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Ron Davis, himself a severely dyslexic adult, figured out how to 'correct' his own dyslexia before he ever came up with any theories about dyslexia. Until the age of 38, he had always accepted the official pronouncements of the experts who had diagnosed him as mentally retarded. Although he had a measured IQ of 160, he understood that he would never be able to read or write without an arduous struggle, because there was something terribly wrong with his brain.
Then he noticed that sometimes his dyslexia got worse. An engineer by training, it occurred to him that if he could figure out how to make his dyslexia worse, he might somehow stumble on the key to making it better. His first clue, while working as an amateur sculptor, was that when he was at his artistic best, he was at his dyslexic worst.
So he locked himself in a hotel room, and practiced making his dyslexia worse. Then he worked on making it better. After three days, a moment arrived when the letters on the hotel room guest card suddenly became legible to him. Stunned that the letters were all the same size, and that there were spaces between the words, he went to a public library, picked up the book 'Treasure Island' from the shelves, sat down, and read the book cover to cover before the library closed that day.
This was not the solution to dyslexia, but it was the beginning of a journey. Davis shared his ideas with others, discovering to his surprise that most of his artist friends were also dyslexic, and through a trial-and-error approach developed a reliable method for helping others to overcome their own dyslexia. About a year later, he opened his first reading clinic.
The Davis theory came out of the trial-and-error approach, as a way to explain why the Davis methods work. It can be summed up as follows:
All dyslexics are primarily picture-thinkers: they think through mental or sensory imagery, rather than using words, sentences, or internal dialogue (self-talk) in their minds. Because this method of thinking is subliminal – faster than the person can be aware of – most dyslexics are not aware that this is what they're doing.
Because dyslexics think in pictures or imagery, they tend to use global logic and reasoning strategies, looking at the 'big picture' to understand the world around them. They tend to be very good at strategizing, creative endeavors, hands-on activities, and solving real world objective problems, but tend to be poor with word-based sequential, linear, step-by-step reasoning. When you look at a picture of a dog, you do not move your mind from tail to haunches to legs to shoulders to head to ears to nose to figure out you have a dog. You see all parts at once, and conclude 'dog'. If most or all of your thinking is in pictures, you would become accustomed to figuring things out by looking at the whole object or situation at once.
Thinking primarily with images, dyslexics also tend to develop very strong imaginations, and to use a picture or feeling based reasoning process to solve problems rather than a verbal one. If they are at first confused (or intrigued), they will mentally turn an object around to look at it from different viewpoints or angles. From this thought process, they develop many unique abilities and talents.
This ability can also be the foundation for a problem. When disoriented, dyslexic individuals will perceive their own thinking as reality. Most people experience a state of disorientation when looking at an optical illusion, or when exposed to misleading sensory stimuli, such as that created by virtual reality amusement rides. But dyslexics become disoriented on a day-to-day basis; it is their natural mental response to any confusing sensory information – as well as to creative problem-solving.
Dyslexics tend to have difficulty with unreal and symbolic objects, such as letters and numerals. In their effort to comprehend symbols as they would an automobile engine or an engineering diagram, they can become disoriented. This leads to the familiar symptoms of substitutions, omissions, reversals or transpositions in reading or writing letters and words. Disorientation is not limited to visual input; many dyslexics commonly mishear or garble words or the sequence of words in sentences. Their sense of time can seem distorted and their motor coordination can appear delayed or clumsy.
The repeated mistakes that result from misperceptions due to disorientation inevitably lead to emotional reactions, frustration and loss of self-esteem. In an effort to solve this dilemma, each dyslexic will begin to develop a set of coping mechanisms and compulsive behaviors to get around these problems. Ron Davis calls them "old solutions." Rote memorization, the alphabet song, getting Mom to do the homework, acting out, illegible handwriting to cover up poor spelling, skillful deception and avoidance of any task related to school or reading, are some examples. These can begin to develop as early as ages six or seven. An adult dyslexic will have an entire repertoire of such behaviors. Now we have the full range of symptoms, characteristics and behaviors commonly associated with dyslexia.
The most significant aspect of the Davis Theory in resolving dyslexia is the observation that when an auditory symbol – a word – lacks a mental picture and meaning for the dyslexic, disorientation and mistakes are the result. When we show a dyslexic how to turn off the disorientations at the moment they occur, and then help find and master the stimuli that triggered the disorientation, the reading, writing and spelling problems start to disappear. So do the "old solutions."
© 1999 by Abigail Marshall & Davis Dyslexia Association International.
Excerpted from the article, Davis Dyslexia Correction – a brief overview.
Used with permission.
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Today is the 37th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Henrik Ræder Clausen has written an essay for the occasion that analyzes the history and current status of the standoff between Greek and Turkish Cypriots.
The article below was originally published at Europe News. Readers should visit the original for the illustrations and source links.
Cyprus: The long decline of international law
by Henrik Ræder Clausen
Today, July 20th 2011, marks the 37th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. While invading countries is generally held to be illegal (and rightly so), Turkey has gotten away with the invasion and the ensuing occupation with remarkably few consequences. This is in great extent due to the non-application of international law and fundamental principles in the matter. Conversely, a just and lasting solution to the Cyprus problem can be found in classical international law, common sense that is actually not too hard to understand.
Cyprus has a traceable archaeological history dating back more than 10,000 years, and while having been under a variety of rules over the last millennia, was never divided until the 20th century.
The Ottomans invaded Cyprus in 1570, finally beat the Venetian stronghold of Famagusta in 1571, and ruled over Cyprus for more than three centuries. This took place in a relatively civilized manner as compared to the Ottoman rule in the Balkans and elsewhere, but they did introduce a Turkish minority later to be the seed of trouble.
In 1878, Cyprus was leased to Great Britain in return for Britain helping the Ottoman Empire hold back Russian influence.
In the 1923 Lausanne Treaty, which established the modern Republic of Turkey, all Turkish interests in Cyprus were written off, a fact that Turkey faithfully upheld until 1954. In 1925, Cyprus became a British crown colony, one of the last additions to the British Empire.
This frustrated many Cypriots hoping for the independence granted to other countries freed from Ottoman rule. In 1931 Cypriots (of all ethnicities, notably) rioted against the colonial rule, which unfortunately descended into violence and arson, led to the suspension of normal colonial rule. Allegedly, this also made the British decide to construct more mosques in order to strengthen the Turkish identity of the Muslim Cypriots, so that Britain could maintain colonial rule there.
After World War II, which many Cypriots had participated in, there was a renewed hope for independence and union with Greece ('Enosis'), like that Crete had obtained. A 1950 referendum organized by the Church of Cyprus showed a 95.7 % vote in favour of union with Greece. Application of the Woodrow Wilson 14 Points of self-determination of the peoples would imply that enosis would be the honest goal to pursue, with the protection of non-Greek minorities in Cyprus being a practical task to solve for that to work out. But applying that principle to Cyprus was not on the British agenda, possibly in part because giving Cyprus full independence would endanger the two British Sovereign Base Areas on the island.
Getting Turkey involved
Britain, however, was not keen of simply leaving Cyprus to become an independent country like Ireland, India, Pakistan, Israel and other countries previously under British rule had accomplished. Instead the British government pushed Turkey to violate the terms of the Lausanne Treaty and in 1954 declare that if the British were to leave Cyprus, it should be "given back to its rightful owner", that is, Turkey. This constituted the first of many major violations of international law and treaties.
Turkey, never late to seize an opportunity, examined the matter internally and in line with the 1956 report by Niham Erim adopted a policy of seeking division ('Taksim') of Cyprus, to establish permanent Turkish influence there.
