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How an average business can be a great investment
I've heard some value investors describe value investing as "buying something for less than its worth (intrinsic value)." I was skiing last winter and rode a lift at Solitude with a Kiwi who was a stock broker. I mentioned I did some investing and searched for undervalued stocks, looking to buy for less than intrinsic value. The guy laughed and said "that's the name of the game, who isn't trying to do that?" Which is of course true, what sort of investor looks to buy companies at high prices and hope things work out?
In economic terms a company that earns abnormal returns must have some sort of competitive advantage or as Buffett calls it a moat. If the business didn't have an advantage entrepreneurs and other companies would see the fantastic returns, enter the business, compete and lower everyone's returns. I think it's indisputable that some companies have moats, the ultimate moat is a monopoly or oligopoly situation. Another great form of a moat is government regulation. A regulator serves as a gate keeper to an industry. It's no coincidence that Berkshire has been investing in regulated companies over the past few years.
There are plenty of ordinary businesses that earn abnormal returns as well. Why aren't there competitors reducing the abnormal return down to an economic return? Consider an example, a bait and tackle shop on the only access road to a state park with a nice lake. The shop has no pricing power over suppliers, has a low barrier to entry, and doesn't even require specialized skills. Yet the location of the shop, being the only one on a specific road allows it to charge a bit more and earn above average returns. The bait shop has a small niche, serving fishermen at the local state park, yet they don't have any classic competitive advantages, there are many businesses like this.
I believe the difference between a niche and an economic moat is the ability to scale. The bait and tackle shop can earn abnormal returns at their original location it's unlikely they will be able to replicate it unless they find a second location with the exact same characteristics as the first one. I can think of a few companies off the top of my head that I own that fall into this category. They operate in a niche and earn excellent returns yet they don't have additional reinvestment opportunities and will most likely remain the same size forever.
Niche companies are moat impostors and most investors get them mixed up. I'd say the biggest mistake I've seen investors make is to see competitive advantages where only a small niche exists. Paying a moat price for a niche is a mistake. If a company appears to have a competitive advantage yet they can't scale their business I would guess the company only has a niche.
The third way
What about all those companies just earning normal returns on equity? For the most part they're ignored, these are not great businesses. You'll never wow anyone at a party announcing you own shares of a tiny plastics manufacturer, or a family held leather boot company. So are companies earning lower steady rates of return un-investable? I would say definitely not, with a caveat, and additionally they offer great hunting grounds because most investors ignore these companies.
To understand why and how a company with average returns can be a great investment it's helpful to consider a little example:
A company earns 8% on their equity, pays no dividends, book value grows 8% per year.
Book value is $100 per share
A investor pays $100 per share for a piece of the company.
Each year book value grows 8%, so the first year book value increases from $100 to $108, and then to $116.64, $125.97 and so on. An investor buying at book value will see their investment compound at 8% a year.
Buying shares in our example company at anything less than book value will result in a higher compounding figure. So buying shares at $75 p/s will result in 10.6% compounded per year. Why is this?
Book value is still compounding at the same rate of 8%, but since the investor pays less than book value their basis is lower. So let's look at the math:
Year 1 the company grows book value from $100 per share to $108 per share an increase of $8. The key is the investor only paid $75 per share, an $8 return on their $75 investment is 10.6%.
The math here is very simple, buying at lower multiples of book value result in a higher return on investment. While the company is only growing at 8%, buying at 50% of book value is a 16% return a year. The bigger the discount to book value the bigger the return on investment.
If this is the first time you've ever seen this you're probably not still reading, you're probably playing with a screener looking for 8% book value growth with a P/B of .5x. The rest are probably thinking these sorts of investments might exist on paper but not in real life. I would disagree, I posted a while back about Hanover Foods (part 1, part 2). They're a very boring frozen food company earning around 8% a year, yet they're only selling at only 35% of book value. This means buying at today's price results in a 22% per year return on investment. A nice benefit of these lower return companies is the investor doesn't have to worry about competition as much, the industry is mature. There will be innovation, but it's not like every high school kid in a garage is dreaming of how to freeze veggies better, they're all thinking about how to invent the next Facebook.
I mentioned these stable but low returning companies can be great investments with a caveat. The caveat is to not overpay. A nice bonus with this strategy is an investor doesn't need to be a genius or even that fast moving to implement it. Be patient, buy a few steady companies at sizable discounts a year, and be patient.
I like to buy companies at a discount, either a net-net with a tangible asset discount, or a company with a stable return at a discount to book value. I post more frequently about net-nets, but I really don't have a preference between a stock like I describe above and a net-net, both are profitable. This method is probably more hands off and will result in lower portfolio turnover, but is just as safe. The key is to ensure the company is actually growing book value. Of course if they earn 8% on equity and return 50% of it as a dividend book value only grows at 4%, but as an investor you still get your 8%.
As the universe of net-nets dries up beyond its already parched state I'll probably be posting more about stocks that fit the characteristics of this post.
Talk to Nate
Disclosure: Long Hanover
11 comments:
Good article Nate! In fact I also like stable, mediocre companies. I would prefer above average companies, but unfortunately it is rare, that someone sells them for giveaway prices ;-)
A remark at the 8% ROE company you buy at 50% discount to book value. I'm not sure if you meant it this way, but one should be aware, that you don't get a 16% return on investment in such a situation. It is true, that the earnings yield on your investment is 16% in the beginning. But all that earnings (if no dividends are paid) are reinvested at 8%, which is a big disadvantage over a company with 16% ROE you buy at book value.
In fact, if one holds a company for many decades, that completely reinvests its earnings, the annual return of the investor will approximate ROE, regardless of the P/B that was paid in the beginning. (If you buy for a very low P/B it only takes longer, to bring your return near the companies ROE).
An example with the 8% ROE company before, that pays no dividends. Assume one buys it at book value and holds it for 100 years. Obviously the annualized return will be 8% per year.
