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Non-Divisional Courses
ACC 201 Financial Accounting
An introduction to the theoretical framework of financial accounting, including assumptions, principles, and doctrines. The components of financial statements are analyzed and the preparation of those statements normally included for financial reporting purposes is emphasized. The student's performance is measured by his handling of accounting problems and cases. Recommended for sophomores and juniors. This course is offered in the fall semester.
Prerequisites: None.
Credits: 1
ACC 202 Management Accounting
An introduction to cost accounting, cost-volume-profit analysis, and the influence of income taxes on business transactions. The understanding of financial statements developed in Accounting 201 is applied for managerial decision-making purposes. The student's performance is measured by his handling of accounting problems and cases. Recommended for sophomores and juniors. This course is offered in the spring semester.
Prerequisites: Accounting 201.
Credits: 1
Colloquium on Important Books
COL 401/402 Colloquium Director: Lexie Hoerl
Students read and discuss a dozen or more historically influential books (or parts of books), led by professors from various departments. The class meets one evening each week; grade is based solely on participation in class discussion, and enrollment is limited to 15. Counts toward distribution requirements in Literature/Fine Arts or History/Philosophy/Religion. COL 401 (Fall semesters) discusses classical and medieval texts; COL 402 (Spring semesters) texts are from the modern period. Each semester is taken independently of the other.
Prerequisites: junior or senior standing and coordinator's permission to register.
Credits: 1 each
Freshman Tutorials
In the fall, every freshman enrolls in a tutorial. This class, limited to about fifteen members, encourages your participation in small-group discussions that will challenge you intellectually and suggest the kind and quality of educational experiences characteristic of the liberal arts at Wabash College. Instructors select topics of importance to them and ones they judge to be pertinent to student interests. You need not have had previous experience with the topic in order to sign up for a particular tutorial. Although the topics, often interdisciplinary and non-traditional, vary among the tutorials, all students engage in common intellectual experiences and practice both written and oral self-expression. Reading, speaking, research, and writing assignments, of course, will vary with individual instructors, but the goals of every tutorial remain the same: to read texts with sensitivity, to think with clarity, and to express one's thoughts with precision and persuasion—all in terms of each tutorial's particular subject.
FRT-13A-01: In The Future We Will Play: The Art And History Of Video Games
Michael Abbott, Theater Department
In 1903, anthropologist W.H. Holmes reported: "The popular notion that games are trivial in nature has given way to an adequate appreciation of their importance as an integral part of human culture."Playing is not reading. Yet, increasingly, video games and other forms of interactive media are challenging us to reassess the ways we think about storytelling, authorship, and representation. Aside from their obvious popular appeal, games such as Bioshock Infinite, Journey, The Walking Dead, and Papo & Yo test our current ways of understanding semiotics and engagement with the reader/player. Increasingly, gaming can be seen a convergence point where media as diverse as film, literature, art, music, and design meet and coalesce to form a new, unique art form ... one that fits squarely and comfortably within the Humanities. We are developing a methodology for "reading" video games that affords this new medium the scrutiny it richly deserves. This tutorial will explore a variety of ways to accomplish this - borrowing, adapting, and revising familiar methodologies, and proposing new strategies for seeing and critically comprehending video games. To this end, we will play, analyze, discuss, research, and write about video games as a modern emerging art form.
FRT-13B-01: Why We Eat What We Eat
Joyce Burnette, Economics Department
While we eat every day, and generally have strong opinions about what we eat, we do not often stop to consider the forces that shape those choices. In this class we will interrogate this everyday activity. Food choices reflect our individual past experiences and our culture, whether inherited or adopted. The food we eat makes a statement about who we are. The food available to us is determined by world history, scientific discovery, and the market. Globalization has for centuries been expanding the types of food available. Science has increased agricultural productivity and brought us new ingredients unknown to our grandparents. The food on the store shelves today has been carefully engineered and markets to maximize its appeal. All these influences come together when we sit down to eat what seems like a simple meal.
FRT-13D-01: Fathers and Sons
Doug Calisch, Art Department
Fathers and Sons: if you are a male, then one or both of these labels describes you. But, what do those descriptions mean, and how have they developed? From Oedipus and Laius to the Presidents Bush, the relationships between fathers and sons are historically charged with intensity and passion. Love/hate, caring/competition, respect/irreverence, presence/absence, and the coming of age/fear of growing old are dichotomies that can characterize this relationship between males. This class will examine the variety of ways that fathers and sons are depicted in our culture through film and literature. Our journey will involve looking at cultural stereotypes, human nature, and personal experiences. In addition, students will reflect on their roles in this powerful and ever changing relationship through writing, and discussion. The course, like all Freshman Tutorials, will focus on improving communication skills. The theme of Fathers and Sons will be our vehicle to develop critical observation skills, while cultivating talents as readers, writers, and speakers.
FRT-13E-01: 9/11 and American Culture
Jim Cherry, Theater Department
This year marks the 12th anniversary of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. The worst terrorist incident to occur on American soil, the 9/11 attacks were a transformational event. They took the country into "The Global War on Terror," land wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the curtailment of civil rights. The attacks brought new terminologies into our lexicon, like "Al-Qaeda," "National Threat Level," and "Homeland." 9/11 is one of a select few moments in modern American history—the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Challenger disaster are others—that is etched in our collective cultural memory, carved into our national soul. We still live today, as Art Speigelman put it, "in the shadow of no towers," even as the new One World Trade Center rises in Lower Manhattan. In the aftermath, people sought to express their grief, rage, bewilderment, and love as people always have: through art. As a result, 9/11 has also had a seismic effect on our culture. In novels (Jonathan Safran Foer's Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, Amy Waldman's The Submission), films (World Trade Center, United 93, Man on Wire), plays (Anne Nelson's The Guys, Neil LeBute's The Mercy Seat), graphic novels and media (Art Speigelman's In the Shadow of No Towers, Sid Jacobson and Ernie Colón's The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation), and poetry, (Seamus Heaney "Anything Can Happen"), artists and writers sought to make sense of an event that rendered even the idea of artistic representation problematic to some. Drawing on these texts, some of which were written while the towers still smoldered, we will also try to make sense of an event that transformed all of our lives, and confronts us with questions every day. How shall we commemorate the dead? How is the omnipresent, often-faceless threat of terrorism depicted in culture? How do art, literature, and performance represent trauma? In this course we will ask: twelve years later, what does 9/11 mean?
FRT-13F-01: A Gentleman and a Citizen: Engaging The Liberal Arts, Community, and Profession
Sara Drury, Rhetoric Department
Do you want to use your college years as a foundation for making a difference in your studies, your profession, and the world? In this tutorial, we will explore the connections between civic engagement, pursuing a liberal arts degree at Wabash College, the communities you are a member of—locally, nationally, and globally—and your future profession (whatever that may be). What's civic engagement? A good definition to start with is that civic engagement represents the many ways that individuals become involved in their local, state, national, and global communities around issues of common concern, trying to create change for the better and solve public problems. As we go through the semester, you will re-define what civic engagement means for your time at Wabash and for your professional career after college. Notice that our first focus is the liberal arts—our goal will be to look at how each of us engages communities not as professional politicians or activists, but rather in our everyday lives as doctors, teachers, business owners, lawyers, students, young professionals, and so on. As we move through the semester, we'll ask questions such as: What does it mean to be a good citizen or community member? What does it mean to be a Wabash Gentleman and Citizen, living the Gentleman's Rule in college and after you graduate? How can we better discover and discuss the most pressing problems facing our communities? And what are viable ways of improving our communities, right now and for the future? Our conversations will draw from influential writings on politics and community from the past and present, such as Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America and Harry Boyte's The Citizen Solution: How You Can Make a Difference. We will seek out examples of civic engagement through articles, movies, and videos. Throughout the semester, we will reflect on how we might improve the communities and world around us, all while pursuing your present profession as a student and your future career aspirations.
FRT-13G-01: Bodybuilding: Does the Muscle Make the Man?
Shamira Gelbman, Political Science Department
"The only people who take bodybuilders seriously are other bodybuilders," wrote novelist William Giraldi in "Louisiana Legs," an essay about a summer he spent with Andrew Loraditch (a.k.a. Damien Lords) when they were young bodybuilders during the 1990s. In the face of Giraldi's observation, this course will take bodybuilders and their sport very seriously. Over the course of the semester, we'll examine how bodybuilding has developed over time and interrogate some of its fundamental assumptions. For example, is there a perfect human form? If so, does the physique bodybuilders strive for match that ideal? Do the ends bodybuilders seek justify the means they use to achieve them? We'll also explore the psychological and cultural aspects of bodybuilding, including such issues as the prevalence of narcissism and 'bigorexia' among bodybuilders, bodybuilding's contributions to the social construction of femininity and masculinity, and the acceptance of bodybuilding by the general public.
FRT-13H-01: We Are What We Speak: The Life And Death of Languages
Jane Hardy, Modern Languages Department
Approximately 6,900 distinct languages are spoken in the world today, but only half of those are expected to survive into the next century. In fact, some linguists estimate that one language dies somewhere in the world every two weeks. Is this merely part of an inevitable process of linguistic natural selection? Or is it a tragedy that should concern us? We will consider these questions by exploring the inextricable link between language and culture, and by reading the personal narratives of people who speak a minority language and function in two different linguistic and cultural worlds. We will then study the causes of language death and consider what might be lost when a language vanishes. We will read a book by noted linguist K. David Harrison and watch at least one film about attempts to document dying languages and even bring moribund languages back from the brink of extinction.
FRT-13I-01: Virgil's Aeneid and The Age of Augustus
Jeremy Hartnett, Classics Department
In the wake of Julius Caesar's famous assassination on the Ides of March, an 18-year-old was catapulted into the bright glare of Rome's attention. For when the late dictator's will was read publicly, it named Caesar's grand-nephew Octavian as his adopted son and heir. By the time Octavian died 58 years later, he was known as the emperor Augustus, and he had transformed Roman civilization on many fronts. He coaxed and prodded Rome from an enfeebled aristocracy to a thinly-veiled monarchy; he overhauled the city's physical appearance, boasting that he "found a city of brick and left a city of marble"; and he cultivated a period of nearly unparalleled literary achievement. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Roman world by studying the "Age of Augustus" in all these dimensions: the manipulation of history for political gain, the power of art and architecture to advance propaganda, and the production of literary masterpieces. On that last count, a good portion of the semester will be dedicated to reading the crown jewel of Augustan literature, Virgil's retelling of Rome's foundation in the Aeneid. Virgil's epic poem engages key themes of this period and of the human experience more generally. For these reasons, it has been studied by many later literary geniuses; it infuses the work of Dante, Shakespeare, Milton, and others. As we explore this diverse set of topics and approaches to antiquity, we will develop skills in close reading, persuasive writing, and effective speaking. And, though students may not get a month named after them, they will learn many lessons about success from Augustus and his age.
FRT-13J-01: Winning World War II—Lessons in Character and Leadership from Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill
Scott Himsel, Political Science Department
December 1941. The Nazis are ruling Europe, starving England, and driving deeply into Russia; Japan has largely destroyed the US Pacific fleet; and the US Army is ranked 17th in the world. Despite these terrible odds, FDR and Churchill rallied their people to win the war and built the world's most successful alliance. What lessons can we learn from them today? How do great leaders inspire us to achieve (and even exceed) our highest potential? How do great leaders work together despite their towering egos and mistrust among their peoples? How do we decide when to cooperate with other nations and when to act alone? We'll also explore darker moments when the alliance failed to follow its principles. When did the alliance depart from its democratic principles to save lives on the battlefield, and should we do the same today? And how did the war expose and begin to heal discrimination against women, racial and religious minorities, and the disabled on the home front? We have much to learn. FDR and Churchill not only led their nations from defeat to victory; they overcame incredible personal difficulties that would have ended the careers of lesser men. They were also extremely colorful and entertaining characters who knew how to find moments of joy and fun that helped them bear the burdens of leadership.
FRT-13K-01: The Evolution of Electronic Music
Peter Hulen, Music Department
How have people hacked radio, broadcast and recording studio equipment, turntables, electronic circuitry and computer chips over the years to slowly create the sophisticated software we now have for producing all kinds of electronic music? This course outlines key inventions, concepts, composers and techniques from the early 20th century right up to the present, from the theremin to dubstep.
FRT-13L-01: We Are The World: Multiethnic America
Tim Lake, English Department
This course will introduce students to the field of ethnic studies. We will survey American history with a focus on the many peoples and cultures that comprise the U.S. population. Attention will also be given to contemporary issues we face as a diverse society and how our diversity both strengthens and threatens our democratic ambitions. Students will chart their family histories as it unfolds into the larger story we tell about the U.S.
FRT-13M-01: "To Be Or Not To Be:" Liberal Arts in the 24th Century
Colin McKinney, Mathematics and Computer Science Department
In Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, the Klingon Chancellor Gorkon states, "You have not experienced Shakespeare until you have read him in the original Klingon." What on Qo'noS does he mean? The mission of the USS Enterprise is "to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before." The mission of the tutorial will be to explore strange new worlds of thought, ponder new life and different civilizations, to boldly take our minds where they have not gone before. We will use the Star Trek canon to do so, by carefully "reading" selected episodes and feature-films. We will study the critical reception of Star Trek in 20th and 21st Terran culture. We will ponder what it would mean to be a responsible citizen of the galaxy. We will study what it means to be in command and how the great Starfleet officers lead effectively. We will grapple with what it means to live humanely when the very word "human" is meaningless. And yes: we will learn some Klingon. Qapla'!
FRT-13N-01: Popular Religion and Historical Imagination in the Novels of Dan Brown
Bob Royalty, Religion Department
Dan Brown's Robert Langdon novels (Angels and Demons, The DaVinci Code, The Lost Symbol, and Inferno) are made-for-the-movies thrillers with international intrigues, plot twists and turns, and always some type of conspiracy theory. In this tutorial, we will read and discuss these novels and explore the rich historical and religious contexts for these different conspiracies and the many references to history and religion in the novels. While enjoying reading exciting thrillers, we will research and learn about a range of topics in history and religion including the Roman papacy; Jesus, Mary Magdalene, the non-canonical Gospels and the early church; the Illuminati, the Masons, and other secret societies; the "founding fathers;" and Dante's Inferno.
FRT-13O-01: Me, My Self and My Brain
Neil Schmitzer-Torbert, Psychology Department
Imagine you've created a machine that is able to make an exact, physical copy of any object. However, the process of making the copy requires that the machine destroys the original. So, if you put your iPad in and turn on the machine, the iPad is instantly vaporized. But, in another compartment you find an exact duplicate of your device. Such a machine would be quite interesting, but we might imagine that it has little practical value. However, what happens if you step into the machine, and turn it on? You are instantly vaporized (and, let's assume painlessly!), and out of the second compartment steps your exact duplicate. Who is this duplicate? Does he think he is you? If he does, then are you actually dead? What if the machine malfunctions and you are not vaporized: are you and your duplicate both "you"? If you then kill your duplicate, was there in fact a murder? What if he kills you? In this class, we will take these types of thought experiments seriously, and use them to look carefully at the problem of self. We'll try to locate our "I," our sense of self, using a variety of sources, ranging from philosophical thought experiments, to stories about the lives of humans with brain damage, to science fiction writing and film. Some of the texts we will read include Brok's Into the Silent Land, selections from Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, and Ramachandran & Blakeslee's Phantoms in the Brain and a number of short works of science fiction. We will also watch several films in the course, including The Thirteenth Floor and The Prestige.
Enduring Questions
Enduring Questions is a required freshman colloquium offered during the spring semester. It is devoted to engaging students with fundamental questions of humanity from multiple perspectives and fostering a sense of community. Students are assigned randomly to a section of the course. Students may not withdraw from the course. All students must pass the course to graduate from Wabash.
FRC 013: Enduring Questions Chairpersons: Bobby Horton & Bob Royalty
The course is devoted to engaging students with fundamental questions of humanity from multiple perspectives and to fostering a sense of community. As such, small groups of students consider together classic and contemporary works (or selections of works) from multiple disciplines that speak to basic questions such as, Who am I? and How do we live in the world? Assessment of student performance focuses on written and oral expression of ideas. In addition to regular class meetings, students attend a small number of affiliated speakers and programs on- and/or off-campus. This course is offered in the spring semester.
Prerequisites: None.
Credits: 1