Their first major step was to establish the TMT underground army of roughly 10,000 Turkish Cypriots, armed and directed from Turkey. That would prove useful to Turkish interests in the years to come. The unspoken acceptance by Britain that Turkey could establish a proxy army in a neighbouring country was a serious violation of international law, principles of international relations and straight common sense.
Formal independence: The 1960 Constitution
On April 1st 1955, EOKA opened a guerilla war against the British colonial regime — explicitly not against the Turkish Cypriots or their interests. That led to a variety of British-led negotiations and conferences, demanding both Turkish and Greek participation, again disregarding the Lausanne Treaty terms that Turkey had no interest in Cyprus.
The result was the 1960 Constitution, which is still in force in south Cyprus, a Treaty of Alliance, and a Treaty of Guarantee granting Britain, Greece and Turkey rights of intervention in Cyprus with the intent of upholding the Constitutional order. The Constitution and the treaties were signed in 1959 and entered into force the following year.
Remarkably, military intervention in Cyprus according to the Treaty of Guarantee was merely a right, not an obligation, and thus the 'guarantee' component of the latter treaty was quite weak. As later events would show, it was more a liability than an asset for the Republic of Cyprus, marking another failure of international law to be upheld in good faith.
The 1960 Constitution was burdened with ethnic quotas granting the Turkish Cypriots special privileges, veto powers and disproportionate representation in the civil services (30 percent), army (40 percent), parliament (30 percent), government and a powerful Turkish Cypriot vice president, rights not granted to the other ethnic minorities in Cyprus. Apart from the corruption-prone concept of having quotas in the first place, and the dangerous emphasis on ethnicity they created, the fact that the Turkish Cypriots constituted only 18 percent of the Cypriot population granted them an disproportionate and unjustifiable share in government power, not a good foundation for stability.
The Turkish minority made frequent use of their veto right with the predictable result that after three years, they withdrew from the parliament in late 1963, ostensibly protesting a set of 13 proposals from President Makarios to change the Constitution of Cyprus. In hindsight it would probably have been better not to have implemented ethnic/religious quotas at all, focusing instead on Cypriots being Cypriots, ethnicity or religion being irrelevant in the context of political rights. For the law should apply equally to all.
The Turkey-sponsored separatists
Simultaneously there were increasing armed clashes between Greek- and Turkish-minded Cypriots, with the TMT and their leader Rauf Denktas urging Turkish Cypriots to leave their homes in the south and seek segregation in north, even if they'd have to live in tent camps. As described by United Nations Secretary General U Thant:
The Turkish Cypriot leaders have adhered to a rigid stand against any measures which might involve having members of the two communities live and work together, or which might place Turkish Cypriots in situations where they would have to acknowledge the authority of Government agents. Indeed, since the Turkish Cypriot leadership is committed to physical and geographical separation of the communities as a political goal, it is not likely to encourage activities by Turkish Cypriots which may be interpreted as demonstrating the merits of an alternative policy. The result has been a seemingly deliberate policy of self-segregation by the Turkish Cypriots.
The TMT underground army was flexing its muscle, backed by an implicit promise from Turkey to back them up if need be. On August 10th 1964, following the Battle of Tylliria, where Cypriot forces neutralized a Turkish position, Turkey made good on the implicit pledge by napalm airstrikes. A Turkish invasion of Cyprus was narrowly evaded, but conflicts continued during the decade. The Lausanne Treaty and the abolishment of Turkish interests in Cyprus was now buried deep in history.
TMT managed, in the course of six years (1958 -1964) to first silence all moderate Turkish-Cypriot voices (usually by gunshot), among others:
- Ahmad Sadi, Director of the Turkish office of the Pancyprian Workers federation.
- Fazil Onder, chief editor of the weekly newspaper "Inkilapci".
- Ahmet Yahya of the progressive Turkish Cypriot Athletic cultural centre.
- Hasan Ali of the Pancyprian labour federation.
- Ahmet Ibrahim and Arif Hulusi Barudi, for expressing pro-coexistence views.
- Dervis Ali Kavazoglu, unionist in favour of peaceful coexistence.
The TMT took Cyprus from peaceful coexistence among its minorities to a state of civil war requiring UN intervention, in order to make world that peaceful coexistence was not an option. Their sponsors in Ankara certainly got a good return on investment here.
The invasion
On July 15th 1974, radical Greeks supporters of Enosis, supported by the junta regime in Athens, staged a coup against Cypriot President Makarios, who narrowly escaped from the presidential palace. The Turkish response was swift and powerful, with a naval assault on July 20th capturing the seaport of Kyrenia and establishing a corridor to the Turkish-Cypriot enclaves near Nicosia, gaining control of 3 % of the area of Cyprus, expanded during the ceasefire upwards to 7 %. The invasion was codenamed "Attila 1", and triggered not only a collapse of the coup in Cyprus, but also a collapse of the 7-year junta regime in Greece proper. Neither the coup, nor any mistakes made by either party in Cyprus, could justify what was to follow.
For based on the premise of the Turkish invasion and the references made to the Treaty of Guarantee, one should think that after the Greek-supported had collapsed, Turkey would declare "Mission accomplished", pack up their army and leave. For, as the Treaty of Guarantee states:
In so far as common or concerted action may prove impossible, each of the three guaranteeing Powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim Of re-establishing the state of affairs established by the present Treaty.
But Turkey had other plans: On August 14th, the second phase of the offensive ("Attila 2") commenced, capturing a full 38 % of the island, including the most fertile and developed parts, including the best of the farmland, most of the industry and the best developed tourist areas, as well as an extensive and unique cultural heritage of more than 500 orthodox Christian churches, monasteries and more.
This constituted an abandonment of some of the most sacred principles of international law, dating back from the Peace of Westphalia, including that international aggression is fundamentally illegal, and requires a solid and well-defined reason to take place.
That the Turkish invasion could take place without objections from Britain or the United States might seem puzzling, but Turkey had secured support from US Foreign Secretary Henry Kissinger, and Britain stuck to the wording of the Treaty of Guarantee, that it had only an option, not an obligation, of military intervention with the aim of restoring the 1960 constitutional order. The United Nations Security Council reacted strongly with Resolution 353:
[The Security Council] calls upon all States to respect the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of Cyprus.
- Calls all parties to cease fire.
- Demands an immediate end to the foreign military intervention in the Republic of Cyprus that is in contravention of point 1 above.
Given that the United States was in quiet approval of the Turkish invasion, their resolutions had no teeth to halt the Turks. International law had entirely given way to political expediency.
With the United States bogged down by the war in Vietnam, recession at home and the 1973 oil crisis only months behind, antagonizing a major NATO ally over problems on a small, remote island was not desirable to the US. With the US in quiet support of the invasion and Britain not keen on engaging in military action in the issue, the UN resolution was all bark with bite. Turkey knew that the invasion would not be countered by force, and could safely proceed to disregard international law, invade and occupy a major part of Cyprus.
Why NATO was not an option
One may wonder why Cyprus wasn't simply permitted to join NATO, both to ensure the security of the island itself and to provide the alliance with an important base in the eastern Mediterranean. As recently as February 2011, a vote in the Cypriot parliament favoured closer ties to NATO, but was vetoed by the Communist President Christofias. It is doubtful, of course, whether Turkey would have accepted an application from Cyprus, as no major decisions in NATO take place without their consent. It is already bad enough that Turkey occupies over 1/3 of a foreign country — making that country an alliance partner would make the Turkish position look even more illegal.
