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(Redirected from TERU'AH.)The ancient ritual horn of Israel, representing, next to the
In the Pentateuch the use of the shofar is prescribed for the announcement of the New Moon and solemn feasts (Num. x. 10; Ps. lxxxi. 4), as also for proclaiming the year of release (Lev. xxv. 9). The first day of the seventh month (Tishri) is especially termed "a memorial of blowing" (Lev. xxiii. 24), or "a day of blowing" (Num. xxix. 1), the shofar; and the modern use of the instrument survives especially in this connection. In earlier days it was employed also in other religious ceremonials, as processions (II Sam. v. 15; I Chron. xv. 28), or in the orchestra as an accompaniment to the song of praise (Ps. xcviii. 6; comp. ib. xlvii. 5). More frequently it was used as the signal-horn of war, like the silver trumpets mentioned in Num. x. 9 (see Josh. vi. 4; Judges iii. 27; vii. 16, 20; I Sam. xiii. 3).
The Mosaic law providing for the first day of the seventh month (1st of Tishri = Rosh ha-Shanah) a "zikron teru'ah" (memorial of blowing; Lev. xxiii. 24) and a "yom teru'ah" (day of blowing; Num. xxix. 1) is traditionally interpreted by the Rabbis as referring to the ceremony of sounding the shofar. The shofar in the Temple was generally associated with the trumpet; and both instruments were used together on various occasions. On New-Year's Day the principal ceremony was conducted with the shofar, which instrument was placed in the center with a trumpet on either side; it was the horn of a wild goat and straight in shape, being ornamented with gold at the mouthpiece. On fast-days the principal ceremony was conducted with the trumpets in the center and with a shofar on either side. On those occasions the shofarot were rams' horns curved in shape and ornamented with silver at the mouthpieces. On Yom Kippur of the jubilee year the ceremony was performed with the shofar as on New-Year's Day. R. Judah, however, declares that the shofar of Rosh ha-Shanah was of ram's horn (and curved); that of the jubilee, of the horn of the wild goat (R. H. iii. 3); while R. Levi thought it proper that the shofar of ram's horn of a curved shape should be used for Rosh ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur (jubilee year), and that the straight-shaped shofar of the horn of the wild goat should be used on other occasions. The curved shofar is symbolic of the contrite heart repenting on the most solemn days of Rosh ha-Shanah and Yom Kippur (comp. ib. 26b; Yer. ib.). R. Abbahu thought that a shofar of ram's horn was used on Rosh ha-Shanah in order to call to mind the 'Aḳedah incident connected with the ram (Gen. xxii. 13; R. H. 16a). The shofar,however, may be the horn of any other clean animal, except that of a cow or calf, which would be a reminder of the golden calf incident (ib. 26a). A rent or hole in the shofar affecting the sound renders it unfit for ceremonial use. A shofar may not be painted in colors, but it may be carved with artistic designs (Shulḥan 'Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 586, 17, note). Women and minors are exempt from the command to hear the shofar-blowing, but they nevertheless usually attend the ceremony.
The Sounds.The "teḳi'ah" and "teru'ah" mentioned in the Bible were respectively bass and treble. The teḳi'ah was "a plain deep sound ending abruptly; the teru'ah, a trill between two teḳi'ahs. These three sounds, constituting a bar of music, were rendered three times: first in honor of theocracy, or "malkiyot" (kingdom); then to recall the 'Aḳedah and to cause the congregation to be remembered before God, or "zikronot" (remembrances); a third time to comply with the precept regarding the shofar. Ten appropriate verses from the Bible were recited at each repetition, which ended with a benediction (R. H. 16a). Doubt, however, arose as to the sound of the teru'ah. Onḳelos translates "teru'ah" as "yabbaba"; but the Talmud is uncertain whether it means an outcry ("yelalah") or a moaning ("geniḥah") sound. The former was supposed to be composed of three connected short sounds; the latter, of nine very short notes divided into three disconnected or broken sounds ("shebarim"). The duration of the teru'ah is equal to that of the shebarim; and the teḳi'ah is half the length of either (R. H. iv. 9). This doubt as to the nature of the real teru'ah, whether it was simply an outcry or a moan, or both, necessitated two repetitions to make sure of securing the correct sound, the following formula, consisting of ten sounds, resulting: teḳi'ah, shebarim-teru'ah, teḳi'ah; teḳi'ah, shebarim, teḳi'ah; teḳi'ah, teru'ah, teḳi'ah. This formula was repeated twice, making thirty sounds for the series. The last teḳi'ah was prolonged and was called "teḳi'ah gedolah" = the "long teḳi'ah." This series of thirty sounds was repeated twice, making ninety sounds in all. The trebling of the series was based on the mention of teru'ah three times in connection with the seventh month (Lev. xxiii. 24, xxv. 9; Num. xxix. 1), and also on the above-mentioned division into malkiyot, zikronot, and shofarot. In addition a single formula of ten sounds is rendered at the close of the service, making a total of 100 sounds. Thus the original three sounds, constituting a musical bar, were increased to 100 at the New-Year's Day ceremony.
The general term for the sounds is "teḳi'ot." The first series of teḳi'ot is rendered after the hafṭarah, and is known as "teḳi'ot di-meyushshab" (sitting series) in contradistinction to the "teḳi'ot de-me'ummad" (standing series) rendered at the "'Amidah" (standing prayer). There are many variations in the division of the series and placing them in the "'Amidah." R. Amram Gaon in his "Siddur" (p. 45b) gives the first line, T. S.-Tr. T. (= teḳi'ah, shebarim-teru'ah, teḳi'ah), three times for malkiyot; the second line, T. S. T., three times for zikronot; and the third line, T. Tr. T., three times for shofarot. Rabbenu Tam introduced the custom of giving the first line, T. S.-Tr. T., three times for either malkiyot, zikronot, or shofarot (Tos. to R. H. 33b, s.v. ). In the Sephardic and west-German rituals the notes are rendered according to the scheme of Amram Gaon, while in east-European countries the minhag of Rabbenu Tam is followed. Other congregations render the first, second, and third lines in consecutive order for the three divisions of the "'Amidah."
The expert who blows the teḳi'ot is named "ba'al toḳea'" (the sounder of the shofar), and the prompter who calls off the sounds is termed "maḳri'." The following is the order of teḳi'ot for Rosh ha-Shanah:
The ba'al toḳea' prepares himself for his task of blowing the shofar for the congregation and says: "I am prepared to fulfil God's command to blow the shofar, as is prescribed in the Torah, 'a day of blowing unto you.'" Then he recites the benediction: "Praised be the Lord our God, the King of the Universe, who sanctified us with His precepts and commanded us to hear the sound of the shofar," and adds the She-Heḥeyanu. The congregation answers "Amen." Then follow the thirty teḳi'ot, after which the ḥazzan recites the verse: "Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound; they walk, O Lord, in the light of thy countenance" (Ps. lxxxix. 16, R. V.). The congregation repeats this and says "Ashre." In the Musaf "'Amidah" by the ḥazzan the series of thirty teḳi'ot is rendered as described above. After Musaf or, in some congregations, after 'Alenu, the thirty teḳi'ot are repeated. After Adon 'Olam the formula of ten teḳi'ot closes the service.
This order is repeated on the second day of Rosh ha-Shanah. If the first day falls on Sabbath (the second day never falls on that day), the shofar-blowing is dispensed with, and the words "day of blowing" throughout the liturgy are changed to "memorial of blowing." The reason given for the omission of the shofar ceremony on Sabbath is the apprehension lest the ba'al toḳe'a might carry his shofar in public premises to an expert for instruction, the carrying of articles from private into public premises being forbidden on the Sabbath though permitted on a holy day. However, where there was an ordained bet din, such as the Sanhedrin in Jerusalem in the Temple period, when strict discipline prevailed, the shofar-blowing continued on the Sabbath-day. Even after the second day of Rosh ha-Shanah was introduced, R. Johanan b. Zakkai, under whom there was a regular bet din at Jabneh, permitted the blowing of the shofar on Sabbath (R. H. iv. 1, 2). Later, however, the practise was discontinued; but it appears that Alfasi, in the twelfth century, still permitted it under his bet din (Abudarham, ed. Venice, 1566, p. 100a).
The addition, originally a substitution, of the three flourishes sounded in the additional service was due to R. Simeon ben Gamaliel H., who in the middle of the second century prescribed the sounding of a flourish at the close of each section of that service. It seems that the sounds were taken by the Roman authorities in Palestine for military signals (they may have resembled the calls of the imperial forces); for troops were sent to the synagogues in the early morning to prevent any martial exercises; and many Jews were put to the sword before an explanation could be given. In succeeding years the flourishes were delayed until the congregations had been for some time assembled and were obviously occupied in religious exercises only (R. H. 32b). The sounding was eventually restored to its proper place in the morning service (the "sitting series"), but the additional flourishes (the "standing series") were also retained.
