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JCP Procedures
JCP 2.10: Process Document
The formal procedures for using the Java Specification development process. Read the .pdf file here. This process was developed via JSR 364, and also includes new types of JCP Membership. Read the JCP Participation Overview page for more information. Version 2.10.2 (October 16 2017)
Comments to:
3.1.1 Observer
3.1.2 Partner Member 3.1.3 Associate Member 3.1.4 Full Member 3.1.5 Member Representative 3.1.6 Membership Fees
3.2.1 Expert Group transparency and participation
3.2.2 Expert Group membership 3.2.3 JSR deadlines 3.2.4 Compatibility testing 3.2.5 Executive Committee duties 3.2.6 PMO response times 3.2.7 Escalation and appeals
3.3.1 Initiate a Java specification request
3.3.2 JSR review 3.3.3 JSR Approval Ballot 3.3.4 Form the Expert Group
3.4.1 Write the first draft of the Specification
3.4.2 Early Draft Review 3.4.3 Updating the draft during Early Draft Review 3.4.4 Public Review 3.4.5 Public Review Ballot
3.5.1 Proposed Final Draft
3.5.2 Complete the RI and TCK 3.5.3 Establish a first-level TCK Appeals Process 3.5.4 Update the deliverables in response to a TCK appeal 3.5.5 Final Approval Ballot 3.5.6 Final Release
3.6.1 Maintenance Lead responsibilities
3.6.2 Maintenance Review 3.6.3 Maintenance Review Ballot 3.6.4 Maintenance Release
3.7.1 Scope
3.7.2 Membership 3.7.3 EC duties and responsibilities 3.7.4 EC selection process and length of terms 3.7.5 Selection process for Ratified Seats 3.7.6 Selection process for Elected and Associate Seats 3.7.7 JSR ballot rules The international Java community develops and evolves JavaTM technology specifications using the Java Community Process (JCP.) The JCP produces high-quality specifications using an inclusive, consensus-based approach that produces a Specification, a Reference Implementation (to prove the Specification can be implemented,) and a Technology Compatibility Kit (a suite of tests, tools, and documentation that is used to test implementations for compliance with the Specification.) Experience has shown that the best way to produce a technology specification is to gather a group of industry experts who have a deep understanding of the technology in question, and for a strong technical lead work with that group to create a first draft. Agreement on the form and content of the draft is then built using an iterative process that allows an ever-widening audience to review and comment on the document. An Executive Committee (EC) representing a cross-section of both major stakeholders and other members of the Java community is responsible for approving the passage of Specifications through the JCP's various stages and for reconciling discrepancies between Specifications and their associated test suites. There are four major stages in this version of the JCP:
Appeal Ballot: The EC ballot to override a first-level decision on a TCK test challenge. Associate Member: An individual who wishes to participate independently in the activities of the JCP without requiring an employer's permission. Associate Membership Agreement: The membership agreement signed by Associate Members. Associate Seat: An Executive Committee seat filled by the election process described in section 3.7.6. Ballot: See Appeal Ballot, Final Approval Ballot, Final Approval Reconsideration Ballot, JSR Approval Ballot, JSR Reconsideration Ballot, JSR Renewal Ballot, JSR Renewal Reconsideration Ballot, JSR Withdrawal Ballot, Maintenance Review Ballot, Maintenance Renewal Ballot, Maintenance Release Withdrawal Ballot, Public Review Ballot, Public Draft Specification Reconsideration Ballot, Transfer Ballot. Unless otherwise noted in this document all Ballots last for 7 days. Contributor Agreement: A legal agreement defining the terms, particularly those concerning the grant of intellectual property rights, under which contributions are made to a project. Contributor: A JCP Member who is not a member of an Expert Group but who at the Spec Lead's discretion is formally recognized as having contributed to the JSR. Dormant Specification (Dormant): A Specification that the PMO has determined has no assigned Specification Lead or Maintenance Lead, or that is not being actively developed and on which no further development is anticipated. Early Draft Review: A 15 to 90 day period (the length to be set at the discretion of the Spec Lead) during which the public reviews and comments on the draft Specification. Elected Seat: An EC seat filled by the election process described in section 3.7.6. Employer Contribution Agreement: An agreement that must be signed by the employer of an individual Full Member in which the employer makes certain IP commitments with respect to the employee's participation in the JCP. Executive Committee (EC): The Members who guide the evolution of the Java technologies. The EC represents a cross-section of both major stakeholders and other Members of the Java community. EC members are selected in an annual election process. The EC Policies and Procedures are specified in the EC Standing Rules, which is a separate document. Expert Group (EG): The group of JCP Members who develop or make significant revisions to a Specification. Final Approval Ballot: The EC ballot to approve the Final Draft along with its associated RI and TCK. Final Approval Reconsideration Ballot: The EC ballot to reconsider an initial rejection of a Final Draft, RI, and TCK. Final Draft: The final draft of the Specification that will be put forward for EC approval. Final Release: The final stage in the JSR development process when the Specification, RI, and TCK have been completed and can be licensed by implementers. First-Level TCK Appeals Process: The process defined by the Spec Lead that allows implementers of the Specification to appeal one or more tests defined by the Specification's TCK. Full Member: A corporation, organization, or individual who has signed the JSPA in order to obtain full membership rights within the JCP. Issue: an explicit reference to an item defined in an Issue Tracker. Issue List: A list of Issues generated from an Issue Tracker, identifying the disposition of each. Issue Tracker: A mechanism to allow issues (problems, tasks, comments, or requests for change) to be recorded and tracked by priority, status, owner, or other criteria. The Issue Tracker should permit issues to be identified by states such as open, resolved, and closed and should support the assignment of resolution types such as deferred (postponed to a follow-on release,) fixed (implemented,) challenged (no satisfactory resolution,) and rejected (deemed inappropriate or out of scope.) Java Community Process (JCP): The formal process described in this document for developing or revising Java technology Specifications. Java Community Process Member (Member): A company, organization, or individual that has signed a Membership Agreement and is abiding by its terms. Java Specification (Specification): A written specification for some aspect of the Java technology. This includes the language, virtual machine, Platform Editions, Profiles, and application programming interfaces. Java Specification Request (JSR): The document submitted to the PMO by one or more Members to propose the development of a new Specification or a significant revision to an existing Specification. Java Specification Participation Agreement (JSPA): A one-year renewable agreement between Oracle America and a company, organization or individual that allows the latter entities to participate in the Java Community Process as a Full Member. JCP Website: The website where the public can stay informed about JCP activities, download draft and final Specifications, and follow the progress of Specifications through the JCP. JSR Approval Ballot: The EC ballot to determine if the initial JSR submission should be approved. JSR Reconsideration Ballot: The EC ballot to determine if a revision of an initial JSR submission should be approved. JSR Page: The web page on the JCP Website where the JSR's history is recorded and where other relevant information about the JSR is published. JSR Renewal Ballot: An EC ballot to confirm that a JSR should continue in its work. JSR Renewal Reconsideration Ballot: An EC ballot to determine if a revised JSR should continue its work. JSR Review: A 14 to 30 day period (the length to be set at the discretion of the submitter) during which the public can review and comment on a proposed new JSR before the JSR Approval Ballot. JSR Withdrawal Ballot: An EC ballot to confirm that a completed JSR that appears to have been abandoned should be withdrawn. Licensor Name Space: The public class or interface declarations whose names begin with "java", "javax", "com.oracle", "com.sun" (or "com.Your name" if You are the Specification Lead) or their equivalents in any subsequent naming convention adopted by Oracle. Maintenance Lead (ML): The Member Representative or individual JCP Member responsible for maintaining the Specification. Maintenance Release: The final stage in the JSR maintenance process when the Specification, RI, and TCK have been updated and can be licensed by implementers. Maintenance Review: A 14 or 30 day period (the length to be set at the discretion of the Maintenance Lead) prior to finalization of a Maintenance Release when Members and the public consider and comment on the changes the Maintenance Lead proposes to include in the release, as identified in the associated Issue List. Maintenance Review Ballot: An EC ballot to determine whether the changes and time line proposed by a Maintenance Lead are appropriate for a Maintenance Release. Maintenance Renewal Ballot: a ballot during which EC members vote on whether to permit a Maintenance Lead to extend the deadline for delivery of materials for Maintenance Release, or whether the previous Maintenance Review should be rescinded and the ML be required to start the process again. Maintenance Release Withdrawal Ballot: An EC ballot to confirm that a completed Maintenance Release that appears to have been abandoned should be withdrawn. Member: See Associate Member, Full Member, Java Community Process Member, Member Representative, Partner Member. Member Representative: An individual who is an employee of or who has a contractual relationship with a Full Member and who is authorized by that Member to represent its interests within the JCP. Membership Agreement: See Associate Membership Agreement, JSPA, Partner Membership Agreement. Observer: An individual who is not a member of the JCP but who takes advantage of the JCP's transparency mechanisms to observe and/or comment on Expert Group activities. Partner Member: A non-profit organization that is unwilling or unable (since it is not a legal entity) to sign the JSPA but which nevertheless wishes to promote and to participate in the activities of the JCP. Partner Membership Agreement: The membership agreement signed by non-profit organizations that are not legal entities, and therefore ineligible to sign the JSPA. Platform Edition Specification (Platform Edition): A Specification that defines a baseline API set that provides a foundation upon which applications, other APIs, and Profiles can be built. There are currently three Platform Edition Specifications: Java SE, Java EE, and Java ME. Profile Specification (Profile): A Specification that references one of the Platform Edition Specifications and zero or more other JCP Specifications (that are not already a part of a Platform Edition Specification.) APIs from the referenced Platform Edition must be included according to the referencing rules set out in that Platform Edition Specification. Other referenced Specifications must be referenced in their entirety. Program Management Office (PMO): The group within Oracle that is responsible for administering the JCP and chairing the EC. Proposed Final Draft: The version of the draft Specification that will be used as the basis for the RI and TCK. Public Draft Specification Reconsideration Ballot: The EC ballot to determine if a revised draft should proceed after Public Review. Public Review: A 14 to 90 day period (the length to be set at the discretion of the Spec Lead) when the public can review and comment on the draft Specification. Public Review Ballot: The EC ballot to determine if a draft should proceed after Public Review. Ratified Seat: An EC seat filled by the ratification process described in section 3.7.5. Reference Implementation (RI): The prototype or "proof of concept" implementation of a Specification. Release: A Final Release or a Maintenance Release Specification: See Java Specification. Specification Lead (Spec Lead): The Member Representative or individual JCP Member who leads an Expert Group and who is responsible for its deliverables as defined in this Process Document. Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK): The suite of tests, tools, and documentation that is used to determine if an implementation of a JCP complies with the Specification. Transfer Ballot: The EC ballot to approve transfer of ownership of a Specification, RI, and TCK from one JCP Member to another. (Transfer of ownership does not mean transfer of IP rights, only the right to start again. The new Spec Lead can, however, negotiate a transfer of IP with the old Spec Lead.) Umbrella Java Specification Request (UJSR): A JSR that defines or revises a Platform Edition or Profile Specification. A UJSR proceeds through the JCP like any other JSR. The terms "must", "must not", "required", "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "recommended", "may" and "optional" are used in this document in accordance with the IETF's RFC 2119. The use of the term day or days in this document refers to calendar days unless otherwise specified. 3. THE JAVA COMMUNITY PROCESS PROGRAM In order to enable the broadest possible participation in the work of the JCP several different roles and membership levels have been defined. 3.1.1 ObserverIndividuals need not sign a formal JCP Membership Agreement in order to observe and comment on Expert Group activities, since they may take advantage of the JCP's transparency mechanisms such as public mailing lists and Issue Trackers. Information on how to provide feedback can be found on the JSR's collaborative project page (a pointer to that page is provided on the JSR page at jcp.org). Observers are not eligible to join Expert Groups, to run for election to the Executive Committee, or to vote in the JCP's annual elections. 3.1.2 Partner MemberNon-profit organizations such as Java User Groups that are unwilling or unable (because they are not legal entities) to sign the JSPA may sign a simplified Partner Membership Agreement that focuses on the promotion of JCP activities in collaboration with JCP Members and the PMO. Partner Members cannot act as a Spec Lead or serve on most Expert Groups, but they are eligible to run for election to the Executive Committee. If elected, in their role as Executive Committee members, they may serve as members of the Expert Group for JSRs whose focus is redefining the JCP's organization and "constitution" through the process described in Appendix A. Partner Members have the same voting rights as Full Members. 