-11-update-10.html
- ColdFusion 10: http://helpx.adobe.com/coldfusion/kb/coldfusion-10-update-21.html
Customers should also apply the security configuration settings as outlined on the ColdFusion Security page as well as review the respective Lockdown guide.
These hotfixes resolve an issue associated with parsing crafted XML entities that could lead to information disclosure (CVE-2016-4264).
Adobe would like to thank Dawid Golunski of http://legalhackers.com for reporting this issue (CVE-2016-4264) and for working with Adobe to help protect our customers.
September 1, 2016: As of September 1, Adobe is aware of publicly available proof-of-concept code, and we have modified the priority of these hotfixes from Priority 2 to Priority 1. More information about Adobe's Priority and Severity Ratings is available here (https://helpx.adobe.com/security/severity-ratings.html).
License agreement
By using software of Adobe Systems Incorporated or its subsidiaries ("Adobe"); you agree to the following terms and conditions. If you do not agree with such terms and conditions; do not use the software. The terms of an end user license agreement accompanying a particular software file upon installation or download of the software shall supersede the terms presented below.
The export and re-export of Adobe software products are controlled by the United States Export Administration Regulations and such software may not be exported or re-exported to Cuba; Iran; Iraq; Libya; North Korea; Sudan; or Syria or any country to which the United States embargoes goods. In addition; Adobe software may not be distributed to persons on the Table of Denial Orders; the Entity List; or the List of Specially Designated Nationals.
By downloading or using an Adobe software product you are certifying that you are not a national of Cuba; Iran; Iraq; Libya; North Korea; Sudan; or Syria or any country to which the United States embargoes goods and that you are not a person on the Table of Denial Orders; the Entity List; or the List of Specially Designated Nationals. If the software is designed for use with an application software product (the "Host Application") published by Adobe; Adobe grants you a non-exclusive license to use such software with the Host Application only; provided you possess a valid license from Adobe for the Host Application. Except as set forth below; such software is licensed to you subject to the terms and conditions of the End User License Agreement from Adobe governing your use of the Host Application.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES: YOU AGREE THAT ADOBE HAS MADE NO EXPRESS WARRANTIES TO YOU REGARDING THE SOFTWARE AND THAT THE SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED TO YOU "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. ADOBE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THE SOFTWARE; EXPRESS OR IMPLIED; INCLUDING; WITHOUT LIMITATION; ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE; MERCHANTABILITY; MERCHANTABLE QUALITY OR NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. Some states or jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties; so the above limitations may not apply to you.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY: IN NO EVENT WILL ADOBE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY LOSS OF USE; INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS; OR ANY DIRECT; INDIRECT; SPECIAL; INCIDENTAL; OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS) REGARDLESS OF THE FORM OF ACTION WHETHER IN CONTRACT; TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE); STRICT PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE; EVEN IF ADOBE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Some states or jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages; so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.


text:
Michael Peña
Peña was born and raised in Chicago, to Nicolasa, a social worker, and Eleuterio Peña, who worked at a button factory. His parents were originally from Mexico, his mother from Charcas in San Luis Potosí and his father from Villa Purificación in Jalisco. After graduating from high school, he went to an open casting call for the Peter Bogdanovich feature To Sir, with Love II (1996), and to his surprise, beat out hundreds of other young men for a role. After relocating to Los Angeles Peña quickly booked a succession of roles in features including Star Maps, My Fellow Americans (1996) (opposite Jack Lemmon and James Garner), La Cucaracha (1998) (winner of the Best Picture in the Austin Film Festival), Bellyfruit (1999), and the Disney/Jerry Bruckheimer feature Gone in Sixty Seconds (2000). Michael Peña resides in Los Angeles where he plays bass guitar with his band, plays golf and boxes for relaxation.
Movie Name | Release Date |
12 Strong | 19 January 2018 |
My Little Pony: Le Film | 6 October 2017 |


text:
Complete Orchestral Collection is a brand new compilation of all Peter Siedlaczek libraries ever released by Best Service. This new product combines Peter Siedlaczek´s String Essentials 2nd Edition as well as the well known Complete Classical Collection 2nd Edition in one Kontakt Player 5 instrument with 26 GB of uncompressed sample content and more than 2800 Kontakt instruments. As a special bonus we added String Tools - a collection of newer released chords, excerpts and moods from an almost forgotten secret project. Enjoyable and easy to use thanks to the advanced capabilities of Kontakt Player, Complete Orchestral Collection is the most affordable and comprehensive collection of the finest classical sounds, classical choir, strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion, harp, mallets, piano, prepared piano, ready to use orchestral excerpts, performances and effects.