In the Cabala.Many reasons are assigned for the ceremony of shofar-blowing. Saadia Gaon (892-942) gives ten. The Cabala emphasizes the significance of the shofar and the teḳi'ot. Thus a certain midrash, citing "Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound" (= "teru'ah"; Ps. lxxxix. 15), asks: "Do other peoples not know the joyful sound? Have they not many kinds of coronets, buccina, and salpidin [= σαλπιδες]?" and then answers: "But the Israelites know how to serenade their Creator with the teru'ah" (Pesiḳ., ed. Buber, p. 152a). The Zohar dwells on the word "know" as signifying in this midrash passage a secret knowledge and mysticism. The shofar represents the windpipe or the spiritual part of the body alongside the gullet, through which the food or the earthly part passes. The sound of the shofar awakens the Higher Mercy = "Raḥamim" (Zohar, Emor, p. 99b, and Pineḥas, p. 232a). The object of the second and third series of teḳi'ot is to bewilder and stagger Satan (R. H. 16b), who, at first imagining that the Jews are merely complying with the Law, is surprised by the second blowing, thinking perhaps that the Messiah is coming, and finally is dumfounded, expecting the Resurrection, with which his power will finally cease.
It is the custom to blow one teḳi'ah every day during the month of Elul except on the day preceding Rosh ha-Shanah (Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 581). This is a later innovation. The author of "Shibbole ha-Leḳeṭ" (13th cent.) quotes (§ 282; ed. Buber, p. 132b) a midrash and Pirḳe R. El. to the effect that on New Moon of the month of Elul, Moses ascended Mount Sinai to obtain the tablets of the Law for the second time, and that the shofar proclaimed this fact in order that the Israelites might not be again misled. Thenceforth the shofar was sounded annually on the eve of New Moon Day in Elul to commemorate the event, showing that originally the shofar was blown only on the first night of Elul (Vitry Maḥzor, p. 361).
At End of Yom Kippur and Other Uses.The Ne'ilah service on Yom Kippur is ended with a single teḳi'ah. The Sephardim blow four calls: teḳi'ah, shebarim, teru'ah, teḳi'ah. This is not obligatory, but is a reminiscence of the shofar-blowing in the year of jubilee in the pre-exilic period (ib. p. 395).
The shofor was used also to arouse the people to repentance on fast-days (Ta'an. i. 6), which custom is still observed in Jerusalem in times of drought. The shofar has been from the most remote time the instrument by which an excommunication has been proclaimed. It is claimed that Barak used 400 shofars to excommunicate Meroz (Judges v. 23; M. Ḳ. 16a). The shofar was used at the announcement of a prohibition or a permission by the Rabbis (Niddah 40a). Among the paraphernalia of the bet din of R. Huna were: a rod to keep order; a strap for "malḳot"; a sandal for "ḥaliẓah"; and a shofar for excommunication (Sanh. 7b; see Rashi ad loc.). The shofar was sounded at funerals (M. Ḳ. 27b); and it was blown also when the ordained bet din announced the appearance of the new moon (Niddah 38a; see Rashi ad loc.).
On Friday afternoon six shofarot were blown at short intervals. At the first teḳi'ah the laborers in the field ceased work; at the second the stores closed and city labor ceased; and the third teḳi'ah was a signal to light the Sabbath candles. Then after a short pause the shofar sounded teḳi'ah, teru'ah, teḳi'ah, and Sabbath set in (Shab. 35b).
- Maimonides, Yad, Shofar, i.-iii.;
- Shulḥan 'Aruk, 0raḥ Ḥayyim, 585-590;
- Cyrus Adler, in Jour, of American Oriental Society, Oct., 1889, p.clxxi.;
- Dembitz, Jewish Services in Synagogue and Home, pp. 319-322.
In regard to the form of the modern shofar, the particular kind of curve which it presents is regarded as immaterial. It may be gradual, as in Fig. 12 in the accompanying illustration, although this shape is rarely met with. Among the Sephardim the shape preferred is the natural spiral of the ovine horn (generally favored by Orientals), as in Fig. 4, an example of the eighteenth century from Bagdad. The instrument from Aden (Fig. 1) is made from the horn of an African koodoo (Strepsiceros kudu), retaining its natural curve. TheAshkenazim prefer the simpler lituus shape (well known to the Romans, and used for their cavalry trumpet, being made of bronze), with the natural flatness of the horn accentuated by paring. Two shofarot found in England and believed to be ancient—one unearthed under the foundations of an old house in Leadenhall street, London (see "Cat. Anglo-Jew. Hist. Exh." No. 2); the other recovered from the Thames, off Vauxhall, together with a straight trumpet of ox-horn, at a spot which has yielded Celtic and Roman relics also (see "Jew. Chron." Feb. 6, 1903)—differ in no way from an average modern shofar of the lituus shape, save in having been less pared down, and so possessing greater thickness and weight.
The inferior limit of length is about six inches (comp. Shulḥan 'Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 586, 10); but the instrument varies from eight to thirty inches in length (the horn of the koodoo is four feet long), the majority of examples averaging fourteen or fifteen inches, like the two middle horns of the illustration.
There were those who sounded the shofar for its music (R. H. 33b); but the Rabbis found it necessary to make provision for one who could not finish the series of calls (Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 585, 3), and for incomplete sounds, since the manipulation of the horn is of a very rough and empiric character. The embouchure, or mouthpiece, in particular, follows no standard in shape or size; and there exist horns which even the most skilful executaut can sound only in certain positions, and then only with particular tensions of the lips. After the tip of the horn has been removed a roughly cylindrical bore of very narrow section is gouged down to the natural hollow. The exterior is then made smooth by scraping; and the horn, after being softened by soaking in hot water, is gradually brought to the desired shape. The interior having been trimmed and smoothed, the broad end is cut level, and usually carved along the edges in a rough coronet. The exterior is sometimes ornamented with carving, either geometric or including an inscription (comp. Fig. 3 in the illustration). The mouthpiece is formed by forcibly expanding the heated cut edge of the tip, or narrow end, considerable skill being necessary to overcome the tendency of the softened horn to split and so to spoil the shofar. A conoid of more or less oval base outline is arrived at; and, the edges having been rubbed smooth, the instrument is complete.
Variability of the SoundsThe traditional preference for the lituus or shape is due to the type of bore of the shofar classing it as a member of the trumpet, rather than the bugle, family. Its shrill and incisive tones similarly define its character.
Notes and Signals.The notes producible on any wind-instrument vary according to the division of the contained column of air into aliquot lengths, dependent on the particular tension of the player's vibrating lips. Modern brass instruments consist of a tube of considerable length, perfectly smooth and symmetrical, and are sounded through a regular mouthpiece of constant proportions. The shofar is a short tube, always somewhat rough and irregular internally, and it is sounded through a mouthpiece of indefinite shape. Hence no two shofarot necessarily produce notes of the same pitch, or same position in the harmonic series. Indeed, shofarot usually produce only two, or possibly three—very rarely four—sounds of their series, as against the five obtainable with the bugle or the ten with the trumpet. Of eleven shofarot examined together by the writer, the varying pitch covered six different keys. Five sounded the interval of the fifth (d:s); four, that of the octave (d:d'); one, that of the fourth (s:d'); and one—the clearest in tone and easiest to manipulate—that of the sixth (s:m'). Of three which happened to be pitched alike, in the key of A, one sounded E:E' (third and sixth partials of the harmonic range), another A:E' (fourth and sixth partials), and the last E:A (third and fourth partials). But while the two notes may thus differ, two forms of sounding them in succession have been recognized from time immemorial. When, however, the shofar and the silver trumpets were sounded together in the Temple they were not necessarily tuned in unison; but the ancient ear listened for the rhythm and figure of the sounding rather than for its actual notes, a distinction now to be noticed in some military calls differing in tune according as set for the trumpet or for the bugle. Hence the confused tradition, mentioned above, concerning the middle "call" of the three which together constitute a "flourish."
On a shofar sounding the interval of the fifth and pitched in the key of G the shofar-calls would be as follows:
Attempts at noting the traditional calls aim, like the early notations alike of the church plain-song and of the synagogue Cantillation, at representing their duration and outline only, by means of strokes of particular length and shape. Such neumes are to be found in the "Siddur" of R. Amram (ed. Warsaw, 1865, p. 45b), in a late fourteenth-century manuscript (Codex Shem, No. 74, in the Parma Library), and in Juan de Gara's small Maḥzor (p. 190, Venice, 1587). The Parma notation, entitled in the manuscript in question "Simani Noti," is reproduced in Sulzer, "Shir Ẓiyyon," ii. 153, as follows:
- C. Adler, in Proc. United States National Museum, xvi. 287-301;
- idem, Report United States National Museum, 1892, pp. 437-450; 1896, p. 976;
- F. L. Cohen, in Jew. Chron. Sept. 8, 1893, p. 11; Sept. 28, 1894, p. 17; Sept. 1, 1899, p. 25; Sept. 13, 1901, p. 16.


