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ANGUS WILTON McLEAN
Governor: 1925-1929
by Michael Hill
Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History, 2001.
See also: Angus Wilton McLean, Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, Margaret McLean
With a background in finance and business, Angus Wilton McLean (1870-1935) introduced into state government sound fiscal management, substantially revising the budget process and reorganizing state agencies. The "Businessman's Governor" was of Scotch ancestry and developed an interest in genealogy; his research was published posthumously by terms of a bequest in his will. He was born on April 20, 1870, in Robeson County to Confederate veteran and farmer Archibald McLean and the former Caroline Purcell. On graduation from local public schools and McMillan Military Academy, young McLean studied law beginning in 1890 at the University of North Carolina. In 1892 he was admitted to the bar and joined a practice in Lumberton. McLean married Margaret French in 1904; they had three children.
In addition to his legal pursuits McLean was among Lumberton's leading businessmen, involved with the founding of the town's first bank, three textile mills, and the Virginia and Carolina Railroad, which he served as president. Long active in the Democratic Party McLean served on the state executive committee and as a delegate to national conventions. In 1919 President Woodrow Wilson appointed him one of four directors of the War Finance Corporation; in 1920 the President named him Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. McLean, with the support of the political machine of Senator Furnifold Simmons, defeated Josiah Bailey for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1924 and in the fall easily defeated Republican Isaac M. Meekins.
In his inaugural address McLean recommended thorough revision of the budget system for state government. A month later the legislature adopted his plan making the governor the head of the Advisory Budget Bureau in charge of preparing a biennial budget. The Department of Revenue was created during McLean's term. A daily deposit system enacted by the legislature required the direct deposit of all state funds in order to reap the maximum interest. In the campaigns with Bailey and Meekins attention had been drawn to the bonded debt accumulated under Governor Morrison. With conservative management of the revenue McLean concluded his term with a $2 1/2 million surplus, a cushion which would aid his successor during the Depression.
McLean continued the highway improvements initiated by his predecessor, with new bond issues of $20 million issued in 1925 and $30 million in 1927. During his term of office the Department of Conservation and Development replaced the old Geological and Economic Survey. That agency, the duties of which have since been assumed by successor departments, promoted economic development and the protection of natural resources. The Corporation Commission was established to supervise the regulation of business. A classification system and uniform wage and salary schedule were put in place for state employees. At the recommendation of the governor the General Assembly enacted laws to change the structure of county government, with budgetary procedures and roles for commissioners defined by law. McLean withheld his support from progressive labor measures, among them bills to secure workmen's compensation and extended child labor legislation. An avid outdoorsman, McLean was the first modern Chief Executive to leave the state for extended stays. The first statewide game law was passed during his administration. McLean in 1927 endorsed the legislation necessary to establish the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Upon the conclusion of his term as governor McLean returned to his law practice in Lumberton and soon opened a second office in Washington, D.C. In deference to his friend Furnifold Simmons he declined to run for the U.S. Senate in 1930. In April 1935 he suffered a stroke in the Capital City and died two months later on June 21, 1935. His body was returned to Lumberton for burial.
1935. Raleigh News and Observer. (June 22)
Angus Wilton McLean Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Connor, R. D. W., William Kenneth Boyd, and Joseph Gregoire de Roulhac Hamilton. 1919. History of North Carolina. Vol. 5. Chicago: Lewis Pub. Co.
Lawrence, Robert C. 1939. The state of Robeson. Lumberton, N.C.: [s.n.].
McLean, Angus Wilton, and David Leroy Corbitt. 1931. Public papers and letters of Angus Wilton McLean, governor of North Carolina, 1925-29. Raleigh: Presses of Edwards & Broughton Co.]
McLean, Angus Wilton, John Edwin Purcell, Archibald Gilchrist Singletary, and John Edwin Purcell. 1986. Lumber river Scots and their descendants; the McLeans, the Torreys, the Purcells, the McIntyres, the Gilchrists. Richmond: The William Byrd press, inc.
McLean, Angus Wilton, Louise Davis Curry, Victor E. Clark, and Henry A. McKinnon. 1993. Highland Scots in North Carolina: an unpublished manuscript. Dallas, Tex: North Carolina Scottish Heritage Society.
North Carolina Bar Association. 1935. Proceedings of the thirty-seventh annual meeting of the North Carolina Bar Association. S.l: The Association?.
Powell, William Stevens. 1991. Dictionary of North Carolina biography. Vol. 4, L-O. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo. 1978. Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978. Vol. 3. Westport, Conn: Meckler Books.
Underwood, Mary Evelyn. 1963. Angus Wilton McLean: Governor of North Carolina, 1925-1929. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
WorldCat (Searches numerous library catalogs)
Image Credits:
"Angus Wilton McLean, at his desk." Photograph no. 53.16.1667. From the Audio Visual and Iconographics Collection, Division of Archives and History Photograph Collection, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, USA.
"Angus Wilton McLean, portrait." Photograph no. 53.15.1597. From the Audio Visual and Iconographics Collection, Division of Archives and History Photograph Collection, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, USA.
15 October 2001 | Hill, Michael


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FEARS by Whispering Jack
Melbourne's worst fears about the absence of Max Gawn were realised when it received a shellacking from Fremantle's ruckmen Sean Darcy and Luke Jackson who dominated the hit out tally in their game at Optus Stadium on Sunday by a massive 47 to 19. As a result, the 50-point deficit at the end of the game proved to be a loss that was long foreseen that was two years in the making and demonstrated a complete lack of hindsight and planning from the club. To add insult to injury, Jackson was a D
PREGAME: Rd 20 vs GWS
The Demons return to the MCG in Round 20 to take on the GWS Giants and will be hoping the injured Captain Max Gawn is fit to return to his role in the ruck as their season is slipping away. Who comes in and who comes out?
PODCAST: Rd 19 vs Fremantle
The Demonland Podcast will air LIVE on Monday, 22nd July @ 7:30pm. Join George, Binman & I as we analyse the Demonsl oss at Optus Stadium against the Dockers in the Round 19. You questions and comments are a huge part of our podcast so please post anything you want to ask or say below and we'll give you a shout out on the show. If you would like to leave us a voicemail please call 03 9016 3666 and don't worry no body answers so you don't have to talk to a human. Listen & C
VOTES: Rd 19 vs Fremantle
The injured Max Gawn has a considerable lead over the injured reigning champion Christian Petracca in the Demonland Player of the Year Award. Jack Viney, Alex Neal-Bullen & Steven May make up the Top 5. Your votes for the loss against the Dockers. 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.
POSTGAME: Rd 19 vs Fremantle
The Demons were once again outclassed, outplayed and outcoached by the Fremantle Dockers in 2024 ultimately going down by 50 points at Optus Stadium in Perth as they plummet to tenth on the ladder.
RAIN CHECK by Whispering Jack
The Frankston Dolphins broke a run of six straight losses against their neighbours, the Casey Demons and kept their hopes for a long-awaited return to the VFL finals alive with a 27 point victory over at Kinetic Stadium. Casey was welcomed to the Peninsula by grey skies, heavy rain and angry seas with threatening white-capped waves whipped up by gale force winds. After a slow start in the opening term when they failed to take advantage of the breeze, it appeared that the Demons had decided
GAMEDAY: Rd 19 vs Fremantle
It's Game Day and the Demons have a golden opportunity to stamp their 2024 finals credentials as well as make amends for their disastrous first meeting against the Dockers earlier in the season when they take on Fremantle at Optus Stadium.
THE PEOPLE SPEAK by The Demonland Crew
DEMONLAND - Good evening, Demon fans and welcome back to the Demonland 2024 Grand Final Podcast ... before we took that last phone call from a Demonlander, we were discussing how the club overcame it's midseason slump, the season-ending injury to Christian Petracca and the loss for a brief period of skipper Max Gawn due to a crack to the base of his right fibula, to slowly surge up the ladder turning our detractors into believers and how it ended the year triumphant in the finals with our capta
EARLY BIRDS by KC from Casey
Wet, slippery conditions and threatening rainfalls greeted the VFL Bombers at the end of their long journey southeast of the big city on Sunday. The threatening weather combined with the fact that neither side had realistic prospects of advancing to action in September, meant that spectators gathered at a cold Casey Fields weren't expecting a classic exhibition of football. Nor did they get one. Instead they were presented with a dour struggle that never reached great heights. It was a
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Now this, this is paradise!
Gone are the days of struggling to choose between a cruise and a beach holiday, because one boat charter company is combining the two. These eco-friendly solar catamarans – known as overwater bungalows – mean you can be sitting at the dining table one moment, and swimming in the lagoon the next. Oh, and did we mention that these fab fancy boats will be cruising exclusively around the jaw-dropping island of Bora Bora? [Featured image: @elytchartertahiti]
Yep, to find these amazing boats, you'll need to head to the tropical lagoons of French Polynesia and spend a week or two in tranquil luxury. Doesn't it just sound awful? The catamarans, which are being designed and built by ELYT Charter Tahiti, essentially function as self-contained villas, with a lounge, bar, four double bedrooms, outdoor barbecue, kitchen, and a sun terrace where you can top up your tan. Each boat has been designed to host a maximum of eight passengers, and whilst they'll initially be used as stationary villas, you'll eventually be able to hire a dedicated skipper to cruise around the lagoon.
Because Bora Bora is an ancient volcanic island surrounded by coral reefs, the waters here are calm and inviting, with shades of azure, turquoise, and aquamarine enticing you in for a swim and a snorkel. The only downside is that tearing yourself away from this absolute paradise at holiday's end is likely to prove rather difficult.
