text:
Suppose I have a finitely presented group (or a family of finitely presented groups with some integer parameters), and I'd like to know if the group is finite. What methods exist to find this out? I know that there isn't a general algorithm to determine this, but I'm interested in what plans of attack do exist.
One method that I've used with limited success is trying to identify quotients of the group I start with, hoping to find one that is known to be infinite. Sometimes, though, your finitely presented group doesn't have many normal subgroups; in that case, when you add a relation to get a quotient, you may collapse the group down to something finite.
In fact, there are two big questions here:
- How do we recognize large finite simple groups? (By "large" I mean that the Todd-Coxeter algorithm takes unreasonably long on this group.) What about large groups that are the extension of finite simple groups by a small number of factors?
- How do we recognize infinite groups? In particular, how do we recognize infinite simple groups?
(For those who are interested, the groups I am interested in are the symmetry groups of abstract polytopes; these groups are certain nice quotients of string Coxeter groups or their rotation subgroups.)


text:
1. Purpose and General Information
This Legal Notice regulates access to and use of the website www.arquitectes.cat (hereinafter the Website), which the Architects' Association of Catalonia (hereinafter the COAC) provides for its users (hereinafter the User/s) in its capacity as the owner and manager of the Website. The details of the COAC are as follows:
Name: Col·legi d'Arquitectes de Catalunya (Architects' Association of Catalonia)
Tax ID No: Q0875010A
Address: Plaça Nova 5, 08002 Barcelona
Email: email@example.com
Registration details: Registered in the Register of Professional Associations of the Government of Catalonia with number: ARQ/C-20.
This Legal Notice governs access to and use of the Website. Nevertheless, the use of other spaces or services contained in this Website may be subject to other conditions of use. In this case, Users are also required to abide by the corresponding conditions of which they will be duly informed.
COAC reserves the right to add to, alter or replace this Legal Notice at any time, as well as any other general or specific conditions that may apply, it being understood that the act of publishing any such changes on the Website shall be regarded as due notification. We therefore ask Users to read these conditions carefully every time they log on to the Portal and to refrain from using the Website if they do not agree with any of the conditions established therein.
2. Users' Rights and Obligations
Access to the Website is the sole responsibility of the User/s and entails reading and accepting any legal notices or terms and conditions of use in force at any time; Users are therefore asked to read this Legal Notice thoroughly every time they log on to the Website. The use of any of the services offered on the site automatically confers the status of User and shall be regarded as the express, voluntary and unreserved acceptance of this Legal Notice.
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The COAC may withdraw or suspend access to the Website to any User who breaches any of the obligations described in this Legal Notice. Any User who deliberately breaches any of the preceding obligations shall be held responsible for all the damages that may be caused to the COAC as a result of this action.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Asian Red Lacquer Console Table
Origin: China
Asian Red Lacquer Console Table
Beautiful Chinese red lacquer elm console table. Table features a distressed smooth finish, three drawers with brass pulls and black lacquer and gold leaf design. The drawers picture crabs, lobster and peonies. The crab signifies prosperity, success and status in Chinese symbolism because the Chinese word referring to its shell (first, or jia) is a pun on the term used for the highest score that can be reached on the Chinese Imperial Examinations. The peony, "the king of the flowers" is a symbol of royalty and virtue. It is called the "flower of welath and honour" and is widely used to symbolise wealth and honour.
Bottom shelf of the piece has open lattice wood work in black.
82.5 cm (height) x 82.5 cm (w) x 49.5 cm (d)
Please look carefully at the photographs as they form part of the description.
Note: keys to drawer no longer available
We are quietly confident that you will be delighted with and love your purchase from HARTA, but if you find it unsuitable in any way please do get in touch with us.
To make a return please follow the below returns procedure:
If you have a change of heart and would like to return your item(s):
- Please contact us within 7 days of receiving your order and we will send you a Returns Form. You then have a further 14 days to return the goods. Provided the items are returned in their original condition and sent back in suitable packaging, we will give you a refund for the cost of the item.
- Please enclose your Invoice and the Returns Form explaining your reason for returning the item so that we can process it quickly for you.
- Please ensure that returns are packed and labelled carefully so that they are not lost or damaged in transit.
- We will not be able to provide a refund for any goods that appear to have been used, or that have been damaged in transit so please ensure you pack the item.
- It is possible to return furniture & heavy goods after you have accepted delivery, but the original delivery charge will be deducted from your refund.
- We strongly recommend using a courier with recorder delivery. Please always retain proof of posting when returning goods. Please note: unfortunately, we cannot be held liable for any items that we do not receive or are lost or damaged in transit when they are returned.
- We can organise collection but all costs incurred through shipping are non-refundable and the customer bears all return shipping costs.
We do our absolute best to research and identify items correctly and do our best to point out and identify any issues with pieces. Please bear in mind that most of the pieces we offer are vintage and antique and will sometimes have some minor wear and character. Please examine the photographs closely as these are part of the description and feel free to email us with questions, comments or request further photographs and we will do our best to answer.
We also do our best to ensure that our products are packed well to survive the journey, but if damage or breakage does occur we kindly ask that:
- You contact us within 24 hours via phone +44 (0)7899662767 or e-mail email@example.com quoting your order number and providing a description of the damage preferably including a photograph of the damage.
- After assessing the damage and if the item is faulty we would then ask you to return the item to us. Please enclose your Invoice and Returns form, explaining your reason for returning the item so that we can process it quickly for you.
- Please always retain proof of posting when returning goods. Please note: unfortunately, we cannot be held liable for any items that we do not receive or are lost or damaged in transit when they are returned.
- As most of our products are individual we may not always be able to replace the item. In this case we will offer a full refund (including the original delivery charge).
- We strive to process returns in 5 working days from receipt.
- It is important to contact us for a UK returns form or international return instructions. We may not reimburse return postage if customers have not previously contacted us.
All items on our online shop are in stock in our storage premises in Oxfordshire.
Parcel Type Delivery Time Cost Small (<2 kg) 2-5 working days £4.95 Small (2-5 kg) 2-5 working days £6.95 Medium (5-10 kg) 2-5 working days £8.95 Medium (10-15 kg) 2-5 working days £15.00 Large (15-20 kg) Up to 15 working days £40 Furniture, Heavy & Fragile items
(weight, size & destination
dependant)Up to 15 working days £80 NON-MAINLAND UK DELIVERIES
- Deliveries to the Highlands & Islands of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Isles of Scilly, Isle of Wight, The Channel Islands, Europe and Worldwide will be charged at the Mainland UK rate plus a surcharge.
- We endeavour to provide the best option for delivery to these locations and surcharges vary depending on the size and weight of the product. Please complete your purchase, selecting "Delivery to Mainland UK". When we receive your order, we will contact you and arrange a separate payment for the delivery surcharge. If you would like to know what the surcharge will be prior to placing your order, please do get in touch on 07899662767.
- Delivery for small/medium items can take up to 10 working days.
- Unfortunately, we are at this time unable to ship furniture, large, heavy and fragile items outside UK Mainland.
- Please note that if your order is being shipped outside the European Union (EU), custom charges and taxes may apply and are the customer's responsibility. Please check these requirements with the relevant authority before placing an order.
All goods must be signed for at the time of delivery. When signing for receipt of your order, please state whether the parcel has been checked. Courier companies presume that signed for goods have been checked – should damage be found after signing then compensation cannot be claimed. Any damage to the packaging must be noted at the time of delivery.
If there is any damage to the contents, please notify HARTA within 24 hours of delivery.
To avoid delivery charges, pieces may be collected from our storage premises. Please contact us for an appointment.
- Please check prior to arranging delivery that both access to the building and designated room will allow access for the furniture. Check ceiling heights of passages, corners, doorways and staircases as well as width and depth.
- It is the customer's responsibility to measure correctly, including all access, prior to purchase. The customer is responsible for any item which does not fit into the property, or room, for which it is intended.
- If you require delivery to to any floor, other than ground level, this should be requested prior to delivery. Please notify us of the location and number of any lifts or staircases (internal or external) which will be involved in the delivery process.