Now assume we buy it for half book value and hold it for 100 years. Our annual return will be 8.75%.
That is the reason, I like companies to have at least a decent ROE, say 8 or 10%. When they don't achieve this for a long time, I would only consider buying them with a huge discount to NCAV.
If you take into account dividends, it changes a bit. It doesn't matter, what the ROE of a company is, if they have constant earnings, pay them as dividend completely and reinvest nothing. As you mentioned in your article, an above average profitable company with no growth prospects is not worth paying a premium price. And vice versa a below average profitable company is not worth a lower earnings multiplier, if it doesn't reinvest a part of its earnings.
As no profitable company should be able to reinvest all earnings forever (even Berkshire must stop that, at the latest when they own the whole universe one day), my examples are a bit hyphotetic. But one should be aware, that companies with below average ROE could be a bad investment, if they reinvest a large fraction of earnings.RepliesStefan,
Thanks for the comment. I agree a company earning 15% on book is different than earning 8% at book at a 50% discount mostly because the first company can reinvest at 15% whereas the second one can only reinvest at 8%. As long as the discount persists the math works the same though, as the company returns 8% it is actually a 16% return per year on your investment.
A different way to think about this is like a mortgage. If you buy a house for $100,000 and borrow $80,000 with a $20,000 downpayment the math is similar. While the house might appreciate at 3% ($3,000) per year the return on your investment is actually 15% (3,000/20,000). Obviously that ignores borrowing costs, taxes etc, but it's just a simple little example.
The key to all of this is that at some point someone is going to pay the fair price for book value. Yes if you invest in a company growing book at 8% and a 50% discount persists for 100 years on paper your investment will work, but it doesn't matter the gain is still 8%. So I guess this whole post is predicated on the fact that at some point value will be realized. I believe value is always realized, but depending on that perspective it could change this post.- AnonymousAugust 22, 2012 at 8:43 AM
Could you show the math on:
An example with the 8% ROE company before, that pays no dividends. Assume one buys it at book value and holds it for 100 years. Obviously the annualized return will be 8% per year.
Now assume we buy it for half book value and hold it for 100 years. Our annual return will be 8.75%
Good article. I think it's worth making clear that, in the case of buying an 8% ROE company trading at 50% of book, while earnings yield may be 16%, the market return is only 8% if the discount to book remains unchanged.
For example, assuming $100 book value purchased for $50 and the company generates $8 of earnings (all of which is retained in the business). The new book value is $108. Assuming the company continues to trade at 50% of book value, the company's market value is now $54. The investor earned $4 of additional market price on an original purchase price of $50 (8% return).
Generating above market returns from businesses compounding book value at market (or below market) rates is contingent upon (1) the size of the discount to book value at which you purchase the business and more importantly (2) the speed with which the market price rises to eliminate the discount. As Stefan noted above, there isn't a huge difference in returns when buying at a 50% discount to book value and buying at book value if it takes 100 years for the market to eliminate the discount.
Unless you are a control buyer, you must wait for the market to correct the price in order for you to realize your return. This correction may take a very long time, or never materialize at all. All the while, the investor has capital tied up in a business compounding book value at mediocre or below-market rates. In such a situation, time is not your friend.
I don't know if this has been your experience. Perhaps you have seen that the market typically corrects its mistake (on average) within five years or so of purchase. Assuming you can buy a portfolio of businesses for 50% of book, you can expect to double your money in five years from accretion of the book value discount alone. I'd be interested to hear your thoughts on this last point.RepliesWeezy Breezy,
Yes, as you and Stefan mention if the discount is static forever this doesn't work. The whole premise is that eventually the discount is closed and value realized. So that's really step one, figure out if the discount is warranted, if not then this post applies.
I should mention I've walked away from a few companies where this technique makes them compelling, but the discount looked appropriate, and there was a structure in place where it was very hard if not impossible to sell the company, and management was resistant to any such move.
So after reading these two comments I guess I should have mentioned a few other factors:
1) The discount eventually closes
2) The size of the discount matters, small discount needs to close quicker than a bigger one
3) Dividends
In something like Hanover at 35% to book value and paying a dividend I don't care if I have to wait 10 years. At 85% to book without a dividend it's a much different decision, although at that point I'd expect the company to be earning more.
As to your last point, I have found that value is usually realized in four to five years. I did some backtesting on net-nets and found even some companies that had were perennial net-nets did grow in share price equal to or at a greater rate than book value growth. So even at the end of a time period if they were still a net-net they'd appreciated along with book value growth. The big catch with value being realized in a few years is sometimes it takes four years to realize the price paid was actually fair value, and the stock wasn't undervalued. There's a company I own that was like that for me. I though (emphasis) I was buying at a discount, well over the years I realized I had actually purchased at fair value, so now I own this company growing at 5% basically doing nothing. I get the full growth in a dividend, but that's about it.
The worry is that too many investors confuse and good investment like Hanover with a poor investment like Corticeira Amorim.
In marginal but stable businesses, it's best to buy the payout yield -- very little can go wrong if an investor buys Hanover at 20% payout yield, for example.
For a crappy business like Corticeira, however, one must surely insist on a much higher yield than 20% since it is not paying its way.
Book is a red herring for these type of companies: they're not going to liquidate any time soon; they'll keep on keepin' on, whether it makes economic sense or not, esp. if they are family-controlled.RepliesA lot is price you pay as well. I like Corticeira, but I liked it a lot more at my purchase price €.99 or 47% of BV. At the current prices…Hanover is a much better opportunity for sure.
Then again COR does somewhat prove this point, the gap between price and BV has closed after the 50% run. When I purchased them they had a FCF yield of 33%, P/B of .47x and a 10% dividend. A 10% ROE wasn't a deal breaker when I was getting that for 50% off. It really hits what this post is all about. I'm hoping Hanover works out the same and runs up 50% on me in a year. Would I buy more COR today at the current price…there are better ideas out there much cheaper.