ELYT Charter Tahiti have drawn on the Tahitian way of life to design the catamarans, as French Polynesia has a proud traditional of canoeing and kayaking. Better still, they won't harm the fragile ecosystems and pristine waters that make Bora Bora a world-famous travel destination, as the floating villas are entirely solar-powered. That means no noisy engines or polluting smoke ruining the pristine serenity of the island!
Though the website indicates that the boats were initially set to launch on July 1, we're still waiting to see them cruise around the lagoon. However, it looks as if they'll be gracing the waters very soon (the current rumour is early 2021), and with international travel a dwindling prospect, it means you'll likely have plenty of time to save up for your visit. At a reported 1500 euros per night though, you might need to be extra thrifty…
Find out more about ELYT Charter Tahiti and their floating villas here.


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acrosser Technology, a world-leading vehicle PC supplier, announces the launch of its 35-mm-high fanless in-vehicle computer, AIV-HM76V1FL. This ultra-slim car computer, equipped with an Intel® Core™ i7-3517UE processor, enables unparalleled computing performance for vehicle applications.
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Discover Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system! It's also very bright in the sky. We don't know who discovered it, but we do know the ancient Greeks named the planet after the god, Zeus.
The United States sent four spacecraft to visit Jupiter starting in 1979. Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 were the first two to go. Later, Voyagers I and II flew by the planet. Many of the pictures you see of Jupiter came from one of these spacecraft.
Jupiter's moons are interesting too! Galileo found Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto in 1610. Many others were found by the Voyager spacecraft. Scientists say there are still many more that we haven't found yet!


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Responsible for the content on riverwatch.eu:
Information obligation according to E-Commerce Law as well as Corporate Code, and disclosure obligation according to Media Act.
Publisher of online pages riverwatch.eu is Riverwatch
Name of Society: Riverwatch – Society for the protection of rivers
Central Association Register No.: (ZVR-Nr): 563774577 Download RiverWatch Statutes
Data Protection Authority: Landespolizeidirektion Wien - Department of Association, Assembly and Media Law; Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs
Legal Form: Riverwatch is a non-profit association. Executive Director Ulrich Eichelmann is authorized to represent the association.
Non-profit status: The activity of the association is not aimed at profit. The association pursues exclusively non-profit goals according to the federal tax code of Austria.
Rules of professional conduct: Federal Law on Associations (Austrian Association Act 2002)
Goals of the Society: The society Riverwatch, whose activities are not profit-oriented, operates internationally and aims to protect and promote rivers and their floodplains. We are committed to an intact environment and a sustainable society. In particular, we are pursuing the goal of protecting and restoring watercourses as species-rich habitats throughout the world, communicating their importance for the biodiversity and preventing them from being destroyed. We encourage other organizations as well as individuals to protect rivers.
Board of Directors: First Chairman: Friedrich Schiemer, o. Univ.-Prof. Dr.; Second Chairman: Wolfram Graf, Ass.Prof. Dr.
Executive Director: Ulrich Eichelmann
Contact Person: Cornelia Wieser
Registered office:
Neustiftgasse 36
1070 Vienna/Austria
Tel: 0043 - 676 - 6621512
Interactives OG
Wiedner Hauptraße 73/16 in 1040 Vienna/Austria
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Basic direction of the website:
Riverwatch is a society for the protection of rivers. Our ambition is to preserve the last unimpaired rivers as well as restoring those already canalized or dammed. We engage globally against projects that destroy rivers, particularly dam projects. Riverwatch is a campaigning organisation; that is, we act in opposition to certain projects and promote public awareness. We consider ourselves a platform for all those who care about rivers.
The website provides information about the activities and projects of Riverwatch. The site is supports fundraising efforts for further campaign activities for the global protection of rivers.
All information, documents, articles and photographs on this website are are subject to copyright protection. Any further use requires the explicit permission of Riverwatch and EuroNatur Foundation.
Liability disclaimer: Despite careful content control, we assume no liability for the content of external links. The contents of the linked pages are the sole responsibility of their operators.


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The Robust Redhorse Conservation Committee is a voluntary stakeholder partnership charged with the overall responsibility for directing the recovery of the robust redhorse (Moxostoma robustum). The robust redhorse is a large, long-lived member of the redhorse sucker family. Adults can reach 30 inches in length and weigh up to 17 pounds, although the average length in sample populations is 25 inches and the average weight is 9 pounds. The maximum known age is 27 years. The fish has a thick, robust body with rose-colored fins and a fleshy lower lip. A two-page factsheet provides a quick overview of the fish and its recovery.
Master naturalist Edward Drinker Cope first described the robust redhorse in 1870 based on a single 6-pound specimen that had been collected from the Yadkin River in North Carolina. The specimen was apparently destroyed and by the late 1800's all mention of the robust redhorse had dropped from the scientific literature. In 1980 and 1985, unidentified specimens were collected from the Savannah River (the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina) and the Pee Dee River in North Carolina and South Carolina, respectively. However, they were not properly identified as robust redhorse because the name had been misapplied to a related species.
In August 1991, fishery biologists with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Resource Division, collected five unrecognized fish from the Oconee River downstream of Sinclair Dam while conducting an environmental assessment during the early stages of a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission relicensing of the dam. The unknown fish were sent to renowned ichthyologists who unraveled the taxonomic mystery determining that the Oconee specimens and the previously collected unknown fish were the lost robust redhorse. Once the taxonomic mistake was discovered and the 1980, 1985, and 1991 specimens were correctly identified, the collection of robust redhorse from the Oconee River signified the rediscovery of a species that had been lost to science for 122 years.
Following the 1991 rediscovery, efforts were made to locate other remnant populations of robust redhorse within its historic range, the Atlantic Slope Rivers from the Pee Dee River system in North Carolina to the Altamaha River system in Georgia. Despite extensive field surveys in the Pee Dee, Yadkin, Rocky, and Little rivers, North Carolina; the Catawba River, South Carolina; the Ogeechee and Broad rivers, Georgia; and the Savannah River, Georgia/South Carolina, no conclusive evidence for the existence of other populations was found at that time.
Conservation Status Assessment Map Robust Redhorse (Larger version)
The Endangered Species Act encourages creative partnerships between the public and private sectors and among governmental agencies to conserve imperiled species and their habitat. In fact, Section 4 (b)(1)(A) of the ESA requires consideration of existing conservation efforts when determining whether a species should be listed as threatened or endangered. Since efforts to recover the robust redhorse were initiated in the spring of 1992, this preexisting conservation initiative was embraced when the robust redhorse was under consideration for species listing.
As a result, the Robust Redhorse Conservation Committee (RRCC) was established in 1995 under a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between state and federal resource agencies, private industry, and the conservation community in lieu of listing under the ESA. Partners to the robust redhorse recovery include thirteen signatory members to the MOU, two cooperating members under the MOU, and a variety of university research and resource management facilities as affiliate members. The MOU is consistent with federal agency findings that the development and implementation of conservation agreements, management plans and similar documents are effective for conserving declining species making listing unnecessary in some instances.
Wild populations of robust redhorse are now known to exist in the Ocmulgee and Oconee rivers (Georgia), the Savannah River (Georgia/South Carolina), and the Pee Dee River (North Carolina/South Carolina). In addition, small stocked populations have been established by introducing fish in the Ocmulgee, Ogeechee, and Broad rivers in Georgia. While much has been learned about the fish since its discovery, many questions about its habitat, life history, and threats to its survival remain. Habitat loss and disruption of spawning migrations resulting from dams and impoundments, predation by introduced nonnative species, and significant deterioration of water quality due to sedimentation and pollution are believed to have contributed to the decline of the species. As well, the limited range of known populations and low rates of recruitment to the adult population represent threats to the species' future.
The complex and diverse problems facing the robust redhorse require the RRCC's interdisciplinary approach that uses a broad spectrum of experience, expertise, and management authority to maintain and restore this imperiled species. The RRCC is actively committed to the recovery of the robust redhorse throughout its former range by identifying priority conservation needs for the robust redhorse and its habitat and coordinating implementation of research and management programs for addressing those needs.
To date, the RRCC has met as a full committee annually in partial satisfaction of requirements for conservation of the species as designated in the MOU. The annual meeting represents the only scheduled time for all interests to assess progress and to establish management directions that guide recovery efforts in the upcoming year and beyond. The annual meeting is the occasion to explore the scientific and management implication of research results and new data, to debate philosophical viewpoints, and to gather the collective expertise of fisheries and environmental management professionals. This dialogue, documented in RRCC Annual Meeting Reports, includes the best available science on the robust redhorse, which forms the basis of the RRCC's recovery and policy decisions.
A Conservation Strategy for the Robust Redhorse that provides overall conservation guidance to assure the continued survival of the species was adopted by the RRCC in 1998 and updated in 2003. It establishes short- and long-term goals conservation goals, describes the status and distribution of the species, discusses problems facing the species, and presents conservation actions to be implemented to accomplish the short- and long-term goals. Based on the Conservation Strategy, the RRCC participated in a new and innovative United States Fish and Wildlife Service policy to develop a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances (CCAA) for the Robust Redhorse in the Ocmulgee River, Georgia. The CCAA involves the commitment of specified research and management actions in exchange for assurances to non-federal participants that further regulatory actions will not be undertaken if the legal status of the species were to change. After publication in the Federal Register, the CCAA was signed as a collaborative effort by the United States Fish and Wildlife, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources and the Georgia Power Company to restore the species to the Ocmulgee River. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has produced a short video about the Robust Redhorse Conservation Agreement which can be viewed below or found on their website.
