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Matt Strassler [April 27, 2012]
In my article on energy and mass and related issues, I focused attention on particles — which are ripples in fields — and the equation that Einstein used to relate their energy, momentum and mass. But energy arises in other places, not just through particles. To really understand the universe and how it works, you have to understand that energy can arise in the interaction among different fields, or even in the interaction of a field with itself. All the structure of our world — protons, atoms, molecules, bodies, mountains, planets, stars, galaxies — arises out of this type of energy. In fact, many types of energy that we talk about as though they are really different — chemical energy, nuclear energy, electromagnetic energy — either are a form of or involve in some way this more general concept of interaction energy.
In beginning physics classes this type of energy includes what is called "potential energy". But both because "potential" has a different meaning in English than it does in physics, and because the way the concept is explained in freshman physics classes is so different from the modern viewpoint, I prefer to use a different name here, to pull the notion away from any pre-conceptions or mis-conceptions that you might already hold.
Also, in a previous version of my mass and energy article I called "interaction energy" by a different name, "relationship energy". You'll see why below; but I've decided this is a bad idea and have switched over to the new name.
Preamble: Review of Concepts
In the current viewpoint favored by physicists and validated (i.e. shown to be not false, but not necessarily unique) in many experiments, the world is made from fields.
The most intuitive example of a field is the wind:
- you can measure it everywhere,
- it can be zero or non-zero, and
- it can have waves (which we call sound.)
Most fields can have waves in them, and those waves have the property, because of quantum mechanics, that they cannot be of arbitrarily small height.
- The wave of smallest possible height — of smallest amplitude, and of smallest intensity — is what we call a "quantum", or more commonly, but in a way that invites confusion, a "particle."
A photon is a quantum, or particle, of light (and here the term `light' includes both visible light and other forms); it is the dimmest flash of light, the least intense wave in the electric and magnetic fields that you can create without having no flash at all. You can have two photons, or three, or sixty-two; you cannot have a third of a photon, or two and a half. Your eye is structured to account for this; it absorbs light one photon at a time.
The same is true of electrons, muons, quarks, W particles, the Higgs particle and all the others. They are all quanta of their respective fields.
A quantum, though a ripple in a field, is like a particle in that
- it retains its integrity as it moves through empty space
- it has a definite (though observer-dependent) energy and momentum
- it has a definite (and observer-independent) mass
- it can only be emitted or absorbed as a unit.
[Recall how I define mass according to the convention used by particle physicists; E = mc2 only for a particle at rest, while a particle that is moving has E > mc2, with mass-energy mc2 and motion-energy which is always positive. My particle physics colleagues and I do not subscribe to the point of view that it is useful to view mass as increasing with velocity; we view this definition of mass as archaic. We define mass as velocity-independent — what people used to call "rest mass", we just call "mass". I'll explain why elsewhere, but it is very important to keep this convention in mind while reading the present article.]
The Energy of Interacting Fields
Now, with that preamble, I want to turn to the most subtle form of energy. A particle has energy through its mass and through its motion. And remember that a particle is a ripple in a field — a well-defined wave.
Fields can do many other things, not just ripple. For example, a ripple in one field can cause a non-ripple disturbance in another field with which it interacts. I have sketched this in Figure 1, where in blue you see a particle (i.e. a quantum) in one field, and in green you see the response of a second field.
Suppose now there are two particles — for clarity only, let's make them ripples in two different fields, so I've shown one in blue and one in orange in Figure 2 — and both of those fields interact with the field shown in green. Then the disturbance in the green field can be somewhat more complicated. Again, this is a sketch, not a precise rendition of what is a bit too complicated to show clearly in a picture, but it gives the right idea.
Ok, so what is the energy of this system of two particles — two ripples, one in each of two different fields — and a third field with which both interact?
The ripples are quanta, or particles; they each have mass and motion energy, both of which are positive.
The green field's disturbance has some energy too; it's also positive, though often quite small compared to the energy of the particles in a case like this. That's often called field energy.
But there is additional energy in the relationship between the various fields; where the blue and green fields are both large, there is energy, and where the green and orange fields are both large, there is also energy. And here's the strange part. If you compare Figures 1 and 2, both of them have energy in the region where the blue and green fields are large. But the presence of the ripple in the orange field in the vicinity alters the green field, and therefore changes the energy in the region where the blue field's ripple is sitting, as indicated in Figure 3.
Depending upon the details of how the orange and green fields interact with each other, and how the blue and green fields interact with each other, the change in the energy may be either positive or negative. This change is what I'm going to call interaction energy.
The possibility of negative shifts in the energy of the blue and green field's interaction, due to the presence of the orange ripple (and vice versa) — the possibility that interaction energy can be negative — is the single most important fact that allows for all of the structure in the universe, from atomic nuclei to human bodies to galaxies. And that's what comes next in this story.
The Earth and the Moon
The Earth is obviously not a particle; it is a huge collection of particles, ripples in many different fields. But what I've just said applies to multiple ripples, not just one, and they all interact with gravitational fields. So the argument, in the end, is identical.
Imagine the Earth on its own. Its presence creates a disturbance in the gravitational field (which in Einstein's viewpoint is a distortion of the local space and time, but that detail isn't crucial to what I'm telling you here.) Now put the Moon nearby. The gravitational field is also disturbed by the Moon. And the gravitational field near the Earth changes as a result of the presence of the Moon. The detailed way that gravity interacts with the particles and fields that make up the Earth assures that the effect of the Moon is to produce a negative interaction energy between the gravitational field and the Earth. The reverse is also true.
And this is why the Moon and Earth cannot fly apart, and instead remain trapped, bound together as surely as if they were attached with a giant cord. Because if the Moon were very, very far from the Earth, the interaction energy of the system — of the Earth, the Moon, and the gravitational field — would be zero, instead of negative. But energy is conserved. So to move the Moon far from the Earth compared to where it is right now, positive energy — a whole lot of it — would have to come from somewhere, to allow for the negative interaction energy to become zero. The Moon and Earth have positive motion-energy as they orbit each other, but not enough for them to escape each other.
Short of flinging another planet into the moon, there's no viable way to get that kind of energy, accidentally or on purpose, from anywhere in the vicinity; all of humanity's weapons together wouldn't even come remotely close. So the Moon cannot spontaneously move away from the Earth; it is stuck here, in orbit, unless and until some spectacular calamity jars it loose.
You may know that the most popular theory of how the Earth and Moon formed is through the collision of two planet-sized objects, a larger pre-Earth and a Mars-sized object; this theory explains a lot of otherwise confusing puzzles about the Moon. Certainly there were very high-energy planet-scale collisions in the early solar system as the sun and planets formed over four billion years ago! But such collisions haven't happened for a long, long, long time.
The same logic explains why artificial satellites remain bound to the Earth, why the Earth remains bound to the Sun, and why the Sun remains bound to the Milky Way Galaxy, the city of a trillion stars which we inhabit.
The Hydrogen Atom
And on a much smaller scale, and with more subtle consequences, the electron and proton that make up a hydrogen atom remain bound to each other, unless energy is put in from outside to change it. This time the field that does the main part of the job is the electric field. In the presence of the electron, the interaction energy between the electric field and the proton (and vice versa) is negative. The result is that once you form a hydrogen atom from an electron and a proton (and you wait for a tiny fraction of a second until they settle down to their preferred configuration, know as the "ground state") the amount of energy that you would need to put in to separate them is about 14 electron-volts. (What's an electron-volt? it's a quantity of energy, very very small by human standards, but useful in atomic physics.) We call this the "binding energy" of hydrogen.
We can measure that the binding energy is -14 electron-volts by shining ultraviolet light (photons with energy a bit too large to be detected by your eyes) onto hydrogen atoms, and seeing how energetic the photons need to be in order to break hydrogen apart. We can also calculate it using the equations of quantum mechanics — and the success of this prediction is one of the easiest tests of the modern theory of quantum physics.
But now I want to bring you back to something I said in my mass and energy article, one of Einstein's key insights that he obtained from working out the consequences of his equations. If you have a system of objects, the mass of the system is not the sum of the masses of the objects that it contains. It is not even proportional to the sum of the energies of the particles that it contains. It is the total energy of the system divided by c2, as viewed by an observer who is stationary relative to the system. (For an observer relative to whom the system is moving, the system will have additional motion-energy, which does not contribute to the system's mass.) And that total energy involves
- the mass energies of the particles (ripples in the fields), plus
- the motion-energies of the particles, plus
- other sources of field-energy from non-ripple disturbances, plus
- the interaction energies among the fields.
What do we learn from the fact that the energy required to break apart hydrogen is 14 electron volts? Well, once you've broken the hydrogen atom apart you're basically left with a proton and an electron that are far apart and not moving much. At that point, the energy of the system is
- the mass energies of the particles = electron mass-energy + proton mass-energy = 510, 999 electron-volts + 938,272,013 electron-volts
- the motion-energies of the particles = 0
- other sources of field-energy from non-ripple disturbances = 0
- the interaction energies among the fields = 0
Meanwhile, we know that before we broke it up, the system of a hydrogen atom had energy that was 14 electron volts less than this.
Now the mass-energy of an electron is always 510, 999 electron-volts and the mass-energy of a proton is always 938,272,013 electron-volts, no matter what they are doing, so the mass-energy contribution to the total energy is the same for hydrogen as it is for a widely separated electron and proton. What must be the case is that
- the motion-energies of the particles inside hydrogen
- PLUS other sources of field-energy from non-ripple disturbances (really really small here)
- PLUS the interaction energies among the fields
- MUST EQUAL the binding energy of -14 electron volts.
In fact, if you do the calculation, the way the numbers work out is (approximately)
- the motion-energies of the particles = +14 electron volts
- other sources of field-energy from non-ripple disturbances = really really small
- the interaction energies among the fields = -28 electron volts.
and the sum of these things is -14 electron volts.
It's not an accident that the interaction energy is -2 times the motion energy; roughly, that comes from having a 1/r2 force law for electrical forces. Experts: it follows from the virial theorem.
What is the mass of a hydrogen atom, then? It is
- the electron mass + the proton mass + (binding energy/c2 )
and since the binding energy is negative, thanks to the big negative interaction energy,
- mhydrogen < mproton + melectron
This is among the most important facts in the universe!
Why the hydrogen atom does not decay
I'm now going to say these same words back to you in a slightly different language, the language of a particle physicist.
Hydrogen is a stable composite object made from a proton and an electron, bound together by interacting with the electric field.
Why is it stable?
Any object that is not stable will decay; and a decay is only possible if the sum of the masses of the particles to which the initial object decays is less than the mass of the original object. This follows from the conservation of energy and momentum; for an explanation, click here.
The minimal things to which a hydrogen atom could decay are a proton and an electron. But the mass of the hydrogen atom is smaller (because of that minus 14 electron volts of binding energy) than the mass of the electron plus the mass of the proton, let me restate that really important equation.
- mhydrogen < mproton + melectron
There is nothing else in particle physics to which hydrogen can decay, so we're done: hydrogen cannot decay at all.
[This is true until and unless the proton itself decays, which may in fact be possible but spectacularly rare — so rare that we've never actually detected it happening. We already know it is so rare that not a single proton in your body will decay during your lifetime. So let's set that possibility aside as irrelevant for the moment.]
The same argument applies to all atoms. Atoms are stable because the interaction energy between electrons and an atomic nucleus is negative; the mass of the atom is consequently less than the sum of the masses of its constituents, so therefore the atom cannot simply fall apart into the electrons and nucleus that make it up.
The one caveat: the atom can fall apart in another way if its nucleus can itself decay. And while a proton cannot decay (or perhaps does so, but extraordinarily rarely), this is not true of most nuclei.
And this brings us to the big questions.
- Why is the neutron, which is unstable when on its own, stable inside some atomic nuclei?
- Why are some atomic nuclei stable while others are not?
- Why is the proton stable when it is heavier than the quarks that it contains?
To be continued…