text:
Understanding language by machines
1st VU-Spinoza workshop
October 17th 2014
12:30 – 18:00 hours
Atrium, room D-146, VU Medical Faculty (1st floor, D-wing)
Van der Boechorststraat 7
1081 BT Amsterdam
Can machines understand language? According to John Searle, this is fundamentally impossible. He used the Chinese Room thought-experiment to demonstrate that computers follow instructions to manipulate symbols without understanding of these symbols. William van Orman Quine even questioned the understanding of language by humans, since symbols are only grounded through approximation by cultural situational convention. Between these extreme points of views, we are nevertheless communicating every day as part of our social behavior (within Heidegger's hermeneutic circle), while more and more computers and even robots take part in communication and social interactions.
The goal of the Spinoza project "Understanding of language by machines" (ULM) is to scratch the surface of this dilemma by developing computer models that can assign deeper meaning to language that approximates human understanding and to use these models to automatically read and understand text. We are building a Reference Machine: a machine that can map natural language to the extra- linguistic world as we perceive it and represent it in our brain.
This is the first in a series of workshops that we will organize in the Spinoza project to discuss and work on these issues. It marks the kick-off of 4 projects that started in 2014, each studying different aspects of understanding and modeling this through novel computer programs. Every 6-months, we will organize a workshop or event that will bring together different research lines to this central theme and on a shared data sets.
We investigate ambiguity, variation and vagueness of language; the relation between language, perception and the brain; the role of the world view of the writer of a text and the role of the world view and background knowledge of the reader of a text.
12:30 – 13:00 Welcome
13:15 – 13:45 Understanding language by machines: Piek Vossen
13:45 – 14:15 Borders of ambiguity: Marten Postma and Ruben Izquierdo Bevia
14:15 – 14:45 Word, concept, perception and brain: Emiel van Miltenburg and Alessandro Lopopolo
14:45 – 15:15 Coffee break
15:15 – 15:45 Stories and world views as a key to understanding: Tommaso Caselli and Roser Morante
15:45 – 16:15 A quantum model of text understanding: Minh Ngọc Lê and Filip Ilievski
16:15 – 17:00 Discussion on building a shared demonstrator: a reference machine
17:00 – 18:00 Drinks
Admission is free.
Please RSVP via Eventbrite before October 03, 2014.
Atrium, room D-146, VU Medical Faculty (1st floor, D-wing)
Van der Boechorststraat 7
1081 BT Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Parking info N.B. Campus parking is temporarily unavailable.
Have questions about Understanding language by machines – 1st VU-Spinoza workshop? Email contact.


text:
You are here
Jeremy Rifkin
Moni Ovadia
Gianni Tamino
Perché firmare Stop vivisection?
Stop Vivisection, sign now!
Stop vivisection, firma anche tu!
Stop vivisection, contro la vivisezione, per il progresso
Fulco Pratesi
Mario Tozzi
Steve Cutts
The Magic Collective. Animal testing: some facts
The Magic Collective. Vivisezione: alcuni fatti
Animaux de laboratoire
Animaux de laboratoire from GAIA TV on Vimeo.
Extra videos:
Why curing cancer is so hard, Azra Raza (TEDxNewYork)
Andre Menache, director of Antidote europe and promoter of Stop Vivisection Initiative, on "Good science vs Bad science"
Thomas Hartung and Costanza Rovida on alternative methods, Italian Senate, March 5, 2014 (in Italian)
Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, USA. Ted Talk "We need better drugs - now"
Geraldine Hamilton, bio researcher, senior staff scientist at Wyss Institute, Boston USA. Ted Talk "Body parts on a chip", June 2013
Huffington Post Live: "Eliminate Animal Testing In the Name of Science". Hosted by Jacob Soboroff. Guests: John Pippin (PCRM), Kathleen Conlee (Humane Society), Aysha Akhtar (FDA), July 13, 2013
Thomas Hartung on "Nanomaterials, toxicology for the 21st Century" and the development of alternatives to animal testing. Swiss Nano Convention. June 23, 2011
Lawrence A. Hansen on "Ethics and Efficacy of Experimentation on Animals". Madison University. February 17, 2011
Marcel Leist on "Scientific research without animals to ensure the protection of human health" (Italian subtitles). Italian Parliament. February 22, 2014
Ray Greek on "Animals, Science, & Research". University of Toronto. September 19, 2011
Andre Menache. Expérimentation animale: que répondre?
Tall of Toxics - Improving Chemical Safety Without Animals


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Essex Cluster Fly Control provide a professional pest control service eradicating cluster flies from residential property in Lower Nazeing and surrounding areas.
We use the latest pesticides and pest control technologies, ensuring your cluster fly problem is eradicated professionally and all work is guaranteed.
We are a long established family run pest control business, possessing a wealth of knowledge and experience. For your security and peace of mind, we hold RSPH pest control accreditation and staff are DBS security checked, ensuring you're in safe professional hands at all times.
With the arrival of autumn and colder weather, cluster fly colonies migrate in their thousands, moving away from surrounding agricultural land in search of much needed warmth. Your property provides that warmth and first internal sightings are usually between mid to late October and first week of November.
Cluster flies target rural and semi-rural properties and will usually colonise south and east elevations. Internal warmth and UV light attracts cluster flies down from cold dark loft spaces, targeting upper floors and will typically loiter around windows. The endless use of fly spray and daily hoovering of carpets and window sills is the classic hallmark of the beginning of an ongoing cluster fly problem.
For Lower Nazeing Cluster Fly bookings and enquiries call 0800 612 7708 or contact us online.


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F903B-58TK - Round Thermostat with 3-Way Diverter & Off Position Trim Kit
What's Good About It
- User-friendly design makes it simple for...
Product Description
What's Good About It
- User-friendly design makes it simple for anyone to operate
- Intuitive thermostat control for adjusting temperature seamlessly
- Easy to use diverter control for switching between outlets while controlling volume of water
Time-tested, durable finishes
Finishes Available
- Chrome (electroplated finish)
- Brushed Nickel (PVD finish)
- Matte Black (powder coat finish)
- Satin Brass (PVD finish)
- Polished Nickel (electroplated finish)
Construction Material
- Solid Brass
Valve Requirements
- To be used with F943-VO shower valve. Must be ordered separately. The trim kit cannot be installed without the shower valve.
- If installed in California, the shower set should be used with F973NSVO shower valve (non-shared). Must be ordered separately. The trim kit cannot be installed without the shower valve.
You may also like
Find an Artos
dealer near you
Find a Dealer
"From faucets to shower components to towel warmers they offer wonderful designs and solid fixtures."
Michelle Fee
Designer"I am so impressed with the level of customer service you have provided, that Artos has provided. It is so unusual these days to have a call answered by a live, knowledgeable person that can so efficiently and accurately provide information about a product. "
Cal Trimpey
I really do appreciate the superior customer service you guys provide to me and my customers. You all go above and beyond the call and for this I will always be a loyal customer!! I am pushing a lot of my builders and plumbers into using more of your products.
jessica R. Showroom
ConsultantYour fixtures made designing a breeze as they create a beautiful and powerful design effortlessly. Can't wait to use your fixtures in upcoming projects!


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I often get songs stuck in my head, but I've noticed a curious thing: I'm especially proned to getting songs with a harmony stuck in my head. It's a puzzle and my brain won't stoup until it's teased apart the primary melody and harmony. Literally it just keeps playing over and over, even as I type this.
This is the song stuck in my head right now. It's a great rendition of Michael Jackson's beat it. I especially love the Xylophone -- it's partially syncopated (plays, sometimes, on the off beat). The harmony starts at 1:14. Warning: it's addictive -- your brain, too, may not stop until it's figured out the harmony!


