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Economic Downturns: Protecting State and Local Budget Priorities in Challenging Times
States have been hit unevenly, but all face long-term uncertainty
State governments play a fundamental role in the lives of residents by collecting taxes and using that revenue to pay for schools, transportation, public safety, and other policy priorities. In particularly challenging times, when revenue is volatile and priorities may need to be reassessed, it is important that lawmakers manage budgets effectively to mitigate fiscal stress. Although leaders cannot control many external factors that influence state and local fiscal health—such as global economic conditions, federal policies, or demographic changes—they do decide how to react to those events. And these actions can help determine whether a state or locality remains fiscally sound.
In this series of publications, experts at Pew explore the limits that states face when preparing for fiscal stress and provides key considerations for leaders making budgetary decisions. The series also details fiscal and economic policy recommendations for managing effectively during unforeseen events (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) and preparing for future uncertainty.


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eNewsletter: Enroll in our Tip of the Week
Pick from 10 topical 8-week sermon series aka 50-Day Spiritual Adventures.
Mainstay Ministries gives you 9 Advent sermon series for December preaching.
Select from sermons, sermon series, dramas, videos, and more.
Resources for your small group, home fellowship, or Sunday School class.
Choose from a fine selection of titles from David Mains at Mainstay Ministries.
See our list of practical services to help your church grow and expand online.

subset: commoncrawl


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SuperConverge poised for expansion
Landis+Gyr is working with ?EZ to build the largest Industrial, Commercial and Grid (ICG) metering data centre in Europe, based in Prague. 85,000 ICG or industrial metering points spread throughout the Czech Republic, Romania and Bulgaria and covering nine distribution networks will be connected to this centre's system, also provided by Landis+Gyr.
For more information please contact firstname.lastname@example.com


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10AWG 5 Conductors SOOW - 600 volts 90C - Type SOOW is used in 600 volt heavy duty applications where flexability and durability is required. Used to supply power to portable equipment, power tools, small motors, and extension cords. Rated for indoor or outdoor usage.
- Excellent flexibility, resistant to oil, solvents, ozone, weather sunlight and water
- Diameter approx .760"
- Temperature range -40C to +90C
- May be immersed in shallow water
- Flame test meets VW-1, FT2 and MSHA


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2008 waterfowl seasons to be similar to last year's
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's waterfowl hunting season frameworks allowed a liberal hunting package for the upcoming 2008-2009 seasons. These frameworks allow 74 days of duck hunting in the Low Plains Zone and 97 days in the High Plains. While surveys indicated that habitat conditions on the duck breeding grounds weren't as good as they were last year, numbers of several species, including mallard, blue-winged and green-winged teal, gadwall and redhead, were still above their long-term averages.
At its public hearing in Hoisington on August 14, the Kansas Wildlife and Parks Commission approved the following department recommendations:
Bag limits, possession limits, shooting hours
- A daily bag limit of five ducks, which may include no more than two of the following species: scaup, redhead, wood duck. In addition, only one duck from the following species may be included in the daily bag: hen mallard, mottled duck, pintail, canvasback.
- A daily bag limit for coots of 15, and a daily bag limit for mergansers of five, which may include no more than two hooded mergansers. The coot and merganser seasons will run concurrent with the regular duck seasons.
- Possession limit for all species (ducks, coots, and mergansers) will be double the daily bag.
- Shooting hours for all species will be one-half hour before sunrise to sunset.
Duck Season Dates
- High Plains Zone Youth -- Sept. 27-28.
- High Plains Zone (West of U.S. 283) -- first segment, Oct. 4-Dec. 30; second segment, Jan. 17, 2009-Jan. 25, 2009.
- Early Zone Youth -- Oct. 4-5.
- Early Zone -- first segment, Oct. 11-Dec. 7; second segment, Dec. 20-Jan. 4, 2009.
- Late Zone Youth -- Oct. 18-19.
- Late Zone -- first segment, Oct. 25-Dec. 28; second segment, Jan. 17, 2009-Jan. 25, 2009.
(Note: A map of duck zone boundaries is available here.)
During the youth seasons, youth must be 15 years old or younger and accompanied by an adult, who cannot hunt. Two changes this year are that the supervising adult must be at least 18 years old (rather than 21 years old as in previous years), and the adult does not have to have a hunting license or stamps required of waterfowl hunters.
Hunting season for Canada geese will be Oct. 25-26 and Nov. 5-Feb. 15, 2009, with a daily bag limit of three. For white-fronted geese, the season will be Oct. 25-26; Nov. 5-Jan. 4, 2009; and Feb. 7-15, 2009, with a daily bag limit of two. The light goose season will be Oct. 25-26 and Nov. 5-Feb. 15, 2009, with a daily bag limit of 20.
All waterfowl possession limits will be twice the daily bag limit, except for light geese, which will have no possession limit.
For falconers, duck and goose seasons are the same as the regular seasons, plus an extended falconry season of Feb. 25-March 10, 2009, in both the Early and Late zones. There is no extended falconry season in the High Plains Zone.
For more details, phone 620-672-5911.


