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In my last post, I posed the question: What does identity mean in today's physical and digital world? I was coming off the ID2020 Summit at the UN where we announced our work on blockchain self-sovereign identity. What struck me most was the magnitude of the problems identified and I haven't been able to stop thinking about solving these already at scale problems ever since. One of the things that Microsoft thinks about when it looks at products is solving problems at scale. It is and has always been a mass market product juggernaut. Yesterday we strove for a vision of "a PC on Every Desk" and today we look to Azure, our hyperscale cloud to solve the world's productivity problems at scale through massive compute, memory and storage workloads operating at a nice little hum in datacenters that span the globe. But I digress.
The important question is: How do we take this DNA and think about societal problems that already exist at scale? We have proven that most technology in one form or another can perform when architected for scale. But where and how do we start and then how do we penetrate with swarms of adoption to make meaningful impact on society's greatest problems?
I started to think about where the problem space crosses the corporate and enterprise landscape. What if we can link corporate objectives directly to the problem of child labor? What if we can find businesses that might benefit from the exploitation witnessed and eliminate them? Alas, these approaches are too direct and won't scale as first steps on this journey.
Another approach would be to look at ways we can back into solving the problems. So I began to think more indirectly about the attack surfaces that corporations operate on where there might be child labor, trafficking or other infractions. If we could identify large attack surfaces in a specific industry that might be a good starting point. This led me squarely to an industry I know very well that has been struggling to evolve ever since Amazon entered their playground: Retailers, Brands, and Ecommerce sites. The landscape gives us an unprecedented opportunity to maximize coverage via a corporate attack surface trifecta:
1. Retailers: think Macy's, Nordstrom, Best Buy
2. Brands: think Perry Ellis, Nike, Under Armor
3. Ecommerce: Amazon, Tmall, and all of the retail.com variants like Macys.com
The one thing they all have in common is Supply Chain.
Their supply chain ends in the developed world with retail stores to shippers, truck drivers, dock and port workers and their employers. It extends back to overseas warehouses, distribution centers and all of their laborers, whether contracted, full time or part time or temporary workforce. The origin of the supply chain extends all the way back to the factory and local shippers handling the goods.
Take the case of a company like Perry Ellis that is tagging each item of clothing at the manufacturing factory, called source tagging. When a worker hangs a tag on a piece of clothing or sews an RFID tag into a pair of jeans the life of the tracked good begins. Retailers and brands have been evaluating and deploying RFID and other sensor and tracking technology in the Supply Chain and Retail stores for many years. In 2004 I built an RFID Practice at IBM Global Services. That year Walmart demanded all of its suppliers tag their products with RFID.
So, like other blockchain projects, this begs the question, why now? What is so special about this technology that lets us simultaneously add value to Macys.com and Perry Ellis while starting to chip away at one part of the un-identified, trafficked or exploited world population?
I believe the answer lies in a very subtle tweak to the existing tracking systems that are being deployed across the entire retail and ecommerce landscape. What if we could use something like RFID chips and scanners to securely and provably identify every touchpoint of every piece of product all along the supply chain? Why does that add value if we are sort of doing that already?
A little history. The reason tracking tags like RFID are being deployed by brands and retailers is to be able to effectively compete with Amazon.com. What is the single biggest competitive threat a retailer has against Amazon? The answer is a seemingly simple feature on a website:
Underneath what looks like a simple ecommerce site feature lies a very big problem: Inventory Transparency. Retailers cannot effectively invoke this competitive advantage without Inventory Transparency. Retailers cannot achieve Inventory Transparency without RFID or other tracking tags.
RFID systems today simply allow you to track inventory at each waypoint in the supply chain and all the way through the retail store stockroom, floor and checkout. On any given day, you can tell in which part of your supply chain or store replenishment process your product is located. Part of the challenge is that many systems deployed today don't do a good job providing visibility tracking all the way through the supply chain. This is partly because of siloed tracking systems and databases that live in a multitude of legal entities.
So why is it that even with all of this tracking, there is still a high percentage of lost product due to fraud?
How can a simple identity tweak improve this situation for retailers and brands while simultaneously chipping away at child exploitation?
Enter the trust protocol we call blockchain and specifically blockchain self-sovereign identity. The state change is to plug the holes in your supply chain by identifying and provably tracking every scan at a waypoint by a device or human being operating in your supply chain. This starts with the factory worker who sews the RFID tag into the jeans to the Distribution Center RFID Door reader to the employees or contractors at the DC. It extends to the entities involved, the factory owner, the Contractor that employs the DC contractors, etc. By doing this you create a closed system of verifiably known actors across the supply chain. Blockchain also lets us create a shared single ledger of truth across these independently owned waypoints, driving forward full supply chain inventory transparency. We are using this concept in a number of projects to reduce fraud in other industries. This use case meets my sniff test criteria for blockchain value in a project.
Blockchain can provide value if:
1. There is fraud or lack of trust in the system
2. There are multiple parties to a transaction
This identity tweak takes a corporate system used for tracking goods and transforms it into a system that can reduce fraud, operating costs, and product loss while simultaneously reducing reliance on exploited people, not to mention new opportunities for supply chain financing and insurance.
Should a box of Perry Ellis jeans fall out of the supply chain somewhere, it will immediately be known when it does not reach the next waypoint in the expected time. The forensic investigation will start with the prior transaction that recorded the custody of that item at the prior touch point. A blockchain identity creates the provable record of who last touched the product. This factor holds workers and contracting companies accountable. Reputation gets asserted or attested for that worker and that reputation is rolled up to the Contracting company to create a reputation score for the vendor.
The result is that Supply Chain Contractors will stop hiring unverified or reputationally attested high risk workers. This system of compliance and rating will force Supply Chain workers to be held accountable for their actions therefore reducing fraud (the corporate benefit) while simultaneously requiring a worker to register a self-sovereign identity that travels with them from job to job. This small tweak to existing RFID deployments paid for by corporations will drive undocumented workers from the system over time thus beginning the process of chipping away at the 1.5B undocumented and exploited people identified by the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 16.9.
Is this the beginning of an opportunity to offer a "Verifiably Clean Supply Chain Certification" for brands, retailers and ecommerce sites? It is certainly achievable technically. My thesis is even if social responsibility isn't a big enough reason, there are enough financial reasons to move forward. To this end we have launched Project Manifest and made recent announcements with partners like www.Mojix.com and ID2020. More details in my next post.