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Vinyl flooring has been around for generations and offers an elegant appearance and an enduring value. Nothing brings style, durability and comfort together quite like vinyl - and, at an affordable price.
Because of today's technology, the best vinyl flooring has modern options unique and trendy with finishes that closely resemble wood, tile and stone. Cutting-edge technologies and digital design make natural looking textures and great visual depth possible.
Thank you for contacting Carpet One Floor & Home. Your local flooring expert will reach out to you regarding your inquiry.

subset: commoncrawl


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In 2006, approximately 7.5 million people went to the doctor's office for a shoulder problem, including shoulder and upper arm sprains and strains. More than 4.1 million of these visits were for rotator cuff problems.
Shoulder injuries are frequently caused by athletic activities that involve excessive, repetitive, overhead motion, such as swimming, tennis, pitching, and weightlifting. Injuries can also occur during everyday activities such washing walls, hanging curtains, and gardening.
Sardelli Orthopaedics provides orthopedic services to the southeast Michigan area including Burton, Clarkston, Davisburg, Davison, Fenton, Flint, Grand Blanc, Independence Twp., Lake Orion, Lapeer, Oxford, Waterford, White Lake, and other communities. Contact us to schedule an appointment.
Warning Signs of a Shoulder Injury
If you are experiencing pain in your shoulder, ask yourself these questions:
Is your shoulder stiff? Can you rotate your arm in all the normal positions?
Does it feel like your shoulder could pop out or slide out of the socket?
Do you lack the strength in your shoulder to carry out your daily activities?
If you answered "yes" to any one of these questions, you should consult an orthopaedic surgeon for help in determining the severity of the problem.
Common Shoulder Injuries
Most problems in the shoulder involve the muscles, ligaments, and tendons, rather than the bones. Athletes are especially susceptible to shoulder problems. In athletes, shoulder problems can develop slowly through repetitive, intensive training routines.
Some people will have a tendency to ignore the pain and "play through" a shoulder injury, which only aggravates the condition, and may possibly cause more problems. People also may underestimate the extent of their injury because steady pain, weakness in the arm, or limitation of joint motion will become almost second nature to them.
Orthopaedic surgeons group shoulder problems into the following categories.
Sometimes, one of the shoulder joints moves or is forced out of its normal position. This condition is called instability, and can result in a dislocation of one of the joints in the shoulder. Individuals suffering from an instability problem will experience pain when raising their arm. They also may feel as if their shoulder is slipping out of place.
Impingement is caused by excessive rubbing of the shoulder muscles against the top part of the shoulder blade, called the acromion.
Impingement problems can occur during activities that require excessive overhead arm motion. Medical care should be sought immediately for inflammation in the shoulder because it could eventually lead to a more serious injury.
Rotator Cuff Injuries
The rotator cuff is one of the most important components of the shoulder. It is comprised of a group of muscles and tendons that hold the bones of the shoulder joint together. The rotator cuff muscles provide individuals with the ability to lift their arm and reach overhead. When the rotator cuff is injured, people sometimes do not recover the full shoulder function needed to properly participate in an athletic activity.
Treatment of Shoulder Injuries
Early detection is the key to preventing serious shoulder injuries.
Shoulder Exercises
Often, an orthopaedic surgeon will prescribe a series of exercises aimed at strengthening the shoulder muscles.
Here are some easy shoulder exercises that you can do to strengthen your shoulder muscles and prevent injuries.
Basic shoulder strengthening
Attach elastic tubing to a doorknob at home. Gently pull the elastic tubing toward your body. Hold for a count of five. Repeat five times with each arm. Perform twice a day.
Wall push-ups
Stand facing a wall with your hands on the wall and your feet shoulder-width apart. Slowly perform a push-up. Repeat five times. Hold for a count of five. Perform twice a day.
Shoulder press-ups
Sit upright in a chair with armrest, with your feet touching the floor. Use your arms to slowly rise off the chair. Hold for a count of five. Repeat five times. Perform twice a day.
Other Treatment
Anti-inflammatory medication also may be prescribed to reduce pain and swelling.
More information can be found, HERE


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After Rise in Foster Care Deaths, DFPS Approves New Regulations
Amid recent growth in abuse or neglect deaths of children in foster homes, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services approved a set of new regulations Friday meant to provide more oversight of children in foster care. Despite the new rules, advocates are calling for increased training for foster parents and additional checks on foster homes.
"Unfortunately last year, there was a very alarming number of abuse and neglect fatalities in foster care, and there was a realization we needed to do more," said DFPS spokesman Patrick Crimmins. "We had to have better information on what was going on in foster homes and who the children were regularly coming in contact with at the home."
Revised rules for new and existing foster homes apply to the state's 220 foster child-placing agencies licensed by DFPS. In addition to existing regulations, the new rules include a requirement for more interviews with members of the foster home's community, such as neighbors and school employees whom the children would regularly be in contact with, and a review of the household's finances. They also require child-placing agencies to more closely monitor existing foster homes for major changes, including job losses, divorces, new household members or frequent visitors.
"These rules significantly strengthen protections for our foster children," John Specia, DFPS commissioner, said in a statement. "Our focus is ensuring that we know who is in these homes and who may be around these children that could pose an unacceptable risk."
The new rules are the first substantive revision of child-placing agency rules since 2007.
The new regulations follow a large increase in the number of abuse and neglect fatalities among foster children in fiscal year 2013. Of the 804 child fatalities reported statewide in the last fiscal year, 156 were related to child abuse or neglect, according to DFPS. Eight of those fatalities were among foster children, compared to two deaths the year before.
"Anytime you lose a child to abuse and neglect that's a tragedy," said Caitlyn Perdue, spokeswoman for the Texas Court Appointed Special Advocates, a volunteer organization that represents children in foster care. "With 156 children dying last year, that's almost a child dying every other day."
Advocates argue that even with the new rules, not enough is being done to protect foster children. Katherine Barillas, the director of child welfare policy at One Voice Texas, a nonprofit collaborative for health and human services providers, said foster parents should undergo more training and the department should conduct more frequent checks on their homes.
Foster parents are currently required to complete, at minimum, eight hours of preservice training, Barillas said. "That's not even a full week of training to give strangers the authority to look after children who have already been traumatized in their own homes," she said.
In fiscal year 2014, which began in September, one child has died from abuse or neglect in foster care. The rules approved Friday are expected to take effect Sept. 1 after a period for public comment.
Information about the authors
Learn about The Texas Tribune's policies, including our partnership with The Trust Project to increase transparency in news.


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Alfred Pohl (German) was born in Essen in 1928. He studied art in Trier, Lüneburg and Hannover. In 1965 Pohl worked in the Paris studio of Johnny Friedlaender. He taught art in Peru (1967–70) and in Colombia (1972–74). Even in later years, many of his images would feature South American landscapes and themes. In 1972 Pohl returned to northwest Germany, settling in Göttingen where he lives and works today.
Pohl pushes forward the great German woodcutting tradition, adding rich color and rhythmic design to the stark shapes and emotional power we associate with the earlier expressionists.


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Clear Lake (Black Forest) |
Northern California Bouldering, USA
Approach time: 1-10 minutes
Season: All Year Number of problems: 40 Type of rock: Volcanic Overview
Volcanic boulders located on the foot of Mount Konocti next to Clear Lake. These small areas may not be worth a road trip but are fun if you are in the area or passing thru. The main area is called the Black Forest and, as of a 2007 land trust that preserves the north-east slope of Mount Konocti, they are now open space. Old growth Douglas Firs, wildlife habitat and a natural outdoor playground of about a dozen small mushroom shaped boulders with technical, powerful problems fairly close together with mostly flat, fir needle covered landings. The rock here is volcanic welded tuff with cool little pockets, edges, slopers and a few jugs. A few more boulders are nearby along with camping, boating, fishing, swimming, chilling, and sightseeing at Clear Lake State Park. About 5 boulder problems are found alongside the parks entrance and about 5 more are found in campsite 110. Dont park in Campsite 110 unless you pay for camping in it. You have to park at the bottom of the hill in the main parking lot and hike up to it - and obviously don't boulder at the site if it is occupied. Notable Bouldering Problems
Black Forest Arete V1***, Black Magic Traverse V2***, The OG Problem V3*** or V4 sit, Black Hole V3-V5***, Blackalicious V4*** stand or V6 sit and Shamrock V1*** and 110 Arete V2*** Photos
- View all 10 photos of Clear Lake (Black Forest) as: Thumbnails | Slideshow
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New research from Yale University shows that middle-school children who consume heavily sweetened energy drinks are 66% more likely to be at risk for hyperactivity and inattention symptoms.
The finding has implications for school success and lends support to existing recommendations to limit the amount of sweetened beverages schoolchildren drink. The authors also recommend that children avoid energy drinks, which in addition to high levels of sugar also often contain caffeine. The study is published in the journal Academic Pediatrics.
The research team — led by professor Jeannette Ickovics, director of CARE (Community Alliance for Research and Engagement) at the School of Public Health — surveyed 1,649 middle-school students randomly selected from a single urban school district in Connecticut.
The researchers found that boys were more likely to consume energy drinks than girls and that black and Hispanic boys were more likely to drink the beverages than their white peers. The average age of the student participants was 12.4 years old. The study controlled for the number and type of other sugar-sweetened drinks consumed.
"As the total number of sugar-sweetened beverages increased, so too did the risk for hyperactivity and inattention symptoms among our middle-school students. Importantly, it appears that energy drinks are driving this association," said Ickovics. "Our results support the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation that parents should limit consumption of sweetened beverages and that children should not consume any energy drinks."
While more research is needed to better understand the effects and mechanisms linking sweetened beverages and hyperactivity, previous research has shown a strong correlation between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and poor academic outcomes, greater difficulties with peer relationships, and increased susceptibility to injuries. These associations are understudied among minority children, notes Ickovics, and previous research has suggested under-diagnosis of ADHD in black and Hispanic children.
Some sugar-sweetened beverages and energy drinks that are popular with students contain up to 40 grams of sugar. The students in this study consumed on average two sugared drinks per day, with a range of zero to seven or more drinks. Health experts recommend that children consume a maximum of 21 to 33 grams of sugar daily (depending on age).
In addition to hyperactivity and inattention, heavily sugared beverages also impact childhood obesity, notes Ickovics, and sugar-sweetened beverages are a leading cause of added calories in the diets of obese children. Currently, about one-third of American schoolchildren are considered overweight or obese.
The study was co-authored by other researchers from CARE, the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, and the New Haven Public Schools.
Reference: "Energy Drinks and Youth Self-Reported Hyperactivity/Inattention Symptoms" by Deborah L. Schwartz, MD; Kathryn Gilstad-Hayden, MS; Amy Carroll-Scott, Ph.D.; Stephanie A. Grilo, BA; Catherine McCaslin, Ph.D.; Marlene Schwartz, Ph.D. and Jeannette R. Ickovics, Ph.D., 8 February 2015, Academic Pediatrics.
DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2014.11.006


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At our dental office, we believe your overall oral health care is an invaluable investment that lasts a lifetime. You shouldn't have to weigh insurance coverage or climb financial obstacles in order to obtain premium dental health care. It is to your advantage that you are able to reserve an appointment for service right away.
With all that said, below is a list of insurances that we accept as well as the many types of payment options we give our patients. We look forward to giving you the service you deserve!
All dental insurances are different. Since we deal with dental insurances everyday, we understand first hand that dental insurance is sometimes complicated and can be confusing to our patients. We will do our best to calculate what your insurance will pay when you schedule treatment but we will not guarantee coverage. On occasion, your dental insurance may not cover treatments due to stipulations in your dental insurance contract agreement. If you have any questions, please contact our front office staff.
We accept the most major dental insurances!
Our office currently accepts the following types of payments: Cash, Checks, American Express, Mastercard, Visa and Discover.
Our office is more than happy to offer financing options to our patients. We understand that a payment plan can sometimes be the best option for patients who need to get the treatment they need now. Everyone's finances are different but we are confident that we can find a payment plan that will fit affordably into your monthly budget. We are proud to offer the following financing options:
Please contact our office if you have any questions regarding dental insurance, payments or financial options that are currently available. We look forward to serving you!