NATO is but one of the international organisations that Cyprus would like to join, but is being barred from by Turkey. The list also includes the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Open Skies Treaty, the International Energy Agency, OECD and more. Permitting Cyprus to join these fairly mundane organisations would constitute a de facto recognition that the Republic of Cyprus is the legitimate government of Cyprus, as agreed upon in the 1960 Constitution and Treaty of Guarantee, and would further expose the illegality of the Turkish occupation. Thus, political expediency and dodging the thorny legal issues are quite obviously better options for Turkey than respecting international law.
The European Union, Cyprus and Turkey
As early as 1972, Cyprus signed an Association Agreement with the European Union, the normal precursor to a membership application. The Turkish invasion halted progress in that direction, but the pace picked up again in 1987 with the signing of the second phase of the Association Agreement, and the formal application for EU membership was submitted in 1990. Cyprus became a full member of the European Union in May 2004. Interestingly, the membership applies to the entire island of Cyprus, but the practical implementation in the north is temporarily suspended due to the Republic of Cyprus being unable to exercise its authority there. Other issues than the occupation itself, like Turkey not respecting the customs union it has signed, illustrate the hopelessly strained relations between Cyprus and Turkey.
European Commissioner Olli Rehn has repeatedly stressed that "good neighbourly relations" is one precondition for becoming a candidate country to the European Union. The position of Turkey towards Cyprus can hardly be considered "good neighbourly relations", but as in so many other cases, political expediency trumps international law and lofty principles. Such principles may be good for public declarations intended to build public confidence in the work of politicians and civil servants, but are all to frequently set aside in practice.
The Cyprus problem alone, wholly apart from the problems inside Turkey proper, and the conditions for EU membership should exclude Turkey from any notion of becoming member of the European Union. For, as the European Parliament report dryly states, the Parliament:
calls on the Government to facilitate a suitable climate for negotiations by starting to withdraw its forces from Cyprus immediately.
This would be principled and forward-looking, and in line with international law. Unfortunately there are no signs that Turkey is currently contemplating such a move.
A path forward
The problems in Cyprus have been ongoing for more than five decades now, and although having a lower profile than oft-repeated (and oft-broken) promise to bring peace to the Middle East, still attracts the attention of international bodies seeking to solve the conflict on behalf of the Cypriots. The latest major attempt was the so-called Annan Plan, which UN General Secretary Kofi Annan gave his name to. The plan was rejected by 76% percent of the Greek Cypriot population in a referendum on April 24th 2004.
Apart from the strange fact that the plan was still modified up to April 23rd, it is also quite easy to see why the Cypriots did not accept it: It would de facto legitimize the invasion of their country and the ensuing occupation, solidify rather than abolish the division, and severely weaken the property rights of the 200,000 Cypriots driven out of the north by the Turkish invasion. Some even say it was built to fail, in order that the Turks and the European Union could blame the Greek Cypriots for the failure.
With the political expediency of the Annan Plan laid to rest by a referendum that (according to its own text) rendered it "null and void", there is now some breathing space to look for a solution based solidly on international law instead. One of the main reasons that political expediency tends to beat international law in matters Cypriot is that the foreign players involved are so much larger than Cyprus itself. Great Britain, Turkey, and the United States of America all have a variety of interests and priorities that do not automatically align with the interests of the Cypriots.
The need for independent analysis
To analyse things more clearly in the light of international and European law, one needs to turn to independent experts. One such expert is Alfred de Zayas, who in a series of articles and lectures outlined proposals for a principled and lasting solution to the Cyprus problem and end to the Turkish occupation. A solidly legal solution would adhere to several fundamental principles, including:
1. | The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes | |
2. | The Sovereignty, Independence and Equality of States | |
3. | The Prohibition of the Act and Consequences of Aggression | |
4. | Respect for Human Rights | |
5. | Democracy | |
6. | The Rule of Law | |
7. | Respect for property rights |
Alfred de Zayas in his articles explains eloquently why the Annan Plan fails on all of these accounts, identifies issues that need to be addressed in a proper solution, and sets forth proposals for how to proceed. His articles are neither overly long or difficult to read, and are highly recommended for anyone seeking to understand the core issues of the Cyprus problems and the need to address them in good faith with the aim of obtaining a legally correct, fair and lasting solution. Key to that is placing responsibility where it belongs, restoring property to its proper owners, and paying reparations for any neglect, looting or destruction that has taken place, in particular to the property of the Church of Cyprus.
Genuine progress is on the ground
In a remarkable decision, the property rights of the 200,000 Cypriots expelled in the 1974 invasion were upheld in the case Apostolides Vs. Orams. It is an interesting twist that the Orams were represented by Cherie Blair, wife of long-time Turkey supporter and British prime minister Tony Blair. The European Court of Justice upheld the property rights of Mr. Apostolides as not being invalidated by the Turkish invasion, and in turn ordered the Orams to compensate him for the illegal use of his property. Thus, all Cypriots displaced by the Turkish invasion, and their heirs, have a legal right to their property in the north.
But probably the most significant progress was the opening of passage between north and south that started carefully in 2003, in 2008 included the highly symbolic Ledra Street Crossing, and is now firmly established routine. Any EU citizen is free to pass between north and south, and only when passing into the Turkish-occupied zone one is requested to show personal papers. It was feared that violence would resume due to old antagonisms resurfacing, but after 15 million passings and no incidents of the kind, it is now proven that such violence-inducing antagonism does not exist, and thus one of the main Turkish justifications for the continued occupation is null and void.
Particularly remarkable is the attitude of the Turkish Cypriots, now outnumbered in their own part of the island by Turkish soldiers and illegal settlers. At least three major demonstrations were held in 2011 in protest against the Turkish regime in the north, with many carrying the flag of Cyprus (incidentally designed by a Turkish Cypriot, İsmet Güney) as a sign of their desire to have the Turkish occupation lifted and the island reunited. They do not desire more 'Turkishness', but rather a Cyprus freed from Turkish dominance. The Turkish government has recognized the problem and seeks to rebuild good relations with the Turkish Cypriots.
In conclusion
The Cyprus problem is a long series of failures to uphold international law, in letter, in spirit as well as in principle, due mainly to the great powers with interests in and around Cyprus choosing political expediency over legally solid solutions. While this may seem to work in behind-the-scene deals, it becomes disgraceful when exposed to rational criticism. For a just and lasting solution to be found in Cyprus, international law and its vital principles cannot reasonably be ignored.

subset: commoncrawl


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Learn how Sarabeth's grew their business with a website redesign
Sarabeth's is a well-known brand of delicious baked goods, jam, specialty foods, and more. Their Legendary Fruit Spread is regarded worldwide as one of the best jams in the gourmet industry, and Sarabeth's products can be found in grocery stores and restaurants all over the world. But as successful as Sarabeth's was, they discovered problems with their website once customers started preferring to browse on mobile devices.


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Height: 7 feet
Spread: 7 feet
Hardiness Zone: 4b
An intoxicatingly fragrant garden shrub when in bloom, covered in rounded clusters of white flowers in early spring, plant where the fragrance can be enjoyed, tidy the rest of the year; a superb specimen plant for the shrub garden
Ornamental Features
Judd's Viburnum features showy clusters of fragrant white flowers at the ends of the branches in early spring, which emerge from distinctive pink flower buds before the leaves. The black fruits are held in abundance in spectacular clusters from late summer to late winter. It has dark green deciduous foliage. The round leaves turn an outstanding deep purple in the fall.
Landscape Attributes
Judd's Viburnum is a multi-stemmed deciduous shrub with a more or less rounded form. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition.