I like to keep a watchlist of (normalized) FCF/Payout yields for ROC < 11% businesses so that when I'm interested in one I can compare its yield to similar yielding stocks on the list to make a qualitative decision about which is better/safer.
In that vein, in 2010, I remember looking at COR and comparing it to GSOL which is more my kind of business (100% ROIC and growing) which was yielding 38%. I picked GSOL.
One of the things that worried me about COR is that its average FCF over a full business cycle is under 3 cents per share (2010 was a very unusual year)which, for a mature, no growth business, is simply not good enough. With Hanover, if the market shut down, one would wait for four or five years to get one's initial investment back; with COR, however, it would be be 40 years (or, more likely, never).
That's all a long-winded way of agreeing with you on price being paramount, but emphasizing the caveat that marginal differences in quality matter a whole lot more in the ROIC 6% to 10% range than they do at the ROIC 30% to 35% range.RepliesI completely agree, and looked at the long term for COR, well as you say it isn't the prettiest thing in the world.. On a normalized basis it probably wasn't as attractive as it appeared when I purchased, but I guess you can say I got lucky.
In the case of Hanover the market is almost shut down anyways…shares barely trade! A Hanover type of situation is really ideal, I'd love to have a few companies like this in the portfolio.
- AnonymousAugust 21, 2012 at 2:29 PM
Difference of 75 bps over a 100 years is astronomical. $10k investment grows to $44 million if compounded at 8.75%. Same $10k grows to $22 million at 8%. That 50% discount to book is pretty meaningful in the authors original example.
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European Business and Technology Centre proposed In New Delhi, India
The overall objective of this call for proposals is the establishment of a European Business and Technology Centre to improve links between European and Indian businesses and with Science and Technology (ST) stakeholders involving business, industry and public bodies with a view to essentially promote the EU interests in India and tap the fast-growing Indian economy. The centre will build synergies among the national chambers of commerce of EU Member States established in India; collaborate with the European business associations in India and Europe; provide an interface between public policy makers and private actors; raise awareness about existing European programmes in the field of Science and Technology and business and industry cooperation. Considering the rapid economic growth in India, it is imperative for the EU to encourage partnerships, exchanges and joint ventures among the EU and India to tap the dynamic developments in the Indian economy. The Centre is expected to target the following sectors: Environment (such as Clean Development Mechanism, Chemicals Management, Water Management and Waste Management); Climate Change including mitigation and adaptation technologies; Transport; Energy (renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean coal, and carbon capture and storage technologies) and Biotech; sectors where the EU business operators experience non-tariff barriers and market access constraints. The Centre should be located in New Delhi (NCR) with a country-wide coverage. Applicants must be legal persons and be nationals of a Member State of the European Union and be business or research intermediaries - promoting trade and investment and/or scientific cooperation between Europe and India and be directly responsible for the preparation and management of the action with their partners. Applicants must act with partner organizations. The minimum size of partnerships consists of the Lead Applicant with at least two partner organisations from different Member States of the European Union. The deadline for the submission of proposals is 30 May 2008. The Delegation of the European Commission intends to organize an Information Meeting on 22 April 2008 at 11 a.m. at 65 Golf Links New Delhi.


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Common name: the China Tea Plant, Tea Plant, Tea Shrub, Tea Tree, Tea Tree Camellia, Black Tea, Green Tea, Chinese Tea, Common Tea, Tea, Tea Camellia
Family: Theaceae
Synonymous: Camellia angustifolia
Camellia arborescens
Camellia assamica
Camellia dehungensis
Camellia dishiensis
Camellia longlingensis
Camellia multisepala
Camellia oleosa
Camellia parvisepala
Camellia parvisepaloides
Camellia polyneura
Camelia sinensis (Misspelling)
Camellia thea
Camellia theifera
Camellia waldeniae
Thea assamica
Thea bohea
Thea cantonensis
Thea chinensis
Thea cochinchinensis
Thea grandifolia
Thea olearia
Thea oleosa
Thea parvifolia
Thea sinensis
Thea viridis
Theaphylla cantonensis
Distributiona and habitat: Camellia sinensis plants are evergreen, medium sized woody shrubs growing to a height of 2 to 2.4m (7-8 feet) native to South East Asia and China. It is found growing at the forest edges and gaps, at high altitudes, in well drained soils where it grows as a tree of up to 15m tall. This is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce the popular beverage tea. Today it is grown as a cash crop in plantations at high altitudes in East Africa. In Tanzania, Camellia sinensis plants have been noted to escape from cultivation and are considered to be invasive in parts of the Usambaras.
Description: Camellia sinensis is a small evergreen shrub cultivated to a height of 1.8m (6 feet), but growing wild much taller and much branched. The bark is rough and grey. The leaves are dark green, lanceolate or elliptical, on short stalks. They are usually 5-10 cm (2-4 inch) long, blunt at apex with the base tapering and shortly serrate margins. The young leaves are hairy, but older leaves become glabrous.
The flowers with mass of yellow stamens appear solitary or two or three together on short branchlets in the leaf axils. They are somewhat drooping on short stalks with a few small bracts, 2.5 to 4cm (1-1.5 inch) wide. The flowers areup to 4cm (1.5 inch) diameter, formed from five up to o nine white, occasionally pink, petals, unequal, strongly rounded, concave, spreading and caducous. The petals are surrounded by five sepals imbricate, slightly united below, ovate or rounded, blunt smooth and persistent.
It is up to one year and four months from buds blossom to fruits mature. The fruit is a smooth, flattened, rounded capsule splitted into one to five chambers, each chamber containing a solitary seed.
