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Design Patterns for Real-Time Systems: Resource Patterns
The following patterns are presented in this chapter.
Critical Section Pattern: Uses resources run-to-completion
Priority Inheritance Pattern: Limits priority inversion
Highest Locker Pattern: Limits priority inversion
Priority Ceiling Pattern: Limits priority inversion and prevents deadlock
Simultaneous Locking Pattern: Prevents deadlock
Ordered Locking Pattern: Prevents deadlock
7.1 Introduction
One of the distinguishing characteristics of real-time and embedded systems is the concern over management of finite resources. This chapter provides a number of patterns to help organize, manage, use, and share such resources. There is some overlap of concerns with the patterns in this and other chapters. For example, the Smart Pointer Pattern provides a robust access to resources of a certain type: those that are dynamically allocated. However, that pattern has already been discussed in Chapter 6. Similarly, the synchronization of concurrent threads may be thought of as resource management, but it is dealt with using the Rendezvous Pattern from Chapter 5. This chapter focuses on patterns that deal with the sharing and management of resources themselves and not the memory they use. To this end, we'll examine a number of ways to manage resources among different, possibly concurrent, clients.
A resource, as used here, is a thing (an object) that provides services to clients that have finite properties or characteristics. This definition is consistent with the so-called Real-Time UML Profile1, where a resource is defined as follows.
An element that has resource services whose effectiveness is represented by one or more /blockquote
Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics.
The QoS properties are the quantitative properties of the resource, such as its capacity, execution speed, reliability, and so on. In real-time and embedded systems, it is this quantifiable finiteness that must be managed. For instance, it is common for a resource to provide services in an atomic fashion; this means that the client somehow "locks" the resource while it needs it, preventing other clients from accessing that resource until the original client is done. This accomplishes the more general purpose of serialization of resource usage, crucial to the correct operation in systems with concurrent threads. This is often accomplished with a mutex semaphore (see the Guarded Call Pattern in Chapter 5) or may be done by serializing the requests themselves (see the Message Queuing Pattern, also in Chapter 5).
The management of resources with potentially many clients is one of the more thorny aspects of system design, and a number of patterns have evolved or been designed over time to deal specifically with just that.
The first few patterns (Priority Inheritance, Highest Locker, Priority Ceiling) address the schedulability of resources in a priority-based preemptive multitasking environment, which can be a major concern for real-time systems design. In static priority scheduling approaches (see, for example, the Static Priority Pattern in Chapter 5), the priorities of the tasks are known at design time. The priority of the task determines which tasks will run preferentially when multiple tasks are ready to runthe highest-priority task that is ready. This makes the timing analysis of such systems very easy to compute, as long as certain assumptions are not violated too badly. These assumptions are the following.
Tasks are periodic with the deadlines coming at the end of the periods.
Infinite preemptibilitya lower-priority task can be preempted immediately when a higher-priority task becomes ready to run.
Independencetasks are independent from each other.
When these conditions are true, then the following standard rate monotonic analysis formula may be applied.
Note that it is "2 raised to the power of (1/n)", where Cj is the worst-case amount of time required for task j to execute, Tj is its period, and n is the number of tasks.2, 3 If the inequality is true, then the system is schedulablethat is, the system will always meet its deadlines. Aperiodic tasks are generally handled by assuming they are periodic and using the minimum arrival time between task invocations as the period, often resulting in an overly strong but sufficient condition. The assumption of infinite preemptibility is usually not a problem if the task has very short critical sections during which it cannot be preemptedshort with respect to the execution and period times. The problem of independence is, however, much stickier.
If resources are sharable (in the sense that they can permit simultaneous access by multiple clients), then no problem exists. However many, if not most, resources cannot be shared. The common solution to this problem was addressed in the Guarded Call Pattern of Chapter 5 using a mutual-exclusion semaphore to serialize access to the resource. This means that if a low-priority task locks a resource and then a higher-priority task that needs the resource becomes ready to run, it must block and allow the low-priority task to run until it can release the resource so that the higher-priority task can run. A simple example of this is shown in the timing diagram in Figure 7-1.
Figure 7-1: Task Blocking4
In the figure, Task 1 is the higher-priority task. Since Task 2 runs first and locks the resource, when Task 1 is ready to run, it cannot because the needed resource is unavailable. It therefore must block and allow Task 2 to complete its use of the resource. During the period of time between marks C and D, Task 1 is said to be blocked. A task is blocked when it is prevented from running by a lower-priority task. This can only occur when resources are shared via mutual exclusion.
The problem with blocking is that the analysis of the timeliness becomes more difficult. When Task 1 is blocked, the system is said to be in a state of priority inversion because a lower-priority task has the thread focus even though a higher-priority task is ready to run. One can imagine third and fourth tasks of intermediate priority that don't share the resource (and are therefore able to preempt Task 2) running and preempting Task 2, thereby lengthening the amount of time before Task 2 releases the resource and allowing Task 1 to run. Because an arbitrary number of tasks can be fit in the priority scheme between Task 1 and Task 2, this problem is called unbounded priority inversion and is a serious problem for the schedulability of tasks. Figure 7-2 illustrates this problem by adding intermediate-priority Tasks X and Y to the system. Note that for some period of time, Task 1, the highest-priority task in the system, is blocked by all three remaining tasks.
Figure 7-2: Unbounded Task Blocking
To compute the schedulability for task sets with blocking, the modified RMA inequality is used.
where Bj is the blocking time for task jthat is, the worst-case time that the task can be prevented from execution by a lower-priority task owning a needed resource. The problem is clear from the inequalityunbounded blocking means unbounded blocking time, and nothing useful can be said about the ability of such a system to meet its deadlines.
Unbounded priority inversion is a problem that is addressed by the first three patterns in this chapter. Note that priority inversion is a necessary consequence of resource sharing with mutual exclusion locking, but it can be bounded using these patterns.
These first three patterns solve, or at least address, the problem of resource sharing for schedulability purposes, but for the most part they don't deal with the issue of deadlock. A deadlock is a condition in which clients of resources are waiting for conditions to arise that cannot in principle ever occur. An example of deadlock is shown in Figure 7-3.
Figure 7-3: Deadlock
In Figure 7-3, there are two tasks, Task 1 and Task 2, that share two resources, R1 and R2. Task 1 plans to lock R2 and then lock R1 and release them in the opposite order. Task 2 plans to lock R1 and then R2 and release them in the reverse order. The problem arises when Task 1 preempts Task 2 when it has a single resource (R1) locked. Task 1 is a higher priority, so it can preempt Task 1, and it doesn't need a currently locked resource, so things are fine. It goes ahead and locks R2. Now it decides that it needs the other resource, R1, which, unfortunately is locked by the blocked task, Task 2. So Task 1 cannot move forward and must block in order to allow Task 2 to run until it can release the now needed resource (R1). So Task 2 runs but finds that it now needs the other resource (R2) owned by the blocked Task 1. At this point, each task is waiting for a condition that can never be satisfied, and the system stops.
In principle, a deadlock needs the following four conditions to occur.
Mutual exclusion (locking) of resources
Resources are held (locked) while others are waited for
Preemption while holding resources is permitted
A circular wait condition exists (for example, P1 waits on P2, which waits on P3, which waits on P1)
The patterns for addressing deadlock try to ensure that at least one of the four necessary conditions for deadlock cannot occur. The Simultaneous Locking Pattern breaks condition 2, while the Ordered Locking Pattern breaks condition 4. The Priority Ceiling Pattern is a pattern that solves both the scheduling problem and the deadlock problem.


