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I would like to say a few things about my first husband, William.
Lucy Barton is a writer, but her ex-husband, William, remains a hard man to read. William, she confesses, has always been a mystery to me. Another mystery is why the two have remained connected after all these years. They just are.
So Lucy is both surprised and not surprised when William asks her to join him on a trip to investigate a recently uncovered family secret—one of those secrets that rearrange everything we think we know about the people closest to us. What happens next is nothing less than another example of what Hilary Mantel has called Elizabeth Strout's "perfect attunement to the human condition." There are fears and insecurities, simple joys and acts of tenderness, and revelations about affairs and other spouses, parents and their children. On every page of this exquisite novel we learn more about the quiet forces that hold us together—even after we've grown apart.
At the heart of this story is the indomitable voice of Lucy Barton, who offers a profound, lasting reflection on the very nature of existence. "This is the way of life," Lucy says: "the many things we do not know until it is too late."
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Pulitzer Prize winner Elizabeth Strout explores the mysteries of marriage and the secrets we keep, as a former couple reckons with where they've come from—and what they've left behind.
BOOKER PRIZE FINALIST • ONE OF THE TEN BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: Maureen Corrigan, NPR's Fresh Air
"Elizabeth Strout is one of my very favorite writers, so the fact that Oh William! may well be my favorite of her books is a mathematical equation for joy. The depth, complexity, and love contained in these pages is a miraculous achievement."—Ann Patchett, author of The Dutch House
ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: The New York Times Book Review, The Washington Post, Time, Vulture, She Reads


text:
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Sometimes it may be necessary to remove an entire thread or conversations from the site. We endeavour to do this only in the most extreme cases in order to preserve the flow of conversation on the site.
We will also endeavour to contact members via email if we are removing or editing a posting. If appropriate we will also issue a warning at this time.
Members who continue to break the community rules after a warning will incur a temporary ban on their access to MyCustomer. Members who are welcomed back after a temporary ban will be asked to post within the guidelines as stated here. Failure to do so will result in a permanent ban.
We are willing to review permanent bans after six months. Each case will be assessed individually and no precedence will apply.
We promise to review any offensive or inflammatory posts within 2 working days of a post being reported.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Yosemite Hike - Sentinel Dome
Sentinel Dome is a Yosemite must do. This was our second time at Sentinel Dome, but we had some family with us that had never visited. The trailhead is on Glacier Point Road. This is also the trailhead for Taft Point. Parking is on the shoulder of the road for many cars although it gets crowded in the afternoon. The trail to Sentinel Dome is only a 2 mile easy round trip with only 500' elevation change. The last part is the steepest where you are actually hiking up the dome itself. From atop the dome you are rewarded with a 360 degree view. You can see Yosemite Valley, Yosemite Falls, El Capitan, Nevada Falls and Half Dome. My recommendation is actually to do the hike to Taft Point, then hike along the Pohono Trail to Sentinel Dome, and then back to your car, which would be about a 5 mile roundtrip hike.
Related Links


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Porto, happy people's getaway
A city both creative and dynamic, Porto unveils its charms and heritage along the Douro River. With displays of Romanesque and Baroque architectures, the city that was awarded best European destination on multiple occasions will fulfil your cravings for culture, history and blazing colours.
There is an old saying in town: "Lisbon plays while Porto works". It has lost its meaning in our day and age, but as the second largest city in Portugal, Porto still owes its development to the trade of textile, cork and of course Porto wine.
For the last few years, Porto has experienced unprecedented cultural, artistic and touristic growth. With some 200,000 inhabitants, it has been elected best European destination a number of times. This dynamic exhilaration is particularly palpable in the historical centre, especially on the Rua Galeria de Paris, the trendiest district. Buildings long left in a state of neglect are now being restored and turned into sumptuous hotels travellers are fond of. In the city's newest districts, all around the old town, you will discover the Casa da Música, a new-fangled venue designed by Dutch urban planner Rem Koolhaas. Also of major interest is the Contemporary Art Museum (Fundação de Serralves), conceived by celebrated local boy and contemporary architect Álvaro Siza.
Omnipresent azulejos on the façades of historical buildings are one of the reminders that the Cidade Invicta (the 'undefeated city') never forgot about culture and traditions. You will discover the story behind the famous drink conceived in the Douro valley, sheltered by the Marão mountains, in the town of Vila Nova de Gaia on the other side of the river - heartland of the greatest wine producers. Several sun-filled grape varieties are used to produce different kinds of Porto wines: White, Ruby, Tawny, Late Bottle Vintage (LBV) and Vintage. Do not leave town before trying these typical nectars… as long as you drink in moderation, of course. Here, port wine and food pairing is essential and makes for a terrific way of trying out local specialities.
*Todos os valores estão em EUR. Estão incluídas taxas e suplementos. Não é aplicável taxa de reserva. Os preços apresentados poderão variar consoante a disponibilidade da tarifa.
The weather forecast information is provided by World Weather Online. Air France-KLM is not responsible for the reliability of this data.
© Text and photography courtesy of EnVols


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SMiShing Attacks Leverage Punycode Technique
Security researchers warn that homograph attacks — also known as punycode technique — are becoming more popularly used for SMiShing to deceive users, steal information, or infect smartphones and other devices with malware. The attacks work because current web browsers fail to tell the difference between spoof sites since the domain characters belong in allowable combinations and whitelisted top-level-domains (TLDs).
Cybercriminals use punycode to mislead users into clicking on the URL included in the message as if it were a legitimate link. SMiShing campaigns with embedded links are becoming popular as consumers are less likely to notice the subtle differences. Web browsers decide if the punycode or the IDN will be displayed based on alphabet combinations — such as Latin, Cyrillic or Unicode — and with character separators "." or "/" that can be used to spoof the real URL domain label. If the characters are included in the list of allowable combinations, browsers may list the URL with certifications and IDNs while redirecting them to other pages for malware infection.
[Related: Blackhole Spam Run evades detection using punycode]
Cybercriminals are constantly searching for workarounds to current security measures, and users have to be aware of URLs inserted in IMs and SMS that they open. Programmers have yet to find a foolproof fix for the malicious nature of punycode, but here are a few recommendations to avoid these threats:
- Observe and check for obvious character switches in the domain names of businesses with prompts to open the site, even from trusted contacts.
- Directly type in the domain name on the browser instead of clicking on the URL in the SMS.
- Verify if the stated service provider or company sent out messages such as promos or invites.
End users and enterprises can benefit from multilayered mobile security solutions such as Trend Micro™ Mobile Security™. Trend Micro™ Mobile Security for Enterprise provides device, compliance and application management, data protection, and configuration provisioning, as well as detecting and blocking malware and fraudulent websites. Web reputation technology featured in Trend Micro Mobile Security solutions protects users from threats that may be delivered using IDNs and phishing URLs delivered via IMs and SMS.
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Ultime notizie
- Post-Quantum Cryptography: Migrating to Quantum Resistant Cryptography
- Rising From the Underground: Hacktivism in 2024
- Guarding AI Models From Malicious Alterations in the AI PC Era
- Navigating the Threat Landscape for Cloud-Based GPUs
- Kong API Gateway Misconfigurations: An API Gateway Security Case Study