*This is an Electronic Delivery Purchase, you will receive a Download Link with Serial Key to Install and Activate Program
System Requirements: 1.5 GHz Processor or greater Microsoft Windows XP, Vista 7, 8 Mac OS 10.4 or Later 2 GB RAM or more Recommended


text:
The Laws of Science—by God
The laws of nature have been discovered through extensive scientific investigation—gathering mounds and mounds of evidence, all of which has proven consistently to point to one conclusion. They are, by definition, a concluding statement that has been drawn from the scientific evidence, and therefore, are in keeping with the rule of logic known as the Law of Rationality (Ruby, 1960, pp. 126-127). If anything can be said to be "scientific," it is the laws of science, and to hold to a view or theory that contradicts the laws of science is, by definition, irrational, since such a theory would contradict the evidence from science.
The laws of science explain how things work in nature at all times—without exception. The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms defines a scientific law as "a regularity which applies to all members of a broad class of phenomena" (2003, p. 1182, emp. added). Notice that the writers use the word "all" rather than "some" or even "most." There are no exceptions to a law of science. Wherever a law is applicable, it has been found to be without exception.
Evolutionists endorse wholeheartedly the laws of science. Evolutionary geologist Robert Hazen, a research scientist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Lab, who graduated with a Ph.D. from Harvard, in his lecture series on the origin of life, states, "In this lecture series, I make an assumption that life emerged [i.e., spontaneously generated—JM] from basic raw materials through a sequence of events that was completely consistent with the natural laws of chemistry and physics" (Hazen, 2005, emp. added). Even on something as unfounded as postulating the origin of life from non-life—a proposition which flies in the face of all scientific evidence to the contrary—evolutionists do not wish to resort to calling such a phenomenon an exception to the laws of nature. After all, there are no exceptions to the laws. Instead, they hope, without evidence, that their claims will prove to be in keeping with some elusive, hitherto undiscovered, scientific evidence in the future that will be "completely consistent with the natural laws." [NOTE: Such an approach is the equivalent of brushing aside the mounds of evidence for the existence of gravity in order to develop a theory that asserts that tomorrow, all humanity will start levitating up from the surface of the Earth. Science has already spoken on that matter, and to postulate such a theory would be unscientific. It would go against the evidence from science. Similarly, science has already spoken on the matter of life from non-life and shown that abiogenesis does not occur in nature, according to the Law of Biogenesis (see Miller, 2012), or in the words of Hazen, abiogenesis is completely inconsistent "with the natural laws of chemistry and physics." And yet he, along with all atheistic evolutionists, continues to promote evolutionary theory in spite of this crucial piece of evidence to the contrary.] Evolutionists believe in the natural laws, even if they fail to concede the import of their implications with regard to atheistic evolution.
Richard Dawkins, a world renowned evolutionary biologist and professor of zoology at Oxford University, put his stamp of endorsement on the laws of nature as well. While conjecturing (without evidence) about the possibility of life in outer space, he said, "But that higher intelligence would, itself, had to have come about by some ultimately explicable process. It couldn't have just jumped into existence spontaneously" (Stein and Miller, 2008). Dawkins admits that life could not pop into existence from non-life. But why? Because that would contradict a well-known and respected law of science that is based on mounds of scientific evidence and that has no exception: the Law of Biogenesis. Of course evolution, which Dawkins wholeheartedly subscribes to, requires abiogenesis, which contradicts the Law of Biogenesis. However, notice that Dawkins so respects the laws of nature that he cannot bring himself to consciously and openly admit that his theory requires the violation of said law. Self-delusion can be a powerful narcotic.
Famous atheist, theoretical physicist, and cosmologist of Cambridge University, Stephen Hawking, highly reveres the laws of science as well. In 2011, he hosted a show on Discovery Channel titled, "Curiosity: Did God Create the Universe?" In that show, he said,
[T]he Universe is a machine governed by principles or laws—laws that can be understood by the human mind. I believe that the discovery of these laws has been humankind's greatest achievement…. But what's really important is that these physical laws, as well as being unchangeable, are universal. They apply not just to the flight of the ball, but to the motion of a planet and everything else in the Universe. Unlike laws made by humans, the laws of nature cannot ever be broken. That's why they are so powerful ("Curiosity…," 2011, emp. added).