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March 4, 2013 - Christie Administration Announces Town of Hammonton a Semifinalist for One of the Great Main Streets in America
Christie Administration Announces Town of Hammonton a Semifinalist |
TRENTON, N.J. – New Jersey Department of Community Affairs (DCA) Commissioner Richard E. Constable, III today announced that Hammonton in Atlantic County has been selected as one of eight semi-finalists for the Great American Main Street Award® by the National Main Street Center. MainStreet Hammonton, DCA's designated local Main Street New Jersey program, applied for the award and competed against communities throughout the entire United States.
Three of the semi-finalists will be selected as finalists. Formal recognition and award presentation will take place at the National Main Streets Conference, which will be held in April of this year in New Orleans, Louisiana.
"The DCA has provided significant and ongoing technical assistance and training to both the MainStreet Hammonton organization and to business and property owners in its designated Main Street® district over the last 19 years," said DCA Commissioner Constable. "Our Main Street New Jersey program supported MainStreet Hammonton during every step of the application process, and we will continue to assist them into their bright future."
"The private and public stakeholders in Hammonton, and in particular the extremely dedicated leaders and volunteers of MainStreet Hammonton have worked against significant odds to make their small downtown one of the best in America," said Main Street New Jersey State Coordinator Jef Buehler. "MainStreet Hammonton has always taken full advantage of the services Main Street New Jersey offers, and they have leveraged those benefits with their own local investment of talent and funding to create a successful 21st Century downtown."
Each year the National Trust Main Street Center recognizes exceptional Main Street® communities whose successes serve as a model for comprehensive, preservation-based commercial district revitalization.
The 2013 Great American Main Street Award® semi-finalists are:
- Bastrop, Texas
- Beaufort, South Carolina
- Bedford, Pennsylvania
- Bristol, Tennessee
- Charleston East End, West Virginia
- Hammonton, New Jersey
- Harrisonburg, Virginia
- Rochester, Michigan
These award-winning communities demonstrate exemplary achievement in the process of strengthening their downtowns and commercial districts based on the following selection criteria:
- Active involvement of the public and private sectors;
- Broad-based community support for the revitalization effort;
- Quality of achievements over time;
- Innovative solutions to significant problems;
- Commitment to historic preservation;
- Evolving track record of successful commercial district revitalization;
- Comprehensive revitalization effort: activity in all four points of the Main Street Four Point Approach® to commercial district revitalization;
- Economic impact of the revitalization program; and
- Successful small business development.
MainStreet Hammonton, with the collaboration of Main Street New Jersey, has worked to manage and revitalize Hammonton's historic downtown since 1993. For more information on the Main Street New Jersey program, log on to www.mainstreetnewjersey.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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Description: Hand-painted black or red Italian enamel with white stones set into rhodium-plated, nickel allergy-free, 925 sterling silver.
Dimensions: 11mm height
Weight: 10 g