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Mammary Tumors
Cancer in general afflicts an estimated 30 percent to 40 percent of all cats, and one-third or so of these malignancies involve the mammary glands. Tumors originating in these glands account for the third most common type of feline cancer (after lymphoma and skin cancer). Occurring more than 95 percent of the time in females, it is the most frequently diagnosed type of feline cancer in cats older than 10 years of age.
According to Margaret McEntee, DVM, a professor of oncology at Cornell University's College of Veterinary Medicine, approximately 85 percent of feline mammary cancers are lethally malignant adenocarcinomas. These growths originate in the epithelial tissue of a gland beneath a nipple and eventually spread (metastasize) to the lymph nodes, lungs, pleura, liver, adrenal gland, kidney, or other parts of the body.
A cat has two "chains" of four mammary glands and nipples running parallel on each side of its belly. "A tumor can start as a small, firm nodule, about the size of a BB, just beneath or next to a nipple," explains Dr. McEntee. "Although the tumor can become fixed at its point of origin, it will usually spread to the lymph nodes and then to other parts of the body. In its initial stage, when the growth is small, it's not going to be painful, you won't be able to feel it, and there will be no obvious clinical signs. It may take weeks or months before it is noticeable."
The underlying causes of feline mammary gland cancer are unknown. Genetic influence has not yet been found to play a role. Likewise, while links between external cancer-causing agents—such as environmental carcinogens, exposure to sunlight, viruses, and vaccine injections—have been established in relation to various other forms of feline cancer, these factors do not appear relevant to the onset of mammary cancer in cats.
On the other hand, says Dr. McEntee, the hormone status of a female cat is significant—specifically the roles played by the two female reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone. "If these hormones are given to unspayed cats as contraceptives or for behavior modification either orally or by injection," she notes, "their risk of mammary cancer can triple."
A cat's breed may also play a role. For example, says Dr. McEntee, "Siamese cats, for unknown reasons, have twice the risk of other breeds, and they also tend to get the cancer at an earlier age." (Although the average age of cats with mammary cancer is between 10 and 12 years, the disorder can affect animals anywhere from less than one year to 20 years of age or older.)
Definitive diagnosis of mammary cancer is usually achieved by removing a portion of affected tissue—or all of it, if possible—and submitting the sample for biopsy, a histopathologic examination that will determine whether the cancer is benign or malignant. Chest x-rays and abdominal ultrasound imaging may also be used to determine whether the mammary mass has spread to the lymph nodes and subsequently to the internal organs.
If the cancer has spread throughout a cat's body, treatment would center on chemotherapy. But if the tissue involvement is confined to the mammary glands, mastectomy would be performed to remove one or both chains of the patient's nipples, mammary glands, and underlying tissue. "If caught early," says Dr. McEntee, "the survival chances are very good—three years or more if a tumor is smaller than two centimeters in diameter."
To dramatically reduce the risk of feline mammary cancer, Dr. McEntee urges owners to have their female cats spayed before they enter their first heat cycle, as young as three to four months of age. Indeed, one study indicated that cats spayed prior to six months of age had a 91 percent reduction in risk and those spayed prior to one year of age had an 86 percent reduction.
In addition, an owner can play a valuable role in recognizing the presence of a mammary tumor at an early stage of its development by routinely palpating a cat's underside in the areas of the mammary glands and nipples. This should be done on a weekly basis, the objective of which is to detect the formation of obvious masses or lumps of tissue when they are most treatable. Of course, any such alarming discovery should be reported to a veterinarian without delay.


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* Dimension (cm) : H16-17 (Approximately)
* Option to amend figurine clothing colors with an additional $25 per figurine charges. * Option to make as bobblehead figurine with an additional $25 per figurine charges.
*** All the additional options can be selected during your check-out process.
* As this is a 3D caricature figurine, we promised our customers a 60 - 70% resemblance to the photo supplied but not the real person as artists refers to the photo to sculpt & hand-make the figurine.
* Standard order process will take around 21 working days upon completion of placing of order with all necessary info's and payment made to us. As for express order process, it will still need around 15-16 working days production timeline.
* For standard order process, we will provide sculpted head proofing process to ensure the figurine resemble to the person photo. This process will be provided to customers free of charge as an additional services to protect customers interest.
* With an additional of SGD25.00 per figurine. You can make the figurine into bobblehead figurine. It mean that the figurine head will move.
* With an additional of $15 (< 15 alphabets). You can have the option of adding wordings to the background or base. If more than 15 & 30 alphabets, additional cost will be at S$20 instead. Wordings will be added in sticker format.
* To see more of our Unusually standard designs, feel free to visit our Unusually Flickr Album at :
* For cooperate enquries in bulk orders or express order. Pls contact us directly to discuss.
* Pls take note. For express order process, there will be no sculpted head proofing process due to the limited time constraint.


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Recent Windows 10 updates have been giving the company's user base heartburn lately, with their tendency to delete files and cause at least as many problems as they solve. If you're among the frustrated ranks, good news is on the horizon.
The company is currently readying an update that will allow you to pause the update function so that they no longer occur automatically.
To be sure, automatic updates are a good idea in principle, ensuring that your system is as safe and as protected as it can be. The sad reality is that in the absence of automatic updates, a significant percentage of the user base would either update very sporadically or not at all, which would expose them to a whole raft of dangers.
On the flip side, the recent spate of update troubles that Windows 10 users have been experiencing have left some users terrified of system updates and the prospect of lost data or other bugs.
Enterprise users have long had an option to delay automatic updates for up to 35 days, which is a window that gives business owners and the IT professionals working for them time to assess the potential impact of any update before it is applied across the corporate network. However, home users have been left out of the equation.
In a soon to be released update (19H1), however, that will be changing. The update is scheduled for release in April of this year and will allow users to delay updates for up to seven days. It's a feature that Windows Insiders can already take advantage of. If you're in the program and want to check it out, simply go to:
Settings – Update & Security – Windows Update
Once there, you'll find an option not pause the updates for up to seven days. Kudos to Microsoft for making the feature available to home users.


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It might not seem possible, but summer is almost here. The kids will be out of school – and
you'll be wondering what you can do to help them fill their days with something other than
endless rounds of video games.
We have the ideal solution in our martial arts summer camp for kids. The children who attend
our camps get to enjoy a wide range of activities – and they'll have a great time doing it.
Let's talk about some of the benefits of signing your kids up for our summer camp.
#1: You Won't Have to Worry Where Your Kids Are
Whether you work all day or you're in and out of the house, you're probably accustomed to
spending some of your summer worrying about what your kids are doing. Will they stay at
home or get into trouble?
When your kids are with us, they'll be supervised. You'll have the peace of mind of knowing
where they are, who they're with, and what they're doing.
#2: They'll Get Plenty of Exercise
Our martial arts summer camp for kids ensures that your kids won't spend their summers
lounging in front of video games. They'll get age-appropriate martial arts instruction that
includes intense workouts to help them get (or stay) in shape.
Kids need exercise to be healthy. The achievable goals and regular testing that are the
hallmarks of martial arts instruction will help them build the habit of exercise and keep them
motivated both in and out of class.
#3: They'll Learn Things to Help Them in School
The five tenets of martial arts teach kids to be courteous, dignified, controlled, confident,
and spirited. These are qualities that will help them at camp, and they'll take them back to
school when the summer ends.
We think one of the biggest benefits of attending martial arts camp is that kids learn the
kinds of skills they need to be successful in life. They'll head back to school with new tools
and a strong mindset that will help them be better students.
#4: They'll Make New Friends
Summer is the season when kids can spend time with their friends. But for some kids, it can
also be a time when friends are traveling and loneliness sets in. That's not the case with our
martial arts summer camp.
The kids who come here have plenty of time to socialize with one another. Classes are
grouped by age and every child who attends comes in knowing they have something in
common with the other campers. We've seen life-long friendships formed at our camp. Your
child's new best friend could be waiting for them here!
#5: Your Kids Will Have Fun
It might not be easy to get your kids to agree to summer camp, but we find that's not the
case when parents propose our martial arts camp to their kids. Studying the martial arts is
fun, and it's a great social activity.
In addition to martial arts, we offer tons of other fun activities for kids. They'll play games,
laugh, and get to know other kids in a relaxed setting. We think it's the best way to spend a
summer vacation – and we think your kids will agree!
Instead of worrying where your kids are or what they're doing the summer, why not enroll
them in our martial arts summer camp? They'll have a great time, learn something new, and
pick up skills that will endure for a lifetime.


text: Networking for Lighting Technicians Learn how lighting networks are put together, which protocols are in use and how this all makes your lighting life easier. This relaxed course covers theoretical and practical information and includes hands-on training with network components. Basic Course Content: DMX + RDM Networking basics Addressing Network lighting protocols: sACN and ACN Software This class is suitable for those having passed the beginners level. It is recommended to bring a Laptop which is operating on a PC platform running Microsoft Windows® 7-10. Maximum of 12 participants.Class is in German.Free of charge.Training runs from 10:00-17:00. Applications are accepted in the order in which they are received. For questions and further information please contact us at +49 (0)8024 47 00-0.