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Every good pet owner would agree that their pet's well-being often comes before their own. They want to make sure that their pet is safe and happy. Even most non pet owners want to help out animals who are in distress, if they can. Sadly, not everyone is so compassionate. There are some people out there who simply don't care about animals, or find it fun to cause harm to them.
This is why there are laws in place that make it illegal to cause harm or distress to an animal. California's primary animal abuse law is Penal Code (PC) 597. This law protects all animals, including:
- Domesticated pets
- Strays
- Wild animals
The law covers all kinds of different forms of animal cruelty, including but not limited to:
- Neglect
- Cockfighting
- Dogfighting
- Leaving animals unattended in vehicles
PC 597 prohibits a person from maliciously or intentionally harming an animal in anyway way that a person could possibly think of. If a person is caught breaking this law, they could face either misdemeanor or felony charges, depending on the case. As a misdemeanor charge, a person can face up to a year in county jail and a fine of no more than $30,000. Felony charges can earn a person 16 months, 2, or 3 years in jail, and a similar fine to that of the misdemeanor charges.
Most people do not want to harm animals, whether they are their pets or not, so they don't have to worry too much about being charged with animal abuse. Since animals cannot speak for themselves, a person is encouraged to contact local law enforcement if they see or suspect that an animal is being abused.


text:
Epidemiological Alerts and Updates
The Epidemiological Alerts are released in order to provide information about the occurrence of international public health events which have implications or could have implications for the countries and territories of the Americas; as well as recommendations issued by the Pan American Health Organization.
The Epidemiological Updates are released as new information becomes available regarding events previously shared through Epidemiological Alerts.
The Epidemiological Alerts and Updates are primarily of events caused by infectious agents, although they may also be of events concerning contaminated goods, food safety, or of chemical or radionuclear origin, per the provisions of the International Health Regulations (IHR (2005)).
These releases complement the WHO Diseases Outbreak News, which refer to worldwide events of public health.
To learn more about other regions outbreak news, see the following links: WHO (Headquaters), Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, Western Pacific Region.


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Engine Bahria Lahore
Style is a way to say who you are without having to speak.
We dress ourself, not to impress, but for comfort and for style.The way we dress is an expression of our personality & the persona we transmit. Wearing the correct outfit for any occasion is a matter of good manners.
There are lot of clothing brands in Bahria Lahore some eastern and some western.you can opt to visit any as per your desire.
Engine is one such well known clothing brand near you in Bahria Lahore.There is variety of clothing lineup in store. Engine is a branch outlet of Engine Pakistan.


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ACME Blaise Night Table, White, 23" x 17" x 20"H, 30lbs.
Edgy and elegant the Blaise Nightstand is where sweet dreams start. Its sturdy elm construction in white finish and one ample Drawer & one storage compartment make it the perfect place to store anything from love letters to stress-relieving lotions and potions. Bring home the quality and style with this nightstand.
- Rectangular Nightstand - USB Charging Dock - Wooden Construction - Wooden Bracket Leg: 4"H - Blaise Collection
Wood, Power Dock, Wood Veneer, Composite Wood