The RRCC has developed sufficient information on the robust redhorse and activities have expanded to the point that unifying policies were needed to implement the short- and long-term goals established in the Conservation Strategy. In 2002, the RRCC adopted the Robust Redhorse Conservation Committee Policies that describe the current understanding of this unique species and the processes under which the partnership operates.
The RRCC established an executive committee to manage the ongoing activities that implement research and management decisions. Research projects and management activities are undertaken by subsets of the RRCC and have resulted in a variety of research reports, master's theses, journal articles, and conference proceedings. Technical working groups were created to focus on specific populations with the expectation of developing river basin management plans. The first set of plans is in development for the Oconee River, Georgia; Broad River, South Carolina; and Pee Dee River, North Carolina and South Carolina. Technical working groups also are formed to address range-wide issues such as habitat restoration. The Habitat TWG has developed the Habitat Restoration Management Plan. In addition to a variety of articles in the popular press and newspaper articles, the RRCC undertakes education to inform the public on the robust redhorse and its unique rediscovery, loss of habitat and biodiversity concerns associated with alterations to riverine systems, and the wonders of the natural world.
The native habitats of the robust redhorse are typical southeastern rivers, equal parts wilderness beauty and significantly altered riverine systems. The rivers have been intensively fished for hundreds of years. In addition, state and federal resource agencies have undertaken surveys of the river systems in Georgia and the Carolinas for some time. In fact, the Savannah River is one of the most highly surveyed rivers in the Southeast, intensively sampled since the 1950's under the Atomic Energy Commission due to the location of the Savannah River Nuclear Site. For these rivers to reveal such a large fish after a 122-year absence from science shows that rivers still hold natural mysteries that necessitate awe, respect, and protection.
The RRCC partnership is a pioneering effort to recover a species proactively, without federal listing. The nonregulatory basis of the conservation approach shapes the RRCC initiative making broad participation possible and supporting shared commitment. Although challenging, the RRCC's voluntary, multi-stakeholder approach has been extraordinarily successful in accomplishing its activities and achieving its goals. Given the current political climate and fiscal constraints, creative nonregulatory partnerships may be the best approach for achieving conservation goals in the 21st century.


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Register here: http://www.eventspan.com/event/2008-09-25-web-conferencing-tips-for-training-and-education
Web seminars are creating new opportunities for instructors and trainers to reach more students in a more convenient fashion than traditional room-based lectures allow. However, presenting information via web conference requires new approaches and skills
This seminar gives you valuable information on how best to create and deliver instructional content for remote audiences. You will gain insight into the challenges and advantages presented by distance learning and come away with an understanding of best practices for interacting with your students and working with conference-based courses.
You will get the benefit of two industry experts sharing their complementary areas of expertise. Susan Smith Nash, Ph.D., author of Excellence in College Teaching and Learning: Classroom and Online Instruction, looks at ways in which web conferencing technology affects teaching and learning styles, giving guidelines on how to adjust your training to take advantage of the medium. Ken Molay, president of Webinar Success, shows you additional tips to meet the unique demands of the web seminar format.
The one-hour seminar includes time for an interactive question and answer session with both speakers.
The information is appropriate for trainers in educational institutions or in business environments.
- What types of content work in a web seminar and what should be avoided
- Ways to improve student comprehension and retention
- How to improve your presentation and instructional style
- How to combine online training with traditional coursework


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By Ron Paul
World Economic Forum Founder and Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab has proposed using the overreaction to coronavirus to launch a worldwide "Great Reset." This Great Reset is about expanding government power and suppressing liberty worldwide.
Schwab envisions an authoritarian system where big business acts as a partner with government. Big business would exercise its government-granted monopoly powers to maximize value for "stakeholders," instead of shareholders. Stakeholders include the government, international organizations, the business itself, and "civil society."
Of course, government bureaucrats and politicians, together with powerful special interests, will decide who are, and are not, stakeholders, what is in stakeholders' interest, and what steps corporations must take to maximize stakeholder value. People's own wishes are not the priority.
The Great Reset will dramatically expand the surveillance state via real-time tracking. It will also mandate that people receive digital certificates in order to travel and even technology implanted in their bodies to monitor them.
Included in Schwab's proposal for surveillance is his idea to use brain scans and nanotechnology to predict, and if necessary, prevent, individuals' future behavior. This means that anyone whose brain is "scanned" could have his Second Amendment and other rights violated because a government bureaucrat determines the individual is going to commit a crime. The system of tracking and monitoring could be used to silence those expressing "dangerous" political views, such as that the Great Reset violates our God-given rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
The Great Reset involves a huge expansion of the welfare state via a universal basic income program. This can help ensure compliance with the Great Reset's authoritarian measures. It will also be very expensive. The resulting increase in government debt will not be seen as a problem by people who believe in modern monetary theory. This is the latest version of the fairy tale that deficits don't matter as long as the Federal Reserve monetizes the debt.
The Great Reset ultimately will fail for the same reason all other attempts by government to control the market fail. As Ludwig von Mises showed, government interference in the marketplace distorts the price system. Prices are how information about the value of goods and services related to other goods and services is conveyed to market actors. Government interference in the marketplace disturbs the signals sent by prices, leading to an oversupply of certain goods and services and an undersupply of others.
The lockdowns show the dangers of government control over the economy and our personal lives. Lockdowns have increased unemployment, caused many small businesses to close, and led to more substance abuse, domestic violence, and suicide. We are told the lockdowns are ordered because of a virus that poses no great danger to a very large percentage of the American public. Yet, instead of adopting a different approach, politicians are doubling down on the failed policies of masks and lockdowns. Meanwhile, big tech companies, which are already often acting as partners of government, silence anyone who questions the official line regarding the threat of coronavirus or the effectiveness of lockdowns, masks, and vaccines.
The disastrous response to Covid is just the latest example of how those who give up liberty for safety or health will end up unfree, unsafe, and unhealthy. Instead of a Great Reset of authoritarianism, we need a great rebirth of liberty!
Copyright © 2021 by RonPaul Institute. Permission to reprint in whole or in part is gladly granted, provided full credit and a live link are given.
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From our sponsor: Meco is a distraction-free space for reading and discovering newsletters, separate from the inbox.
In this tutorial we're going to learn how to resize and crop an image using the HTML5 <canvas>
element, and while we're at it, let's create some fancy controls for resizing, commonly seen in photo editing applications.
In a real world example a website or app might use a technique like this to resize and frame a profile picture before uploading. Whilst we could do this on the server, it would require the transfer of a potentially large file, which is slow. Instead we can resize the image on the client side before uploading it, which is fast.
We do this by creating an HTML5 <canvas>
element and drawing the image to the canvas at a particular size, then extracting the new image data from the canvas as a data URI. Most browsers have good support for these methods, so you can probably use this technique right now, however just be aware of some limitations unrelated to browser support such as quality and performance.
Resizing very large images can cause the browser to slow down or in some cases, even crash. It makes sense to set reasonable limits on the file size just as you would when uploading a file. If quality is important you may find the resized image looks undesirable due to how the browser resampled it. There are some techniques to improve the quality of images downscaled with canvas, but they are not covered in this tutorial.
Take a look at the final result in this demo or download the ZIP file.
With that in mind, let's get started!
The Markup
In our demo we're going to start with an existing image:

That's it! That's all the HTML we need for this demo.
The CSS
The CSS is also very minimal. First, define the styles for the resize-container and the image.
.resize-container { position: relative; display: inline-block; cursor: move; margin: 0 auto; } .resize-container img { display: block } .resize-container:hover img, .resize-container:active img { outline: 2px dashed rgba(222,60,80,.9); }
Next, define the position and style for each of the 'resize handles'. These are the little squares at each corner of the image that we drag to resize.
.resize-handle-ne, .resize-handle-ne, .resize-handle-se, .resize-handle-nw, .resize-handle-sw { position: absolute; display: block; width: 10px; height: 10px; background: rgba(222,60,80,.9); z-index: 999; } .resize-handle-nw { top: -5px; left: -5px; cursor: nw-resize; } .resize-handle-sw { bottom: -5px; left: -5px; cursor: sw-resize; } .resize-handle-ne { top: -5px; right: -5px; cursor: ne-resize; } .resize-handle-se { bottom: -5px; right: -5px; cursor: se-resize; }
The JavaScript
With the JavaScript start by defining some of the variables and initializing the Canvas and the target image.
var resizeableImage = function(image_target) { var $container, orig_src = new Image(), image_target = $(image_target).get(0), event_state = {}, constrain = false, min_width = 60, min_height = 60, max_width = 800, max_height = 900, resize_canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); }); resizeableImage($('.resize-image'));
Next, we create the init
function that will be called immediately. This function wraps the image with a container, creates resize handles and makes a copy of the original image used for resizing. We also assign the jQuery object for the container element to a variable so we can refer to it later and add a mousedown
event listener to detect when someone begins dragging one of the handles.
var resizeableImage = function(image_target) { // ... init = function(){ // Create a new image with a copy of the original src // When resizing, we will always use this original copy as the base orig_src.src=image_target.src; // Add resize handles $(image_target).wrap('

') .before('') .before('') .after('') .after(''); // Get a variable for the container $container = $(image_target).parent('.resize-container'); // Add events $container.on('mousedown', '.resize-handle', startResize); }; //... init(); }
The startResize
and endResize
functions do very little other than tell the browser to start paying attention to where the mouse is moving and when to stop paying attention.
startResize = function(e){ e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); saveEventState(e); $(document).on('mousemove', resizing); $(document).on('mouseup', endResize); }; endResize = function(e){ e.preventDefault(); $(document).off('mouseup touchend', endResize); $(document).off('mousemove touchmove', resizing); };
Before we start tracking the mouse position we want to take a snapshot of the container dimensions and other key data points. We store these in a variable named event_state
and use them later as a point of reference while resizing to work out the change in height and width.