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subset: commoncrawl


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So, I was going to use Piratebay, are there any tips/tricks/etiquette I should know before I get started?
So, I was going to use Piratebay, are there any tips/tricks/etiquette I should know before I get started?
Has anybody noticed that for the past week or so, Youtube videos have been taking longer to start playing than usual? And I'm sure it's not a problem in my end because I've noticed it from different computers and different internet connections (one of them top notch).
How the hell do I get through to downloadable audio .rar/.zip files when I Google the shit? What's all of this "uploaded.net" whatever whatever? Is this outlet even real? I mean...
I run a dual boot with Windows 7 home edition and Linux Mint 13 (Cinnamon version). For some reason, the broadband runs REALLY FUCKING SLOWLY on Windows at my apartment but not on Linux. To make matters weirder, the internet works just fine in Windows on someone else's broadband. At first I thought it was to do with the router being closer in their house but I've debunked that since sitting beside my router only to discover the internet runs just as slowly. I mean, it's so slow it takes at least a minute for Google search results to load.
Does anyone have any clue why this might be happening? It seems to be the way my Windows communicates with my router; other people on Windows don't have the same problem at my place and, as explained, I don't have problems on Windows on other routers.
Colour me confused.
My boss wants to gift me a graphic tablet and I'm stuck if I should ask for a Wacom Intuos 5 (S) or a Wacom Bamboo Fun Pen & Touch (M). Which one should I get? I'll basically use it for sketching and digital art with Photoshop, but not on a pro-level since I have never had one. Thanks!
I've also noticed YouTube being shitty recently. I use whatever WiFi I happen to have on my laptop so I thought maybe that was it but even on my phone and st teh library, which has good speeds it's a pain.
Question, is the tapatalk (sp?) worth getting? I probably will since its only a buck just curious.
Just got it asks here I am. Obviously haven't used it much but already I like it better than using my phone browser.
Sent from my LG-LS720 using Tapatalk 4
There's a little skull and bones sign that means the seeder is "trusted."
Only download from trusted seeders. for some reason i will never understand, there are assholes who are out to fuck up your computer like a scandalous scorned lover giving all the boys and girls herpes.
But what really sucks is, in my experience, even though im VERY careful to make sure my links are "trusted," torrenting HAS killed two of my computers. That or the violent pornograp....oh fuck. Was i about to say that out loud?
This is my advice, and something im planning to do me'self. Get a broke dick computer for like $75. A computer that will be used for, say, playing emulator games and downloading music. And steal, steal, steal and steal some more. Burn disc after disc until the government really starts regulating this shit.
we are truly living in the golden part of the information age.
Smoke orange juice and snort information.
Now I have a question. my shiny new computer has windows 8. and windows 8 fucking SUCKS. it sends me in circles. it looks like a cell phone.
i have HEARD that there are ways to make it behave more like REGULAR windows.
Has anyone tried this? does it work? what do i do?
I usually just go straight to the Desktop tab, and ignore the fact that I have Windows 8. This link might be useful to you, I haven't tried it yet though.
Hey guys, I'm thinking of getting a media player for my TV (http://www.amazon.com/Midte-DVB390-M.../dp/B00E38EUZ6) and I was just wondering if anyone knows if it's actually worth getting one. Generally, I just HDMI the laptop to the bed and use the VLC remote app on my phone but... LAZINESS.
do you know of any good mp3/m4a tagger for MAC. I bought some digital release from the internet and I got AIFF files which takes a lot of space. I would love to convert them to m4a and put them on my phone but I can't find a good program to convert and tag them correctly and fast. If you know of any good program, please help thanks
iTunes doesn't recognize AIFF files?
iTunes will also convert files. Right click on the files and select "create MP3 version".
Xld Wil convert to any format u want.
Sent from my Nexus 7 using Tapatalk 2
Anyone know of any good iPhone apps to bootleg a concert with in a pinch?
It won't record in lossless though (unless you're still rocking a 1st gen or 3G model). Dava's app Recorder Pro does.
Just noticed something in my network map called "MININT" with a string of letters and numbers behind it. Anyone have an idea of what this could be?
having a problem suddenly with my Gmail in firefox i've cleared cookies, blah blah blah, but now when i open gmail it just sits at the 99% load point and nothing happens, and i have to view in standard html. can anyone give me a fix? tried lots of different google remedies but it's still being a prick
edit: Fixed it. Had to uninstall, but uninstall and not have it remember any of my settings, and now relogin to everything.
Last edited by Ryan; 11-18-2013 at 02:40 AM.
Is anyone else experiencing problems with Youtube in the past few days? I thought it was just my computer, but a few other people i know are having the same issue, slow, fuzzing noises, skipping, not loading all sorts. Never happened to me before?
Not recently but overall for the last few months I've thought it's been acting weird and generally kinda shitty .
Why is WIndows 8 such a piece of shit? The whole APPS thing is way more difficult and un-user-friendly than anything I've ever tried. Skype is total garbage on it. Thanks Microsoft. If I get some cash, I'm going to buy a MacBook.
Heheh...I've heard this a lot, but I think I'm the only person on the planet who thinks that Windows 8.1 is actually great. I went straight from 7 to 8.1 about a month ago and it really improved my PC's performance. My games run much smoother, the start up time is much faster, I like the Metro interface (the Wikipedia, Evernote and NY Times apps run really well for me) and the visual look is cool. It was a bit of a learning curve, for sure, but once I got the hang of it all was good. True, some apps (Skype had a rough start for me) kind of suck but I think shortly they'll be improved.
It IS user friendly....it's just not the same as 7. Give it some time; it really grew on me.
Kindle or Nook?
I've had countless books with major character display issues on the Nook, and flawless results with the Kindle. Amazon's store is super easy to browse, especially for seeing what kind of free content is available. Nook - not so much. You'll likely pay a little more for the Kindle, but that's because people have figured out how much better it is, leaving amazon free to not have to slash prices in order to move them.


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Globleland Elephant and Balloon Carbon Steel Cutting Dies Stencils, for DIY Scrapbooking/Photo Album, Decorative Embossing DIY Paper Card
Globleland Elephant and Balloon Carbon Steel Cutting Dies Stencils, for DIY Scrapbooking/Photo Album, Decorative Embossing DIY Paper Card
The frame die cuts have diverse shapes, you can utilize our smallest to our largest dies to create a variety of projects.
Different template styles will easily transform boring things into beautifully.
Perfect for DIY projects such as scrapbooking, gift card, diary graffiti, craft, bookmark, wood signs, walls, fabric, bags and more! Suitable for repeated use, with proper cleaning and care.
Material: Made from durable carbon steel material, reusable and easy to use.
Special design:
Compatible with almost all cutting devices. They can develop your kids hands-on ability and develop their intelligence.
Fit for most journal, notebook, organizer, a good tool for journal, decorating, scrap-booking, wall stenciling, fabric decoration, cake decoration, airbrushing, making photo album card, wood burning and more DIY creation.
The die cuts stencil is made of high-quality carbon steel material, has good toughness, and is easy to cut into shape.
How to use
1. Select the cutting dies type and paper card;
2. Put cutting died and paper card on the cutter mould machine;
3. Covering plastic embossing board;
4. Using the cutting dies machine;
5. DIY albums or scrapbooks or greeting cards.