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Did the President, as he claimed, lose a battle but win a war in his attempt to pack the Supreme Court? Historical perspective suggests another answer
April 1958
The great struggle between the President and the Supreme Court in 1937 stirred the national emotions to unusual depths because it brought Franklin D. Roosevelt's crusade against depression into collision with one of our most hallowed traditions. And after a lapse of twenty years it remains high on the list of the most dramatic contests in our constitutional history.
The great struggle between the President and the Supreme Court in 1937 stirred the national emotions to unusual depths because it brought Franklin D. Roosevelt's crusade against depression into collision with one of our most hallowed traditions. And after a lapse of twenty years it remains high on the list of the most dramatic contests in our constitutional history.
In the first phase of the struggle, beginning in 1935, the court invalidated a large part of the New Deal. The effect was to bring down upon its head the wrath of the country as well as that of the White House. In the second phase, two years later, Roosevelt moved against the court more boldly and directly than any other President had ever done. Public opinion then swung to the defense of the court, and F. D. R. suffered the most humiliating defeat of his career. Yet the final outcome was a victory for liberal interpretation of the Constitution as well as for independence of the judiciary. The crash assault failed, and moderation won.
To understand the intensity of the struggle, it must be remembered that in the middle thirties the country was still trying to climb out of its depression storm cellar. In 1933 Roosevelt had come to power with the banks closed and the economy thoroughly demoralized. He had ushered in an almost revolutionary concept of government stewardship over the national economy. With the co-operation of a frightened Congress, he had devalued the dollar and placed industry under a system of codes and agriculture under production quotas. He had created various other "new instruments of power," initiated sweeping social reforms, and given organized labor the greatest impetus it had ever experienced.
The President's courage and industry were contagious. While the people applauded, Congress worked with feverish haste to enact almost every bill that the White House "brain trust" produced. Some of this outpouring of reform and recovery legislation has survived and become a distinctive part of our national heritage. But many of the early emergency bills, in addition to being highly experimental in nature, were poorly drafted. The men around the President realized that some of their ventures could scarcely be reconciled with the Constitution as it was then interpreted by the Supreme Court. But in their haste they passed lightly over this aspect of their problem. A new era was dawning. Its methods and objectives could not be judged by the outmoded criteria of the past. Many of the New Dealers concluded that, in any event, the Supreme Court would not dare to upset statutes on which the nation's recovery from its worst depression seemed to depend.
The rude awakening from this illusion came early in 1935, when the Supreme Court invalidated the National Recovery Administration's petroleum code as an unconstitutional venture into executive law-making. Soon there followed Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes's opinion, written on behalf of a unanimous court, which wiped out the whole NRA and its progeny of Blue Eagles. [In the case before the court (commonly called the "sick chicken" case), four brothers named Schechter had been found guilty of marketing diseased fowl in violation of the NRA's poultry code. Their lawyers contended only that Congress had no power to regulate local—as distinguished from interstate—business, but the court went beyond this and invalidated the whole industrial recovery act. As Fred Rodell wrote in Nine Men: "A few sick chickens had murdered the mighty Blue Eagle."] The court found the NRA wanting on two counts: first, Congress had delegated extensive law-making powers to trade organizations acting with the approval of the President; second, it had swept under federal control wholly local activities—in this instance the marketing of poultry—only remotely related to the interstate commerce which Congress is authorized to regulate.
On the same "Black Monday" the court unanimously struck down the Frazier-Lemke Act for relief of farm debtors, with Justice Louis D. Brandeis writing the opinion, and reversed the President's dismissal of William E. Humphrey from the quasi-judicial Federal Trade Commission. The Humphrey decision is said to have nettled the President more than any other, but when he held a lengthy press conference and denounced the Supreme Court for taking the country back to a "horse-and-buggy" concept of interstate commerce it was the NRA decision that he had in mind.
Actually the court's coup de græce to the NRA was a blessing in disguise to the Roosevelt administration, for its unwieldy codes were already cracking up. The court saved the President from what would have been an embarrassing retreat. But F. D. R. saw in the sweeping nature of the "sick chicken" decision a threat to other parts of his program, and in this he was right.
In most of the early New Deal cases the court had been unanimous, but as it moved on to more controversial issues its long-standing internal schism was much in evidence. On the conservative side, Justices Willis Van Devanter, Pierce Butler, George Sutherland, and James C. McReynolds nearly always stood together. To them any innovation was likely to appear as an unconstitutional seizure of power. The liberal wing, consisting of Justices Brandeis, Harlan F. Stone, and Benjamin N. Cardozo, was more inclined to give Congress a free rein unless it had flagrantly overreached the limits of its power. Chief Justice Hughes occupied a middle ground, and Justice Owen J. Roberts often stood with him. For the New Deal, the result was fluctuation between reverses and narrow victories.
The court's action in the "gold clause" case in the spring of 1935 both relieved and angered the President. In this decision, four associate justices stood with Hughes in condemning Congress' repudiation of the government's promise to redeem its bonds and currency in gold. But, having thus bowed to principle, the court saved the economy from catastrophe by ruling that bondholders, who had suffered no loss of purchasing power when Congress increased the value of gold in terms of paper dollars, could not hold the government to its promise to pay in gold or its equivalent. From this latter part of the decision the four conservatives dissented. For the moment, the ingenious solution Hughes had invented to save the government from a crushing addition to its debt averted an open clash between the President and the court, for F. D. R. had prepared a radio address announcing his refusal to enforce the decision—an address to be delivered if the court should allow the bondholders to take their pound of flesh.
Another New Deal innovation, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, might have been saved had Congress, in building the AAA, used its power to regulate interstate commerce. Instead, it had used its taxing power. Hughes, Roberts, and the four conservatives concluded that the benefit payments to farmers, financed by a processing tax, had the effect of coercing them into compliance with a regulatory scheme that had no relation to interstate commerce. Stone and his liberal brethren dissented with unusual vehemence, and subsequent judicial thinking tends to support their conclusions if not the bite in Stone's words.
Both court factions broke away from Hughes's middle ground in the case involving the Guffey Act, designed to rescue the ailing coal industry. Hughes thought the price-fixing section of this statute was valid and that only its labor provisions were constitutionally defective. But a majority of five swept the whole act into the discard, with Brandeis, Stone, and Cardozo dissenting. The Municipal Bankruptcy Act met a similar fate.
Finally, the same majority of five released a legal block-buster by striking down New York State's minimum wage law for women. Coming on the heels of many decisions rejecting the extension of federal power over the economy, this restriction of state power seemed to indicate that no government could legally cope with the grave problems of the depression. The court's extreme stand-pattism raised an outcry throughout the land. Dissenting opinions by Hughes and Stone, in which Brandeis and Cardozo joined, pointedly disclosed the alarm felt within the court itself over this reactionary trend.
The white-bearded Chief Justice, whose liberal instincts were neatly blended with a high regard for traditional constitutionalism, was almost as much concerned over this turn of events as was the President. Both brooded on how to save the country from the consequences of static legalism. But, while Hughes thought in terms of correcting loosely drawn legislation and interpreting the basic law more liberally, Roosevelt turned toward more drastic measures.
Soon after the NRA decisions in 1935, F. D. R. had put his attorney general, Homer Cummings, to work on "the court problem." In the following months the Department of Justice and the President quietly studied the respective merits of a constitutional amendment broadening federal powers, a statute limiting the court's jurisdiction, a provision requiring a two-thirds vote in the court to nullify an act of Congress, and an enlargement of the court's membership. No conclusions were drawn, however, and the issue was astutely avoided in the 1936 presidential campaign, except for a pledge in the Democratic platform that the economic and social problems of the day would be met in a constitutional manner. Republican charges that the President, if re-elected, would resort to the "tyranny" of court-packing met with impassioned Democratic denials.
Once Roosevelt's towering victory over Governor Alfred M. Landon was achieved, however, he moved against the court with supreme confidence. Did he not have a new mandate from the people to carry out his New Deal? Was not the court standing in his way? To Roosevelt's way of thinking, his chief problem was to find the most effective way of clearing this obstruction from his path.
It was Cummings who finally came up with the idea of naming new judges to replace the aged men on the bench. The fact that Justice McReynolds, when he had been attorney general in 1913, had advanced such a plan for driving overage judges of the lower courts into retirement made this approach irresistible. To the President's delight, Cummings shrewdly camouflaged the scheme in the trimmings of judicial reform. With the aid of a few trusted lieutenants, he drafted and redrafted a bill and a presidential message to Congress.
There was no discussion of the bill with the Cabinet, congressional leaders, or members of the court. F. D. R. gave his annual dinner for the judiciary on the evening of February 3, 1937, without breathing a word of his secret to the judges. On the morning of February 5 he disclosed the contents of his message to an incredulous group of Cabinet and congressional leaders a few minutes before he jubilantly explained it to the press. Both his aloofness in working out the plan and his manner of presenting it suggested that he regarded it as almost a fait accompli .
The President represented his bill as a reform aimed at correcting injustice and relieving the court of congestion. His inference was that aged justices on the Supreme Court bench were keeping their calendar clear by rejecting an excessive number of petitions for review—a charge that almost every lawyer knew to be false. Though he called for a "persistent infusion of new blood" into the judiciary, there was only a vague hint of the bill's real purpose in his suggestion that it would obviate the need for more fundamental changes in the powers of the courts or in the Constitution.
The heart of the bill was the provision giving the President authority to name an additional federal judge for every incumbent who had been on the bench ten years and had not resigned within six months after reaching the age of seventy. As six members of the Supreme Court had passed that age limit, F. D. R. could immediately have appointed six new justices. If Chief Justice Hughes and his five aged associates had chosen to remain, the membership of the court would have been enlarged from nine to fifteen.
Legislators gasped over the boldness of the plan, yet many of them gave it immediate support. Others who dared to speak out against it assumed their opposition would be futile; Senator Carter Glass summed up his despair by exclaiming: "Why, if the President asked Congress to commit suicide tomorrow, they'd do it."
The impact on the justices varied. Roberts, the youngest among them and therefore not a direct target of the President's campaign, decided to resign if the measure were passed. Hughes, then 74, told his intimates, "If they want me to preside over a convention, I can do it." Brandeis, the eldest of the so-called Nine Old Men and one of the greatest liberals who ever sat on the Supreme Court bench, was cut to the quick by the President's indiscriminate assault upon age. Without exception, the justices were hostile to the scheme and resented the President's false inference that they were not able to keep up with their work.