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100 Interiors Around the World
Making stops in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, this edition rounds up some of today's most exceptional and inspiring interiors across six continents. From rustic minimalism to urbane eclecticism, the selection celebrates a global spectrum of styles, united by authenticity, a love of detail, and a zest for individual expression that will never go out of fashion.
Includes interiors in Argentina, Brazil, China, Cuba, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the UK, the USA, and many more countries.
With pictures by leading interior photographers including Xavier Béjot, Pieter Estersohn, Marina Faust, Reto Guntli, François Halard, HieplerBrunier, Ditte Isager, Nikolas Koenig, Ricardo Labougle, Eric Laignel, Åke Lindman, Thomas Loof, Jason Schmidt, Mark Seelen, René Stoeltie, Tim Street-Porter, Vincent Thibert, Simon Upton, Paul Warchol.
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- Taschen
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- 1243

subset: commoncrawl


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Lino print cut. Limited edition of 250
19cm x 19cm. All prints are signed
These prints are hand burnished with a brayer or wooden spoon. I enjoy the control this allows me with regards to the detail and contrast within the image. This means there is slight variation between prints as each is an original.
Seed Heads


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Americana Wedding Chair - White
4.7 of 5 (18 votes)
1Now available for bookings between $500 - $2000
Day hire rates valid between 7am-5pm Weekdays & 8am-4pm Sundays. Overnight rates automatically apply after.
Overnight hire delivered one day and ends 7am the following day.
All weekend hire delivered Friday and collected Monday.
The white Americana chair (also known as the "Gladiator" Chair) is the go-to seating option for special events such as weddings and receptions.
Super lightweight and easy to set up (literally unfold), our Americana's have a superior load rating of 250kg (compare that to other suppliers!) thanks to a 100% resin build.
Also available in Black here.
If you're happy to set up yourself, select "Supply Only" in the "Add-Ons" section below. Alternatively, select "set up/pack down" and we'll do the work for you!
Strength: | Commercial quality |
Load rating: | 250kg |
Height: | 77cm |
Width: |
44cm |
Depth: |
45cm |
Seat Height: |
45cm |
Colour: |
White |
Benefits: | Lightweight, sturdy and easy to set up |
Note that the standard delivery cost quoted above is a FLEXIBLE delivery & collection that is NOT restricted and takes place during standard operating hours at a time designated by us (8am-6pm in Spring/Summer and 8am-5pm in Autumn/Winter).
It does NOT include:
- Before/After hours collection
- Deliveries where stairs, lifts, steep slopes or additional labour is required
- Large orders that cannot be grouped with other deliveries
- A delivery time frame that is fixed (additional costs apply)
Read more about delivery.
How do I make a booking?
The quickest and easiest way to book equipment is directly online on our website! We have the most advanced booking system in the event hire industry that allows you to select products, check availability for your event date, book, pay and sign your hire contract 24/7, from the comfort of your home or mobile.
Simply browse the categories and products you are interested in, check availability, add them to your cart and proceed through checkout. Our upgraded checkout system is simple, speedy and easy for everyone!
How much is delivery?
Delivery fees apply to all bookings depending on the distance between our warehouse and the location of your event and takes into consideration factors such as fuel, labour and tolls.
Check the delivery cost that applies to your location by entering your postcode above. The delivery fee shown includes both the drop off and collection of your booking on a STANDARD delivery basis.
Read more about STANDARD delivery and RESTRICTED delivery here
Can I pick up?
To keep our warehousing as streamlined as possible, we do not offer a pick up service and do not have a showroom. Our showroom is our online website! here
What time will you deliver?
Delivery runs are finalised the day prior to your event. You will receive a delivery confirmation message via email and sms with your 2 hour time slot window for both delivery and pick up. Once these are assigned, they cannot be altered
Do you have insurance?
Yes, we hold $20,000,000 public liability insurance on all of our products. This means we can hire at council parks and all public locations. A COC can be supplied upon booking. Be aware of hiring from companies without the proper insurance!
When do we have to pay?
A 50% deposit is required to allocate and secure equipment. The balance is automatically charged to your card 3-5days prior to your event date.
What is your cancellation/postponement policy?
Our cancellation/postponement policy is listed on all quotes and hire contracts. It can also be viewed here.
- 24/7 Shopping on our state of the art website. Quote, book & pay...all online
- We hold $20,000,000 public liability insurance on all products
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Set Up/Pack Down - ChairsAmericana Wedding Chair - White:Set Up/Pack Down - Chairs1Dropdown0604203_17406931000 Supply OnlyAmericana Wedding Chair - White:Supply Only1Dropdown0604203_17301291000
You might also be interested in:
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The modern age of powered flight began in 1903 when Orville Wright made the first sustained, powered flight on December 17 in a plane he and his brother Wilbur built. This twelve-second flight led to the development of the first practical airplane in 1905 and launched worldwide efforts to build better flying machines. As a result, the early 20th century witnessed myriad aviation developments as new planes and technologies entered service. During World War I, the airplane also proved its effectiveness as a military tool and, with the advent of early airmail service, showed great promise for commercial applications.
Despite limited post-World War I technical developments, early aviation remained a dangerous business. Flying conditions proved difficult since the only navigation devices available to most pilots were magnetic compasses. Pilots flew 200 to 500 feet above ground so they could navigate by roads and railways. Low visibility and night landings were made using bonfires on the field as lighting. Fatal accidents were routine.
The Air Mail Act of 1925 facilitated the creation of a profitable commercial airline industry, and airline companies such as Pan American Airways, Western Air Express, and Ford Air Transport Service began scheduled commercial passenger service. By the mid-1930s, the four major domestic airlines that dominated commercial travel for most of the 20th century began operations: United, American, Eastern, and Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA).
As air travel increased, some airport operators, hoping to improve safety, began providing an early form of air traffic control (ATC) based on visual signals. Early controllers stood on the field and waved flags to communicate with pilots. Archie League, the system's first flagmen, began work in the late 1920s at the airfield in St. Louis, Missouri.
- Origins of the FAA
- Birth of Federal Aviation Agency
- From Agency to Administration
- Labor Organizes
- Evolving Duties
- Air Traffic Control Automation
- Deregulation
- Labor Unrest
- Technological Innovation
- Organizational Restructuring
- Creation of FAA's Air Traffic Organization (ATO)
- The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen)
- Enhancing Capacity
- Safety First, Last, and Always
- Conclusion
Origins of the FAA
Aviation industry leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. At their urging, the Air Commerce Act was passed in 1926. This landmark legislation charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. A new Aeronautics Branch in the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, and William P. MacCracken, Jr., became its first director.
In 1934, the Department of Commerce renamed the Aeronautics Branch the Bureau of Air Commerce to reflect the growing importance of aviation to the nation. In one of its first acts, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first air traffic control centers (Newark, New Jersey; Cleveland, Ohio; and Chicago, Illinois) to provide en route air traffic control. In 1936, the Bureau took over these centers. Early en route controllers tracked the position of planes using maps and blackboards and little boat-shaped weights that came to be called "shrimp boats." They had no direct radio link with aircraft, but used telephones to stay in touch with airline dispatchers, airway radio operators, and airport traffic controllers. Although en route ATC became a federal responsibility, local government authorities continued to operate airport towers. While the Department of Commerce worked to improve aviation safety, a number of high profile accidents called the department's oversight responsibilities into question. A 1931 crash that killed all on board, including popular University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne, elicited public calls for greater federal oversight of aviation safety. Four years later, a DC-2 crash killed U.S. Senator Bronson Cutting of New Mexico.
To ensure a federal focus on aviation safety, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Civil Aeronautics Act in 1938. The legislation established the independent Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA), with a three-member Air Safety Board that would conduct accident investigations and recommend ways of preventing accidents. The legislation also expanded the government's role in civil aviation by giving CAA power to regulate airline fares and determine the routes individual carriers served. In 1940, President Roosevelt split the CAA into two agencies, the Civil Aeronautics Administration, which went back to the Department of Commerce, and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). The offshoot of the original CAA retained responsibility for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB responsibilities included safety rulemaking, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines.