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Direct donations to firstname.lastname@example.com via Paypal.
For more than forty years, Bill has traveled back and forth across North America, singing his songs and delighting audiences at festivals, folksong societies, colleges, concerts, clubs, and coffeehouses. A New England native, Bill became involved with the Boston-Cambridge folk scene in the early 1960's and for a time, emceed the Sunday Hootenanny at the legendary Club 47 in Cambridge. Bill quickly became a popular performer in the Boston area. From the time in 1971 when a reviewer from the Boston Phoenix stated that he was "simply Boston's best performer", Bill has continually appeared on folk music radio listener polls as one of the top all time favorite folk artists. Now, well into his fifth decade as a folk performer, he has gained an international reputation as a gifted songwriter and performer.
Singing mostly his own songs, he has become one of the most popular and durable singers on the folk music scene today, performing nearly 200 concerts a year and driving over 65,000 miles annually. He weaves a blend of gentle wit and humor into his performances and one reviewer wrote, "He has a sense of timing to match the best standup comic."
Bill's music is a slice of Americana, reflecting with the same ease his feelings about the prairie people of the Midwest or the adventurers of the Yukon, the on-the-road truckers, or the everyday workers that make up this land.
Many of Bill's songs have appeared in grade school music books, church hymnals, and scouting campfire songbooks; he is one of only a few songwriters to have eight songs published in the classic song collection, Rise up Singing. Composer David Amram recently described Bill as "a modern day Stephen Foster…his songs will be around 100 years from now."
Over the decades, you have heard Bill singing on Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion, HBO's award winning series Deadwood, and Public Radio's Mountain Stage. Additionally, his music has been used in a number of films including Off and Running, with Cyndi Lauper, and The Return of the Secaucus Seven, John Sayles' debut as a writer- director.
In 1975, Bill won National Yodeling Championship in Kerrville Texas. Another important recognition was given to him in 2007. Presented by the Boston Area Coffeehouse Association, The Jerry Christen Award recognized Bill's contribution to New England folk music.
Currently, Bill has recorded 26 albums; The Happy Wanderer and One More River were winners of the prestigiousParents' Choice Award, taking a gold medal and silver medal respectively. His songs have been recorded by many artists including Peter, Paul, and Mary, Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy, The Highwaymen, Mason Williams, Grandpa Jones, Jerry Jeff Walker, Nanci Griffith, Glen Yarborough and others.
As well as recordings, over 100 of Bill's songs have been published in three songbooks: If I Were a Word, Then I'd Be a Song, Movin' It Down the Line, and Music to Me, the latter published by Hal Leonard Corporation. His song, All God's Critters, has been recently released as a Simon and Schuster children's book with illustrations by Caldecott honor-winning artist, Kadir Nelson.
"Folk music is rich in the human spirit and experience. I've always wanted to bring something of value to people through my songs." With these thoughts, Bill continues to drive the highways and back roads of the country year after year, bringing his music to listeners, young and old.
In the fall of 2015 Yankee Magazine, New England's premiere magazine, published it's "80th Anniversary Issue."In the issue, along with the likes of Stephen King and Katherine Hepburn, Bill was chosen as "One of the 80 gifts New England has given to America."
A true honor.


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Skills & know how
As well as helping you decide what to cook we can also help you to cook it. From tips on cookery techniques to facts and information about health and nutrition, we've a wealth of foodie know how for you to explore.
About BBC Good Food
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Tiki Time Guest Book
Regular price $38.95
Impress your guests with a custom book made exclusively for your family home, vacation home or rental property. It's a fun way for guests to connect and share their experiences. Custom guest books also make thoughtful hostess or housewarming gifts!
Turnaround Time
PROOF: up to 5 business days
* A proof will be sent to the email address provided at checkout. Please check your email, and reply promptly, to ensure speedy delivery.
REVISIONS(if necessary): up to 2 business days
PRODUCTION: up to 6 business days
SHIPPING: approximately 2-3 business days via USPS Priority Mail
* International orders ship First-Class Mail.
There are a few variables in the design and production process. We guarantee the timeline above instead of a specific date of delivery.
Book Sizes & Descriptions
8x10 GUEST BOOK with BLANK PAGES
- Hard cover with a durable matte finish
- 100 unlined blank pages (70# opaque text)
- 0.6" thick
- White grosgrain bookmark ribbon
6x7.5 GUEST BOOK with LINED PAGES
- Hard cover with a durable matte finish
- 120 pages lined on one side in black ink (50# text)
- 0.6" thick
- White grosgrain bookmark ribbon
* Pages styles (lined and blank) are not interchangeable.
Production Details
Book covers are printed exclusively on an HP Indigo Printing Press to achieve highly-defined images and exceptional color saturation. Only the best will do! Compass Rose Studio creates beautiful guest books you'll be proud to give as a gift or display in your home.
Our Promise to You
Satisfaction Guarantee
Creating beautiful products and making our wonderful customers happy is our top priority! If you're not 100% happy with your purchase, let us know, and we'll make it right.
Original Artwork
Our products are available through Compass Rose Studio only. All designs and illustrations are original creations of the artist, Amy Mac, and you won't find them anywhere else.
Made in America
All artwork is produced with love and attention to the smallest details in our Southern California studio. Our highly-skilled printer/bindery is located in Northern California.


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I am unable to connect my Mac to my product. What should I do?
- To connect a Mac that provides only a Mini DisplayPort or Mini-DVI port for video output, you'll need to obtain an adapter that allows you to connect to the projector's VGA video port. Contact Apple for compatible adapter options.
Published: Sep 27, 2011
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Edwin Dikinson
Edwin Dickinson, 1891–1978, an American Painter, was born in Seneca Falls, NY, studied with William Merritt Chase and with Charles W. Hawthorne. Most of his working life was spent on Cape Cod and in New York City. He taught principally at New York's Art Students' League as well as other art schools, colleges and universities.
The Edwin Dickinson Catalogue Raisonné
Helen Dickinson Baldwin


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My first thoughts on Brexit news today was sympathy for parents whose children have been removed to other European countries following leave to remove decisions. The decision last night will be causing them uncertainty and anxiety.
One of the the best EU regulations from a family law perspective (or bureaucracy that was forced upon us as some would say), were the Brussels II Revised Regulations. Article 21 of those regulations make contact orders made in one EU country (excluding Denmark who opted out) enforceable in another EU member state. Will we lose those protections? Will a replacement to that agreement be made between the UK and EU? Will this protection be removed entirely, and will the parent facing the high cost of legal proceedings in the UK then face the daunting cost of starting again in a foreign jurisdiction with a UK order not worth the paper it's written on? One can only hope this is not forgotten in the Brexit negotiations which follow. I wish I had the answers to give assurances, but no-one does nor will for some time.
Parents whose children are relocated to other EU states may face higher air fares (Europe saw the end of bi-lateral air service agreements); they'll face travel insurance costs (while at the moment there are reciprocal agreements); and then there's the loss of protected rights in terms of travel to other European countries. Will their children be able to return to the UK if they so decide when they reach adulthood? Maybe only if they have the requisite skills to meet an immigrant quota system. School choice and subject choice could become far more important for parents who remain in the UK. Will there be a right to involvement in those decisions? Will that right be enforceable in a foreign jurisdiction? Unlikely.
In terms of protections against international child abduction, we'll stay part of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, but I've no doubt that membership of the Brussels II Regulations gave British parents (and all European parents other than the Danish) greater protection. The Hague Convention as we all should know, is no guarantee of having your child returned.
I've no doubt that membership of Europe made it harder for the Tories to pursue their wish to extract the UK from the Human Rights Act (and EU Convention on Human Rights). It is the UK's being subject to the European Court of Human Rights which freed Sir James Munby to insist on legal aid being given to two parents with learning difficulties who couldn't afford legal representation, who faced their children being permanently removed from them by social workers, but had had their right to legal representation taken away by Government. They faced a Local Authority with a full legal team. Our judges could challenge the decision of Government on human rights' grounds, because those rights were protected despite what was undeniably a democratic decision to strip those rights from two, vulnerable parents who lacked the capacity to conduct their own case. Democracy isn't always a good thing or democratic decisions defensible. Europe at least gave a check and balance against human rights abuses. A chance for the man or woman in the street to stand up to large institutions and fight injustice.
I know some who view Brexit as a good thing. In terms of the microcosm of family law, it is not. My thoughts today are with the parents it affects, and who will be affected in the future.