The first jolt that the bill sustained was a wave of public reaction against the deceptive trappings of reform in which F. D. R. and Cummings had tried to camouflage their assault upon the court. Many, even among those who thought the conduct of the court had forced the President's hand, were critical of this indirection. It placed the Administration forces on the defensive from the very beginning.
A second severe jolt came when Senator Burton K. Wheeler read a letter from Chief Justice Hughes to the Senate Judiciary Committee, which was conducting hearings on the bill. Leaders of the fight in the Senate had asked the Chief Justice to appear in person, and he had agreed to do so if Justice Brandeis would accompany him. When he found that Brandeis believed strongly that no justice should testify in person, he contented himself with sending a letter setting forth the facts about the work of the court.
With cool logic, Hughes showed that the Supreme Court was fully abreast of its work, that it was very liberal in granting petitions for review, and that an increase in the size of the court would impair rather than enhance its efficiency. "There would be more judges to hear," he wrote, "more judges to confer, more judges to discuss, more judges to be convinced and to decide." Without touching on the major question of policy, Hughes left the President's arguments a shambles.
The Senate hearings produced a chorus of opposition to the bill from distinguished leaders in many walks of life. Such an outpouring of public opinion stiffened the spines of many legislators who had been worried but silent. The Republicans wisely kept in the background and let opponents of the bill in the President's own party lead the fight. The White House was increasingly alarmed by the disaffection of loyal New Dealers, but the President continued to scoff at any suggestion of compromise. To anxious members of his official family his stock answer was: "The people are with me; I know it."
Meanwhile a ferment had been working within the court. Some two months before the President had disclosed his plan, the black-robed justices had brooded afresh over the constitutionality of state minimum-wage laws and decided that their previous conclusion in the New York case had been wrong. In a new case the state of Washington, in asking the court to uphold a state minimum-wage law very similar to the New York statute it had invalidated, had directly urged the court to overrule the key precedent on this point, Adkins v. Children's Hospital , which the timorous New Yorkers had tried merely to circumvent. In December, 1936, the court voted four-to-four to uphold the Washington law and to reverse its own previous decision of only six months before in the New York case.
Four votes were enough to let the challenged statute stand because it had come to the Supreme Court with the sanction of the state of Washington's highest tribunal behind it. Three affirmative votes came from Hughes, Brandeis, and Cardozo. The fourth was that of Justice Roberts, who had switched sides from his position in the New York case, in part at least, because the state of Washington had made a frontal assault on the old precedent, which he felt had been discredited. At the time no one on the court had the slightest inkling of the bill taking shape at the White House, but Hughes was so delighted with Roberts' conversion that he almost hugged him.
Loath to have an issue of such importance disposed of by an even vote, however, Hughes decided to hold this Washington case until Justice Stone returned to the bench. Stone, who was ill, would certainly vote to uphold the state statute. When the Chief Justice revived the issue about February 1, 1937, Stone joined in a complete reversal of the old precedents, but before the opinion could be written and handed down the court found itself under threat of being packed.
Much has been written about this dramatic change of direction by the court, but actually the Washington case did not effect a clean break with the past. The court had upheld broad applications of state powers in both the Blaisdell case (involving the Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium Law) and the Nebbia case (involving the law under which New York was fixing the price of milk). Roberts followed the reasoning of these decisions instead of clinging to the older precedent. His recognition of error indicated that the court did not regard itself as infallible and therefore redounded to its credit.
Support for Roosevelt's judiciary bill further crumbled on April 12, when the court upheld the National Labor Relations Act in the fateful Jones and Laughlin Steel case. The opinion of Chief Justice Hughes was a sweeping confirmation of the power of Congress to regulate industrial relations having a direct impact on interstate commerce. The President claimed credit for the decision but was still not convinced that the court had gone far enough. He turned more heat on wavering legislators on behalf of his bill.
A few weeks later the Senate Judiciary Committee rejected the ill-fated legislation, just before the newly consolidated majority of the court gave its blessing to the Social Security Acts. These events spelled out the Administration's defeat in no uncertain terms, but rear-guard fighting continued because of a strange set of circumstances.
In devising remedies for "the court problem" no one had had the wit or the grace to offer the aged justices a reasonable chance to retire. Even before 1937, both Van Devanter and Sutherland had been eager to lay down their tasks, but Supreme Court justices could cease active service only by resignation, and Congress was then free to reduce their compensation, as indeed it had done in the case of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. So the aged judges held on despite some infirmities.
After the court fight began, opponents of the President's bill rushed through Congress a liberalized retirement measure in an effort to forestall a more drastic solution. Senator William E. Borah then persuaded his friend Justice Van Devanter to retire in order to make way for an appointment to the court by Roosevelt, who up to this time had had no opportunity to name a Supreme Court justice. Instead of easing the predicament, however, the sudden creation of a single vacancy threw the White House into near panic.
The President had previously offered the first seat at his disposal to Senator Joseph T. Robinson, a portly and conservative Democratic wheelhorse who, despite grave misgivings as to the judiciary bill's consequences, was directing the fight for it as majority leader of the Senate. If the President should fail to honor his well-known promise to Robinson, he would be left without a friend in the Senate. And fulfillment of the promise would have turned the court fight into a grotesque hoax; for Robinson, at 65, was the antithesis of the "new blood" for which the Roosevelt men were so persistently clamoring. Caught on this horn of his dilemma, the President had to continue fighting for his bill as the only means of balancing the prospective Robinson appointment with those of younger and more liberal men.
Thus the fight went on, despite a searing report from the Senate Judiciary Committee. Though it was largely the work of Democratic senators, that report characterized the court bill as "a measure which should be so emphatically rejected that its parallel will never again be presented to the free representatives of the free people of America." At last the Administration sought to compromise, but the Senate had the bit in its teeth. No bill that retained any hint of court-packing was thereafter acceptable.
The unfortunate Joe Robinson was increasingly torn between his distrust of the bill and his ambition to become a justice of the Supreme Court. Outwardly, he fought with desperation against the doom that was closing in on the bill. Secretly, he kept its foes informed about the wavering of senators in his ranks. On July 14, 1937, his sorely troubled heart failed under the strain; his death knell also signaled the end for the judiciary bill. Shortly after Senator Robinson's funeral the Senate formally buried the infamous measure in the usual way—by recommitting it to the Judiciary Committee.
Even this did not bring down the final curtain. F. D. R. struck back by naming as a successor to Justice Van Devanter one of his most ardent supporters in the court fight—a man who would be anathema to his foes in the Senate and who would nevertheless be in a position to command confirmation—Senator Hugo L. Black of Alabama. Regardless of what may be said of Justice Black's subsequent career on the bench, the revenge motive appears to have been a major factor in Roosevelt's nomination of him. If the President found the Senate's discomfiture sweet, however, his satisfaction was short-lived. Shortly after his confirmation, disclosure that Black had once been a member of the Ku Klux Klan brought a fresh public clamor and intensified the bitterness of the whole affair.
Can this strange chapter in our history be regarded as an essential part of the process by which the Constitution has been modernized? Was President Roosevelt right in asserting, long after the fight was over, that he had lost a battle and won a war? Since 1937, undoubtedly, the Supreme Court has in many instances taken a broader view of the powers of Congress than it did before. But this came about without any change in the structure of the court, by an evolutionary process as different from court-packing as is an election from a coup d'état .
The chief reason why judicial decisions invalidating acts of Congress began to subside after 1937 was that Congress thereafter exercised greater care in casting its statutes. The reckless draftsmanship of the emergency period was eliminated. Sweeping delegations of power were avoided, and the new regulatory measures were based on the commerce clause instead of on the taxing power. Having fought a terrific battle to save the court from domination by the executive, Congress was especially eager to avoid the type of legislation that might precipitate another showdown.
Some individual judges made changes in their conclusions, as in the minimum-wage cases. But these were less extensive than is generally supposed, and in no instance can they be directly attributed to the court-enlargement plan. Chief Justice Hughes denied emphatically that the court bill had any bearing whatever on any of his decisions, and in no case did he urge his brethren to shade their views to save the court. The "switch-in-time-saves-nine" myth was never anything more than a journalistic wisecrack.
More important than anything else in the evolution of constitutional doctrine since 1937 has been the changed personnel of the Supreme Court. Before F. D. R.'s death in 1945 he had named seven of the nine members of the court and had elevated Stone to the chief justiceship. Though the new justices became involved in turbulent controversies among themselves, they went much further than the Hughes court had done in amplifying the commerce clause and other federal powers. In general the country has accepted and welcomed these new interpretations. But what would have been its attitude and what would now be the standing of the court before the bar of public opinion if its membership had been expanded to fifteen in order to bring about decisions favored by the White House?
If Roosevelt had sponsored a reasonable retirement bill for members of the Supreme Court in 1937, the evolutionary process would have been hastened and this entire sorry chapter in our history could have been avoided. The chief difficulty seems to have been that after his triumphal re-election in 1936 the President was riding too high to deal with the court with the moderation and restraint that should guide the relations of one co-ordinate branch of government to another. He chose a method which might indeed have lifted restraints from Congress and the Administration—there was never much doubt about that—but it would also have imperiled our constitutional system, the central genius of which is its system of checks and balances.
The justices who piloted the court through this difficult period won a double victory. The net effect of the 1935-37 ferment over constitutional issues was to confirm their insistence that judges must take into account changed social and economic conditions as well as past legal precedents. After Justice Roberts abandoned his four conservative colleagues in the Washington minimum-wage case, they did not again control the court on any vital issue. The views that prevailed were those of Chief Justice Hughes, and of Justices Brandeis, Stone, Cardozo, and Roberts.
The principle for which they struggled was continued independent judgment on the part of the court. They insisted that it must be free to upset an NRA which slopped over the line of constitutional power as well as to uphold an NLRB which did not. With these men still on the bench, the NRA would have gone down in 1938 as readily as it did in 1935. They stood for a Constitution which marched forward—but not to tunes called by the White House or by a spate of new justices suddenly appointed for that purpose.
Contrary to Roosevelt's boast, it was these men who won both the "battle" and the "war" in 1937. Twenty years after the notorious court-enlargement bill went down to defeat, it has scarcely a defender. If it may be credited with having written a salutary lesson in our history, it is only because cooler heads than those of its authors found sage and legitimate means of destroying it. The bill remains one of the major errors of American statesmanship in the current century.