saveEventState = function(e){ // Save the initial event details and container state event_state.container_width = $container.width(); event_state.container_height = $container.height(); event_state.container_left = $container.offset().left; event_state.container_top = $container.offset().top; event_state.mouse_x = (e.clientX || e.pageX || e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientX) + $(window).scrollLeft(); event_state.mouse_y = (e.clientY || e.pageY || e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientY) + $(window).scrollTop(); // This is a fix for mobile safari // For some reason it does not allow a direct copy of the touches property if(typeof e.originalEvent.touches !== 'undefined'){ event_state.touches = []; $.each(e.originalEvent.touches, function(i, ob){ event_state.touches[i] = {}; event_state.touches[i].clientX = 0+ob.clientX; event_state.touches[i].clientY = 0+ob.clientY; }); } event_state.evnt = e; }
The resizing
function is where most of the action happens. This function is constantly invoked while the user is dragging one of the resize handles. Every time this function is called we work out the new width and height by taking the current position of the mouse relative to the initial position of the corner we are dragging.
resizing = function(e){ var mouse={},width,height,left,top,offset=$container.offset(); mouse.x = (e.clientX || e.pageX || e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientX) + $(window).scrollLeft(); mouse.y = (e.clientY || e.pageY || e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientY) + $(window).scrollTop(); width = mouse.x - event_state.container_left; height = mouse.y - event_state.container_top; left = event_state.container_left; top = event_state.container_top; if(constrain || e.shiftKey){ height = width / orig_src.width * orig_src.height; } if(width > min_width && height > min_height && width < max_width && height < max_height){ resizeImage(width, height); // Without this Firefox will not re-calculate the the image dimensions until drag end $container.offset({'left': left, 'top': top}); } }
Next we add the option to constrain the image dimensions when toggled using the shift key or a variable.
Finally, we resize the image, but only if the new width and height are not outside the bounds of the min and max variables we initially set.
Note: Because we're actually resizing the image and not just changing the height and width attributes, you might consider limiting how often resizeImage
is called to improve performance. This is called debouncing or throttling.
Actually resizing the image
Drawing an image to the Canvas is as easy as drawImage
. We set the height and width of the canvas first and always use the original copy of the full-sized image. We then use toDataURL
on the Canvas to get a Base64-encoded version of the newly resized image and place this on the page.
There is a full explanation for all the parameters that can be used with the drawImage
method in the cropping section of this tutorial.
resizeImage = function(width, height){ resize_canvas.width = width; resize_canvas.height = height; resize_canvas.getContext('2d').drawImage(orig_src, 0, 0, width, height); $(image_target).attr('src', resize_canvas.toDataURL("image/png")); };
Too simple? There is one small proviso: the image must be on the same domain as the page or on a server with cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) enabled. If it's not, you might run into problems with an error about a 'tainted canvas'.
Resizing from different corners
You should now have a working demo. But it's not complete. At the moment, no matter which corner of the image we resize, it behaves as though we are resizing it from the bottom right. We want to be able to resize the image from any corner. To do this we need to understand how it should behave.
When resizing, the corner we're dragging as well as its adjacent edges should move, while the corner directly opposite and its adjacent edges should remain fixed.
When we change the width and height of an image, the right and bottom edges move, while the top and left edges will stay the same. This means that by default, an image is resized from its bottom right corner.
We can't change this default behavior, but when resizing from any corner other than the bottom right we can change the overall position of the image so that it appears as though the opposite corner and edges remain fixed. Let's update our resizing
resizing = function(e){ var mouse={},width,height,left,top,offset=$container.offset(); mouse.x = (e.clientX || e.pageX || e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientX) + $(window).scrollLeft(); mouse.y = (e.clientY || e.pageY || e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientY) + $(window).scrollTop(); // Position image differently depending on the corner dragged and constraints if( $(event_state.evnt.target).hasClass('resize-handle-se') ){ width = mouse.x - event_state.container_left; height = mouse.y - event_state.container_top; left = event_state.container_left; top = event_state.container_top; } else if($(event_state.evnt.target).hasClass('resize-handle-sw') ){ width = event_state.container_width - (mouse.x - event_state.container_left); height = mouse.y - event_state.container_top; left = mouse.x; top = event_state.container_top; } else if($(event_state.evnt.target).hasClass('resize-handle-nw') ){ width = event_state.container_width - (mouse.x - event_state.container_left); height = event_state.container_height - (mouse.y - event_state.container_top); left = mouse.x; top = mouse.y; if(constrain || e.shiftKey){ top = mouse.y - ((width / orig_src.width * orig_src.height) - height); } } else if($(event_state.evnt.target).hasClass('resize-handle-ne') ){ width = mouse.x - event_state.container_left; height = event_state.container_height - (mouse.y - event_state.container_top); left = event_state.container_left; top = mouse.y; if(constrain || e.shiftKey){ top = mouse.y - ((width / orig_src.width * orig_src.height) - height); } } // Optionally maintain aspect ratio if(constrain || e.shiftKey){ height = width / orig_src.width * orig_src.height; } if(width > min_width && height > min_height && width < max_width && height < max_height){ // To improve performance you might limit how often resizeImage() is called resizeImage(width, height); // Without this Firefox will not re-calculate the the image dimensions until drag end $container.offset({'left': left, 'top': top}); } }
We are now checking to see which resize-handle
has been dragged and we're moving the image while resizing it so that it appears as though the correct corner remains fixed.
Moving the image
Now that we can resize the image from any of its corners you might have noticed we can inadvertently change its position on the page. We need to give users the ability to move the image back into the center of frame. In the init
function let's add another event listener similar to the one we did earlier.
init = function(){ //... $container.on('mousedown', 'img', startMoving); }
We now add startMoving
and endMoving
functions similar to startResize
and endResize
startMoving = function(e){ e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); saveEventState(e); $(document).on('mousemove', moving); $(document).on('mouseup', endMoving); }; endMoving = function(e){ e.preventDefault(); $(document).off('mouseup', endMoving); $(document).off('mousemove', moving); };
In the function moving
we need to work out the new position of the top left edge of the container. This will be equal to the current position of the mouse, offset by the distance the mouse was from the top left corner when we started dragging the image.
moving = function(e){ var mouse={}; e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); mouse.x = (e.clientX || e.pageX) + $(window).scrollLeft(); mouse.y = (e.clientY || e.pageY) + $(window).scrollTop(); $container.offset({ 'left': mouse.x - ( event_state.mouse_x - event_state.container_left ), 'top': mouse.y - ( event_state.mouse_y - event_state.container_top ) }); };
Cropping the image
Now that we can resize the image we might want to crop it as well. Rather than allowing users to crop the image to any size and shape, let's create a frame that is the exact dimensions we require and ask users to position the image inside that frame. This gives them control over the zoom and framing, yet ensures the final image always the same size and shape.
To do this we need to add a the following HTML:

 <button class="btn-crop js-crop">Crop</button>
The styles for the overlay box are important, particularly it's position, width and height as they are used to determine what part of the image is cropped. It's also important to remember that the frame should always be visible on any background color. That is why I used a semi transparent white outline around the main box in my example.
.overlay { position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -100px; margin-top: -100px; z-index: 999; width: 200px; height: 200px; border: solid 2px rgba(222,60,80,.9); box-sizing: content-box; pointer-events: none; } .overlay:after, .overlay:before { content: ''; position: absolute; display: block; width: 204px; height: 40px; border-left: dashed 2px rgba(222,60,80,.9); border-right: dashed 2px rgba(222,60,80,.9); } .overlay:before { top: 0; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: -40px; } .overlay:after { bottom: 0; margin-left: -2px; margin-bottom: -40px; } .overlay-inner:after, .overlay-inner:before { content: ''; position: absolute; display: block; width: 40px; height: 204px; border-top: dashed 2px rgba(222,60,80,.9); border-bottom: dashed 2px rgba(222,60,80,.9); } .overlay-inner:before { left: 0; margin-left: -40px; margin-top: -2px; } .overlay-inner:after { right: 0; margin-right: -40px; margin-top: -2px; } .btn-crop { position: absolute; vertical-align: bottom; right: 5px; bottom: 5px; padding: 6px 10px; z-index: 999; background-color: rgb(222,60,80); border: none; border-radius: 5px; color: #FFF; }
Update the JavaScript with the following function and event listener:
init = function(){ //... $('.js-crop').on('click', crop); }; crop = function(){ var crop_canvas, left = $('.overlay').offset().left - $container.offset().left, top = $('.overlay').offset().top - $container.offset().top, width = $('.overlay').width(), height = $('.overlay').height(); crop_canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); crop_canvas.width = width; crop_canvas.height = height; crop_canvas.getContext('2d').drawImage(image_target, left, top, width, height, 0, 0, width, height); window.open(crop_canvas.toDataURL("image/png")); }
The crop
function is similar to the resizeImage
function however instead of passing it height and width values we get the height and width from the overlay element.
For cropping, the canvas drawImage
method requires nine parameters. The first parameter is the source image. The next four parameters indicate what part of the source image is used (the clipping box). The final four parameters indicate where on the canvas to start drawing the image and at what size.
Adding touch events and gesture detection
We've added mouse events, now let's add support for touch enabled devices.
For mousedown
and mouseup
there are equivalent touch events, touchstart
and touchend
and for mousemove
there is the equivalent touchmove
. Someone obviously lacks a sense of humor because these events could have easily been named "touchdown" and "touchup".