According to Hawking, the laws of nature exist, are unbreakable (i.e., without exception), and apply to the entire Universe—not just to the Earth.
Again, the atheistic evolutionary community believes in the existence of and highly respects the laws of science (i.e., when those laws coincide with the evolutionist's viewpoints) and would not wish to consciously deny or contradict them. Sadly, they do so, and often, when it comes to their beloved atheistic, origin theories. But that admission by the evolutionary community presents a major problem for atheism. Humanist Martin Gardner said,
Imagine that physicists finally discover all the basic waves and their particles, and all the basic laws, and unite everything in one equation. We can then ask, "Why that equation?" It is fashionable now to conjecture that the big bang was caused by a random quantum fluctuation in a vacuum devoid of space and time. But of course such a vacuum is a far cry from nothing. There had to be quantum laws to fluctuate. And why are there quantum laws?…There is no escape from the superultimate questions: Why is there something rather than nothing, and why is the something structured the way it is? (2000, p. 303, emp. added).
Even if Big Bang cosmology were correct (and it is not), you still can't have a law without a law writer. In "Curiosity: Did God Create the Universe?" Hawking boldly claims that everything in the Universe can be accounted for through atheistic evolution without the need of God. This is untrue, as we have discussed elsewhere (e.g., Miller, 2011), but notice that Hawking does not even believe that assertion himself. He said, "Did God create the quantum laws that allowed the Big Bang to occur? In a nutshell, did we need a god to set it all up so that the Big Bang could bang?" ("Curiosity…"). He provided no answer to these crucial questions—not even an attempt. And he is not alone. No atheist can provide an adequate answer to those questions.
The eminent atheistic, theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and astrobiologist of Arizona State University, Paul Davies, noted Hawking's sidestep of that question in the "round table discussion" on the Discovery Channel following "Curiosity," titled, "The Creation Question: a Curiosity Conversation." Concerning Hawking, Davies said,
In the show, Stephen Hawking gets very, very close to saying, "Well, where did the laws of physics come from? That's where we might find some sort of God." And then he backs away and doesn't return to the subject…. You need to know where those laws come from. That's where the mystery lies—the laws ("The Creation Question…," 2011).
In his book, The Grand Design, Hawking tries (and fails) to submit a way that the Universe could have created itself from nothing in keeping with the laws of nature without God—an impossible concept, to be sure. He says, "Because there is a law like gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing" (2010, p. 180). Of course, even if such were possible (and it is not), he does not explain where the law of gravity came from. A more rational statement would have been the following: "Because there is a law like gravity, the Universe must have been created by God."
Just as the evidence says that you cannot have a poem without a poet, a fingerprint without a finger, or a material effect without a cause, a law must be written by someone. But the atheistic community does not believe in the "Someone" Who alone could have written the laws of nature. So the atheist stands in the dark mist of irrationality—holding to a viewpoint that contradicts the evidence. However, the Christian has no qualms with the existence of the laws of nature. They provide no problem or inconsistency with the Creation model. Long before the laws of thermodynamics were formally articulated in the 1850s and long before the Law of Biogenesis was formally proven by Louis Pasteur in 1864, the laws of science were written in stone and set in place to govern the Universe by the Being in Whom we believe. Recall the last few chapters of the book of Job, where God commenced a speech, humbling Job with the awareness that Job's knowledge and understanding of the workings of the Universe were extremely deficient in comparison with the omniscience and omnipotence of Almighty God. Two of the humbling questions that God asked Job to ponder were, "Do you know the ordinances ["laws"—NIV] of the heavens? Can you set their dominion ["rule"—ESV] over the earth?" (Job 38:33). These were rhetorical questions, and the obvious answer from Job was, "No, Sir." He could not even know of all the laws, much less could he understand them, and even less could he have written them and established their rule over the Earth. Only a Supreme Being transcendent of the natural Universe would have the power to do such a thing.
According to the Creation model and in keeping with the evidence, that Supreme Being is the God of the Bible, Who created everything in the Universe in six literal days, only a few thousand years ago. In the words of the 19th-century song writer, Lowell Mason, "Praise the Lord, for He hath spoken; worlds His mighty voice obeyed; laws which never shall be broken, for their guidance He hath made. Hallelujah! Amen" (Howard, 1977, #427).
"The Creation Question: A Curiosity Conversation" (2011), Discovery Channel, August 7.