On the eve of America's entry into World War II, for defense purposes, CAA extended its ATC system to include operation of airport towers. In the postwar era, ATC became a permanent federal responsibility at most airports. The postwar era also witnessed the advent of commercial jets. The British Overseas Aircraft Corporation introduced the first commercial jet service in 1952. The 36-seat Comet flew at 480 miles per hour. The top cruising speed of the DC-3 piston aircraft, in comparison, was about 180 miles per hour. By the mid-1950s, U.S. companies began designing and building their own jet airliners.
On June 30, 1956, a Trans World Airlines Super Constellation and a United Air Lines DC-7 collided over the Grand Canyon, Arizona, killing all 128 occupants of the two airplanes. The collision occurred while the aircraft were flying under visual flight rules in uncongested airspace. The accident dramatized the fact that, even though U.S. air traffic had more than doubled since the end of World War II, little had been done to mitigate the risk of midair collisions.
Birth of Federal Aviation Agency
On May 21, 1958, Senator A. S. "Mike" Monroney (D-OK) introduced a bill to create an independent Federal Aviation Agency to provide for the safe and efficient use of national airspace. Two months later, on August 23, 1958, the President signed the Federal Aviation Act, which transferred the Civil Aeronautics Authority's functions to a new independent Federal Aviation Agency responsible for civil aviation safety. Although the Federal Aviation Agency technically came into existence with the passage of the act, it actually assumed its functions in stages. Under the provisions of the act, the Federal Aviation Agency would begin operations 60 days after the appointment of the first Federal Aviation Agency Administrator. On November 1, 1958, retired Air Force General Elwood "Pete" Quesada became the first Federal Aviation Agency Administrator. Sixty days later, on December 31, the Federal Aviation Agency began operations.
With no dedicated office space for the Federal Aviation Agency, employees of the growing agency were housed in several widely dispersed buildings around Washington, DC, including some "temporary" buildings of World War II vintage. The Federal Aviation Agency worked to obtain a headquarters building to consolidate employees in one location, and on November 22, 1963, the Federal Aviation Agency's Washington headquarters staff began moving into the newly completed Federal Office Building 10A, at 800 Independence Avenue, SW. Excitement about the new building quickly evaporated on move day as employees heard the news that President Kennedy had been assassinated in Texas.
From Agency to Administration
President Johnson, concerned about the lack of a coordinated transportation system, believed a single department was needed to develop and carry out comprehensive transportation policies and programs across all transportation modes. In 1966, Congress authorized the creation of a cabinet department that would combine major federal transportation responsibilities. This new Department of Transportation (DOT) began full operations on April l, 1967. On that day, the Federal Aviation Agency became one of several modal organizations within DOT and received a new name, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). At the same time, CAB's accident investigation function was transferred to the new National Transportation Safety Board.
Labor Organizes
In January 1968, New York controllers formed an employee organization, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization, or PATCO. Within six months, PATCO had a national membership of over 5,000 controllers. To highlight difficult working conditions and growing national airspace system (NAS) congestion, in July 1968, the PATCO chairman announced "Operation Air Safety," which he described as a campaign to maintain FAA prescribed separation standards between aircraft. A period of discord between management and PATCO culminated in a 1970 "sickout" by 3,000 controllers. Although controllers subsequently gained additional wage and retirement benefits, tensions between the union and management did not ease.
In February 1972, the National Association of Air Traffic Specialists (NAATS) became the exclusive representative for all flight service station specialists, those controllers who supported general aviation pilots. FAA and NAATS concluded an agency-wide collective bargaining agreement on June 1, 1972, the first such contract between FAA and a national labor organization.
Evolving Duties
Almost from its creation, the agency found itself faced with a number of unexpected challenges. In 1961, for example, the first series of aircraft hijackings in the U.S. occurred. In August of that year, the federal government began employing armed guards, border patrolmen recruited from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, on civilian planes. In September, President Kennedy signed an amendment to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, which made it a crime to hijack an aircraft, interfere with an active flight crew, or carry a dangerous weapon aboard an air carrier aircraft. To help enforce the act, a special corps of FAA safety inspectors began training for duty aboard airline flights. In March 1962, Attorney General Robert Kennedy swore in FAA's first "peace officers," as special U.S. deputy marshals. These men worked as safety inspectors for the FAA flight standards organization and carried out their role as armed marshals on flights only when specifically requested to do so.
FAA responsibilities increased even more in the late 1960s. An economic boom brought with it growing concerns about pollution and noise. Aviation, on the cutting edge of technological innovation, became an early area of environmental concern for the public, especially as more and more airplanes traversed the NAS. In 1968, Congress vested in FAA's Administrator the power to prescribe aircraft noise standards.
With continued growth in the nation's airspace, it quickly became evident that airport safety and capacity had to be increased to prevent system delays. Between mid-1959 and mid-1969, the number of aircraft operations at FAA's ATC towers had increased by 112 percent. Schedule delays cost the air carriers millions of dollars annually, not to mention the cost to passengers over and above inconvenience and discomfort. The Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 placed the agency in charge of a new airport aid program funded by a special aviation trust fund and made FAA responsible for safety certification of airports served by air carriers.
Air Traffic Control Automation
Realizing the need for continued ATC system modernization to keep up with technological developments, FAA began modernizing the NAS in the mid-1960s. The civilian ATC system being replaced by NAS En Route Stage A was essentially a manually operated system employing radar, general purpose computers, radio communications, and air traffic controllers. For terminal airspace, the FAA was developing the automated radar traffic control system (ARTS).
To help monitor and even restrict flights moving from one air route traffic control center to another, FAA established the Central Flow Control Facility at its Headquarters. Opened in April 1970, the new facility collected and correlated systemwide air traffic and weather data, detected potential trouble spots, and suggested solutions. On July 29, FAA established the Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center to integrate the functions of the Central Flow Control Facility, Airport Reservation Office, the Air Traffic Service Contingency Command Post, and Central Altitude Reservation Facility.
The Airline Deregulation Act, signed on October 24, 1978, created a highly competitive airline industry. Deregulation increased FAA workload exponentially. The FAA had to certify every new airline, and there were hundreds of applications after deregulation that FAA had to review and approve or disapprove. In the immediate years after the deregulation act, FAA flight standards and other offices focused primarily on the new applicants.
By the time airline deregulation became law, FAA had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system based on a marriage of radar and computer technology. Despite its effectiveness, however, the air traffic control system required enhancement to keep pace with the increased volumes of traffic that resulted from the new, deregulated environment.
Labor Unrest
The labor contract between FAA and PATCO expired in March 1981. Formal contract negotiations had begun in February, but those ended after 37 negotiating sessions. Informal talks, however, continued until June 17, when PATCO rejected a Reagan Administration contract proposal. After the failure of last minute negotiations, on August 3, approximately 12,300 members of the 15,000-member PATCO went on strike, grounding about 35 percent of the nation's 14,200 daily commercial flights. Approximately four hours after the strike began, President Reagan issued the strikers a firm ultimatum – return to work within 48 hours or face permanent dismissal. After expiration of the grace period, FAA fired approximately 11,400 controllers. Most of those fired appealed the action, and FAA eventually reinstated 440 as a result of their appeals.
The strike and dismissals drastically curtailed FAA's controller workforce. To keep the airways open, approximately 3,000 air traffic controller supervisory personnel worked at controlling traffic. FAA assigned assistants to support the controllers, and accelerated the hiring and training of new air traffic personnel. Military controllers arrived at FAA facilities soon after the strike began, and about 800 were ultimately assigned to the agency.
In the aftermath of the strike, PATCO disbanded and the controllers remained without a union until June 19, 1987, when the National Air Traffic Controllers Association became the exclusive representative of terminal and center controllers.
During this time, FAA electronics technicians unionized. On December 29, 1981, the Professional Airway Systems Specialists (PASS) became the exclusive representative of the technicians. FAA and PASS concluded their first national labor agreement during fiscal year 1984.