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Quick Links
- General Laws Conversion Table (2023) [PDF]
- Florida Statutes Definitions Index (2023) [PDF]
- Table of Section Changes (2023) [PDF]
- Preface to the Florida Statutes (2023) [PDF]
- Table Tracing Session Laws to Florida Statutes (2023) [PDF]
- Index to Special and Local Laws (1971-2023) [PDF]
- Index to Special and Local Laws (1845-1970) [PDF]
- Statute Search Tips
2014 Florida Statutes
668.602 Definitions.—As used in this part, the term:
(1) "Affirmative consent" means that the recipient of electronic mail expressly consented to receive the message either in response to a clear and conspicuous request for the recipient's consent or at the recipient's own initiative. A recipient is deemed to have given affirmative consent if the electronic mail message is from a person other than the person to whom the recipient directly communicated consent if clear and conspicuous notice was given to the recipient that the recipient's electronic mail address could be transferred to another person for the purpose of that person initiating the transmission of a commercial electronic mail message to the recipient.
(2) "Assist in the transmission" means to provide substantial assistance or support that enables a person to formulate, compose, send, originate, initiate, or transmit a commercial electronic mail message when the person providing the assistance knows or has reason to know that the initiator of the commercial electronic mail message is engaged in or intends to engage in a practice that violates this chapter. "Assist in the transmission" does not include:
(a) Actions that constitute routine conveyance of such message; or
(b) Activities of any entity related to the design, manufacture, or distribution of any technology, product, or component that has a commercially significant use other than to violate or circumvent this part.
(3) "Commercial electronic mail message" means an electronic mail message sent to promote the sale or lease of, or investment in, property, goods, or services related to any trade or commerce. This includes any electronic mail message that may interfere with any trade or commerce, including messages that contain computer viruses.
(4) "Computer virus" means a computer program that is designed to replicate itself or affect another program or file in the computer by attaching a copy of the program or other set of instructions to one or more computer programs or files without the consent of the owner or lawful user. The term includes, but is not limited to, programs that are designed to contaminate other computer programs; compromise computer security; consume computer resources; modify, destroy, record, or transmit data; or disrupt the normal operation of the computer, computer system, or computer network. The term also includes, but is not limited to, programs that are designed to use a computer without the knowledge and consent of the owner or authorized user and to send large quantities of data to a targeted computer network without the consent of the network for the purpose of degrading the targeted computer's or network's performance or for the purpose of denying access through the network to the targeted computer or network.
(5) "Department" means the Department of Legal Affairs.
(6) "Electronic mail address" means a destination, commonly expressed as a string of characters, to which electronic mail may be sent or delivered.
(7) "Electronic mail message" means an electronic message or computer file that is transmitted between two or more telecommunications devices; computers; computer networks, regardless of whether the network is a local, regional, or global network; or electronic devices capable of receiving electronic messages, regardless of whether the message is converted to hard copy format after receipt, viewed upon transmission, or stored for later retrieval.
(8) "Initiate the transmission" means the action taken by the original sender with respect to a commercial electronic mail message.
(9) "Interactive computer service" means any information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer access by multiple users to a computer server, including specifically, but not limited to, a service or system that provides access to the Internet and the systems operated or services offered by libraries or educational institutions.
(10) "Internet domain name" means a globally unique, hierarchical reference to an Internet host or service, which is assigned through centralized Internet naming authorities and which is comprised of a series of character strings separated by periods, with the right-most string specifying the top of the hierarchy.
(11) "Person" means any individual, group of individuals, firm, association, corporation, partnership, joint venture, sole proprietorship, or any other business entity.
(12) "Routine conveyance" means the transmission, routing, relaying, handling, or storing, through an automatic technical process, of an electronic mail message for which another person has identified the recipients or provided the recipient addresses. This does not include any routine conveyance which is deliberately intended to assist persons in violating this part.
(13) "Trade or commerce" means the advertising, soliciting, providing, offering, or distributing, whether by sale, rental, or otherwise, of any goods or service, or any property, whether tangible or intangible, or any other article, commodity, or thing of value, wherever situated.
(14) "Unsolicited commercial electronic mail message" means any commercial electronic mail message that is not a transactional or relationship message and is sent to a recipient without the recipient's affirmative or implied consent.
History.—s. 1, ch. 2004-233; s. 132, ch. 2005-2.


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We dined at my favorite spot (Russ & Daughters) where we ate delicacies like pastrami-cured salmon, caviar, deviled eggs, matzo ball soup and babka french toast.
We talked about our lives, politics and culture. Of course we also gossiped about our blogger-friends like Suzanne, Sheila, Lynne, Megan Mae and Tiina. I told Patti about my girlfriends Aimee and Jen. We had a lovely conversation.
I can't walk around New York without taking pictures, so a few are below. Have you ever visited New York?