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Portable Change Mat | Freyja (Minky)
Portable Change Mat | Freyja (Minky)
- Generously sized at 75cm x 45cm
- Made from super soft bamboo velour on one side and a fun laminated minky or PUL print on the other
- Machine washable
- Folds up to take up minimal space in your nappy bag
- Fits perfectly in our Wet Bags
Our change mats are an essential accessory for out and about!
Bubblebubs change mats make changing easy wherever you are simply spread the change mat over whatever flat surface you have available and know that your baby will have soft fabrics against their skin.
If there's one thing I hate about nappy changes out of the house, it's putting bubs down to change them. You just never know how clean the baby change station in wherever you are and it's great peace of mind being able to lay your little love on something you can guarantee is 100% clean. Not only that but when you're at a friend's house and need to change baby, you don't have to feel awkward about dirtying their sheets…or furniture…or carpets in the process.
In an emergency, I've even had to change my babe on the floor of the disabled toilets, and I've been so thankful to have my change mat along with me. Such a lifesaver and folds up nice and compact for saving space.


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Buy Oppa Canvas Tote Bag for shopping carrier, book bag, lunch bag, outfit staple – the choice is yours. These tote bags can do the lot, big enough to carry a laptop.
- Dimension: 44cm x 32cm (17.5inch x 12.5inch)
- Handle: 26mm (19.5inch)
- Material: Canvas
- Color: Beech
- Print: Vinyl or DTG
In order to preserve the design on your tote bag print, we recommend the following product care guidelines:
- Always turn your tote bag inside out before washing. This reduces the wear-and-tear of the canvas tote bag printed design and preserves it longer.
- Wash similar coloured canvas tote bag together. This is to prevent colour leeching from dark coloured clothes to light coloured canvas tote bag.
- Wash in cold (30 Degrees Celsius or below) water, either machine wash or by hand. Using hot water might cause printed designs to leech colours.
- DO NOT BLEACH, avoid using softeners. Bleach can cause colours to run, and softeners may affect vinyl designs print on the canvas tote bag.
- Avoid using hot dryers. The high level of heat may cause shrinkage of canvas tote bag, and may affect vinyl designs. When possible, dry your canvas tote bag under the shade with minimal direct contact with sunlight as prolonged exposure to UV rays will cause colours to fade.
- Iron on low, and always iron the canvas tote bag turned inside out so as not to iron directly on print.