Technological Innovation
Aviation system disruptions in the aftermath of the PATCO strike led many in FAA to come to the realization that the agency needed a systematic, long-term plan for modernization. In January 1982, FAA publicly released the first annual National Airspace System (NAS) Plan, a comprehensive 20-year blueprint for a state-of-the-art traffic control and air navigation system to accommodate projected growth in air travel.
As the modernization program evolved, problems in developing ambitious automation systems prompted a change in strategy. FAA shifted its emphasis from the advanced automation system toward enhancing the ATC system through more manageable, step-by-step improvements through the new Free Flight program. At the same time, the agency worked to speed the application of the Global Positioning System satellite technology to civil aeronautics.
In February 1991, FAA replaced the NAS Plan with the more comprehensive Capital Investment Plan. The new plan incorporated the NAS plan projects and included higher levels of automation as well as new radar, communications, and weather forecasting systems.
FAA also addressed a wide variety of technical issues as the rapid evolution of aeronautics continued. The Aviation Safety Research Act of 1988, for example, mandated greater emphasis on long-range research planning and on study of such issues as aging aircraft structures and human factors affecting safety. FAA engineers and scientists also investigated areas such as human performance in aeronautical tasks, improvement of runways, and the effects of corrosion on aircraft structures.
Organizational Restructuring
In November 1995, DOT transferred the commercial space transportation office to the FAA. Originally established within DOT in 1984, the new FAA office regulated the U.S. commercial launch industry, licensed commercial launch operations to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property, and protected national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch operations. It also issued licenses for commercial launches of orbital and suborbital rockets.
The fiscal year 1996 DOT appropriations bill, signed in November 1995, included important provisions for FAA personnel and procurement reform. FAA began the mandated reforms by first creating a new acquisition management system designed to reduce the time and cost of acquiring systems and services. FAA then placed all employees into a new personnel system intended to speed recruitment and reward outstanding employees, while dealing effectively with substandard performance. While the agency was no longer subject to certain Office of Personnel Management rules, its employees continued to enjoy a range of legal protections that applied to other federal workers.
In June 1998, FAA began testing a new compensation plan called core compensation, which replaced the traditional grade and step base pay method with a structure of pay bands, the value of which were determined by comparison with similar jobs in government and private industry. The program also linked compensation with performance. On April 23, 2000, FAA transferred approximately 6,500 employees into the core compensation system.
On September 11, 2001, nineteen radical Islamic extremists with the group al Qaeda penetrated security at three major airports, seized four U.S. domestic airliners, and turned three of the aircraft into missiles that destroyed the World Trade Center in New York City and damaged the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. Passengers on the fourth plane fought the hijackers, causing the plane to crash in a Pennsylvania field. To prevent any further hijackings, FAA immediately put a ground stop on all traffic for the first time in U.S. aviation history. In the overnight hours of September 11, members of FAA's Flight Standards Service developed an initial lead identifying the names of potential hijackers and provided those names to the FBI. The tragic events of this day radically changed the FAA. On November 19, 2001, the president signed the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which among other provisions, established a new agency responsible for aviation security – the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), within DOT. FAA remained responsible for aviation security until February 13, 2002, when TSA took over those responsibilities. The November 2002, passage of the Homeland Security Act moved TSA into the new Department of Homeland Security on March 1, 2003.
Creation of FAA's Air Traffic Organization (ATO)
In April 2000, President Clinton signed into law the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, which contained a provision mandating the appointment of a chief operating officer. In a December executive order, the president directed FAA to create a performance-based organization that focused solely on efficient operation of the ATC system.
In June 2003, FAA selected its first ATO Chief Operating Officer (COO), Russell Chew. With the COO in place, FAA went forward with a major reorganization of its air traffic and research and acquisition organizations. On November 18, 2003, the Secretary of Transportation announced initial details of the new ATO business structure. The ATO consolidated FAA's air traffic services, research and acquisitions, and Free Flight Program activities into a smaller, more efficient organization with a strict focus on providing the best service for the best value to the aviation industry and the traveling public.
The ATO officially began operations on February 8, 2004. It consisted of five major service units: En Route & Oceanic; Terminal; Flight Services; System Operations; and, Technical Operations. Also included within the organization's top level are five staff-level business groups: Safety; Communications; Operations Planning; Finance; and Acquisition and Business Services. In 2008, the ATO consolidated the service units and staff offices into four business units, each led by a senior vice president.
In line with other agency efforts to improve efficiency, in December 2005, the COO restructured ATO administrative and support functions in the field. In June 2006, he instituted a new ATO Service Center structure. Three service centers replaced the nine service area offices within En Route, Terminal, and Technical Operations. Each of the service centers was made up of five functional groups: administrative services, business services, safety assurance, system support, and planning and requirements. A sixth group, engineering services, was a shared resource and remained in place in the existing locations.
With the ATO structure in place, the agency's first COO resigned from FAA on February 23, 2007. Administrator Marion Blakey assigned COO responsibilities to Deputy Administrator Robert Sturgell as collateral duties until a new COO came on board. On October 1, 2007, Administrator Blakey hired the agency's second COO, Hank Krakowski.
The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen)
The Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, signed into law in December 2003, endorsed the concept of a Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). The following month, the DOT Secretary announced plans for a new, multi-year, multi-agency effort to develop an air transportation system for the year 2025 and beyond. He subsequently established a Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) at the FAA comprised of representatives from FAA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Departments of Transportation, Defense, Homeland Security, and Commerce, and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to create and carry out an integrated plan for NextGen. On December 15, 2004, DOT unveiled the Integrated Plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System, which laid out goals, objectives, and requirements necessary to create the NextGen system.
Enhancing Capacity
When constraints in en route airspace and the airspace surrounding U.S. airports began to result in flight delays and schedule disruptions, FAA began to look for immediate solutions while continuing NextGen activities. To improve capacity, FAA began implementing a number of new concepts. The Required Navigation Performance (RNP) concept, for example, would take advantage of new onboard technologies for precision guidance to help transition the NAS from reliance on airways running over ground-based navigation aids to a point-to-point navigation concept. FAA also implemented the use of Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM), which reduced the minimum vertical separation between aircraft from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet for all properly equipped aircraft flying between 29,000 feet and 41,000 feet. This increased the routes and altitudes available and allowed more efficient routings that would save time and fuel.
Safety First, Last, and Always
Between 2001 and 2007, aviation witnessed one of its safest periods for scheduled air carriers. Not counting the terrorist activities of September 11, 2001, there were only three fatal accidents in 2001; none in 2002; two in 2003; one in 2004; three in 2005; two in 2006; and none in 2007. Fatal accidents became rare events with only .01 accidents per 100,000 flight hours or .018 accidents per 100,000 departures.
Thanks to the work of FAA, over the past 50 years, aviation has become central to the way we live and do business, linking people from coast to coast and connecting America to the world. In fact, FAA has created the safest, most reliable, most efficient, and most productive air transportation system in the world.
To ensure aviation's future viability, FAA is now working with its federal and industry partners to develop a flexible aerospace system that fully responds to the changing needs of businesses and customers in the 21st century. The strength of the NextGen system depends on lower costs, improved service, greater capacity, and smarter security measures. That is why FAA has defined a vision of the future that integrates achievements in safety, security, efficiency, and environmental compatibility.
Last updated: Monday, November 15, 2021