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For Simon N. Powell, research and medicine have always been joint pursuits. Dr. Powell joined Memorial Sloan Kettering in 2008 as Chair of the Department of Radiation Oncology with a joint appointment in Sloan Kettering Institute's Molecular Biology Program. He has 18 years of experience leading basic and clinical research, first at Harvard Medical School and most recently at the Washington University School of Medicine.
Growing up in Manchester, England, I wanted to become a scientist like my brother, who now is a physicist, and my sister, who is a science teacher. Neither of our parents pursued an academic career — very few people in England had that privilege before the Second World War.
I studied neuroscience at the University of Oxford and initially planned to pursue a PhD degree in that field. But at one point, it occurred to me that the science I was most interested in was closely connected to medicine, so I changed my mind and went to medical school instead, at the University of London.
Because of my interest in neuroscience, I initially thought I would become a neurologist. However, an elective studentship with Sir Michael Peckham, a professor of oncology at the Royal Marsden Hospital, changed my perspective. It was my first encounter with a physician who was so strongly committed to science. Inspired by his ability to combine clinical and basic research, I decided to follow in his footsteps and specialize in oncology.
Many years later, after completing my specialty training in internal medicine and oncology, plus receiving a PhD degree from the Institute for Cancer Research, in London, I gave a lecture at a teaching course for oncologists. Afterward, Herman Suit, who was the head of radiation oncology at Massachusetts General Hospital, came up to me and said, "That was a good talk. Do you want to come to Boston?" Until then, I had never considered leaving England. But I did, and never moved back.
Here in the United States, my clinical practice became more focused on radiation therapy, the principle of which is to kill cancer cells, or prevent them from dividing, by damaging their DNA. Ideally, the treatment is delivered in such a way that it damages as many cancer cells as possible while sparing the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. My laboratory research is focused on the molecular mechanisms that underlie a cancer cell's vulnerability to DNA damage, and how these can be exploited therapeutically.
Normal cells protect their genome by repairing breaks in the DNA strands as they occur. If a cell's DNA repair functions are weakened, its genome will start to accrue alterations that may eventually lead to cancer. For example, people who inherit mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2, which are important for DNA repair, have an increased risk for developing breast or ovarian cancer. However, the same mutations can make radiation or chemotherapy more effective since they make tumors more susceptible to DNA damage.
Recently, my co-workers and I developed a simple test to determine if cells isolated from a breast cancer patient's tumor have DNA repair defects. In the future, we hope this test will help doctors predict how a patient will respond to radiation and guide treatment decisions. The test could also be used to predict individual responses to certain drugs such as PARP inhibitors, which are designed to exploit repair deficiencies in cancer cells. At Memorial Sloan Kettering, we are now exploring the clinical application of the test in a number of diseases, including breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers.
If a group of patients is treated with the same dose of radiation, the patients will show a range of responses. Hundreds of genes are involved in DNA repair, and their activity varies among individuals. Together with investigators in Memorial Hospital's Clinical Genetics Service and SKI's Computational Biology Program, we are launching a genome-wide association study, in which subtle genetic differences among people will be analyzed on a large scale. Such knowledge will be critical to developing new treatment methods in which radiation will be tailored to each patient's genetic profile.
One of my incentives for joining Memorial Sloan Kettering was the great opportunities that exist here for translational cancer research. With an outstanding hospital and an equally renowned research institute, we are in the fortunate position of being able to do research that can benefit our patients directly. Our most imminent challenge is to link our basic and clinical science programs, making the transition of discoveries from the lab to the clinic as effective as possible. One step toward this goal is to increase the number of clinician-scientists on our team who have research plans that embrace basic science and clinical radiation oncology.
Together with the Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, we are also making big investments in developing technology for custom imaging in radiation therapy. In the past, doctors would image a patient's tumor during one visit and then perform radiation treatment during subsequent visits. To make sure we treated the whole tumor — and to account for the possibility that its position might have shifted since the patient's last visit — we had to irradiate a substantial margin of healthy tissue around it, which required us to use lower doses of radiation. Today, our radiation units have incorporated CT scanners, which have increased precision enormously. By imaging the tumor while the patient is on the treatment table, we can position the beam optimally before switching it on and target the tumor with higher doses.
Imaging has also made it possible to evaluate how effective the radiation therapy is, both during and after a patient's treatment. With sophisticated methods, we now have access to a lot of information about how a tumor is responding, often as early as after the first treatment. For example, we are planning to install a magnetic resonance simulator in the radiation oncology suite at Memorial Hospital and will use it to explore whether a new treatment approach, known as high-dose single-fraction radiotherapy, can induce changes in tumor blood vessels. According to animal studies by Memorial Sloan Kettering clinician-scientists Zvi Fuks and Richard Kolesnick, high doses of radiation can make blood vessels collapse — and ultimately cut off the tumor's blood supply — in addition to killing cancer cells. We are now testing this concept in patients by delivering a single, high dose of radiation instead of many lower doses given over several weeks, which is the current standard of treatment.
With a wide spectrum of initiatives underway — from basic research to technology development to treatment innovation — this is a very exciting time to be at Memorial Sloan Kettering. As we find new ways of bringing all these activities together, I expect we will soon enter a new era of radiation oncology.


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Fish and Game Wardens
Patrol assigned area to prevent fish and game law violations. Investigate reports of damage to crops or property by wildlife. Compile biological data.
Sample of reported job titles: Fisheries Enforcement Officer, Game Warden, Natural Resource Officer, State Game Warden, State Wildlife Officer, Wildlife Conservation Officer, Wildlife Officer
View report: Summary Details Custom Easy Read Veterans Español
Tasks | Technology Skills | Tools Used | Knowledge | Skills | Abilities | Work Activities | Detailed Work Activities | Work Context | Job Zone | Education | Credentials | Interests | Work Styles | Work Values | Related Occupations | Wages & Employment | Job Openings | Additional Information
- Patrol assigned areas by car, boat, airplane, horse, or on foot to enforce game, fish, or boating laws or to manage wildlife programs, lakes, or land.
- Compile and present evidence for court actions.
- Investigate hunting accidents or reports of fish or game law violations.
- Protect and preserve native wildlife, plants, or ecosystems.
- Issue warnings or citations and file reports as necessary.
- Serve warrants and make arrests.
- Provide assistance to other local law enforcement agencies as required.
- Promote or provide hunter or trapper safety training.
- Participate in search-and-rescue operations.
- Arrange for disposition of fish or game illegally taken or possessed.
- Seize equipment used in fish and game law violations.
- Address schools, civic groups, sporting clubs, or the media to disseminate information concerning wildlife conservation and regulations.
- Recommend revisions in hunting and trapping regulations or in animal management programs so that wildlife balances or habitats can be maintained.
- Inspect commercial operations relating to fish or wildlife, recreation, or protected areas.
- Survey areas and compile figures of bag counts of hunters to determine the effectiveness of control measures.
- Collect and report information on populations or conditions of fish and wildlife in their habitats, availability of game food or cover, or suspected pollution.
- Design or implement control measures to prevent or counteract damage caused by wildlife or people.
- Provide advice or information to park or reserve visitors.
- Investigate crop, property, or habitat damage or destruction or instances of water pollution to determine causes and to advise property owners of preventive measures.
- Issue licenses, permits, or other documentation.
- Document the extent of crop, property, or habitat damage and make financial loss estimates or compensation recommendations.
Find occupations related to multiple tasks
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Technology Skills
- Configuration management software — Puppet
- Customer relationship management CRM software
- Data base user interface and query software — Database software
- Internet browser software — Web browser software
- Map creation software — Mapping software
- Mobile location based services software — Global positioning system GPS software
- Object or component oriented development software — Swift
- Office suite software — Microsoft Office
- Presentation software — Microsoft PowerPoint
- Spreadsheet software — Microsoft Excel
- Word processing software — Microsoft Word
Hot Technology — a technology requirement frequently included in employer job postings.
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- Law and Government — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
- Public Safety and Security — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
- Biology — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
- English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.
- Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
- Psychology — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
- Geography — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
- Sociology and Anthropology — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
- Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
- Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
- Administrative — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
- Communications and Media — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
- Computers and Electronics — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
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- Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
- Critical Thinking — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
- Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
- Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
- Judgment and Decision Making — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
- Complex Problem Solving — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
- Monitoring — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
- Persuasion — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
- Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
- Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