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The best home based business ideas begin with knowing your niche. If you are one of the many handicapped people who want to contribute, remember, you have certain skills, life experience, interests and values that others may not have, so finding your niche is going to be much easier.
Here are the 10 best home based (handicapped accessible) business ideas you may want to consider:
1. Bed & Breakfast- Especially for others with a handicap. If you live in a large home and love visitors, this is a ready-made, handicapped accessible business to help the disabled get out there and travel. A great work at home business.
2. Pet Sitting is a small business option for those who love caring for animals on a temporary basis. I know so many people who would like to go away for a weekend but have no one to leave their pets with who will love them as much as they do.
3. Jewelry Designer – Did you see the Oprah show about 10-year-old Shiloh Peppin who wants to grow up to be a jewelry designer? Her handicap of fused legs will not stop her from the career of her dreams, nor should it stop you.
4. Gift Basket Service – The entrepreneur can design them at home to specific niches and mail them to buyers or make them available in local specialty stores.
5. Internet Store – If you are computer savvy, consider opening an internet based business that sells affiliate items. You receive a commission for every affiliate item you sell to others. See my website for more affiliate information.
6. Life Coaching – Who knows better than you what it's like to survive and thrive with a handicap or challenge of any kind? So many people are waiting for your encouraging words.
7. Song Writer – For those with a love of music, why not write & sell your music for a living?
8. Recording Artist – If you have a beautiful voice, you can make a living from becoming a singer. Perhaps your niche is jingles – hey someone wrote & sang all those McDonalds jingles. Or maybe your niche is spiritual music, rock 'n roll or weddings.
9. Screen Writer – Write what you know. Tell your story. Everyone's already told you that your life is like a movie. Why not share your story with the rest of us?
10. Motivational Speaker – There is a great need for motivational speakers. You could speak at churches, community organizations, business meetings and even write and publish a book or EBook to motivate others.
If you were born challenged or experienced a life altering event and became handicapped or disabled later in life, and you want to work, you can and should.
Think seriously about starting a small business from home. These are just ten simple business ideas.
I know you can come up with more home based business ideas that are specific to your skills, values and interests. Here's to your business success.


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In this article I have tried to serve the purpose of Amatuer Seo professionals. What Is Search Engine Optimization Basically, search engine optimization in india,is making your website visible and relevant to both search engines and search engine users. How is this done? The Basics of Good website Optimization for search engines. Good search engine optimization is very basic. A successful search engine optimization campaign will contain these listed points: Content Content is what makes search engine rankings higher, Content brings users to your site, and content, when distributed properly with keyword phrases, will help search engine spiders. Content is key in search engine optimization. Sober CSS Design Sites that are successful in the search engine results have this in common-they are all simply designed, with a minimum graphics, slowly loading animations, and are easy to navigate. Simple, clean designs are what search engine spiders and search engine users like, because it enables them to get to what they're looking for. Good Meta tags Meta tags-keyword, description, and title- are important but not so important, Meta tags are merely part of the overall success strategy. They need to be written with compelling, keyword phrase-heavy content that will make the user click through from the search results page. Search Engine Optimization Sure, you can get really complicated and technical with SEO, just like any other subject. However, search engine optimization at its heart is simple and clean. Don't worry so much about the scary technical stuff if you're just starting out. Start slowly, read, learn, read some more.Most of all, be patient with yourself. Learning search engine optimization takes time, just like any other subject.
By: Search Engine Optimization Specialist


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Peter Schiff – YouTube, Released on 6/29/24
Peter Schiff is an internationally recognized economist specializing in the foreign equity, currency and gold markets. Mr. Schiff made his name as President and Chief Global Strategist of Euro Pacific Capital. He frequently delivers lectures at major economic and investment conferences, and is quoted often in the print media, including the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Barron's, BusinessWeek, Time and Fortune. His broadcast credits include regular guest appearances on CNBC, Fox Business, CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News Channel, as well as hosting his own weekly radio show, Wall Street Unspun. He's also the author of the bestselling books: Crash Proof 2.0, The Little Book of Bull Moves in Bear Markets:, and The Real Crash: America's Coming Bankruptcy – How to Save Yourself and Your Country.