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GTK, Python, and DnD - Revisited!
Written by
on .Once again I find myself struggling with Drag 'n Drop using GTK and Python. Why is it so difficult to get something working? Why do all the examples on the Internet suck? These are all good questions my friends, and today I bring some answers.
First of all, there are many different levels of drag ...


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Growth spurt: More farms at Jewish buildings seeding food awareness
NEW YORK — After the unexpected death of his 26-year-old daughter Jessica last August, Dane Kostin found himself searching for a fitting memorial, a project that would benefit the community and provide an appropriate tribute to a daughter who loved cooking with fresh, seasonal vegetables.
Thus was born Jessie's Community Gardens, a nonprofit trying to set up small-scale gardening operations at community facilities throughout the Hartford, Conn., area.
This spring, the first garden will be dug on the grounds of the local Jewish federation. Another will be installed at Kostin's synagogue, Beth El Temple in West Hartford. Kostin also has held discussions with the local Jewish nursing home, assisted living facilities and the two local Jewish day schools, all of which have expressed interest in participating.
"It could gather volunteers to do mitzvah projects. It could provide food for the needy. It could do any number of things that we were thinking about," Kostin told JTA.
Across the country, similar ideas have prompted synagogues, JCCs, day schools and camps to turn over hundreds of acres of land for growing vegetables in recent years.
The gardens are tangible manifestations of the exponential growth of Jewish community interest in contemporary food issues, and most of the efforts combine growing vegetables with some opportunity for Jewish learning, social action or environmental awareness.
In Denver, a five-acre organic farm on the grounds of the Denver Academy of Torah called Ekar produced 8,000 pounds of vegetables last season for the local Jewish food pantry. In Toronto, Kavanah Garden donated 400 pounds to a local Jewish organization where volunteer chefs prepared food and distributed it the homeless. More than 1,200 people have visited the garden.
At Camp Ramah Darom in Georgia, a small garden started in 2003 has grown into an entire sustainability track that now sends campers to help out at a nearby organic farm during the summer. Beth Sholom Congregation in Philadelphia grows, among other things, flowers that are brought to patients in hospitals and nursing homes. And the JCC Growsprogram, run from the JCC Association in New York, provides grants to centers across the country to establish community gardens.
There is a growing network of more than 100 Community Supported Agriculture projects, or CSAs, housed at Jewish institutions.
"It's only recently — I think in the last three to four years, even in the last two years — there's been a little bit of a tipping point both in the Jewish community and in the mainstream," said Daron Joffe, an organic farming entrepreneur in Atlanta who says he's helped establish some 20 gardens at Jewish community facilities.
After the Marguiles family of Illinois moved its envelope factory to Geneva, Ill., in 1999, it found it had several acres of land at its disposal. So Fred Marguiles, a rabbi, found a farmer who planted corn and soybeans that he raised through conventional methods, employing chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
"That went on for about 10 years — until we went to a Hazon food conference," Marguiles said.
Today the land, called Pushing the Envelope Farm, is organic, and is used for a wide range of purposes. A Jewish Sunday school meets on the grounds, plots are tended by factory workers and Burmese refugees, and a Sukkot retreat was held last fall.
While impetus for establishing the gardens varies, many trace their inspiration to Hazon, the country's largest Jewish environmental organization and a leader of what it calls the "new Jewish food movement."
It was after attending a Hazon event in California that Rabbi Hyim Shafner of the Orthodox Congregation Bais Abraham in St. Louis, Mo., decided to start a garden on the shul's grounds. Besides the educational potential, Shafner hoped to use the produce to feed the needy. But things didn't quite pan out.
"It was a bad year for tomatoes," Shafner said. "But we got a lot of other things."
At the Jewish Community Center of Greater Ann Arbor, Mich., a small garden at the early childhood center grows horseradish for Passover, potatoes for Chanukah latkes and ornamental gourds to decorate sukkahs. Last season, the beds produced 100 pounds of vegetables.
"I was surprised how involved the teachers became and how involved the parents became," said Noreen DeYoung, the director of early childhood programs.
Among the many benefits, organizers of the gardens invariably cite the success they have had in building bridges beyond the Jewish community. In Denver, 40 organizations have been involved in Ekar, and about half the participants have been non-Jews, according to Ilan Salzberg, who runs the farm. Ekar offers small community plots where, for a modest fee, anyone can plant vegetables of their choosing.
"I think it's the right idea at the right time," Salzberg said. "People love to work on something that is meaningful, that has tangible results and that connects you to the soil, connects you to the land, connects you to other people. This does all that."
That diversity of applications is also what fired up Kostin's imagination.
In his vision, Jessie's Community Gardens will have elderly residents at the Jewish nursing home wheeling their chairs underneath raised plant beds, needy local families enjoying fresh produce grown on Jewish property and Jewish children learning about their own agricultural traditions. He also sees the potential for using the gardens to help families like his who are struggling with grief.
"It really resonated with us on multiple levels," Kostin said of the garden idea. "All these kinds of things form the basis of what we're doing."
(JTA intern Lauren Greenberg contributed to this story.)