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1-2 business days
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Your information is always safe with me and will never be disclosed or sold.
May 19, 2020
Lisa Corbett
There was a problem calculating your shipping. Please try again.
Please Enter a Valid Zip or Postal Code


text:
Vacation Weekender Tote (White)
Elevate your weekend getaways with our stylish waterproof weekender tote. Designed for durability & comfort. It's your perfect companion for every adventure, blending bold style with functionality effortlessly.
• Water-proof
• Nylon/Polyester
• Adjustable PU leather strap
• Gold zipper
• One size 20" × 12'' × 9
Estimated shipping time varies by location.
• Processing times 3–7 days
• US orders 3-4 business days
• We ship worldwide
• Our products ship directly from our suppliers in USA by Fedex, USPS, DHL.
See our full shipping policy.
We want you to be 100% satisfied with your purchase, please reach out to us here within 30 days of delivery for a refund. See our full return policy.


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Previous version GO Launcher 2.42 apk for Android will help you to downgrade or install older app easily. This is one of the best Personalization apps.
This app comes with supports for a lot of widgets as well as themes. It also offers the screen transition which is sophisticated. By using this app, people will be able to enjoy app management which is much easier compared to the default launcher. Many other customizations for user interface can be found from this app. People should learn further about the pros and cons of this app for making sure that this app can be the perfect option for them to install on their Android device.
It must be great that this app comes with customization options which can accommodate their creativity. People surely can make experiment for getting the best user interface which can be suitable with their personal taste. The performance of this app is very solid because it run very smoothly even on device with older type. Various kinds of features are loaded in this app including App Manager and GO Market. People can download GO Launcher for free but there are some features which should be unlocked with certain cost to pay. The free version will be filled with vexing ads after all. People should adapt for a while for being familiar with this app.
Features of GO Launcher APK 2.42- APPs management: Hide & Lock APPs to protect phone security;
- Store: Theme store & APP center brings you fashion & fun;
- Transition Effect: XX effects available, magic every slide!
GO Launcher Dev Team
Varies with device


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Purchasing Costs
It is important when you decide to buy a home that you have a full understanding of the costs associated with your purchase. People often assume the only cost of buying a home in our real estate market is the price of the home, and that is it.
There are a lot of additional costs that you must be prepared for when buying a home, and it is important that you are fully aware of them. You will need to have some additional money set aside to cover these costs unless you have already made arrangements with your bank to cover these costs and absorb them into your mortgage.
Your largest initial expense will be your deposit. As a first time buyer (or even a repeat buyer) this should generally be approximately 5% of the purchase price; however, it will be up to the seller to determine how much they want in order to feel confident that you won't walk away from the deal without your deposit if you need to. You should also be prepared to pay:
- Legal fees and disbursements
- When buying a new home (newly built / never lived in) you are sometimes responsible for GST and/or PST if applicable
- Property or land transfer tax
- Adjustments (payable to the vendor, such as taxes)
- Interest
- Property Taxes
- Utility Payments
- If in a Condominium type of ownership, condo or strata fees
- Home inspection fees or any other ancillary service fees requested by you as the buyer (furnace inspection, appraisal fee, water quality/quantity tests for acreages)
- Mortgage broker's fees (if applicable)
- Mortgage loan insurance premium (if less than 25% down) plus application fee
- Moving expenses
- Renovations, repairs, paint, carpeting, and window coverings
- Furniture
- Property/Condominium Insurance
Additionally, once you have purchased your home you will incur regular expenses on a monthly, quarterly, or yearly basis such as:
- Mortgage payments (you can do these weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly)
- Water/sewer payments
- Electricity and gas services
- Cable/telephone/internet services
- Property taxes
- Strata or Condo fees
- Repair/Maintenance expenses
- Homeowners insurance
Don't let this list of additional expenses worry you about buying a new home. All of these costs are part of purchasing a home and are well worth it. If you are interested in buying real estate, be sure to contact me. When working with you, I will sit down and go over a detailed list of expenses you will incur when buying a home. There are different expenses depending on the type of home you purchase. I can also put you in contact with many different vendors throughout the city that will be able to provide you competitive pricing on many of the associated costs. Be sure to contact me if you are looking to buy in the local real estate market.
Sample annual expenses when owning a $500,000.00, single family residence.
Property Taxes: Conservatively budget 1% of value of house
Hydro: $100.00/month
Gas: $2500.00
Water: $500.00
++ Monthly mortgage payments
Annual house & fire insurance $600/year
Monthly condo maintenance fees if applicable.


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This script logs into your JIRA and creates OmniFocus tasks for each of the JIRA items that are assigned to you, so they sync to your Omnifocus for iPhone, you only have to keep track of one inbox, etc. It only takes a tiny bit of setup.
Setting up
To set this up, do the following:
- Download the script and put it somewhere it will run
- Install the required gems (appscript, crypt, password) with gem install.
- Go to JIRA and create a saved filter with whatever settings you like. Note the filter ID.
- Go to the top of the jiratoomnifocus file and set it on the JIRA_FILTER_ID constant, and set the JIRA_BASE_URL to the URL of your JIRA installation.
- If you like to keep your system very secure, take a look at the security warning, below, at this time
- Run it. You will be asked to login the first time. After it's done, note the new tasks on your Omnifocus. Delete a task and run it again to see it add it again without asking you for authentication.
You're set up! Now you can put it on a cron line, like this one which sets it to run at office hours (use cron -e on Terminal for this):
0,10,20,30,40,50 7-18 * * * /yourdir/jiratoomnifocus > /yourdir//log/jira_to_omnifocus.log 2>&1
Congratulations! You now have only one inbox again. Let me know if you use it; I'd love to know of more ideas on how we can make it better/easier to setup.
Security Warning
The password for your JIRA account will be saved on a file on your computer called ~/.hackerdude/jira_credentials.yml. It is encrypted using blowfish using a constant key.
As long as both your jiratoomnifocus script and your credentials file are secured as (chmod 700 and owned by the user that will be running it on cron), you should be okay and secure (unless someone breaks into your account, in which case you have bigger problems than your JIRA access!). The crypt key used is a constant on the jiratoomnifocus script. Change the CRYPT_KEY key for any other random string of the same length and delete the jira_credentials.yml file (so it asks for your password again) and it will be recreated using your key the next time you start it.


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The reality I have to face now is that I don't have time to update my blogs anymore due to recently undertaking long term study commitments outside of work, leaving me little free time to play with my Amiga systems beyond my beta testing duties.
I wanted readers to know that it is this lack of time, rather than enthusiasm, that is the reason for that.
I want to be up front so you know why I am stopping rather than just leaving people hanging and everyone wrongly assuming I gave up on it. Something had to give.
Thanks so much for following this blog for the past 5 years.
I am happy to see over half a million readers have now read this blog since it began, which is wonderful! This blog should act as a hopefully useful hints and tips archived website for some time to come. :-)
I hope the entries and photos up to now have been interesting, and I hope that you continue to enjoy your Amigas, Classic or Next Gen as I still do. I have no plans to get rid of or sell my Amigas - I couldn't imagine doing such a thing!
I have stopped all my other blogs for the time being too.
For now I will continue to help manage and attend the Adelaide Retro Computing Group meetings with my Amiga systems, as long as it doesn't interfere with my studies. Indeed I was there as usual last friday. So if you are in Adelaide for an upcoming meeting be sure to say hi and chat with me about all things Amiga!
I am still posting Amiga and Retro computing stuff from time to time amongst my other interests like trains, Adelaide and travel that I was blogging about, now via my Instagram account. Look up instagram.com/epsilon2012 if you are interested in following - I am still learning Instagram but it is surprisingly fun and takes less time than blogging and I can simultaneously share my posts to my Facebook, twitter accounts and stream live too (and have already a few times) so I am using it as a replacement of sorts in the interim.
When my time is freed up again I expect I will return again to add more blog posts here and I'll announce that via Facebook and Amiga websites at that time! In the meantime, enjoy your Amigas!
Note that I have turned off comments for now as I don't have time to moderate them.