Let's add touchstart
and touchend
everywhere we have a mousedown
and mouseup
event listener and touchmove
everywhere we have mousemove
// In init()... $container.on('mousedown touchstart', '.resize-handle', startResize); $container.on('mousedown touchstart', 'img', startMoving); //In startResize() ... $(document).on('mousemove touchmove', moving); $(document).on('mouseup touchend', endMoving); //In endResize()... $(document).off('mouseup touchend', endMoving); $(document).off('mousemove touchmove', moving); //In startMoving()... $(document).on('mousemove touchmove', moving); $(document).on('mouseup touchend', endMoving); //In endMoving()... $(document).off('mouseup touchend', endMoving); $(document).off('mousemove touchmove', moving);
Since we're resizing an image it might be reasonable to expect that some users will try common gestures like pinch zoom. There is a library called Hammer that provides a lot of convenience when working with gestures. But since we only need pinch zoom, in our case, it might be a more like a sledge hammer. Let me show you how easy it is to detect pinch zoom without any library.
You might have notice that in the saveEventState
function we already stored the initial touch data; this will come in handy now.
First we check if the event contains two "touches" and measure the distance between them. We note this as the initial distance and then constantly measure how much this distance changes while moving. Let's update the moving
moving = function(e){ var mouse={}, touches; e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); touches = e.originalEvent.touches; mouse.x = (e.clientX || e.pageX || touches[0].clientX) + $(window).scrollLeft(); mouse.y = (e.clientY || e.pageY || touches[0].clientY) + $(window).scrollTop(); $container.offset({ 'left': mouse.x - ( event_state.mouse_x - event_state.container_left ), 'top': mouse.y - ( event_state.mouse_y - event_state.container_top ) }); // Watch for pinch zoom gesture while moving if(event_state.touches && event_state.touches.length > 1 && touches.length > 1){ var width = event_state.container_width, height = event_state.container_height; var a = event_state.touches[0].clientX - event_state.touches[1].clientX; a = a * a; var b = event_state.touches[0].clientY - event_state.touches[1].clientY; b = b * b; var dist1 = Math.sqrt( a + b ); a = e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientX - touches[1].clientX; a = a * a; b = e.originalEvent.touches[0].clientY - touches[1].clientY; b = b * b; var dist2 = Math.sqrt( a + b ); var ratio = dist2 /dist1; width = width * ratio; height = height * ratio; // To improve performance you might limit how often resizeImage() is called resizeImage(width, height); } };
We divide the current distance by initial distance to get the ratio and how much to scale the image. We work out the new width and height and then resize the image.
And that's it. Take a look at the demo or download the ZIP file.
In my testing, Chrome prevented the default browser response for pinch zoom, which is to change the page zoom, but Firefox didn't.
I hope you found this tutorial useful. I suggest further reading on drag and drop and file upload techniques and look forward to see how people might combine these techniques to create some beautiful user interfaces.


text:
Happy New Year!
Thursday, December 31, 2009
So it's time for New Year's Resolutions. This year, I've pledged to help my body be at its best, inside and out. That means 6 glasses of water a day, less sodium, more vegetables and no more preservatives. I'll get right on that after this bag of Nacho Bugles and a Hershey's Cookies N Cream bar. But really- I am determined from here on out, I won't purchase things impulsively. I hope that everything I buy I will have researched in advanced or at least heard about by word of mouth. The one thing I am a little worried that I'll end up buying only mainstream over hyped makeup. So, I'll continue to make my own makeup (I'll keep you updated!) and try to refine my formulas.
So here's to quality beauty, great health and the start of a fantastic decade. <3
Happy New Year!


text:
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text:
Taxidermy Juvenile Bank Vole. Log no 307.
Standing on driftwood.
Small mammal.
Total height is 13cm.
Taxidermy Juvenile Bank Vole. Log no 307.
Scientific name: Myodes glareolus
Standing on driftwood.
Small mammal.
Total height is 13cm.
Due to the size and weight delivery is £6 within the UK, this is for a signed for service, and includes insurance.
Delivery worldwide is £15 for a tracked and signed for service.
International postage of items may be subject to customs processing and additional charges.
A signature will be required on delivery.
This animal was done partly using a freeze drying taxidermy technique.
Shipping Information.
Items are dispatched within 3 working days.
Feel free to ask any questions.
Business Information: ADRIAN JOHNSTONE TAXIDERMIST.
Adrian Johnstone began his hobby of taxidermy when he was quite young, around the age of ten or eleven. He first used a book from Darlington library called Step by Step Taxidermy to learn the basics. Many of his early subjects were small birds which were found by the roadside whilst out cycling on a weekend, mostly victims of road traffic. When he was eighteen Adrian moved to Harrogate in North Yorkshire to become a full time taxidermist, he did a three year apprenticeship with a company called Starbek Taxidermy, previously known as The World of Nature from Kirby Fleetham. Later he moved back to Darlington and opened up a workshop in 1984 where he prepared and sold taxidermy, and then later a shop on High Northgate from June 1986 until December 2007.
We still use many of the traditional ways in taxidermy. We use woodwool for making the mannequins, glass eyes for a real-life effect, and natural poses for every animal and bird we work on.
We also freeze dry some smaller specimens. This process is very well known, and the results are the same as the traditional method of taxidermy. A little more after care is required, spraying your taxidermy with an anti-moth spray or using moth balls where your item is kept. Please contact us for more information.
We are a small friendly business, well known, and with extremely professional results in our work.
Please note. STATEMENT
I have the following evidence to support the sale of the item listed.
Documentary proof that it was not taken illegally from the wild.
By law anyone selling taxidermy must have a log book and must number all the British birds held in their possession. The details for all the birds must be recorded in this log book, and these details should include; name and address of supplier; cause/date/location of death; age/sex; and then eventually the name and address of the buyer.
Every bird that I list every bird that I sell anywhere, has been numbered.
This number can be found in my birds received log book, and each bird has its own individual log number which is marked underneath the base.
I have been a fulltime taxidermist since 1981 and always abide by the wildlife laws.
General Data Protection Regulation
Due to the laws within taxidermy, we need to keep your name and address on file.
Also we may need to send your information to the Animal Health And Plant Agency (AHPA) that is the department which issues our licenses.
Please only buy this item of taxidermy if you consent to us keeping your information on file and if necessary to send to AHPA.
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text:
A Southern California man claims his daughter was forced to sing songs in class that violate her religious beliefs.
Paul Salcedo's daughter is in the third grade at Rosebank Elementary School in Chula Vista, Calif.
Salcedo objects to his daughter, who is a Jehovah's Witness, singing the songs "My Country 'Tis of Thee," "This Land is Your Land" and "You're a Grand Ol' Flag."
"That's a part of the religion too. They don't salute the flag. They don't sing those types of songs. That's their right," Salcedo said.
Salcedo, whose wife is a Jehovah's Witness, got emotional when he discussed how his daughter said she was forced to sing the songs.
"It's my kids. I gotta protect them," Salcedo said. "I mean, they're not going to. I'm the only one who's going to be their voice."
Other points of conflict between the family and the school included a Halloween-based curriculum and valentines distributed in class.
Salcedo they had an agreement between the principal and the teacher that his daughter would be excused during those songs. Now, he said the trust between parent and educators has been broken.
"It's a violation of the law. We have those civil rights and it's already been brought to their attention of our beliefs and our practices," Salcedo said.
The Chula Vista Elementary School District disputes Salcedo's account.
"We don't see these songs as being anything other than folk songs," said Anthony Millican, the spokesperson for the Chula Vista Elementary School District.
"The child has not been required to sing these songs at any point," Millican said adding that the schools will not stop teaching the folks songs.
The district has offered options to parents who want to their children not to participate he said.
"We are sensitive to the needs of every student, so we're looking to find a reasonable solution," Millican said.
The district says they're also excusing the child from social studies class during certain topics.
A meeting scheduled Tuesday between all the parties was canceled because Salcedo wanted to record the discussion.
He said his wife planned to sit in on the music lesson on Wednesday to observe.
The family has considered private education and homeschooling, but Salcedo said those options were not financially possible.


text:
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text:
The parent company of Facebook and Instagram has released data for the first time showing how often people see bullying or harassing posts on its apps, amid scrutiny over how its social networks may be harming users and society at large.
Facebook users saw bullying or harassment 14 to 15 times out of every 10,000 views of content on the app between July and September, while Instagram users viewed such content 5 to 6 times out of every 10,000 in the same period, Meta, the company formerly known as Facebook, said on Tuesday.
The company said it took down 9.2 million pieces of bullying and harassment content on Facebook, and 7.8 million such posts on Instagram, during the third quarter.
"The vast, vast, vast, vast majority of content on Facebook doesn't violate our policies and is perfectly good content," Guy Rosen, Meta's vice president of integrity, told reporters on a conference call on Tuesday.
But he acknowledged that, like hate speech, identifying bullying and harassment can be challenging for the company's automated systems.
"It's very difficult to know what is a bullying post or comment, and what is perhaps a lighthearted joke, without knowing the people involved or the nuance of the situation," Rosen said.
That means the numbers released on Tuesday likely undercount the amount of bullying and harassment people see, because the metric does not include posts that are reported by users.
The new data on bullying and harassment come as the company faces a public relations crisis stemming from revelations by whistleblower Frances Haugen, a former Facebook employee who has shared thousands of pages of internal reports, presentations and other documents with federal regulators, lawmakers and the press.
That includes internal research showing that Instagram worsens body image issues and other mental health harms for some teen girls and that Facebook struggles to police hate speech and calls for violence, especially in non-English-speaking countries.