Houseplant care: Camellia sinensis is an attractive, glossy green leaves plant which grows indoors to a height of about 60cm (24 inch) or more and usually needs a minimum of attention. It has become a popular indoor species, partly become of the novelty of the fact that as the common name suggests, the processed young leaves of the plant yield commercial tea. Although one bush growing indoors would not yield a great amount of tea, indoor growers can try their hand at harvesting the young shoots and making their own tea. When sufficient growth has been made to allow the growing point of future shoots to be picked, these young leaves can be naturally sun dried. When these leaves are dried, they can be lightly rubbed between the hands, thus producing tea leaves. It is said that the tea is best quality when is made from tea leaves used immediately after drying and not months after.
Indoor cultivation ofCamellia sinensis is bound to be plagued by some problems as these plants are very sensitive to any change in their position, temperature, humidity and moisture.
Light: GrowCamellia sinensis in bright filtered light throughout the year.
In warm weather, they are better moved in the garden - the pot can be buried in the soil - or to a semi-shady spot on a verandah.
Temperature: In the dry warmth of the average homeCamellia sinensis will not flower, but they grow well in cool porches, patios and plant rooms such as conservatories. An ideal temperature during the bud-forming stage (autumn and winter) is between 7 and 16C (45-61F).Camellia sinensis cannot survive for long time indoor temperature above 18C (64F). Stand the pots on trays of moist pebbles and mist-spray the plants at least once a day.
Watering: During the active growth period water plentifully but never allowing the pot to stand in water. During the rest period about six weeks from the end of the flowering season until late spring or autumn (depending on the variety) water only enough to keep the potting mixture from drying out.
They drop their buds easily, especially if they do not get enough water when they are forming flower and leaf buds - and in any case, they are unlikely to flower well indoors, unless they are grown in a cool, conservatory type situation.
Feeding: Apply standard liquid fertiliser every two weeks during the active growth period.
Potting and repoting: Use equal parts of peat moss, coarse leaf mould and a lime-free soil based potting mixture. Move plants into slightly larger pots in spring whenever necessary. After maximum convenient size pot has been reached, top-dress the plant with fresh potting mixture at the end of each rest period. Do not repot plant in flower.
Gardening: Tropical and subtropical climates best suit the growth of Camellia sinensis. These plants needs warm weather and shade to grow fruitfully.
Camellia sinensis plants will grow into a tree if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. Young plants can be pruned early at about 20cm (8 inch) to promote a low, spreading branches, as needed.
Position: A half-day of sun or partial shade makes good planting place for Camellia sinensis. Plants will grow in full sun, but in colder locations will do best when protected from winter sun and winds. It does well in the dappled shade beneath larger trees.
Soil: Camellia sinensis will grow well in moist, free draining, fertile acid soils. For best results enrich the soil with well rotted compost and preserve the moisture by adding a tick layer of mulch.
The ideal time to plant Camellia sinensis out in the garden is in early fall or spring, but summer time is good enough if the plants are kept moist. After preparing the soil, dig a hole 60cm (24 inch) wider than the root ball, re-filling with conditioned soil after centering the plant.
Irrigation: These shrubs prefer a generous watering regime during growth period. Regular watering will encourages new growth.
Fertilising: Fertilize lightly in early spring with a balanced mix. Use a slow-release source of nitrogen for plants heavily harvested, ideally no later than mid summer.
Harvesting: When being harvested for tea the shoots and 2-3 top leaves are harvested every 8-10 days. However, it is their spring leaf tips that are valued the most. Camellia sinensis usually will produce an abundant crop twice a year, once in the spring and again in the summer. Harvesting can be done every seven to 15 days during these periods, until the plant no longer produces new growth. Plucking should be done by hand so as not to damage the plant or bruise the leaves. Hold the stem and gently pinch the stem with one hand. With the other hand, gently pluck the desired leaves from the stem. Place freshly plucked leaves in a shallow basket while continuing to harvest. Using the basket to house the leaves while harvesting will allow air to flow within the leaves and discourage wilt.
Camellia sinensisplant is a perennial crop with life span of several decades even up to several hundreds years. When under good management,Camellia sinensis plants can be harvested on a small scale in 3-4 years after planting. In 5 years, it can reach a big annual output and then remain at it for above 30 years.
Propagation: Camellia sinensis can be grown from seed but the seed has a hard shell, so before sowing it must be soaked in tepid water for up to 48 hours. This can speed up the germination process considerably. Sow the seed just bellow the surface and firm down the soil. To germinate, these seeds must have a temperature of about 23C (73F). A seed propagator or greenhouse is ideal, but a useful alternative seed raiser can be organised. Simply sow the seed in plastic pots, water, then place the whole pot in a polythene bag, making it airtight, before putting the pot in a position where the required temperature can be achieved. Wherever possible, water the plant from the base. Refresh the air and water every two or three days.
While the plant is still a seedling, about 5-15cm (2-6 inch), a regular mist-spray of water will assist growth. Transplant the plant when is about 15-20cm (6-8 inch) tall to a 20-25cm (8-10 inch) pot.
Also Camellia sinensis plants are usually propagated by cuttings. However, this procedure is quite difficult to carry through successfully. The amateur gardener is advised to purchase a healthy young tree from a reputable nursery or plant supplier.
Problems: Camellia sinensis naturally shed older leaves, so a small amount of leaf loss is normal. Large amounts of dead, yellowed, or blotchy leaves can be a sign of disease or pest.
Algal leaf spot caused by Cephaleuros virescens. Infested plants have roughly circular, raised and purple to reddish-brown lesions developed on their leaves.
Treatment: Usually Cephaleuros does not harm the plant. Prevention methods include: avoiding plant stress and avoiding poorly drained sites. Promote good air circulation in the plant canopy to reduce humidity and duration of leaf wetness.
Brown blight and grey blight are caused by Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. Small, oval, pale yellow-green spots first appear on young leaves. Often the spots are surrounded by a narrow, yellow zone. As the spots grow and turn brown or gray, concentric rings with scattered, tiny black dots become visible and eventually the dried tissue falls, leading to defoliation. Leaves of any age can be affected.