3.1.3 Associate MemberAn individual who is unwilling or unable to sign the JSPA may sign an Associate Membership Agreement in order to participate in the activities of the JCP. (Organizations are ineligible for this class of membership.) The Associate Membership Agreement is simpler than the JSPA, and involves only a personal IP commitment. No employer signature is required. Associate Members cannot act as a Spec Lead, join an Expert Group, or run for election to the Executive Committee. They are eligible to vote for Associate Executive Committee seats but are not eligible to vote for Ratified or Elected Seats. At the Spec Lead?s discretion Associate members can be formally recognized by being listed as Contributors to a JSR. 3.1.4 Full MemberThis class of membership is open to corporations, non-profit organizations that are legal entities, self-employed and unemployed individuals, students, and some employed individuals. The JSPA is the membership agreement for Full Members. Non-employed individuals and university staff are eligible for Full Membership if they are legally able to license their own IP and can therefore sign the JSPA on their own behalf. Employed individuals are eligible for Full Membership if their employer is willing to sign an Employer Contribution Agreement (no Employer Contribution Agreement is required from university staff). Such individuals should register with their employee email address rather than with a personal email address in order to enable the PMO to track changes in employment status. They should also agree to inform the PMO when they change employers. Full members may act as a Spec Lead, join an Expert Group, and run for election to any class of seat on the EC. Full members may vote for Ratified and Elected Seats on the EC but not for Associate Seats. 3.1.5 Member RepresentativeEmployees and other individuals who have a contractual relationship with Full Members may be authorized by the Full Member to represent its interests within the JCP by acting as a Spec Lead, serving on an Expert Group, or running for the EC. These Members should register with their employee email address rather than with a personal email address in order to enable the PMO to track changes in employment. They should also agree to inform the PMO when they change employers. 3.1.6 Membership FeesIn anticipation of changes proposed for the next version of the JSPA the PMO commits to waiving membership fees for commercial organizations as it currently does for non-profit organizations. Consequently, under JCP 2.10 there will be no fees for any class of membership. 3.2.1 Expert Group transparency and participationEach Expert Group is free to use the working style that it finds most productive and appropriate, so long as this is compatible with the requirements specified in this document. For example, an EG may choose to move forward only when there is general agreement among its members, or by voting on issues when there is disagreement. As specified below, Expert Groups must operate in a transparent manner, enabling and encouraging Members and the public to observe their deliberations and to provide feedback. Spec Leads should use collaborative methods for RI development. Spec Leads should provide access to the TCK to JSR Expert Group Members and Contributors for examination purposes only. Spec Leads should specify Terms of Use for their JSR collaboration projects that comply with the JSPA. One useful way to encourage broad participation is to encourage Members (particularly Associate Members) to become Contributors to the JSR. Partner Members such as Java User Groups may be helpful in identifying potential Contributors. The EG must take into consideration and publicly respond to all significant feedback. EGs must maintain a publicly-accessible document archive from which all of their working materials such as source documents, meeting agendas, minutes, and draft documents can be accessed. The EC should take the Expert Group's transparency record into consideration when voting on its JSR. In the initial JSR submission the Spec Lead must specify the transparency mechanisms (for example, the communication mechanisms and Issue Tracker) that the Expert Group intends to adopt, and must provide the URLs for accessing the chosen collaboration tools. The Spec Lead must also provide a pointer to any Terms of Use required to use the collaboration tools so that the EC and prospective EG members can judge whether they are compatible with the JSPA. The PMO will publish this information on the JSR Page, and will require the EG to provide updated information on the actual progress of the JSR throughout its lifetime. That information will also be published. When voting to approve a JSR's transition to the next stage EC members should take into consideration the extent to which the Spec Lead is meeting the JCP?s transparency requirements. 18.104.22.168 Intellectual property considerationsSpec Leads should be aware of their obligations to license the output of their JSR and to make certain patent grants on the terms defined in the JSPA. Incorporating feedback provided through public email lists or forums without ensuring that the provider has signed a Membership Agreement or an equivalent Contributor Agreement may make it impossible to meet these requirements or may expose the Spec Lead to legal liability. 184.108.40.206 ConfidentialityThe use of Confidential Information (as defined in the JSPA) limits transparency, is strongly discouraged, and will be prohibited in a future version of the Process. If the Spec Lead intends to permit the use of Confidential Information (such as emails, drafts, or submissions marked as Confidential) this must be specified in the initial Java Specification Request. 18.104.22.168 Public communicationsExpert Groups may choose to keep purely administrative matters private, but all substantive business must be performed in a manner that allows the public to observe their work and to respond to it. All proceedings, discussions, and working documents must be published, and a mechanism must be established to allow the public to provide feedback. One common way of meeting these requirements is through the use of mailing lists, but other alternatives such as blogs, Wikis, and discussion forums may be preferred. Whatever communication mechanisms are chosen, these must include an archiving function so that a record of all communications is preserved. Archives must be readable by the public. 22.214.171.124 Issue trackingIssues must be tracked through a publicly readable Issue Tracker. The Expert Group may choose to use a publicly writable Issue Tracker, thereby permitting the public to log issues directly, or alternatively to identify formal comments in some other manner and to enter them into the Issue Tracker on behalf of the submitter. Whatever mechanism is used, a publicly-readable audit trail of all comments and Issues must be maintained. Whenever a Spec Lead or a Maintenance Lead submits materials to the PMO for review or ballot they must also provide an Issue List indicating the disposition of all of the Issues that have been logged against the JSR. Issues logged late in the review cycle may be deferred for later consideration, and Issues that are blatantly off-topic or that appear to have been submitted maliciously or erroneously may be ignored. In order to enable EC members to judge whether Issues have been adequately addressed, the Issue List must make a clear distinction between Issues that are still open, Issues that have been deferred, and those that are closed, and must indicate the reason for any change of state. The PMO shall publish the Issue List or a pointer to it together with the other materials. EC members should review the supplied Issue List and take it into consideration when casting their ballot. If they have any reservations or concerns about a 'yes' vote, or if they wish to vote 'no,' they must accompany their ballot with comments which reference one or more Issues (perhaps logged by them) that they would like to see addressed in the future. EC members should vote 'no' if they believe that the Spec Lead or Maintenance Lead has not adequately addressed all Issues including those that have been rejected or otherwise closed by the Expert Group. 188.8.131.52 Changes to licensing termsAs described in Section 220.127.116.11 below, the proposed licensing terms must be disclosed during JSR submission. The Specification license must not be modified after initial submission since to do so could invalidate IP grants. It may be necessary, however, to modify the proposed RI or TCK license. Any such changes must be disclosed when the Specification is next submitted to the PMO for public posting or review. For as long as a JSR is licensed and while it is legally possible to do so the Spec Lead must offer the RI and TCK licenses that were published at the time of Final Release, with the exception that reasonable increases in price are permitted. At subsequent Maintenance Releases alternate RI or TCK licenses may also be offered so long as all changes are disclosed, but licensees must be free to choose the original terms if they wish. For example, existing licensees who do not wish to accept a modified license when required to adopt a newer TCK shall have the option to license the updated TCK under the previous terms. If a JSR changes hands the new Maintenance Lead must present a license with terms comparable to, or more favorable to licensees than the existing license. When a newer version of a technology is created through a follow-on JSR, the Specification, RI, and TCK license terms for the new JSR may differ from those offered for the previous JSR, but any such changes must be disclosed during JSR submission. The original terms for the previous JSR must be offered for as long as that JSR is licensed. 3.2.2 Expert Group membership188.8.131.52 Expert Group compositionThere is no size limit on the Expert Group. The Spec Lead may add additional members at any time so long as existing EG members are consulted. New members may be added, for example, to increase diversity of opinion. Any JCP Full Member or Member Representative may request to join an Expert Group at any time by submitting their nomination via the online form provided on the JSR Page. Details of such requests, including the organizational affiliation of the requester, together with the Spec Lead's official response, substantive deliberations within the EG about the matter, and any other official decisions related to EG membership must be published through the EG's public communication channel. JCP Members who are not members of the Expert Group may inform the Spec Lead at any time of their interest in contributing to the work of the Expert Group with the possibility of being formally recognized as Contributors. The PMO will ensure that the JSR Page lists the Members who are members of the EG together with the names of individual Member Representatives where appropriate. At the Spec Lead's discretion Members who are Contributors to the work of the JSR will also be listed together with their Partner Member affiliation where appropriate. 188.8.131.52 Withdrawal of a member from the Expert GroupAn EG member may withdraw from the Expert Group at any time. If the withdrawing member is the Spec Lead, the Expert Group, with the help of the PMO, should approach the Member who originally contributed the Spec Lead, if any, and request them to provide a suitable replacement; if no such replacement is forthcoming, the Expert Group should choose one of its current members as the new Spec Lead, in which case the PMO must initiate a Transfer Ballot as specified in section 184.108.40.206 of this document. If no replacement can be found, or if the Transfer Ballot fails, then the PMO shall declare the Specification to be Dormant and no further work can be carried out. If the withdrawing member is not the Spec Lead, the Spec Lead should approach the member's organization (if any) to find a suitable replacement. 22.214.171.124 Disruptive, uncooperative or unresponsive Expert Group membersThere may be rare instances when members of the Expert Group feel that one of their fellow members is not acting in ways that advance the work of the Expert Group, and is being disruptive, uncooperative or unresponsive. EG members are expected to make a reasonable effort to resolve any such issues among themselves, with the active help of the Spec Lead. However, if the situation cannot be resolved in a timely manner, any three members of the EG can approach the Spec Lead and request that the EG member in question be excluded from further participation in the EG. If the Spec Lead agrees to the request he can then do so. In the case where the EG member in question is a Member Representative, the Spec Lead must first request that the Member replace its representative. If the Member does not do so in a timely manner, the Spec Lead can exclude the Member itself from further EG participation. The Spec Lead's decision as to whether or not to exclude can be appealed to the EC by following the process outlined in Section 3.2.7, "Escalation and Appeals" 188.8.131.52 Unresponsive or inactive Spec LeadThere may be rare instances when members of the Expert Group feel that the Spec Lead is not acting in ways that advance the work of the Expert Group and is being unresponsive or inactive. The EG is expected to make a reasonable effort to resolve any such issues in a timely manner. However, if the situation cannot be resolved these concerns should be brought to the attention of the EC as quickly as possible so they may be proactively addressed and resolved. If the problems cannot be resolved informally, any three members of the EG may request the EC to replace the Spec Lead. All such requests must clearly state the cause of the concern and provide all necessary evidence. If the EC agrees that there is cause, it may ask the PMO to replace the Spec Lead. If the Spec Lead is a Member Representative the PMO shall ask the Member to replace the Spec Lead. If the Member declines to do so, the PMO shall seek an alternative Spec Lead, in which case the EC must conduct a Transfer Ballot as specified in section 18.104.22.168 of this document. If no Spec Lead replacement can be found, the EC shall initiate a JSR Renewal Ballot to determine whether the JSR should be shut down. 220.127.116.11 Relinquishing ownershipIf a Spec Lead or Maintenance Lead decides to discontinue his or her work at any time (including discontinuing maintenance activities or declining to take on the role of Spec Lead during a significant revision initiated by a new JSR) they should, with the assistance of the PMO, make a reasonable effort to locate another Member who is willing to take on the task. If a replacement is identified the PMO must initiate a Transfer Ballot within 30 days to enable EC members to approve the transfer of responsibilities. If the ballot succeeds, the new lead must assume his or her responsibilities within 30 days. In order to facilitate such a transfer of responsibilities the outgoing lead is strongly encouraged to transfer all its Intellectual Property rights in the existing JSR to the new lead. If no replacement can be found, or if the Transfer Ballot fails, then the PMO shall declare the Specification to be Dormant and no further work can be carried out. No further Transfer Ballots will be initiated by the PMO unless a Member volunteers to take on the lead role, in which case the PMO will again have 30 days to initiate a Transfer Ballot. 