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The Chevrolet Chevelle pronounced "shevell" is a mid-sized automobile from Chevrolet debuting in 1964. It was produced from 1964 through 1977 and was one of General Motors' most successful cars. Chevelle models ranged from economical family cars to powerful coupes and convertibles. The Malibu was at first the top trim level of the Chevelle line, and it replaced the Chevelle name entirely after 1977. The Chevelle chassis (based on the reengineered GM A platform) provided the platform for the Chevrolet Monte Carlo, a very successful model itself.
The Chevelle was intended to compete with the similarly sized Ford Fairlane, and to return to the Chevrolet lineup a model similar in size and concept to the popular 1955-57 models. Early design photos show what would eventually be the Chevelle wearing Nova nameplates, the name that was used for the top trim level in the smaller Chevy II series. From 1964-69, the Chevelle was the basis for the similar Beaumont, a re-trimmed model sold only in Canada by Pontiac dealers.
Four-door hardtops, dubbed Sport Sedans, were available from 1966 though 1972. A two-door station wagon was available in 1964 and 1965 in the bottom-line Chevelle 300 series.
A utility pickup, the El Camino, was part of the lineup and, depending on the year, was available in 300/300 Deluxe trim level, Malibu trim level and the one-year only SS396. The El Camino outlived its passenger car counterpart until its demise in 1987.
The Chevelle SS represented Chevrolet's entry into the muscle car battle. Early 1964 and 1965 Chevelles had a Malibu SS badge on the rear quarter panel (the sought-after Z16 option had the emblem on the front fender, where 201 Malibu SS 396s were produced); after 1965, the Malibu SS badging disappeared except for those sold in Canada. The Chevelle SS, which became a regular series of its own in 1966 called the SS 396, was the high performance version and had its own line of engines and performance equipment. The performance engines available included 396 in V8s – rated at 325, 350 and 375 hp respectively (the mid horsepower 396 was rated at 360hp for 1966 only and 350hp thereafter). The SS396 series only lasted three years from 1966 through 1968 before being relegated to an option status just like air conditioning or a radio. The 1966 and 1967 model years also saw the limited run of the 'strut back' 2-dr sport coupe with its own model number, 17, as opposed to model number 37 used on previous and later 2-dr sport coupes. The 1968 model year was the first and only year of the SS396 El Camino with its own series/model identification of 13880. Almost all the goodies (big block engine, suspension, transmission options, etc.) of the SS396 could be ordered on the 1966 and 1967 El Camino but, sadly, the SS396 series El Camino was not available until (and only in) the 1968 model year. As with the 300 Deluxe and Malibu in 1969 and only the Malibu from 1970 to 1972, the SS option could be ordered in the El Camino as well.
Two prototype Z16 Chevelles were built at the Baltimore plant and all regular production Z16 Chevelles were built at the Kansas City plant. Whether these 2 prototypes and the 1 reported convertible are included in this 201 figure isn't known. The 1 convertible was reportedly special built for Semon "Bunkie" Knudsen but is commonly called the 201st Z16 Chevelle. Unfortunately there's no known documetation available on this car and to date no known photos of it have surfaced which leaves its existence in question.
For Chevelle enthusiasts who wanted a high-performance mid-sized car but with a hot small-block V8, rather than the big-block found in the SS 396, the regular Chevelle and Malibu models were available with a 350-horsepower 327 cubic-inch V8 (option code L-79) in 1965 and 1966. That same engine was also offered for 1967-68, but downrated "on paper" to 325 horsepower, the same as the standard 396 found in the SS 396.
For the 1969 model year, the SS396 series (138xx) was dropped and the Super Sport became a performance option. In 1969 the SS option could be orded on the 300 Deluxe 2-dr coupe (13437) and 2-dr sedan (13427) as well as the Malibu 2-dr sport coupe (13637), convertible (13667), and El Camino (13680). In 1970 the SS option was limited to the Malibu series (2-dr sport coupe, convertible, and El Camino). In both 1969 and 1970 the SS option included the 396/402 as the base engine keeping the option alive as a performance-oriented choice. This changed in 1971 when the SS option could be ordered with any optional V8 and became more of a dress-up option than a performance option.
Prior to 1970, GM had a restriction stating that no mid-size car could have an engine with a displacement over 400 in, though some inventive people figured out ways around this through the dealership; 1968 and 1969 were the times of the COPO (Central Office Production Order), in which a car was ordered by the dealer with a larger than allowed engine in it for racing purposes.
In 1970 GM dropped the displacement rule, and that was when the bigger engines were available as regular production options, resulting the addition of an SS 454 line option to the existing SS 396 option. The first change was that the 396 engine was bored out to 402 in , but the car kept the 396 badging as so much advertising had been put into the 396 namesake that they didn't want to change it. Most notable was the 454 in LS5 V8 rated at 360 hp and the LS6 at 450 hp. It was the 454 that made the Chevelle a legend. The LS6, with 450 hp and 500 ft/lbf of torque, would rocket the Chevelle through the 1/4 mile in low to mid-13 second times at 105 to 108 mph.
For 1971, GM mandated that all divisions design their engines to run on lower-octane regular, low-lead or unleaded gasoline due to tightening emission requirements and in anticipation of the catalytic converter that would be used on 1975 and later models, necessitating the use of unleaded fuel. To permit usage of the lower-octane fuels, all engines featured low compression ratios (9 to 1 and lower; well below the 10.25-11.25 to 1 range on high performance engines of 1970 and earlier). This move reduced horsepower ratings on the big-block engines to 300 for the 402 cubic-inch V8 but surprisingly, the LS-5 454 option got a "advertised" five-horsepower increase to 365. The LS-6 454 option, which was originally announced as a regular production option on the Chevelle SS for 1971, was dropped early in the model year and no official records indicate that any 1971 Chevelles were assembled with the LS-6 engine.
In the face of declining musclecar sales following the "insurance surcharge" wrath of 1970, the Chevelle SS – at least in base form – changed from a specific performance car to a trim package, much like the original 1964-65 Chevelle SS models that pre-dated the introduction of the SS 396 in 1966. For 1971, the base Chevelle SS engine was a two-barrel 350 cubic-inch V8 rated at 245 gross (165 net) horsepower and optionally available was a four-barrel carbureted version of the 350 V8 rated at 275 gross (200 net) horsepower. The big block engines of previous years were now extra-cost options including the 402 V8 rated at 300 gross/270 net horsepower; and LS-5 454 V8 with 365 gross and 285 net horsepower. Chevrolet specifications for 1971 included both "gross" and "net" horsepower figures for all engines to ease the transition to 1972 and later years, when Chevy and other manufacturers only listed the "net" horsepower ratings.
The 1972 Chevelle SS had a top engine rated at 270 net hp (201 kW) conforming with GM's decree that all engines were to be rated at their net engine ratings. Despite the lower rating there was no evidence that power had actually changed on production cars of that year. All other engines on the SS roster were unchanged from 1971.
In mid-1971 and continued through 1972, the base Chevelle coupe was offered as the "Heavy Chevy" model featuring special striping and other appearance items. The "Heavy Chevy" was available with any V8 engine offered in the Chevelle roster ranging from the 307 two-barrel to the 402 four-barrel. However, the 454 big-block was only offered with the "SS" package and not available with the "Heavy Chevy" option.
Many customers, however, chose the Chevelle as an economical family car that, while not as expensive to operate as larger models (including the Chevrolet Impala), had enough room to seat a family of five in reasonable comfort. Popular convenience items ranged from power steering, power brakes, automatic transmission, air conditioning and stereo radio; plus appearance items including vinyl top, full wheel covers and whitewall tires.