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The Way Things Work: Newly Revised Edition
The Way Things Work: Newly Revised Edition
A New York Times Bestseller Explainer-in-Chief David Macaulay updates the worldwide bestseller The Way Things Work to capture the latest developments in the technology that most impacts our lives.
Famously packed with information on the inner workings of everything from windmills to Wi-Fi, this extraordinary and humorous book both guides readers through the fundamental principles of machines, and shows how the developments of the past are building the world of tomorrow. This sweepingly revised edition embraces all of the latest developments, from touchscreens to 3D printer.
Each scientific principle is brilliantly explained--with the help of a charming, if rather slow-witted, woolly mammoth. An illustrated survey of significant inventions closes the book, along with a glossary of technical terms, and an index.
What possible link could there be between zippers and plows, dentist drills and windmills? Parking meters and meat grinders, jumbo jets and jackhammers, remote control and rockets, electric guitars and egg beaters? Macaulay explains them all.

subset: commoncrawl


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Family Theater Day at Cleveland Playhouse Square!
Our Kidoons team is excited to be a part of Family Theater Day at Playhouse Square in Cleveland, which takes place tomorrow, May 4. This event features live performances, and a wide array of workshops and activities for you and your children to participate in. Come see one of two performances of our acclaimed multimedia stage show, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, suitable for ages 8+:
- May 4 - 11:00am
- May 4 - 2:00pm