3.2.3 JSR deadlinesIf a JSR does not begin Early Draft Review within 9 months of completing its JSR Approval Ballot, or does not begin Public Review within 12 months of first submitting an Early Draft, or does not reach Final Release within 12 months of commencing Public Review, then the EC shall initiate a JSR Renewal Ballot. The PMO shall inform the Spec Lead and Expert Group of this decision and will request the Spec Lead and Expert Group to prepare a public statement to the EC. The JSR Renewal Ballot shall start 30 days after the request. If the JSR Renewal Ballot is approved by the EC, then another renewal ballot cannot be initiated for that JSR for an additional year. The Spec Lead may also voluntarily request that the JSR be declared Dormant. Under these circumstances a JSR Renewal Ballot must be held in order for the Expert Group to resume its activities at a future date. If a JSR Renewal Ballot fails the Expert Group will have 30 days to update the JSR in response to the concerns raised by the EC, and may submit a revised version to the PMO. If a revised JSR is not received by the end of the 30 days, the original decision by the EC shall stand and the JSR shall be closed. If a revision is received, then the PMO shall forward it to the EC and initiate a JSR Renewal Reconsideration Ballot. At the close of balloting, all comments submitted by EC members, together with their ballots shall be circulated to the Expert Group by the PMO. If this ballot fails, the JSR shall be closed and the Expert Group shall disband. If a JSR that is closed through these processes was a revision to an existing Specification, the Spec Lead shall resume the role of Maintenance Lead of the current Specification. 3.2.4 Compatibility testingThe Spec Lead is responsible for defining the process whereby the TCK is used to certify implementations of the JSR as compatible. After the JSR is completed the Maintenance Lead must submit to the PMO at least quarterly a list of all implementations that have been certified as compatible and that have been released publicly or commercially. The PMO will publish this information on the JCP Website. If the Maintenance Lead submits the information in the form of a pointer to an already published list the PMO may choose simply to reference that list rather than duplicate it. 3.2.5 Executive Committee duties126.96.36.199 TransparencyAll substantive Executive Committee business should be conducted in the most transparent manner possible. EC transparency requirements are specified in a separate document, the EC Standing Rules. 22.214.171.124 Draft reviewsDuring JSR reviews EC members are strongly encouraged to ensure that one or more technical members of their organizations review the draft and provide feedback to the Expert Group. EC feedback is particularly important to the Expert Group, and EC members are encouraged not to wait until ballot periods to raise concerns and issues. 3.2.6 PMO response timesMaterials to be posted on the JCP Website for review, comment, or any other official EG or EC business should be submitted to the PMO, which shall post them on the JCP Website and announce their availability to Members and the public within seven days of receipt (holiday closures excepted.) 3.2.7 Escalation and appealsUnless otherwise specified in this document, any EG member can appeal to the EC regarding a decision, an action, or inaction by the PMO, a Spec Lead, or a Maintenance Lead that affects EG participation or issue-resolution and which cannot be resolved by other reasonable means. An appeal must be initiated by sending an email message to the PMO (email@example.com) in all cases, even if it affects the PMO itself. The message must describe the issue under appeal clearly and concisely, with a short and relevant subject line, and must provide all relevant documentation to support the appeal. The PMO shall transmit the message to the EC no later than seven days after receipt. The EC shall then respond to the appellant within 30 days, either with a resolution or with a request for clarification and/or further documentation. 3.3.1 Initiate a Java Specification RequestOne or more Full Members may initiate a request to develop a new Specification, or carry out a significant revision to an existing one, by submitting a JSR proposal through the JCP Website, as described in the Spec Lead Guide. Upon request to the PMO, any JSR proposal may be withdrawn by the submitter(s) without explanation prior to the completion of the JSR Approval Ballot. The following information must be provided with each JSR:
22.214.171.124 Revise existing specificationsExisting Specifications, together with their associated RIs and TCKs, are maintained by a designated Maintenance Lead using the processes described in section 3.6 of this document. Maintenance Leads are expected to assume long-term ownership of the Specification, RI, and TCK while respecting the wishes of JCP Members regarding evolution. Maintenance Leads shall therefore be the Spec Leads for all significant revisions to their Specifications, but they shall not have the exclusive right to decide when a significant revision will take place. That shall be decided by the EC in response to a revision JSR that can be initiated by any JCP Member. Submitter(s) should make a reasonable effort to recruit members of the previous Expert Group to join any such revision effort. 18.104.22.168 Protect the installed base and guard against fragmentationChanges to the Java programming language, the Java virtual machine (JVM,) the Java Native Interface (JNI,) packages in the "java.*" space, or other packages delivered only as part of Java SE, have the potential to seriously disrupt the installed base if carried out inconsistently across the Platform Editions. In order to protect the installed base, any such changes can only be accepted and carried out within an Umbrella JSR (UJSR) for Java SE. In order to guard against fragmentation, new Platform Edition Specifications must not substantially duplicate existing Platform Editions or Profiles. 126.96.36.199 Profiles and API Specifications target current Platform EditionsAll new or revised Specifications must be compatible with the most recent versions of the targeted Platform Edition Specifications. In order to achieve this, all UJSRs to define new Profile Specifications or revise existing Profile Specifications must reference either the most recent Release version of the Platform Edition Specification they are based upon or a newer version of that Specification that is under development via an active UJSR. 126.96.36.199 Platform inclusionJSR submissions are required to state whether the JSR's RI and TCK will be delivered as part of a Profile or Platform Edition, in standalone manner, or both. The final decision as to whether a specific JSR is included in a Profile or a Platform Edition is made by the Spec Lead and Expert Group of the Platform Edition or Profile JSR, and is confirmed by the EC ballots on the relevant JSR. If the Spec Lead for the Platform Edition or Profile JSR turns down a request for inclusion then the JSR must deliver a standalone RI and TCK. Technologies may be incorporated into a Profile or Platform Edition after having been initially delivered standalone. A JSR for a new version of an API that proposes to become part of a Profile or Platform Edition and is considering discontinuing standalone availability must state the rationale for this change and must inform the public of the intention to discontinue the availability of the standalone RI and TCK one JSR release in advance. 3.3.2 JSR reviewWhen a JSR is received, the PMO shall give it a tracking number, create its JSR Page, announce the proposed JSR to the public, and begin JSR Review. Comments on the JSR should be provided through the JSR's public feedback communication mechanism. Comments shall be forwarded to the EC for its consideration and shall be made available from the JSR Page (similar comments may be consolidated.) Members who are interested in joining the Expert Group or participating as Contributors should identify themselves by informing the Spec Lead and the PMO. The Spec Lead is encouraged to actively recruit EG members and Contributors during this period and to update the JSR Page with the names of those who wish to help, since demonstrating broad interest in and diversity of representation on the JSR will significantly increase the chances of the EC approving it. If the Member who holds the Spec Lead position withdraws from the JCP before the JSR is approved the PMO shall request the preliminary Expert Group to choose a replacement. 184.108.40.206 Disclosure of licensing termsThe Spec Lead is responsible for developing the Reference Implementation and Technology Compatibility Kit and for licensing them as described in the JSPA. The Spec Lead must provide the EC with complete copies of the proposed Specification, RI, and TCK licenses no later than the start of JSR Review. The PMO will publish the licenses on the JSR Page. EC members should provide feedback on the terms as an indication of how the community as a whole might react to the terms. If EC members believe that the proposed licensing terms are not compatible with the licensing guidelines established for use within the JCP, then balloting on the proposed JSR shall be delayed until Oracle legal provides an opinion on the matter. 3.3.3 JSR Approval Ballot and Expert Group formationAfter the JSR Review EC members shall review the JSR and any comments received, and cast their ballot to decide if the JSR should be approved. If the JSR Approval Ballot fails, the PMO shall send all EC comments to the JSR submitter(s) who may revise the JSR and resubmit it within 14 days. If a revised JSR is not received in that time, the original EC decision shall stand and the JSR shall be closed. If a revised JSR is received, the PMO shall post it to the JSR Page, announce the revised JSR to the public, and send it to all EC members for a JSR Reconsideration Ballot. If that ballot fails, the JSR shall be closed. After JSR approval the PMO instructs the Spec Lead to formally create the Expert Group and to identify the Members who will serve as Contributors. The PMO will update the JSR Page accordingly. 3.4 Draft Releases 3.4.1 Write the first draft of the SpecificationThe Expert Group should begin work by considering the requirements set forth in the JSR, any contributed documents or technology descriptions, comments received during JSR Review and, if this is a revision of an existing Specification, the Issue List maintained by the Maintenance Lead (see section 3.6.) Additional input can be obtained from discussions with other Members, industry groups, software developers, end-users, and academics. The goal is to define requirements and then write a draft Specification suitable for review by the community and the public. When the Expert Group decides that the first draft is ready for review, the Spec Lead shall post the draft and send the draft, along with any additional files required for review, to the PMO, which shall publish these online and make them available for download by the public. The Spec Lead should also suggest the length of the Early Draft Review period if the Expert Group feels it should go beyond the minimum 14 days. Multiple Early Drafts (and Early Draft Reviews) are encouraged where the Expert Group feels that this would be helpful. 3.4.2 Early Draft ReviewEarly Draft Review begins when the PMO announces the availability of the draft Specification for Early Draft Review. The goal of Early Draft Review is to get the draft Specification into a form suitable for Public Review as quickly as possible by uncovering and correcting major problems with the draft. Early Draft Review is an early-access review, and should ideally take place when the Specification still has some unresolved issues. The public's participation in Early Draft Review is an important part of the process since in the past comments from the public have raised fundamental architectural and technological issues that have considerably improved some Specifications. 3.4.3 Updating the draft during Early Draft ReviewIf the Expert Group makes major revisions to the draft during Early Draft Review the Spec Lead should post the revised draft and send the revised draft, along with a synopsis of the changes, to the PMO, which shall publish these online and make them available for download by the public. After the Early Draft Review period has ended, the Expert Group can make any additional changes to the draft it deems necessary in response to comments before submitting the draft to the PMO for the next review. 3.4.4 Public ReviewWhen the Public Review draft of the Specification is ready for review, the Spec Lead shall post the draft and send the draft, along with any additional files required for review, to the PMO, which shall publish these online and make them available for download by the public. Public Review begins when the PMO announces the availability of the draft Specification for public review and comment. The Spec Lead is responsible for ensuring that all comments are read and considered. If those comments result in revisions to the draft and those revisions result in major changes (in the opinion of the Expert Group,) then the Spec Lead must post an updated draft and send the updated draft (with a summary of the changes) to the PMO at least 3 days before the review period ends. The PMO shall post the new draft and the change summary on the JCP Website before the review period ends and shall notify the public that the new draft is available. 3.4.5 Public Review BallotThe Public Review Ballot starts when the Public Review closes. At the close of balloting, all comments submitted by EC members with their ballots shall be circulated to the Expert Group by the PMO. If the Public Draft Specification Ballot fails, the Expert Group will have 30 days to update the draft in response to the concerns raised by the EC and to submit a revised version to the PMO. If a revised draft is not received within 30 days, the original decision by the EC shall stand and the PMO will declare the JSR closed. If a revision is received, the PMO shall forward it to the EC and initiate a Public Draft Specification Reconsideration Ballot. At the close of balloting, all comments submitted by EC members with their ballots shall be circulated to the Expert Group by the PMO. If this ballot fails, the JSR will be closed and the Expert Group will be disbanded. If the JSR was a revision to an existing Specification, the Spec Lead shall resume the role of Maintenance Lead of the current Specification (see section 3.6.) 3.5.1 Proposed Final DraftIf the Public Review Ballot (or Reconsideration Ballot) is successful, the Expert Group shall prepare the Proposed Final Draft of the Specification by completing any revisions it deems necessary to respond to comments. The Spec Lead shall then send the Proposed Final Draft to the PMO, which shall post it on the JCP Website for public download. 3.5.2 Complete the RI and TCKThe Spec Lead is responsible for the completion of both the RI and the TCK. JSRs that are targeted at more than one platform are required to support each environment, which may require a separate RI and TCK for each environment. If the RI and TCK uncover areas of the Specification that were under-defined, incomplete, or ambiguous, the Spec Lead shall work with the Expert Group to correct those deficiencies and then send a revised Specification together with a summary of the changes to the PMO. Information shall be posted to the JCP Website. The Expert Group shall continue to consider any further comments received during this time. 3.5.3 Establish a first-level TCK Appeals ProcessThe Spec Lead is also responsible for establishing a clearly defined First Level TCK Appeals Process to address challenges to tests contained in the TCK. This process must be described in the TCK documentation. Implementers who are not satisfied with a first level decision should appeal to the EC by documenting their concerns in an email message to the PMO. The PMO will circulate the request to the EC, together with any information received from the ML concerning the rationale for the first-level decision, and initiate a 7-day Appeal Ballot. 3.5.4 Update the deliverables in response to a TCK appealDepending on the nature of the problem, a successful TCK challenge will require updating one or more of the TCK, the Specification, and the RI. Within 30 days of the close of a successful TCK Appeal Ballot the Maintenance Lead must update these deliverables as necessary and report the changes to the PMO when the Specification (if changed) and URLs for the updated RI and/or TCK are delivered for publication on the JCP Website. 3.5.5 Final Approval BallotWhen the Expert Group is satisfied that the TCK provides adequate test coverage, the RI correctly implements the Specification, and the RI passes the TCK, the Spec Lead shall send the Final Draft of the Specification to the PMO together with instructions on how EC members can obtain the RI and TCK for evaluation. The PMO shall circulate the materials to the EC and initiate the Final Approval Ballot. At the close of balloting, all EC comments shall be sent to the Expert Group by the PMO. In order to assist the PMO in tracking the number of ?Active JSRs?, at the time of submission of the final materials the Spec Lead shall inform the PMO whether it is expected that the JSR will be further developed via Maintenance Releases or a new follow-on JSR. The TCK submitted as part of the Final Draft must meet the following requirements:
If no responses are received within 30 days the original decision of the EC shall stand, the PMO shall close the JSR, and the Expert Group shall disband. If the JSR was a revision to an existing Specification, the Spec Lead shall resume the role of Maintenance Lead of the current Specification (see section 3.6.) If a response is received, the PMO shall circulate it to all EC members for a Final Approval Reconsideration Ballot. At the close of balloting, all ballot comments submitted by EC members shall be circulated to the Expert Group by the PMO. If the reconsideration ballot fails, the JSR will be closed and the Expert Group will disband. If the JSR was a revision to an existing Specification, the Spec Lead will resume the role of Maintenance Lead of the current Specification (see section 3.6.). 3.5.6 Final ReleaseWithin 14 days of a successful Final Approval Ballot or Reconsideration Ballot, the PMO shall publish on the JCP Website the Specification and links to information on how to obtain the RI and TCK, and shall announce the availability of these materials to both Members and the public. The published TCK information must include a means for any interested party to obtain a copy of the TCK documentation at no charge. Upon Final Release, the Expert Group will have completed its work and disbands. The Spec Lead will typically become the Maintenance Lead and may call upon Expert Group members and others for aid in that role. The Maintenance Lead must ensure that the links to the RI and TCK remain valid. If the links become non-functional the Maintenance Lead will have 30 days following notification from the PMO to correct them. If the problems are not corrected the PMO will initiate a JSR Withdrawal Ballot (if no Maintenance Release has been completed) or a Maintenance Release Withdrawal Ballot (if a Maintenance Release has been made) to determine whether the Maintenance Lead shall be judged to have abandoned the JSR. If the ballot passes the JSR itself or the relevant Maintenance Release will be marked as withdrawn. 3.6.1 Maintenance Lead responsibilitiesThe Maintenance Lead is expected to assume long term ownership of the Specification, RI, and TCK while respecting the JCP Members? wishes regard to evolution. A Maintenance Lead shall therefore automatically be the Spec Lead for all significant future revisions to their Specification but shall not have the exclusive right to decide when a significant revision will take place (see section 126.96.36.199.) The Maintenance Lead may, however, relinquish the role at any time as described in section 188.8.131.52. The public may submit requests for clarification, interpretation, and enhancements to the Specification by logging issues through the JSR's Issue Tracker. The ML shall consider all requests and shall decide how and if the Specification should be updated in response. The ML is not required to perform these tasks alone, but should consult with the former members of the Expert Group, or any other sources, to assist with the Maintenance duties. The ML should operate in a transparent manner, enabling Members and the public to observe the process and the updates to the Specification and to comment on the changes. The ML may request the PMO to publish the transparency mechanisms (E.g., the communication mechanisms and the Issue Tracker) on the JSR Page for the Specification undergoing maintenance. All changes proposed by the ML shall be incorporated into the Specification either through the Maintenance Release process (described below) or through a new JSR. Changes appropriate for a Maintenance Release include bug-fixes, clarifications of the Specification, changes to the implementation of existing APIs, and implementation-specific enhancements. Changes introduced in Maintenance Releases - for example, modifications to existing APIs or the addition of new APIs - must not break binary compatibility as defined by the Java Language Specification. Changes that would break binary compatibility should therefore be deferred to a new JSR. 3.6.2 Maintenance ReviewThe Maintenance Lead shall document all proposed Specification changes through the Issue Tracker and then send a request to the PMO to initiate a Maintenance Review. This request must be accompanied by an Issue List that summarizes all formal comments that have been received and that indicates the disposition of each Issue. The Maintenance Lead must also supply a summary of the proposed Specification changes, ideally in the form of a diff between the proposed and the current Specification. The Maintenance Lead must also provide an estimate of when the final materials for the Maintenance Release will be delivered. If no estimate is provided the deadline will default to 30 days. The PMO shall post the materials on the JCP Website for public review. By default the Maintenance Review period is 30 days, but if time is short the Maintenance Lead may request the PMO to grant an exception and reduce the review period to 14 days. The Maintenance Lead may choose to modify one or more of the proposed changes based on comments received during the review. If so, the ML must deliver the appropriate modified materials to the PMO no later than 3 days before the close of the review and the PMO must post them online before the close of the review. 3.6.3 Maintenance Review BallotAt the close of the Maintenance Review the PMO shall initiate a Maintenance Review Ballot. During this ballot EC members should vote 'yes' if they agree that the Maintenance Release should proceed as the Spec Lead has proposed, and 'no' if they have objections to the proposed release on one of the following grounds:
If the ballot fails, the Maintenance Lead may make any necessary corrections before requesting another Maintenance Review and ballot. The process may be repeated any number of times. 3.6.4 Maintenance ReleaseAfter a successful Maintenance Review Ballot the Maintenance Lead will update the Specification, RI, TCK, and Issue List as necessary and submit them to the PMO for publication in a Maintenance Release. The PMO verifies that the necessary changes have been made, and publishes the Specification, the Issue List, and pointers to the RI and TCK on the JSR Web Page. NOTE: until the Maintenance Release stage is reached any proposed changes should be considered preliminary and subject to change, and therefore should not be implemented in shipping products. In order to assist the PMO in tracking the number of "Active JSRs", at the time of submission of the final materials the Spec Lead should inform the PMO whether it is expected that the JSR will be further developed via Maintenance Releases or a new follow-on JSR. If the Maintenance Lead fails to deliver the final materials within the time period specified at the beginning of the Maintenance Review process the PMO shall inform the Maintenance Lead of an impending Maintenance Renewal Ballot, and shall request the Maintenance Lead to prepare a public statement to the EC that explains the reason for the delay and provides a new deadline. 30 days after this request the PMO shall initiate a Maintenance Renewal Ballot to determine whether the deadline may be extended as requested or whether the previous Maintenance Review should be rescinded and the Maintenance Lead be required to go through another Maintenance Review. 3.7 Executive Committee policies and procedures 3.7.1 ScopeThe Executive Committee (EC) oversees the development and evolution of the Java technologies within the JCP. 3.7.2 MembershipThe EC is composed of 25 Java Community Process Members whose seats are allocated as follows: 16 Ratified Seats, 6 Elected Seats, and 2 Associate Seats, plus one permanent seat held by Oracle. (Oracle's representative must not be a member of the PMO.) The EC is led by a non-voting Chair from the PMO. Full Members and Partner Members can run for election to EC seats. Associate JCP Members cannot run for election. No Member may hold more than one seat on the EC. Therefore, should a Member on the EC acquire a majority ownership of another EC member, one of those members must resign his or her seat by the effective date of the acquisition. Similarly, no Member may run for more than one EC seat, nor may more than one individual Member or Partner Member employed by the same employer run for an EC seat. 3.7.3 EC duties and responsibilitiesThe Executive Committee has the following responsibilities:
Members of the Executive Committee should be dedicated to the principles of full and open competition, in full compliance with all applicable laws, including all antitrust laws of the United States and other nations and governmental bodies as appropriate. Violations of such laws can result in criminal as well as civil penalties for individuals as well as employers, depending on the jurisdiction. In particular, any discussion related to product pricing, methods or channels of distribution, division of markets or allocation of customers, among other subjects, should be avoided. 3.7.4 EC selection process and length of termsEC members serve two-year terms, which are staggered so that half of the seats are up for election each year. Full Members and Partner JCP Members vote for the Ratified and Elected Seats. Associate JCP Members vote for the Associate Seats. 18.104.22.168 Resignation of EC seatsEC members may resign their seats at any time during their term. EC members who fail to remain JCP Members forfeit their EC seat. Seats may also be forfeited due to non-attendance at EC meetings, as specified in the EC Standing Rules. Vacated seats are normally filled for the remainder of their term by a special election ballot that will be held no later than two months after the resignation unless the resignation is less than six months before the next scheduled annual election ballot. 220.127.116.11 Election processesAll Full Members are eligible to vote in ballots for Ratified and Elected Seats subject to the provision that if a Member has majority-ownership of one or more other Members then that group of Members shall collectively have one vote, which shall be cast by the person they designate to be their representative for the ballot in question. Similarly, if there is more than one individual Full Member with the same employer they will collectively have one vote, which shall be cast by the person they designate to be their representative for the ballot in question. Annual elections for Ratified, Elected and Associate Seats shall be held simultaneously. Voting in these elections shall start in the last quarter of the calendar year, four weeks after the close of the nomination period. In the interest of promoting transparency and participation in the election process the PMO shall organize teleconferences at which the Members have an opportunity to hear from and to ask questions of the candidates. If a suitable venue such as JavaOne is available the PMO shall also organize a public meeting with the same purpose. 3.7.5 Selection process for Ratified SeatsMembers are selected for the Ratified Seats using a ratification ballot which is carried out as follows:
3.7.6 Selection process for Elected and Associate SeatsMembers are selected for the Elected and Associate Seats using an open election process that is carried out as follows:
3.7.7 JSR ballot rules
APPENDIX A: REVISING THE JCP AND THE JSPA Revisions to the Java Community Process (this document) and the Java Specification Participation Agreement shall be carried out using the Java Community Process with the following changes:
In addition to the modified documents (the Process Document and/or the JSPA) the Expert Group shall therefore publish a JSR Review and Evaluation form containing evaluation questions relating to each non-trivial change introduced by the JSR.
Within 12 months of completing the JSR the EC must to use this form to review and evaluate the implementation
of the JSR. The EC should then take any actions it might think necessary to correct or improve any identified problems or omissions. In the interests of transparency the results of the review and a summary of all follow-on actions taken must be made public.
APPENDIX B: TRANSITIONING TO JCP 2.10 In the previous version (2.9) of this Process Document there were only two different types of EC seats: Ratified and Elected. In JCP 2.10 two of the existing Elected Seats will be reclassified as a third type: Associate Seats, which will be voted on by the new Associate members. In order to ensure sufficient time to transition existing individual members to the new membership classes (either Full Members with a signed Employer Contribution Agreement or Associate Members), and to recruit a significant number of new Associate Members, the first election to be held under the JCP 2.10 rules will be in 2016. The transition from Elected Seats to Associate Seats must be performed in a manner that is fair to all Elected members; consequently all of those members will be required to run for reelection in 2016 when the new Associate Seats will be created. Candidates in the 2015 annual elections were informed that if elected their term would be for only a single year, since all candidates must stand for re-election in 2016. Members elected in 2016 will be ranked to determine whether their initial term will be one or two years. The 50% of Elected and Associate members who receive the most votes will serve an initial two-year term, while all others will serve an initial one year term. All members elected in 2017 and subsequently will serve a two-year term. |