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Seoul, South Korea–(ENEWSPF)–November 10, 2010 – 10:53 A.M. KST
THE PRESIDENT: Hello, Yongsan!
AUDIENCE: Hoaa! (Applause.)
THE PRESIDENT: Oh, it is wonderful to be here. Give another round of applause to Army Specialist Courtney Newby for the great introduction. (Applause.)
A few other people that I want to just make mention of: We are so proud and want to thank our outstanding representatives here in the Republic of Korea — Ambassador Kathleen Stephens and General Skip Sharp. Please give them a big round of applause. (Applause.)
A former colleague of mine in the Illinois state senate who is now a congressman from the great state of Illinois, Peter Roskam, is with us here today. So give him a big round of applause. Where's Peter? Where is he? There he is up there. (Applause.)
And our great friend and ally from the Republic of Korea is here — General Jung is here. Give him a big round of applause — Deputy Commander Combined Forces. (Applause.) A few other people I want to give thanks to: Lieutenant General John Johnson. (Applause.) Command Sergeant Major Robert Winzenried. (Applause.)
We are so proud to have with us U.S. and Republic of Korea vets of the Korean War who are here. And we are greatly honored by their presence. (Hoaa!) (Applause.)
And I want to make special mention of one of them — Congressional Medal of Honor Recipient Hector Cafferata, Jr. Please give him an extraordinary round of applause. (Applause.)
It is an enormous honor to be here at Yongsan Garrison. As President of the United States, I have no greater privilege than serving as Commander-in-Chief of the finest military that the world has ever known. (Hoaa!) And on this Veterans Day, there's no place I'd rather be than right here with U.S. Forces Korea. (Hoaa!)
We've got the 8th Army in the house. (Hoaa!) We've got members of the 7th Air Force. (Hoaa!) We've got U.S. Navy Forces Korea. (Hoaa!) We've got just about every Marine in South Korea here today. (Oorah!) (Laughter.) Happy birthday, Marines, by the way. (Oorah!) And we've got a whole lot of DOD civilians, too. So we are very proud of you. (Applause.)
It's good to see some spouses and family members in the audience. You bear the burden of your loved one's service in ways that are often immeasurable –- an empty chair at the dinner table or another holiday where mom and dad are someplace far away. So I want you to know that this nation recognizes the sacrifices of families, as well. And we are grateful for your service, as well.
Now, on this day, we honor every man and woman who has ever worn the uniform of the United States of America. We salute fallen heroes, and keep in our prayers those who are still in harm's way -– like the men and women serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Hoaa!)
We recall acts of uncommon bravery and selflessness. But we also remember that honoring those who've served is about more than the words we say on Veterans Day or Memorial Day. It's about how we treat our veterans every single day of the year. It's about making sure they have the care they need and the benefits that they've earned when they come home. It's about serving all of you as well as you've served the United States of America.
This has been one of my highest priorities since taking office. It's why I asked for one of the largest increases in the VA budget in the past 30 years. It's why we've dramatically increased funding for veterans' health care. It's why we're improving care for wounded warriors, especially those with Post-Traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury. It's why we're working to eliminate the backlog at the VA and reforming the entire process with electronic claims and medical records. It's why there are fewer homeless veterans on the streets than there were two years ago. (Hoaa!)
That's why there are nearly 400,000 veterans and their families who are going to college because of the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill. (Hoaa!) (Applause.)
So I want all of you to know when you come home your country is going to be there for you. That is the commitment I make to you as Commander-in-Chief. That is the sacred trust between the United States of America and all who defend its ideals.
It's a trust that's been forged in places far from our shores: from the beaches of Europe to the jungles of Vietnam, from the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to the peninsula where we stand today.
Sixty years have come and gone since the communist armies first crossed the 38th Parallel. Within three days, they'd captured Seoul. By the end of the next month, they had driven the Korean army all the way south, to Pusan. And from where things stood in the summer of 1950, it didn't appear that the Republic of Korea would survive much longer.
At the time, many Americans had probably never heard of Korea. It had only been five years since we had finished fighting the last war. But we knew that if we allowed the unprovoked invasion of a free nation, then all free nations would be threatened. And so, for the first time since its creation, the United Nations voted to use armed forces to repel the attack from North Korea.
And so on September 15, 1950, American forces landed at Inchon. The conditions they fought under were some of the worst that Americans had ever experienced. The temperature reached more than 30 below zero in the winter, over 100 degrees in the summer. In many places, Americans and our Korean allies were outgunned and outmanned, sometimes by as much as 20 to 1. At one point, they were hit with 24,000 artillery shells a day. By the end, the fighting had sometimes devolved into trench warfare, waged on hands and knees in the middle of the night.
And yet, our soldiers fought on. Nearly 37,000 Americans would give their lives in Korea — 37,000. But after three years of fighting, our forces finally succeeded in driving the invading armies back over the 38th Parallel. (Hoaa!) One war historian said that while he believed Korea was "the greatest of all trials" for American troops, their performance was "nothing short of miraculous."
Many of the men responsible for this miracle were only teenagers. Others had just finished fighting in the Second World War. Most would go home to raise their families and live out their lives. And sixty-two veterans of the Korean War have returned to be with us here today. (Hoaa!) (Applause.)
Gentlemen, we are honored by your presence. We are grateful for your service. The world is better off because of what you did here. And for those who can, I would ask that, again, you receive the thanks of a grateful nation. If any — actually, they're all standing now so it looks like they're doing great. (Hoaa!) But please give them a big round of applause. (Applause.)
I also want to recognize the Korean soldiers who battled side by side with our own. These men fought bravely and sacrificed greatly for their country, and some of them have joined us here as well. So, thank you, friends. (Applause.) Katchi Kapshida. (Hoaa!) We go together. (Applause.)
The veterans who have traveled here today saw battle at the Inchon landing and the Pusan Perimeter. They survived the bloodshed at Heartbreak Ridge and the ambush at Chosin Reservoir. At one point in that battle, the enemy tossed a grenade into a trench where multiple Marines lay wounded. And that is where Private Hector Cafferata ran into that trench, picked up that grenade and threw it back. It detonated in his hand and severely injured his arm. But because of what he did, Private Cafferata served the lives of his fellow Marines. (Applause.) He received the Medal of Honor for his heroism. He is here today. Again, please give him an incredible — (applause.)
Each of these men served their nation with incredible courage and commitment. They left their homes and their families and risked their lives in what's often been called "the forgotten war." So today, we all want you to know this: We remember. We remember your courage. We remember your sacrifice. And the legacy of your service lives on in a free and prosperous Republic of Korea.
Real change comes slowly. Many people don't live to see the difference they've made in the lives of others. But for the men and women who have served on this peninsula, all you have to do is look around. Whether you're a veteran who landed in 1950 or one of the Yongsan troops today, the security you've provided has made possible one of the great success stories of our time.
There are Koreans who can still remember when this country was little more than rice paddies and villages that would flood during monsoon season. Not two generations later, highways and skyscrapers line the horizon of one of the most prosperous, fastest-growing democracies in all of the world. That progress has transformed the lives of millions of people.
And you should know, one of these people is a man who went from grinding poverty to the presidency of this country. When I visited last year, I had lunch with President Lee, who I'll be seeing later today, and he shared with me his story of what it was like growing up poor as a child in Korea. And he said, "I hope the American people understand how grateful we are for what you've done, because we would not be the strong, prosperous nation we are were it not for the sacrifices made by the men and women of the United States military." That's from the President of this country.
Because the Korean War ended where it began geographically, some ended up using the phrase "Die for a Tie" to describe the sacrifices of those who fought here. But as we look around in this thriving democracy and its grateful, hopeful citizens, one thing is clear: This was no tie. This was victory. (Hoaa!) (Applause.)
This was a victory then, and it is a victory today. And 60 years later, a friendship that was forged in a war has become an alliance that has led to greater security and untold progress — not only in the Republic of Korea, but throughout Asia. That is something that everyone here can be extraordinarily proud of.
Now, it's also a reminder of what still lies on the other side of the 38th Parallel. Today, the Korean Peninsula provides the world's clearest contrast between a society that is open and a society that is closed; between a nation that is dynamic and growing, and a government that would rather starve its people than change. It's a contrast that's so stark you can see it from space, as the brilliant lights of Seoul give way to the utter darkness of the North.
This is not an accident of history. This is a direct result of the path that's been taken by North Korea — a path of confrontation and provocation; one that includes the pursuit of nuclear weapons and the attack on the Cheonan last March.
And in the wake of this aggression, Pyongyang should not be mistaken: The United States will never waver in our commitment to the security of the Republic of Korea. We will not waver. (Huaa!) (Applause.)
The alliance between our two nations has never been stronger, and along with the rest of the world, we've made it clear that the North Korea's pursuit of nuclear weapons will only lead to more isolation and less security for them.
There is another path available to North Korea. If they choose to fulfill their international obligations and commitments to the international community, they will have the chance to offer their people lives of growing opportunity instead of crushing poverty — a future of greater security and greater respect; a future that includes the prosperity and opportunity available to citizens on this end of the Korean Peninsula.
Until that day comes, the world can take comfort in knowing that the men and women of the United States armed forces are standing watch on freedom's frontier. (Hoaa!) In doing so, you carry on the legacy of service and sacrifice that we saw from those who landed here all those years ago. It's a legacy we honor and cherish on this Veterans Day.
At the Korean War Memorial in Washington, there's a plaque right near the inscription that lists the number of Americans who were killed, wounded, missing in action, and held as prisoners of war. And it says: "Our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met."
A country they never knew and a people they never met. I know of no better words to capture the selflessness and generosity of every man or woman who has ever worn the uniform of the United States of America. At a time when it has never been more tempting or accepted to pursue narrow self-interest and personal ambition, all of you here remind us that there are few things that are more fundamentally American than doing what we can to make a difference in the lives of others.
And that's why you'll always be the best that America has to offer the world. And that is why people who never met you, who never knew you, will always be grateful to the friend and ally they found in the United States of America.
So thank you for your service. May God bless you. And may God bless the United States of America. Thank you. (Applause.)
Source: whitehouse.gov


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SBG Names Noreen Parker GM in Tampa, FL
News Release
Contact: Steve Marks, COO
(813) 886-9882
Tampa, FL (January 2, 2013) – Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. (Nasdaq: SBGI) announced that Noreen Parker has been named General Manager of WTTA-TV (MY TV Tampa Bay) in Tampa, Florida. The announcement was made by Steve Marks, Chief Operating Officer of Sinclair's television group.
In making the announcement, Mr. Marks said, "Noreen brings strong, sales leadership skills and television station management experience. We look forward to building on her digital media sales successes and the many relationships she has developed during her years in the Tampa market."
"This is an exciting time to join Sinclair Broadcast Group, and I am thrilled to assume leadership responsibilities for WTTA," commented Noreen Parker. "I look forward to working with the team to build on the solid foundation in place and to broaden the station's level of viewer and customer engagement."
Ms. Parker most recently and since 2009 served as Corporate Director News and Digital Media Sales for Bright House Networks. Prior to that and from 2005, Ms. Parker served as President and Chief Operating Officer of ReacTV Network/7.TV and from 2003 was the owner of Parker Marketing and Communications. During her career, Ms. Parker has served in various station sales and management positions, including as President and General Manager of WTSP-TV in Tampa. Ms. Parker received a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration, Marketing, from Robert Morris University in Pittsburgh and has completed the NAB Executive Development Program at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management and the Center for Creative Leadership Executive Leadership Program.
Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., one of the largest and most diversified television broadcasting companies, owns and operates, programs or provides sales services to 87 television stations in 47 markets. Sinclair's television group is affiliated with all major networks and reaches approximately 27% of all U.S. television households. For more information, please visit Sinclair's website at www.sbgi.net.