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Antarctica tours are much more than a chance to get away. For many people it's a defining moment. To seasoned travelers it might mark the crowing achievement to years spent seeking out singular destinations. Others might have worked hard and saved for years for one big adventure. Well, they don't get any bigger than this. Even the most hearty world traveler might say, "I've been everywhere." But few can say they've been to the 7th continent.
Destination Must-See's
Southernmost post office in the world:
After being abandoned for over 50 years, the most southerly post office in the world has re-opened. It's possibly the most visited place in Antarctica even though it has no telephone, internet, electricity, or running water. Each letter sent from there will receive a highly-prized Antarctic stamp and postmark. Stamps are available that say "South Pole" as well as other commemorative and interesting stamps that are sure to delight collectors and non-collectors alike.
Antarctica is home to 6 of 17 species of penguins: Adélie, Chinstrap, Emperor, Gentoo, Macaroni, and Kings. Penguins are the most common birds in the arctic and live in colonies that can have populations larger than some cities. They can survive in the harshest conditions, but only two species (the Emperor and the Adélie) are native to Antarctica. Other species that can be found in Antarctica breed on the northern tip, where conditions are not as harsh.
Errera Channel:
This is one of the most beautiful areas of the Antarctic Peninsula. It's almost 6 miles long and runs south before it turns west around Ronge Island. It has a constant current and can fill with small icebergs or occasionally be blocked by some very large ones. Errera Channel is home to several Gentoo penguin colonies and also to a few hundred of the rare chinstrap penguins.
Drake Passage:
Cruise south through the fabled Drake Passage, named for the explorer Sir Francis Drake. Warmer waters of the north meet the colder, denser waters of the south here in the Antarctic Convergence, making the area rich in marine life. Spot whales and sea birds as you begin this voyage of exploration. Experts provide presentations on history, biology and geology throughout your adventure.
Destination Must-Do's
Hurtigruten Cruise:
Hurtigruten offers a unique advantage and takes you to ports and waterways that other cruise ships cannot reach. Enjoy an incredible nature-based experience on one of their 11 different ships.
Polarcirkel boats:
These rugged boats will be your form of transportation while venturing off the ship in Antarctica. They are very safe and versatile vessels that allow you to get closer to nature than any other boat can. The boats fit roughly about 12 people plus cargo.
Roca Lake:
Roca Lake is a glacial lake in the southern part of Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina. Camping, hiking, fishing and climbing are fantastic in these parts as it is an ideal place to enjoy the Patagonian landscape. There are also horseback riding tours and lots of birdwatching opportunities.
Neumayer Channel:
Because it's shaped like an 'S', Neumayer Channel is said to be a maze since it looks like there's no way out. The channel is known for its majestic cliffs, but also as a summertime feeding ground for humpback whales. Humpbacks are the most active species of whale and one of the biggest creatures known to science. Very entertaining to watch, humpbacks can be seen bubble netting, breaching, spy hopping, and competing against other whales. However, they tend to be alone or with just one other mate, so it's a rare treat to catch them in a small group. Since they're so big and move so slowly, it's easy to study them up close from a boat.
Use a dry bag or waterproof bag to protect your things.
Pack plenty of warm clothing, you can always take off layers if needed. But it is better to have than have not.
Batteries die faster in the cold so be sure to carry extra or keep external chargers with you.


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Thank you to everyone who attended the webinar 'Strategies for EMI/CLIL Success for Primary Learners'! During the webinar I had defined EMI and CLIL while addressing a few strategies applying the CLIL approach focusing on primary learners.
EMI – English as a Medium of Instruction
Information communicated to the learner (English being their non-native language) in the classroom is in English. This includes subject content, student materials and resources (textbooks and or coursebooks), and lecture instructions.
CLIL – Content and Language Integrated Learning
CLIL refers to, situations where subjects, or parts of subjects, are taught through a foreign language with dual-focused aims, namely the learning of content and the simultaneous learning of a foreign language.
[D. Marsh, 1994]
Strategy Focus for Primary Learners with CLIL – Use of Visuals and its Benefits
Visual aids are tools and instruments teachers will use to encourage student learning by making the process easier, simpler, and more interesting for the learner. Visual aids usage supports information acquisition by allowing learners to digest and comprehend knowledge more easily.
- Examples of visual aids, but not limited to, are: Pictures, models, charts, maps, videos, slides, diagrams, flashcards, and classroom props.
Thank you all for your interesting questions! Here I will do my best to respond to a couple of those I could not answer during the webinar.
What challenges do students in EMI [classes] face?
A student's stage in education, (i.e. Primary, secondary, etc.) would result in different challenges. Overall, there are usually two main factors to consider in an EMI learning environment; first the student's native tongue is not English, and second, the acquisition of the subject content being taught. Since the learner is dealing with new and fresh information in a relative new subject, those challenges being difficult on their own, a strong command of English would be a prerequisite.
That being understood, without the language ability, challenges could include difficulties comprehending subject concepts or themes, struggles communicating with the teacher or classroom peers, even troubles using materials such as their textbooks, workbooks, or class resources.
I am not stating that a student must be 100% fluent in English for EMI to be successful, but since EMI classrooms do not focus solely on English language learning, an appropriate level of English is needed to help learners reach their goals.
Does CLIL overlap with the PPP approach?
I believe that CLIL and the PPP method can overlap. Just to clarify the PPP methodology, this style of English teaching follows the 3Ps – presentation, practice, production. This method deals with a set process of how to deliver content to a L2 student, then provides support for language usage and application. Though CLIL does not encompass or represent all learning styles, it does provide a more flexible set of principles and guidelines. To paraphrase our previous definition, CLIL is established as a learning environment that satisfies the two goals of learning content and learning a foreign language equally. I like to think of the PPP method as a language delivery system. If an English teacher is teaching her L2 students science and writing skills, the PPP method can be used just as effectively as with a teacher teaching L1 grammar to an L1 classroom.
Many of the questions that were included were in regards to characteristics of a CLIL classroom/lesson. For that, I would like to recommend a short article for additional information.
The British Council has an article by Steve Darn that addresses CLIL's framework and expectation in the classroom with supplemental resources: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/clil-a-lesson-framework. I also would like to recommend some other resources that I have found very helpful as well for CLIL and EMI in the classroom:
- Ball, P., Kelly, K., Clegg, J. (2015). Putting CLIL into Practice. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Deller, S., Price, C. (2007). Teaching Other Subjects Through English. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Missed my webinar? click the link below to watch the recording!
Interested in EMI and CLIL? Get practical recommendations from our experts with our position paper. Click here to download.
Joon Lee has been involved in the EFL and ESL educational community at the positions of Academic Director, Content and Curriculum Developer, and Academic Advisor. He has been fortunate to pursue his interests in developmental learning from both in and out of the classroom. At OUP he is part of the Asia Educational Services team and shares his experiences providing teacher training and professional development workshops. He holds great respect for educators and administrators who show passion towards nurturing a learner's path to success.


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Entries Tagged 'zombie short story' ↓
Zombies Overrun St. Petersburg, Florida
March 17th, 2010 — aaron alper, anthology, Featured, florida, From The Feeds, short story collection, st. petersburg, tampa bay, zombie short story, zombie st pete, Zombies Ate My Brains
Zombiephiles of St. Petersburg, Florida, unite!
The teenage vampire craze may be sweeping over the rest of the fat chicks in the United States, but St. Petersburg, Florida, has declared itself to be a zombie town at heart.
That's because St. Petersburg native Aaron Alper has put together a compendium of zombie short stories, fourteen all, that takes place entirely in [...]


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Department of Christian Education. Publications
- Fonds
- 1927-1982
Part of Mission Program Activities
This collection consists of periodicals that were created for leaders in the field of Christian education as well as students and parents and covers two periods with a noticeable gap: 1927-1947 and 1953-1982. The publications provide guidance and leadership in the field and also serve as a forum to unify discussion and exchange current ideas on education.
Department of Christian Education