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* (Too $hort talking).
Eh yo Baby D, get yo lil a*s over here on tha mic man, an show these
other lil niggaz, they can't f***k wit the Dangerous Crew man, spit that
s***, fo' $hort Dog.
Verse 1- * (Baby D) *.
This is out fo dogs, wit tha fake attack,
I put it out two times, now I'm bringin it back,
wit a whole lot of me,
the Baby D,
you slippin westsider,
but it don't mean s***t to me,
I'm the youngest in the Crew from the Oak-Town,
an when I come through,
I lay you niggaz down,
so what up,
get yo gloves an stuff,
it's the Dangerous Crew, ain't no love fo punks,
an if you dont know what to do, when I come through,
let this young mack show you,
grab the mic, an tighten up yo lyrics,
if it ain't real, I ain't really tryin to hear it,
see another MC's gettin mad as hell,
ain't nuthin mo funky than to be himself,
I gotta make a knot,
while I shake the spot,
cuz I can't be stopped.
* (Too $hort talking) *.
Lil mutha f***ka spittin that s***t y'all, that's how we do it in East
Oakland, you know what I'm sayin, Dangerous Crew representin, next
generation step up baby.
Verse 2 * (Baby D) *.
Baby D takin over like doja,
open ya up wit that north west explosion,
then I'm coastin,
(What ya doin nigga??),
runnin from the scene wit the ghost like Moses,
I gotta let em know,
if they mess wit the Dangerous they always know,
so get on,
befo you get spit on,
I'm rollin in knee high, no lie,
finna get my grip on,
from mornin to night, I keep it tight,
Dangerous Crew fo life.
* (Too $hort talking) *.
Yeah that's juss a lil sample y'all, Baby D comin through, 1996,
Dangerous Crew, my nigga ain't but 10 years old y'all, so, umm, before
you start dissin, you betta try an listen, cuz, he got sumpthin fo the
future that you lil 'ol niggaz can't f***k wit. So Baby D, I'm a tell em
like this, since I know yo mama might get mad if you tell em..