Treatment: These diseases are very difficult to eradicate or even to manage once established. Avoid plant stress. Grow Camellia sinensis bushes with adequate spacing to permit air to circulate and reduce humidity and the duration of leaf wetness.
Blister blight is caused by Exobasidium vexans. Small, pinhole-size spots are initially seen on young leaves less than a month old. As the leaves develop, the spots become transparent, larger and light brown. After about 7 days, the lower leaf surface develops blister-like symptoms with dark green, water-soaked zones surrounding the blisters. Following release of the fungal spores, the blister becomes white and velvety. Subsequently the blister turns brown and young infected stems become bent and distorted and may break off or die.
Spores that land on a leaf with adequate moisture will germinate and infect it, producing visible symptoms within 10 days. The fungus can directly penetrate the leaf tissue. The basidiospores have a low survival rate under conditions of drought or bright sunlight. The life cycle of the fungus is 34 weeks.
Treatment: Apply an appropriate foliar or systemic fungicides to protect the plants.
Horse hair blight is caused by Marasmius crinisequi. Black fungal threads resembling horse hair are attached to upper branches and twigs by small brown discs. The fungus penetrates and infects the twigs from the discs and produces volatile substances that cause rapid leaf drop.
Treatment: Remove a and destroy all crop debris from around plants; prune out infected or dead branches from the plant canopy.
Twig dieback and stem canker is produced by Macrophoma theicola. The first symptoms include browning and drooping of affected leaves. As the disease spreads into the shoots, they become dry and die. The entire branch can die from the tip downward. Dying branches often have cankers shallow, slowly spreading lesions surrounded by a thick area of bark. The fungus usually requires wounded plant tissue to gain entry and initiate infection.
Treatment: Control of this disease should be attempted through a combination of chemical and cultural methods. Fungicides should be used during the spring at leaf drop to prevent spread of this disease. These fungicides will act as a protectant against the fungus but will not cure the disease after infection has occurred. Fungicides should also be sprayed following pruning, especially during the spring when temperature and moisture is ideal for the fungus. Pruning of plants to allow for good air circulation throughout the plant and proper spacing of camellias will help to reduce, the incidence of disease. Avoid excessive applications of nitrogen as tender new growth is more susceptible to the fungus than that which has hardened. Infected plants should be removed from healthy plants to prevent spread of the disease.
Camellia flower blight is caused by Ciborinia camelliae. Small, brown, irregular-shaped spots appear on the flower petals; the whole flower is turning brown; finally, flowers are dropping from plant. This disease emerges early in spring during periods of high moisture.
Treatment: Remove all infected flowers from plants and remove all crop debris from around plants. Drench the soil with appropriate fungicides can help to reduce the intensity of the disease.
Root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. The leaves are turning yellow; plant growth is poor; entire plant is wilting; roots are discolored; rapid death of plant is occurring.
Treatment: This disease is difficult to manage once plants become infected so control methods should focus on protecting plants; always plant Camellia sinensis in well-draining soils which are not as favorable for the survival of the pathogen; application of appropriate fungicides can help to protect plants from infection.
Poria root disease (Red root disease) caused by Poria hypolateritia. The foliage is yellowing. The plant is wilting and / or occur sudden death of part of plant. The withered leaves remain attached to the plant for several days. Uprooting the plant reveals whitish mycelium and red discoloration of the roots.
Treatment: Remove and discard any visibly infected plant and any adjacent plants which are showing signs of yellowing. Remove any stumps or trees within infested area. All living and dead roots which are about pencil thickness or more should be removed from the site by digging using a fork. All material collected should be destroyed by burning. The plants surrounding the infested area should be treated with an appropriate fungicide applied as a soil drench and the cleared site should be planted with grass for a period of two years before Camellia sinensis is replanted.
Scab, Sunburn and Salt Injury. Symptoms of scab are rather varied; however, it usually appears first as a tiny, water-soaked, and often raised area on the underside of the leaf. These spots enlarge and may become corky, brown in color, and of irregular size and shape. The condition may also appear on the top of the leaf. Too high a concentration of salts in the soil or in the irrigation water or the use of heavy doses of fertilizer coupled with inadequate irrigation will cause this condition. This problem will develop rapidly in container grown plants.
Treatment: Place the plant in draped shade. Do not expose plants to increased light radiation without acclimatisation. Plant them in a medium with good drainage. An occasional heavy irrigation will help to leach away the excess salts.
Damage caused by scale insects is usually serious, but not deadly to the Camellia sinensis plant. If the problem goes undetected for a long period of time with no treatment it is possible for all or part of the plant to be killed. Plants infected with scale insects appear unhealthy and produce very little new growth. Scale insects that attack foliage are usually seen on the underside of the leaf. Symptoms on the upper leaf surface appear as chlorotic areas. Heavily infested leaves will often drop off.
Treatment: Use a suitable insecticidal spray. Plants should by spaced to allow air to circulate between them and pruned to open them and allow air to circulate through them. This will aid in the reduction of insect populations. Insecticide applications are usually made during the spring after bloom and in the fall prior to blooming. Spring applications will greatly increase mortality of scale crawlers
Spider mites may be found on both the under and upper sides of leaves and may not be detected until high populations have occurred. Infested plants exhibit a speckled appearance on the upper leaf surface resulting in a silver or bronzed cast.
Treatment: Use a suitable acaracide to control mites insects. Often, some control may be obtained by spraying foliage with a hard spray of water.
Aphids are commonly found in large numbers on the shoots of new growth. They injure plants by sucking their juices with long feeding tubes. Aphids also excrete honeydew which attracts ants and promotes the growth of sooty mold.
Treatment: A heavy stream of water may be used to wash aphids off of young foliage. Also it can be used the soap sprays. Insecticidal sprays may or may not be necessary for control of these insects. Aphids are generally a problem only during periods when new growth on camellias is soft and succulent.