- Service Orientation — Actively looking for ways to help people.
- Systems Analysis — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
- Writing — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
- Active Learning — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
- Instructing — Teaching others how to do something.
- Operations Monitoring — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
- Systems Evaluation — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
- Time Management — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
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- Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
- Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
- Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
- Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
- Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
- Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
- Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
- Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance.
- Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
- Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
- Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
- Flexibility of Closure — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
- Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
- Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
- Spatial Orientation — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
- Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
- Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
- Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
- Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
- Speed of Closure — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
- Stamina — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
- Time Sharing — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
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Work Activities
- Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
- Communicating with People Outside the Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
- Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
- Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
- Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
- Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
- Documenting/Recording Information — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
- Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
- Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
- Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
- Performing General Physical Activities — Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
- Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
- Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
- Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
- Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
- Thinking Creatively — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
- Scheduling Work and Activities — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
- Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
- Working with Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
- Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
- Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
- Assisting and Caring for Others — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
- Developing Objectives and Strategies — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
- Selling or Influencing Others — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
- Training and Teaching Others — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
- Handling and Moving Objects — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
- Analyzing Data or Information — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
- Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
- Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
- Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
- Performing Administrative Activities — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
- Coaching and Developing Others — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
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Detailed Work Activities
- Patrol natural areas to ensure safety or enforce regulations.
- Prepare investigation or incident reports.
- Testify at legal or legislative proceedings.
- Protect wildlife or natural areas.
- Investigate accidents to determine causes.
- Investigate illegal or suspicious activities.
- Issue warnings or citations.
- Apprehend criminal suspects.
- Collaborate with law enforcement or security agencies to respond to incidents.
- Serve court ordered documents.
- Arrange delivery of goods or services.
- Provide safety training.
- Rescue people from hazardous situations.
- Confiscate prohibited or dangerous items.
- Inform the public about policies, services or procedures.
- Inspect operational processes.
- Observe individuals' activities to gather information or compile evidence.
- Record information about environmental conditions.
- Issue permits or other legal documents.
- Supervise employees.
- Maintain facilities.
- Perform forest firefighting activities.
Find occupations related to multiple detailed work activities
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Work Context
- In an Enclosed Vehicle or Equipment — 98% responded "Every day."
- Telephone — 90% responded "Every day."
- Outdoors, Exposed to Weather — 91% responded "Every day."
- Deal With External Customers — 85% responded "Extremely important."
- Electronic Mail — 84% responded "Every day."
- Freedom to Make Decisions — 78% responded "A lot of freedom."
- Contact With Others — 76% responded "Constant contact with others."
- Face-to-Face Discussions — 76% responded "Every day."
- Structured versus Unstructured Work — 58% responded "A lot of freedom."
- Duration of Typical Work Week — 71% responded "More than 40 hours."
- Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — 60% responded "Very important results."
- Consequence of Error — 60% responded "Extremely serious."
- Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — 53% responded "Very high responsibility."
- Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — 45% responded "Very important."
- Frequency of Decision Making — 51% responded "Every day."
- Work With Work Group or Team — 40% responded "Extremely important."
- Physical Proximity — 28% responded "Very close (near touching)."
- Coordinate or Lead Others — 37% responded "Very important."
- Frequency of Conflict Situations — 57% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Time Pressure — 62% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Very Hot or Cold Temperatures — 49% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — 65% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Level of Competition — 31% responded "Highly competitive."
- Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings — 31% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Letters and Memos — 29% responded "Every day."
- Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting — 35% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — 29% responded "Once a month or more but not every week."
- Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — 32% responded "Once a month or more but not every week."
- Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled — 34% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Outdoors, Under Cover — 38% responded "Once a month or more but not every week."
- Exposed to Contaminants — 37% responded "Once a month or more but not every week."
- Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — 33% responded "About half the time."
- Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — 35% responded "Once a year or more but not every month."
- Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — 33% responded "Limited responsibility."
- Spend Time Sitting — 51% responded "About half the time."
- Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — 46% responded "Once a week or more but not every day."
- Spend Time Standing — 64% responded "About half the time."
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Job Zone
Title | Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed |
Education | Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not. |
Related Experience | A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified. |
Job Training | Employees in these occupations usually need several years of work-related experience, on-the-job training, and/or vocational training. |
Job Zone Examples | Many of these occupations involve coordinating, supervising, managing, or training others. Examples include real estate brokers, sales managers, database administrators, graphic designers, chemists, art directors, and cost estimators. |
SVP Range | (7.0 to < 8.0) |
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Percentage of Respondents |
Education Level Required |
79 | Bachelor's degree |
14 | High school diploma or equivalent |
4 | Associate's degree |
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Interest code: RI Want to discover your interests? Take the O*NET Interest Profiler at My Next Move.
- Realistic — Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.
- Investigative — Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.
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Work Styles
- Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical.
- Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.
- Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high-stress situations.
- Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.
- Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.
- Independence — Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done.
- Self-Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.
- Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.
- Cooperation — Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude.
- Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job.
- Leadership — Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction.
- Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.
- Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.
- Innovation — Job requires creativity and alternative thinking to develop new ideas for and answers to work-related problems.
- Analytical Thinking — Job requires analyzing information and using logic to address work-related issues and problems.
- Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally connected with others on the job.
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Work Values
- Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.
- Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.
- Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.
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Related Occupations
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Wages & Employment Trends
Median wages (2020) | $27.90 hourly, $58,040 annual |
State wages | |
Local wages | |
Employment (2020) | 7,500 employees |
Projected growth (2020-2030) | Little or no change |
Projected job openings (2020-2030) | 800 |
State trends | |
Top industries (2020) |
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020 wage data and 2020-2030 employment projections . "Projected growth" represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2020-2030). "Projected job openings" represent openings due to growth and replacement.
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Job Openings on the Web
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Sources of Additional Information
Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.
- Ducks Unlimited
- National Wild Turkey Federation
- North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Police and detectives
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This page includes information from O*NET OnLine by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA). Used under the CC BY 4.0 license. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA.