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At the 2012 Western States 100, Ellie Greenwood ran what might very well be the most impressive women's trail ultramarathon performance in history. Her 16:47:19 took 50 minutes off Ann Trason's course record, which itself was previously considered among the hallmark performances of the sport. Find out what Ellie has to say about her legendary performance in the following interview.
[Click here if you can't see the video above.]
Ellie Greenwood, 2012 Western States 100 Champion, Interview Transcript
iRunFar: Bryon Powell of iRunFar here with Ellie Greenwood, the Western States 100 Champion and new course record holder. How are you doing, Ellie?
Ellie Greenwood: I'm doing pretty good. I'm feeling pretty happy.
iRF: Now that it's after the race, I sort of avoided it during the pre-race interview – Ann Trason's record. It was on your mind.
Greenwood: It was. My first priority was winning the race, and let's not go crazy over course records. It was funny because you may have mentioned, "Of course you know Ann Trason's splits." I had no idea what they were. To be honest, I just ran my own race and, yeah, if I had a solid race… I knew last year I was 18 minutes off the course record. Ok, it was a snow route so that was faster, but equally I didn't have a great last race last year. So I knew it was possible, but I did not think I'd get the time that I did.
iRF: Yeah. It's game changing. Ann Trason's record was almost talked about as being untouchable, and this is 50 minutes faster. How do you wrap your head around that?
Greenwood: I haven't yet, to be honest, I think because I wasn't even thinking a crazy amount about the course record when I was running. Like I've said before, I knew my split at Rucky Chucky from last year. I knew I was about 40 minutes ahead this year, so I knew I was in contention for sure, but couldn't slow down too much. It wasn't until I got to Robie Point that I looked at my watch and it was 16:34 at that point. I was like, "Whaaaat?" I said to my crew, "I'm going to get under 17 hours!" And they said, "Yeah, I think you could crawl on your hands and feet and you'll get sub-17." So, in that sense, it wasn't like throughout the race I was thinking, "Ok, am I going to get sub-17 or will it be just over or whatever." I waited until quite near the end.
iRF: Yes. Well, for the first half you weren't in the lead.
Greenwood: No. I've raced Lizzy [Hawker] enough before to know that she's got a different race strategy. Her strategy, from what I've seen, is to go out hard and often she maintains that lead. But, obviously, if she slows, then other people are catching up. I'm a big believer in "you run your race." I felt like I was running hard enough. It wasn't like I was holding back too much, and I kept getting feedback on how much I was gaining on Lizzy. I was also with Rory [Bosio] for a bit up in the high country and she was certainly looking strong for a while. Once I was in the lead, I'd passed Lizzy and knew she would likely carry on fading a bit, you're still thinking that there could be other women. It was a great field; they could be gaining. Of course, once you're in the lead, it's actually much harder to get feedback or it's delayed feedback. Once you get it, it was one aid station or 10 to 15 miles out of date off the lead. So yeah, I just ran as hard as I could.
iRF: You push yourself really well. Also, when you're out in the lead, there are guys around you. Do you use them to sort of help yourself mentally or do you try to pass them?
Greenwood: I use guys a little bit for sure. Yes, when I'm hearing that I'm 15th overall and then I ended up 14th overall, I'm keen to be as high up in the overall as possible. But at the end of the day, that's not what people remember, what you are in the overall field, unless it's exceptional. They remember your gender positioning.
Yeah, there was a guy I was running with quite a bit and we both had pacers, so that was nice, four of us running for a bit. Anyone knows from trail running, if you've got a little group with you it feels a little less lonely out on the trail. You feel, yes you've got a pacer, but they haven't run as far as you, so you feel this fellowship with this guy who's got the same amount of miles on his legs. So yeah, I definitely worked with the guys a little bit. Before I had my pacer, I'd done a big chunk of running on my own which was good, too.
iRF: Every time I saw you, you were "silly Ellie" and "strong Ellie." Were there bad patches along the way?
Greenwood: I had a bit of a sort of waver when I picked up my first pacer at Foresthill. I had one pacer from Foresthill to Green Gate and one from Green Gate to the Finish. So just after Foresthill, I'm in the lead and I'm doing decent, and I was vaguely aware that I might be on course record pace, but that discussion hadn't been had. But I had this bobble where I realized I sort of had a good thirty-something miles to go, and can I hold on? Have I possibly gone too fast too soon? So that was a bit of a mental shift, but that was when it was good to have two pacers as well because it split that final thirty- something miles into two chunks. Once I got to Green Gate, I knew I could hold a decent pace, and I've got enough of a lead now that I'm going to hold first place unless something goes disastrously wrong.
iRF: What was the highlight of the day? Was there anything that stood out along the way?
Greenwood: I enjoyed the whole thing. It was really fun to go up into the high country. I said it before, last year with the snow, "Oh, I'm looking forward to doing the original course." I had no idea how cool it was and how… it felt more, it's not seriously mountain running, but… and in a sense the fog and the rain just added to the atmosphere. So that's what I really enjoyed because that's the most scenic bit. All the canyons are nice, but it's not real "mountain" mountain running. It was nice to see the section up in the high country.
iRF: What's next for you?
Greenwood: Next? Well, a small race, well, it's not a small race, but I'm doing the [Arc'teryx] Squamish 50 up in Squamish, BC. Gary Robbins is the course director. It's sort of a rehash/reboot of the first 50 miler I ever did. So it will be fun to be back up there at the local race. I have my entry for UTMB, but I haven't booked my flight tickets yet. Now in the next week or two I need to decide if I want to be out for about 50% longer than I was yesterday, and THAT I've not decided. It looks stunning, but I know that it's super tough and a totally different sort of race. So I need to decide on that one. If not, then it's the Ultra Race of Champions.
iRF: Speaking of future races, you've won here twice, you've set the course record, do you still think you'll come back next year?
Greenwood: Likely. I'm not 100%. I, unfortunately, have set a course record that I might find hard to beat, given the weather was ideal and the competition was good and pushed me. It's the 40th year next year; that might be fun to come back for. I'll just wait and see. With these 100 milers, apart from people like Karl Meltzer, you can only do so many in a year. Should I mix it up a little bit? I'm keeping open-minded, but certainly I love the event.
iRF: Congratulations on this year's performance and good luck.
Greenwood: Thank you so much!