text: Janeane has had many memorable and critically acclaimed roles in film and television since bursting on the scene in 1992. She's appeared in films such as "The Truth About Cats and Dogs," "Wet Hot American Summer," "Ratatouille" and "Reality Bites." She was a cast member of the Emmy award winning "Ben Stiller Show," as well as the comedy classic "The Larry Sanders Show," and had recurring roles on "24" and "The West Wing." She appeared in Bravo's first scripted series "Girlfriend's Guide to Divorce" and can be seen in the Netflix series "Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp." Along with "Little Boxes," Janeane will appear in several feature films in 2016, including "Blue Angel" and "Speech and Debate." In addition to acting in film and television, Janeane is an outspoken activist and tours the country as a stand-up comedian. She was instrumental in the successful launching of the first liberal radio network, Air America Radio, where she hosted her own talk show, "The Majority Report." A lightning rod for controversy, Janeane's well-informed opinions and unflinching honesty have inspired laughs as well as striking a chord with the left, right and everyone in between. She is a noted peace activist. Notable Roles: Janeane played the role of Paula, the acerbic talent booker, on "The Larry Sanders Show," for which she received an Emmy nomination in 1997 and two Cable Ace nominations. During the fall of '94 she joined the cast of "Saturday Night Live." Other television work includes the series finale of "Mad About You" and the critically-lauded final season of NBC's "The West Wing," where she played Democratic campaign strategist Louise Thornton. In 2007, Janeane's voice was featured in the Disney/Pixar animated comedy Ratatouille. Janeane can also be seen in Stella writer/director David Wain's ensemble comedy, "The Ten," the Lifetime movie "Girl's Best Friend" and as a recurring character on the 2009 season of "24." Janeane lives in New York and Los Angeles.


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New York has a population of approximately 19,378,102, which ranks 3rd in the U.S. among all states. [6]
For more information about auto insurance in NY, or for additional resources regarding New York car insurance, visit the New York Department of Insurance.
Under secondary laws, a police officer must have some other reason to stop a vehicle before citing a driver for that offense.
1. ^ Automobile Insurance Plans Service Office (AIPSO)
2. ^ National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC)
3. ^ Insurance Research Council (IRC)
4. ^ Insurance Information Institute (III)
5. ^ Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
6. ^ United States Census Bureau
7. ^ IIHS & Highway Loss Data Institute
8. ^ Office of Highway Policy Information
9. ^ U.S. Department of Transportation
10. ^ Federal Highway Administration