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Chocolate Dessert Salami
8 servings
servings10 minutes
active time3 hours 10 minutes
total timeIngredients
1/2 cup slivered almonds (2 1/2 ounces)
1/2 cup chopped walnuts (2 1/2 ounces)
Two 5 inch long plain biscotti, coarsely crushed
6 tablespoons (3/4 stick) unsalted butter, cut into 1/2-inch pieces, at room temperature
One 12-ounce bag semisweet chocolate chips, such as Ghirardelli
1/4 cup brewed coffee
1 teaspoon grated orange zest (about 1/2 medium orange)
1/2 cup confectioners' sugar
Position a rack in the center of the oven and preheat the oven to 350 degrees F.
Spread the almonds, walnuts and crushed biscotti in a single layer on a baking sheet. Bake until the nuts are lightly toasted, 6 to 8 minutes. Cool completely.
Put the butter and chocolate in a heatproof medium bowl and place the bowl over a pan of barely simmering water. Stir until the chocolate has melted and the mixture is smooth, about 6 minutes. Stir in the coffee until smooth. Add the almonds, walnuts, biscotti pieces and orange zest, and stir until combined. Cover the bowl and refrigerate until firm but moldable, 1 1/2 to 2 hours.
Divide the chocolate mixture in half. Place half of the mixture in the center of an 18-inch-long piece of plastic wrap. Using a spatula, form the mixture into a log, about 7 inches long and 2 inches in diameter. Roll up the log in the plastic and twist the ends to seal. Roll back and forth on a work surface a few times to make the log evenly round. Repeat with the remaining chocolate mixture. Refrigerate the logs until firm, about 1 hour.
Spread the confectioners' sugar on a dinner plate. Remove the plastic wrap from the logs, then roll them in the sugar until coated. Using a pastry brush, brush away the excess sugar. Let the logs sit at room temperature for 15 minutes. Using a sharp serrated knife, cut the logs into 1/2-inch-thick slices and serve.
Cook's Note: The dessert can be frozen for up to 1 month. Thaw at room temperature for 25 minutes before slicing.
Serving Size
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8 servings
servings10 minutes
active time3 hours 10 minutes
total time