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Our Privacy Policy
CheapoMeds.com ("Cheapo Consulting") safeguarding your confidentiality and protecting your personal information is a primary concern. We are committed to meeting or exceeding the privacy standards established by Canada's Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (the "Act"). As part of this commitment, Cheapo has followed the Ten Privacy Principles described in the Act to govern our actions as they relate to the use of personal information. The Ten Privacy Principles are as follows:
Principle 1 – Accountability. Cheapo is responsible for maintaining and protecting any personal information under our control. In fulfilling this mandate, Cheapo has designated an individual who is accountable for our compliance with the Ten Privacy Principles.
Principle 2 – Identifying Purposes. The purposes for which personal information is collected shall be identified before or at the time the information is collected.
Principle 3 – Consent. The knowledge and consent of the Customer are required for the collection, use or disclosure of personal information except where required or permitted by law.
Principle 4 – Limiting Collection. The personal information collected must be limited to those details necessary for the purposes identified by Cheapo. Information must be collected by fair and lawful means.
Principle 5 – Limiting Use, Disclosure and Retention. Personal information may only be used or disclosed for the purpose for which it was collected unless the Customer has otherwise consented, or when it is required or permitted by law. Personal information may only be retained for the period of time required to fulfill the purpose for which it was collected.
Principle 6 – Accuracy. Personal information must be maintained in as accurate, complete and up-to-date form as is necessary to fulfill the purposes for which it is to be used.
Principle 7 – Safeguarding Personal information. Personal information must be protected by security safeguards that are appropriate to the sensitivity level of the information.
Principle 8 – Openness. Cheapo is required to make information available to Customers concerning the policies and practices that apply to the management of their personal information.
Principle 9 – Customer Access. Upon request, a Customer shall be informed of the existence, use and disclosure of their information, and shall be given access to it. Customers may verify the accuracy and completeness of their information, and may request that it be amended, if appropriate.
Principle 10 – Handling Customer Complaints and Suggestions. Customers may direct any questions or enquires with respect to the privacy principles outlined above or about our practices by contacting Cheapo's Privacy Officer.
The guidelines below set forth the principles we use in gathering, using, maintaining and protection personal information you provide us.
The Types of Personal Information We Collect
Cheapo gathers and uses only such information that is necessary for providing our services and fulfilling your orders. It typically includes the following personal information: name, mailing address, e-mail address, telephone numbers, occupation, employment status, referral source, the name of your primary physician and his or her contact information, age, height, weight, sex, date of birth, the existence and types of drug allergies, medications requested, family medical history information, your personal medical history information, details of your existing medications, credit card information (including card type and number, expiry date and name of card holder), banking information (including transit and account numbers) and prescription information; The choice to provide us with personal information is always yours. However, your decision to withhold particular details may limit the products and services we are able to provide and make it more difficult for us to advise you or suggest appropriate alternatives. If we are unable to accommodate your request based on the information that has been provided, we may ask for additional details in order to identify other ways to be of assistance. We may also maintain a file containing contact history that is used for customer inquiry purposes.
We may collect anonymous/non-personal information. Anonymous/non-personal information is information that cannot be associated with or traced back to a specific individual or business entity.
The Purposes for which we use Personal Information
We use your personal information to communicate with you, enhance your visit to our website, allow processing of your prescription orders and effectively provide the products and services you have requested. We may provide your personal information to an affiliated company, a licensed pharmacy or to a prescribing physician in order to fulfill your prescription.
We may use your personal information to offer additional products and services sold by Cheapo. In the event of a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of Cheapo, records containing personal information may be transferred to the purchaser. We will not furnish your personal information to an outside organization for its use in marketing or solicitation without your prior consent.
We only use your personal information for the purposes that we have disclosed to you. If for any reason your information is required to fulfill a different purpose, we will notify you and ask you for your consent before we proceed.
In some instances, such as a legal proceeding or court order, we may also be required to disclose certain information to authorities. Only the information specifically requested is disclosed and we will take precautions to satisfy ourselves that the authorities who are making the request have legitimate grounds to do so.
There are some situations where we are legally permitted to disclose personal information such as employing reasonable and legal methods to collect a delinquent account, a medical emergency or suspicion of illegal activities.
We sometimes contract outside organizations to perform specialized services. Our trusted service suppliers may at times be responsible for processing and handling some of the personal information we have received from you.
When you visit our website, information is not collected that could identify you personally unless you choose to provide it voluntarily. You are welcome to browse our website at any time anonymously and privately without revealing any personal information about yourself.
Security Measures
We use current technologies and maintain security standards to ensure that your personal information is protected against unauthorized access, disclosure, inappropriate alteration or misuse. All safety and security measures are also appropriate to the sensitivity level of your information. Electronic client files are kept in a secured environment with restricted access. Paper-based files are stored in restricted access areas.
CheapoMeds.com is hosted using best practices to ensure continued customer security. Patient Data is stored separately on a non-internet-facing server for an additional layer of protection. All communications are encrypted using HTTPS/TLS and strengthened with multiple security measures.
In the course of daily operations, we attempt to restrict access to personal information to authorized employees who have a legitimate business purpose and reason for accessing it. As a condition of their employment, all employees of Cheapo are required to sign a confidentiality agreement, abide by the privacy standards we have established and to follow all applicable laws and regulations. Unauthorized access to and/or disclosure of client information by an employee of Cheapo is strictly prohibited. All employees are expected to maintain the confidentiality of personal information at all times and failing to do so will result in appropriate disciplinary measures, which may include dismissal.
Accessing and Amending Your Information
Decisions are often made based on the information we have. Therefore, it is important that your personal information is accurate and complete. As a customer, you have the right to access, verify and amend the information held in your personal and financial files.
To help us keep your personal information up-to-date, we encourage you to amend inaccuracies and make corrections as often as necessary. Despite our efforts, errors sometimes do occur. Should you identify any incorrect or out-of-date information in your file(s), we will make the proper changes and provide you with a copy of the corrected information. Where appropriate, we will communicate these changes to other parties who may have unintentionally received incorrect information from us.
Privacy Officer
Customers may direct any questions or enquires with respect to our practices or your personal information by contacting our Privacy Officer, as follows:
Unit 23 – 845 Dakota Street, (Suite 357)
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Attention Privacy Officer: Juan Alvarado
Telephone No. (844) 424-3276
Facsimile No. (844) 423-5583
E-Mail: [email protected]
Updating this Policy
Any changes to our privacy policy and information handling practices shall be acknowledged in this policy in a timely manner. We may add, modify or remove portions of this policy when we feel it is appropriate to do so. You may determine when this policy was last updated by referring to the modification date found at the bottom of each of Cheapo's privacy policy web pages.
last updated: July 1st, 2019