Camellia sinensis plants are hosts for a number of beetles, weevils, grasshoppers, caterpillars and other insects that chew or consume plant tissue. The size, shape and location of the injury may help to determine the pest responsible.
Treatment: Control of these pests is through proper insecticidal sprays applied to the foliage.
Buying tips: Inspect plants closely before buying. Look for wounds or scars at the base of the plant that can become cankerous and cause the plant to die. Check the root system as well. Look for white roots. If the roots are brown, the plant have been poorly cared for or may have a soil borne disease.
Note: White tea, yellow tea, green tea and black tea are all harvested from Camellia sinensis plant. The difference in the teas is dependent on the age of the leaves and post-harvest processing to attain different levels of oxidation.
The first tea plant to be discovered, recorded and used to produce tea is dating three thousand years ago.
Uses and display: Camellia sinensis are primarily used for commercial production of green ans black teas. Also these shrubs are used as ornamental evergreen hedges as they respond well to regular trims. In cold weather climates, this shrub is used as indoor potted plant.
Foliage green
Features flowers
Shape bushy
Height: 1.8-2.4m (6-8 feet)
Watering in rest period sparingly
Watering in active growth period plentifully
Light bright filtered
Temperature in rest period min 7oC max 16oC (45-61oF)
Temperature in active growth period min 7oC max 18oC (45-64oF)
Humidity high
Hardiness zone: 7b-9b
Begonia propagation f...
Essential Nutrients f...
Portulacaria afra
Tillandsia recurvata
Tillandsia stricta
Columnea microphylla
Clivia miniata
Cleyera japonica
Clerodendrum thomsoni...
Cleistocactus strausi...


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Syncfusion is the enterprise technology partner of choice for Windows development, delivering a broad range of software frameworks and tools.
Gravity IT Resources is a talent centric, referral driven and culture focused IT staffing firm. We help our clients find highly skilled, highly engaged IT talent to execute their mission critical projects in application development, IT infrastructure and IT support.


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The top things people in the UK have done spontaneously following lockdown
Brits have become more spontaneous following lockdown, with getting a tattoo, a drastic haircut and moving house among the things people have done on a whim.
A study of 2,000 adults found 22 per cent are ready to inject a sense of adventure into their life after nearly a year and a half of restrictions.
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdAs a result, the average adult makes at least one impulsive decision a week, with buying new clothes (49 per cent), deciding to eat out (49 per cent) and donating to charity (31 per cent) at the top of the list.
Others have spontaneously decided to book a holiday, go on a date or even quit their job.
But the study found 18-24 year olds act spontaneously six times a month – more than any other age group.
The study was commissioned by Mentos, which teamed up with social media personality, Chunkz, to talk to Gen Z's about what they'll be saying 'yes' to this summer – from travelling to bungee jumping and even skinny dipping.
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdReasons for being spontaneous include believing life is too short (40 per cent), to improve one's mood (36 per cent) and to forget about other distractions or thoughts (25 per cent).
But the research also found the pandemic has made people more spontaneous with their social life, with a fifth now more open to making last minute plans.
And almost half are now likely to say 'yes' to events which are arranged on the same day as they are happening.
Spontaneity over plans
Nearly a third are simply keen to make up for lost time with friends and family, while a fifth claimed to prefer spontaneous activities over those that are planned.
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Hide AdKim McMahon, product manager for Mentos Gum said: "It's great to see how excited and willing to try new opportunities people are.
"After more than a year of restrictions it's clear we're keen to awaken our minds, escape our everyday routines and try new experiences that come our way."
The study also found a third believe it's important to live each day as it's your last and 22 per cent admitted the pandemic has made them regret saying 'no' to plans in the past.
Being spontaneous also makes people feel excited (38 per cent), happy (34 per cent) and carefree (26 per cent).
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Hide AdBut while 50 per cent are comfortable with trying new opportunities, 43 per cent would be more encouraged to do so if they knew something was a once in a lifetime offer.
The under 25's age group are the most confident at trying new opportunities (69 per cent) and also prefer spontaneous to planned activities more than any other generation (47 per cent).
A further 37 per cent of adults feel the need to be spontaneous when the sun is shining, while 19 per cent said being home alone leaves them itching to do something on a whim.
Making the most of life
It also emerged a fifth of those polled via OnePoll admitted they have developed a new outlook during the pandemic and 31 per cent have realised how short life is.
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Hide AdKim added: "As more people, particularly across the younger generations are even more excited to dive into the unknown this summer, we're all feeling this fresh energy that is embodied in our new fruity flavours.
"People want to make the most of things that come their way when perhaps previously they would have preferred to plan ahead – the pandemic has made us realise we can't plan for everything, so should take each opportunity we're given in life."
Top things Brits have done spontaneously:
1. Bought new clothes
2. Eaten out
3. Donated to charity
4. Gone on a night out
5. Booked a holiday
6. Bought new furniture/homewares
7. Gone on a date
8. Got a drastic hair cut/colour
9. Quit my job
10. Bought a big TV
11. Bought a pet
12. Bought a car
13. Gone to a theme park
14. Got a tattoo
15. Bought/sold a house


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The internet is a vital part of our lives. Just like your car, body, and robot underlings, your internet connection can be fine-tuned and made to work more efficiently. With just a little bit of effort, your surfing experience can be noticeably improved.
The quickest and easiest way to improve your internet surfing is to change your Domain Name System (DNS) service to OpenDNS. Not only are you very likely to see faster DNS resolution than your ISP's DNS service, but it comes with a whole host of features. Anti-phishing, usage reports, and parental controls are built right in, and it's as simple as changing a few numbers in your router or computer's settings.