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Price growth was particularly strong in 2017! Median was up 14% and average price up 12% over 2016. Median price in 2017 landed at $508,000 and the average at $543,000. The average amount of days it took to sell a house in 2017 was 24 days, which is 17% faster than 2016. The average list-to-sale price ratio over the last year was 101%, with the spring months as high as 103%! In 2017, inventory growth continued to be a challenge, with a 1% decrease in new listings compared to 2016. Even with inventory limitations there were 4% more sales! This phenomenon illustrates strong buyer demand and a need for more listings.
South Snohomish County real estate has seen a steady stream of buyers come our way due to affordability, reasonable commute times to job centers and quality of life. In fact, the median price in 2017 was 41% higher in north King County. Historically low interest rates continue to drive the market as well, they have helped offset the increase in prices. Sellers are enjoying great returns due to this phenomenon and buyers are securing mortgages with minor debt service.
This is only a snapshot of the trends in south Snohomish County; please contact me if you would like further explanation of how the latest trends relate to you.


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New product
SOLARMETER® 8.0 - Radiometer UVC for Germicidal lamp and lamp aging
A Hand Held Digital UVC Radiometer with Integral Sensor.
Warning: Last items in stock!
Availability date:
Applications of SOLARMETER® 8.0 :
• Germicidal Lamp Intensity and Aging
• Eye Wear UV Block Comparison
• Germicidal Lamp Fixture Light Leak
Features and Benefits :
• Hand Held Integral Sensor
• Accurate Calibration
• NIST Traceable
• Compact and Durable
• LCD Readout
Sensor :
Silicon Diode (SiC) Photodiode in hermetically sealed UV glass window cap. Interference filter blocks UV above 280nm as shown on Spectral Sensitivity Graph.
Meter Operation :
To operate your Solarmeter, aim the sensor window located on the top panel of the meter directly at a UV source.
Press and hold the push-button switch on the face of the meter. For best results take note of the distance the reading was taken from the UV source in order to ensure repeatable results.
Battery operation voltage is viable from 9V down to 6.5V. Below 6.5V the numbers on the LCD display will begin to dim indicating the need for battery replacement. Under typical service load a standard 9V battery will last around 2 years.
Proper Usage of Solarmeter® Ultraviolet Radiometer :
• When checking UVC sources, wear face, hand, and eye protection and cover any skin that may be exposed.
• Allow lights to warm-up prior to taking readings (at least 5 min).
• For individual light intensity, hold meter close to LED or lamp.
• For effective light intensity, hold meter at working distance from the light source.
• When checking aging of lights, keep measuring distance and locations constant.
• Lights should be replaced when output drops to about 70% of their original (new) readings.
General :
• Do not subject the meter to extremes in temperature, humidity, shock or dust.
• Use a dry, soft cloth to clean the instrument. Keep sensor free of oil, dirt, etc.
NOTE: Sensor is completely solar blind to UVB, UVA, visible and IR. Meter will read 000 pointing at non UVC sources including sun, flood lamps etc.
Specifications :
Irradiation Range : 0-1999 μW/cm² UVC
Response : 254 ± 8 nm
Resolution : 1 μW/cm²
Conversion Rate : 3.0 Readings/Sec
Display : 3.5 Digit LCD
Digit Size : 0.4 inch High
Operation Temperature : 32° F to 90° F
Operation Humidity : 5% to 90% RH
Accuracy : ±10% to NIST Ref. Meter
Dimensions : 4.2L x 2.4W x 0.9D (in.)
Weight : 4.5 OZ. (Including Battery)
Power Source : 9-Volt DC Battery
Lens : UV Glass
Diffuser : None
Detector : SiC/Shortpass I.F.
Ordering Information :
Model 8.0 : UVC Radiometer
Solarmeter® is Solar Light Company Inc.'s brand of specialty hand-held light meters. We are the industry leader in the design and manufacture of UV and Visible Light radiometers for measuring lamp irradiance vs aging, as well as other related applications serving the indoor tanning industry, window film tint measurement, outdoor UV Index measurement, UV curing, reptile and sterilization lamp measurement, red/blue light phototherapy, LED measurement, and photovoltaic (PV) solar irradiance metrology. These meters provide long term accurate measurements for both low and high intensity lamp systems, in order to enable output and aging determination. They also measure solar irradiance.
Since 1991, well over 30,000 of these hand-held digital meters have been produced and sold worldwide.
Each Solarmeter® radiometer model comes complete with a carrying case and instruction brochure. Models 4.0 through 9.6 include a NIST-traceable Calibration Certificate, while Model 10.0 includes a WRR-traceable Calibration Certificate.
Generally, lamps need replacement when their output declines 30% (falls below 70% of their new values.) This may occur after anywhere from a few hundred to >1000 hours of use, depending on many various factors. The only way to know for sure is to monitor irradiance with a meter!
The current Solarmeter® models are summarized here:
Model 4.0 | UVA Meter - 0-199.9 mW/cm² |
Model 4.2 | UVA Meter - 0-1999 µW/cm² |
Model 5.0 | Total UV (A+B) Meter - 0-199.9 mW/cm² |
Model 5.7 | Total UV (A+B) Meter - 0-1999 µW/cm² |
Model 6.0 | UVB Meter - 0-19.99 mW/cm² |
Model 6.2 | UVB Meter - 0-1999 µWcm² |
Model 6.4 | Vitamin D3 Meter - IU per Minute |
Model 6.5 | UV Index Meter - 0.199.9 Irradiation Range |
Model 7.0 | UV Erythemally Effective (Eeff) Meter - 0-199.9 MED/hour |
Model 7.5 | UV Erythemally Effective (Eeff) Meter - 0-19.99 W/m² |
Model 8.0 | UVC Meter - 0-1999 µW/cm² |
Model 9.2 | Bilirubin Light Meter - 0-1999 µW/cm² |
Model 9.4 | Visible Blue Light Meter - 0-199.9 mW/cm² |
Model 9.6 | Visible Red Light Meter - 0-199.9 mW/cm² |
Model 10.0 | Global Solar Power Meter - 0-1999 W/m² |
Please be sure to visit all the pages on this site to learn more about each specific model.
Solar Light Company, Inc. is recognized worldwide for over 50 years as America's premier manufacturer of precision ultraviolet light sources, solar simulators, and radiometers. Our standard line of UV, visible, and IR radiometers and light meters measure laboratory, industrial, environmental, and health related light levels with NIST traceable accuracy. Column ozone, aerosol, and water vapor thickness measurements, in addition to long-term global ultraviolet radiation studies all over the world are performed using our atmospheric line of instrumentation. Solar Light also provides NIST traceable spectroradiometric analyses, calibrations for light meters and light sources, OEM instrumentation and monitors, and accelerated ultraviolet radiation degradation testing of materials.
Solarmeter® is a registered trademark of Solar Light Company, Inc.