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for cleaning and disinfection equipment
So how do you benefit?
- Compatibility with a wide range of materials
- Outstanding calcium binding capacity to get care utensils perfectly clean while keeping machines in great condition
- 100% guaranteed reliability in delivering the optimal dose of chemicals
- Protects the environment by minimising the amount of chemicals required
- Meet the requirements of the German Act on Medical Devices (Medizinproduktegesetz - MPG). It's important to remember that chemicals can also be classed as a medical device, in which case the manufacturer is required to produce a compatibility certificate.
Should you decide to use a different brand of chemicals, please make sure to always follow the manufacturer's instructions on the conditions for use (max. water hardness) and recommended dosage. Provided that you can produce a compatibility certificate, our service technicians will be happy to set the chemical dosage to the correct level for your cleaning and disinfection appliance. The chemistry is always right with the MEIKO Service team!
Softeners and rinse agents
Doyen SK22E
Bedpan rinse agent with softener, slightly acidic
Item no. 2003631
The new improved Doyen SK22E is the only rinse agent with a softening action which has been specially developed for all MEIKO cleaning and disinfection machines in accordance with the guidelines stipulated by MEIKO. For more than 20 years, customers have relied on Doyen SK22E to achieve outstanding, sparkling cleaning results for their care utensils. Doyen SK22E works tirelessly and effectively to prevent limescale build-up in the steam generator – without harming either the materials it comes into contact with or the environment. When set to its optimal dosage, Doyen SK22E guarantees superb results with minimal chemical consumption – and that means lower costs!
When water is hard, it needs softening to achieve good results, whatever type of dish, glass or ware washer is used.
Doyen SK22E with apple scent
Bedpan rinse agent with softener, slightly acidic
Item no. 2003634
Choose Doyen SK22E with apple scent to eliminate unpleasant odours in your utility room. Enhance the working environment while enjoying all the special features of new improved Doyen SK22E technology.
Doyen SK33E
Bedpan rinse agent, acidic
Itemno. 2003632
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text:
National Parks of the United Kingdom
National parks of the United Kingdom are areas of relatively intact and undeveloped landscape of outstanding natural beauty conservation of which is in the national interest. Although national parks are typically publicly owned and managed by the government, most of the land in the national parks of the United Kingdom is privately owned. However, human and commercial activities within the boundaries of the country's national parks are strictly regulated including on privately owned land. |
Currently, there are 15 national parks in the United Kingdom which are designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 in England and Wales, and the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000. As much as 10 national parks of the United Kingdom are located in England. Wales has three national parks, Scotland has 2, whereas Northern Ireland does not have a national park yet.
Most of England's national parks were established in the 1950s – Peak District, Lake District, Dartmoor, North York Moors, Yorkshire Dales, Cornwall, Exmoor and Northumberland. The Broads National Park was established in 1988, while New Forest National Park and South Downs National Park were designated only in the recent years.
Wales has three national parks, however, they cover nearly 20 percent of the country. Snowdonia was the first area to be designated as national park in Wales in 1951, followed by Pembrokeshire Coast one year later and Brecon Beacons in 1957.
Scotland received national parks only in the 21st century. In 2002, the Loch Lomond, Golf Course and the Trossachs Park was officially opened, whereas the second national park in Scotland – Cairngorms National Park became operational one year later. The Scottish government also considers establishment of a coastal and marine national park but no decisions have been made yet.
Northern Ireland is the only country in the United Kingdom that does not have a national park. Serious moves have been made to create a national park in the Mourne Mountains in Down County but the project is currently on standstill also due to opposition by a part of the local community that fears about its potential negative impact on their lives, in the first place on the farms, local industries and house prices.
All national parks of the United Kingdom attract visitors with almost intact nature of exceptional beauty but all also include human settlements and human land use. Within the boundaries of South Downs National Park for instance lives more than 100,000 people. The number of population within other national parks of the United Kingdom is considerably smaller but they may include several thousand of people living in smaller towns and villages included in the national park.
Visitors of national parks of the United Kingdom are attracted by their natural beauty but many also contain important archaeological and historical monuments from prehistory to modern era. Another beautiful place is the the Northumberland National Park which is home to the famous Hadrian's Wall.