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After this Jesus revealed himself again to the disciples by the Sea of Tiberias, and he revealed himself in this way. Simon Peter, Thomas (called the Twin), Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, the sons of Zebedee, and two others of his disciples were together. Simon Peter said to them, "I am going fishing." They said to him, "We will go with you." They went out and got into the boat, but that night they caught nothing. Just as day was breaking, Jesus stood on the shore; yet the disciples did not know that it was Jesus. Jesus said to them, "Children, do you have any fish?" They answered him, "No." He said to them, "Cast the net on the right side of the boat, and you will find some." So they cast it, and now they were not able to haul it in, because of the quantity of fish. That disciple whom Jesus loved therefore said to Peter, "It is the Lord!" When Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he put on his outer garment, for he was stripped for work, and threw himself into the sea. The other disciples came in the boat, dragging the net full of fish, for they were not far from the land, but about a hundred yards off. When they got out on land, they saw a charcoal fire in place, with fish laid out on it, and bread. Jesus said to them, "Bring some of the fish that you have just caught." So Simon Peter went aboard and hauled the net ashore, full of large fish, 153 of them. And although there were so many, the net was not torn. Jesus said to them, "Come and have breakfast." Now none of the disciples dared ask him, "Who are you?" They knew it was the Lord. Jesus came and took the bread and gave it to them, and so with the fish. This was now the third time that Jesus was revealed to the disciples after he was raised from the dead. When they had finished breakfast, Jesus said to Simon Peter, "Simon, son of John, do you love me more than these?" He said to him, "Yes, Lord; you know that I love you." He said to him, "Feed my lambs." He said to him a second time, "Simon, son of John, do you love me?" He said to him, "Yes, Lord; you know that I love you." He said to him, "Tend my sheep." He said to him the third time, "Simon, son of John, do you love me?" Peter was grieved because he said to him the third time, "Do you love me?" and he said to him, "Lord, you know everything; you know that I love you." Jesus said to him, "Feed my sheep. Truly, truly, I say to you, when you were young, you used to dress yourself and walk wherever you wanted, but when you are old, you will stretch out your hands, and another will dress you and carry you where you do not want to go." (This he said to show by what kind of death he was to glorify God.) And after saying this he said to him, "Follow me." Peter turned and saw the disciple whom Jesus loved following them, the one who also had leaned back against him during the supper and had said, "Lord, who is it that is going to betray you?" When Peter saw him, he said to Jesus, "Lord, what about this man?" Jesus said to him, "If it is my will that he remain until I come, what is that to you? You follow me!" So the saying spread abroad among the brothers that this disciple was not to die; yet Jesus did not say to him that he was not to die, but, "If it is my will that he remain until I come, what is that to you?" This is the disciple who is bearing witness about these things, and who has written these things, and we know that his testimony is true. Now there are also many other things that Jesus did. Were every one of them to be written, I suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be written.
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This directory contains code that allows Mojo services in processes outside of cast_shell to communicate with Mojo services within cast_shell.
This contains the service_manager::Service that runs inside cast_shell and brokers communication between Mojo services in external processes and services within cast_shell. This service is automatically started when the 'enable_external_mojo_services' GN arg is true.
This directory contains utilities to ease development of Mojo services that run in processes outside of Chromium/cast_shell.
This contains code that is shared between cast_shell and external services.


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Illustration by: Nick Bertozi
By Marci Liroff
In case you didn't get an email announcing my next Audition Bootcamp classes in Los Angeles, here's the link. I'd love to work with you.
This week I called upon my Twitter followers to ask for questions for my column.
I like to know what the community needs from me in terms of advice. Here are a couple of questions:
"So many times, I get an audition scene that has so much action in it, or it's intimate and a kiss is called for. I never know how to play it. What should I do?"
Great question. My coaching clients always ask me the same thing. Sometimes it seems like we pick the most impossible scenes for your audition. Believe me, we're not doing it to trip you up. We need to see what your character will do in all emotional (and physical) situations. We need to see your range.
Obviously, you can't get in a brawl on the floor with the casting director (although I know some of you would probably like to!). But there are definitely ways to show that you're slapping or getting slapped—you can react by pulling your head back and grabbing your cheek in shock. Imagine and create the hot sting of blood rushing toward your cheek. If done well, it's very believable.
My best advice in this situation is not to ask what we want you to do, but rather ask, "How have you been blocking this scene?"
Remember, we've been auditioning this scene for the last several days, if not weeks. We know exactly how it should work in the audition setting. When I was casting "Vampire Academy," we chose a scene where our lead character was having a fight training session. We needed to see her throw some punches, and when the romantic lead threw her to the floor and they were inches from each other's faces, we cheated it by having her throw herself against the wall and imagine he was on top of her.
Another question I often get is this: "What's the worst that can happen when we have a 'bad' audition? Never called back? Career over?" First of all, no, your career is certainly not over. But you must ask yourself why you had a bad audition. Trace the steps back to understand what sent you off the tracks. Nerves account for a lot of people blowing an audition. Many get nervous because they're not thoroughly prepared. If you're not completely off-book, you won't be able to execute any of the direction you may receive. If you slugged back a double macchiato before your audition, your body might be careening with caffeine.
We can usually tell when you're just having a bad day or you weren't sufficiently prepared. If you come in and stink up the room because you weren't prepared, it will be a while before I call you back for another audition.
The best thing you can do in this situation is learn from it, make the changes you need to, and then move on. If you hold on to that memory when you come into your next audition, it will overwhelm you with the fear that you're going to make the same mistake. Learn and move on.
Make sure to check out my new online course "How To Audition For Film and Television: Audition Bootcamp". You can view it on your laptop or your mobile device and your subscription gives you lifetime viewing privileges for this course. I'll be adding lectures throughout the year.
Warning: I grant permission to share my blog as written with no additions or deletions. Posting my blog is in no way an endorsement of another site unless you obtain my written consent.)


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It's a tight job market out there, and many employers are struggling to recruit and retain qualified employees to maintain operations. While tax pros can't provide employees for their clients' businesses, they can explain tax benefits like the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC). This credit is designed to reward employers who hire long-term unemployment recipients or those who face employment challenges.
Exploring the Work Opportunity Tax Credit
The Work Opportunity Tax Credit isn't new. Dating back to 1996, it encourages employers to hire individuals whose circumstances have historically presented barriers to employment by providing a credit for wages paid to qualified workers who start their position on or before Dec. 31, 2025.
The IRS identifies 10 groups who could qualify for the WOTC:
- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients
- Unemployed veterans, including disabled veterans
- Formerly incarcerated individuals
- Designated community residents living in Empowerment Zones or Rural Renewal Counties
- Vocational rehabilitation referrals
- Summer youth employees living in Empowerment Zones
- Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipients
- Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients
- Long-term family assistance recipients
- Long-term unemployment recipients
To qualify as one of these 10 targeted groups, candidates must meet certain criteria. For example, long-term unemployment recipients are generally defined as those who have been out of work "for at least 27 consecutive weeks and received state or federal unemployment benefits during part or all of that time."
How do employers determine if a hire qualifies for the WOTC?
To qualify for the WOTC, employers must complete Form 8850, Pre-Screening Notice and Certification Request for the Work Opportunity Credit with the job applicant on or before the day they make an offer of employment. Then, they must submit the form to their state workforce agency (SWA)—not the IRS—within 28 days after the eligible worker started the position.
The WOTC is claimed on Form 3800, General Business Credit, but it's calculated based on the wages paid to new eligible workers during their first year on the job on Form 5884, Work Opportunity Credit. It's important to note that this credit can only be claimed once for each new employee—rehires do not qualify.
Can tax-exempt organizations claim the WOTC?
Tax-exempt organizations cannot claim the WOTC for most new hires, with the exception of qualified veterans. Instead of Form 3800, tax exempt organizations instead use Form 5884-C, Work Opportunity Credit for Qualified Tax Exempt Organizations Hiring Qualified Veterans.
For more information, see the LB&I and SB/SE Joint Directive on the WOTC issued by the IRS to help employers who have been impacted by extended delays in the Work Opportunity Tax Credit certification process.
Source: IR-2022-104


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The documentary Family Farming in New Zealand – our stories has its world premiere in Wellington on Tuesday November 25.
Directed by Hugh Macdonald,* the film first traces the origins of family farming in New Zealand, then uses historic footage to provide vignettes of family farming as it was from the 1940s through to the end of the twentieth century. Finally it comes right up-to-date, showing family farmers of the 2010s.
Brendan Hoare, chair of the 2014 UN International Year of Family Farming NZ co-ordinating committee which commissioned the film, says his committee is thrilled to have been able to make this original and significant contribution to documenting the history and importance of family farming in New Zealand.
"Family farming is currently facing threats and challenges right around the world," said Mr Hoare. "That's why the United Nations agreed it was worth dedicating a whole year to raising its profile, and encouraging governments and civil society organisations to support the valuable contribution family farming has made and can make to economic, social and environmental well-being."
"In New Zealand, we thought that a film which celebrates the diversity of family farming in Aotearoa, past and present, would be a good way to mark the year and highlight the importance of family farming. The 2014 IYFF committee is delighted that a film maker of Hugh Macdonald's calibre and experience was able to make it for us."


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What is Risk?
All investments involve some degree of risk. In finance, risk refers to the degree of uncertainty and/or potential financial loss inherent in an investment decision. In general, as investment risks rise, investors seek higher returns to compensate themselves for taking such risks.
Every saving and investment product has different risks and returns. Differences include: how readily investors can get their money when they need it, how fast their money will grow, and how safe their money will be. In this section, we are going to talk about a number of risks investors face. They include:
Business Risk
With a stock, you are purchasing a piece of ownership in a company. With a bond, you are loaning money to a company. Returns from both of these investments require that that the company stays in business. If a company goes bankrupt and its assets are liquidated, common stockholders are the last in line to share in the proceeds. If there are assets, the company's bondholders will be paid first, then holders of preferred stock. If you are a common stockholder, you get whatever is left, which may be nothing.
If you are purchasing an annuity make sure you consider the financial strength of the insurance company issuing the annuity. You want to be sure that the company will still be around, and financially sound, during your payout phase.
Volatility Risk
Even when companies aren't in danger of failing, their stock price may fluctuate up or down. Large company stocks as a group, for example, have lost money on average about one out of every three years. Market fluctuations can be unnerving to some investors. A stock's price can be affected by factors inside the company, such as a faulty product, or by events the company has no control over, such as political or market events.
Inflation Risk
Inflation is a general upward movement of prices. Inflation reduces purchasing power, which is a risk for investors receiving a fixed rate of interest. The principal concern for individuals investing in cash equivalents is that inflation will erode returns.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate changes can affect a bond's value. If bonds are held to maturity the investor will receive the face value, plus interest. If sold before maturity, the bond may be worth more or less than the face value. Rising interest rates will make newly issued bonds more appealing to investors because the newer bonds will have a higher rate of interest than older ones. To sell an older bond with a lower interest rate, you might have to sell it at a discount.
Liquidity Risk
This refers to the risk that investors won't find a market for their securities, potentially preventing them from buying or selling when they want. This can be the case with the more complicated investment products. It may also be the case with products that charge a penalty for early withdrawal or liquidation such as a certificate of deposit (CD).
Are there any Guarantees?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – Savings accounts, insured money market accounts, and certificates of deposit (CDs) are generally viewed as safe because they are federally insured by FDIC. This independent agency of the federal government insures your money up to $250,000 per insured bank. It is important to note that the total is per depositor not per account. But there's a tradeoff between security and availability; your money earns a low interest rate.
The FDIC insures deposits only. It does not insure securities, mutual funds, or similar types of investments that banks and thrift institutions may offer.
The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) –The National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) is the federal fund created by Congress in 1970 to insure credit union member's deposits in federally insured credit unions. The Dodd -Frank Act permanently established NCUA's standard maximum share insurance amount at $250,000. NCUSIF is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.
Securities Investors Protection Corporation (SIPC) – Securities you own, including mutual funds that are held for your account by a broker, or a bank's brokerage subsidiary, are not insured against loss in value. The value of your investments can go up or down depending on the demand for them in the market. The Securities Investors Protection Corporation (SIPC), a non government entity, replaces missing stocks and other securities in customer accounts held by SIPC member firm up to $500,000, including up to $250,000 in cash, if the firm fails. For more information see www.sipc.org.