subset: commoncrawl


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February 24, 2014
Open Letter to Those Who Would Write For Us
We get countless solicitations from hungry young pups who want to write for us. In the past we have replied one off, but the volume has grown so huge of late that we are posting this open letter to all those who would write for us in a post we have creatively titled "Open Letter to Those Who Would Write For Us."
Dear Sir(s)/Madame(s)/Cephalopod,
Thanks for your correspondence. We started this site when we were young and only had 20-50 years of investment experience each. We were all at that stage in one's career when one isn't too jaded and still has a sense of humor. That stage when one makes a humble eight figures and hasn't grown too full of oneself — when one can still laugh at oneself while detesting everyone richer and poorer than one. More importantly, we were at that stage when one can still generate abstract financial investments ideas that produce strong inflation-adjusted (key in this era of Quantitative Easy) fake returns.
The entire LoS staff barrels towards that dreaded 50 years of investment experience mark as we type this up. It's only a matter of time before we read Rick Reilly unironically — we shudder at the thought. As is we still manage to write at a breakneck "almost yearly" tempo. That kind of posting cadence won't always be possible for us, so your timing in emailing us is…timely. And your taste in sites for which to write is impeccable. Let's take a sentence here and celebrate you. But we don't know how funnily you can write. There are 2 ways to prove yourself:
- Pay us money. Nothing is funnier than money and everyone knows we have a great sense of humor. An expensively acquired sense of humor if you know what I mean. I think you do. Think of a sum. Then triple it. Then pay us that sum. If this option seems right for you, let us know and we will provide you the appropriate Dogecoin instructions. For advanced bribers, remit the appropriate sums to our Dogecoin address: DPCxKFnmJ86jCciLbnrCBmrgnsWdqcE1qe.
- Pass our elite examination. This costs only your soul. What we typically do is have an exercise where we give the writer (that's you!) 3 things that they have to turn into an abstract financial recommendation. Representative example drawn from past exercise: Syrian chemical weapons, the SEC, and Comic-Con. Good luck. Don't break 600 words! We then evaluate your submission. If it's good enough, we refer you back to 1) because we are capitalists and desperately want more money and now that you're hooked on this whole "getting in" exercise, we likely can soak you for a few more shekels.
If you succeed with either 1) or 2), we can celebrate with a drink. A drink you buy for all of us.
Mr. Juggles
How tall are you? And what's your vertical leap? We have an intraoffice volleyball league; captains of the various teams will want to know your stats for scouting purposes.


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A portion of Katie Couric's interview with Sarah Palin that aired Tuesday focused, among other things, on equal pay. The transcript:
Couric: Where do you stand on the Ledbetter Fair Pay Act?
Palin: I'm absolutely for equal pay for equal work. The Ledbetter pay act – it was gonna turn into a boon for trial lawyers who, I believe, could have taken advantage of women who were many, many years ago who would allege some kind of discrimination. Thankfully, there are laws on the books, there have been since 1963, that no woman could be discriminated against in the workplace in terms of anything, but especially in terms of pay. So, thankfully we have the laws on the books and they better be enforced.
Couric: The Ledbetter act sort of lengthens the time a woman can sue her company if she's not getting equal pay for equal work. Why should a fear of lawsuits trump a woman's ability to do something about the fact that women make 77 cents for every dollar a man makes. And that's today.
Palin: There should be no fear of a lawsuit prohibiting a woman from making sure that the laws that are on the books today are enforced. I know in a McCain-Palin administration we will not stand for any measure that would result in a woman being paid less than a man for equal work.
Couric: Why shouldn't the Ledbetter act be in place? You think it would result in lawsuits brought by women years and years ago. Is that your main problem with it?
Palin: It would have turned into a boon for trial lawyers. Again, thankfully with the existing laws we have on the books, they better be enforced. We won't stand for anything but that. We won't stand for any discrimination in the workplace – that there isn't any discrimination in America.
At first blush, it looks like Palin is just rehashing McCain's argument against Ledbetter: "I don't believe that this would do anything to help women except maybe help trial lawyers and others in that profession." She does manage to eke out the lawyer-bashing McCain line, while asserting that McCain-Palin "won't stand" for discrimination, but after that she appears to get a little lost. She seems to think that the "fear of lawsuits" Couric refers to in the second question are people suing women to prevent them from enforcing "the laws on the books."
But a closer look reveals an even more fundamental misunderstanding. She says that "thankfully, we have the laws on the books." Well, yes, but thanks to Samuel Alito, that law means a lot less than it used to.
Ledbetter v. Goodyear, the Supreme Court decision that led to the Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, involved a woman, Lilly Ledbetter, who worked at a Goodyear Tire plant for almost twenty years, for a salary much less than her male co-workers. The "laws on the books," as read by Justice Alito and the rest of his voting bloc, said that Ledbetter's discrimination claim needed to be filed within 180 days of the first discriminatory paycheck. The only problem: Ledbetter first found out about the unequal pay through an anonymous tip, sixteen years after that first paycheck.
Of course, it's not surprising that Palin doesn't know the substance of the Ledbetter case—apparently, when asked to name Supreme Court cases, the only one she could produce was Roe v. Wade.