This is a relatively low maintenance shrub, and should only be pruned after flowering to avoid removing any of the current season's flowers. It is a good choice for attracting birds to your yard, but is not particularly attractive to deer who tend to leave it alone in favor of tastier treats. It has no significant negative characteristics.
Judd's Viburnum is recommended for the following landscape applications;
- Accent
- Mass Planting
- Hedges/Screening
- General Garden Use
Planting & Growing
Judd's Viburnum will grow to be about 7 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 7 feet. It tends to fill out right to the ground and therefore doesn't necessarily require facer plants in front, and is suitable for planting under power lines. It grows at a medium rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for 40 years or more.
This shrub does best in full sun to partial shade. It prefers to grow in average to moist conditions, and shouldn't be allowed to dry out. It is not particular as to soil type or pH. It is highly tolerant of urban pollution and will even thrive in inner city environments. This particular variety is an interspecific hybrid.


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Makeup Remover Solution
Makeup Remover Solution
Our Makeup Remover Solution is the one to add to your skincare kit! With a fresh, water-based formula, our solution is ultra gentle and soft for all skin types. With a lightweight formula, you will see how the solution works quickly to remove the makeup on your skin. Sweep away makeup without the oily residue, so you can reapply makeup immediately after cleansing if needed! Keep your delicate skin feeling fresh and clean with our Makeup Remover Solution!
- Non-irritating for all skin types
- No oily residue after use
- Paraben-free
- Recyclable packaging
- 100 mL / 3.38 fl oz
- Using a cotton pad, sweep over any area of your face that has makeup
- Follow with your favorite cleanser and moisturizer
Aqua, Peg-6 Caprylic/capric Glycerides, Butylene Glycol, Peg-400, Disodium Cocoamphodiacetate, Coceth-7, Ppg-1 peg-9 Lauryl Glycol Ether, Peg-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Dmdm Hydantoin, Butylene Glycol, Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, Citric Acid, Parfum


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For many families, schools are an essential consideration when searching for a new home. However, most property searches only offer property related criteria such as price, beds, baths, and square feet. As such, locating properties that meet the criteria for your family and your child's education can be challenging, especially Read More
How to Track Your Home's Value
Buying a home is generally the single largest purchase that we make in our lifetimes and most of us are interested in not only the value of our properties, but also the general value of like properties in our neighborhoods. Whether you have just moved into a new home or Read More
Become an Expert on New Homes Hitting the Market
Knowledge is power and early knowledge can offer you a powerful advantage, especially in tight real estate markets. Those who find properties first gain an edge by being the first have a chance to see new properties and thus the first to make offers. More often than not, this first Read More


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Buzzwords will be a recurring segment where I explain some of the words and phrases I pick up on as I grow in my development knowledge. Some will be simple definitions; others will delve further into the concepts being presented to explore their meaning.
After I started at HP, my vocabulary was challenged every day with new abbreviations and HP jargon. There were also a few technical terms, two of which came up rather frequently: managed and unmanaged code. Using context clues, I quickly figured it out, but it was something I hadn't been exposed to during school.
Unmanaged code is code that compiles into machine language to be executed using the computer's hardware. That is to say, that there is no intermediary between your executable and the instructions given to your computer. Standard usage of C, C++, assembly, etc. can create binaries with these instructions.
Managed code is a term used to describe code that depends on .NET's Common Language Runtime (CLR). C#, C++/CLI, VB.NET, etc. all will build assemblies with an Intermediate Language (IL). The CLR will interpret this language and compile each part into machine language when it is to be used (this is called Just-in-Time [JIT] compiling). This methodology allows some help for the programming, such as garbage collection and security checking (though at a cost to performance, since it is automatic).
The distinction between the two is important in Microsoft's world, as managed code can be written in a variety of languages. .NET supports C++ (C++/CLI, above), so assuming that all of a C++ program is being compiled into machine code and executes without .NET might be incorrect.
The term "managed" is usually applied to applications that use .NET, specifically; however, I've also heard people use the term when referring to Java. While the term was coined by Microsoft to distinguish .NET code, I don't see any harm in using it to describe Java, which uses similar concepts in its underbelly.
Post a comment on which you use most frequently. Be sure to list the advantages that made you make this decision.


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After a little over seven years of writing about manga, Japanese literature, and related items of interest here at Experiments in Manga, I am now largely retiring the blog. The content that's here will remain for the foreseeable future, and I will continue to respond to any comments that are made, however I will no longer be regularly posting at the blog. It's possible that I may very occasionally be inspired to write a long-form review or feature for Experiments in Manga, but in general my manga blogging will be moving to Manga Bookshelf proper. There I will continue participating in the Manga the Week of and Pick of the Week posts and will be contributing to the Bookshelf Briefs features as well. Another place that I will be found discussing manga and such is on Twitter, where I hope to be a little more active with my account going forward.
A huge thank you to everyone who has read and supported me and Experiments in Manga over the years! In part I started this blog as a way to connect with other people interested in manga. I am delighted that I can say I was successful in doing that. I have met so many wonderful people because of Experiments in Manga and it makes me tremendously happy to know that from time to time others found it useful, interesting, or even entertaining. To all of my friends–readers, fellow bloggers, creators, and more–thank you and thank you again. Writing at Experiments in Manga and getting to know you all has meant more to me than I can adequately express.


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As an amateur student of history, I've always been wary any time we impose contemporary moral standards on historical events, even though as a Christian I believe a baseline of moral standards from God has long existed in the Ten Commandments.
But, it seems that even by the standards of her time, Mary Lincoln was subjected to kangaroo justice in her insanity trial. At the behest of her son, Robert, Mary Lincoln was found insane and confined to an asylum for a time. She never forgave Robert.
Catherine Clinton, author of a book on Lincoln's trial, is quoted in the linked article: "Under the laws at the time, Mrs. Lincoln was denied counsel. There is not better illustration of railroading, as the phrase goes."
News of this mock trial comes the day after I read the cover article in the October issue of Smithsonian magazine, an excerpt from Henry Wiencek's new book, Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves. Wiencek is unsparing in his criticism of Jefferson's treatment of slaves and his careful avoidance of any connection with the emancipation movement, even though Jefferson proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence that "all men [sic] are created equal."
In the early draft of that document, of course, Jefferson claimed that the "peculiar institution" of slavery was a barbaric invention of Great Britain imposed on in its North American colonies and held this to be one particular justification for breaking away from the mother country.
"So what?" you might say. "Didn't George Washington have slaves?"
Yes, he did. But, Wiencek joins several other authors who have pointed out in recent works that Washington wrestled with the morality of slavery. Jefferson never did.
Furthermore, Washington worked out a way to emancipate his slaves on his death. That was a far more difficult thing for Washington to pull off than it would have been for Jefferson. Wiencek points out that on his death, Tadeus Kosciusko, the Polish soldier who helped the thirteen colonies win their independence, left Jefferson a handsome sum of money to pay for the freedom of Jefferson's slaves (providing Jefferson with reimbursement for the loss of these "assets"), then providing funds for the freed slaves to establish new lives.
Jefferson had even drafted the Pole's will and was its executor. But, Jefferson refused to take the inheritance or free his slaves!
Besides that, according to Wiencek, in spite of attempts by generations of American historians to whitewash the truth, Jefferson was a particularly violent and cruel slaveholder.
Even by the standards of his time, if we accept Wiencek's reckoning, Jefferson, in the eighteen and early nineteenth centuries, was as guilty of injustice as the late-nineteenth century jury that found Mary Lincoln to be insane.
But this set me to thinking: What level of culpability do we who live in the twenty-first century bear at a time when there are more people bound in slavery, much of it involving the sex trafficking of young children, than any time in history?