"Curiosity: Did God Create the Universe?" (2011), Discovery Channel, August 7.
Gardner, Martin (2000), Did Adam and Eve Have Navels? (New York: W.W. Norton).
Hawking, Stephen (2010), The Grand Design (New York, NY: Bantam Books).
Hazen, Robert (2005), Origins of Life (Chantilly, VA: The Teaching Company).
Howard, Alton (1977), "Praise the Lord," Songs of the Church (West Monroe, LA: Howard Publishing).
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (2003), pub. M.D. Licker (New York: McGraw-Hill), sixth edition.
Miller, Jeff (2011), "A Review of Discovery Channel's 'Curiosity: Did God Create the Universe?'" Reason & Revelation, 31[10]:98-107, https://apologeticspress.org/apPubPage.aspx?pub=1&issue=1004&article=1687.
Miller, Jeff (2012), "The Law of Biogenesis," Reason & Revelation, 32[1]:2-11, January, https://apologeticspress.org/apPubPage.aspx?pub=1&issue=1018&article=1722.
Ruby, Lionel (1960), Logic: An Introduction (Chicago, IL: J.B. Lippincott).
Stein, Ben and Kevin Miller (2008), Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (Premise Media).
REPRODUCTION & DISCLAIMERS: We are happy to grant permission for this article to be reproduced in part or in its entirety, as long as our stipulations are observed.


text:
2017-2018 Undergraduate Catalog
Computer Science Courses
CS 1309 Problem Solving and Computation (3 credits)
Introduction to general problem-solving techniques applicable to solving problems in computing, including elementary computational problems. Other techniques include using systematic lists, using diagrams, and looking for patterns. Includes fundamental computational concepts in information representation, computer organization, and social and ethical issues in computing. The two-hour lab introduces the use of software to solve a variety of problems. The prospective student should have a general understanding of computers and their operation. Prerequisite: Successful completion of MATH 0800 with a grade of B or better, or three years of high school mathematics (including two years of algebra) and a score on the Mathematics Placement Test appropriate for placement into MATH 1170. Liberal Education Goal Area 4
Common Course Outline


text:
Key Features:
Heavy Blend Zipper Hoodie
Tired of hearing the same old argument against the 2nd Amendment? Since 1791, we have been exercising this right. Fun, stylish and cool, Wear this design, loud and proud.
Exercising is a great stress reliever! Here at Tactical Tees™, we believe that exercise doesn't get in the way of life, but adds to the quality of it! We support exercising everyday – exercising our Constitutional Rights that is! With this witty zipper hoodie, you too can join the exercising club that has been the hit of the United States since 1791! There are no treadmills or ellipticals; it's handguns and shotguns instead! You still get your bang for your buck!


text:
Co-Op Comes to The Perpetual Testing Initiative
August 16, 2012 - The Portal 2 Team
Are you sitting down? If not, you should sit down. Okay, are you sitting down now? Because you should probably actually be lying down for this: As of right this moment, we are giving all current owners of Portal 2 a 75% off Portal 2 coupon. If you're standing back up, dusting yourself off and wondering why you'd want another copy of a game you already own, lie back down real quick because here's the lie-down part: We just added co-op to the Perpetual Testing Initiative.
That's right: Puzzle creators can now design and publish co-op maps, which puzzle players can now greedily consume. Well, as long as they have a co-op partner. Which the 75% off coupon should help them (i.e.: you) find. We've also added a "Quick Play" feature that creates never-ending, auto-generated playlists of the top-rated maps in a variety of categories. It has literally never been easier to figuratively jump in and literally play some Portal.


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"In Priorat, the roads twist and turn through the hills and leave the sun behind. You can see it and feel it. Priorat is a world apart"
This is how Sara Perez, the woman behind Mas Martinet, describes this rich wine region in Spain, where she and her father, Jose Luis Perez, play an important role as part of the pioneers of Priorat.
In July, I was assigned by Wine Spectator Magazine to shoot the lead story of October issue about Priorat; one of the greatest wine regions in Catalan, Spain. I got a very detailed shooting list with names and addresses of the people I was about to meet and shoot. These were the pioneers of Priorat; the leading figures of the wine industry in that region. It was an intense assignment. Shooting from 7 in the morning (to capture the sunrise over the vineyard) till sometimes 9 in the evening, when the light was orange and soft. But nevertheless, it was a fun assignment, in which I have learned so much about wine and met incredible friendly people, who are proud of what they do, and obviously, proud of their wine.