For example, as the Wall Street Journal reported, the documents include frank discussions among Facebook researchers who estimated that the company's automated artificial intelligence systems remove less than 5% of hate speech viewed on the platform.
Meta disputes Haugen's allegations, and says the prevalence of hate speech on the social network has dropped by more than half in the last year. The company increasingly relies on artificial intelligence to monitor its platforms, which count more than 3 billion monthly users. On Tuesday, it said it has updated its AI to detect different types of violations, including hate speech, bullying and harassment and violence and incitement.
Meta published the new metrics as part of its quarterly report on how much content it removed from its platforms because it broke rules on topics ranging from hate speech to child sexual exploitation to suicide and self-harm.
Over the last year, the company has begun publishing data on the prevalence of some rule-breaking posts, saying it's the best way to hold itself accountable, because prevalence rates show how much violating content its systems miss.
Last month, Meta announced new policies to protect users from harassment, including a ban on content that degrades or sexualizes public figures, and removal of coordinated intimidation and harassment campaigns.
On Tuesday, the company also released for the first time prevalence rates for hate speech on Instagram, and for calls for and incitement to violence on both Facebook and Instagram.
Facebook users saw content breaking its rules against inciting violence 4 to 5 times per every 10,000 views in the quarter, while Instagram users saw such posts twice in every 10,000 views.
On Instagram, users saw hate speech twice for every 10,000 views of content during the quarter. That compares with 3 views per 10,000 on Facebook, which was down from 10 to 11 views a year ago.
Editor's note: Meta pays NPR to license NPR content.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
You might already know that Google uses over 200 ranking factors in their algorithm…
But what the heck are they?
Well, you're in for a treat because I've put together a complete list.
Some are proven.
Some are controversial.
Others are SEO nerd speculation.
But they're all here.
And I recently updated this entire list for 2019.
Let's dive right in.
Domain Factors
1. Domain Age: In this video, Google's Matt Cutts states that:
In other words, they do use domain age…but it's not very important.
2. Keyword Appears in Top Level Domain: This doesn't give the boost that it used to. But having a keyword in your domain still acts as a relevancy signal.
3. Keyword As First Word in Domain: A domain that starts with their target keyword has an edge over sites that either don't have that keyword in their domain (or have the keyword in the middle or end of their domain).
4. Domain registration length: A Google patent states:
5. Keyword in Subdomain: Moz's expert panel agrees that a keyword appearing in the subdomain can boost rankings.
6. Domain History: A site with volatile ownership or several drops may tell Google to "reset" the site's history, negating links pointing to the domain. Or, in certain cases, a penalized domain may carry the penalty over to the new owner.
7. Exact Match Domain: Exact Match Domains may still give you slight edge. But if your EMD happens to be a low-quality site, it's vulnerable to the EMD update.
8. Public vs. Private WhoIs: Private WhoIs information may be a sign of "something to hide". Googler Matt Cutts is quoted as stating:
9. Penalized WhoIs Owner: If Google identifies a particular person as a spammer it makes sense that they would scrutinize other sites owned by that person.
10. Country TLD extension: Having a Country Code Top Level Domain (.cn, .pt, .ca) can help the site rank for that particular country… but it can limit the site's ability to rank globally.
Page-Level Factors
12. Title Tag Starts with Keyword: According to Moz , title tags that starts with a keyword tend to perform better than title tags with the keyword towards the end of the tag.
13. Keyword in Description Tag: Google doesn't use the meta description tag as a direct ranking signal. However, your description tag can impact click-through-rate, which is a key ranking factor.
14. Keyword Appears in H1 Tag: H1 tags are a "second title tag". Along with your title tag, Google uses your H1 tag as a secondary relevancy signal, according to results from one correlation study:
15. TF-IDF: A fancy way of saying: "How often does a certain word appear in a document?". The more often that word appears on a page, the more likely it is that the page is about that word. Google likely uses a sophisticated version of TF-IDF.
16. Content Length: Content with more words can cover a wider breadth and are likely preferable in the algorithm compared to shorter, superficial articles. Indeed, one recent ranking factors industry study found that content length correlated with SERP position.
17. Table of Contents: Using a linked table of contents can help Google better understand your page's content. It can also result in sitelinks:
18. Keyword Density: Although not as important as it once was, Google may use it to determine the topic of a webpage. But going overboard can hurt you.
19. Latent Semantic Indexing Keywords in Content (LSI): LSI keywords help search engines extract meaning from words that have more than one meaning (for example: Apple the computer company vs. Apple the fruit). The presence/absence of LSI probably also acts as a content quality signal.
20. LSI Keywords in Title and Description Tags: As with webpage content, LSI keywords in page meta tags probably help Google discern between words with multiple potential meanings. May also act as a relevancy signal.
21. Page Covers Topic In-Depth: There's a known correlation between depth of topic coverage and Google rankings. Therefore, pages that cover every angle likely have an edge vs. pages that only cover a topic partially.
22. Page Loading Speed via HTML: Both Google and Bing use page speed as a ranking factor. Search engine spiders can estimate your site speed fairly accurately based on your page's HTML code.
23. Page Loading Speed via Chrome: Google also uses Chrome user data to get a better handle on a page's loading time. That way, they can measure how quickly a page actually loads to users.
25. Entity Match: Does a page's content match the " entity " that a user is searching for? If so, that page may get a rankings boost for that keyword.
26. Google Hummingbird: This " algorithm change " helped Google go beyond keywords. Thanks to Hummingbird, Google can now better understand the topic of a webpage.
27. Duplicate Content: Identical content on the same site (even slightly modified) can negatively influence a site's search engine visibility.
29. Image Optimization: Images send search engines important relevancy signals through their file name, alt text, title, description and caption.
30. Content Recency: Google Caffeine update favors recently published or updated content, especially for time-sensitive searches. Highlighting this factor's importance, Google shows the date of a page's last update for certain pages:
31. Magnitude of Content Updates: The significance of edits and changes also serves as a freshness factor. Adding or removing entire sections is more significant than switching around the order of a few words or fixing a typo.
32. Historical Page Updates: How often has the page been updated over time? Daily, weekly, every 5 years? Frequency of page updates also play a role in freshness.
33. Keyword Prominence: Having a keyword appear in the first 100 words of a page's content is correlated to first page Google rankings.
34. Keyword in H2, H3 Tags: Having your keyword appear as a subheading in H2 or H3 format may be another weak relevancy signal. In fact, Googler John Mueller states:
35. Outbound Link Quality: Many SEOs think that linking out to authority sites helps send trust signals to Google. And this is backed up by a recent industry study.
36. Outbound Link Theme: According to The Hillop Algorithm, Google may use the content of the pages you link to as a relevancy signal. For example, if you have a page about cars that links to movie-related pages, this may tell Google that your page is about the movie Cars, not the automobile.
37. Grammar and Spelling: Proper grammar and spelling is a quality signal, although Cutts gave mixed messages a few years back on whether or not this was important.
38. Syndicated Content: Is the content on the page original? If it's scraped or copied from an indexed page it won't rank as well… or may not get indexed at all.
39. Mobile-Friendly Update: Often referred to as " Mobilegeddon ", this update rewarded pages that were properly optimized for mobile devices.
40. Mobile Usability: Websites that mobile users can easily use may have an edge in Google's "Mobile-first Index".
41. "Hidden" Content on Mobile: Hidden content on mobile devices may not get indexed (or may not be weighed as heavily) vs. fully visible content. However, a Googler recently stated that hidden content is OK. But also said that in the same video, "…if it's critical content it should be visible…".
42. Helpful "Supplementary Content": According to a now-public Google Rater Guidelines Document, helpful supplementary content is an indicator of a page's quality (and therefore, Google ranking). Examples include currency converters, loan interest calculators and interactive recipes.
43. Content Hidden Behind Tabs: Do users need to click on a tab to reveal some of the content on your page? If so, Google has said that this content "may not be indexed".
44. Number of Outbound Links: Too many dofollow OBLs can "leak" PageRank, which can hurt that page's rankings.
45. Multimedia: Images, videos and other multimedia elements may act as a content quality signal. For example, one industry study found a correlation between multimedia and rankings:
46. Number of Internal Links Pointing to Page: The number of internal links to a page indicates its importance relative to other pages on the site (more internal links=more important).
47. Quality of Internal Links Pointing to Page: Internal links from authoritative pages on domain have a stronger effect than pages with no or low PageRank.
48. Broken Links: Having too many broken links on a page may be a sign of a neglected or abandoned site. The Google Rater Guidelines Document uses broken links as one was to assess a homepage's quality.
49. Reading Level: There's no doubt that Google estimates the reading level of webpages. In fact, Google used to give you reading level stats:
But what they do with that information is up for debate. Some say that a basic reading level will help you rank better because it will appeal to the masses. But others associate a basic reading level with content mills like Ezine Articles.
50. Affiliate Links: Affiliate links themselves probably won't hurt your rankings. But if you have too many, Google's algorithm may pay closer attention to other quality signals to make sure you're not a " thin affiliate site ".
51. HTML errors/W3C validation: Lots of HTML errors or sloppy coding may be a sign of a poor quality site. While controversial, many in SEO think that a well-coded page is used as a quality signal.
52. Domain Authority: All things being equal, a page on an authoritative domain will rank higher than a page on a domain with less authority.
53. Page's PageRank: Not perfectly correlated. But pages with lots of authority tend to outrank pages without much link authority.
54. URL Length: Excessively long URLs may hurt a page's search engine visibility. In fact, several industry studies have found that short URLs tend to have a slight edge in Google's search results.