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Public Benefits and Services Resources Manual (2016)
The Public Benefits and Services Resource Manual is intended to serve as a reference guide for information on some of the state's programs that provide direct benefits or services to members of the public. The manual is divided into four sections to make it easier for the reader to access information. The first section provides information on how to apply for certain public benefits using the Colorado PEAK website and county offices of human or social services. The second section provides snapshots of state programs that offer benefits and services to help meet Coloradans' needs. The programs are grouped into the following categories: health care programs; housing and utilities assistance; food assistance; income assistance; employment assistance; educational assistance; child care assistance; and other programs.


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It's Official. Facebook Opens to General Public
If for some odd reason you ever wanted to network with a bunch of university students or check out endless albums of drunk girls placing their hands on each other's boobs, but lacked the clout of a .edu e-mail address, congratulations, you now can. We all can. To couch the ever-present possibility of trauma stemming from this change, admins posted a thoughtful note assuring chafing co-eds that, despite complete loss of the site's appealing university-only exclusivity, the power is ultimately still in their hands.
As is typical of Facebook's community, students protested the change with a petition and a fairly straightforward student group called "I will quit Facebook if it opens to all Internet users," where all members pledged to leave the networking site the moment it goes public, which happened yesterday. The group boasts over 960 members, none of which have honored the vow. Big surprise. It's hard to leave behind those endless albums of drunk girls....oops...we said that before. - Contributed by Angela Natividad


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Men are not real men because of aggressive women.
Men are not real Men because they chose not to be.
Let me clarify. I was in my Government class and the teacher begins talking about the socio-economic climate - the haves and the have-nots and stereotypes that go with them. Deadbeat men came up , of course - men, who by some girls' definitions in the class, are not real men. Then my teacher struck back: maybe they are not real men because the girls are too aggressive.
I had remarks. She drowned me out.
She said, "It's natural for men to be leaders...[not women]..."
Let's start with how women control 4 out of 5 stages of the buying process. Aggressive, yes, and we wouldn't do it if it wasn't natural. Sometimes we hesitate but as women, we will take control. That's what makes real lesbian sex so great. (^__^)
By 2010, women will control more than half of private U.S. wealth, or about $14 trillion.
"Men don't know how to be real men. Women are becoming too masculine."
How is making money and striving for self-realization masculine?
In 30.7% of marriages in which women work, they out-earn their husbands.
"Men have too much that they have to live up to - women with high education expect men to be educated too."
And that's a bad thing? I like that my girlfriends have similar mental capacity to mine. I like that they be willing to push themselves the way I do.
Women are central to 94% of home furnishing purchases, 91% of home purchases, 60% of vehicle purchases and 50% of business travel purchases.
"Women have forgotten their roles [in marriage]..."
I thought the role of wife was that of equal partner. True that they do control the purchases but they also look for input before they buy. Men who have opinions should give them, not just pull out their wallets.
I don't know what makes a "real man" in the eyes of a woman who wants one because frankly I'm not looking for one. I know my father worked very hard to get where he is and didn't stop just because it took my mom half the time to make the same salary. Cheers to the man who can see a strong, aggressive woman and not feel inferior. Then love her.
A man saying that women are too strong for him and giving up is one thing but when a woman says it, it feels like a step backwards in feminism. And that is just sans-style.
The Style Geek
P.S. My final remark that only two people heard was: Well if they're too aggressive for the guys, I'm sure other girls will be able to handle them. Just send a couple my way.


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49°N Formfit Ergo 142 - Memory Foam Saddle
Cutting edge NASA-derived memory foam technology combines with a modern, ergonomic design for the ultimate in saddle fit and comfort!
- Comfort Plus temperature-sensitive memory-foam upper inserts adapt perfectly to your body form whilst the sit bone-positioned low-density base inserts form an effective barrier between surface and rider, dissipating shocks and reducing peak pressure.
- Ergo cut-out completely removes all material around the soft tissue area to help alleviate localized pressure and reduce pain and numbness for both male and female riders alike.
- 143mm width is suited to slightly more aggressive riding positions a forward/front weight bias (Road/XC).
- Construction: Nylon base w/ Hi-Ten steel rails & synthetic weatherproof upper
- Dimensions: L 272 x W 142mm
- Weight: 312g
Part Numbers
Option | UPC | MPN |
Black / 142mm | 058817470844 | 254006-01 |


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Non-Discrimination Policy Notice
The Saratoga Hospital complies with applicable Federal and NYS civil rights laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion or creed, sex or sexual orientation, age, disability, marital status, military status or source of payment.
Communication and Language Barriers
We provide free aids and service to people with disabilities to communicate effectively with us, such as:
- Qualified sign language interpreters; and
- For hearing impaired individuals, who need to speak with their own contacts, a telephone device for the deaf (TDD) is available for use at the switchboard operators desk or through Pastoral Care Services.
- Written information in other formats (large print, audio, accessible electronic formats and other formats)
We also provide free language services to people whose preferred language is not English, such as:
- Qualified interpreters; and
- Information written in other languages.
- Language Line Services:
- Routine Request: 1-800-774-4344
- Emergency Call: 1-800-523-1786
- Language Line Services:
Open every day 9 AM – 7 PM
LAB HOURS: Mon-Fri 7 AM – 3 PM
Urgent Care Services


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Last Tuesday, I attended the International Youth Leadership Assembly (IYLA) at the United Nations and the whole time I thought about blogging the event. However I felt I couldn't create the post last week. Although I uploaded images on social media, I had to leave an hour early to make a meeting with charter school to be a possible affiliate for my organization. I really had to go and did not get to experience the IYLA event fully. And therefore I was stuck.
Of course I could have just uploaded the images I took and wrote on the speakers I did see or parts I did partake in. However, I felt I would not capture it fully and effectively, being that I missed on on substantial parts. Of course I could have took it into a different direction and spoke on the IYLA organization that led the program and the message of "Moral and Innovative Leadership: Vision, Service & Entreprenuership."
Therefore (a week later), I am writing how to capture events effectively.
- Stay for the Duration: You should stay for the duration in order to capture everything with imagery and/or with notes.This will also give you a first hand look and ability to connect with what or whomever you need to.
- Bring a Friend: I know you may not be able to get two tickets or press releases but try. If its a free for all bring someone to accompany you. Two heads are better than one. While one person is taking pictures, the other is taking notes. While one person is networking the other is making announcements. While one person is bobbing for apples the other is capturing the moment. 😉
- Take Images: If a scene can not be found on the internet or its unique to the event, make sure you take your own image. If possible hiring a photography, lol, or just bring a friend. Its always best to have original imagery when speaking on events.
- Take Notes: Although you think you'll remember, when its time to write your blog certain facts or instances will be forgotten. For example I had to try and look up the presenters at the past IYLA event and some topics before I could write the blog that didn't get published. 🙁 Have a system on notes, try not to just write everything all over the place. Organize your notes.
- Have a Focus: What were the special topics that sum up the event. For example: was it about empowering or networking and what took place to show that.