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The 22-year-old has rejected claims he was looking to leave the Premier League leaders after struggling for form since his arrival in 2011, insisting his happiness at Old Trafford
Manchester United goalkeeper David De Gea has distanced himself from a move back to Spain following his man-of-the-match display against Real Madrid in the Champions League.
The 22-year-old has received criticism for a lack of consistency since his £18.3 million move in 2011, promoting speculation linking him with a move back to his homeland after a perceived breakdown in the relationship between Spain No.1 Iker Casillas and Los Blancos boss Jose Mourinho.
However, returning to the Spanish capital, the former Atletico Madrid man shined as United left the Bernabeu with a credible 1-1 ahead of the return leg at Old Trafford on March 5.
He told reporters after the game: "I am very happy in Manchester. Every day I am happier."
Danny Welbeck's 20th-minute header was cancelled by his Cristiano Ronaldo's header of his own as the two European giants played out a 1-1 draw on Wednesday night.
Madrid registered 29 attempts on goal throughout the game, with De Gea earning praise for a near-inpenatrable display – emphasised by his scissor-kick goalline clearance to deny Fabio Coentrao in the second half.
However the goalkeeper was keen to highlight the performance of his defence, as the likes of Rio Ferdinand and Jonny Evans shone at centre-back.
He continued: "Stopping to Coentrao? That was just a very quick decision. I was acting on instinct.
"It was a great match. Real Madrid and Manchester United did very well. [Madrid] have a very strong attack, so we needed to be strong in defence.
"Real Madrid will attack at Old Trafford. They know they have to win to advance and we will do our best to stop them."


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The first steps of the Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations (1955-1972)
The year 1955 was remarkable for Finland due to the expansion of its international relations. Finland's membership in the United Nations was approved by the 10th Session of the General Assembly in a package deal affecting several applicant countries. Although Finland was not able to take any real part in the UN's work that year, its observer in the UN, Consul General Artturi Lehtinen, took Finland's seat in the GA after membership approval came through. The session ended six days later, thus ending the Consulate General's observer status, which had included following the sessions at the UN as well as attending meetings with the Secretary-General. As his final project, the Consulate General helped set up the new Permanent Mission of Finland organization.
The implementation of the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as well as the establishment of the Permanent Mission were among Finland's first tasks as a new UN Member State. These in turn necessitated forming a UN division at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Helsinki.
The president of Finland appointed Georg A. Gripenberg as the first Permanent Representative of Finland to the United Nations on January 16, 1956. Transferred to the Mission from his post as ambassador in Stockholm, Sweden, Mr. Gripenberg began his duties in New York on April 17, 1956. As a man of the world he was considered the best candidate to establish contacts and start Mission operations.
In the 1950s, Finland was virtually unknown internationally. The general consensus in the Western world was that Finland was a satellite of the Soviet Union. At the time, a common practice at the UN was to associate a country with its representative, and Gripenberg's aristocratic bearing confirmed Finland's separation from Soviet rule. Mr. Gripenberg, however, was burdened by his advanced age and tendency to shy away from multilateral contacts. As a diplomat he was a loner who strongly believed in his diplomatic right to make decisions relatively independent from the government he represented.
Mr. Gripenberg set up the operations of the Mission with the help of only two other staff members, Björn-Olof Alholm and a loyal assistant, Kerttu Surakka. Before leaving for his post, Mr. Alholm had requested additional help but was told, "Get there first and only start complaining then!" Alholm recalled that during their first meeting Gripenberg had emphasized, "and so, what comes to the business here, I hope that you'll handle the cuisine de la diplomatien." By that he meant that the First Secretary's duties would include a lot more than merely the more practical side of business.
As an old school diplomat, Gripenberg only handled the most essential matters, which were certainly enough to keep him busy. The Mission personnel began to feel their way around, and in the process learned new things every day. The work began quite hectically, as Finland was elected into the Economic and Social Council for a three-year term from 1957 to 1959. In addition, the early part of Mr. Gripenberg's term was characterized by the conflicts in Suez and Hungary. Over the course of the first year the Mission's personnel was increased to six, which still proved inadequate in relation to the amount of work at hand.
During its first year of operation, the Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations was located within the premises of the Consulate General of Finland because renovation of its new offices had not yet been completed. Finally, in the beginning of 1957 the Mission was able to move into its own space, and the number of personnel grew to nine. The Mission staff only benefited from the new premises for a year before they moved again to an office at 200 East 42nd Street, for which a 15-year lease was signed. The ambassador's residence at 29 Hereford Road in Bronxville was leased for five years on August 1, 1959. Its first resident was Ambassador Ralph Enckell who had been posted in New York as the Permanent Representative on January 10, 1959. After living in hotels for six months, he must have been happy to move to a real house.
During Enckell's term from 1959 to 1965, a firm direction was given to Finland's UN policy. Mr. Enckell developed guidelines for the delegates of Finland, which aimed at maintaining the credibility of Finland's policy of neutrality across the board at the UN. During the first years of membership, a visible national profile was shunned. The main goal was to clarify and define Finland's political image. The Finnish delegation often abstained from voting in the GA and avoided taking sides regarding the substance of the decisions. Utmost care was taken regarding issues on which the superpowers disagreed. On economic and social issues, as well as in questions regarding developing countries, Finland was an active member of the Western Group as early as the late 1950s.
Max Jacobson succeeded Mr. Enckell in 1965. As one of his first duties, Mr. Jacobson chaired the Special Political Committee proving in the process that the example set by his careful predecessor could also be maintained in elected positions. He was aided by developments in international politics, which allowed him to take a somewhat firmer position. The worst years of the Cold War were behind and cooperation between the superpowers was increasing. Finland was elected to the Security Council from 1969 to 1970. In response, the Mission, located at 866 United Nations Plaza since June of 1967, was given two additional staff members, Mr. Ilkka Pastinen and Mr. Richard Muller.
1970 marked the 25th anniversary of the UN. The President of the Republic of Finland, Urho Kekkonen, concluded his state visit to the United States with a visit to the UN addressing the 25th Session of the General Assembly on October 23, 1970. He also met with Secretary-General U Thant.
The growth of Finland's influence after 15 years of UN membership was well demonstrated. For instance, in 1970 Finland co-sponsored eleven of the fifteen resolutions adopted by the Security Council. Thanks to such activity, the Finns considered Mr. Jakobson a favorite in the campaign for the office of the Secretary-General.
As the run for the office of Secretary-General ended without the hoped-for results, Ambassador Jakobson moved to Stockholm, having been appointed the ambassador on August 1, 1972. Mr. Aarno Karhilo was appointed his successor in the Permanent Mission of Finland. Minister Counselor Wilhelm Breitenstein who replaced Mr. Jaakko Iloniemi accompanied him.
Writer: Antti Vuojolainen / UM / Tietopalvelu


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Still got green on the brain, thanks to Earth Day? Zoya is showing everyone their green thumb (or nails) with the 2013 Zoya Nail Polish Exchange, which extends beyond just one day of the year. Give your nail polish collection a makeover by trading in your old polish for toxin-free Zoya Nail Polish during the week of April 19th to April 26th (click here for complete rules). All you have to do is go to www.zoya.com, pick your favorite shades and apply the code ZOYAEARTH2013 to your order. Then once you've received your new polish, ship back your old non-Zoya polish and let Zoya take care of the rest. The best part is that each bottle costs only $4 and Zoya will properly dispose of your old polish according to EPA guidelines. Simple and clean; just the way we like it!
In other exciting nail news, now everyone can grow stronger and longer nails with just a manicure once in a while. Dermelect Cosmeceuticals has teamed up with nail expert and founder of top beauty blog FearNoBeauty.com Karie Frost to create ME's Summer 2013 Lacquer Collection. The new Fearless Beauty collection contains four eye-popping shades with names that catch your attention as much as the colors themselves: RENEGADE-a vibrant jade, BUZZ-WORTHY– an electric lemon yellow, FEARLESS-a bold cobalt blue, and MOXIE– a bright pink hue. But creamy, high-voltage colors for the summer aren't all this collection has to offer. As an added bonus, each shade contains vitamins and Dermelect's signature anti-aging, peptide-infused formula that is designed to strengthen weak, brittle nails and help nails resist chipping and splitting with just two coats of this long lasting, high-shine polish. Sounds like magic in a bottle! Each polish retails for $14 each and will be available summer 2013 at www.dermelect.com and at high-end apothecaries, beauty boutiques, salons and doctors offices.