The Lincoln jury and, before that, Thomas Jefferson were guilty of overt acts of cruel injustice toward largely defenseless persons. Theirs were the sins of commission, by the standards of any time. But what of our sins of omission, of looking the other way when hundreds of thousands are being violated so cruelly?
The Mary Lincoln "do-over" or retrial was presented for enjoyment and education. The same is true of Wiencek's work on Jefferson as a slaveholder. But there really are no do-overs in life. We can be forgiven. We can make restitution. But we can't relive this day. There are no Groundhog Days in real life. We will either stand for justice or stand in its way.
The prophet Micah, speaking on behalf of God in the eighth century BC, wrote:
He has told you, O mortal, what is good;Tonight, I'm asking for the forgiveness from God offered to us only through Jesus Christ for my sins, including the sins of injustice against my ignored neighbors around the globe.
and what does the Lord require of you
but to do justice, and to love kindness,
and to walk humbly with your God? (Micah 6:8)
And I pray that I will be quick to speak and act on behalf of the victims of injustice, whoever they may be.
UPDATE: See here.


text:
Goldsextoy, the adult toys store in India, brings a set of privacy policies for all those people who are willing to access our website. These policies are to be read in detail, understood clearly and adhered to at all cost.
Data kept Confidential
Keeping certain information confidential always helps in sustaining trust and privacy for a business. In this respect, we keep our customer's information safe and secure, whether it is anyone's name, address or contact details.
So, whoever accesses our website stays an anonymous user. However, your identity will then only be disclosed only when you will log in to our website.
Relevant Data Processing
Goldsextoy considers crucial data for processing so that it does not become difficult for one to buy products from its store and also that he/she can make reasonable claims later, if any.
Information that are taken into consideration are usually one's name, gender, email address, address for product delivery, mobile number, postal address, fax number, payment details, bank account details or debit/credit card details.
Taking Accurate Information
Data is also required for collecting payments from customers, managing the website, accessing certain sections of the website, tracking down malpractices on the website, sending customers' updated information on our products and services related to the website etc.
In other words, all information provided by customers must be correct and updated.
Staying away from Third Parties
We also update your order details, and in order to access the same, you need to log in through your account and get the required information. To maintain confidentiality, it is advisable not to share this data with anyone.
Despite, if someone shares it with a third party, no matter what the reason is, we will not be answerable for security issues reported by the customer later. On the other hand, we are also against sharing customer information with third parties. We never do so without the consent of the customer.
Declaring Winners
Personal information of a customer might often be required for market research and opinion. Suppose, if you are interested to participate in competitions, you might need to provide a few personal details. With the help of these details, we will promote our offers and declare winners as well.
We Guard Unauthorized Sources to Unlock your Information
We reserve not only technical but also security measures for safeguarding unauthorized access to your information. To gather data through the website, we take all your personal information on an authentic server.
Our servers are guarded with firewalls to assure full-proof security, especially when payments are processed electronically.
Goldsextoy holds copyright for this Privacy Policy that does not allow any type of interference by third parties for commercial reasons. Legal actions will be taken in case these laws are violated.
Also, we reserve the right to make mandatory changes in this Privacy Policy for eliminating or adding clauses, and Goldsextoy is not responsible for notifying users on the same.
Despite, if you have any suggestions or queries, feel free to mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com


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S.M. 2015, c. 11
Bill 22, 4th Session, 40th Legislature
The Red River College Act
(Assented to June 30, 2015)
WHEREAS a strong, integrated and coordinated post-secondary education system gives Manitobans the opportunity for a prosperous future;
AND WHEREAS Red River College plays a key role in providing educational programming, research and apprenticeship technical training in applied arts, science and technology that serve the diverse needs and interests of the people of Manitoba;
AND WHEREAS the size of Red River College and the scope of its programming makes it appropriate that Red River College be recognized in its own statute;
AND WHEREAS improved oversight and accountability will ensure that Red River College continues to provide for effective student learning;
THEREFORE HER MAJESTY, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, enacts as follows:
The following definitions apply in this Act.
"auditor" means an auditor appointed under section 30. (« auditeur »)
"board" means the board of governors of Red River College established under section 5. (« conseil »)
"member" means a member of the board, except when used in reference to a member of the college council in section 21. (« membre »)
"minister" means the minister appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council to administer this Act. (« ministre »)
"president" means the president of Red River College appointed under section 22. (« recteur »)
"student" means a person enrolled as a student at Red River College. (« élève »)
"students' association" means the students' association of Red River College. (« Association des élèves »)
Red River College is continued as a corporation without share capital and is composed of the members of the board.
The Corporations Act does not apply to Red River College.
Red River College is to enhance the economic and social well-being of Manitoba by
(a) providing applied learning opportunities that serve and respond to Manitoba's labour market needs; and
(b) offering a supportive environment for students to engage in applied learning to develop their personal skills and further their career opportunities.
In carrying out its mandate, Red River College may provide
(a) programs of study and training in academic, scientific, trade, technical, technological and vocational fields for full-time and part-time students;
(b) educational programs and courses, independently or in conjunction with a school division or school district, for adults and for those seeking a high school diploma, including dual-credit courses;
(c) programs and services that enable students to fully participate in the programming and activities offered by Red River College and that support students moving from learning to employment;
(d) services to governments, corporations and other bodies and persons relating to programs it provides, including applied research, on terms it considers appropriate;
(e) joint programs developed and delivered in conjunction with a university or other educational institution;
(f) training programs paid wholly or partly by government, private business or non-profit groups; and
(g) other related post-secondary education and training functions directed to be provided by the minister.
The board of governors is to consist of the following, as appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council:
(a) one member who is an employee of Red River College selected by the employees of Red River College;
(b) one member who is a student selected by the students' association;
(c) at least 9 but not more than 15 persons recommended by the minister.
In recommending persons to be appointed as the members under clause (1)(c), the minister is to consider the need of the board as a whole to
(a) reflect the diversity of educational and community interests of its student population and the places from which they come; and
(b) have appropriate experience and expertise in the areas of Red River College's mandate, as well as the area of financial management.
The term of office of
(a) an employee appointed under clause (1)(a)
(i) is two years and the person may be selected for further terms, and
(ii) ends if the person ceases to be an employee;
(b) a student appointed under clause (1)(b)
(i) is one year and the person may be selected for further terms, and
(ii) ends when the person ceases to be a student, but if the student graduates before the term expires he or she may remain a member until the expiration of the term; and
(c) a person appointed under clause (1)(c) is up to three years, and such a person may hold office for no more than ten consecutive years.
A member continues to hold office after the expiry of the member's term until the member is re-appointed or the member's successor is appointed.
When a member fails to attend three consecutive regular meetings of the board, the board may recommend to the minister that the member's appointment be revoked.
Vacancy does not impair the board's powers
A vacancy in the membership of the board does not impair the capacity of the remaining members to act.
President as ex officio member
In addition to the members referred to in subsection (1), the president is an ex officio, non-voting member who is not eligible to be designated as chair or vice-chair of the board.
Members shall be paid the remuneration and expenses that the Lieutenant Governor in Council determines and payment shall be made out of the funds of the board.
The chair and the vice-chair of the board are to be designated by the Lieutenant Governor in Council from among the members appointed under clause 5(1)(c).
The vice-chair has the authority of the chair when the chair is absent or unable to act, or when authorized by the chair.
Each member must
(a) act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of Red River College; and
(b) exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonable and prudent person should exercise in comparable circumstances.
The board may make by-laws respecting the conduct and management of Red River College's business and affairs.