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Strip ClubYou have a choice when to come! Two time slots for your convenience.June dates:Friday August 28 - 7pmSaturday August 29 - 9am$6 paid only in one dollar bills at the door (it is a strip club for goodness sake!) - this will get you in for the fun and refreshments.Drawings for goodies. You also receive the pattern upon The Quilt Reveal, just for coming.Discount given on the fabric pack of the month!Lead Stripper - Kristina Harper*Be sure to bring in your Strip Club quilts for Show n Tell - you receive an extra door prize ticket!
It's in the BagSaturday, September 510:30amIt's in the Bag Club
You will pay $45 for a 12 month enrollment in this club. We will meet one day a month for class. You will bring your machine and sew on the project during the Sew-In Class. You can come to one month, 4 months or all 12 months for this $45 enrollment fee. So you see if you come to all 12 you get a great deal! You will have to purchase the pattern each month along with supplies needed – such as fabric, stabilizer, hardware, zippers, etc.
These bags will vary in size and skill level.
I will show you the previous month what the next month's project will be. Besides this first month, because I already have a class scheduled the club will always meet right after Demo Am – at 10:30 am to start and you may stay the day to work on the project. Some classes will not be 2 hours and some will take 4 or all day depending on the bag we will be making that month. Lunch is on your own.
Enrollment Fee is not adjusted. So if you join in April or if you join in August or if you join in October – it is still $45. You can take any of these It's in the Bag Classes for this price until April 2016.Must purchase pattern
The first bolt of the day that is laid on the cutting table will be given 25% off their cut and the bolt will be showcased all day and any customer who also buys some off the bolt will also be given 25% off that bolt! When its gone - its gone, could be gone with the first customer.Great for backings!!!Batiks not included - they are already discounted all day, everyday!Batiks $9.99 Everyday all the time!Watch for our new Deal of the DayIt arrives in separate email every two days!Rewards!For every $300 dollars in sales you will be given a $30 gift card - Awesome!click here for details


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Surprise someone on your holiday list, or bring the joys of the season to your own Christmas decorating scheme with this combination of white carnations, red roses and red hypericum in a red garden planter with red & white striped ribbon. Measures 10"H X 9"L.
Order by 3:00 PM PST for same day pickup or delivery!
* Fee charged in addition to the Standard Delivery Fee
Enter full name. We'll ask for delivery information at checkout.


text:
1 Aurora Borealis 37 mm 1.5" Torpedo Chandelier Glass Crystals Drops Beads AB Droplets
Model: Aurora Borealis AB Glass Torpedo Icicle Facet Drops
This lot comprises of one new chandelier droplet chains. Each chain consists of a 14 mm (0.5 inch) octagonal glass droplet connected to a 37 mm (1.5 inch) torpedo shaped droplet: total hanging depth of 53 mm (just over 2 inches).
Both droplets in each chain are in Aurora Borealis finish. They give off an amazing array of multi-colours whether lit or unlit. I have tried to capture this with my photographs using different flash exposures. An excellent crystal alternative.
These are machine cut glass pieces - not crystals. Silver coloured hoops are included and a further matching ring in order to hang these droplets to your own light. Brass rings are available upon request.
They shimmer a multi-coloured dazzle when light catches them. An excellent pure glass crystal alternative. Our chandelier droplets are European made and are not lesser quality copies.
These pieces are ideal for dressing you own chandelier / replacing drops or as decoration around the home. Alternatively they are popular for adding to clothing & accessories or may just look good at a wedding reception scattered across tables or hung from a wishing tree. At Christmas, these droplets look great on a Christmas Tree as ornaments.
PLEASE NOTE: WHOLESALE DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE FOR BULK ORDERS - Feel free to message me with your requirements.


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Shipments for California and New York please read this page.
- Product Overview
HSM has become known as one of the top ammunition manufacturers in the country. HSM utilizes the highest quality components to offer extremely consistent, accurate, and high performing ammunition to shooters, hunters, and law enforcement. The Cowboy Action line of ammunition is suitable for Single Action Shooting or hunters who want a more traditional option for the field. The moderate recoil and excellent accuracy of this ammunition will satisfy all shooters regardless of application. This ammunition is new production, non-corrosive, in boxer primed, reloadable brass cases.


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Top Suppliers
The loads placed on the rig and deck gear are considerable on board an X-Yacht because they carry larger than average sail plans. Industry leading suppliers like Andersen, Harken, Reckmann and Spinlock provide reliable components that are easy to use and maintain and are correctly sized for the loads involved. Lower specification items are cheaper to fit but would compromise the safety design goals of an X-Yacht.


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On October 26, 1917, Brazil declares its decision to enter the First World War on the side of the Allied powers.
As a major player in the Atlantic trading market, Brazil—an immense country occupying nearly one-half of the entire South American continent—had been increasingly threatened by Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare over the course of the first two years of World War I. In February 1917, when Germany resumed that policy after temporarily suspending it due to pressure from neutral nations such as the United States, President Woodrow Wilson responded by immediately breaking diplomatic relations with Germany; the U.S. formally entered the war alongside the Allied powers on April 6, 1917.
One day before the U.S. declaration of war, a German U-boat sank the Brazilian merchant ship Parana as it sailed off the coast of France. On June 4, Dominico da Gama, the Brazilian ambassador to the U.S., wrote to Secretary of State Robert Lansing declaring that Brazil was revoking its previous neutrality and severing its own diplomatic relations with Germany. "Brazil ever was and is now free from warlike ambitions," da Gama stated, "and, while it always refrained from showing any partiality in the European conflict, it could no longer stand unconcerned when the struggle involved the United States, actuated by no interest whatever but solely for the sake of international judicial order, and when Germany included us and the other neutral powers in the most violent acts of war."
Over the next few months, Brazil's government actively sought to amend its constitution to enable it to declare war. This having been accomplished, the declaration was made on October 26, 1917. In an open letter sent to the Vatican but clearly intended to be read in countries around the world, the Brazilian foreign minister, Dr. Nilo Pecanha, justified his country's decision to enter the epic struggle of World War I on the side of the Allies by pointing to Germany's attacks on international trade and invoking the higher purpose of creating a more peaceful, democratic post-war world: "Through the sufferings and the disillusions to which the war has given rise a new and better world will be born, as it were, of liberty, and in this way a lasting peace may be established without political or economic restrictions, and all countries be allowed a place in the sun with equal rights and an interchange of ideas and values in merchandise on an ample basis of justice and equity."
Though Brazil's actual contribution to the Allied war effort was limited to one medical unit and some airmen, its participation was rewarded with a seat at the post-war bargaining table. The fact that Brazil—according to the size of its population—had three official delegates at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 angered Portugal, who had sent 60,000 soldiers to the Western Front and yet had only one delegate. Britain supported Portugal in the disagreement, while the U.S. backed Brazil; no change was made. This conflict illustrated how important it was considered for the nations of the world to have representation in Versailles, as it was there that the boundaries of the new, post-World War I world would be determined. On June 28, 1919, Brazil was one of 27 nations to sign the 200-page Versailles Treaty, alongside a number of other Latin American nations who had also declared their support for the Allies, including Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Uruguay.


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Mac: Do a few of your favorite sites refuse to properly load in your favorite browser? Whether you're in love with Firefox or Chrome it seems like you'll always run into a few pages that refuse to render properly or you want to use an extension on. Switch is a simple menu bar app for Macs that lets you automatically open any tab in another browser with one click.
Switch doesn't do anything a quick copy and paste doesn't, but it does make things a bit easier. Simply set a default browser in the preferences menu and when you need to send an open tab to Firefox, Chrome, or Safari, left-click the Switch logo and it automatically opens it. You can also right-click and choose a browser if you prefer. Switch comes in surprisingly handy when you're swapping between browsers because of rendering or extension issues. It's a free download from the developers site linked below.
Switch | via Addictive Tips


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Patna to Chennai Flights
The following table shows the airlines, flight times and days of travel for flights from Patna to Chennai.
Once you have selected the best times then check prices with our recommended carriers. And don't forget to take advantage of our up-to-date hotel room rates.
Days: | Depart: | Arrive: | Flight Number: | Airline: | |
Sorry. Flight data not available at this time. Please check the Cheap Flight Search box on the right. |
* Days:
1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, 3 = Wednesday, 4 = Thursday,
5 = Friday, 6 = Saturday, 7 = Sunday
Return Route Schedules and Airport Information
Return Route: Chennai to Patna flights.
Origin airport details: Patna Airport.
Destination airport details: Madras International Airport.
Alternative Destinations From Patna
Onward Routes from Chennai
Chennai to Kuala-lumpur flights.
Chennai to Bhubaneshwar flights.
Chennai to Rajahmundry flights.
Chennai to Thiruvananthapuram flights.
Chennai to Trivandrum flights.
Chennai to Tiruchirapalli flights.
Chennai to Vishakhapatnam flights.
Chennai to Coimbatore flights.
Chennai to Bhubaneswar flights.
Chennai to Coimbareto flights.


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Sam Smith Responds to Being Misgendered by Shawn Mendes
Sam Smith responded to Shawn Mendes misgendering them.
On Thursday (December 10), the "Wonder" singer introduced Smith's performance during the iHeartRadio Jingle Ball by using the pronouns he/his. Smith came out as nonbinary last year and uses the pronouns they/them.
"I'm super excited to announce the next iHeartRadio Jingle Ball performer," Mendes said. "And his new album Love Goes is out right now. It's absolutely incredible. He is one of the sweetest, kindest and funniest people I've ever met. Please welcome the incredibly talented Sam Smith."
Watch the moment, below.
Shortly after the concert aired on The CW, Mendes shared an Instagram Story apologizing for misgendering Smith.
"Oh @samsmith I'm so sorry for referring to you as a 'he' for your Jingle Ball introduction," he wrote. "It absolutely slipped my mind. Won't happen again. Sending you so much love! Also, you absolutely are one of the funniest people I've ever met!"
A couple of hours later, Smith shared Mendes' Instagram Story and accepted the apology.
"We're all learning together ... Happy holidays, all my love," they wrote.