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Justin Bieber has gone nuclear in his war with fans of ex-girlfriend Selena Gomez by deleting his Instagram account.
Bieber posted several pictures of himself with Sofia Richie over the weekend. He responded to negative comments by captioning one photo, "I'm gonna make my Instagram private if you guys don't stop the hate this is getting out of hand, if you guys are really fans you wouldn't be so mean to people that I like."
By Tuesday morning, his Instagram account was gone.
Bieber hasn't commented, but Richie posted on Twitter Monday.
Justin is not shutting out his beliebers. He's thankful everyday for y'all, y'all got him here.. He doesn't forget that.. Period
— Sofia Richie (@sofiairichie) August 15, 2016
Richie is the daughter of singer Lionel Richie and the sister of former reality star Nicole Richie.


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Thanks for being a loyal reader of our Arts Spotlight blog. As we've enhanced our website, we've changed how we display these stories. From now on, to find posts about life at Williston, please click here, bookmark the page, and check back frequently.
Another way to stay up to date on Williston news stories is to follow us on social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram). We also post content to YouTube and Flickr.


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James Nachtwey reveals the stories behind his most striking shots
Reflecting on his successful career, celebrated photographer James Nachtwey discusses the historic moments he caught on camera.
As Professional Week at Visa pour l'Image 2018 concludes, we reflect on the trends and highlights from the 30th edition of the festival of photojournalism in Perpignan, France.
Canon has championed visual storytelling, partnering with Visa for the 29th consecutive year, bringing visitors to the festival exhibitions, workshops, reviews and talks that aim to shape and inspire the photojournalists of tomorrow.
"For 29 years now, Canon has been supporting Visa pour l'Image," said Jean-Francois Leroy, Director of Visa pour l'Image. "I think this is really the best and most important photojournalism festival in the world, and our partnership is getting better and better."
Here are five highlights and trends from Visa pour l'Image 2018.
1. A celebration of women in photography
Women in photography was a key theme at the festival this year, with an exhibition of work by 26 female Canon Ambassadors, titled The Women's Eye, in the Canon Experience Zone. It featured a selection of work by the winner of last year's Canon Female Photojournalist award, Catalina Martin-Chico. Catalina sat alongside the 2018 Canon Female Photojournalist award winner Laura Morton, and Canon Ambassador and 2011 winner Ilvy Njiokiktjien in a panel discussion hosted by Imperial War Museum curator of photography and Canon Ambassador Hilary Roberts. The discussion was titled In Search of Balance: Women in Photojournalism. "More women are studying photography than ever before. But what happens next?" asked Hilary, in what became a rallying discussion about the positive changes happening in the industry.
2. The future of photojournalism
Canon ran workshops, lectures and portfolio reviews for 176 students from across Europe in the Canon Student Programme. "We need to tell nice stories, and it begins with you," says Thomas Borberg, Photo Editor-in-Chief at Politiken, Denmark. He was one of many industry figures inspiring and educating a future generation of photojournalists as part of the programme.
3. Canon Female Photojournalist Award 2018
Laura Morton, a freelance documentary photographer based in San Francisco, USA, was formally announced as the winner of the 2018 Canon Female Photojournalist Award.
The award, which is in its 18th year, provides €8,000 of funding towards a new project, which will be exhibited at the 2019 Visa pour l'Image photojournalism festival. Laura's winning proposal, called University Avenue, is named after the road that acts as a fault line between two very different worlds in her home town. "My goal in documenting the lives of those who live and work along this street is to put a human face on income inequality and to illustrate how one community can be left behind while being surrounded by so much wealth," says Laura.
4. Canon Professional Services (CPS) in action
At Visa pour l'Image, Canon Professional Services worked hard to check and clean on average 60 pieces of Canon equipment a day. But the service isn't just show-specific. Since it was launched 20 years ago, CPS members have relied upon the repair network. To find out more, visit canon-europe.com/pro/canon-professional-services.
5. The future is here
On 5 September, the Canon EOS R was revealed: the full-frame mirrorless system is set to redefine the future frontiers of photography and filmmaking. Visitors to the Canon Experience Zone were given the chance to get hands-on with the EOS R range, which promises greater creative shooting possibilities and more dynamic ways of capturing every moment.
Click here to get inspiring stories and exciting news from Canon Europe Pro


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I had planned to make our little fiesta Mexicano yesterday, but time got away from me. So today I made tacos for our late lunch. The recipe for the meat and the guacamole is from America's Test Kitchen/Cook's Illustrated, and the salsa is a Taco Bell copycat recipe I found online. The dish is displayed on my Mexican-themed quilt, "Dia de los Animales."
¡Muy delicioso!
In other news, I am nearly finished hand piecing my Dear Jane quilt -- just a few border triangles to go! After basting it, my plan is to hand quilt it, but this thing is HUGE, and I hope I don't run out of steam! I figure that it really deserves to be hand quilted because I have pieced the entire quilt by hand, and machine quilting would take away from that work (in my opinion). I have been working on this quilt for years! It is wonderful to see the light at the end of the tunnel.
¡Hasta luego!


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ARLINGTON, Va., Sept. 18, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ — The National Tank Truck Carriers, Inc. (NTTC) announced today that its Safety Committee will develop a new tank truck driver recognition program for board consideration at its next membership meeting. The announcement coincides with National Truck Driver Appreciation Week when America takes time to honor the 3.1 million professional truck drivers that deliver America's freight safely and securely every day.
The program will present the Professional Tank Truck Driver of the Year Award at its annual meeting in April 2013. The award will go to one exemplary tank truck company driver or independent contractor who serves the industry with the most reliable and safe transportation of liquid and dry bulk commodities. The day-to-day role of a professional tank truck driver is one of the most challenging and demanding in all of trucking and the NTTC Board of Directors wants to recognize the best of the best through a new recognition program.
NTTC Chairman Hans Schaupp commented, "I am thrilled that the NTTC is establishing a first-rate program to honor our tank truck drivers particularly during National Truck Driver Appreciation Week. Our industry plays a critical role in the North American economy and we simply could not achieve our admirable service and safety records without the dedication and commitment of our professional driver corps. This new program offers our membership an excellent forum to show our gratitude to the professional men and women in our tractors whose commitment to excellence contributes to the safety and well-being of our fellow co-workers, our customers, and the general public at large."
NTTC Vice-Chairman Dean Kaplan proposed the new program to the membership based on his company's valuable experience with similar programs on the state and national levels. "This kind of program for tank truck drivers is long overdue given the demands of our unique industry. A first-class recognition program strongly complements our safety mission and allows us to honor the true assets of our respective businesses – our professional drivers."
The National Tank Truck Carriers, Inc. has represented the tank truck industry before Congress and various federal agencies for over sixty-five years. The NTTC's mission is to champion safety and success in the tank truck community and the people we serve. NTTC's membership consists of approximately 200 for-hire trucking companies that specialize in bulk transportation services by cargo tank throughout North America. Additionally, the association represents over 300 associate members that include private fleets that operate tank trucks, cargo tank repair facilities, tractor manufacturers, tank trailer manufacturers, and other related tank truck equipment and services.
SOURCE National Tank Truck Carriers, Inc. (NTTC)
PR Newswire (http://s.tt/1nGc2)


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Fly Wrapz Flying Wristband Toy
Digital Camo
Circuit Board
Everyone will think it's just a cool wristband. How surprised they will be when you grasp the end of the silicone-covered bi-stable metal band, which instantly straightens into a flat surface measuring 9"x 2.5", then grip it by one end and let it fly end-over-end like a boomerang, watching it sail 60 feet away! You can further impress them when you grip it another way and give it a heave. Miraculously, it curves around a light pole. Then you skip it on a hard surface and it bounces back up into the air. Go for precision, go for style points, do tricks, play catch. When you're done, slap it back down on your wrist, where it wraps securely, ready for the next time someone compliments you on your cool wristband!
Item #12407
Ages 3 & up
Dimensions: 9" Long, 2.5" Wide