The board must make its by-laws available to the public by posting the by-laws on a Red River College website and by any other means the board considers advisable.
Prior notice of a meeting of the board must be given to the members and to the public in a manner determined by the board in its by-laws.
Except as provided in subsections (3) and (4), all meetings of the board shall be open to the public and no person shall be excluded from a meeting except for improper conduct as determined by the board.
When a matter that is determined by the board to be confidential to Red River College is to be considered at a meeting of the board, the part of the meeting concerning the confidential matter may be held in private.
When a matter of a personal nature concerning an individual is to be considered at a meeting of the board, the part of the meeting concerning the individual shall be held in private unless the individual requests and the board agrees that it be open to the public.
A member may participate in a meeting of the board or of a committee of the board by means of telephone or other means of communication that permits all persons participating in the meeting to hear each other, and a member so participating is considered to be present at the meeting.
A majority of the members appointed to the board constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
The board is to
(a) manage the business and affairs of Red River College and ensure that they are conducted in accordance with this Act and the laws of the province;
(b) adopt appropriate internal control policies and procedures and ensure that they are implemented and maintained;
(c) determine the general policies with respect to the organization, administration, operation and programs of study of Red River College;
(d) evaluate programs of study on a regular basis;
(e) hold regular monthly meetings and any other meetings that the board considers appropriate;
(f) prepare and maintain full and accurate records of its proceedings, transactions and finances;
(g) develop and adopt conflict of interest guidelines for employees of Red River College;
(h) publish an annual academic report that includes student information respecting enrolment, attrition, graduation and graduate employment placement;
(i) develop and maintain a multi-year operating plan and a multi-year capital plan; and
(j) at least every five years, conduct a special organizational and operational review.
The board may
(a) provide services and programs of study consistent with the mandate of Red River College;
(b) engage with business and industry in developing curriculum and undertaking applied research to serve the needs of particular segments of Manitoba's economy;
(c) provide for the granting of certificates, diplomas and baccalaureate degrees with an applied focus for programs of study;
(d) establish and operate, or enter into a partnership to establish and operate, an adult learning centre in accordance with the requirements of The Adult Learning Centres Act;
(e) establish the admission requirements for students;
(f) set tuition fees and the rates of other fees and service charges to be paid by students;
(g) make by-laws respecting and prohibiting the parking or leaving of vehicles on property under the control of Red River College, including, but not limited to, by-laws respecting the following:
(i) the places where, the times when and the conditions under which persons are authorized to park or are prohibited from parking or leaving vehicles,
(ii) the placement of parking control signs, markings and meters prohibiting or governing the parking or leaving of vehicles,
(iii) the fees and charges to be paid by owners or operators of vehicles parked on property under the control of Red River College, including fees and charges for vehicles parked or left in contravention of the by-laws,
(iv) the removal and impoundment of vehicles parked or left in contravention of the by-laws;
(h) provide for the discipline of students, and when doing so the board has the power to expel, suspend, fine or levy assessments for damage done to property;
(i) provide and facilitate the providing of scholarships or bursaries to students;
(j) act as a trustee of any money or property given in any manner for the support of Red River College or its students;
(k) authorize the establishment of a charitable foundation, as that term is defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada), to benefit, directly or indirectly, Red River College and its students;
(l) enter into agreements for the purpose of performing its duties or exercising its powers under this Act; and
(m) do any other thing that the board considers necessary or advisable to carry out the mandate of Red River College.
Powers of board respecting property
Subject to the approval of the minister, the board may
(a) purchase, lease or receive as a gift or otherwise any real or personal property that it considers necessary for the efficient operation of Red River College;
(b) construct, renovate, expand, convert or relocate buildings or structures; and
(c) sell, lease or otherwise dispose of any of its property that it considers to be no longer necessary for its purposes.
Power to manage and insure property
The board may manage, insure, maintain or repair any of its property.
Section 17 of The Crown Corporations Public Review and Accountability Act regarding the disclosure of interests in a contract applies, with necessary modifications, to members and to the officers of Red River College.
The board must establish an executive committee consisting of the chair, the vice-chair and two other members.
President as ex officio member
The president is an ex officio, non-voting member of the executive committee.
The executive committee is to exercise the powers and perform the duties assigned to it in the by-laws of the board and shall act in accordance with the directions of the board.
The executive committee must
(a) fix its quorum at not less than a majority of its members;
(b) keep minutes of its proceedings; and
(c) submit to the board at each meeting of the board, minutes of its proceedings held during the period since the most recent meeting of the board.
The board must establish a finance and audit committee consisting of at least three members, all of whom must be members appointed under clause 5(1)(c).
Duties of finance and audit committee
The finance and audit committee must
(a) subject to clause 12(b),
(i) oversee the development of Red River College's internal control policies and procedures and report to the board on the particular policies and procedures before they are adopted by the board, and
(ii) on a regular basis, review and evaluate the internal control policies and procedures, including meeting with the auditor and officers to discuss the effectiveness of the policies and procedures;
(b) at the times directed by the board, receive and review reports on the financial condition of Red River College;
(c) review Red River College's annual financial statements and report to the board before those statements are approved by the board;
(d) meet with the auditor to discuss the annual financial statements and the auditor's report; and
(e) carry out any other activity assigned to the committee by the board.
The auditor is entitled to receive notice of every meeting of the finance and audit committee and, at the expense of Red River College, to attend and be heard at the meetings and, if requested by a member of the committee, the auditor must attend any or every meeting of the committee.
Auditor or member may call meeting
The auditor or a member of the finance and audit committee may call a meeting of the committee.
The board must establish a planning committee for the purpose of developing and evaluating the multi-year operating and the multi-year capital plan referred to in clause 12(i).
The board may establish other committees that it considers necessary for the management and operation of Red River College.
The board may determine the remuneration and reimbursement for expenses of members of any committee and payment is to be made out of the funds of the board.
The amount or rate of remuneration and reimbursement for expenses determined under subsection (1) must not exceed the amount or rate of remuneration determined by the Lieutenant Governor in Council under section 6.
The board must establish a college council in accordance with guidelines provided by the minister.
The membership of the college council is to be determined by the board, but the membership must include at least one student and the number of instructional staff members must not be less than 1/3 of the total membership of the council.
The purpose of the college council is to provide a means through which Red River College's staff and students may advise the board on academic and other matters and to
(a) promote the exchange of information and ideas between the college and the staff and students;
(b) consider ways of improving the delivery of programs and services by the college to the public;
(c) consider college policies as they affect staff and students; and
(d) consider methods to improve the operation of the college.
The college council must make recommendations to the board with respect to any matter that the board refers to the college council and may make recommendations to the board on any other matter the college council considers advisable.
Board to consider recommendations
A recommendation of the college council must be made in writing and must be transmitted to the board through the chair for consideration at the next meeting of the board.
A member of the college council is not eligible to be remunerated by the board for acting as a council member.
The board must appoint and determine the terms and conditions of employment of a president who shall be the chief executive officer of Red River College.
Subject to the direction of the board, the president is responsible for the general management and direction of Red River College, including
(a) the policies, programs and services of the college;
(b) the business affairs of the college; and
(c) any other matters that may be delegated by the board to the president.
The president's term of office shall not exceed five years but may be renewed by the board.
The process adopted by the board for the appointment, review and removal of a president is subject to the approval of the minister.
The board may appoint any officers and employees it considers necessary for the purposes of Red River College and may determine the salaries and remuneration of those officers and employees and the terms and conditions of their employment.
The board may require an officer or employee to be bonded in any amount that the board may require for accounting for money or goods that come into the hands or under the control of the officer or employee.