If there is a specific server or two that is always slowing down your page loads, you can simply keep your computer from reaching them by editing your hosts file. Hosts is a simple text file that can override your DNS service's resolution to specific IP addresses. If you're tired of an ad server or third-party service like Twitter wasting your resources, just set their domains to hit your localhost (127.0.0.1). Now when your favorite website tries to load that Twitter iframe, it will appear as if that server is offline.
Speeding up DSL
If you're a DSL user, you might have heard about interleaving and FastPath. Interleaving is an error correction mechanism that makes sure you get all of your packets in an uncorrupted form. If your connection is bad, it can make a big difference when left on. However, people with good DSL connections might want to consider asking their ISP to turn this setting off, thus enabling FastPath. For example, you might want it off if you're a big gamer because it can lower your ping time, and it's not vitally important that every packet is received properly. The pros and cons vary heavily depending on your situation, so don't assume turning it off will make your connection better.
DSL users may also have the option of changing their profile to more aggressive settings. If you are close to the local telephone exchange, there is less line noise, and thus higher connection speeds are possible if your ISP and router are correctly configured. To change your line profile you will generally need to contact your ISP (and you may need to speak to an engineer, rather than a customer service rep).
Not all of us can have FiOS or Xfinity. Some people are stuck with slow DSL, satellite, or even dial-up internet connections. For these poor souls, there is a way to dramatically decrease your load times: compression. While there are a few services that offer this, the simplest way to get dynamic image compression is with Opera Turbo. Install Opera, turn on the Turbo feature, and it will automatically detect when you're on a slow internet connection. It will then start passing every website you visit through their servers, and squashing the elements on the page. The quality of the images will suffer, but at least your bad connection will be usable.
Extend your wireless network
If your internet connection is fine, but you lose WiFi connection in certain parts of your house, this can be fixed too. What you need is a wireless bridge. Using the Wireless Distribution System (WDS), you can use a second wireless router to extend your WiFi range. When you're shopping for a bridge device, look for terms like "Wireless Bridge" or "WDS" in the product description. If you have a router laying around, and the official firmware doesn't support what you want, you can consider a third party firmware to make your life easier. Something like the Tomato firmware can make locked-down consumer routers easier to configure and use for just such purposes.
Bear in mind that simply plugging your computer into a physical, wired connection can also significantly reduce latency and increase throughput.
If your surfing is slow, these tweaks and services can make a big difference. However, these won't solve every problem under the sun. Try these out, and hopefully it will cure what ails you. If not, your best bet will be calling your ISP, and asking for help. Even the nerdiest among us can't get around that sometimes, so don't feel bad.


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Author's profiles
Copyright (c) 2014 Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment
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1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
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3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)


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Exterior Styling, general description
A number of styling accessories that give you more opportunities to personalise your car. The styling products enhance the car's already modern Cross Country character further and also give a more refined look.
Exterior Styling Kit
The styling kit, together with "End pipes, double", gives a unique and more refined robust look.
Side Scuff Plates
A styling element that ties together all silver painted details, both the standard fitted details and products from the "Exterior styling kit", to a design whole.
Roof spoiler
An aerodynamic and sporty roof spoiler, equipped with both "aero-fins" and black-painted "winglets" to create the optimum airflow and reduce turbulence behind the car and increase the car's downforce
Carbon fibre cover for door mirror
Unique door mirror covers with a matt surface finish in real carbon fibre. The covers give the feeling of exclusivity and give a sporting character to your car.
Door mirror cover
Those who have equipped their car with black rims, can now enhance the aesthetic look by also equipping the car with black door mirror covers.
Rear decor trim
A robust and exclusive decor trim that doubles as effective protection against scratches and abrasions, as well as loading and unloading for example. A rubber-like material surrounded by a silver-painted plastic frame, protects the upper part of the rear bumper, while increasing the refined Cross Country character further.
Rear skid plate
Further enhances the car's already modern Cross Country character. Making the silver area smaller, and instead adding an area of exterior colour, gives an even more refined design impression.
Double end pipes
Oval double end pipes in chromed stainless steel, which enhances the car's refined and powerful Cross Country design further.
Touch up paint, paint, bonding primers (Excl. KR, TR)
Volvo Genuine paint. Spray cans and touch-up pens for minor paint damage.


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A Russian shipment of Yakhont anti-ship missiles to Syria was condemned by the United States, and Israel is also alarmed by the prospect of Moscow supplying S-300 advanced air defense missile systems to Damascus.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu held talks in Russia on Tuesday with President Vladimir Putin on the Syrian crisis but gave no public indication whether Israel's concerns over the Russian weaponry had been eased.
Amos Gilad, a senior Israeli Defense Ministry official, said on Saturday that the S-300 and the Yakhont, weapons that could complicate any plans for foreign military intervention in Syria, would likely end up with Hezbollah and threaten both Israel and U.S. forces in the Gulf.
"Yakhont is a cruise missile that can hit targets at sea and strategic targets. [It is] a supersonic missile, [with] a range of 300 km, very sophisticated," Gilad said on Israel's Channel Two television on Saturday.
"The Russians sent it to Syria, beside the strategic defense system called the S-300. There are a number of versions, and they are sending them one of the good versions," he said.
General Martin Dempsey, chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, said on Friday that Russia's delivery of anti-ship missiles to Assad was "ill-timed and very unfortunate" and risked prolonging a war that has already killed more than 80,000 Syrians.
A spokesman for Putin, while not responding directly to assertions that Russia had sent the anti-ship missiles, said Moscow would honor contracts to supply Syria, a long-time weapons customer.
Meanwhile, Netanyahu held out the prospect on Sunday of further Israeli strikes inside Syria, pledging to act to prevent advanced weapons from reaching Hezbollah and other militant groups.
Although Israel has not publicly taken sides in the civil war between Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and rebels trying to topple him, Western and Israeli sources say it has launched air strikes in Syria to destroy weapons it believed were destined for Lebanon's Hezbollah.