text:
Backyard Friends Medallion Stained Glass Window | 18 inches
The Backyard Friends Medallion stained glass will make a stunning addition to any home or office. It is 18 x 18 inches. ... Read more
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The Backyard Friends Medallion stained glass window will make a stunning addition to any decor. Natural variations in art glass make this item a unique, handcrafted treasure for the home or office. Photographs are a general representation of the product. Colors and designs may vary. Features include:
- Dimensions: 18 inches wide x 18 inches high
- Pieces of Glass: 352
- Colors: seafoam, beige, gray, black, amber, purple/blue granite, and root beer granite art glass
- Design: A Meyda Tiffany original design.
- Artisan Crafted: Every piece of glass is individually hand-cut and set by Meyda artisans using the copperfoil technique made famous by Louis Comfort Tiffany.
- Hardware: Solid brass frame. Solid brass mounting bracket and chain included.
We love stained glass window panels! Hang them anywhere you need privacy. Enhance an internal gallery wall. Mask the harsh lighting of a western view. Add drama or ambient lighting with glorious color. These versatile works of art are portable and easily transform any room in the home.
Gift Giving: If you plan to gift this item, the packaging may indicate what is inside.
- WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Stained Glass Windows
Stained glass products typically arrive with excess oil on the glass. Simply wipe it off with a soft cloth. Oil is used in the finishing process. It gives the glass a scratch-resistant shine and helps protect it on long-distance journeys.
Cleaning Stained Glass: Consult a professional conservator when cleaning older stained glass or leadlights. Light surface dusting is all that is needed for new stained glass or jadestone. For more thorough cleaning:
- Make sure the item is on a stable surface. We recommended vacuuming with a soft brush attachment first.
- Apply liquid lemon or orange oil furniture polish to a soft cloth and wipe gently. Metal can also be treated in the same manner.
- Use a non-abrasive cleaner for greasy buildup and dirt that accumulates near cooking areas. Apply it to the cloth and spot test it first. Cotton swabs are handy for tight corners. Do not use ammonia or vinegar-based cleansers. Never apply cleaners directly to the glass. Never use cleansers on painted glass, old or new.
- After cleaning, re-apply oil-based furniture polish.
Installation: Stained glass window panels can be hung in front of any window or light source using the provided mounting brackets and chains. More ambitious homeowners may prefer permanent installation. Windows can be installed as sidelights, transoms, room dividers, cabinet doors, skylights, or in any new or existing window opening. It requires removal of any permanently attached hardware used to hang the panel. Stained glass windows are not energy efficient. Insulated window panes must also be used on exterior walls. High moisture areas, like bathrooms, require an additional layer of protection. Do-it-yourself or have a professional install it for you.
About Meyda Lighting
Stained Glass was originally a hobby for Meyer Cohen. That hobby became Meyda Lighting, which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2014. Now chaired by Robert Cohen, son of Meyer and Ida (Meyda), their comprehensive suite of products includes lighting fixtures, table and floor lamps, stained glass windows, fireplace screens, and other home accents. Notably:
- Meyda acquired Quality Bent Glass Company. QBG created original lighting fixtures, including the famous Coca-Cola® chandeliers, and supplied them to Tiffany Studios in New York City in the early 1900s. Meyda still uses QBG's original tools, molds, and techniques to create nostalgic lighting products today.
- Meyda also acquired Mecco Art, a metal art studio. Their manufacturing techniques and equipment are used today to create spectacular custom-crafted lighting and home décor products.
- Meyda developed strong cooperative relationships with several artisanal stained glass studios overseas. Those partnerships help provide a sustainable living for their communities and allowed Meyda to expand their product line to a broader market.
Product Guarantee: Meyda Lighting is committed to outstanding quality and styling. Metalwork and electrical components have a one (1) year warranty from receipt of merchandise. Additional information available upon request.
This item ships UPS Ground from New York. Orders typically ship within 3-5 business days. Business days do not include public holidays or weekends. Delivery depends on destination. Street address required. We will provide a tracking number immediately upon shipment.
The estimated number of business days until delivery includes order processing and time in transit. Item availability is assumed. Estimates are not a guarantee of delivery within a specific timeframe. If your package is oversized and/or requires truck delivery, the delivery time may be extended. During the holiday shopping season, processing and delivery times may also increase.
We are always happy to be of service. However, we are not able to ship this item outside the 48 contiguous United States. If you chose to use a freight forwarder, please view our shipping policies before placing your order. If you have any questions, let us know.
We offer a 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. We value your business and want you to be happy with your purchase. If you wish to return an item for any reason, drop us a note so we can help. We do not accept returns without prior approval. See our return policy page for complete details. For this item:
- All claims of damage or missing items during shipment must be made within 14 working days of receipt of merchandise. Truck line deliveries must be inspected at time of delivery and any damage must be notated on receiving documents signed at time of delivery.
- Items may be exchanged for store merchandise of the same or greater value for an additional shipping charge.
- All returns must be in original boxing and postmarked within 30 days of receipt.
- Merchandise returned for reasons other than damage is subject to a 10% re-stocking fee.


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In light of Sandy Hook, School Safety Issues addressed by Cupertino Union School District
I recently attended a meeting to discuss school emergency preparedness. This topic has been on the top of parents' minds since the tragic massacre of school kids at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, Connecticut.
Here's some of what I learned in this meeting.
In an emergency situation, the authorities need to account for every child. Parents would need to go throught he appropriate channels to retrieve their child from the emergency. Parents cannot just come and take their child without letting the proper people know because then the authorities will wonder what happened to your child and will divert resources to go look for your child.
One of the middle schools in the Cupertino Union School District is designated as the central location for students in case of an emergency. That middle school is stocked with ample food, water, electrtical generators, etc. The authorities expect that in an emergency, most parents would take a break from their work to retrieve their child within 2-4 hours. However, if some parents continue to work during the emergency, they will be able to pick up their child from this designated middle school gathering point.
There are 25 schools that would feed kids to that designated middle school in the event of an emergency.
One of the officials at the meeting was instrumental at getting a $250,000 grant from Congressman Honda after a visit to Washington DC. Using that money, he subcontracted with a security company that devised a comprehensive $82,000 plan for school safety.
That official is a personal friend of Carla Holdsclaw, the person who trademarked the terms "code red" and "code blue". Other schools, who don't have permission from Ms. Holdsclaw will have to use the terms "Full lockdown" and "Shutdown in place" instead.
The biggest topic of this meeting was the discussion about whether a fence around the campus would be effective in preventing a Sandy Hook disaster. The cost of installing a fence for the 15 schools that don't have a fence would be in the millions of dollars. Some of the people questioned whether a fence would be effective in holding out a determined potential assailant. Another issue was in the event of a fire on campus, would a fence hold kids trapped inside with the flames, as was the case with the Brazilian tragedy where over 200 people perished.
One of the officers brought up the idea of having more parent volunteers patrolling campus. He also urged parents to talk their kids about safety.
The overall topic of safety in our schools will continue to be a hot topic for a while.


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If your child loses a tooth early, for whatever reason, they may need a space maintainer. It is important to understand the benefits of a space maintainer and how they can help to support your child's oral health.
What is a space maintainer?
A space maintainer is an oral appliance custom-made by orthodontists or dentists made of metal or acrylic. Similar to a retainer, a space maintainer helps to keep the surrounding teeth from moving and preserves the space for the permanent tooth to grow and develop properly. Not all children who lose their baby teeth early will require a space maintainer, but it is recommended that you seek a professional opinion to determine if treatment is needed.
Why are they important to my child's oral health?
A space maintainer is important because they help to keep your child's teeth in the right positions. When you lose a tooth, the surrounding teeth may shift towards the empty space. If this happens before your child's permanent tooth erupts, it can cause issues with your child's oral development and may lead to future orthodontic treatment.
Space maintainers can be removable (similar to retainers) or they can be fixed and cemented to your child's mouth. There are four kinds of fixed space maintainers:
Unilateral – Unilateral space maintainers are often used to maintain the space of a single tooth. One side is wrapped around the tooth to secure it from shifting and the other side has a metal loop to maintain the necessary space.
Crown and loop – The crown and loop space maintainers are similar to unilateral ones, except the metal loop is affixed onto a crown to ensure there is enough space for new teeth.
Distal shoe – A distal shoe space maintainer is made of metal and often used for slow-growing molars. This maintainer is more complex and often inserted into the gum line to hold the space.
Lingual – Lingual space maintainers are often used when multiple teeth are missing, especially in the front of the mouth. This device is fixed to both sides of the mouth and attached to the molars.
Your child may experience some discomfort during the beginning of the treatment period as it may take a while for your child to adjust to the space maintainer. Once inserted, your dentist will explain how to care for your space maintainer as well as foods you should avoid. Similar to other orthodontic appliances, sticky, chewy goods can loosen or become stuck on your space maintainer and should be avoided.
It is important that children maintain good oral hygiene practices even with a space maintainer. Regular check-ups will be scheduled to monitor the progress of treatment, but your child should also continue to visit the dentist every six months for professional cleanings and routine examinations of their oral health.
For more information on space maintainers or schedule an appointment, please contact Wees & Low Orthodontics today.