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The westernmost and largest of the five tribes of the celebrated Iroquois Confederacy of central and western New York, being nearly equal in population to all the other four together. This preponderance, however, was due largely to the wholesale incorporation of captives in the early tribal wars, as indicated by the fact that in the ancient council of the confederacy the Seneca were represented by only eight of the fifty chiefs. They called themselves Djionoñdowaneñronoñ, "People of the Great Mountain", approximated by the French as Tsonontouan, from their principal village of that name, probably near the present Naples in Ontario County. The name Seneca, by which they were commonly known to the English, is according to Hewitt, our best authority, a corrupted form of an Algonquian term originally applied to the Oneida, and signifying "[people of] the place of the stone".
The Seneca held the western frontier or "door" of the confederacy, their original territory lying between Seneca Lake and Genesee River, with four principal villages. By conquest and absorption of the Neutrals in 1651 and the Erie in 1656 they acquired possession of the country westward to Niagara River and Lake Erie and correspondingly increased their own strength. In 1656 one of their four towns was made up entirely of captives. More than a century later they had some thirty villages, including several on the upper Allegany. They took a prominent part in all the tribal and colonial wars waged by the confederacy up to the close of the Revolution, taking sides like the other allied tribes almost uniformly for the English, first against the French and later against the Americans. The single exception was in 1763 when they suddenly rose against the English troops newly established in their territory, surprising and destroying two entire detachments. Their country was wasted in 1687 by Denonville and again in 1779 by the American General Sullivan, who destroyed nearly every village, cornfield, and orchard in their country, thus compelling them to peace. As a tribe they did not fly to Canada, as did the Mohawk and Cayuga in the English alliance, but remained in their own country, where they still reside on three reservations, Allegany, Cattaraugus, and Tonawanda, with a total population of 2735. About 220 more are, with others of the Six Nations, on the Grand River in Canada, while another 380 of a mixed band, formerly resident in Ohio and known as "Seneca of Sandusky", are now settled in north-eastern Oklahoma. These last appear to be really the descendants of early captives incorporated by the Seneca. The Seneca proportion among the 4000 or more Catholic Iroquois of the mission colonies of Caughnawaga, St. Regis, and Lake of Two Mountains, in Canada and northern New York, cannot be estimated, but is probably relatively less than that of the other tribes.
The Seneca came later under Catholic influence than the other Iroquois. The first converts of their tribe were instructed by the Jesuit Fathers Ménard and Chaumonot, while on a journey to the Iroquois country in 1654. Two years later, on their own invitation, Father Chaumonot visited their country and was well received, organizing a temporary mission among the numerous Christian Huron captives. In 1663 a Seneca chief was baptized at Montreal, and shortly afterwards the tribe, which had been for several years at war with the French, asked for peace and missionary teachers. In November, 1668, Father Jacques Fremin dedicated the first mission chapel among the Seneca under the invocation of St. Michael, at Gandougarae (Kanagaro). In the next year Father Julien Garnier established Conception mission at Gandachiragou and began a dictionary of the language. In 1670 a third mission, dedicated to St. James, was begun by Father Pierre Raffeix in another town of the tribe. For a few years the missions flourished, in spite of more or less dangerous opposition from the heathen party, until the increasing drunkenness of the Iroquois towns and growing hostility towards the French (which latter was instigated by the English colonial Government) led to the determination to draw off the Christian Iroquois from the rest and colonize them in new mission towns along the St. Lawrence. As a result, several Christian Iroquois colonies were established, the earliest and most important being that now known as Caughnawaga, originally founded at Laprairie in 1669. Very few Christians were thus left among the confederates, but the missionaries remained among the Seneca until the eve of another general Iroquois war, in 1683, when they were ordered out by the hostiles. The leading event of this war was Denonville's invasion of the Seneca country in 1687.
No Catholic work was subsequently attempted in the tribe, with the exception of a visit, in 1751, by the Sulpician Father Picquet, who drew off a number to his mission at Ogdensburg. The few Seneca on the Six Nations reserve in Ontario are under Episcopalian influence. The Christian portion of those in New York are chiefly of the Congregational denomination, principally owing to the devoted efforts of the Reverend Asher Wright, who laboured among them over forty years (1831-75) until his death, mastering the language, in which he published a number of religious and educational works. The body of the tribe is still attached to its primitive paganism. A few of those in Oklahoma are connected with the Catholic mission of St. Mary's at Quapaw.
See bibliography under IROQUOIS, particularly Jesuit Relations and SHEA, History of the Catholic Missions.
APA citation. (1912). Seneca Indians. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13714a.htm
MLA citation. "Seneca Indians." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13714a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Raymond Bonomi (1956-2004).
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, D.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


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Auto Locksmith Spean Bridge
Reliable and Speedy Car Key Replacement Services in Spean Bridge – Why AutoTech Pros Is the Best Choice
AutoTech Pros knows how stressful it can feel to lose your vehicle keys. AutoTech Pros offers reliable and speedy car key replacement services. Our Spean Bridge auto locksmiths are here to help you as soon as possible.
There are several reasons why AutoTech Pros is the best choice for car key replacement in Spean Bridge. Here are just a few:
- Fast Response Time: We understand that time is of the essence when you need a new car key, and that's why we strive to provide the fastest response times in the industry. Our team will arrive at your location promptly and get to work immediately to craft you a new key.
- Expertise and Experience: The professionals in our team have years of expertise and experience in key replacement. To ensure that you get a replacement car key of the highest quality, we use modern techniques and tools.
- Affordable Prices: Because we believe that everyone deserves affordable replacement car keys, all our services are competitively priced. AutoTech Pros will give you the most value for money.
Our Auto Locksmith Services in Spean Bridge
At AutoTech Pros, we offer a wide range of car key replacement services in Spean Bridge, including:
- Key Cutting: Our Spean Bridge auto locksmiths can cut new keys for various car models and makes, including older and vintage cars. We use the latest technology to ensure your new key is perfect for your car.
- Transponder Key Programming: If you already have a transponder, we can program it into your vehicle's immobiliser system. The [location team] has the experience and expertise to program a transponder key for any vehicle.
- Remote Key Programming: We can program any remote keys you may have to communicate with the car's central locking system. Remote keys can be programmed by our [location[ team of auto locksmiths for different car makes and models.
If you're looking for a reliable and speedy car key replacement service in Spean Bridge, look no further than AutoTech Pros. With our expertise, experience, and commitment to customer satisfaction, we're confident that we can provide you with the best possible service at an affordable price. Contact us today to learn more or to schedule an appointment.
The Vehicle Key Repair Process
Our Spean Bridge auto locksmiths perform a range of services, from key repair to replacing or programming a key. The time it takes can vary depending on your vehicle's specifics; generally speaking, this process takes between two and 30 minutes, depending on the complexity. Auto locksmiths utilise specialised tools and have access to dealer networks so they can create keys for all types of cars.
Vehicle Key Repair Services
If your keys break off in the lock or stop working altogether, an auto locksmith can provide key repair. This usually involves cutting or reshaping the key to make it function again. Typically, car locksmiths require your vehicle's make, model and year information to duplicate a replacement key. This helps guarantee the key is suitable for your type of car and works with its locks.
Additionally, you will need to provide a copy of your driver's license and vehicle registration. These details are essential in creating an accurate key and allow our auto locksmith to confirm your identity and ownership of your car. Key repair typically takes five to ten minutes, depending on the complexity of the lock. A reliable auto locksmith will take the necessary time to guarantee that the new key works perfectly.
Key Replacement Process
Losing or breaking a car key can be an inconvenience. Not being able to start the vehicle and spending money on replacing the key is no small matter. Fortunately, our experienced auto locksmiths can usually make a replacement key for you. That is because these professionals possess the necessary tools, know-how and skill to extract broken keys from locks or ignitions.
Our Spean Bridge auto locksmith can also create and program a new key for you, depending on the type of key and year your car was manufactured.
Transponder Keys
Transponder keys are an excellent way to boost security and keep your vehicle protected from theft. They work in conjunction with immobiliser systems, making it difficult for intruders to unlock and drive away in your car. Transponder keys contain an RFID chip that sends signals to your car's ignition system. The ignition lock is released when these codes match, and your car can start.
For a copy of your transponder key, contact one of our Spean Bridge auto locksmiths. They possess the expertise to duplicate your key at a fraction of the cost you would pay at your dealership. Copying a remote key can be more costly than you might expect, but its extra security makes it worth the additional expense. Plus, having a new remote key cut is much simpler than getting an updated transponder chip key.
New Trends in Car Theft & How To Protect Your Vehicle From Them
Cars are an expensive investment, and to protect them you need to put in some serious effort. That includes installing locks, ignitions and keys that ensure you remain secure on the road.
Theft Of The Key
Car owners' keys, which start their vehicles, are a prime target for thieves. Thieves often use relay theft devices to boost the signal from an owner's key and then fool the vehicle into thinking it is within range, enabling them to gain access and unlock it. Car thieves can also program a blank key fob so that it works with your car. This allows them to resell the car easily; this practice is a growing problem in Canada. It was recently seen on the news in the US in New Orleans, where the potential hazards of this technology were illustrated. A neighbour's video captured thieves using it to rob a car belonging to an LSU graduate.
Anti Theft Steps
To prevent car theft, invest in a high-quality security system with features like a tamper-resistant alarm and an anti-theft reversing camera. This will keep thieves from taking your valuables or driving off in your car without you knowing. Plus, it helps you reclaim your vehicle after the heist. If you become the victim of car theft, don't hesitate to contact one of our Spean Bridge Auto Locksmiths for assistance. Our professionals will have no problem making your car safe and secure within no time - at a fraction of what it would cost to go to a dealership!
Theft Of Components
One of the newest ways thieves target cars is by stealing its battery. Car batteries are easy to steal and sell on the black market, making them a lucrative target for criminals. Thieves may use a technique known as hot-wiring to bypass the ignition switch. However, this can be hazardous, particularly for older vehicles, since it could result in a fire or life threatening damage.
One effective way to prevent car battery theft is using a vibration alarm. These can be installed in either the hood or underneath your car and only be activated with a remote. Although this can deter thieves from trying to take your battery, it's not guaranteed. If it is stolen, you will need to replace it; though this could be expensive, having a damaged car and an empty wallet are far worse scenarios. Therefore, taking car security seriously is vital for maintaining maximum vehicle performance.
Ignition Tampering
Car thieves are using USB ports and other hacking devices to access cars with keyless ignitions. They can unlock the vehicle and start it up, then drive off in seconds. According to a report by The New York Times, thieves have been targeting Kias, and Hyundais made between 2011-2021 with this technique. They have even stolen vehicles whose owners had left them unlocked outside their homes.