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Our reputation for innovation and extraordinary performance has helped Castrol EDGE become the oil of choice for some of the world's leading car manufacturers.
In partnership, we provide ultimate performance to millions of drivers around the world. In fact, many new cars roll off the production line filled with Castrol inside.


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Download the report, updated September 2013
Listen to streaming audio of the news event (and a listing of news items published in response)
IEER REPORT: Small Modular Reactors a "Poor Bet" to Revive Failed Nuclear Renaissance in U.S.
$90 Billion in Initial Manufacturing Order Book Needed, Requiring Massive Involvement by the Chinese or Taxpayer-Backed Federal Subsidies;
Major Implications Seen for Companies and SMR Test Sites in FL, MO, NC, OR, PA, SC, and TN.
WASHINGTON, D.C.///August 8, 2013///A shift to "small modular reactors" (SMRs) is unlikely to breathe new life into the increasingly moribund U.S. nuclear power industry, since SMRs will likely require tens of billions of dollars in federal subsidies or government purchase orders, create new reliability vulnerabilities, as well as serious concerns in relation to both safety and proliferation, according a report issued today by the nonprofit Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) think tank .
The IEER report has implications for SMR companies headquartered or with planned test sites in Florida, Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
Titled "Light Water Designs of Small Modular Reactors: Facts and Analysis the IEER report focuses on light water reactor (LWR) SMR designs, the development and certification of which the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is already subsidizing at taxpayer expense. The four leading SMR designs are: mPower Reactor by Charlotte, NC-headquartered Babcock & Wilcox Company, which, in partnership with the Tennessee Valley Authority, could get from the DOE up to $226 million in federal funding, of which $79 million has been secured; Westinghouse Electric, headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA., and now working with Missouri-based utility Ameren to secure DOE funding for design and certification of the Westinghouse SMR; Jupiter, FL-based Holtec, the subject of a DOE agreement for the construction of a Holtec SMR test unit at the Savannah River Site, a nuclear-weapon materials facility near Aiken, S.C. and NuScale Power, a Corvallis, OR. Company, which has signed an agreement with the DOE to build a NuScale Power SMR demonstration unit at the Savannah River Site.
Key conclusions of the IEER report include the following:
- $90 billion manufacturing order book could be required for mass production of SMRs. As the report notes: "SMR proponents claim that small size will enable mass manufacturing in a factory and shipment to the site as an assembled unit, which will enable considerable savings in two ways. First, it would reduce onsite construction cost and time; second, mass manufacturing will make up in economies of volume production what is lost in economies of scale. In other words, modular reactors will be economical because they will be more like assembly-line cars than hand-made Lamborghinis … A hundred [mPower] reactors, each costing about $900 million, including construction costs … would amount to an order book of $90 billion, leaving aside the industry's record of huge cost escalations. This would make the SMR assembly- line launch something like creating a new commercial airliner, say like Dreamliner or the Airbus 350 … SMRs will still present enormous financial risks, but that risk would be shifted from the reactor site to the supply chain and the assembly lines. Shifting from the present behemoths to smaller unit sizes is a financial risk shell game, not a reduction in risk."
- Who pays?: China or massive federal subsidies … or both. As the report notes, the industry's forecast of relatively inexpensive individual SMRs is predicated on major orders and assembly line production. However, "China, where 28 reactors are under construction, already has a much better supply chain than the United States. So the U.S. government subsidies to B&W, TVA, and Westinghouse and others may pave the way for an assembly line in China! In fact, Westinghouse has already signed a memorandum of understanding with China's State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation 'to develop an SMR based on Westinghouse SMR technology.' .. The alternative to Chinese manufacture would be federal government subsidies to set up manufacturing in the United States." Westinghouse has claimed that U.S. reactor orders would be sourced in the US – but would require two supply chains. Already, there is discussion of billions of dollars in additional federal subsidies for SMRs to do what the private marketplace will not.
- SMRs will lose the economies of scale of large reactors. As the report notes: "Nuclear reactors are strongly sensitive to economies of scale: the cost per unit of capacity goes up as the size goes down. This is because the surface area per kilowatt of capacity, which dominates materials cost and much of the labor cost, goes up as reactor size is decreased. Similarly, the cost per kilowatt of secondary containment, as well as independent systems for control, instrumentation, and emergency management, increases as size decreases … For these reasons, the nuclear industry has historically built larger and larger reactors in an effort to benefit from economies of scale. The four designs would reduce the size of each reactor considerably: by a factor of five (Westinghouse) to a factor of 25 (NuScale) relative to the reactors now being built in Georgia and South Carolina. Such large size reductions imply significant increases in unit cost due to loss of economies of scale." It is highly questionable whether mass manufacturing cost reduction can make up for the cost escalation caused by loss of economies of scale.
Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D., nuclear engineer and president, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and author of the SMR report, said:
"SMRs are a poor bet to solve nuclear power's problems and we see many troubling ways in which SMRs might actually make the nuclear power industry's current woes even worse. SMRs are being promoted vigorously in the wake of the failure of the much-vaunted nuclear renaissance. But SMRs don't actually reduce financial risk; they increase it, transferring it from the reactor purchaser to the manufacturing supply chain. Given that even the smaller risk of projects consisting of one or two large reactors is considered a 'bet my company' risk it is difficult to see that Wall Street would be interested in betting much larger sums on financing the SMR supply chain without firm orders. But those orders would not be forthcoming without a firm price, which cannot be established without a mass manufacturing supply chain. This indicates that only massive federal intervention with tens of billions of dollars in subsidies and orders could make mass-manufacturing of SMRs a reality in the United States."
M.V. Ramana, Ph.D., Nuclear Futures Laboratory and Program on Science and Global Security, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, said:
"SMRs would likely increase proliferation risks. My colleagues at Princeton University and I analyzed the proliferation risks of SMRs of various kinds … and concluded that the proliferation risks would increase significantly unless specific design and safeguards steps were taken to mitigate them. Left unaddressed risk increases by about 45 percent compared to current light water reactors for an equivalent power capacity. This risk increase does not include the inspection problems attendant upon a larger geographic dispersal that may accompany small modular reactors. The safeguarding of the reactors and spent fuel would be a more difficult and complex task than with the large reactors of today."
Dr. Makhijani added:
"Without huge federal subsidies, the SMR supply chain is likely to emerge in other countries, probably China, even if the designs are proven and tested in the United States. Why would China order large numbers of U.S. reactors when it can set up its own supply chain and can manufacture industrial goods more cheaply? It is fanciful and impractical to believe that SMRs can bring large numbers of industrial jobs to the United States in a globalized world economy governed by World Trade Organization rules. Efficiency improvements and wind-generated electricity, are already cheaper than new large reactors. On the other hand, commercialization of SMRs will require mass manufacturing facilities for the entire supply chain, which will take a decade or more, if there are sufficient orders. By that time, a distributed grid based on renewable energy is likely to be a reality, eliminating the need for a new generation of nuclear reactors large or small."
Other key report findings include the following:
- SMRs could reduce some safety risks but also create new ones, particularly if current reactor rules are relaxed. Key elements of SMRs would be underground. "These [safety] features [of SMRs] would reduce some risks. But they could create new problems as well. For instance, they could aggravate the problem of flooding … Safety improvements may be reduced because SMR proponents are already arguing for changes in regulations to reduce costs. For instance, the current mPower design would have just three personnel for operating for two reactors – an operator for each reactor and one supervisor overseeing them both. This raises serious safety questions – will three operating staff be able to adequately respond to and manage a serious accident? Reducing security requirements, the plant exclusion zone, and the 10-mile emergency planning zone are other industry regulatory goals for SMRs."
- It breaks, you bought it: No thought is evident on how to handle SMR recalls. "Millions of cars, presumably made to high quality control are routinely recalled. The most comparable example in terms of the size of the supply chain and overall order books for SMRs would be passenger aircraft. Boeing Dreamliners were presumably rigorously designed, tested, and certified before they entered into service. But battery failures, including a fire in flight resulted in a worldwide grounding of all the planes. How would a similar situation with SMRs be handled? Would they all be shut down pending resolution of an issue of comparable significance? What about grid stability, if SMRs supply almost 25 percent of the electricity by 2035 (as has been suggested)."
See the full report here.
The nonprofit Institute for Energy and Environmental Research provides interested parties with understandable and accurate scientific and technical information on energy and environmental issues. IEER's aim is to bring scientific excellence to public policy issues in order to promote the democratization of science and a safer, healthier environment.
EDITOR'S NOTE: A streaming audio replay of this news event will be available by 5 p.m. EDT on August 8, 2013.
News Stories and Reports
- Report: Small modular reactors face uphill battles, Sustainable Business Oregon (August 8, 2013)
- Critics of small modular reactors forecast financial risk, The Augusta Chronicle (August 8, 2013)
- Critics of small modular reactors forecast financial risk, GA Daily News (August 8, 2013)
- Small-scaling nuclear reactors: New report says SMRs not quite the fix, Chattanooga Times Free Press (August 9, 2013)
- Critics of small modular reactors forecast financial risk, Democratic Underground (August 8, 2013)
- Experts cast doubt on viability of small reactors E&E Greenwire (August 8, 2013) – Log-in required
- NuScale refutes SMR critics, Corvallis Gazette Times (August 9, 2013)
- Report: Small modular reactors not practical, Aiken Standard (August 10, 2013)
- Report: Small modular reactors not practical, Energy Central (August 10, 2013)
- Opinion: Think Too Much: Is this the time to rethink nuclear power?, Corvallis Gazette Times (August 11, 2013)
- 'Gaining momentum': B&W says testing facility gives company advantage, Lynchburg News & Advance (August 9, 2013)
- Opinion: Think Too Much: The time seems right for a fresh look at nuclear power, Albany Democrat-Herald (August 11, 2013)
- Bedford County facility writing new chapter in nuclear energy, The Roanoke Times (August 10, 2013)
- Report: Nuclear industry shouldn't rely on SMRs, Pittsburgh Business Times (August 9, 2013)
- Report questions value of SMR programs, South Carolina News (August 12, 2013)
- Report questions value of SMR programs, GSA Business (August 12, 2013)
- B&W's seeks to change nuclear industry with smaller reactors, Richmond Times-Dispatch (August 13, 2013)
- Nuclear SMRs a game of risk, Fierce Energy (August 13, 2013)
- B&W's Seeks to Change Nuclear Industry with Smaller Reactors, Investor Intel (August 13, 2013)
- Report questions value of SMR programs, Columbia Regional Business Report (August 12, 2013)
- SMRs Won't Revive Failed 'Nuclear Renaissance', Nuclear Power Daily (August 14, 2013)
- Smaller, transportable nuclear reactor, Democratic Underground (August 19, 2013)