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West Palm Beach AV Techs for Trade Shows, Corporate Events and Conventions
Call now to place your labor request: 213-341-1061
Professional AV Services for West Palm Beach
The AVent Techs provides audio, video, stage and computer technical support for all types of live events in West Palm Beach and the surrounding communities. Looking for a crew of highly qualified technicians for an important corporate meeting or trade show at any West Palm Beach venue? Need stagehands for an outdoor event?
The AVent Techs takes great pride in how we select each technician that we hire. We are confident that you'll be pleased with what our event labor coordinators can do for your next event.
We are fully insured with both general liability coverage as well as workers compensation coverage. We are also compliant with all federal and state employment rules and regulations. Most important: our technicians are employees, not 1099 contractors. They are professional, responsible and attentive to your needs, because they are employees, not contractors.
Explore the services we can offer your event in West Palm Beach. We look forward to serving you.
Let's Discuss Your West Palm Beach Event
Have a meeting, convention, trade show, event, public address or other major project in West Palm Beach that requires top-tier audio-visual support? We welcome your inquiry.
Please complete the form below and we will be in touch as soon as possible. Or, simply call us at 213-341-1061. You may also email us directly at email@example.com.
Thank you for your interest in The AVent Techs.
Available personnel for your West Palm Beach event
A1 (Audio Engineer)
The A1 is completely in-charge of all sound-related aspects of the production. This includes responsibility for the placement and operation of the mixing console, outboard effects/equalization racks, microphone placement and sound reinforcement system.
A1 rates are designated to the FOH Engineer, Monitor/Foldback Engineer, Field ENG Mixer/Boom Operator, and Mixing Engineer (Multi and Single Track recording)
A2 (Audio Assistant)
An A2 is a technician specializing in audio duties. This technician can be responsible for the acquisition, upkeep and use of the audio system, communication systems, microphones and backstage monitors.
Camera Operator
A highly proficient technician responsible for operating a video camera on tri-pod in a fixed position for the purpose of I-MAG and/or ISO-record. The operator is responsible for the complete set-up, operation, maintenance and strike of the camera.
Camera Operator (Hand-Held)
A highly experienced technician who operates a video camera for the purpose of I-MAG and/or ISO-record with a shoulder mounted camera (or any other type of steady-cam rig). The operator is responsible for all aspects of set-up, operation, maintenance and strike of the camera.
A highly proficient technician that sets up, color matches and/or blends video projectors (LCD or DLP). This technician also troubleshoots and can also be placed as the tape operator for show run positions.
LED Wall Specialist
A highly specialized technician that is competent with setting up, programming, operating and striking of LED wall display products.
(Please note when booking any projectionist or LED Wall Specialist – specify any gear being used).
PowerPoint (Graphics) Designer
A technician specialising in the concept, design and operation of all PowerPoint presentations and/or show graphics.
PowerPoint Operator
A technician proficient in the operation and minor editing of PowerPoint (or Keynote presentations) and show graphics.
(When ordering – Please specify the use of either MS PowerPoint or Keynote)
Technical Director
In control of calling camera shots, program feed and operating the switcher for the show.
Tape Operator
A highly specialized technician with the proficiency in operating various video recording and playback tape deck and hard drive based devices
V1 (Video Engineer)
The V1 is responsible of all video-related aspects of the production which includes the video switcher, displays, engineering racks and processors, camera placement and camera control/shading.
The V1 rate is designated to Folsom Operators, Video Control Technician and Video Bay Engineers.
Please note – Encore and Spyder ops are by special request and require at least one week notice.
V2 (Video Assist)
A V2 is a technician specialising in video duties which includes assisting the V1 with the set-up of the "Video Village", video bay, Folsom switcher(s), signal and power cabling, building and placing camera(s), screen building, displays (LCD's, Plasmas, LED Walls, etc) and any other duties as directed by the V1 as well as striking of any video related gear.
L1/Lighting Director
The L1/LDhas complete responsibility for the overall execution of the lighting design. This person oversees the lighting crew, power management, instrument placement (according to the lighting plot), board programming, lighting "focus", show operation and strike.
Lighting Designer
The Lighting Designer devises the complete lighting concept of the show. Core functions include designing the lighting plot, required equipment and liaising closely with the Project Manager (as well as other department heads) and detailing crew requirements.
Master Electrician (ME)
A lighting technician whose responsibility includes all non-design aspects of the lighting in a production and tying in main power, power distribution, circuiting lighting instruments and dimmer patching.
L2 (Lighting Assist)
A technician specialising in lighting duties which include:running power and necessary data control wiring to all lighting fixtures, hanging lights in the proper place, installing the necessary color and image patterns into the lights, and striking of any and all lighting related gear. They can also provide support in the "focus" of the lighting instruments.
Spot Light Operator
Typically an L2, this technician is experienced in the show operation of various spot lights.
AV Technician (Set/Strike)
A technician with an extensive skill set and experiece in audio, video, and lighting. AV technicians may be used in meeting rooms, exhibits and general sessions with the main emphasis of use in breakouts and exhibits.
AV Technician (Floater/Operator)
A show technician that is experienced with floating or operating breakout rooms and exhibits. These technicians possess extensive customer services skills, troubleshooting ability and experience and understanding with show operations.
A technician that specializes in stage set-up including sets and props.
Note: All carpenters provided by The AVent Techs are equipped with specialty tools (Screw gun, basic tool kit, etc).
These are low skill technicians predominatly for moving of gear, truck loading and unloading, truss building and various other positions not requiring a technician of any specific skill set. They provide general support for load-ins and load-outs.
Computer Tech
A technician that possess skills for set-up, basic networking and troubleshooting of computers. Typically an L2, this technician is experienced in the show operation of various spot lights.


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For the best cleaning a patio wicklow company, call Southeast Contractors.
If you re looking to buy a kitchen sink, then you must consider every detail and feature. The Kitchen sink is probably the most used aperture in the whole household, even if you re using a dishwasher, most of the cleaning is still done in your ordinary kitchen sink, all the more reason why you should find the best one around.
Choosing a kitchen sink apart from being a question of quality is also a question of need. Most of the standard sinks that you will find in…
kitchen sink,kitchen sinks,sink,sinks
To find the best cleaning a patio wicklow company, click here for Southeast Contractors.
If you re looking to buy a kitchen sink, then you must consider every detail and feature. The Kitchen sink is probably the most used aperture in the whole household, even if you re using a dishwasher, most of the cleaning is still done in your ordinary kitchen sink, all the more reason why you should find the best one around.
Choosing a kitchen sink apart from being a question of quality is also a question of need. Most of the standard sinks that you will find in the market roughly consist of two 22 by 30 inch sized bowls both 8 inches in depth, however, if you use large pots, you might want bigger sizes or you might want to have them specially made. Nine and Ten inch deep bowls are also available commercially. Added features like bowls for peeled fruits in the center can be very handy.
Whistles and Bells
If you want your sink to have all the whistles and bells available, then you might want more pre-drilled holes on it. Most sinks have four holes on it, one for the hot knob, one for the cold knob, one for the faucet and another one for the shower feature. Some sinks however have extra spouts, for soap dispensers, an air gap for the dishwasher drain, a liquid soap dispenser, a TV, well just kidding about the TV. But if some sinks have extra features that you might not want to use, you can always ask the supplier for ready made plugs to cover the unused holes, conversely, if the sink you choose doesn t have enough holes, you can easily drill a hole in your sink, or maybe have it drilled by a professional.
Apart from choosing a design and a type, you should also be aware of your sink s location, will your chosen sink fit in the desired location etc. You can choose from a self rimming sink or an undermount. A self rimming sink is easier to install and would just rest on top of your counter, however, the underside where the sink meets the countertop can be a breeding ground for bacteria and may be hard to clean. An undermount however, is harder to install because it has to be attached from under the counter. This type however, is easier to clean.
Type of Sink
Now we proceed to choosing which type of sink to choose. To make the choice easier, a few pros and cons are listed together with a brief description of each type of sink.
Stainless Steel
This is probably the most common kitchen sink around and is available in all prices ranges. However, you don t expect to buy the best quality sink for a cheap price. Usually a cheap stainless steel sink is made of thin metal which flexes and vibrates. This is especially bad because of the racket it makes when the water drums on it or when the garbage disposal vibrates. A good quality sink doesn t get scratched easily and should be easy to clean. A sign of a good quality sink is also its ability to maintain a brand new appearance even if you just wipe it.
A general rule for buying stainless steel sink is not to buy mirror type ones, sure they ll look great when brand new, but overtime scratching will mar its surface and give it a foggy dirty look. Another good tip is to check the insulation under the bowl, insulation deadens the water drumming. Foam insulations are always better than those that are just sprayed on.
Enameled Cast Iron
The best thing about enamel cast iron sinks is its elegant finish which is available in many colors. It has a very hard finish and will rarely chip. Another good thing about this is its resistance to water drumming. It keeps hot water hot longer, and if you re excited about that, you ll be happy to know that clean up is a breeze, a good wipe over should be enough for this baby to get back its original shine.
Warning: There are Enameled Steel sinks, but these aren t the same quality as cast iron sinks.
Composite sinks
These are sinks made from a mixture of two different substances to make a very sturdy material. Generally, Acrylic and fiberglass aren t a very good combination because they tend to easily absorb stains and as time passes, lose the glossy finish.
A Quartz composite sink might be the best choice for this range of sinks. These are known for their durability.
Composite sinks however, are susceptible to scratching. You should avoid rubbing sand or dirt on them or using abrasive cleaners. The water drumming is still present but probably not as loud as stainless steel sinks.
Tip: To make sure that you have a sturdy sink, press down on the bowl, if it flexes, there are chances of a noisy garbage disposal.
Integral solid surface
You can buy a sink that is already integrated with a countertop, mostly in the same color or a complementary design. These types are easily scratched but are easily repaired as
well. The bad side is if you re tired of the sink, you ll have to remove the whole countertop.