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Ivrea's Polenta Cake (Polenta di Ivrea)
Ivrea's Polenta Cake (Polenta di Ivrea)
Serves: 12
Serving size: 1 (3/4-inch) slice
Prep time: 15 minutes
Cooking time: 30 minutes
2/3 cup expeller-pressed canola or vegetable oil, plus extra for greasing pan
1 cup natural sugar
1/2 cup almond flour
1 cup fine polenta (or cornmeal)
1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder (use gluten-free, if needed)
3 large eggs
Zest of 2 lemons
1 teaspoon vanilla
Juice of 1 orange, for drizzling (optional)
1. Preheat oven to 350°F. Line the base of a 9-inch springform cake pan with baking parchment and grease bottom and sides lightly with canola oil.
2. Combine 2/3 cup canola oil and sugar, either by hand in a bowl with a wooden spoon or using a freestanding mixer, until pale and fully combined.
3. Mix together the almond flour, polenta, and baking powder, and beat part of this dry mixture into the oil/sugar mixture, followed by 1 egg. Then alternate adding the dry ingredients and eggs, beating all the while, until all of the dry mixture and eggs are incorporated. Finally, beat in the lemon zest and vanilla, and pour, spoon, or scrape the mixture into your prepared cake pan.
4. Bake for about 30 minutes, or until lightly golden and a cake tester or toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean. The edges of the cake should have begun to shrink away from sides of the pan.
5. Remove from the oven and allow to cool completely. Release the sides of the pan and invert cake onto a cake platter. Drizzle with orange juice, if desired. Serve immediately, or store at room temperature overnight or in the refrigerator for up to 3 days.
Italian Living Tradition
This cake is the northern Italian answer to popular Mediterranean semolina cakes, which are doused with simple syrup and served as very sweet desserts. Made with just a few pantry ingredients, this is the type of cake that Italian housewives would whip up upon the arrival of unexpected guests or to serve with the Sunday meal.


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Michigan Coasters, Trivets, & Slate
Looking for that perfect little gift from Michigan or beautiful piece of art for that home decor? Our ceramic photo tiles pop with vivid color and will bring warmth and joy to anyone or any home! Bring back that special place in Michigan with one of our many beautiful Michigan made products!
Images are high resolution and imprinted deep into the tile, they will not fade or peel. They can hold heat up to 400 degrees, making them perfect for coasters & trivets. They also are stain resistant and waterproof and can be washed with any cleaner. All coasters and trivets have cork backings. Due to cork backings, we do not recommend washing in a dishwasher. All coasters can be used with regular tile work and would make a great Michigan theme backsplash. If you want them without the cork backing, just let us know in Cart under Special Instructions For Seller. Square prints are available under Michigan Photography, and bases are available under Tile Accessories. If you have any questions please feel free to contact us! Hope you enjoy the photos!


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Bar Carts {Love them!}
I'm not big drinker, but for some reason I'm developing a small obsession for bar carts. Perhaps it's the time of year, don't know, but either way I'm coveting well-dressed bar carts. Seems so adult – like to have one, no? Whatever the case, nothing says party - ready than a fully loaded bar cart.
I want one.
This last photo is my favourite. I prefer bar carts without the BIG wheel. For more bar cart inspiration, visit my board on pinterest.
Photo Credits; the glitter guide, house of turquoise, Atlanta Homes & Lifestyles, Rue Magazine, Armonia Decor, Lonny Magazine, cocco kelley


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This is a good pic of the CRAZY OLD LADIES booth.
We were on a corner, so this is the view from the other side.
I had so much fun! I'm still waiting for most of the pix from my Dad- the one's with all the 'cool' people in them. But here are a few that I took of some of my favorite booths.
Lila Tueller's booth featuring her new line Santorini (watch for a pattern coming soon made with this fabric!). LOVE this booth. So fun and funky and totally Lila. She even won an award for her booth. BTW- Lila was dressed in her clothes made from her fabric EVERYDAY and looked fabulous!
Of course, Fig Tree. This booth was amazing. Didn't get a picture of the entire thing but you can definately get the feel. Everything Fig Tree. Joanna also won an award for her booth for merchandising. I would say so.
Tired yet? Just a couple more!
Last one! (for now) This is a new line coming out from a new designer called French General. It is really pretty. Did I get any at Sample Spree? Absolutely not! I think this was the hottest item and off the table faster than you could think. That's ok. I think I have lots going on already, I should leave some for the other designers out there, right!?
BTW- Moda had a cute laundry theme going on. Laundry baskets, soap, and clothes lines all over. It was super cute!
Well, I don't know about you guys- but I'm exhausted. See you soon!


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Overview of Internship Program
Mary Currin-Percival
Associate Professor
Internship Director
The Political Science Department has, for decades, educated the political leadership and public sector infrastructure of Silicon Valley. Along the way, the Department's internship program has played an instrumental role in the process. Since the program was established by Professor Terry Christensen in 1970, over 1,800 students participating in the program have gained invaluable professional experiences, networking opportunities, and insights into the practical side of politics and government.
The internship program allows students to gain-first hand experience with elected officials, political campaigns, government agencies, and a variety of community organizations. Recent internship placements in the Valley have included the district offices of local U.S. Congress members and elected officials in the California State Senate and Assembly. Students are also routinely placed with the San Jose City Council, the Silicon Valley Council of Nonprofits, the Silicon Valley Leadership Group, and the Santa Clara County Public Defender's Office, as well as many others.
Beyond these, the Department places students in prestigious internships outside the immediate area. The CSU Sacramento Semester and the Capitol Fellows Programs both offer students the chance to intern in the state Capitol. Every summer, the Department sends two highly qualified students to intern with members of Congress as part of our Washington DC Summer Internship Program. Political Science students have also been selected for the prestigious Panetta Congressional Fellowship Program. Students attend seminars and receive training at the Panetta Institute in Monterey before spending the fall semester interning for a member of Congress in Washington DC.
Students enrolled in the Political Science 181 "Internships" course complete 135 hours at their internship placements, meet regularly with the director, and engage other students enrolled in the seminar-style class. As participant observers in their internship, students write a final paper that connects what they've witnessed and experienced to broader theories of politics and policymaking.