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The Eyewire Lexicon
This page contains a glossary of Eyewire relevant terms, as well as terminology and jargon created by participants. Feast your eyes and gorge your brain cells on all the knowledge.
Acc/AQC/Accuracy: Player Accuracy is determined after each cube is submitted, it is calculated by the last 60 cubes a player has traced. Level 1 and level 2 accuracies are calculated independently of each other and each has its own bar on the player profile. It is public and can be viewed by looking at a player's profile. Hints for improving accuracy can be found here.
Administrator (Admin): One who works (or has worked) for EyeWire HQ on site. Their roles include but are not limited to: reaping and editing cubes, moderating the chat and forum, presenting new cells for tracing and declaring cells complete, editing the blog and wiki, running in-game competitions and bestowing bonuses upon winners of such competitions. The Admins are also known as "Golden Ones" in reference to the color of their usernames in the chat log.
Advanced Player: A player who has passed the Lightning tutorial and has access to active level 1 and level 2 cells. See also: Trainee
AI: Artificial Intelligence. The program AI uses the dark outline of the neuron we just work on in 2D to create the 3D shape. The AI is good, but not perfect. Sometimes it fails to fill in all the holes in a neuron or misses extra nubs and branches in the neuron's structure. By tracing, we players fix the computer program's mistakes.
Amacrine Cell: A type of neuron in the retina. Bipolar cells make synapses with them, and they make synapses with ganglion cells. There is no true distinction between the dendrites and axon of an amacrine cell. Their projections may be referred to as neurites or Branches for accuracy, or dendrites for simplicity. Starburst Amacrine cells (SAC) are a subtype eyewirers traced in 2013.
Ancestors: Cubes that are closer to the cell body and spawned before a given cube. The immediate ancestor of a cube is it's parent. Scouts/Scythes and Admins can see these cubes (or ID of cubes) by clicking "Show" in the Scout toolbox. These cubes will then be highlighted. See also child.
Artifact Cell: Cells that are playable by all who have completed the initial tutorial. These are the Level 1 cells. The accuracy requirement for trailblazing on these cells is 70%.
Autapse: Autapses are connections that a cell forms with itself, and through which another neurite passes. See also: Self-Touch
Axon: The projection from the cell body that sends electrochemical signals on to other neurons. Axons can be very long, are usually straight and thicker than dendrites. They only branch at the end.
Backtrace: A trace going backward from the point of a merger, allowing one to see that the piece in question is not part of the cell being traced.
Bipolar Cell: A type of neuron in the retina. Photoreceptors and horizontal cells make synapses with them and they make synapses with amacrine and ganglion cells. The name comes from their appearance, as they have one projection on each side of the cell body.
Black spill: (Also called dark spill or ink spill.) A place in the cube where the stain used in the sample has pooled or spread beyond its target. These places usually look like black spots and rivers. The trace through these areas is often rough, gappy and hard to follow. More info in this video tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5K3-z_SM6E
Branch: A synonym for Neurite. Part of the trace in a cube that touches the cube wall and exits (or hits) the end of the dataset. In the overview, a branch may split, end, or go to the edge of the dataset.
Bouton: The synaptic terminal on the presynaptic cell in a chemical synapse. It contains neurotransmitters that are released when the cell is activated. These also occur along the branches of amacrine and some other cells.
CA: Chat appropriate. Players are expected to keep their language clean and child-friendly. This includes topics of conversation as well as the language itself. Type !rules in chat if a reminder is needed.
Cell Body: The large, bulbous part of the neuron, which contains the nucleus and most of the other organelles in a neuron. Type !cb in chat.
Chatstracted: Distracted by CHAT (again, a twisterism)
Child: A cube spawned by the AI when a branch touches the wall between it and another cube (parent). Scouts/Scythes and Admins may click on "show children" when in inspect mode to see any cubes (or a list of their numbers) spawned from their current cube.
Children: All the cubes that have spawned further up the branch from the cube in question (away from the cell body). Scouts/Scythes and Admins may click on "show children" when in inspect mode to see any cubes (or a list of their numbers) spawned from their current cube.
Citizen Science: Citizen science is science that is conducted by the public and often uses amateur scientists to collect and analyze data. Citizen science often relies on crowdsourcing, as is the case with Eyewire. By collecting small amounts of data from a large group of participants, citizen science provides an effective way to expand and improve on current research projects. EyeWire is one of many citizen science projects. Others include Foldit and Zooniverse.
CIW: Chat inappropriate word. See also: ca.
Complete: A function in the Scythe toolbox used when checking a cell to indicate a cube is correct and complete. Two votes indicating a "complete" status of a cube will take the cube out of play. In the overview, the cube will be shown as violet or purple according to whether it has one or two votes. Scythes each have one vote, Admins have 1M votes.
Competitions: There are many EyeWire competitions. Happy Hours for fun, Marathons will test your endurance, Hunts will push you to the limits of your mental acuity. Evil Cube Challenges and Team challenges will also offer the opportunity to win extra points and even sometimes real swag. When there are open Challenges there will be a blue box on the header bar at the top of the main page where one can choose a team (if relevant to that challenge) or simply register. No registration = no bonuses, so don't forget!
Complete Ancestors: A function in the Scythe toolbox used to mark all the cubes that are direct ancestors of the selected cube complete. Select a cube then hit complete ancestors (or c+down arrow) (first, check the branch for completion. Things you mark complete should be perfect)
Complete Children: A function in the Scythe toolbox used to indicate all the cubes that are direct descendants of the selected cube are correct and complete. Select a cube, check the branch for completion, then click complete children (or c+up arrow).
Confidence: The likelihood that a segment belongs to a certain cube, based on how many players have included it in their trace (or on weight added by Scythes and Admins when making corrections). These values may be seen in the cube when a Scout, Scythe or Admin is using the inspect function or from the overview using the Scythe Vision Heat Map. In order of highest to least confidence the colors are (assuming that we use the default color setting): light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, and orange.
Connectome: A complete wiring diagram of an organism's neurons. Connectomics is the study of the connectome of an organism. Connectionism is a theory that the neural processes that occur in an organism are dictated by the connections between the neurons. For more information read Dr. Seung's book "Connectome". You can see excerpts from this awesome book here, and you can buy a copy of it here: http://www.amazon.com/Connectome-How-Brains-Wiring-Makes/dp/0547678592.
Consensus: The trace that is accepted to be true for a cube. It changes if other players submit differing traces, and can be deliberately changed by scythes and admins. A weight of no less than 3.0 is required for a consensus to form on mystery cells, and no less than 2.0 for lightning cells.
Cont: Abbreviation for Continue. As in, does this branch cont (extend) or not?
Corner Cubes:: These occur when a trace goes through just a corner of a cube. They usually don't require much-added coloring, if any, and still need to be checked. Since they only earn players a small score they don't show up in the chat log, and may leave new players with the impression that they alone are getting these cubes. Not to worry, the server makes sure we all do our share.
Created:: An option of the "Heat Map" menu. Scouts, Scythes, and Admins can select this option to see the relative time of creation of cubes. There is also a Slider that changes the sensitivity of this heat map.
Cube: Although our sample is very small physically (only 350x300x60 microns), in the scale at which we are working the dataset is very large. This area has been divided into many smaller spaces which are also called volumes. The size of one of these volumes is 4.1 x4.1 x5.6 microns or 4100x4100x5600 nm. (As you look at your computer screen's resolution, one voxel, the smallest unit, represents an area approximately equal to 16.5x16.5x23 nm. Thus each cube consists of about 256^3 = 1,6777,216 voxels.) Each of these volumes contains sections of dendrites from hundreds of neurons. In order to manage this complexity, players trace one cell at a time as it passes through these spaces. Out of one volume, many cubes with individual identification numbers are created, one for each of the different neurons passing through that volume or space in the dataset. As we play Eyewire, our tasks are to follow the traces of each dendrite through each relevant space. These tasks are called cubes. Our cubes overlap each other at their edges so a trace that is close enough to an edge will have an iteration (a trace that is the same) in the next cube. If a trace is near a place where two edges meet it may have as many as 4 iterations, and those near the intersection of three edges of the cube may have as many as eight iterations. This is important to know when correcting a merger or adding a missing part of the trace.
Cubemaster/Cube Mistress: Someone who is sitting on a cell, single-mindedly working towards its completion.
2D/3D: The 2D image is a cross-section or a slice of the 3D. Think of a stack of 2D images in the 3D-cube like in a flip book. Scrolling through the slices one can follow the shape of a neuron and color segments of this neuron AI missed. Colorings in 2D will be immediately transcribed into 3D, the 3-dimensional image of the traced neuron.
Dataset: Dataset E2198 was taken from a mouse-retina with a Scanning Electron Microscope (mouse unofficially called Harold), at Max Planck Institute, Germany. Size of the dataset is 350x300x60 microns.
Debug: Typing /debug in the chat box will bring up information about the location of one's cursor in the dataset if in overview, or information in a selected cube including the cell number, the coordinates of the center of the cell, the cube ID, the presenting axis (XY, XZ,or YZ), and the ID of the last segment traced. This information is present both in the overview and from within a cube. To remove this information from the screen, type /debug again.
Dendrite: A projection from the cell body that receives electrochemical signals from other cells through synapses and carries them to the Cell Body. In amacrine cells which have no axon these projections are simply called neurites.
Delete Trace/Delete Seed: Functions that Scythes and Admins use to remove the entire trace leaving only the seed, or remove the seed itself when inspecting a cube.
Deja-Cube: A term used to describe that feeling that you've done the same cube (or trace) before. It may be triggered by a cube that overlaps one you did before that has part(s) of the same seed and trace. Coined by player Faunhaert.
Direction-Selective Ganglion Cell (DSGC): A type of ganglion cell in the retina that produces a response that is dependent on the direction of motion of the stimulus.
Downstream: Cubes which are closer to the cell body than the selected cube.
Dread 20/40: A situation in which a cube that should have been worth a lot more than 20/40pts, only yielded 20/40pts. Dread 20/40 may have been caused by Trailblazer or 2nd person error. If the Trailblazer missed a fair amount of volume, you could have points deducted from your score for "overtracing" (coloring in areas that are not part of the neurite being followed). Take a screenshot and alert a Scythe or Admin. If the cube is then reaped, your accuracy will be restored. Note that Dread 20 and Dread 40 are the most common amount of points given in these situations (20 or 40 being maximum time points for level 1/level 2), but other values are possible. Coined by player mam711.
Duplicate Cube/Dupe: A term used by Scouts, Scythes, and Admins which indicates a cube which contains segments or multiple segments from another cell. It is seen as a blue color in Scythe Vision.
Dust: One or more small segments that have been missed by the AI when spawning the cube, or by players when tracing it. (In contrast to a nub which projects from the dendrite and changes the profile of the trace.) See also "Segment".
Dusting: Tracing a lot of snow/dust in a cube to complete it.
EOS Cube: End of sample/edge of sample cube, a cube which is on the edge of the examined sample, often contains multiple misalignments. Coined by player skruffylooter.
Evil Cubes: A challenge in which players trace exceptionally difficult cubes, handpicked by other players and/or admins.
Explore Mode: A feature that allows a player to trace in a third color, different from that of their trace and the seed. The player can then can choose to include or omit the "explored" segments from their final trace. This feature is especially helpful when using a process of elimination to follow a difficult trace.
Flag: A tool in the scout toolbox used by scouts to draw attention to a certain cube when using Scythe Vision in the overview. Causes the cube to show up as yellow. inspect a cube and click "flag".
Flaglog: A verb meaning to flag + log a cube. In fact, a scout should never just flag. They should Flaglog. Coined by player Cliodhna.
Flipping the cube/Changing Planes: Rotating the cube 90 degrees so the 2D plane lies on another axis. This can be done by Alt+(L)click+drag on the 2d screen. Useful for checking traces. To check which plane you are in type /debug in chat. To clear this information from your screen type /debug again.
Floater: A seed piece in a cube that is not touching any walls.
Fort Scythe: A cell which is only to be ReapGrown by scythes, and scythe completed after.
Gamemaster: Another term for an admin (in eyewire) who is in charge of the game-play.
Ganglion Cell: The neurons responsible for transferring information from the retina to the brain.
Glial Cell: The cells that support and protect neurons. They hold the neurons in place, supply them nutrients and oxygen, insulate them from one another, destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. In the cubes, they show up as amorphous, huge blobs.
Glial goo: The evilness of glial when it latches onto something else that is legit.
Golden One(s): A term for admins/devs. Refers to the gold color they use in chat.