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I crashed a Michael Kaluta lecture Monday night. Donato Giancola was having his SVA class create complex futuristic environments and so he had asked Michael to talk about world building in his picture making. Michael showed some of his comic work and then focused on movie concept drawings. Below are some random thoughts and notes.
- The thing that struck me the most was, how much his drawing looked like reportage. He is creating vast cities and interiors with such spontaneity and freshness that you would think he is simply reacting to what's in front of him.....but none of these worlds actually existed. His understanding of detail (both when to use it and when not to) and perspective is so dead-accurate that you buy every squiggle as information from an existing object.
- He talked about the rhythm between information and breathing space. And the repetition of abstract forms to give meaning to those forms. (The difference between a single spear and a forest of spears.)
- He talked a lot about knowing the back-story to am image, even if the viewer will never know it."Knowing what is going on behind every window" in the image. This became particularly clear while listening to Michael and Donato banter about minute details of Tolkien paintings. Clearly, both of them have a love for world building that is strongly rooted in Tolkien.
- He talked about illustrating some of the more mundane lines of a story. Focusing on a simple statement gives him the freedom to create the world around that line. "Ignore the line and add a layer."
- He talked about fetishizing various objects within a painting. "Someone spent time designing that sword, that piece of armor." Keeping items from being too generic adds history to them.
- He talked a bit about the real world issues facing an illustrator -- diversifying your clients, stretching your abilities, always networking and keeping your connections open.
Thanks Michael and Donato for letting me crash the party!
Michael. (I got clearer pictures, but I liked the smile in this one.) One of Micahel's Tolkien paintings. And the eating afterwards: Donato, me, Greg Manchess, Kristina Carroll, and Michael.


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For 50 years, the taco has been a staple of American life. It's in school lunches and Michelin-star restaurants. It even helped launch the food truck craze. So how did the taco come to loom so large in American bellies?
In Gustavo Arellano's new book, Taco USA: How Mexican Food Conquered America, he explains our love of all things folded into a tortilla. I recently joined him for a 150-mile tour of Southern California's taco trail, visiting cultural touchstones in the evolution of the Mexican snack in America. Here's our tour.
Stop One: Cielito Lindo Food Stand, Olvera Street, Los Angeles
Since the 1930s, this tiny stand — located in the heart of historic L.A. — has been famous for its rolled, fried taquitos, covered in avocado sauce. Arellano thinks of the food stand as a Plymouth Rock of tacos, one place where the Mexican staple met a broader American audience.
Today, co-owner Diana Guerrero Robertson still makes them the same way, hand-rolling tacos around seasoned, shredded beef. "They start at our warehouse in Lincoln Heights, where we make our tortillas fresh," Guerrero Robertson says. "Then we hand roll them with our steamed, seasoned beef that's the style of barbacoa. And our salsa is also made there, which is made with spices, chili and avocado."
Cielito Lindo's taquitos quickly gained a following among Mexicans and non-Mexicans alike. "People all over Southern California started copying it," Arellano says. "The exact same way to fry it, the avocado salsa, everything."
Americans had discovered the taco.
Stop Two: Mitla Cafe, San Bernardino, Calif.
From L.A., Arellano takes me 60 miles east, to San Bernardino. It's a horizontal place, full of truck yards and train depots. It's from here that the taco eventually went national.
Taco Bell was launched in an L.A. suburb in 1962 by Glen Bell. Prior to that, he lived in San Bernardino, where he owned a burger stand, and later a small chain called Taco Tia — Taco Bell's precursor. Today, the company, based in Irvine, has 6,500 locations in all 50 states and almost a dozen countries. They sell more than 2 billion tacos a year.
Tom Wagner is a vice president for the company. "If you go more to the Midwest and to the Northeast, often times Taco Bell defines people's experiences with Mexican food," Wagner says. "Even though we call ourselves 'Mexican inspired,' in much of the country, Taco Bell defines what Mexican food is."
The chain helped make Mexican food palatable to a country that had historically regarded it with suspicion, according to Jeffrey Pilcher, a food historian at the University of Minnesota and author of the forthcoming Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food.
"There's this fascination with Mexican food," Pilcher says. Part of that, he says, comes from the sense that it's dangerous. "It's hot, obviously, but there's also this fear that it's contaminated." Glen Bell's great triumph came in franchising and selling Mexican food to a mainstream audience, Pilcher says, in still-segregated 1950s and '60s California.