Application of Civil Service Superannuation Act
The employees of Red River College are employees within the meaning of The Civil Service Superannuation Act.
Application of Labour Relations Act
Section 59 of The Labour Relations Act relating to common control or direction of associated or related activities or businesses does not apply to the board or to Red River College or to the Crown in right of Manitoba.
The Red River College Students' Association is continued as the students' association of Red River College.
The students' association is to provide for the administration of the affairs of the students at Red River College.
The students' association may set student activity fees.
The board may collect student activity fees and where it does so, it must require the payment of the fees before registering a student.
Payment to students' association
Student activity fees collected under subsection (2) must be paid to the students' association.
The students' association must apply the fees received under subsection (3) to the provision and promotion of such social, educational and recreational activities and services for the benefit of students as it considers advisable.
With the agreement of the students' association, the board may exempt a student or a category of student from the payment of student activity fees.
The fiscal year of Red River College ends on June 30 of each year.
The minister may approve the annual budget submitted under subsection 9.2(1) of The Advanced Education Administration Act or may, after consultation with the board, amend it, and the board must then adopt the annual budget as approved or amended by the minister.
Regard for multi-year operating and capital plans
In preparing its annual budget, the board must have regard for its multi-year operating plan and multi-year capital plan, as developed under clause 12(i).
Limit on financial commitments
Except with the written approval of the minister, the board must not make any expenditure commitments that are not within the financial limits set by the annual budget under subsection (1).
The board must appoint an independent auditor who must audit the records, accounts and financial transactions of Red River College annually.
The board may establish and maintain accounts in the name of Red River College with a bank, trust company, credit union or other similar financial institution.
All payments from an account shall be by cheque or order signed by an employee of Red River College designated by the board and, if so required by by-law of the board, by the chair of the board or a member designated by the board.
Red River College may not borrow money except in accordance with this Act or another Act.
With the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, Red River College may engage in short-term borrowing by way of loan from the government or by way of overdraft, line of credit, loan or otherwise upon its credit from a bank or other financial institution.
The total amount of Red River College's short-term borrowing outstanding at any time must not exceed $20 million or any greater amount approved by the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
Definition of "short-term borrowing"
In this section, "short-term borrowing" means borrowing or raising money on terms that require it to be repaid within one year.
In addition to its short-term borrowing authority, Red River College may, with the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council,
(a) borrow money to the extent permitted by The Financial Administration Act or any other Act; and
(b) despite any other Act, borrow money to repay money previously borrowed under the authority of The Financial Administration Act or any other Act.
The terms and conditions of borrowing under this section are to be determined by the Minister of Finance in consultation with Red River College.
Advance out of Consolidated Fund
Money required for a loan from the government under section 33 or 34 may be paid out of the Consolidated Fund in accordance with The Financial Administration Act.
Red River College may issue securities, as defined in The Financial Administration Act, only if
(a) it is authorized to do so by the Lieutenant Governor in Council; and
(b) the amount of the security is within Red River College's borrowing authority under this Act, The Financial Administration Act or any other Act.
Terms and conditions to be agreed
The terms and conditions of securities are to be determined by the Minister of Finance in consultation with Red River College.
Seal and signature requirements
The securities must
(a) bear the seal of Red River College or a reproduction of the seal; and
(b) include the original or copy of the signature of
(i) the chair or the vice-chair, and
(ii) one officer of Red River College and one authorized countersigning officer, both designated by the board for that purpose.
Evidence of validity of security
A reproduction of Red River College's seal or a copy of the signature of the chair, vice-chair or an officer on a security is valid and binding on Red River College for all purposes without proof of the seal, or of the signature or appointment of the person signing the security.
A recital or declaration in a board resolution or in board minutes authorizing the issue or sale of a security is conclusive evidence of the authorization.
Red River College must deposit with the Minister of Finance, for investment on its behalf, money that is not immediately required for its purposes.
Red River College may deposit with the Minister of Finance, for investment on its behalf, money that is to be used for the sole purpose of repaying its debt. The Minister of Finance may apply that money to the repayment of Red River College's debt as it falls due.
Investments and interest paid to Red River College
At the request of Red River College, the Minister of Finance must pay to Red River College money invested under subsection (1) and interest earned on money invested under subsection (1) or (2).
Money and investments held by Red River College, or the Minister of Finance on behalf of Red River College, that were to be applied to the repayment of any of the securities issued by Red River College before the coming into force of this section are, on the coming into force of this section, deemed to be held by the Minister of Finance for debt repayment under subsection (2).
Agreement about terms and conditions
Red River College may enter into agreements with the Minister of Finance respecting the terms and conditions of borrowing by Red River College, government guarantees and the issuance of securities.
The Minister of Finance may act as agent for Red River College respecting any matter referred to in sections 32 to 37.
Authority to raise loans in other currencies: short-term borrowing
40(1) The maximum number of dollars authorized for Red River College's short-term borrowing may be borrowed in the same number of dollars in United States currency.
If Red River College is authorized under another Act to borrow money in a currency other than Canadian dollars, section 52 (raising money in foreign currency) of The Financial Administration Act applies, with necessary changes.
Ministerial guidelines re controls
The minister may issue guidelines respecting the following:
(a) after consulting with the board, Red River College's internal control policies and procedures;
(b) evaluations to be conducted by Red River College of its programs of study, including how frequently evaluations must be carried out;
(c) the annual academic report that Red River College must prepare and publish under clause 12(h);
(d) the special organizational and operational review that Red River College must carry out under clause 12(j);
(e) the establishment of the college council under section 21.
The purpose of the guidelines are to
(a) promote accountability in, and transparency with respect to, the expenditure of the funds of Red River College; and
(b) ensure that the programs and services of Red River College are of high quality and are sustainable.
Internal controls include expenses and reporting on expenses
Without limitation, the minister may issue guidelines under clause (1)(a) respecting
(a) rules regarding expenses incurred by members and the president that may be reimbursed by the board; and
(b) public reporting of expenses that are reimbursed by Red River College, including
(i) criteria for whose expenses are to be reported, and
(ii) the form, manner and timing of the reporting.
Red River College must comply with a guideline issued by the minister.
A guideline is not a regulation within the meaning of The Statutes and Regulations Act.
The Lieutenant Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the minister, appoint a person as administrator of Red River College if
(a) the board takes up a practice or tolerates a situation incompatible with the mandate of Red River College or this Act;
(b) the board incurs an expense or liability that is not provided for in the budget approved by the minister and has not been specially approved by the minister under subsection 29(3);
(c) in the opinion of the minister, financial or significant operational problems exist with respect to Red River College; or
(d) in the opinion of the minister, it is otherwise in the public interest to do so.
The administrator shall be paid the remuneration and expenses that the Lieutenant Governor in Council determines and the payment shall be made out of the funds of the board.
Effect of appointment of administrator
On the appointment of an administrator, the appointments of the members terminate.
During the period of the administrator's appointment, the administrator is the sole member of the board and in the name of the board may exercise the powers and shall perform the duties of the board.
The administrator shall act in accordance with any directions given by the minister.
President subject to administrator's direction
The president is subject to the direction of the administrator.
If the office of president is or becomes vacant during the appointment of an administrator, the requirement to appoint a president of the college is suspended, and while the office of president is vacant the administrator shall perform the duties and may exercise the powers otherwise vested in the president.
No action or proceeding may be brought against the board, a member, the president, or an officer, employee or agent of Red River College for any act done in good faith in the performance or intended performance of a duty or in the exercise or intended exercise of a power under this Act, or for any neglect or default in the performance or exercise in good faith of such duty or power.