GrimReaper: An all-powerful being in EyeWire. Has the abilities to remove mergers, extend branches, assign duplicate cubes to the correct cell, give points to those who lend a hand, and take points away from those who work to hinder scientific progress.
Harold: The unofficial name of the mouse who donated his retina to science! Harold's retina was harvested and converted to data long before Eyewire began.
HH, Happy Hour: An event held on Thursdays from the hours of 8 am to 10 am EST and on Fridays from the hours of 2-4 pm EST where bonus points are awarded for a certain number of points traced (starting at 2500). On special occasions, Admins may also hold spontaneous Happy Hours. See schedules here.
Heat Map: A function in EyeWire used by Scouts, Scythes, and Admins to visualize information about the cell, using each cube as a single data point.
Hunt: A challenge in which a cell is chosen and mergers are added to it. Players must find and report all mergers in order to win.
Inspect: A term that Scouts, Scythes and admins use to signify entering a cube from overview or after jumping from a cube given in chat. A function present in the scout's toolbox.
JAM-B (J) Cell: A subcategory of direction-selective ganglion cells that have an asymmetric dendritic arbor. In other words, the dendrite branches are not evenly distributed in the space around the cell body.
Jump (In Cube): A term Scouts, Scythes, and admins use to jump to a child or parent cube of the currently selected cube, or from an ID given in chat.
Last Scythe Wins (LSW): Last scythe to reap a cube sets the consensus, regardless of weight. More information here: http://blog.eyewire.org/last-scythe-wins
Lightning Cell: The old name of Relic cells. Cell ranking was instituted after the end of the Starburst Challenge. See alsoː Relic Cell.
Lightning Tutorial: A series of cubes picked to train players to deal with the potential problems they will run into in Lightning cells.
Lock a cube: When 2 Scythes or an Admin sc the cube, it is taken out of play, not assignable anymore. Such a cube can still be reaped.
Low Conf, Low Confidence: A trace (or segments) in a cube that is pink/red in color when seen in inspect mode. Such a cube needs more traces containing those pieces, or to be locked.
Low Wt, Low Weight: A cube that has only been traced by one or two people. This can be seen by Scouts/Scythes and Admins when using the weight Heat Map.
Magic Mode: Magic Mode is an experimental feature that allows you to interact directly in 3D. Simply click any point on the branch in your cube to add the segment directly adjacent to it.
Marathon: A challenge in which all players have to work together with admins, to try to complete a cell in under 24 hours.
Mentor: An advanced player role enabling one to join other players in their cube in order to help them overcome a difficulty or teach them how to play. Requesting a mentor must be done in public chat or in scout chat if made by one scout to another. Mentors will appear in the chat with Hello-Kitty pink username. See blog post.
Merger: An error in the reconstruction of the cell in which a part of another cell has been mistakenly included in the cell in question. This could be caused by faulty segmentation, a problem in the seed of a cube, artifacts in the image data, mistakes by the players, or a combination of any of the reasons. http://wiki.eyewire.org/en/Mergers. Type !merger in chat.
Misalignment: An artifact in the data in which the slides appear to shift over. The shift might be sudden or there may be a white slide in between the two sides of the misalignment. They are more common close to the edge of the dataset.
Moderator: Players who have assumed the responsibility of being caretakers of our EyeWire culture in chat. Among their duties are welcoming new and returning players, keeping the language and topics of conversation child-friendly and encouraging players by example to interact in a constructive manner. They may remind players of the rules of chat. Their tools include the ability to mute players who continue to break the rules. Moderators will appear in the chat with glowing purple username.
Mootstashed: An adjective describing a cube that had an issue requiring scout/scythe/admin attention, but got stashed, rendering the issue moot.
Mystery Cell: The old name of Artifact Cells. See alsoː Artifact Cell
Neurite: A projection from the cell body of a neuron, which could either be dendrites or the axon. In amacrine cells these projections are all called neurites as they are not differentiated.
Nub: A projection of the branch of a neuron that is short and may serve to form a synapse.
Nublets: Little tiny baby nubs. Usually used when there are a lot of them in a cube.
OMCS: One More Cube Syndrome - when a player cannot stop, must trace just one more cube. Coined by player Nseraf. If working in the wiki, it may also refer to "One more correction syndrome".
Omni: Omni is Eyewire's big brother. It is used by expert tracers in the lab. Omni uses larger data sets than Eyewire to render 3D images of neurons, but otherwise, they are very similar and drive towards the same goals.
Orientation: Each cube has 3 axes x,y,z and 3 orientations of planes; XY, XZ and YZ. To change orientation use alt + drag with the mouse on 2d. This is very useful for finding extensions. In case of the misalignments XY-plane is the best to find correct trace (XY-plane is the one the original slices are seated).
Overcoloring: A calculation of the percentage of the total incorrect volume added to the trace.
Overview: The 3D representation of whole cells in EyeWire.
Parent: A cube in which a branch (or branches) touch the wall spawning another cube - used to check traces in a child.
Piece: See "Segment".
Playcomplete: Play a cube, exit to overview to check it, scythe complete it, then return to submit it. Useful for finding little errors when a cell is nearing completion.
Player Roles: Players have different roles according to their level of experience, expertise, and interests. See http://wiki.eyewire.org/en/Player_Roles
PM Me: "Please send a private message to me" containing whatever topic of discussion.
Poof: An exclamation used to express that a merger has disappeared from overview after reaping a cube it started in. Possibly coined by Nseraf.
Power Tra(cing/er): Combining very high accuracy (95%+) with high submission speed. In theory, a power tracer can accumulate 10.000 points per hour every hour if a Level 2 cell is available. Taking advantage of his/her speed with great accuracy one can squeeze out the max. amount of points each cube has to give. Coined by player Nseraf.
Reap: To change the consensus of the currently selected cube. This can be done by Scythes and Admins. Re-reaping a cube (a second time) after having added or removed more segments overwrites the previous reaps made by other scythes. Once a cube is reaped, players are unable to play that cube. An admin reaps with a weight of 1 million making further changes by others impossible. Reaping a cube will turn it blue if reaped by a scythe (unless it was previously scouted, in which case it remains orange) or yellow if reaped by an admin. To reap a cube, enter it with the inspect tool, make necessary changes to correct the trace, and then click the button "reap".
Reapgrow: With direction or permission from Admins, scythes/admins reap traces without logging just to grow a branch/cell. Usually done to complete an errand branch in an otherwise finished cell or in special HQ missions when they find missing branches in previously completed cells.
Reapview: When an admin reviews+reaps a cell to complete it. reap+review= reapview. Another twisterism.
Relic Cell: Level 2 cells, these are more difficult than Level 1 (Artifact) cells. Points earned on these cells are doubled. The accuracy requirement for trailblazing on these cells is 80%.
Requestractions: those REQUESTS that are DISTRACTIONS from the work at hand (coined by twister2).
Resolution: Smallest unit or resolution in dataset is a voxel, 16.5 x 16.5 x 23 nm in size. A cube or a volume contain about 256^3 = 1,6777,216 voxels.
Retrocascade: The waterfall of retroactive trailblaze points messages that sometimes floods the chat when the spawner is restarted after being down for a significant period of time. (coined by twister2)
SBEM: Serial Block Electron Microscopy or Serial Block Face Electron Microscopy (SBFSEM) was specifically developed for imaging neurons. After the sample is stained with a heavy metal, it is inserted into the SEM. The surface of the sample is imaged and then it is shaved off, exposing a layer of the surface underneath the layer that was just imaged. While this is a very effective process, it is also destructive to the sample; if a mistake is made, there is no second chance. Misalignments are the expression of such faults.
SC: Scythe complete. When a Scythe or Admin marks a cube as 'complete' in the overview. Requires two scythes or one Admin to 'lock' so the cube is no longer in play. This status may be seen using the weight Heat Map. SCing is the verb form. Coined by Nseraf.
Schrödinger's Cube: A cube that is frozen as shown in the inspect panel but is not frozen at the same time in the overview. We never know the true state until we fix the cube. Coined by player randompersonjci
SCing: The verb form of "SC" (Scythe Complete).
Scout: A player who looks for mergers, missing branches, and missing nubs in the reconstruction of cells. The color of scouts is turquoise.
Scythe: An advanced player who works with other Scouts and Scythes to correct mergers, and/or to add missing branches and nubs in the reconstruction of cells. The color of scythes is glowing turquoise.
Scything: The act of reaping a cube (by a scythe).
Scythe Vision: A color coded heat map that shows what cube have been scouted, scythed, frozen, etc.
Seed: The initial segments that are given to a player when entering a cube. These segments are present in the overlap from the parent cube and are presented as the beginning of the trace in the child. In default color mode the Seed is blue.
Segment: Subdivisions of the data which an artificial intelligence has decided belong together. Players must choose all the segments belonging to the neuron when tracing a cube and avoid coloring those which do not belong.
Self-Touch: A self-touch is a non-synaptic contact between parts of a cell's own neurites, and through which another neurite passes. Synonym for autapse
Slurking: Slithering+lurking (created by twister2, applied sometimes to him).
Snapper: A cube wherein you get a Dread 20/40, but when you inspect it, the trace is already correct (i.e. your trace snapped the consensus; you are the tiebreaker). Coined by player mam711.
Soma: A synonym for Cell Body.
Spawned: When the branches of a previous cube are extended to its own walls (and therefore through the space that overlaps the next volume) the AI generates (or spawns) an adjoining cube.
Squigglebranch: A branch that moves like a snake back and forth across the cube. Coined by player Andrearwen.
Starburst Amacrine Cell: A type of Amacrine cell that plays a role in directional selectivity. Starburst amacrine cells (SAC) are a subtype of retinal amacrine cells traced by eyewirers in 2013. Their dendritic arbor has a characteristic "starburst" shape. Two main roles for starburst amacrine cell have been characterized. SACs are (1) important in the computation of direction-selectivity and they also serve (2) an important function in the development of the retina. 29 starburst neurons reconstructed by eyewirers (starburst challenge) were used for a publication in nature: "Spacetime wiring specificity supports direction selectivity in the retina" (Jinseop et al, may 2014). [http://blog.eyewire.org/eyewires-first-scientific-discovery-and-nature-paper/ ]
Starburst Challenge: A challenge in EyeWire where players were mapping as many Starburst Amacrine Cells as possible. This challenge has since been completed.
Stashed: A cube that has been removed by a Scythe or Admin (or is lost when a trace changes or eliminates the parent cube) from the cell. This cube status can be seen if you scroll down in the scout toolbox.
Synapse: A connection between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another. In chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic cell's axon and are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell's dendrite. In electrical synapses, an action potential flows directly from the axon of one cell to the dendrite of another through a shared cytoplasm.
Task: A synonym for cube.
Trace: The segments in a cube that a player colors in and submits.
Trailblazing/er: Being the first person to trace a cube. A player must have 80% accuracy to be eligible. For further explanation, type !tb in chat.
Trainee: A beginning player who is working on the basic tutorial and has no access to other cubes.
Undercoloring: A calculation of the percentage of total volume missing from a player's trace.
Unenfranchised/Unenfranchised Players: Players with an accuracy below 80%. Unenfranchised players are not eligible for trailblazing and only gives 0.1 weight to cubes.
Upstream: Cubes which are farther away from the cell body than the selected cube.
Volume: The units into which the 3D image of the whole sample is divided are the volumes, and each volume overlaps with its neighbors. The size of one of these volumes is 4.1 x4.1 x5.6 microns or 4100x4100x5600 nm. (As you look at your computer screen's resolution, one voxel, the smallest unit, represents an area approximately equal to 16.5x16.5x23 nm.) Each of these volumes contains sections of dendrites from hundreds of neurons. In order to manage this complexity, players trace one cell at a time as it passes through these spaces. Out of one volume, many cubes with individual identification numbers are created, one for each of the different neurons passing through that volume or space in the dataset.
Voxel: The abbreviation of 'volume pixel', the 3D equivalent of a pixel.
Wall Crawling: Coloring in a low profile trace that follows along a wall. Coined by player Jwb52z.
Wall Trace: Low profile traces that follow along a wall (often missed by players).
(Please) watch me: Requesting a mentor come into the cube to assist per "mentor rules". The request must be made in general chat, or in scout chat if made by one scout to another.
Watchtrace: Mentoring in order to trace a cube for someone. Done only as a teaching strategy. Coined by player mam711.
WebGL: A web technology that brings 3D graphics to the browser without installing additional software. It is used to render the overview and the 3D part of a cube.[1]
Weight: The total amount of validations made on a cube.. An unenfranchised player has a weight of 0.1 and a regular player has a weight of one. A scythe has a weight of two. When reaping a cube, an Admin has a weight of one million. Relative weights of the cubes in a cell may be seen by Scouts, Scythes and Admins on the weight heat map.
Zombie Merger: A merger that "comes back from the dead" after being reaped out, usually because it was later traced in an overlapping cube, or because it was already in an overlapping cube but the reaper(s) only removed it from the first cube, forgetting to make sure the merger was gone from all the cube's iterations. (coined by Atani)
Zemo: The (un)official name of the zebrafish whose sample mystics and Princeton tracers are reconstructing neurons in, in 2017. (coined by mystic dragonturtle).