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People Like You Manage Event Registration with WordPress
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A compound found in soybeans may become an effective HIV treatment without the drug resistance issues faced by current therapies, according to new research by George Mason University researchers.
It's in the early stages, but genistein, derived from soybeans and other plants, shows promise in inhibiting the HIV infection, says Yuntao Wu, a professor with the George Mason-based National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Molecular and Microbiology.
Still, that doesn't mean people should begin eating large amounts of soy products. "Although genistein is rich in several plants such as soybeans, it is still uncertain whether the amount of genistein we consume from eating soy is sufficient to inhibit HIV," Wu says.
Genistein is a "tyrosine kinase inhibitor" that works by blocking the communication from a cell's surface sensors to its interior. Found on a cell's surface, these sensors tell the cell about its environment and also communicate with other cells. HIV uses some of these surface sensors to trick the cell to send signals inside. These signals change cell structure so that the virus can get inside and spread infection.
But genistein blocks the signal and stops HIV from finding a way inside the cell. It takes a different approach than the standard antiretroviral drug used to inhibit HIV.
"Instead of directly acting on the virus, genistein interferes with the cellular processes that are necessary for the virus to infect cells," Wu says. "Thus, it makes the virus more difficult to become resistant to the drug. Our study is currently it its early stage. If clinically proven effective, genistein may be used as a complement treatment for HIV infection."
Wu sees possibilities in this plant-based approach, which may address drug toxicity issues as well. Because genistein is plant-derived, it may be able to sidestep drug toxicity, a common byproduct of the daily and lifelong pharmaceutical regimen faced by patients with HIV to keep the disease at bay, Wu says. Typically, patients take a combination of multiple drugs to inhibit the virus. The frequency can lead to drug toxicity. Plus, HIV mutates and becomes drug-resistant.
Wu and his team are working at finding out how much genistein is needed to inhibit HIV. It's possible that plants may not have high enough levels, so drugs would need to be developed, Wu says.
Wu's research is feeling the financial squeeze these days due to sequestration and budget cuts within the National Institutes of Health, he says. His lab has turned to novel ways to fund the HIV research, including the genistein project. A bicycle ride dubbed NYC DC AIDS Research Ride raised money for Wu's lab a few years ago and has stepped up its efforts with a new fundraiser.
Other George Mason researchers on the genistein project include Jia Guo, Taban Rasheed, Alyson Yoder, Dongyang Yu, Huizhi Liang, Fei Yi and Todd Hawley.Xuehua Xu and Tian Jin from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Rockville, Md., and Binhua Ling from Tulane University Health Sciences Center are also working on the research.


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Enchanting Himachal Tour – 6 Nights / 7 Days
Destination Covered: Delhi – Shimla – Kufri – Manali – Rohtang Pass – Chandigarh – Delhi
- Sightseeing in Shimla including Kufri and Sankat Mochan Temple
- Adventure activities at Rohtang Pass and Solang Valley, Manali
- Darshan at popular old Manali temples
- Explore popular attractions in Chandigarh including Rose Garden and Rock Garden
Once you arrive at the Delhi airport, meet an IHPL representative who helps you with transfer to your first destination, Shimla by-road. On reaching Shimla, complete the check-in formalities at your hotel. Take some rest. The evening is scheduled for shopping at the very popular Mall Road. Also called The Mall, it is the town's main street dotted with showrooms, restaurants and shops. This road bustles with tourist activity all day long. Stay Overnight.
The summer capital of British India, Shimla is home to a number of tourist attractions. Post breakfast on day 2, leave your hotel for sightseeing. The list of attractions of the day includes Kufri- a small mesmerizing hill town blessed with scenic locations, Jakhoo Temple- a popular ancient Hindu temple that is dedicated to Lord Hanumana, Shri Sankat Mochan Temple-another famed temple dating back to 1950's, City Church- second oldest church in North India that is constructed in Neo-Gothic style and more. Later, take a walk on the The Ridge road to enjoy the amazing weather. Dinner and overnight at the hotel.
On day 3, after breakfast, begin driving towards Manali. Treat your eyes to the snow-clad peaks and lush greenery, on the way. Upon arriving, check-in at your hotel. Relax for some time. You are free to spend the day as per your liking. In the evening, visit the vibrant and sprawling Mall road for shopping. You can get your hands on some nice woolen clothes, handicrafts and more. Dinner and overnight stay.
On the 4th day of the tour, once you have your breakfast, get all set to explore the mesmerizing hill town of Manali, which is also popular for offering interesting adventure opportunities to enthusiasts. Today, you visit Rohtang Pass and Solang Valley. Once you visit these two places, you can not only admire the enchanting scenery but you can also partake in different kinds of adventure activities such as para-gliding, zip lining, rapling, rock climbing etc. Though inaccessible during winters, both these destinations bustle with tourist activities in the summer season. Back to the hotel for an overnight stay.
Day 5 after breakfast is fixed for visiting the attractions of Old Manali, which is home to a number of famous temples. Today, you visit Manu Temple- close to the main market this temple is dedicated to Manu Rishi who was a popular Hindu Sage, Hadimba Devi Temple- an ancient temple that is dedicated to Hadmiba who was the wife of one of the five Pandavas Bhim and Vashisht Temple- believed to be around 4000 years old. The next visit is to the Tibetan Monastery. Later, meet the exotic wildlife of the region at Van Vihar National Park. Back to the hotel for dinner. Stay overnight.
Have your breakfast and complete the check-out formalities. Thereafter, begin driving towards Chandigarh. After you reach Chandigarh, check-in at the hotel. The evening is free for you to indulge in leisure activities. One may visit the popular markets, may gorge on the local delicacies and more. Probably the best-planned city of the country, Chadigarh is known for its architecture, attractions and urban designing. Stay overnight.
On the last day of the tour, take city tour after breakfast. The attractions that are a part of today's list include Nek Chand Rock Garden- a garden consisting of objects that are made from urban and industrial waste such as plastic bottles, bangles human hair etc, Zakir Hussain Rose Garden- Asia's largest botanical garden that is dotted with 50,000 rose-bushes of around 1600 varied species and Shanti Kunj-away from the regular hustle-bustle of the city, this garden has plants with medicinal properties. After this, enjoy boating at Sukhna Lake, another popular attraction. Post sightseeing, hit the road back to Delhi. Get an assisted drop at the airport to board the flight for your onward journey.