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Brand New
Forward-thinking companies are starting to figure out ways to convert their logos to tools of engagement
A little less than a year ago, Gap got caught with its pants down. After 20 years, the company had decided it was time to roll out a new logo. So, with next to no fanfare, it replaced on its website the familiar white letters on navy blue background with a fresh look. A Gap exec described the new logo as "current and contemporary."
Sadly, a lot of people didn't agree. In fact, it was as if Gap had announced that anyone who had worn Gap jeans—ever–would be audited. The offended gathered their modern-day version of torches and pitchforks—tweets and status updates—and expressed digital outrage.
Gap backpedaled furiously. First, it asked people to send their own design ideas. But a few days later it dropped the crowd-sourcing notion, derided, particularly by professional designers, as cheesy and cheap. Today, Gap has the same logo it did 20…uh, 21 years ago.
I bring up this story because it gets to the heart of the dilemma facing every company with a marketing budget. We've vaulted into a world where simply pitching products is bad form; now it's all about building relationships with a "community.' It almost doesn't matter how Gap's new logo looked. Its bigger sin was that it had surprised its fans. It had agreed to a date, then showed up with a shaved head.
At the same time, there's the trend of logos becoming the bludgeon of choice for groups wanting to hammer those they see as corporate evildoers. Greenpeace, for instance, has become a master of this kind of beatdown by Photoshop. Witness some of the 2,000 versions of BP's logo that sprouted from Greenpeace's call to action after the oil well explosion in the Gulf last year.
So what does this have to do with innovation? Actually, plenty. Forward-thinking companies are starting to figure out ways to convert their logos from iconic symbols to tools of engagement. Why be satisfied with having people look at your logo when you can get them to use it? (You may have noticed that we changed this blog's logo after people pointed out that the gears in the original version wouldn't have turned. It wasn't meant to be interactive, but the new one should be able to function in some virtual machine.)
Look at what Google's doing. (I know, this is a second time I've mentioned the Google gang in the short life of this blog, but they get the innovation thing.) They started by playing with their logo, allowing it to be as fluid as the world in which it lived. Like some typographic shapeshifter, Google's Doodles began morphing to celebrate holidays, famous birthdays, notable anniversaries. Then it turned interactive, enticing us to play Pac Man or steer Jules Verne's submarine or strum Les Paul's guitar when all we wanted to do was look up a restaurant address. People used that guitar doodle to record their own versions of Lady Gaga songs, Beatles songs, Beethoven songs. All on a logo.
Not that we should expect the Walmart logo to turn into an accordion any time soon. What we're more likely to see from major brands is the sort of thing Toyota is rolling out with some of its 2012 models. It's a special logo called a ToyoTag and it works like this: You take a picture of the logo with your mobile phone and send it to a short code. Or if you have an iPhone or Android model, you can use a reader app. Either way you're sent info about the new models, sales promotions, videos or anything else that will help you feel the ToyoTag is more a friend than half the ones you have on Facebook.
And when it comes to logos on business cards, no one can top the MIT Media Lab. It's created an algorithmic logo that can generate 40,000 different shapes in 12 different color combinations. Which means that for the next 25 years every Media Labber will have his or her own version of that very liquid logo.
What if you could make logos totally honest? To see how that might play out, look at this slide show from Swedish design artist Viktor Hertz.


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Helvetica tofu YOLO, viral vegan pop-up cliche gentrify single-origin coffee. You probably haven't heard of them kogi Godard seitan leggings tousled, readymade health goth actually taxidermy whatever. Jean shorts drinking vinegar Brooklyn, vegan salvia scenester direct trade chillwave locavore seitan occupy yr. Craft beer butcher beard Bushwick Tonx distillery fingerstache normcore taxidermy. Pop-up tofu kitsch, vinyl Portland organic YOLO Tumblr viral slow-carb. Roof party letterpress cronut literally ennui mixtape. Plaid fanny pack Banksy, narwhal sustainable McSweeney's ennui VHS farm-to-table trust fund church-key four loko fashion axe.
Letterpress kitsch vinyl ethical pork belly, bespoke selvage butcher. Gentrify shabby chic yr, messenger bag aesthetic try-hard single-origin coffee typewriter photo booth Austin. Synth taxidermy tofu post-ironic semiotics, authentic farm-to-table Odd Future. Sriracha sustainable lomo beard, Carles cornhole chambray. Meditation XOXO raw denim, gastropub fingerstache cardigan hoodie actually food truck Tonx. 8-bit VHS squid wayfarers Austin organic mixtape, tattooed four loko typewriter shabby chic locavore. Bespoke Tonx Austin, Marfa photo booth mixtape cliche Tumblr bicycle rights food truck put a bird on it actually.
Beard chillwave Brooklyn, distillery freegan wolf fap craft beer. Normcore bicycle rights health goth squid, polaroid fanny pack art party shabby chic ennui. Kogi Williamsburg gluten-free narwhal sartorial vegan. Synth mixtape master cleanse heirloom. Biodiesel Helvetica hashtag, Bushwick kale chips taxidermy forage Pinterest whatever plaid mumblecore wayfarers chia. Disrupt fashion axe Vice, master cleanse literally direct trade vegan Portland forage biodiesel next level Intelligentsia ugh. Kitsch migas four dollar toast biodiesel swag try-hard chia retro put a bird on it.


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Good Luck! Your Future Is Glowing Good Luck Card
Good luck! Your future is glowing.
Licensed from The National Portrait Gallery, London, the Champagne range of cards are beautifully dramatic photographs taken by theatrical photographer Besanno in the early 20th century. These stylish portraits of renowned actors and performers of the day, have been brought into the 21st century with a touch of colour and modern wit.
Folding greeting card 12cm x 17cm. Blank inside printed in the UK on recycled card. Comes with an envelope and wrapped in biodegradable plastic.
Item code: | CH1227 |


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2022 Catalog: General Courses
To view other courses in this category, use the "Previous" and "Next" buttons. To select this course and request approval, please login. Need more help reading this page?
DE0115: IHS Monthly Dental Leadership Webinar [Recorded Webinar]: Oral Health Literacy
This presentation covers the 10 attributes of a health literate health care organization and kicks off the IHS Division of Oral Health oral health literacy campaign.
Upon completion of this webinar, participants will be able to:
1. Describe the impact of health literacy on oral and general health;
2. Define oral health literacy; and
3. List at least five attributes of a health literate organization.
David Schindler — For follow-up questions, please contact the speaker at firstname.lastname@example.com.
It is the policy of the Indian Health Service, Division of Oral Health, that faculty/planners disclose any financial or other relationships with commercial companies whose products may be discussed in the educational activity. The Indian Health Service, Division of Oral Health, also requires that faculty disclose any unlabeled or investigative use of pharmaceutical products and medical devices. Images that have been falsified or manipulated to misrepresent treatment outcomes are prohibited.
None of the faculty/planners for this activity has a conflict of interest, and there is no use of unlabeled or investigative pharmaceutical products or medical devices. No images have been falsified or manipulated to misrepresent treatment outcomes.The educational objectives, content, and selection of educational methods and instructors are conducted independent of any commercial entity.
The IHS Division of Oral Health is an accredited sponsor of continuing education under the American Dental Association Continuing Education Recognition Program (CERP). ADA CERP is a service of the American Dental Association to assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education. ADA CERP does not approve or endorse individual courses or instructors, nor does it imply acceptance of credit hours by boards of dentistry. Concerns or complaints about a CE provider may be directed to the IHS at IHS CDE Coordinator or to the Commission for Continuing Education Provider Recognition at CCEPR.ada.org
This presentation is open to all dental staff.
Tuition must be paid in full 8 weeks prior to the start date of any course. Request for refunds must be received in writing at least two weeks before the course begins. For each refund request, there will be an administrative charge of $100. No refunds will be made to registrants who fail to attend a course. If IHS CDE program cancels a course, then 100% of the tuition will be refunded.