text: [MC Ren] Yeah nigga, MC Ren up in this motherfucker (West West y'all) Yeah, L.A. niggaz L.A. niggaz rule the world nigga Y'all niggaz gotta recognize, yaknahmsayin Niggaz don't wanna peep game, yaknahmsayin But this shit come all the way back around here My nigga Dre, droppin heat box on y'all bitch-ass Yaknahmsayin You gotta recognize L.A. niggaz, connected all over the motherfuckin world, nigga Recognize this [Time Bomb] Now in my younger days I used to sport a rag Backpack full of cans plus a four-four mag G'd from the feet up Blued up from the sewer's how I grew up Loc'n, smokin and drinkin til we threw up (threw up) At Leimert Park, taggin, hittin fools up Ditchin my class, just to fuck yo' school up You don't wanna blast, nigga tuck yo' tool up But don't sleep, y'all niggaz quick to shoot you Now there's another motherfucker with no future But Time Bomb much smoother when I manuever, dope like Cuba Got em jumpin {*King T starts speakin, indecipherable*} [King T] I'm comin quot;Straight Outta Compton quot; with a loose cannon Smoke big green, call it Bruce Banner Watch your manners, at last another blast from the top notch From way back with the pop rocks, I pop lock witcha Picture this, Dr. Dre twistin wit Tha Liks and Hittman bought a fix Don't trip, it's a Time Bomb in this bitch Here it tick tick tick tick {*BOOM*} Wait a minute it's on, I tell it like a true mackadelic Weed and cocaine sold seperate, check it From sundown to sunup -- clown done run up The Aftermath'll be two in your gut, nigga what Chorus: Knoc-Turn'al, Kokane We roll deep, smoke on weed drink and pack heat Requirements for survival each day -- in L.A.! It don't stop, we still mash in hot pursuit from the cops Analyze why we act this way -- in L.A.! [Hittman] Gimme that mic fool, it's a West coast jack move They call me Hitt - cause I spit like gats do cock me back Bust caps for my max crew, at Fairfax who used to wear Air Max shoes, that's true But I grew up where niggaz jack you, harass you Blast you, for that set you claim (where you from) Mash on you for your turkish chain, C.K. B.K. Blued up or flame, I ran wit a gang I helped niggaz get, jacked for they Dana Dane's My pants hang below my waistline I look humble wanna rumble (yeah yeah) I bang though, like Vince Carter from the baseline don't waste my time Fuck a scrap in killa Cali, AK's and 9's One-time's, sunshines, and fine-ass bitches Hawaiian thai, drive-by, six-fo's on switches [Xzibit] I was raised in the hood called WHAT-THE-DIF' Where the brothers in the hood, refused to go Hollywood Slugs for the fuck of it Anybody hatin on us can suck a dick If I catch you touchin mine you catch a flatline, dead on the floor Better than yours, drivin away gettin head from a whore It's AvireX-to-the-Z Fuckin with me might get you banned from TV, cassette and CD it's all mine the whole nine the right time Multiply, we don't die, the streets don't lie What, so neither do I, I'm bad for your health like puttin a pistol up to your face and blastin yourself [Defari] Five in the mornin, burglars at my do' Glock forty-five in my dresser drawer Let em come in BLAOW he see the thunder roll Roll with niggaz, who by fifths by the fo' and bruise by the case SLAP YOU in the face with the bass, Dr. Dre laced Likwit Kings wit Sedans and gold rings Haters fold the style, but can't find no openings Chorus [Outro] In L.A. That's how we ride (4X)


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The new ways companies are investing in employee wellbeing
Companies are launching a growing range of initiatives to show employees they care about their health and wellbeing
Traditional perks such as subsidised gym membership or lunchtime yoga sessions are now making way for more holistic initiatives supporting mental wellbeing as well as nutrition and new work-from-home practices.
In the UK, 86 percent of employers say they are changing their approach to employee health and wellbeing as a result of COVID-19. Over half of US companies are providing dedicated mental and emotional health programmes, while half of companies in Asia Pacific are enhancing their healthcare benefits.
"While there was some focus on health and wellbeing before the pandemic, employee wellness is now on the roadmap of every company. It has become as important as the financial health of the organisation," says Flore Pradère, Research Director, Global Work Dynamics Research at JLL. "Initiatives vary between companies but at their core, they're aiming to alleviate stress, improve physical health and support employees through the pressures of home-working."
Preventative healthcare is a growing area. AXA, for example, has a health programme for its global employees that includes annual checkups, fitness advice and counselling services. BlackLine provides an employee assistance program with financial advice and a telehealth service where employees can access medical care and virtual mental health consultations.
Not all initiatives are complex or expensive to set-up. At pharmaceutical tech firm Benevolent AI, remote-working employees are encouraged to take regular walking breaks, while software company Intelliflo started Zoom drop-ins for colleagues to catch up informally.
Changing attitudes
Evolving employee expectations are driving wellness initiatives. Employees now prioritise work-life balance over a comfortable salary, and three out of four expect their employer to support their health, wellbeing and nutrition, according to JLL research.
"Under pressure, many employees have remained engaged, flexible and resilient at work," says Pradère. "Now, they expect trust, support for personal needs, and choice in terms of when and how they work."
As businesses recalibrate to new ways of working, many including Target and Starbucks have launched initiatives to support employees adjusting to remote work.
"Employers are recognising the impact that the loss of face-to-face interaction can have on mental wellbeing," says Lee Daniels, Global Product Manager Workplace & Occupancy Strategy at JLL. "Even though many of us are seeing colleagues in video meetings every day, it's not the same as being able to chat over a coffee."
Amid ongoing lockdowns, more companies are now offering flexible working to parents juggling work and childcare. PepsiCo, for example, organised a virtual summer camp to help employees with childcare.
Other companies are preparing for a return to the office that helps employees maintain a positive work-life balance. Google, which offered employees up to $1,000 for home office equipment, will experiment with staff working from home part of the week. In New Zealand, Unilever is trialling a four-day work week.
Wellness by (workplace) design
The office too has a key role in supporting employee health and wellbeing.
As companies adopt more hybrid models – where employees work in offices, homes and other places – office design that focuses on communal space over individual workstations can help employees feel part of a community, while pods and quiet zones enable focused work and reduce stress.
"Employers want to ensure their employees are empowered and engaged," says Daniels. "A healthy workforce is a key factor in improving performance."
Creating space for relaxation and activities such as fitness, yoga and mindfulness cements the office as a place not only for work, but for enhancing wellbeing.
The comprehensive wellbeing program at Nomura, awarded "Britain's Healthiest Workplace" in 2016-2018 for example, includes an onsite gym and in-house doctor and nurse, a rooftop herb garden and nutrition classes. At Johnson & Johnson's offices, wellbeing standards set a target proportion of sit/stand desks, exercise and relaxation spaces, and nutrition guidance in the staff restaurant.
"An important shift has been in corporations wanting to organise their workplaces around the unique benefit of the office – as a space for learning, spontaneous interaction, socialising and collaborating," says Pradère. "Employers are seeing the value of a human-centric workplace that emphasises the individual and what they need to work well."
A new era of health and wellbeing schemes
As today's health and wellbeing schemes evolve in line with general employee needs, tomorrow's programmes will offer a more personalised experience.
"Companies are seeking data-driven ways to better understand how they can support their workforce," says Daniels. "As more corporations adopt wearables, apps that track individuals' cognitive function throughout the day will be used to deliver personalised insights for improving health and wellbeing along with tailored health programmes and digital coaching."
Such data would be anonymised and the use of apps strictly opt-in to alleviate potential privacy concerns, he adds.
For now, many companies are in the early stages of developing a comprehensive corporate wellness strategy yet it's an area where they can't afford to get left behind.
"People spend a third of their lives at work – the workplace significantly impacts their wellbeing," says Daniels. "Investing in employee wellness will be an important differentiator for companies to attract and retain talent, especially in younger generations now entering the workforce."


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Vice Guide To Travel
Our Man in Pakistan
Docs & Non-Fiction (Eco / Green, News, Travel)
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Ever wonder what a nuclear waste zone is like? Do you know how to communicate and party in Rio? Vice explores the far corners of the world in their series "The Vice Guide to Travel." Watch to get advice and suggestions on where and where not to take your next vacation.
eGuider: Aaron Walker
Aaron is currently working toward his masters in film at Columbia, while traveling the world in search of great stories and great fun. Aaron was born in the windswept plains of Wyoming, and has worked as an editor in documentary film.


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Featured Book
Featured Book
Our Faith and Strength
By Rabbi Naftali Hoffner
(Published by Mosad Eliezer Hoffner
Distributed by Feldheim Publishers)
Out of love for us, the Almighty has directed us to follow His commandments and steer clear of the prohibitions - in accordance with our covenant at Mount Sinai - in order to attain real happiness. However, because of human limitations, this means many challenges have to be met - in our private life as well as part of Klal Yisroel.
At at time when considerable parts of our people stand confused when faced with threats to their existence as Jews - this manual OUR FAITH AND STRENGTH can help us:
- to assess the purpose and the challenges of our life;
- to serve as a guide for the Torah Jew - living and working in the modern world;
- to acquaint us with the very clear answers of our Sages to problems facing us as individuals and as part of Klal Yisroel.
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Aimee Altschul-Latzman, M.D.
Adult and Pediatric AllergyAsthma & Immunology203.955.1461
Dr. Aimee Altschul-Latzman practices both Adult and Pediatric Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Following 11 years of clinical practice in Manhattan and Fairfield County, she is proud and excited to announce the opening of her own allergy practice in Fairfield, Connecticut. Devoted to delivering superb medical care with warmth and consideration, Dr. Altschul-Latzman prides herself on developing strong personal relationships with her patients (and their families). She spends a great deal of time in diagnosing her patients and helping them to manage their allergic conditions. She specializes in the full scope of pediatric and adult allergic disorders, including:
*Past medical records…if you are a patient of mine from my prior practice, please print from our website and fill out a Medical Records Transfer Form and fax it or mail it to my prior practice to request your records.
© Allergy & Asthma Consultants of Fairfield CountyAdult and Pediatric Allergy, Asthma & Immunology