55. URL Path: A page closer to the homepage may get a slight authority boost vs. pages buried deep down in a site's architecture.
56. Human Editors: Although never confirmed, Google has filed a patent for a system that allows human editors to influence the SERPs.
57. Page Category: The category the page appears on is a relevancy signal. A page that's part of a closely related category may get a relevancy boost compared to a page that's filed under an unrelated category.
58. WordPress Tags: Tags are WordPress-specific relevancy signal. According to Yoast.com:
59. Keyword in URL: Another relevancy signal. A Google rep recently called this a " a very small ranking factor ". But a ranking factor nontheless.
60. URL String: The categories in the URL string are read by Google and may provide a thematic signal to what a page is about:
62. Bullets and Numbered Lists: Bullets and numbered lists help break up your content for readers, making them more user friendly. Google likely agrees and may prefer content with bullets and numbers.
64. Too Many Outbound Links: Straight from the aforementioned Quality rater document:
65. Quantity of Other Keywords Page Ranks For: If the page ranks for several other keywords, it may give Google an internal sign of quality.
66. Page Age: Although Google prefers fresh content, an older page that's regularly updated may outperform a newer page.
67. User Friendly Layout: Citing the Google Quality Guidelines Document yet again:
68. Parked Domains: A Google update in December of 2011 decreased search visibility of parked domains.
Site-Level Factors
70. Content Provides Value and Unique Insights: Google has stated that they're happy to penalize sites that don't bring anything new or useful to the table, especially thin affiliate sites.
71. Contact Us Page: The aforementioned Google Quality Document states that they prefer sites with an "appropriate amount of contact information". Make sure that your contact information matches your whois info.
72. Domain Trust/TrustRank: Many SEOs believe that "TrustRank" is a massively important ranking factor. And a recently-filed Google Patent titled "Search result ranking based on trust", seems to back this up.
73. Site Architecture: A well put-together site architecture (for example, a silo structure) helps Google thematically organize your content. It can also helps Googlebot access and index all of your site's pages.
74. Site Updates: Many SEOs believe that website updates — and especially when new content is added to the site — works a site-wide freshness factor. Although Google has recently denied that they use "publishing frequency" in their algorithm.
75. Presence of Sitemap: A sitemap helps search engines index your pages easier and more thoroughly, improving visibility.
76. Site Uptime: Lots of downtime from site maintenance or server issues may hurt your rankings (and can even result in deindexing if not corrected).
77. Server Location: Server location influences where your site ranks in different geographical regions ( source). Especially important for geo-specific searches.
78. SSL Certificate: Google has confirmed that use HTTPS as a ranking signal.
According to Google, however, HTTPS only acts as a " tiebreaker ".
79. Terms of Service and Privacy Pages: These two pages help tell Google that a site is a trustworthy member of the internet. They may also help improve your site's E-A-T.
80. Duplicate Meta Information On-Site: Duplicate meta information across your site may bring down all of your page's visibility. In fact, the Search Console warns you if you have too many of these.
81. Breadcrumb Navigation: This is a style of user-friendly site-architecture that helps users (and search engines) know where they are on a site:
Google states that: "Google Search uses breadcrumb markup in the body of a web page to categorize the information from the page in search results."
82. Mobile Optimized: With more than half of all searches done from mobile devices, Google wants to see that your site is optimized for mobile users. In fact, Google now penalizes websites that aren't mobile friendly
83. YouTube: There's no doubt that YouTube videos are given preferential treatment in the SERPs (probably because Google owns it ):
In fact, Search Engine Land found that YouTube.com traffic increased significantly after Google Panda.
84. Site Usability: A site that's difficult to use or to navigate can hurt rankings indirectly by reducing time on site, pages viewed and bounce rate (in other words, RankBrain ranking factors).
86. User reviews/Site reputation: A site's reputation on sites like Yelp.com likely play an important role in Google's algorithm. Google even posted a rarely candid outline of how they use online reviews after one site was caught ripping off customers in an effort to get press and links.
87. Linking Domain Age: Backlinks from aged domains may be more powerful than new domains.
88. # of Linking Root Domains: The number of referring domains is one of the most important ranking factors in Google's algorithm, as you can see from this industry study of 1 million Google Search results.
89. # of Links from Separate C-Class IPs: Links from separate class-c IP addresses suggest a wider breadth of sites linking to you, which can help with rankings.
90. # of Linking Pages: The total number of linking pages — even from the same domain — has an impact on rankings.
91. Backlink Anchor Text: As noted in this description of Google's original algorithm:
Obviously, anchor text is less important than before (and, when over-optimized, work as a webspam signal). But keyword-rich anchor text still sends a strong relevancy signal in small doses.
92. Alt Tag (for Image Links): Alt text acts as anchor text for images.
95. Authority of Linking Domain: The referring domain's authority may play an independent role in a link's value.
96. Links From Competitors: Links from other pages ranking in the same SERP may be more valuable to a page's ranking for that particular keyword.
97. Links from "Expected" Websites: Although speculative, some SEOs believe that Google won't fully trust your website until you get linked to from a set of "expected" sites in your industry.
98. Links from Bad Neighborhoods: Links from so-called "bad neighborhoods" may hurt your site.
99. Guest Posts: Although links from guest posts still pass value, they likely aren't as powerful as true editorial links (plus, " large-scale " guest posting can get your site into trouble).
100. Links From Ads: According to Google, links from ads should be nofollowed. However, it's likely that Google is able to identify and filter out followed links from ads.
101. Homepage Authority: Links to a referring page's homepage may play special importance in evaluating a site's — and therefore a link's — weight.
102. Nofollow Links: This is one of the most controversial topics in SEO. Google's official word on the matter is:
Which suggests that they do… at least in certain cases. Having a certain % of nofollow links may also indicate a natural vs. unnatural link profile.
103. Diversity of Link Types: Having an unnaturally large percentage of your links coming from a single source (ie. forum profiles, blog comments) may be a sign of webspam. On the other hand, links from diverse sources is a sign of a natural link profile.
104. "Sponsored Links" Or Other Words Around Link: Words like "sponsors", "link partners" and "sponsored links" may decrease a link's value.
105. Contextual Links: Links embedded inside a page's content are considered more powerful than links on an empty page or found elsewhere on the page.
106. Excessive 301 Redirects to Page: Backlinks coming from 301 redirects dilute some PageRank, according to a Webmaster Help Video.
107. Internal Link Anchor Text: Internal link anchor text is another relevancy signal. That said, internal links likely have much less weight than anchor text coming from external sites.
108. Link Title Attribution: The link title (the text that appears when you hover over a link) may also be used as a weak relevancy signal.
109. Country TLD of Referring Domain: Getting links from country-specific top level domain extensions (.de, .cn, .co.uk) may help you rank better in that country.
110. Link Location In Content: Links in the beginning of a piece of content may carry slightly more weight than links placed at the end of the content.
111. Link Location on Page: Where a link appears on a page is important. Generally, a link embedded in a page's content is more powerful than a link in the footer or sidebar area.
112. Linking Domain Relevancy: A link from a site in a similar niche is significantly more powerful than a link from a completely unrelated site.
113. Page-Level Relevancy: A link from a relevant page also passes more value.
114. Keyword in Title: Google gives extra love to links from pages that contain your page's keyword in the title ("Experts linking to experts".)
115. Positive Link Velocity: A site with positive link velocity usually gets a SERP boost as it shows your site is increasing in popularity.
116. Negative Link Velocity: On the flip side, a negative link velocity can significantly reduce rankings as it's a signal of decreasing popularity.
117. Links from "Hub" Pages: The Hilltop Algorithm suggests that getting links from pages that are considered top resources (or hubs) on a certain topic are given special treatment.
118. Link from Authority Sites: A link from a site considered an "authority site" likely pass more juice than a link from a small, relatively unknown site.
119. Linked to as Wikipedia Source: Although the links are nofollow, many think that getting a link from Wikipedia gives you a little added trust and authority in the eyes of search engines.
120. Co-Occurrences: The words that tend to appear around your backlinks helps tell Google what that page is about.
121. Backlink Age: According to a Google patent, older links have more ranking power than newly minted backlinks.
122. Links from Real Sites vs. "Splogs": Due to the proliferation of blog networks, Google probably gives more weight to links coming from "real sites" than from fake blogs. They likely use brand and user-interaction signals to distinguish between the two.
123. Natural Link Profile: A site with a "natural" link profile is going to rank highly and be more durable to updates than one that has obviously used black hat strategies to build links.
124. Reciprocal Links: Google's Link Schemes page lists "Excessive link exchanging" as a link scheme to avoid.
125. User Generated Content Links: Google can identify UGC vs. content published by the actual site owner. For example, they know that a link from the official WordPress.com blog is very different than a link from besttoasterreviews.wordpress.com.
126. Links from 301: Links from 301 redirects may lose a little bit of juice compared to a direct link. However, Matt Cutts says that a 301s are similar to direct links
127. Schema.org Usage: Pages that support microformats may rank above pages without it. This may be a direct boost or the fact that pages with microformatting have a higher SERP CTR:
128. TrustRank of Linking Site: The trustworthiness of the site linking to you determines how much "TrustRank" gets passed on to you.
129. Number of Outbound Links on Page: PageRank is finite. A link on a page with hundreds of external links passes less PageRank than a page with a handful of outbound links.
130. Forum Links: Because of industrial-level spamming, Google may significantly devalue links from forums.
131. Word Count of Linking Content: A link from a 1000-word post is usually more valuable than a link inside of a 25-word snippet.
132. Quality of Linking Content: Links from poorly written or spun content don't pass as much value as links from well-written, content.