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The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Joint Press Release For immediate release Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Office of Thrift Supervision National Credit Union Administration September 29, 2006 Federal Financial Regulatory Agencies Issue Final Guidance on Nontraditional Mortgage Product Risks The federal financial regulatory agencies today issued final guidance to address the risks posed by residential mortgage products that allow borrowers to defer repayment of principal and sometimes interest (Interagency Guidance on Nontraditional Mortgage Product Risks). These products, referred to variously as "nontraditional," "alternative," or "exotic" mortgage loans (referred to below as nontraditional mortgage loans), include "interest-only" mortgages and "payment option" adjustable-rate mortgages. These products allow borrowers to exchange lower payments during an initial period for higher payments later. While similar products have been available for many years, the number of institutions offering them has expanded rapidly. At the same time, these products are offered to a wider spectrum of borrowers who may not otherwise qualify for a similar-size mortgage under traditional terms and underwriting standards. The agencies are concerned that some borrowers may not fully understand the risks of these products. While many of these features exist in other adjustable-rate mortgage products, the agencies' concern is elevated with nontraditional products because of the lack of principal amortization and the potential for negative amortization. In addition, institutions are increasingly combining these loans with other features that may compound risk ("risk layering"). These features include making simultaneous second-lien mortgages and relying on reduced or no documentation in evaluating an applicant's creditworthiness. The final guidance discusses the importance of carefully managing the potential heightened risk levels created by these loans. Toward that end, management should: Ensure that loan terms and underwriting standards are consistent with prudent lending practices, including consideration of a borrower's repayment capacity; Recognize that many nontraditional mortgage loans, particularly when they have risk-layering features, are untested in a stressed environment. These products warrant strong risk management standards, capital levels commensurate with the risk, and an allowance for loan and lease losses that reflects the collectibility of the portfolio; and Ensure that consumers have sufficient information to clearly understand loan terms and associated risks prior to making a product or payment choice. The agencies published for comment proposed interagency guidance on Nontraditional Mortgage Products on December 29, 2005. Comments were received from financial institutions, trade associations, consumer and community organizations, state and financial regulatory organizations, and other members of the public. The agencies made a number of changes to the proposal to respond to the commenters' concerns and to provide additional clarity. The guidance is attached. The agencies are issuing two additional related documents--Proposed Illustrations of Consumer Information for Nontraditional Mortgage Products and an addendum to the May 2005 Interagency Credit Risk Management Guidance for Home Equity Lending. Several commenters on the proposed guidance encouraged the agencies to include model or sample disclosures or other descriptive materials as part of the interagency guidance. In response, the agencies are issuing for comment Proposed Illustrations of Consumer Information for Nontraditional Mortgage Products. The agencies believe that illustrations of consumer information may be useful to institutions as they seek to implement the consumer information recommendations of the guidance. The agencies seek public comment on all aspects of the proposed illustrations, including whether these illustrations or a modified form should be adopted by the agencies. Comments on the proposed illustrations are due 60 days after publication in the Federal Register. The agencies are also issuing an addendum to the May 2005 Interagency Credit Risk Management Guidance for Home Equity Lending that provides additional guidance for managing risks associated with open-end home equity lines of credit (HELOCs) that contain interest-only features. While HELOCs with these features may provide flexibility for consumers, the agencies are concerned that consumers may not fully understand the product terms and associated risks. This addendum provides guidance addressing the timing and content of communications with consumers obtaining interest- only HELOCs. These consumer protection recommendations are similar to the guidance contained in the Interagency Guidance on Nontraditional Mortgage Product Risks referenced above. Addendum NTM attachment 1 (104 KB PDF) NTM attachment 2 (261 KB PDF) Media Contacts: Federal Reserve Susan Stawick FDIC David Barr NCUA John Mckechnie (202) 452-2955 (202) 898-6992 (703) 518-6331 OCC OTS (202) 874-5770 202-906-6677 Kevin Mukri Katie Fitzgerald 2006 Banking and consumer regulatory policy Home | News and events Accessibility Last update: September 29, 2006


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Pool Installation
Looking for the perfect commercial pool builders or team for residential pool construction? Well, you've just hit the jackpot. The Construction Renovations Solutions, LLC. team has years of experience in the local industry and are invested in producing only the highest quality work.
Since opening our doors we've worked hard to employ the best pool contractors, and grow relationships with other industry leaders. This means we can provide you with amazing rates on materials as well as subcontractors when it comes to building a surround, decking or patio.
Whether you're a business owner constructing a pool for a hotel, school, community center, or are a homeowner dreaming of a pool for yourself, family and friends, give Construction Renovations Solutions, LLC. a call. We'll construct a pool that's both durable and beautiful and will last a lifetime.
The Best Pool Construction for You?
When it comes to building a pool there are a lot of options to be considered. Most local commercial pools are inground, but what type of finishing will you choose? What type of lining?
If you're a homeowner, the aboveground pool is also an option. What will look best in your backyard?
Inground Pool Installation
Inground pools are a classic. While on the pricier end of the spectrum, they are a very worthwhile investment that will give you years of enjoyment as well as raise the value of your property.
Inground pools are most commonly constructed of:
- Gunite
- Poured concrete
- Fiberglass
And, they can be lined with vinyl and finished off with plaster, tile, stone, or man-made textures.
Aboveground Pool Installation
Many homeowners think they can install an aboveground pool themselves. But this is not the case. Constructing the walls and leveling the ground to ensure your pool is safe and durable should always be done by a professional team such as the one at Construction Renovations Solutions, LLC..
These pools are available for a fraction of a cost of inground pools, but aren't as permanent and have less options for customization.
Commercial or Residential Pool Contractors
Building a pool for a family, or the many families that populate hotels, schools, community centers, etc. are two very different processes.
When creating your personal pool your needs are the most important, but during commercial pool construction we will employ our extensive knowledge of current trends and market research. We know what your clients want and what's going to make them the happiest and most comfortable while swimming.
At Construction Renovations Solutions, LLC. we've had the pleasure of building pools and spas for a wide variety of businesses. Our reputation for quality workmanship and competitive pricing has made us a local industry leader.
Quality Pools for Your Best Summer Ever
Commercial or residential, inground or aboveground, Construction Renovations Solutions, LLC. is dedicated to giving you your best summer ever.
Pools are an amazing addition to any home or business, and we'd love to meet with you as soon as possible to discuss our plan for your custom pool. Give us a call and let's get started!