No personal liability for debts
No action or proceeding may be brought against the president, a member or an officer or employee of Red River College, or any person acting under the instructions of any of them, for a debt, liability or obligation of Red River College or the board.
Limitation of liability re students
No action, prosecution or other proceeding shall lie or be instituted against Red River College, the board, a member, an administrator, or an officer or employee of Red River College, in respect of an act or omission of a student or students, whether organized as the students' association or not, arising out of any association or activity organized, managed, controlled or done, in whole or in part, by a student or students.
The Lieutenant Governor in Council may make regulations respecting any matter or thing that the Lieutenant Governor in Council considers necessary or advisable to carry out the intent and purpose of this Act.
The Adult Learning Centres Act is amended by replacing the definition "college" in section 1 with the following:
"college" means a college as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act; (« collège »)
The Advanced Education Administration Act is amended by this section.
The definition "college" in section 1 is replaced with the following:
"college" means
(a) Red River College; and
(b) a college as established under The Colleges Act. (« collège »)
The following is added after section 2 and before the centred heading that follows it:
In furtherance of the minister's role, the minister may, in respect of a college,
(a) determine the region of the province in which a college is to deliver programs and services; and
(b) designate where campuses, including regional campuses, of the college are to be located and the range of college programs and services to be offered at a campus of the college.
Directions re college programming
For a particular program of study, the minister may direct that a college take an action under subsection 9.7(1) on terms and conditions determined by the minister, and the college must comply with the direction.
The Apprenticeship and Certification Act is amended by replacing subclause 16(b)(i) with the following:
(i) a college, as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act,
The Colleges Act is amended by this section.
The following is added after section 1 and before the centred heading that follows it:
Application: Red River College
For certainty, this Act does not apply to Red River College, as continued under The Red River College Act.
Clause 17(i) is amended in the French version by striking out "fondation de charité" and substituting "fondation de bienfaisance".
Subsection 32(2) is amended in the French version by striking out "Le conseil autorise la forme et les modalités des paiements faits sur un compte. Ces paiements" and substituting "Les paiements sont prélevés sur le crédit des comptes par chèque ou mandat. Ces effets de commerce".
The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act is amended in subsection 1(1) by replacing clause (d) of the definition "educational body" with the following:
(d) a college as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act, and
The Manitoba Investment Pool Authority Act is amended in section 1 by replacing clause (e) of the definition "public body" with the following:
(e) a college as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act,
Subsection 4(3) of The Labour Relations Act is amended by adding the following after clause (e.3):
(e.4) section 25 of The Red River College Act; and
The Municipal Act is amended by this section.
The following provisions are amended by striking out "a college established under The Colleges Act" and substituting "a college as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act":
(a) subclause (a)(ii) of the definition "institutional lands" in section 334;
(b) clause 335(2)(a).
Clause 22(1)(b.1) of The Municipal Assessment Act is amended by striking out "a college established under The Colleges Act" and substituting "a college as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act".
Clause (h) of the Schedule to The Public Sector Compensation Disclosure Act is replaced with the following:
(h) a college as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act.
S.M. 2013, c. 52 (unproclaimed provision amended)
Subsection 1(1) of The International Education Act, as enacted by S.M. 2013, c. 52, is amended by replacing the definition "college" with the following:
"college" means a college as defined in section 1 of The Advanced Education Administration Act. (« collège »)
Manitoba Regulation 39/93 amended
Section 3 of the Colleges Establishment Regulation, Manitoba Regulation 39/93, is repealed.
This Act may be referred to as chapter R31 of the Continuing Consolidation of the Statutes of Manitoba.
This Act comes into force on the day it receives royal assent.


text:
About SAML SSO
SAML SSO allows you to centrally control and secure access to your GitHub Enterprise Server instance from your SAML IdP. When an unauthenticated user visits your GitHub Enterprise Server instance in a browser, GitHub Enterprise Server will redirect the user to your SAML IdP to authenticate. After the user successfully authenticates with an account on the IdP, the IdP redirects the user back to your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. GitHub Enterprise Server validates the response from your IdP, then grants access to the user.
After a user successfully authenticates on your IdP, the user's SAML session for your GitHub Enterprise Server instance is active in the browser for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the user must authenticate again with your IdP.
With JIT provisioning, if you remove a user from your IdP, you must also manually suspend the user's account on your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. Otherwise, the account's owner can continue to authenticate using access tokens or SSH keys. For more information, see "Suspending and unsuspending users".
Supported identity providers
GitHub Enterprise Server supports SAML SSO with IdPs that implement the SAML 2.0 standard. For more information, see the SAML Wiki on the OASIS website.
GitHub officially supports and internally tests the following IdPs.
- Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS)
- Azure Active Directory (Azure AD)
- Okta
- OneLogin
- PingOne
- Shibboleth
For more information about connecting Azure AD to your enterprise, see Tutorial: Microsoft Entra SSO integration with GitHub Enterprise Server in Microsoft Docs.
Username considerations with SAML
GitHub Enterprise Server normalizes a value from your external authentication provider to determine the username for each new personal account on your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. For more information, see "Username considerations for external authentication."
Configuring SAML SSO
You can enable or disable SAML authentication for your GitHub Enterprise Server instance, or you can edit an existing configuration. You can view and edit authentication settings for GitHub Enterprise Server in the Management Console. For more information, see "Administering your instance from the web UI."
Note: GitHub strongly recommends that you verify any new configuration for authentication in a staging environment. An incorrect configuration could result in downtime for your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. For more information, see "Setting up a staging instance."
From an administrative account on GitHub Enterprise Server, in the upper-right corner of any page, click .
If you're not already on the "Site admin" page, in the upper-left corner, click Site admin.
In the " Site admin" sidebar, click Management Console.
In the "Settings" sidebar, click Authentication.
Under "Authentication", select SAML.
Optionally, to allow people without an account on your external authentication system to sign in with built-in authentication, select Allow built-in authentication. For more information, see "Allowing built-in authentication for users outside your provider."
Optionally, to enable unsolicited response SSO, select IdP initiated SSO. By default, GitHub Enterprise Server will reply to an unsolicited Identity Provider (IdP) initiated request with an
back to the IdP.Note: We recommend keeping this value unselected. You should enable this feature only in the rare instance that your SAML implementation does not support service provider initiated SSO, and when advised by GitHub Enterprise Support.
Optionally, if you do not want your SAML provider to determine administrator rights for users on your GitHub Enterprise Server instance, select Disable administrator demotion/promotion
Optionally, to allow your GitHub Enterprise Server instance to receive encrypted assertions from your SAML IdP, select Require encrypted assertions.
You must ensure that your IdP supports encrypted assertions and that the encryption and key transport methods in the management console match the values configured on your IdP. You must also provide your GitHub Enterprise Server instance's public certificate to your IdP. For more information, see "Enabling encrypted assertions."
Under "Single sign-on URL," type the HTTP or HTTPS endpoint on your IdP for single sign-on requests. This value is provided by your IdP configuration. If the host is only available from your internal network, you may need to configure your GitHub Enterprise Server instance to use internal nameservers.
Optionally, in the Issuer field, type your SAML issuer's name. This verifies the authenticity of messages sent to your GitHub Enterprise Server instance.
Select the Signature Method and Digest Method dropdown menus, then click the hashing algorithm used by your SAML issuer to verify the integrity of the requests from your GitHub Enterprise Server instance.
Select the Name Identifier Format dropdown menu, then click a format.
Under "Verification certificate," click Choose File, then choose a certificate to validate SAML responses from the IdP.
Under "User attributes", modify the SAML attribute names to match your IdP if needed, or accept the default names.