But where did the recipe for the Taco Bell taco come from? Arellano says he has figured it out — and the answer can be found in San Bernardino.
"Here, we're at the intersection of old Route 66, now called Mount Vernon, and Sixth Street," Arellano says.
Here stands Mitla Cafe, a family diner that has been serving up Mexican food since 1937. Mitla's crunchy tacos are strangely familiar: crispy, stuffed with ground beef, iceberg lettuce and a pile of yellow cheese. Irene Montaño is the cafe's owner. Her in-laws started the business.
"Glen Bell had his hamburger stand across the street," Montano says, "and he used to come over here and talk to my father-in-law and ask him how to make tacos and how they did different things — but especially the tacos."
Mitla's tacos may look like a Taco Bell taco, but they certainly don't taste like one.
"I could tell, eating this, you could tell why America fell in love with this type of taco so fast," Arellano says.
The tortilla is light and crisp. It dissolves the minute it hits the tongue.
"If Cielito Lindo's little taquito is the ancestor of what we know now as the taco," he adds, "this was the ur-taco, the taco that launched a thousand tacos."
Stop Three: Alebrije's Grill Taco Truck, Santa Ana., Calif.
Another 60-mile drive takes us to our last stop, in Santa Ana. It also brings us to the present — to the middle of Southern California's taco truck renaissance.
"If you see a bright pink truck, that's the truck," Albert Hernandez says. "We're the only pink truck here in Santa Ana."
Hernandez is the chef and owner of Alebrije's Grill Taco Truck. For eight years, he has produced a renowned local dish called the Battleship Taco.
"It deserves its own food channel," Arellano says. "Not just a food show. It deserves a food channel. It is a baroque masterpiece."
The Battleship Taco is the size of a small dog. It's an architectural mass of breaded steak, with rice, grilled onions, roasted cactus and hot sauce — all piled on a fresh tortilla.
Like all of the tacos we've eaten, it's a fusion. The recipe has its roots in Mexico. But the scale and presentation is all U.S.A. Tacos have become so American, they sometimes barely seem Mexican.
"Mexican food is as American as nachos," Arellano says. "You find nachos all over ballparks in the United States. It's just part of the cuisine at large."
There are now spaghetti tacos. Korean tacos. And broccoli pine-nut tacos. The taco, it seems, is right up there with hot dogs and apple pie.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Earlier today, a small group of Occupy Wall Street activists engaged in a near-successful corrida against the Wall Street Bull.
The incident began when two clowns, Hannah Morgan and Louis Jargow, scaled the steel barricades protecting the landmark. The clowns began spanking and climbing the beast as well as playing the harmonica, traditional ways of coaxing a bull into anger in preparation for a Castilian corrida, or bullfight.
Within seconds, police officers grabbed both clowns by their colorful shirts and wrestled one of them (Jargow) to the ground. The other (Morgan) continued to play the harmonica until an officer removed it from her mouth.
With the officers thus occupied, a matador in full traje de luces leapt onto the hood of the patrol vehicle parked in front of the bull and boldly presented his blood-red cape to the beast.
"I wondered whether I, neophyte matador, could bring down this behemoth, world-famous for charging towards profit while trampling underfoot the average worker," said the OWS activist/torero whose first fight this was. "Come what may, I knew I must try."
Police officers took no notice of the matador, occupied as they were with the clowns.
"This bull has ruined millions of lives!" wailed clown Jargow as he lay on the ground face-down. "Yet he and his accomplices have been rewarded with billions of our tax dollars—and we, here to put a stop to it all, are thrown to the ground. ¡Un escándalo!"
Both clowns were charged with disorderly conduct and released an hour later; they returned to Zuccotti Park to great fanfare. The Wall Street bull continues to rage.
Related articles
- Triumph Takes on Wall Street [VIDEO] (wzlx.radio.com)


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Property Details
Market Center Drive, Collierville, TN
office, retail,
This building is located within Boyle's Schilling Farms mixed-use community. With the atmosphere and charm of a southern small town, 443-acre Schilling Farms is the product of extensive research, meticulous planning, and exacting standards, which have led to a state-of-the-art mixed-use development serving one of the nation's fastest-growing communities. Neighborhoods, designed with historic Collierville architecture in mind, restore the slow pace and simple elegance of the past, while the Schilling Farms business environment provides tenants with an opportunity to work close to home in the heart of Greater Memphis' professional population center. Churches, schools, parks, and medical centers round out the sense of community that gives owners, tenants, employees, and residents an exceptional quality of life. Schilling Farms is home to a 28,000 square foot YMCA, Helena Chemical Corporation, Orion Packaging, BankTennessee Headquarters, Schilling Farms Middle School, and The Neighborhood at Schilling Farms.