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Owe the IRS money? Surprised by a large tax bill? It may be possible to establish a payment plan with the IRS!
If you're financially unable to pay your tax debt immediately, you might be eligible to make monthly payments through an installment agreement. As long as you pay your tax debt in full, you can reduce or eliminate your payment of penalties or interest, and avoid the fee associated with setting up the agreement.
Before applying for any payment agreement, you must file all required tax returns.
If a payment plan option would help relieve the financial burden of a large tax bill, contact us so we can see if you would qualify - and to help set up the agreement with the IRS.
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Stress is defined as a reaction to a threat, emotional or physical, real or imaginary. Most people in the world are stressed at some stage. Most people in the world feel threatened from time to time.
Stress is a feeling of pressure that produces adrenalin and creates a sense of urgency. Stress is exhausting and limits our ability to respond. There are so many physical symptoms linked to stress that some theories suggest most of humanity's problems are caused by stress. Some of the symptoms are irritability, inability to focus, headaches, increased heart rate, muscle tension, insomnia (inability to sleep), confusion, high blood pressure, frequent illness and various types of pain.
Living in stress is like living in an ambulance all your life. You are on the road most of the day, you live in a small space, not many people around, everything is difficult, your decisions are all about life and death, mistakes are critical, there is no time to waste, not time for fun, not enough time and space to make your own meals, you see (too) many doctors, you develop a dark view of the world from frequent exposure to accidents, drink driving, violence and self neglect. Through the eyes of the stressed person life sucks!
There are many reasons for people to feel stressed. Often, it is the accumulation of more than one source of stress that creates enough pressure to exhaust people.
Historically, body's mechanism to handle a real threat was the "fight or flight" response, which would a massive surge of energy for a short period of time. However, when this mechanism is triggered too often, our body runs out of energy.
Unfortunately, over the years, people started to react strongly to frequent, minor triggers. Something that someone says to us can be a threat, something that does not happen the way we expect can be a threat, but those things build up until our response to them is similar to "fight or flight".
Even more unfortunately, this trend is only increasing.
What can cause stress?
Poor diet
Unfortunately, when stressed, people tend to eat things that interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Lack of vitamins and minerals can cause stress, creating a vicious cycle – you are stressed, therefore you do not eat well, but then your body lacks nutrients and you become more stressed…
In this case, it is important in stressful situations to stick to healthy eating. Have an emergency plan for emergency situations and stick to it. If you are stressed, ask yourself "What do I need to eat to give my body enough nutrients for me to relax?"
Most people find it hard to deal with change. Even planned changes like moving to a new job or moving to a new house create a sense of pressure, mainly because of the fear of the unknown. If you think about it, the unknown is there all the time, in every second of our life and in order to survive it, we need to stick to controlling what we can. I can control what I do during the move, I can control my actions and behaviors and I can choose a house to suit my needs.
Unplanned changes, like accidents, death, illness or crisis create stress ever more, because of the sudden loss of certainty.
The only thing constant in life is change
– François de la Rochefoucauld
It is important to understand that we are changing all the time and that change and growth go hand in hand. Preparing well to planned changes will help you deal with unplanned changes. In a strange way, you can also be certain that unplanned changes will occur and when they do, your certainty can increase.
No money
Most of the people in the world live a lifestyle that is hard to maintain. Although education is perceived to be free in many countries, children actually cost their parents lots of money. In many places around the world, people do not have enough money for food (have you seen the movie "Slumdog Millionaire"?). If you ask people about the causes of stress (called "stressors"), you will find that lack of money is at the top of the list, causing them many sleepless nights.
Stress regarding money increases during crisis, so the best way to avoid it is to manage your money wisely. Live within your means and always put some extra money for a rainy day.
No time
Lack of time is a growing source of stress in our society. Most people work many hours, long days and do not have time to do all the things they want or have to do. Others are just "time wasters" and are not efficient in their time management. Yet, we all have 24 hours a day and we can manage our time, rather than letting our time manage us. Here are some symptoms of time wasters:
- Being disorganized
- Not knowing how to say "no"
- Planning to do too much for the time allocated
- Not taking time to rejuvenate
- Watching too much TV (this includes YouTube, idle Net surfing and playing video games)
- Inability to delegate properly
- Procrastinating
- Not having good systems
- Having too much clutter and a messy home/desk/shed/office
- Avoiding helpful technology
- Being easily distracted and allowing interruptions
The way to solve the time management issue is to build your time management skills and understand that the difference between being stressed and relaxed is the way you manage your time. Develop techniques and ways to handle your time when you are relaxed. It will help you greatly when you are not.
Many people feel pressured regarding their relationships with their boss, partners, friends, parents, in laws, kids, employees, clients, etc. Most of the time, the pressure builds when there is a verbal or non-verbal expectation to behave differently.
The solution to pressure from others is confidence! Personal development is a way of building confidence. You learn about yourself, your desires, your mind and your attitude and you learn to design your life to your advantage.
Inability to switch off
Many people, when feeling stressed, are unable to switch off from working, thinking, taking care of others or any other thing that occupies all of their being. Many times, this can cause insomnia and inability to relax. It is like riding in an ambulance with the siren on all the time. Remember, even an ambulance needs to stop to refuel and recharge. This inability to switch off does not allow people to enjoy coming home from a full day at work or enjoy a holiday they have worked hard to pay for.
Find out how many hours of sleep you need and stick to them. During stressful times, sleep even more, because stress is exhausting. Do not bring work home (if you have to, do it only after your kids are in bed). On holidays, turn your mobile phone (and every other beeping and vibrating device your own) off and avoid checking your emails. During a work day, stop every hour for a stretch, go to the toilet, talk to someone and drink some water. This will help you recharge and function better.
Just like the urgency in making decisions in an ambulance, some people find it hard to make decisions. Deciding what house to buy and what dinner to cook can create the same feeling of stress sometimes. In a way, not making a decision is a decision in itself and people fall into the trap of waiting for divine intervention or circumstances that to make the choice for them, but this only increases their insecurity and makes it harder for them to make new decisions.
The way to handle this challenge is to remember that we are not fortune tellers and at any given time, we do the best we can. Also, we are rarely faced with life or death situations. Spaghetti or rice? Who cares? Bring it on!
Lack of significance
Some people are so insecure they depend on others to feel appreciated and happy. The need for others to fill their significance tank creates lots of stress, disappointment and later anger. Those people usually feel unheard, unappreciated and spend a lot of effort pleasing others to gain some acknowledgment, but this is a vicious cycle, because it increases the feeling of dependency and requires more appreciation from others later on.
The way to handle such stress is to learn self appreciation, self love and develop self confidence. There is always something good you can find in yourself – your smile, your manners, your sense of humor, some achievement at work, a good intention, a kind deed. Seek and ye shall find.
Use of drugs
Use of drugs comes with some physical comfort, followed by some form of panic when the drug wears off. The dependency creates lots of pressure, the need for money creates pressure and sometimes the need to hide the use creates a lot of pressure.
The only solution for this is not to use drugs!
Too much alcohol
Alcohol may be legal, but it is still a kind of drug. In the US alone, about 14 million people have been diagnosed with disorders associated with alcohol (not the occasional social drink or wine with dinner, real heavy stuff). Again, the dependency, the money required and the social shame are huge stressors. By the way, alcohol stress is a matter of life and death, because more than 100,000 deaths each year in the US are caused by excessive alcohol.
The solution is not to drink!
Narrow mindedness
Narrow minded people cannot see options in difficult situations. They feel disappointed and frustrated with many conflicts and crises in their life, but do not see any way out of them. This inability to see options and solutions creates lots of stress and a feeling of helplessness.
The way to overcome this problem is to look at situations from different points of view – big picture, more detailed, future perspective or "What would I do if this were a similar situation in a different setting?" Ask yourself "What are my options?", "What is the worst thing that can happen if I do <each option>?" and "In two years, what will I think about this situation?"
Negativity can cause a lot of stress. Negative people see a black future, they find faults in many things, they lack hope and motivation and this drains them of their energy. Being a negative person is like living in an ambulance while only hearing constant pain and expecting that the next patient will die and the next one and the next one … every time, all the time. Negative people forget that the ambulance is all about saving lives.
To change from a negative to a positive mindset requires the ability to see good, do good and respond in a good way to things. Focusing on a positive outcome, visualizing a good future and having positive affirmations can greatly reduce stress. The funny thing is that good exists everywhere and it only takes a decision to start seeing it.
Difficulty to self express
One of the biggest stress-causing challenges is people's difficulty to express their feelings and their thoughts. When people bottle up, this creates pressure that may one day blow up, more often than not out of proportion.
The solution is always to find someone to talk to. It can be a friend you trust or a professional. Alternatively, you can find a creative way to express yourself. Art provides wonderful ways of self expression. It is a good idea to have such an outlet long before the tension becomes too heavy to bear. In stressful situations, find a way to rearrange your thoughts and sort out your emotions.
Everyone, without any exceptions, experiences stress in life. Being unpredictable and exciting, life contains many stressors. Instead of letting stress control you, take the responsibility of opening the door and getting out of your ambulance. There is a beautiful, safe world out there.
Happy relaxed life,