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Bitcoin represents a significant threat to the currency domination of the USA, which is the only thing propping up the nation's status as a worldwide superpower. Following the USA's defaulting on all its international loans on August 15, 1971, the US trade balance has been maintained using a combination of military threats and telling people to buy US dollars just to fund the ongoing consumption of the USA. Where other world currencies have failed to challenge the USD, and therefore this mechanism of maintaining US economic dominance, bitcoin may succeed.
To understand this scenario, we need to understand just how bankrupt the United States of America is. For some reason, most spotlights at the moment are pointed at the failing Euro; this is probably in part due to the fact that the US Dollar failed long ago, and is being kept alive by blowing up a bubble harder by the day. An ELI5 version can be found here (ELI5 meaning "explain it like I'm five"), but in a nutshell, the USA defaulted on its international loans following the Vietnam War, and has been borrowing more money to fund its extravagant consumption ever since. Since long ago, more money is now borrowed just to pay interest on the previous loans. Last year, the United States' budget deficit was an astonishing 50% of the budget – for every US Dollar in revenue, two were spent. Remarkably, this isn't discussed a lot – I imagine if it were, the US' ability to pay back its loans would be called into question, something that would bring down the house of cards like a ton of bricks dumped on top, so nobody is really interested in rocking the boat too much. After all, everybody is sitting on USD reserves that would become worthless overnight if that were to happen.
The United States started its money printing presses on August 15, 1971, and has kept them going ever since. Just in 2011, 16 trillion dollars – that's trillion with a T – were printed to prop up the US economy. How much is that in perspective? It's slightly more than the US gross production combined. For every dollar produced of value, one more was printed out of thin air, in the hope that somebody would buy it. And people do. That's the thing – there is a key mechanism here that forces people to keep buying US dollars.
The United States is kept alive as a nation by the fact that if anybody wants to purchase goods from another nation, like China, they first have to buy US Dollars from the USA, then exchange those USD for the goods they want in China. That, and the fact that this results in all countries buying tons of USD to put in their currency reserves.
The fact that people must keep buying USD to get what they want from anybody else in the world is the mechanism that props up the entire US economy, and more importantly, fuels its military which in turn enforces this mechanism (see Iraq, Libya, Iran, etc). It's a cycle of violence-enforced economic dominance that leads to extravagant spending, and an enabled such spending, by the United States – mostly on military power to maintain that very dominance.
(As a side note, it's questionable how much the middle class in the United States benefits from this any longer. A decade ago, this feedback loop made the normal standard of living in the US noticeably higher than in other parts of the Western world; today, the US comes pretty much last in every category of standard of living.)
As "end of the world" articles are typically discarded as tinfoilhattery, I wanted to start this article with establishing economic facts on the table. The USA is bankrupt, and the only thing keeping it from collapsing are its military and the fact that everybody else is so heavily invested in the USA that nobody wants it to go bankrupt on their watch. Thus, the borrowing and overspending continues for another day… until it doesn't.
What would happen if the US were one day unable to continue its overspending? We would see a mighty crash of the global economy, but more importantly, the US would come down in a Soviet-style collapse, only much worse due to structural differences. (To understand these differences, consider the fact that public transport kept running through the Soviet collapse, and that most families were well-prepared for food shortages. In the US, you would instead have people stranded in suburbs with no fuel, food, or medicine – only lots of weapons and ammo. See Orlov's collapse gap for more on this structural difference.)
Enter bitcoin, which can break the cycle of borrowing and overspending.
As we observed, the key reason that people are forced to buy US Dollars today is that it's the international mechanism of exchange of value. If you want a gadgetoid from China or India, you need to first buy US dollars, and then exchange the US Dollars for the gadgetoid. But as we have seen, bitcoin far outshines the US Dollar in every aspect as a value token for international trade. Using bitcoin is cheaper, easier, and much much faster than today's international systems for transfer of value.
Pretty much everybody I've spoken to who is involved in international trade would switch to a bitcoin-like system in a heartbeat if they were able to, venting years of built-up frustration with the legacy banking system (which uses the USD). If that happens, the US won't be able to find buyers for its newly-printed money that keeps its economy propped up (and its military funded).
If the cycle of dollar lock-in breaks, the United States of America comes crashing down. Hard. It would seem inevitable at this point, and bitcoin may be the one mechanism that breaks the cycle.


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From Democracy Now Friday, June 21, 2013
New documents reveal the FBI has cleared its agents in every single shooting incident dating back two decades. According to the New York Times, from 1993 until today, FBI shootings were deemed justified in the fatal shootings of 70 people and the wounding of 80 others. Out of 289 shootings that were found to be deliberate, no agent was disciplined except for letters of censure in five cases. Even in a case where the bureau paid a shooting victim more than a million dollars to settle a lawsuit, the internal review did not find the agent who shot the man culpable. The issue of FBI accountability has recently re-emerged following last month's fatal shooting of Ibragim Todashev during questioning by agents in Orlando, Florida. He was reportedly unarmed. We speak to Charlie Savage, the Pulitzer Prize-winning New York Times reporter who co-reported the story. . . . Read Complete Report


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We are pleased as punch to be participating in the I Made It! Market Jr., edition of Pittsburgh's nomadic craft fair this Saturday April 21st at Bakery Square in East Liberty / Shadyside.
It's completely free to attend IMI! Jr., edition is only for one day! Don't miss out on some super adorable small things for small folks.
We'll have plenty of our Alphabet Prints, Baby & Toddler tees, nursery & kid-friendly Art Prints, and we will also be debuting "Lunch Bear", the very first design in a new line of recycled cotton, reusable lunch bags too! If you saw our feature in Table Magazine, you saw a sneak peek prototype.)
I Made It! Market Jr., Details:
Who: Over 30 artisans will participate. Meet all of us here!
When: This Saturday April 21st from Noon – 4pm.
Where: At Bakery Square.
Why: Because Handmade is best.
What: Family Friendly fun and craft fair. Shop from 30 local artisans bringing wares just for little kiddos and babies. And more:
- 18 foot blow up slide
- Free snow cones & cotton candy
- Hot dogs french fries and hamburgers available for lunch
- The Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium will be on-site with their Penguin
- There is also complimentary craft beer for parents! WHAT?!?!?!
+ Lots of free games, activities and of course some crafting + the Animal Rescue League will be onsite with cute and cuddly kitties for adoption. - View the IMI Jr,. artists here. And RSVP on Facebook for easy sharing with all of your friends!
Hope to see you there!