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Mon: | 9:00am - 6:00pm |
Tue: | 9:00am - 6:00pm |
Wed: | 9:00am - 6:00pm |
Thu: | 9:00am - 6:00pm |
Fri: | 9:00am - 6:00pm |
Sat: | 10:00am - 3:00pm |
Sun: | Closed |
Used Cars in Grand Forks, Bismark and Fargo
Auto Finance Super Center is a pre-owned auto dealership in Grand Forks ND with additional location in Bismarck, Dayton, and Fargo. We carry a great selection of Grand Forks used cars for sale, as well as Bismarck used trucks, vans and SUVs. If you are in need of Dayton auto financing then give Auto Finance Super Center a call today. Let our Fargo in-house auto financing staff help you select a quality used vehicle that fits your style and fits your budget. As a buy here pay here dealer we will work with you to attain financing with low down payment or low monthly payments. When the big banks say 'no', we say 'YES!'. Don't put your next new automobile on layaway. Fill out an online credit application and drive away in your new used auto today. Auto Finance Super Center has 3 locations to serve you.
Grand Forks: 2251 32nd Avenue S, Grand Forks, ND 58201
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Fargo: 3910 2nd Avenue S, Fargo, ND 58103
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Why Are Babies Born Early?
Most babies are born healthy at or near their due date. Sometimes, though, babies are born early and might have health problems.
Why Are Some Babies Born Early?
Babies born before 37 weeks are premature. A premature birth is more likely to happen when a mother has a health problem — like diabetes — or does harmful things during her pregnancy, like smoke or drink. If she lives with a lot of stress, that also can make her baby be born too early.
Many things can cause a baby to be born early or with health problems. Some of these things can be controlled, but others can't.
Here's what you can do to have a healthy pregnancy.
How Can I Stay Healthy During Pregnancy?
During pregnancy, help your baby grow strong and healthy. Be sure to:
- Start prenatal care as soon as you think you're pregnant. Prenatal care is the health care that you get during pregnancy. All pregnant women should see a health care professional as soon as they think they're pregnant, and should plan regular prenatal visits throughout pregnancy.
- Get health problems treated. It's best to have any health problems (like diabetes, depression, or high blood pressure) under control before becoming pregnant. But if you don't, talk to your doctor right away about a treatment plan.
- Eat a healthy diet. It's important to eat a variety of healthy foods before and during pregnancy. Take a prenatal vitamin to be sure you're getting enough folic acid, iron, and other important nutrients.
- Gain the right amount of weight. How much weight you should gain depends on how much you weighed before you were pregnant. Most women who are at a healthy weight should gain about 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. Overweight women should probably gain less.
- Don't smoke, drink alcohol, or take illegal drugs. Staying away from tobacco, alcohol, and drugs can help you and your baby avoid many serious health problems, like fetal alcohol syndrome and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). If you do any of these things, get help to quit.
- Wait at least 12 months between pregnancies. Increasing the time between pregnancies may lower the chances of preterm birth, especially if you had a premature baby before.
Things You Can't Control During Pregnancy
Some things that may increase the chances of a premature birth are out of your control. This doesn't mean that your baby will be born sick or too early. Remember, most babies are born healthy.
Here are some things you can't control during pregnancy:
- Your age. Mothers who are 17 or younger or 35 or older are more likely to have a premature baby. Teen moms are more likely to get high blood pressure during pregnancy and less likely to get the health care they need. Older women are more likely to have health problems before they get pregnant.
- The number of babies (multiples). The chances of having a premature baby go up if the mother is pregnant with twins, triplets, or more. More than half of all twins are born early.
- Your health. Moms with problems like diabetes, depression, or high blood pressure may need to see their health care professional more often to keep these conditions under control.
- Problems with an earlier pregnancy. A woman who has had a previous early delivery, or a baby born with health problems or a birth defect, is more likely to have problems in future pregnancies too.
- Other factors. It's not clear why, but black women are more likely to have premature babies than white and Hispanic women.
If you're pregnant or are planning to be, talk with your health care professional. Women who get regular prenatal care are more likely to have a healthier pregnancy and baby.


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Thanks to efforts by the Biden administration and AFSCME, many public service workers, including AFSCME members, have seen their student loans forgiven under the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program.
AFSCME-backed legislation unveiled today would further improve and expand the program.
PSLF was created in 2007 with the promise to provide federal student loan forgiveness to borrowers who worked in public service for 10 years and made qualifying monthly payments. Yet eligible borrowers encountered many obstacles when applying to the program, with the vast majority of applicants being wrongly denied forgiveness.
However, last year, the Biden administration issued a temporary waiver that expanded the program's eligibility, allowing more than 236,000 workers – including AFSCME members – to receive loan forgiveness. This waiver expired on Oct. 31.
As part of a continuing effort to relieve working families of the burdens of student debt, two congressional lawmakers introduced the Public Service Reward Act today. The bill would expand and improve the PSLF to benefit even more public service workers and solve many of the issues that applicants have faced since the program began accepting and reviewing applications. House Majority Whip James Clyburn of South Carolina and Rep. Brendan Boyle of Pennsylvania introduced the proposal.
Among other things, the Public Service Reward Act would:
- Provide partial debt forgiveness for every 12 qualifying payments an eligible borrower makes;
- Provide partial to full debt cancellation for borrowers who worked in public service between the enactment of PSLF and this bill, should it become law;
- Allow borrowers to consolidate their loans without resetting the count of qualifying payments;
- Allow borrowers who were denied to reapply under the updated eligibility provisions;
- Streamline the application process; and more.
AFSCME President Lee Saunders said the bill would "improve recruitment and retention [of public service workers] at a time when so many public service jobs are still vacant."
"Public service workers dedicate their lives and make great sacrifices to keep our communities strong," Saunders also said. "But too many are forced to take on overwhelming debt just to get the skills required to do these essential jobs that we all depend on. … Debt relief is critical to helping more working families enjoy greater economic security."
Although the temporary PSLF waiver has expired, eligible borrowers can apply to PSLF under the program's normal requirements. Learn more about PSLF on AFSCME's website.