View this property's community page and other properties.
Market Center Drive, Collierville, TN
office, retail,


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It brings up an interesting question that's been posed over and over in the passing years: are we sacrificing our freedom for increased security? Many believe we are, and that it's shifting us to a socialist state. We've heard plenty of screaming over the years about the NSA and other instances of the government snooping into our private affairs, which brings up the question of whether we'd rather be free or secure. And then again, if you're doing what's right, does it matter? After all, if you have nothing to hide, then why does it matter if the NSA knows where you are, who you're talking, texting, and emailing to, and what you had for lunch today? I guess the real question is our right to privacy. And again, we enter the freedom/security loop. Is there an end? Is there an answer? I don't know.
The escalating tensions in the east with ISIS now are actually a factor I'm figuring into the draft of the science fiction trilogy I'm writing. There's no doubt that terrorism is still a huge issue in the world today, and it's impacting world events and even history itself. I feel our grandparents generation, "the greatest generation," are turning in their graves right now. They fought and worked so hard to rid the world of the evils of Nazi's and the threats of dictatorships only to have radical terrorists rise to plague future generations. It just goes to prove that it's always something. Marvel might have it right after all. Remember what Hydra said about "cut off one head, and two more rise?" That seems to be the truth. Fiction and reality have uncanny parallels. Then again, reality influences fiction, so there you have the answer to that riddle.
I think this is a testament to the fact that future generations will fully realize that 9-11 changed the world as we know it. They may not have the memories or personal connections and recollections of exactly how these changes happened. Heck, those of us that have experienced it probably find ourselves hard pressed to articulate it ourselves, because many of the changes are felt rather than seen. But we know it's there, and they will realize it too, even if they weren't here to experience it. It's like we know Pearl Harbor changed the world, even though many of us weren't around then. At least better media coverage will give future generations something more to see from the day that changed the world in the twenty-first century.
The truth is that we're still seeking that balance between freedom and security, and the explosive advances in technology in the past 13 years haven't made it any easier. Every step forward is one more thing we have to consider that can be misused by those that wish to do us harm. It's a shame that we have to live in such a state of partial paranoia – but then again, as it ever been any other way? There were many decades between Pearl Harbor and 9-11, which no doubt led to some complacency. How do you strike the balance? I'm not sure there is any one answer, or what direction this whole debate is taking us as a nation, a society, and a world in. 13 years later, and the story is still unfolding in many ways. It's something to think about.
That's my meditation on the day. I offer a prayer for those lost on 9-11, their families and friends, and all affected by the terrible events of that day. Wait, that means all of us, because in one way or another, we were all affected. Well, here's a pray for us all!
That's all today. Take care. Have a happy Friday tomorrow and a fantastic weekend.


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There have been requests over the years to have a "notes" layer on the playlist (basically an overlay that lets you place text and simple graphics to make production notes overtop of the playlist, e.g., designate what automation modifies a different audio or pattern clip with a line and text to describe the relationship). This request is similar but more about a layer that allows you to create connections like patcher but between clips. When in node mode you create a new node group by making a connection between clips. It would autoname but prompt you to set name, color. The pattern picker would populate with these node groups which you can pull into the playsit as a set of connected clips spaced as they are defined vertically and horizontally in the playlist. It would have the option to turn on toggle to create unique node group instance when pasting or pulling into playlist.
You could also set a multi-level parenting relationship between the connected clips or just have it consider all connects equal. Parenting would allow you to move children clips without moving parents but parents could be used to move all children.
The node mode would be a functionally and visually superior option to grouping and could really speed up tedious tasks involved in duplicating certain sounds and sequences. This would be great for chopped audio as well.
Playlist Feature - Node Layer
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- Technical Support
- Fri May 07, 2021 11:00 am
Re: Playlist Feature - Node Layer
Can you make a graphical mock up for it?
Re: Playlist Feature - Node Layer
Milinor wrote: ↑Fri May 07, 2021 11:00 am
Can y...
Re: Playlist Feature - Node Layer
So this is an idea of how it co...
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