In public remarks at the weekly meeting of his cabinet, Netanyahu made no direct mention of those attacks, but made clear Israel was prepared to take action in the future and said it was "preparing for every scenario" in the Syrian conflict.
Israel had set a policy "to prevent, as much as possible, the leakage of advanced weapons to Hezbollah and terror elements", he said.
"We will act to ensure the security interest of Israel's citizens in the future as well," Netanyahu added, describing his government's actions as "responsible, determined and level-headed".
Israel has neither confirmed nor denied reports that it attacked Iranian-supplied missiles stored near Damascus this month that it believed were awaiting delivery to Hezbollah, which fought a war with Israel in 2006 and is allied with Assad.
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Topographical Surveys Pontefract Yorkshire
Expert surveying services in Yorkshire here at Your Environment – Your trusted local partner for accurate measurements and property insights. Topographical Surveys Pontefract Yorkshire.
Topographical Surveys Pontefract Yorkshire, also known as land or terrain surveys, are crucial to shaping the design and development of sites. These surveys are fundamental for architects, civil engineers, and planners to make informed decisions during project management. Moreover, they serve as legal documents to define property boundaries accurately. This article will explore the purpose, elements surveyed, equipment used, benefits, and methods of representing relief in surveys.
What Are Topographic Surveys Used For?
They are essential for informed decision-making in design and project management. They provide precise land measurements, offering insights into site arrangements, existing boundaries, and drainage system designs. These surveys save time, reduce costly errors, and serve as legal records defining property boundaries.
What Is Likely to Be Surveyed in a Survey?
The surveyed elements in Topographical Surveys Pontefract Yorkshire vary depending on project requirements. Typical elements include area boundary lines, buildings, structures, features adjacent to the site, trees, vegetation positions, ground heights, contours, and surfaces.
What Equipment Is Used for?
To produce accurate measurements, a range of equipment is used. Accurate GPS equipment is employed to survey the area, establishing fixed points. Surveyors utilize instruments like Trimble S6 and S5 Robotic Total Stations and Trimble R10 & R8 GPS receivers, capturing reflectorless measurements. UAV drone technology is also used for surveys of larger, less accessible sites.
Topographic surveys offer numerous benefits, including aiding in planning and decision-making. They provide:
- Accurate data on land measurements.
- Enabling informed decisions regarding new buildings.
- Boundary repositioning.
- Drainage system designs.
These surveys save time and reduce the risk of costly errors by providing accurate data throughout the project.
How Long Does it Take?
The duration of Topographical Surveys Pontefract Yorkshire depends on the size and complexity of the site and project. After surveying, it typically takes a few days to present the findings. Data can be provided in a simple 2D plan or a more detailed 3D AutoCAD drawing based on project requirements.
Methods of Representing Relief
Relief, or elevations, on topographic maps, can be represented in several ways. Hachures are short lines drawn in the direction of the slope, indicating surface form but not exact heights. Form lines are similar to contours but are less accurate. Contours, conversely, are imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation and offer the most accurate representation of relief. Relief can also be indicated by tinting, with different areas between contours colored differently.
The surveying serves various purposes:
- Preparing topographic maps: Topographic maps are essential for many projects, from locating railways and highways to designing irrigation and drainage systems. They provide a comprehensive view of the terrain's three-dimensional relationships, enabling efficient planning and design.
- Constructing topographic profiles: Topographic profiles help engineers and designers visualize the vertical changes in the terrain. They are crucial for determining suitable designs for projects like road construction, where understanding elevation changes is essential.
- Establishing vertical and horizontal control: Accurate location definition is critical in many fields. Topographic surveys establish control points that ensure precise positioning, whether it's for civil engineering projects, city planning, or land development.
Final Thoughts
In conclusion, Topographical Surveys Pontefract Yorkshire are fundamental in design, construction, and property management. They provide the foundation for informed decision-making, legal documentation of property boundaries, and the accurate representation of land features. Understanding their significance and representation methods is crucial for professionals in these industries. These surveys facilitate effective project planning and contribute to safer, more efficient, and well-informed land development and construction decision-making.


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When I was growing up, we had the pyramid to explain the basics of how we should eat. This was what was taught in the schools and while very straight forward, was confusing to many people.
Last year the White House introduced a replacement to the pyramid. This is called the food plate, which shows what your plate should look like at each meal. In many ways it is much simpler and easier to understand than the pyramid.
Let's take a look at the food plate for better understanding:
Protein—these are your meats and should not be larger than the palm of your hand. Research has shown that meats such as fish and chicken are healthier than red and processed meat {hamburgers, hot dogs, steak, etc}. Red meats and processed meats should be limited to once or twice a week, while you enjoy fish and chicken the rest of the week.
Whole grains—these are your carbohydrates and should cover a fourth of your plate. Whole grains are gentler on your blood sugar and insulin than the refined grains we normally eat. Some examples of whole grains are whole wheat, brown rice, barley, whole wheat pasta, etc.
Vegetables—almost half of your plate should be filled with some sort of vegetable. These are low in calories but very filling. Vegetables are rich in color and nutrients. A few vegetable suggestions would be green beans, carrots, squash, peppers, etc.
Fruits—fruits should make up half of the plate with your vegetables. Between your fruits and vegetables you would have a very colorful plate. Many fruits are naturally sweet and cut that craving for something sweet. A few fruit suggestions are banana, peaches, strawberries, blueberries, pineapple, apple, grapes and oranges.
Drink—water is the best drink in the world. Standard guidelines recommend eight glasses of water per day, but some people need more. An occasional cup of coffee and tea are also healthy and beneficial. Skip the sugary drinks found in soft drinks and sports drinks, while limiting juice, milk and other dairy products to no more than a serving or two a day.
Of course, no action plan is complete without a good exercise plan. I encourage you to try and exercise at least thirty minutes each day.
Does your plate look this balanced? Where can you make changes to your plate?