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Use VoiceThread from any computer and web browser.
Use VoiceThread on the iPad, iPhone, or iPod touch.
Integrate VoiceThread seamlessly with your LMS.
Invite participation and collaboration from anyone, anytime, anywhere.
Track and monitor your organization's use of VoiceThread.
Custom Homepage
Create your own VT portal or showcase.
Digital Library
Browse a curated library of VoiceThreads created by educators and students.
Join us in learning everything from the basics to advanced pedagogical applications of VoiceThread for all subjects and levels.
VoiceThread is committed to keeping your data secure.
VoiceThread is a cloud application, so there is no software to install. The only system requirement is an up-to-date version of Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox. VoiceThread will run in your web browser and on almost any internet connection.
Keep a VoiceThread private, share it with specific people, or open it up to the entire world. Learn more about sharing VoiceThreads.
With VoiceThread Mobile, all of your content is available on your iOS or Android mobile device. Whether you're working from the mobile app or from your web browser, experience the simplicity and flexibility you expect from VoiceThread.
Download the app and sign into your account to:
Seamlessly integrating VoiceThread into your Learning Management System (LMS) is the key to user happiness. VoiceThread works well within a broad range of systems, but the most powerful option is the standard developed by the IMS Global Learning Consortium called Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI). LTI allows VoiceThread to integrate into most major Learning Management Systems, including but not limited to Blackboard, Sakai, Canvas, Desire2Learn, BrainHoney and Moodle.
Reporting and Analytics provides the who, what, when, where, and how much, with customizable charts and graphs.
Get details about anything from total minutes VoiceThread has been used to the number of text comments made. Statistics can be gathered from any time interval during the year.
Generate easy-to-read charts and graphs to better evaluate VoiceThread data. Download the graphs for any report to your computer instantly.
On Demand
The Reporting and Analytics tools are available 24 hours a day. All totals, daily averages and detailed reports are up-to-date every day.
The custom homepage provides a dedicated, customizable website for license holders to create a frontpage for their VoiceThread work.
Upload images or logos, showcase VoiceThreads, and include customized messaging on the page.
VoiceThreads showcased here can be viewed right on the page. Visitors can even sign into their accounts and comment on the featured VoiceThreads right from the page.
While it is a public page, the custom homepage can only be edited by VoiceThread Administrators.
VoiceThread employs world-class, highly secure data centers that utilize state-of-the-art electronic surveillance and multi-factor access control systems. The data centers employ environmental systems designed to minimize the impact of disruptions to operations.
In addition, VoiceThread utilizes Amazon Web Services. The AWS cloud infrastructure that powers the platform has been designed and managed in alignment with standard regulations and best practices.
Workshops join instructional designer and expert VoiceThreader George Haines to explore all aspects of VoiceThread. We cover basic VoiceThread features, lesson planning, strategic and specialized applications of VoiceThread, and even how you can make your courses more accessible to all learners. These workshops are completely free, and anyone is welcome to attend!
Workshops are scheduled almost every week throughout the year. Check the Workshops page for all upcoming sessions and to watch archives of past sessions.
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Romanow
Request for Comments:
Cisco Systems
Category: Informational S. Botzko
ISSN: 2070-1721 Polycom
M. Barnes
MLB@Realtime Communications, LLC
June 2014
Requirements for Telepresence Multistreams
This memo discusses the requirements for specifications that enable
telepresence interoperability by describing behaviors and protocols
for Controlling Multiple Streams for Telepresence (CLUE). In
addition, the problem statement and related definitions are also
covered herein.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see
Section 2 of RFC 5741
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
Romanow, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Telepresence systems greatly improve collaboration. In a
telepresence conference (as used herein), the goal is to create an
environment that gives the users a feeling of (co-located) presence
-- the feeling that a local user is in the same room with other local
users and remote parties. Currently, systems from different vendors
often do not interoperate because they do the same tasks differently,
as discussed in the Problem Statement section below (see
Section 4
The approach taken in this memo is to set requirements for a future
specification(s) that, when fulfilled by an implementation of the
specification(s), provide for interoperability between IETF protocol-
based telepresence systems. It is anticipated that a solution for
the requirements set out in this memo likely involves the exchange of
adequate information about participating sites; this information that
is currently not standardized by the IETF.
The purpose of this document is to describe the requirements for a
specification that enables interworking between different SIP-based
] telepresence systems, by exchanging and negotiating
appropriate information. In the context of the requirements in this
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
document and related solution documents, this includes both point-to-
point SIP sessions as well as SIP-based conferences as described in
the SIP conferencing framework [
] and the SIP-based conference
control [
] specifications. Non-IETF protocol-based systems,
such as those based on ITU-T Rec. H.323 [ITU.H323], are out of scope.
These requirements are for the specification, they are not
requirements on the telepresence systems implementing the solution/
protocol that will be specified.
Today, telepresence systems of different vendors can follow radically
different architectural approaches while offering a similar user
experience. CLUE will not dictate telepresence architectural and
implementation choices; however, it will describe a protocol
architecture for CLUE and how it relates to other protocols. CLUE
enables interoperability between telepresence systems by exchanging
information about the systems' characteristics. Systems can use this
information to control their behavior to allow for interoperability
between those systems.
A telepresence session requires at least one sending and one
receiving endpoint. Multiparty telepresence sessions include more
than 2 endpoints and centralized infrastructure such as Multipoint
Control Units (MCUs) or equivalent. CLUE specifies the syntax,
semantics, and control flow of information to enable the best
possible user experience at those endpoints.
Sending endpoints, or MCUs, are not mandated to use any of the CLUE
specifications that describe their capabilities, attributes, or
behavior. Similarly, it is not envisioned that endpoints or MCUs
will ever have to take information received into account. However,
by making available as much information as possible, and by taking
into account as much information as has been received or exchanged,
MCUs and endpoints are expected to select operation modes that enable
the best possible user experience under their constraints.
The document structure is as follows: definitions are set out,
followed by a description of the problem of telepresence
interoperability that led to this work. Then the requirements for a
specification addressing the current shortcomings are enumerated and
The key words "
", "
", "
", "
", "
", "
", "
", "
", and "
" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
The following terms are used throughout this document and serve as a
reference for other documents.
Audio Mixing: refers to the accumulation of scaled audio signals
to produce a single audio stream. See "RTP Topologies" [
Conference: used as defined in "A Framework for Conferencing
within the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)" [
Endpoint: The logical point of final termination through
receiving, decoding and rendering, and/or initiation through
capturing, encoding, and sending of media streams. An endpoint
consists of one or more physical devices that source and sink
media streams, and exactly one participant [
] (which, in
turn, includes exactly one SIP user agent). In contrast to an
endpoint, an MCU may also send and receive media streams, but it
is not the initiator or the final terminator in the sense that
media is captured or rendered. Endpoints can be anything from
multiscreen/multicamera rooms to handheld devices.
Endpoint Characteristics: include placement of capture and
rendering devices, capture/render angle, resolution of cameras and
screens, spatial location, and mixing parameters of microphones.
Endpoint characteristics are not specific to individual media
streams sent by the endpoint.
Layout: How rendered media streams are spatially arranged with
respect to each other on a telepresence endpoint with a single
screen and a single loudspeaker, and how rendered media streams
are arranged with respect to each other on a telepresence endpoint
with multiple screens or loudspeakers. Note that audio as well as
video are encompassed by the term layout -- in other words,
included is the placement of audio streams on loudspeakers as well
as video streams on video screens.
Local: Sender and/or receiver physically co-located ("local") in
the context of the discussion.
MCU: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) - a device that connects two or
more endpoints together into one single multimedia conference
]. An MCU may include a mixer [
Media: Any data that, after suitable encoding, can be conveyed
over RTP, including audio, video, or timed text.
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
Model: a set of assumptions a telepresence system of a given
vendor adheres to and expects the remote telepresence system(s) to
also adhere to.
Remote: Sender and/or receiver on the other side of the
communication channel (depending on context); i.e., not local. A
remote can be an endpoint or an MCU.
Render: the process of generating a representation from a media,
such as displayed motion video or sound emitted from loudspeakers.
Telepresence: an environment that gives non-co-located users or
user groups a feeling of (co-located) presence -- the feeling that
a local user is in the same room with other local users and the
remote parties. The inclusion of Remote parties is achieved
through multimedia communication including at least audio and
video signals of high fidelity.
Problem Statement
In order to create a "being there" experience characteristic of
telepresence, media inputs need to be transported, received, and
coordinated between participating systems. Different telepresence
systems take diverse approaches in crafting a solution, or they
implement similar solutions quite differently.
They use disparate techniques, and they describe, control and
negotiate media in dissimilar fashions. Such diversity creates an
interoperability problem. The same issues are solved in different
ways by different systems, so that they are not directly