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Choosing LEDs for indoor use
Here are practical evaluation criteria for selecting LED lighting for indoor, ambient applications.
Everyone is interested in using the latest technology—in this case, digital LEDs. But is LED lighting ready for "prime time," particularly for general ambient applications such as commercial spaces, offices, and classrooms? It is important to understand how to separate fact from fiction with all the LED lighting choices that continue to flood the market.
The answers depend first on understanding three fundamental performance criteria: thermal management, light output, and color consistency. Additionally, specifiers should consider an often-overlooked but highly practical criterion: How well will an LED lighting system adapt to future technology advances or a reconfiguration of the original space?
Ultimately, the applicability of LEDs for mainstream commercial applications is based on performance and economic viability. The economics of specifying LED lighting typically focus on energy savings, extended life expectancy, reduced maintenance, and improved sustainability. But increasingly, the combination of LED lighting with digital lighting controls is making a more profound impact on the application and selection of LED systems.
As a general rule, LEDs are more "control-friendly" than conventional light sources commonly used today. Intelligent use of digital lighting controls can substantially leverage LED performance—lengthening LED life expectancy and improving system efficacy—making the economic equation more attractive.
Performance criteria
Solid-state lighting systems using white-light LEDs are quickly becoming a viable solution for interior lighting as they begin to rival the performance of linear and compact fluorescent lighting. A well-designed LED system can easily last more than a decade before requiring lamp replacement, greatly reducing maintenance costs. Plus, LEDs inherently are more environmentally friendly than conventional light sources as they do not use mercury or other hazardous materials. And, because LEDs last longer, there are fewer fluorescent lamps going to the landfill, making LEDs potentially a good choice to meet sustainability goals.
In many ways, specifying an LED fixture for an interior application is not that different from specifying any other lighting fixture. The same principles of determining lighting quality, efficiency, and aesthetics still apply. However, there are three primary performance criteria to consider when specifying LED lighting products.
Thermal management–In the current state of LED technology, thermal management of the lighting system is a fundamental performance criterion that potentially impacts all others. LEDs produce more conducted heat than other common lighting sources, including incandescent (more radiant heat), fluorescent, and metal halide. If not managed properly, extreme heat at the pc board interface (as measured by junction temperature, Tj), can significantly impact system performance attributes, including light output, color stability, and life expectancy. This negative property also hinders retrofitting LEDs into existing lighting fixtures.
To sustain superior performance of solid-state components over a long period of time, LED luminaires must be designed to actively extract heat away from the LED itself and then dissipate the heat, preferably outside the occupied environment. For recessed ambient applications, this means heat removal into the ceiling plenum. Depending on the quantity and concentration of luminous flux, luminaires may require very aggressive heat sinks to achieve this, especially for smaller, more intense light sources like downlights. Larger, more uniform area sources can use reflector and housing surfaces to conduct heat away from the LED.
When selecting an LED luminaire, it is important to understand how the product is designed and constructed, and specifically how heat is managed in the overall system. If the method of thermal management is not intuitively obvious, then either performance claims are suspect, or there are probably not enough lumens generated to meet your lighting criteria (without using increased number of luminaires). Many new LED luminaires on the market today are in reality existing fixtures simply retrofitted with LED components. This type of product is usually very limited in terms of lumen output and may not provide adequate optical control to diffuse and shield the intense brightness of discrete LEDs.
A well-designed LED luminaire is fully optimized for superior optical control and thermal management to maximize all critical performance factors such as lumen output, system efficiency, brightness control, and life expectancy.
Delivered lumens and system efficacy–The second important performance criterion is determining the delivered lumens and system efficacy or lumens per Watt (LPW) of the LED system. This will enable you to determine if an LED solution can meet your lighting objectives effectively and efficiently. Manufacturers' published data is a good source for this information, and it is important to seek data that is tested and reported in accordance with established industry standards. Specifically, ask the luminaire manufacturer for performance reports that have been derived in accordance with IESNA LM-79-08.
IESNA LM-79-08 (Electrical and Photometric Measurement of Solid-State Lighting Products) is a testing method to measure the performance of LED-based luminaires. This method is termed absolute photometry because the results are actual or "absolute," not "relative" or scaled to a source that was not actually tested. The limitation of absolute photometry is that it is applicable only for the exact luminaire/light source combination tested.
For first-level comparisons, the LM-79-08 report format summarizes delivered lumens (aka luminaire lumens) as a basis for comparison of LED luminaires rather than the traditional measure of fixture efficiency. In addition, the metric of delivered (luminaire) lumens is common to both absolute and relative photometry and therefore allows for a direct comparison of LED versus non-LED luminaires—at least with regard to delivered lumens and light distribution. Also, the LM-79-08 format provides system input watts based on the actual (or absolute) set of LED components. This allows for more accurate assessment of system efficacy or LPW.
Currently, well-designed LED lighting fixtures for general ambient lighting applications should deliver a range of 3,200 to 3,300 lumens based on 45 to 50 input Watts for a delivered LPW in the 70 to 75 range. This allows for general illuminance levels that are comparable to those of conventional fluorescent systems using typical layouts that do not require additional luminaires. There are viable LED alternatives for other nonfluorescent systems as well.
Color quality–The third key performance criterion to consider is color consistency because it is one of the most visual and experiential aspects of LED lighting applications and therefore a common concern. Questions about color consistency generally fall into three areas:
- Does the LED color temperature remain consistent from lamp to lamp and fixture to fixture?
- Does the color temperature (color whiteness) of the LED lamps remain stable over time?
- Do LEDs render color as effectively as conventional light sources?
The process of manufacturing white LEDs can be inherently inconsistent relative to color quality and requires rigorous production controls to ensure that high quality and consistency are maintained. There is a wide range of quality available today for white LEDs, and color is a significant driver of cost because the best LEDs are typically selected through a testing and sorting process.
There is not an abundance of definitive industry standards in the area of evaluating color quality. Color whiteness—expressed as correlated color temperature, or CCT—is difficult to measure outside of a testing lab or manufacturing environment. In addition, color appearance tends to be perceptual leading to subjective evaluation. Nonetheless, the LED luminaire manufacturer should be expected to provide information relative to the quality and performance of the LEDs they are using as well as validation testing of the LEDs color calibration once installed in the luminaire. It is also important to recognize that color stability over time can be greatly impacted by the thermal management of the LED luminaire. Poor thermal management will accelerate the degradation of LEDs and can create nonuniform shifts in color appearance over time.
A new industry standard called the Color Quality Scale is under development to more effectively measure LED lamps across multiple aspects of color quality, such as color rendering, chromatic discrimination, and observer preferences. Until the Color Quality Scale is developed, the color rendering index (CRI) continues to be the most effective measure of color rendering. An indoor LED fixture for general ambient lighting should have a minimum CRI of 80. Also, ask the lighting supplier about how the color consistency is managed using binning (sorting), color mixing, and/or controls. Effective management of these factors should create consistent color from lamp to lamp and a uniform, quality lighting experience. Because color perception can be subjective, the judgment of a lighting system's color quality is ultimately best experienced in an actual application when possible. In many cases a mockup can help resolve questions about color quality.
Finally, lighting professionals and their clients should take advantage of the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) Caliper and Lighting Facts programs. The Caliper program anonymously obtains samples of LED lighting products for testing and reports actual performance relative to manufacturers' published claims. The Lighting Facts program creates a standardized format for manufacturers to report performance of LED products so that specifiers and users can make better comparisons based on consistent metrics.
Investment criteria
Assuming you have successfully identified several high-quality LED lighting products using the three primary criteria, it is now time to evaluate the return on investment of LED technology for your project. Certainly, features such as energy savings, extended life expectancy, and reduced maintenance go a long way to establishing a reasonable payback when measured against the higher initial costs of LEDs.
Two additional considerations, however, should also be factored into your economics equation when determining if LEDs are right for an interior space.
The first is digital lighting controls. LEDs are extremely "control friendly," and are, in fact, easier to control than any other general lighting source. Unlike conventional sources, LEDs become more efficient as they dim. Also, more extensive dimming and control functions actually extend the service life of LEDs. They are fully compatible with occupancy sensors, daylight harvesting controls, manual dimming, and full-scale energy management systems. LEDs feature a true instant-on capability, and maintain a constant color temperature throughout the entire dimming range. These combined capabilities allow LED systems to deliver substantially greater energy savings when integrated into a digital lighting controls plan.
Beyond capability, the inherent compatibility of LEDs with digital lighting controls may ultimately hold the greatest potential for economic benefit. LEDs are digital light engines that can interface directly to on-board luminaire control logic. The result is an "intelligent" luminaire that has the ability to monitor and respond to its environment, and perform preprogrammed tasks to further conserve input power and reduce luminaire maintenance. One example of such a task is executing a constant lumen output over system life to eliminate the waste of overlighting associated with initial lumens delivered early in a lighting installation. Other potential tasks include: monitor and adapt to variations in ambient temperature, monitor system life, and detect a fault in the system for quicker troubleshooting and maintenance.
Additionally, the LED luminaire is digitally addressable, allowing it to easily network and communicate with other luminaires and like-kind control devices in the same room or throughout a building. Network connections can easily be made using standard CAT5 cabling for true plug-and-play convenience. Again, these facilitate simpler, more cost-effective control solutions that reduce installation and operating costs for better return on investment.
A second economic consideration is adaptability. Once LED luminaires are installed, how easy will it be to replace or upgrade components, and how easy will it be to reconfigure the existing system if the interior space is updated or redesigned?
LED lamp technology continues to change at a rapid pace. Over the next several years performance will continue to improve and costs will come down, just as we now have T5 and T8 fluorescent lamps that outperform T12s. Despite the fact that LEDs will last 10 or more years, there will likely be a time when retrofitting new LED components makes compelling economic sense.
Look for luminaires that are easy to maintain with LED components (boards and drivers) that can be removed easily without deconstructing the luminaire or removing it from the ceiling. In addition, look for LED luminaires that are easy to relocate and are flexible to function in various settings and configurations. It makes sense that if you invest in LED products because of the long-term benefits, the luminaire should be designed to deliver those benefits for a wide variety of applications.
The bottom line: Work with lighting suppliers you trust, and insist on credible performance data using industry-accepted standards to support specification claims. Request application mockups when questions arise about lighting quality and spatial rendering. Consider working with a professional lighting designer. When calculating return on investment, consider the initial cost benefits and energy savings derived through advanced, cost-effective digital lighting control solutions used with high-quality luminaires and components that are designed for the long term. Always be aware of new technologies that allow lighting to enhance design and improve productivity, safety and personal comfort.
– Ranieri is the vice president and general manager of the Lithonia Lighting Fluorescent /LED Business Unit. He has more than 26 years of experience in the lighting industry and has led LED product development in applications of specification downlighting, general ambient lighting, and the integration of digital controls.
Managing digital lumen output
Thanks to digital technology, LED lighting has the capability to easily connect with onboard, intelligent controls. Control logic onboard each luminaire can be used to manage any number of variables and features to improve performance or save energy. Constant lumen output is a good example. Instead of constant power and variable light output over time, which is typical, light output is held constant at a maintained level and power consumption varies over time. This prevents energy waste created by the traditional practice of overlighting with initial lumen output and makes LED system payback even more attractive.
Web Extra
Video: LED and Lumen Management
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One of the things we have demonstrated through the Met Breuer's programme is that we are truly committed to these regions," Wagstaff says, with shows such as surveys on the Indian artist Nasreen Mohamedi and the Brazilian artist Lygia Pape being crucial to building trust among growing donor circles.
History repeats. Right? If any proof were needed, the Met Breuer has it in abundant supply. Though conceived nearly a decade ago by Douglas Eklund, a photography curator for the Metropolitan Museum, Everything Is Connected: Art and Conspiracy has arrived in New York during the tenure of the most conspiracy-crazed president yet to occupy the Oval Office. Is that a coincidence? Or have I internalised the contents of this cautionary show?