text: MGC_6.1.013_MI8_FINAL_V1b.apk By BSG. Download: MGC_6.1.013_MI8_FINAL_V1b.apk All versions from BSG » Changelog: From a Xiaomi Mi 8 channel: t.me/gcammi8mi/57 Support: For GCam support, a Telegram group and channel are available. 🗣 Discussion: Show Comments » Please note that the original post or files can be modified or deleted after this page was created. Update alerts: telegram, rss feed, twitter, mastodon Google Camera Port Hub »


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2D American Flag Shapes Clipart Graphics Download
2D american flag shapes clipart set contains US flag images taking on various shapes! This set is perfect for lessons that involve the different 2D shapes! School clipart is also perfect for use in story books, lesson plans, craft projects, classroom assignments and scrapbooking projects. Comes with 34 PNG format clip art graphics in both color and black and white. (17 full color and 17 black and white). Each file is 300 DPI Resolution size each and have a transparent background in PNG. These files are perfect for use commercially, personally or for school projects and activities.
2D Shapes include: Circle, Oval, Heart, Crescent, Start, Square, Rectangle, Trapezium, Triangle, Rhombus, Hexagon, Heptagon, Decagon, Pentagon, Semi-Circle, Cross and Parallelogram.
See Also 2D Shapes Sets for similar graphics!
Use Policy
Upon your Purchase, You will receive an instant download of a zip folder file containing 34 files in total. (17 full color and 17 black & white). Each image is high res (300 dpi) and on a transparent PNG.
Our clipart is very easy to adjust and use for all purposes. May be used in a variety of clipart for school projects including brochures, post cards, business cards, websites, stationary, calendars, posters, scrapbooking, printables, parties, school projects & assignments and much more. One may also use these graphics for commercial sales products such as homework you intend to sell on sites like Teacherspayteachers, Etsy etc. as well as on T-shirts, mugs etc. Separate licenses not needed for this purchase unless you begin selling products with these graphics on a very large scale – (100,000 sales or more).
All clipart has been hand drawn and colored by myself, I365art. A buyer may use the product for personal and commercial purposes. You may not resell any of the clipart on this site as is. Buyers may not claim any of the clipart on this site as your own. This means you cannot take credit for the graphics on this site. While giving credit for my work is highly appreciated, it is not a requirement when using my work commercially.
For more clipart, be sure to go to the Math & Counting Page for more international food to see what else clipart4school.com has.


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Laurel Snyder
Photo: © Photo: Sonya Naumann
About the Author
LAUREL SNYDER is the author of Any Which Wall, Up and Down the Scratchy Mountains, Baxter, the Pig Who Wanted to Be Kosher, and Inside the Slidy Diner. In addition to her books for children, Laurel has written two books of poems and edited an anthology of nonfiction called Half/Life: Jew-ish tales from Interfaith Homes. She is a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop and an occasional commentator for NPR's All Things Considered. Laurel lives in Decatur, Georgia.


text: After watching Blake Griffin's INSANE dunk over Kendrick Perkins Monday night, I wanted to see what happened across the web immediately following the dunk. Â Not surprising, everyone linked to the video of the dunk and it did not take very long for people to start sharing, clicking and searching for the dunk. Â Incredibly the number of searches, shares and clicks via AddThis for "Blake Griffin" increased 3500% the following day on January 31st. Â Griffin's dunk will be one of the best this season in the NBA, and it is definitely worth watching it again.


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Refund Policy
We accept returns up to 15 days after delivery, if the item is unused and in its original condition. If 15 days have gone by since your purchase, unfortunately we can't offer you a refund or exchange.
Non-returnable items:
* Gift cards
* Downloadable software products
To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase.
There are certain situations where only partial refunds are granted:
* Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error.
* Any item that is returned more than 15 days after delivery
In the event that your order arrives damaged in any way, please email us as soon as possible at firstname.lastname@example.com with your order number and a photo of the item's condition. We address these on a case-by-case basis but will try our best to work towards a satisfactory solution.
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund.
If you are approved, then your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment.
Late or missing refunds
If you haven't received a refund yet, first check your bank account again.
Then contact your credit card company, it may take some time before your refund is officially posted. Next contact your bank. There is often some processing time before a refund is posted. If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund yet, please contact us at email@example.com.
Sale items
Only regular priced items may be refunded, unfortunately sale items cannot be refunded.
We only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If you need to exchange your order for the same item, send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com and send your item to: 24201 Rice Lake Drive Lakeville, MN 55044 United States.
If the item was marked as a gift when purchased and shipped directly to you, you'll receive a gift credit for the value of your return. Once the returned item is received, a gift certificate will be mailed to you.
If the item wasn't marked as a gift when purchased, or the gift giver had the order shipped to themselves to give to you later, we will send a refund to the gift giver and they will find out about your return.
Return address
Mail your product to: 24201 Rice Lake Drive Lakeville, MN 55044 United States
You will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable.
Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.
If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don't guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
If you have any further questions, please don't hesitate to contact us at email@example.com.


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Singing Hypnobabies Mom, Temple's Birth Story
I meant to write my birth story a long time ago and with 3 kids well… you know. Anyway, that was me singing on YouTube in the previous post. Our son's birth went very well. I used Hypnobabies and kept my switch in the center position for a good portion of the labor but still used off quite a bit as well. When I was using the off position everyone thought I was asleep! LOL! And I had some pretty strong rushes like that!
I decided to try singing to see how it would work. I had been to a Barbra Harper birth workshop and she was talking about this Japanese midwife who has all of her clients sing and the wonderful results they have and since I'm a singer and it relaxes me anyway I thought why not!
I had a very fast transition, only about 3 pressure waves and all of a sudden …
I was pushing! I got in the water at that point to slow things down a bit and let my midwife catch up. She thought I had another couple of hours to go.
At this point I wasn't really using the Hypnobabies anymore. Unfortunately I didn't get the chance to really practice it with a partner enough to have help getting back on track with it. I was ok though because I was in the water and I did have support.
I thought that 2nd stage would be easier if the baby was in the right position this time (my second baby was ROA and had a nuchal hand…not comfortable) but he was so big that he pressed on a nerve and my right leg was almost numb. Not truly numb but not useful anymore… does that make sense? I have had trouble with that area a lot so I don't think this happens to many women.
Anyway, I know a lot of good pushing positions but none that only require one leg! I was a little out of it at that point because it was just so unexpected… I'm so used to squatting and I just couldn't. After I finally got his head out I thought the rest would be easy but as it turns out his chest (15 in) was even bigger than his (14 1/2 in) head! It was like pushing out a log! But out he did come and we are all doing fine.
If I could've spent more time practicing with a partner I would have and I think it would've helped me more during 2nd stage.
Peace and Blessings, Temple
Originally posted January 21, 2008


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Remember to tell us what digital products you use.
We like to see 100% digital entries.
100% digital will receive 2 entries for giveaways.
I have picked 3 cards from the current entries who have used mainly digital products to feature today
in numerical order
Thank you for inspiring us today and don't forget to grab your Featured badge from our "Grab Our Badge" page at the top.
Have a great day everyone.