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Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. Initial forays into psycholinguistics were largely philosophical ventures, due mainly to a lack of cohesive data on how the human brain functioned. Modern research makes use of biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and information theory to study how the brain processes language. There are a number of subdisciplines; for example, as non-invasive techniques to study the neurological workings of the brain become more and more used, neurolinguistics has become a field of its own.
Psycholinguistics covers the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and grammatical structures, as well as the processes that make it possible to understand utterances, words, text, etc. Developmental psycholinguistics studies infants' and children's ability to learn language, usually with experimental or at least quantitative methods (as opposed to naturalistic observations such as those made by Jean Piaget in his research on the development of children).
Areas of study Psycholinguistics is interdisciplinary in nature and is studied by people in a variety of fields, such as psychology, cognitive science, and linguistics. There are several subdivisions within psycholinguistics that are based on the components that make up human language.[]
- Phonetics and phonology are concerned with the study of speech sounds. Within psycholinguistics, research focuses on how the brain processes and understands these sounds.
- Morphology is the study of word structures, especially the relationships between related words (such as dog and dogs) and the formation of words based on rules (such as plural formation).
- Syntax is the study of the patterns which dictate how words are combined together to form sentences.
- Semantics deals with the meaning of words and sentences. Where syntax is concerned with the formal structure of sentences, semantics deals with the actual meaning of sentences.
- Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.
- The study of word recognition and reading examines the processes involved in the extraction of orthographic, morphological, phonological, and semantic information from patterns in printed text
Theories about how language works in the human mind attempt to account for, among other things, how we associate meaning with the sounds (or signs) of language and how we use syntax—that is, how we manage to put words in the proper order to produce and understand the strings of words we call "sentences." The first of these items—associating sound with meaning—is the least controversial and is generally held to be an area in which animal and human communication have at least some things in common (See animal communication). Syntax, on the other hand, is controversial, and is the focus of the discussion that follows.
There are essentially two schools of thought as to how we manage to create syntactic sentences: (1) syntax is an evolutionary product of increased human intelligence over time and social factors that encouraged the development of spoken language; (2) language exists because humans possess an innate ability, an access to what has been called a "universal grammar." This view holds that the human ability for syntax is "hard-wired" in the brain. This view claims, for example, that complex syntactic features such as recursion are beyond even the potential abilities of the most intelligent and social non-humans. (Recursion, for example, includes the use of relative pronouns to refer back to earlier parts of a sentence—"The girl whose car is blocking my view of the tree that I planted last year is my friend .") The ability to use syntax like that would not exist without an innate concept that contains the underpinnings for the grammatical rules that produce recursion, says the "innate" view. Children acquiring a language, thus, have a vast search space to explore among possible human grammars, settling, logically, on the language(s) spoken or signed in their own community of speakers. Such syntax is, according to the second point of view, what defines human language and makes it different from even the most sophisticated forms of animal communication.
The first view was prevalent until about 1960 and is well represented by the mentalistic theories of Jean Piaget and the empiricist, Rudolf Carnap. As well, the school of psychology known as behaviorism (see Verbal Behavior (1957) by B.F. Skinner) puts forth the point of view that language—syntax included— is behavior shaped by conditioned response. The second point of view—the "innate" one— can fairly be said to have begun with Noam Chomsky's highly critical review of Skinner's book in 1959 in the pages of the journal Language Template:Ref. That review started what has been termed "the cognitive revolution" in psychology.
The field of psycholinguistics since then has been defined by reactions to Chomsky, pro and con. The pro view still holds that the human ability to use syntax is qualitatively different from any sort of animal communication. That ability might have resulted from a favorable mutation (extremely unlikely) or (more likely) from an adaptation of skills evolved for other purposes. That is, precise syntax might, indeed, serve group needs; better linguistic expression might produce more cohesion, cooperation, and potential for survival, BUT precise syntax can only have developed from rudimentary—or no—syntax, which would have had no survival value and, thus, would not have evolved at all. Thus, one looks for other skills, the characteristics of which might have been useful for syntax. In the terminology of modern evolutionary biology, these skills would be said to be "pre-adapted" for syntax. (Also see "exaptation".) Just what those skills might have been is the focus of recent research—or, at least, speculation.
The con view still holds that language—including syntax—is an outgrowth of hundreds of thousands of years of increasing intelligence and tens of thousands of years of human interaction. From that view, syntax in language gradually increased group cohesion and potential for survival. Language—syntax and all—is a cultural artifact. This view challenges the "innate" view as scientifically unfalsifiable; that is to say, it can't be tested; the fact that a particular, conceivable syntactic structure does not exist in any of the world's finite repertoire of languages is, yes, an interesting observation, but it is not proof of a genetic constraint on possible forms, nor does it prove that such forms couldn't exist or couldn't be learned.
Contemporary theorists, besides Chomsky, working in the field of theories of psycholinguistics include George Lakoff, Steven Pinker, and Michael Tomasello.
Much methodology in psycholinguistics takes the form of behavioral experiments. In these types of studies, subjects are presented with some form of linguistic input and asked to perform a task (e.g. make a judgement, reproduce the stimulus, read a visually presented word aloud). Reaction times (usually on the order of milliseconds) and proportion of correct responses are the most often employed measures of performance.
Such tasks might include, for example, asking the subject to convert nouns into verbs; e.g., "book" suggests "to write," "water" suggests "to drink," and so on. Another experiment might present an active sentence such as "Bob threw the ball to Bill" and a passive equivalent, "The ball was thrown to Bill by Bob" and then ask the question, "Who threw the ball?" We might then conclude (as is the case) that active sentences are processed more easily (faster) than passive sentences. More interestingly, we might also find out (as is the case) that some people are unable to understand passive sentences; we might then make some tentative steps towards understanding certain types of language deficits (generally grouped under the broad term, aphasia).
Until the recent advent of non-invasive medical techniques, brain surgery was the preferred way for language researchers to discover how language works in the brain. For example, severing the corpus callosum (the bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the brain was at one time a treatment for some forms of epilepsy. Researchers could then study the ways in which the comprehension and production of language were affected by such drastic surgery. Obviously, the brain was not operated on just to study language. However, where a pathology made brain surgery necessary, language researchers took advantage of it in order to pursue their research.
Newer, non-invasive techniques now include brain imaging by positron emission tomography (PET); functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI); evoked response potentials (ERP) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Brain imaging techniques vary in their spatial and temporal resolutions (fMRI has a resolution of a few thousand neurons per pixel, and ERP has millisecond accuracy). Each type of methodology presents a set of advantages and disadvantages for studying a particular problem in psycholinguistics.
Computational modelling is another methodology. It refers to the practice of setting up cognitive models in the form of executable computer programs. Such programs are useful because they motivate theorists to be explicit in their hypotheses and because they can be used to generate accurate predictions for theoretical models that are so complex that they render discursive analysis unreliable (e.g. the DRC model of reading and word recognition proposed by Coltheart and colleaguesTemplate:Ref.
More recently, eye tracking has been used to study online language processing. Beginning with Tanenhaus et al.Template:Ref, a number of studies have begun to use eye movements as a tool for studying the cognitive processes related to spoken language. Since eye movements are closely linked to the current focus of attention, language processing can be studied by monitoring eye movements while a subject is presented with linguistic input.
Issues and Areas of Research[]
There are a number of unanswered questions in psycholinguistics.
There are a number of unanswered questions in psycholinguistics. In part, they are suggested by some of the items mentioned in the section on "theories" (above). For example, is the human ability to use syntax based on innate mental structures or is syntactic speech the function of intelligence and interaction with other humans? Can we even design psycholinguistic experiments to find that out? Research in animal communication has much to offer here. Can some animals be taught the syntax of human language? If so, what does that mean? If not, what does that mean?
How are infants able to learn language? Almost all healthy human infants acquire language readily in the first few years of life. This is true across cultures and societies. And what about children who do not learn language properly? There is a broad field called aphasia that deals with language deficits. Can research in psycholinguistics ever be of some therapeutic value? In addition, it is much more difficult for adults to acquire second languages than it is for infants to learn their first language (bilingual infants are able to learn both of their native languages easily). Thus, critical periods may exist during which language is able to be learned readily. A great deal of research in psycholinguistics focuses on how this ability develops and diminishes over time. It also seems to be the case that the more languages one knows, the easier it is to learn more.
Also, recent research using new non-invasive imaging techniques seeks to shed light on just where language is located in the brain. How localized is language? How distributed is it from one hemisphere to the other? The older, traditional descriptions of the language functions of Broca's area, Wernicke's area and other areas of the brain will be refined as research continues.
Also see:
- Feral child
- Sign Language
- Language acquisition
- human brain
- Neurolinguistics
- Reading
- Animal language
Machine learning/translation[]
Another unsolved problem in the field is how to create computer programs that can understand language as well as humans. Although this question certainly has a philosophical side to it, it is closely related to computational linguistics and artificial intelligence and has many potential practical applications.
- Template:NoteChomsky, N. (1959) "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior" in Language, 35, No. 1 (1959), 26-58.
- Template:NoteColtheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. (2001). DRC: "A dual route cascaded of visual word recognition and reading aloud." Psychological Review, 108, 204-256.
- Template:NoteTanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M. & Sedivy, J. E. (l995). "Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension." Science, 268, 1632-1634.
Bibliography/Further Reading[]
A short list of books that deal with psycholinguistics, written in language accessible to the non-expert, includes:
Belyanin V.P. Foundations of Psycholinguistic Diagnostics (Models of the World). Moscow, 2000 (in Russian) [1]
Chomsky, Noam. (2000) New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, George. (1987) Women, fire, and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo. (ed.) (1980) Language and learning: the debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Pinker, Steven. (1994) The Language Instinct. New York: William Morrow.
Steinberg, Danny D., Hiroshi Nagata, and David P. Aline, ed. (2001) Psycholinguistics: Language, Mind and World, 2nd ed. Longman [2]
Steinberg, Danny D. & Sciarini, Natalia. (2006) Introduction to Psycholinguistics 2nd edition. London: Longman.