interoperable. This makes interworking difficult at best and
sometimes impossible.
Worse, even if those extensions are based on common standards such as
SIP, many telepresence systems use proprietary protocol extensions to
solve telepresence-related problems.
Some degree of interworking between systems from different vendors is
possible through transcoding and translation. This requires
additional devices, which are expensive, are often not entirely
automatic, and sometimes introduce unwelcome side effects, such as
additional delay or degraded performance. Specialized knowledge is
currently required to operate a telepresence conference with
endpoints from different vendors, for example to configure
transcoding and translating devices. Often such conferences do not
start as planned or are interrupted by difficulties that arise.
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
The general problem that needs to be solved can be described as
follows. Today, each endpoint renders the audio and video captures
it receives according to an implicitly assumed model that stipulates
how to produce a realistic depiction of the remote location. If all
endpoints are manufactured by the same vendor, they all share the
same implicit model and render the received captures correctly.
However, if the devices are from different vendors, the models used
for rendering presence can and usually do differ. The result can be
that the telepresence systems actually connect, but the user
experience will suffer, for example one system assumes that the first
video stream is captured from the right camera, whereas the other
assumes the first video stream is captured from the left camera.
If Alice and Bob are at different sites, Alice needs to tell Bob
about the camera and sound equipment arrangement at her site so that
Bob's receiver can create an accurate rendering of her site. Alice
and Bob need to agree on what the salient characteristics are as well
as how to represent and communicate them. Characteristics may
include number, placement, capture/render angle, resolution of
cameras and screens, spatial location, and audio mixing parameters of
The telepresence multistream work seeks to describe the sender
situation in a way that allows the receiver to render it
realistically even though it may have a different rendering model
than the sender.
Although some aspects of these requirements can be met by existing
technology, such as the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [
they are stated here to have a complete record of the requirements
for CLUE. Determining whether a requirement needs new work or not
will be part of the solution development, and is not discussed in
this document. Note that the term "solution" is used in these
requirements to mean the protocol specifications, including
extensions to existing protocols as well as any new protocols,
developed to support the use cases. The solution might introduce
additional functionality that is not mapped directly to these
requirements; e.g., the detailed information carried in the signaling
protocol(s). In cases where the requirements are directly relevant
to specific use cases as described in [
], a reference to the
use case is provided.
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
REQ-1: The solution
support a description of the spatial
arrangement of source video images sent in video streams
that enables a satisfactory reproduction at the receiver of
the original scene. This applies to each site in a point-
to-point or a multipoint meeting and refers to the spatial
ordering within a site, not to the ordering of images
between sites.
This requirement relates to all the use cases described in
REQ-1a: The solution
support a means of allowing the
preservation of the order of images in the captured
scene. For example, if John is to Susan's right in
the image capture, John is also to Susan's right in
the rendered image.
REQ-1b: The solution
support a means of allowing the
preservation of order of images in the scene in two
dimensions - horizontal and vertical.
REQ-1c: The solution
support a means to identify the
relative location, within a scene, of the point of
capture of individual video captures in three
REQ-1d: The solution
support a means to identify the
area of coverage, within a scene, of individual
video captures in three dimensions.
REQ-2: The solution
support a description of the spatial
arrangement of captured source audio sent in audio streams
that enables a satisfactory reproduction at the receiver in
a spatially correct manner. This applies to each site in a
point to point or a multipoint meeting and refers to the
spatial ordering within a site, not the ordering of channels
between sites.
This requirement relates to all the use cases described in
], but is particularly important in the
Heterogeneous Systems use case.
REQ-2a: The solution
support a means of preserving the
spatial order of audio in the captured scene. For
example, if John sounds as if he is on Susan's
right in the captured audio, John voice is also
placed on Susan's right in the rendered image.
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
REQ-2b: The solution
support a means to identify the
number and spatial arrangement of audio channels
including monaural, stereophonic (2.0), and 3.0
(left, center, right) audio channels.
REQ-2c: The solution
support a means to identify the
point of capture of individual audio captures in
three dimensions.
REQ-2d: The solution
support a means to identify the
area of coverage of individual audio captures in
three dimensions.
REQ-3: The solution
enable individual audio streams to be
associated with one or more video image captures, and
individual video image captures to be associated with one or
more audio captures, for the purpose of rendering proper
This requirement relates to all the use cases described in
REQ-4: The solution
enable interoperability between endpoints
that have a different number of similar devices. For
example, an endpoint may have 1 screen, 1 loudspeaker, 1
camera, 1 mic, and another endpoint may have 3 screens, 2
loudspeakers, 3 cameras and 2 microphones. Or, in a
multipoint conference, an endpoint may have 1 screen,
another may have 2 screens, and a third may have 3 screens.
This includes endpoints where the number of devices of a
given type is zero.
This requirement relates to the Point-to-Point Meeting:
Symmetric and Multipoint Meeting use cases described in
REQ-5: The solution
support means of enabling interoperability
between telepresence endpoints where cameras are of
different picture aspect ratios.
REQ-6: The solution
provide scaling information that enables
rendering of a video image at the actual size of the
captured scene.
REQ-7: The solution
support means of enabling interoperability
between telepresence endpoints where displays are of
different resolutions.
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
REQ-8: The solution
support methods for handling different bit
rates in the same conference.
REQ-9: The solution
support means of enabling interoperability
between endpoints that send and receive different numbers of
media streams.
This requirement relates to the Heterogeneous Systems and
Multipoint Meeting use cases.
REQ-10: The solution
ensure that endpoints that support
telepresence extensions can establish a session with a SIP
endpoint that does not support the telepresence extensions.
For example, in the case of a SIP endpoint that supports a
single audio and a single video stream, an endpoint that
supports the telepresence extensions would setup a session
with a single audio and single video stream using existing
SIP and SDP mechanisms.
REQ-11: The solution
support a mechanism for determining
whether or not an endpoint or MCU is capable of telepresence
REQ-12: The solution
support a means to enable more than two
endpoints to participate in a teleconference.
This requirement relates to the Multipoint Meeting use case.
REQ-13: The solution
support both transcoding and switching
approaches for providing multipoint conferences.
REQ-14: The solution
support mechanisms to allow media from one
source endpoint or/and multiple source endpoints to be sent
to a remote endpoint at a particular point in time. Which
media is sent at a point in time may be based on local
REQ-15: The solution
provide mechanisms to support the
* Presentations with different media sources
* Presentations for which the media streams are visible to
all endpoints
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
* Multiple, simultaneous presentation media streams,
including presentation media streams that are spatially
related to each other.
The requirement relates to the Presentation use case.
REQ-16: The specification of any new protocols for the solution
provide extensibility mechanisms.
REQ-17: The solution
support a mechanism for allowing
information about media captures to change during a
REQ-18: The solution
provide a mechanism for the secure
exchange of information about the media captures.
This document has benefited from all the comments on the CLUE mailing
list and a number of discussions. So many people contributed that it
is not possible to list them all. However, the comments provided by
Roberta Presta, Christian Groves and Paul Coverdale during WGLC were
particularly helpful in completing the WG document.
Security Considerations
REQ-18 identifies the need to securely transport the information
about media captures. It is important to note that session setup for
a telepresence session will use SIP for basic session setup and
either SIP or the Centralized Conferencing Manipulation Protocol
] for a multiparty telepresence session. Information
carried in the SIP signaling can be secured by the SIP security
mechanisms as defined in [
]. In the case of conference
control using CCMP, the security model and mechanisms as defined in
the Centralized Conferencing (XCON) Framework [
] and CCMP
] documents would meet the requirement. Any additional
signaling mechanism used to transport the information about media
captures needs to define the mechanisms by which the information is
secure. The details for the mechanisms needs to be defined and
described in the CLUE framework document and related solution
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RFC 7262 CLUE Telepresence Requirements June 2014
Informative References
] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14,
, March 1997.
] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol",
June 2002.
] Rosenberg, J., "A Framework for Conferencing with the
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
, February
] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol",
, July 2006.
] Johnston, A. and O. Levin, "Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) Call Control - Conferencing for User Agents", BCP
, August 2006.
] Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies",
January 2008.
] Barnes, M., Boulton, C., and O. Levin, "A Framework for
Centralized Conferencing",
, June 2008.
] Barnes, M., Boulton, C., Romano, S., and H. Schulzrinne,
"Centralized Conferencing Manipulation Protocol",
, March 2012.
] Romanow, A., Botzko, S., Duckworth, M., and R. Even, "Use
Cases for Telepresence Multistreams",
, April
[ITU.H323] ITU-T, "Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems",
ITU-T Recommendation H.323, December 2009.
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Authors' Addresses
Allyn Romanow
Cisco Systems
San Jose, CA 95134
EMail: email@example.com
Stephen Botzko
Andover, MA 01810
EMail: email@example.com
Mary Barnes
MLB@Realtime Communications, LLC
EMail: email@example.com
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