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Our site is operated by Dunalley Primary School.
West Drive
Cheltenham GLOUCESTERSHIRE GL50 4LB
Phone: 01242 512391
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Personal data is, in simpler terms, any information about you that enables you to be identified. Personal data covers obvious information such as your name and contact details, but it also covers less obvious information such as identification numbers, electronic location data, and other online identifiers.
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West Drive
Cheltenham GLOUCESTERSHIRE GL50 4LB
Phone: 01242 512391
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Underwater dino tracks found, according to reports in ScienceNOW, BBC News, 24 May 2007, and ABC (Australia) News in Science and New Scientist 25 May 2007. A team of Spanish and French palaeontologists have found a series of dinosaur toe prints preserved in sandstone in the Cameros Basin in northern Spain. The track consists of twelve sets of imprints, each consisting of two orthree S-shaped impressions consistent with the toes of a theropod dinosaur – two legged like T rex. The rock also has well preserved current ripple marks, which a sedimentologist on the team claimed were made by flowing water 3.2 metres deep. The toe marks were on average 15 cm wide and 50 cm long. The creature that made them had a stride of about 2.5 metres and had its legs spread about44cm apart. These findings indicate the imprints were made by a large dinosaur battling its way against a strong current. Palaeontologist David Fastovsky of the University of Rhode Island commented the dinosaur was not swimming, since its toes were touching the ground, although he believes they could swim in deeper water if they had to.
Editorial Comment: The fact that both the tracks and ripple marks were preserved means they were rapidly buried by another layer of sediment before they eroded. This, combined with the picture of large dinosaur struggling against deep fast flowing water, should make people think of a flood current, not slow gradual processes.(ref. catastrophism, deposition, fossilisation)
Evidence News 13 June 2007


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A Trusted Vein Treatment Specialist in Miami
Imagine a unique Interventional Cardiologist & Vein Specialist experience that's tailored to focus entirely on you and your individual needs—one that combines professional, clinical excellence with a personal touch.
Abella Heart is a Vein Specialist Medical Practice, set in a comfortable, elegant environment. We offer high-quality patient-centered care. In addition to our many services, we also provide health education and counseling. Walk-ins are always welcome.
At Abella Heart, we focus on compassion, vein care, and an option for several advanced vein treatments. With our experienced vein doctors in Miami, we provide the most professional level of service possible. We promote disease prevention through comprehensive health screenings and services for our patients. Our mission is to deliver personalized attention and treat our patients like they are a member of our family.
In our pursuit of better patient care, we develop personalized vein treatment plans in Miami, which delivers individualized care.
Dr. Manuel Abella is an exemplary Interventional Cardiologist & Vein Specialist in Miami who exhibits a passion for patient care. Armed with a keen mind and expert diagnostic acumen, his comprehensive knowledge and scholarly approach to clinical practice have earned him and his team a reputation for being exceptional.
Dr. Manuel Abella
Manuel E. Abella, MD, FACC, FCCP
Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
Dr. Manuel Abella is a well-known cardiologist who has been practicing in our community since 1990". He completed his post-graduate training at Wayne State Affiliated Hospitals in Detroit, Michigan. In addition, he completed a fellowship in Interventional Cardiology. READ MORE
For Further Information:
We have a professional Interventional Cardiologist, Internal Medicine & Vein Specialist Staff in Miami: Diagnostic Testing, Vein Treatment, Medical Advice and Advocacy – All Under One Roof!
Primary Care Services
With our unique approach to patient-centered care, Abella Heart is revolutionizing personalized primary care and medical services.
Cardio-Vascular Services
Abella Heart is an investment in your health. Led by a Board certified interventional cardiologists in Miami, everyone on our staff is dedicated to serve each individual patient's needs.
Spider and Varicose Vein Treatments
Our strong emphasis on providing personalized service makes our vein center unique and sets us ahead of the field. We'll help you determine the treatment that's best for you. We are a vein center of excellence and have partnered with Medtronics/Covidien as a Master Teacher for other healthcare providers around the nation to do venous ablation and sclerotherapy.
Your Doctor is On Call for You 24 Hours a Day
With 24/7 access to your doctor either by email or through his personal cell phone number, you'll never be out of touch. Advice and treatment from your physician are always at your fingertips.
Let our Interventional Cardiologist & Vein Specialist help you!
Spider and Varicose Vein Treatments
Vein Ablation is Effective and Safe
One of the preferred treatments at Abella Veins is known as vein ablation. It uses radio frequency to completely remove varicose and spider veins. A catheter enters the vein thru a tiny cut in the skin and is pushed into the end of the vein. As the catheter is pulled back out, a radio frequency is activated. This frequency causes the vein to collapse and eventually to be absorbed by the body. Vein ablation takes about an hour to complete and causes no scarring and little or no pain. Some patients experience an immediate relief of their symptoms. The treatment is available to any healthy patient experiencing venous insufficiency.
Learn About the Revolutionary New VenaSeal System For Varicose Veins
Traditional varicose vein treatment usually involves heat to seal veins, or surgical stripping of the damaged vein. VanaSeal approaches spider veins differently, using an advanced medical adhesive to close the problematic vein areas.
Disclaimer: The information including any, advice and recommendations on the website is intended solely as a general educational aid. It is not intended as medical or healthcare advice, or to be used for medical diagnosis or treatment, for any individual problem. It is also not intended as a substitute for professional advice and services from a qualified healthcare provider familiar with your unique facts. Always seek the advice of your doctor or another qualified healthcare provider regarding any medical condition and before starting any new treatment. Your use of the site is subject to the additional disclaimers and caveats that may appear throughout the website. We assume no responsibility for any consequence relating directly or indirectly to any action or inaction you take based on the information, services, or other material on the website. While we strive to keep the information on the website accurate, complete, and up-to-date, we do not give any assurances, and will not be responsible for, any damage or loss related to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the information on the website.


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I think that I've mentioned here before that I talk to a ton of UX professionals (lucky me) day in and day out. I hear a lot of frustrations, complaints, successes and failures. A good deal of the frustrations that I hear center around people not having the opportunity to either learn or exercise the real tools in our job, including things like personas, task analysis, scenario creation, in short, everything except wireframes. Some people think that they should go independent so that they can own the client work themselves, however most realize they are not yet ready. Either way you look at it, there is one key ingredient that we need in order to lessen our frustrations, learn and exercise the UX methodologies that we want, and just plain be happier in our work. We need to learn the ins and outs of the software development lifecycle.
When I say the software development lifecycle, I don't just mean the labels on the page of who does what when, I mean the reason why we do the things to begin with. For example QA writes tests cases to ensure all the use cases are properly functioning and the code is ready to release. Developers have local, development, QA and production environments so that each release can be accounted for. The release schedule is every 6 weeks because of infrastructure builds… these types of ins and outs. The problems of not understanding the overall process (not just the UX process) of how our designs come to life are extensive. The main ones that I'm seeing are first, UXers become frustrated when it's "too late" to use their updated designs, do testing, etc. They are frustrated mostly because they have no idea why something is late and more importantly they don't know how to question the timeframe. Secondly UXers are frustrated because there is never time or opportunity to learn and/or exercise "real" UX work, just wireframes and interface designs.
In order to lessen these frustrations, become better UXers, and truly understand how our UX processes fits in, we first need to learn what they are fitting in to. We need to talk to our developers, our bosses, our project managers whomever it is that can tell us how the product actually gets built. We need to know release schedules, what is included in a release, when sign off of testing needs to occur…. but more than just the whens we need to know why there is a release schedule, why the timelines are what they are. We need to know what use cases, test cases, other cases do to support the build… and what the build is. Let's use our tools of task analysis as well as a conceptual analysis to understand these external tools and processes to fit them into an experience flow. Then, we can fill in, move, adjust the gaps of a company's software development process with our UX tools.
By being confident in what the development lifecycle is, and why it is that way, we can begin to use our UX methodologies to support, change, make better, this lifecycle. We know what our tools are on the UX end, now we need to know how, when and where we can use those tools and what effect they will have. Depending on the context of how the development lifecycle is being used, we can be flexible with what tools we use and when, and of course why we should use them. Knowing these things will prevent us from being taken aback by the "you are too late to use that design" types of discussions, as well as allow us to be creative and flexible in using our "real" toolbox. Without knowing the how & why our outputs are built, we cannot effect them. Learn about software development, become confident in it, then you can let your knowledge guide your career and not the other way around.


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I mixed modeling paste with Distress Paint to create the textured base to use with the stencil in this first card. This mixture dries quickly. I then splattered Distress Paints by spraying a small amount of the paint off of a paint brush. Random placement of sequins gave this card just the perfect touch of bling.
Core'dinations 110lb Smooth Cardstock
The Crafter's Workshop "Specimens" Stencil
Dick Blick Molding Paste
Tim Holtz Distress Paints & Archival Ink by Ranger
PaperTrey Ink Stamp
Misc Sequins
Misc Sequins
My next card was total trial and error, but oh so fun to make! I must have thrown away three stenciled pieces before I got the feel I wanted.
To create the pie chart, I heavily covered a piece of Core'dinations 110lb Smooth Cardstock with two different colored mists. I then used Inka Gold Metallic Rub with the stencil over the misted cardstock. This Metallic Rub is the bomb! Totally dries without rubbing off. The sentiment is stamped and heat embossed onto a piece of Core'dinations Vellum. Did you know they have vellum now?
Core'dinations 110lb Smooth Cardstock & Vellum
The Crafter's Workshop Pie Chart Stencil
Tattered Angels Mists
Viva Decor Gold Metallic Rub
PaperTrey Ink Stamps
Ranger Embossing Powder
Misc Sequins