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To date, however, the Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) has not introduced a mandate. Moreover, the likelihood of it doing so has not looked good.
When in February, for instance, the Chief Executive of AHRC Professor Philip Esler was invited to sign a petition calling on the EC to introduce a European-wide OA mandate, he responded by sending an e-mail to the heads of all the other Research Councils, as well as to OA advocates and journalists, saying that he did not intend to sign the petition because "to do what the petition requires in a particular case could arguably entail inducing someone to breach the copyright clause of his or her publishing contract." Perhaps as a consequence of this, only one Research Council Chief Executive signed the petition.
OA advocates were quick to suggest that Professor Esler had misunderstood the petition; a misunderstanding he now appears to concede. But what is current thinking about OA at the AHRC? And has it ruled out introducing a mandate? Richard Poynder e-mailed Professor Esler to find out.
RP: Do you envisage the AHRC introducing a self-archiving mandate at some point? If so, when will that be?
The AHRC is one of eight UK Research Councils that have a common policy on Open Access. This policy can be found on the RCUK website. The AHRC is committed to the principles articulated in that policy. A key principle among them is that "Ideas and knowledge derived from publicly-funded research must be made available and accessible for public use, interrogation and scrutiny, as widely, rapidly and effectively as practicable."
The Research Councils, including the AHRC, agree that their funded researchers should, where required to do so, deposit the outputs from Research Councils' funded research in an acceptable repository as designated by the individual Research Council. Detailed guidance on this issue will, in due course, appear on the websites of each Council.
The RCUK policy also provides that "Full implementation of these requirements must be undertaken such that current copyright and licensing policies, for example embargo periods or provisions limiting the use of deposited content to non-commercial purposes, are respected by authors. The research councils' position is based on the assumption that publishers will maintain the spirit of their current policies."
The Research Councils have a round of activities in progress in relation to this policy that includes consulting with the publishing community regarding copyright and licensing issues.
Clearly, it would be in the interest of researchers and users of research if a blanket arrangement could be reached with publishers allowing deposition of works in which the publishers hold copyright in Open Access repositories, and in as short a period as possible after publication by the publishers.
The AHRC, like other Research Councils, is moving toward a detailed policy in line with these principles.
RP: You say that the Research Councils have a common policy on Open Access. My understanding, however, is that five of the eight Research Councils have introduced a self-archiving mandate, but the AHRC has not. Does this not suggest that the AHRC is out of step?
PE: We have announced our intention to introduce a self-archiving mandate. Our policy is the same as the other Councils and this is merely a timetabling issue.
We are currently reviewing the Arts and Humanities Data Service (jointly funded with JISC) and that is a factor that has slowed us down a bit in comparison with the other Councils. We are not out of step with the other Councils on this!
RP: I wasn't aware of an announcement.
We will consider the AHDS at the Council meeting on 15th March 2007, so I hope it will be shortly after that. We point out on our website that we will take into account our findings on the AHDS prior to offering our guidance.
RP: Some argue that Open Access raises different issues for the arts and humanities than it does for the sciences? Would you agree?
In my view, the principles of Open Access are as applicable to the arts and humanities as to the sciences. That is why we are moving forward on this issue jointly with the scientific Research Councils.
RP: In February you were asked to sign a petition calling on the EC to introduce a Europe-wide self-archiving mandate. You responded by saying that you would not sign it because to do so would amount to inducing researchers to breach the copyright clause of the contracts they had with publishers. OA advocates refuted this vigorously. Do you hold to your position?
PE: In my message of 8th February, I did not say that signing the Open Access petition "would" be a tortious act but that it "may" be. At that time I was on a train, did not have the text of the petition before me, and was responding to a statement concerning it. I only had in mind the position of my fellow Research Council Chief Executives (the full list of participants to the conversation was not present on my Blackberry when I sent my message and I did not know I would be honoured with such a large audience!).
What I said was also specifically restricted to the situation under English law (with which I am familiar with from my past as a lawyer in Australia, where English law forms the foundation of the legal systems of the States), not the law of any other jurisdiction.
I was simply seeking to remind my fellow Research Council Chief Executives of the need for caution in this area, especially in light of the fact that the RCUK policy specifically refers to the copyright issue, as noted above.
RP: So have you subsequently changed your views about the implications of signing the petition?
I have now read what I gather is the current version of this petition. It does not specifically mention copyright, but does talk of the need to have discussions with publishers, which would imply that copyright would be discussed.
Every legal case must be decided on its own facts, but it is not easy for me to say how anyone signing this petition would, under English law, commit the tort of inducing a breach of contact.
But anyone signing the petition should not rely on my view in doing so (I am no longer a certificated and practising lawyer) but, if he or she is in any doubt, should take legal advice in their own jurisdictions.
RP: Will you personally now be signing the petition?
PE: I will still not be signing the petition (even though I am sympathy with its intentions). The announced position of the AHRC is in line with that of RCUK, is very clear and is actually more detailed than the provisions of this petition.
To the extent that there might be thought to be any differences between this petition and the stated RCUK policy, it might be confusing for me to sign up to both.
RP: The EC Communication that was the focus of the petition has now been published. In the event, the EC has decided not to introduce a Europe-wide mandate, but says that it will issue specific guidelines about providing access to research outputs for each of its research programmes (presumably on a voluntary basis). It has also agreed to provide funds to assist researchers who would like to publish in Open Access journals. What are your views on the EC policy?
PE: The intentions of the Communication are worthy, both because it looks to opening up access to research and also because it proposes to do so in a way that will be integrated across Europe.
This latter point is important because there is now empirical data showing that research conducted by international teams is higher in quality and impact than research carried out in one country.
For European research, it would be inconvenient if there were different policies on Open Access operation across countries from which research teams might come.