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You asked, we listened: more Android!
Wednesday, August 1, 2012 | 11:21 AM
A few months ago, we asked what content you wanted to see more of on the Google Mobile Blog, and the answer was quite clear: more Android! We launched +Android on Google+ and now we've launched the Official Android Blog, a new place for you to find all the latest news from the Android team.
Going forward, the new Android Blog will be a must-read for anyone interested in the latest news like today's Google Wallet announcement. Thanks for being such a great audience over the years.
Posted by the Mobile Blog Team
Labels: Mobile Blog


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In Adobe Experience Manager, replication agents are used to:
- Publish (activate) content from an author to a publish environment.
- Explicitly flush content from the Dispatcher cache.
- Return user input (for example, form input) from the publish environment to the author environment (under control of the author environment).
This article covers frequency asked questions that relate to using AEM replication functionality.
Replicating page with many siblings takes a long time
Instead of having all sibling pages on a single level, create sublevels and distribute the pages accordingly. Having around 100 pages is acceptable in a single level. For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/ReplicationSiblingReordering.html.
Replication failure after IP renewal
Restart the instance or reconfigure the replication agent to use the IP instead of host name. For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/ReplicationFailureAfterNewIP.html.
Limit access to replication agents
You can control this setting using user/group page permissions under etc/Replication (that is, /etc/replication node). For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/LimitAccessToReplicationAgents.html.
Page permissions are not replicated on user activation
Page permissions are not replicated because they are stored under the nodes to which access is granted, not with the user.
In general, page permissions should not be replicated from the author to publish and are not by default. This is because access rights should be different in those two environments. Therefore it is recommended to configure ACLs on publish separately from author. For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/PagePermissionsNotReplicatedWithUser.html.
Use reverse replication
Out-of-the box, only cq:Page nodes are reverse replicated. For any other node, it's necessary to use the two last methods, as a project-specific implementation.
There are three possibilities:
- Use the SlingPostServlet (that is, do not create any custom post servlets or POST.jsp to handle the incoming requests) so that it implicitly triggers a related PageEvent. Then set a property name "cq:distribute" and set its value to "true" on the nodes you want to reverse replicate. To implement this solution, it's unnecessary to write any code. You can use the Form component to set all the necessary hidden fields.
- Use your own code that accesses the repository, modify the properties "cq:lastModified," "cq:lastModifiedBy" and "cq:distribute." Posted data can be controlled, internal code writes the data. To implement this solution, it's necessary to write the code for your project.
- Use your own code that calls the replicate method from Replicator service with options to use distribution mode. Replication is controlled from your code. To implement this solution, write the code specific for your project.
Activate to a specific replication agent
You can create a ReplicationOptions object with an AgentFilter:
ReplicationOptions opts = new ReplicationOptions();
opts.setFilter(new AgentFilter(){
public boolean isIncluded(final Agent agent) {
return "expectedAgentId".equals(agent.getId());
then use the Replicator"s replicate method:
* Triggers a new replication with supplied options.
* @param session user session
* @param type The type of replication
* @param path The path specified the content to be replicated
* @param options Additional replication options
* @throws ReplicationException if an error occurs
void replicate(Session session, ReplicationActionType type, String path,
ReplicationOptions options)
For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/CQ5ReplicateToSpecificAgents.html.
Implement a Replication Event Listener
- Create a class that implements EventHandler interfaces.
- Add the following SCR annotations:
@scr.component metatype="false" immediate="true"
- Implement public void handleEvent(Event event) method.
@scr.service interface="org.osgi.service.event.EventHandler" @scr.property name="event.topics" valueRef="ReplicationAction.EVENT_TOPIC"
Replication queue issues
The CQ5 content replication appears to be blocked
Editors can create content, but the activated pages are not updated on the CQ5 publish instance.
Make sure that each replication agent is enabled and configured correctly
- Go to the list of replication agents (/etc/replication/agents.author.html).
- For each replication agent, do the following:
- Make sure that the agent is enabled.
- Verify the connectivity with the publish instance by clicking Test Connection. If it fails, make sure that on TCP network level, the server hosting the CQ author instance can connect to the port of the publish instance.
- Open the replication log via the "View Log" link and check when the last replication attempt was successful.
- Note the first payload path in the replication queue. Then try to clear the first element of the replication queue. Then, verify whether the replication resumes (starting with CQ5.4). Once it resumes, activate the first payload noted in the queue again.
- Check with the CRX Content Explorer, and make sure that there is no /bin/receive node on the publish instance. Otherwise, delete it.
- Check with the CRX Content Explorer, and make sure that there is no /bin/replicate node on the author instance. Otherwise, delete it.
- If the logs show no replication attempt for a few minutes, restart the replication bundle in the Felix console. If there's still no replication attempt in the replication logs, then restart the Apache Sling Event Support bundle:
Replication Privileges missing after upgrade to CQ 5.5
The replication privileges are lost because of new property that was introduced in CQ 5.5 called crx:replicate.
You can locate an attachment that is a package with a script that fixes the problem. Simply run it BEFORE the upgrade to CQ5.5. For information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/replication-privileges-missing-after-upgrade-to-cq-5-5.html.
CQ5.3: Replication agents fail due to maximum job queue limit
The cause of this issue is the org.apache.sling.event.impl.JobEventHandler has a default limit of 10 on the number of job queues that the system can create.
Increase the maximum number of Job queues as needed (the number of queues should be higher than the number of configured replication agents + number of workflow models)
- Log into the Felix Console (http://host:port/system/console/configMgr).
- Go to the Configuration tab in Felix console.
- Select "Apache Sling Job Event Handler (org.apache.sling.event.impl.JobEventHandler)" from the drop-down list.
- Change "Max Job Queues" value.
- Click save.
For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/CQ53UnableToCreateJobQueueDueToMaxQueues.html.
ACL replication
It's not possible to replicate ACLs anymore (that is, from the author instance to the publish instance). This behavior is by design.
The ACLs in CQ5 are content-centric, and not user-centric as in CQ4. Usually you have different access rights on publish and author from a content perspective. So it makes no sense to replicate the content-centric ACLs anymore.
With a CUG (closed user group), Adobe is working on an out-of-the-box solution. In the pageprops of a page, it allows you to protect this page (and all subpages) by a specific CUG. That way, only users that are members of a specific group have access. The ACL on the publish is set on the publish itself automatically if the page is activated. For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/ACLReplication.html.
Content growth due to reverse replication
The repository grows fast (several MB per minute), and logs show an error about reverse replication.
For example, "WARN [Reverse Replication Processor] com.day.cq.replication.Agent.publish_reverse Reverse replication not implemented for action: TEST. Remote outbox path: /var/replication/outbox."
On the publish instance, find and delete the item from the publish box manually.
To avoid this issue in the future, either upgrade to CQ 5.6 or don't use the Test Connection button on the reverse replication agent.
Check with Adobe Support for an existing hot fix if you're having similar issues with reverse replication. (Also see the recommended list of hot fixes for CQ 5.4.)
Form more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/content-grow-due-reverse-replication.html.
Replication agent uses anonymous user as transport user
You have a replicating agent with the correct ACL rights. However, when you try to replicate with this agent, you see the following in your replication logs:
13.06.2007 12:34:36 *INFO * author: << Date: Wed, 13 Jun 2007 10:34:36 GMT 13.06.2007 12:34:36 *INFO * author: << error: java.security.AccessControlException: User 'anonymous' not allowed rights '---c-' on handle /content/playground/en 13.06.2007 12:34:36 *INFO * author: Message sent. 13.06.2007 12:34:36 *INFO * author: ---------------------------
To address this issue, deny read access of /system/replication/content for anonymous user in your target instance. For more information, see http://helpx.adobe.com/experience-manager/kb/ReplicationAgentUsingAnonUser.html.