133. Sitewide Links: Matt Cutts has confirmed that sitewide links are "compressed" to count as a single link.
User Interaction
134. RankBrain: RankBrain is Google's AI algorithm. Many believe that its main purpose is to measure how users interact with the search results (and rank the results accordingly).
135. Organic Click Through Rate for a Keyword: According to Google, pages that get clicked more in CTR may get a SERP boost for that particular keyword.
137. Bounce Rate: Not everyone in SEO agrees bounce rate matters, but it may be a way of Google to use their users as quality testers (after all, pages with a high bounce rate probably aren't a great result for that keyword). Also, a recent study by SEMRush found a correlation between bounce rate and Google rankings.
139. Repeat Traffic: Sites with repeat visitors may get a Google ranking boost.
140. Pogosticking: "Pogosticking" is a special type of bounce. In this case, the user clicks on other search results in an attempt to find the answer to their query.
Results that people Pogostick from may get a significantly rankings drop.
141. Blocked Sites: Google has discontinued this feature in Chrome. However, Panda used this feature as a quality signal. So Google may still use a variation of it.
142. Chrome Bookmarks: We know that Google collects Chrome browser usage data. Pages that get bookmarked in Chrome might get a boost.
143. Number of Comments: Pages with lots of comments may be a signal of user-interaction and quality. In fact, one Googler said comments can help "a lot" with rankings.
Special Google Algorithm Rules
145. Query Deserves Freshness: Google gives newer pages a boost for certain searches.
146. Query Deserves Diversity: Google may add diversity to a SERP for ambiguous keywords, such as "Ted", "WWF" or "ruby".
147. User Browsing History: You've probably noticed this yourself: websites that you visit frequently get a SERP boost for your searches.
148. User Search History: Search chain influence search results for later searches. For example, if you search for "reviews" then search for "toasters", Google is more likely to rank toaster review sites higher in the SERPs.
149. Featured Snippets: According to an SEMRush study, Google chooses Featured Snippets content based on a combination of content length, formatting, page authority and HTTPs usage.
150. Geo Targeting: Google gives preference to sites with a local server IP and country-specific domain name extension.
151. Safe Search: Search results with curse words or adult content won't appear for people with Safe Search turned on.
152. Google+ Circles: Even though Google+ is soon to be dead, Google still shows higher results for authors and sites that you've added to your Google Plus Circles.
153. "YMYL" Keywords: Google has higher content quality standards for "Your Money or Your Life" keywords.
154. DMCA Complaints: Google "downranks" pages with legitimate DMCA complaints.
155. Domain Diversity: The so-called " Bigfoot Update " supposedly added more domains to each SERP page.
156. Transactional Searches: Google sometimes displays different results for shopping-related keywords, like flight searches.
157. Local Searches: For local searches, Google often places local results above the "normal" organic SERPs.
158. Top Stories box: Certain keywords trigger a Top Stories box:
159. Big Brand Preference: After the Vince Update, Google began giving big brands a boost for certain keywords.
160. Shopping Results: Google sometimes displays Google Shopping results in organic SERPs:
161. Image Results: Google images sometimes appear in the normal, organic search results.
163. Single Site Results for Brands: Domain or brand-oriented keywords bring up several results from the same site.
164. Payday Loans Update: This is a special algorithm designed to clean up " very spammy queries ".
Brand Signals
165. Brand Name Anchor Text: Branded anchor text is a simple — but strong — brand signal.
166. Branded Searches: People search for brands. If people search for your brand in Google, this shows Google that your site is a real brand.
167. Brand + Keyword Searches: Do people search for a specific keyword along with your brand (for example: "Backlinko Google ranking factors" or "Backlinko SEO")? If so, Google may give you a rankings boost when people search for the non-branded version of that keyword in Google.
168. Site Has Facebook Page and Likes: Brands tend to have Facebook pages with lots of likes.
169. Site has Twitter Profile with Followers: Twitter profiles with a lot of followers signals a popular brand.
170. Official Linkedin Company Page: Most real businesses have company Linkedin pages.
171. Known Authorship: In February 2013, Google CEO Eric Schmidt famously claimed:
172. Legitimacy of Social Media Accounts: A social media account with 10,000 followers and 2 posts is probably interpreted a lot differently than another 10,000-follower strong account with lots of interaction. In fact, Google filed a patent for determining whether or not social media accounts were real or fake.
173. Brand Mentions on Top Stories: Really big brands get mentioned on Top Stories sites all the time. In fact, some brands even have a feed of news from their own website, on the first page:
174. Unlinked Brand Mentions: Brands get mentioned without getting linked to. Google likely looks at non-hyperlinked brand mentions as a brand signal.
175. Brick and Mortar Location: Real businesses have offices. It's possible that Google fishes for location-data to determine whether or not a site is a big brand.
On-Site Webspam Factors
177. Links to Bad Neighborhoods: Linking out to "bad neighborhoods" — like spammy pharmacy or payday loan sites — may hurt your search visibility.
178. Redirects: Sneaky redirects is a big no-no. If caught, it can get a site not just penalized, but de-indexed.
179. Popups or "Distracting Ads": The official Google Rater Guidelines Document says that popups and distracting ads is a sign of a low-quality site.
180. Interstitial Popups: Google may penalize sites that display full page "interstitial" popups to mobile users.
181. Site Over-Optimization: Yes, Google does penalize people for over-optimizing their site. This includes: keyword stuffing, header tag stuffing, excessive keyword decoration.
182. Gibberish Content: A Google Patent outlines how Google can identify "gibberish" content, which is helpful for filtering out spun or auto-generated content from their index.
183. Doorway Pages: Google wants the page you show to Google to be the page that user ultimately see. If your page redirects people to another page, that's a "Doorway Page". Needless to say, Google doesn't like sites that use Doorway Pages.
184. Ads Above the Fold: The " Page Layout Algorithm " penalizes sites with lots of ads (and not much content) above the fold.
185. Hiding Affiliate Links: Going too far when trying to hide affiliate links ( especially with cloaking) can bring on a penalty.
186. Fred: A nickname given to a series of Google updates starting in 2017. According to Search Engine Land, Fred "targets low-value content sites that put revenue above helping their users."
187. Affiliate Sites: It's no secret that Google isn't the biggest fan of affiliates. And many think that sites that monetize with affiliate programs are put under extra scrutiny.
188. Autogenerated Content: Google understandably hates autogenerated content. If they suspect that your site's pumping out computer-generated content, it could result in a penalty or de-indexing.
189. Excess PageRank Sculpting: Going too far with PageRank sculpting — by nofollowing all outbound links — may be a sign of gaming the system.
190. IP Address Flagged as Spam: If your server's IP address is flagged for spam, it may affect all sites on that server.
191. Meta Tag Spamming: Keyword stuffing can also happen in meta tags. If Google thinks you're adding keywords to your title and description tags in an effort to game the algo, they may hit your site with a penalty.
Off-Site Webspam Factors
192. Hacked Site: If your site gets hacked it can get dropped from the search results. In fact, Search Engine Land was completed deindexed after Google thought it had been hacked.
193. Unnatural Influx of Links: A sudden (and unnatural) influx of links is a sure-fire sign of phony links.
195. Link Profile with High % of Low Quality Links: Lots of links from sources commonly used by black hat SEOs (like blog comments and forum profiles) may be a sign of gaming the system.
196. Links From Unrelated Websites: A high-percentage of backlinks from topically-unrelated sites can increase the odds of a manual penalty.
197. Unnatural Links Warning: Google has sent out thousands of "Google Search Console notice of detected unnatural links" messages. This usually precedes a ranking drop, although not 100% of the time.
198. Low-Quality Directory Links: According to Google, backlinks from low-quality directories can lead to a penalty.
199. Widget Links: Google frowns on links that are automatically generated when user embeds a "widget" on their site.
200. Links from the Same Class C IP: Getting an unnatural amount of links from sites on the same server IP may help Google determine that your links are coming from a blog network.
201. "Poison" Anchor Text: Having "poison" anchor text (especially pharmacy keywords) pointed to your site may be a sign of spam or a hacked site. Either way, it can hurt your site's ranking.
202. Unnatural Link Spike: A 2013 Google Patent describes how Google can identify whether or not an influx of links to a page is legitimate. Those unnatural links may become devalued.
203. Links From Articles and Press Releases: Articles directories and press releases has been abused to the point that Google now considers these two link building strategies a "link scheme" in many cases.
204. Manual Actions: There are several types of these, but most are related to black hat link building.
205. Selling Links: Getting caught selling links can hurt your search visibility.
206. Google Sandbox: New sites that get a sudden influx of links are sometimes put in the Google Sandbox, which temporarily limits search visibility.
207. Google Dance: The Google Dance can temporarily shake up rankings. According to a Google Patent, this may be a way for them to determine whether or not a site is trying to game the algorithm.
208. Disavow Tool: Use of the Disavow Tool may remove a manual or algorithmic penalty for sites that were the victims of negative SEO.
209. Reconsideration Request: A successful reconsideration request can lift a penalty.
210. Temporary Link Schemes: Google has caught onto people that create — and quickly remove — spammy links. Also know as a temporary link scheme.
That's quite a list.
To summarize, here are the most important Google ranking factors in 2019:
- Referring domains
- Organic click-through-rate
- Domain authority
- Mobile usability
- Dwell time
- Total number of backlinks
- Content quality
- On-page SEO
Now I'd like to hear from you:
Which SEO ranking factor from this list was new to you?
Or maybe I missed something.
Either way, let me know by leaving a comment below.
This post originally published at https://backlinko.com on April 18, 2013.