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Whether you're just getting away for a long weekend or spending a few weeks out of the house, it's important to ensure your home is safe while you're gone. Follow these tips to help prevent break-ins, fires, and water damage.
Pause Your Mail and Paper Delivery
It's immediately apparent to anyone passing by that you're not home if your mail and newspapers are piled up on your porch. Also, these items and unattended parcels are subject to theft and weather damage. Have the post office and newspaper carrier stop delivery while you're gone, or have a friend or neighbor collect everything for you. Likewise, have someone shovel your snow in winter.
Use Motion Sensor and Automated Lights
Outside lights that are triggered by motion can trick would-be intruders into thinking that someone's home or watching the house. It's easy to add motion detection to the lights at your entrances and over the garage.
Use automated lights inside the home via a timer or smart system controlled by your mobile phone to make it look like people are there even when no one is home. For example, photocell landscape lights turn on automatically outside when the sun goes down and shut off again in the morning when the sun rises.
Utilize Smart Home Security
Suppose a full security system that connects to an alarm company or law enforcement isn't an option. In that case, you can harness relatively inexpensive smart home technology to make your home more secure. Some options include:
- Doorbell cameras
- Smart locks
- Security alarms on doors and windows
- Remote garage door controls
You'll be able to operate these items remotely from across the state or the globe, and in some cases, you can even see who is on your property in your absence.
Install a Wifi Smoke Detector
If a regular smoke alarm goes off while you're not home, who would hear it and call the fire department? A more modern wifi smoke detector will alert you and, in many instances, notify your local fire department for you if it senses smoke or fire.
Shut Off Water or Consider a Water Leak Sensor
You don't want to return to a flooded home and massive water damage because a pipe burst or your washing machine connection broke. Either shut off your water at the main valve, or install smart plumbing that uses sensors to alert you about leaks, broken faucets, and other water emergencies.
Never Turn Off Heat Completely in Winter Cold Weather
A common way pipes burst in winter is due to freezing. Therefore, you never want to completely shut off your heat if you live in a cold climate and leave for vacation. Instead, lower the heat, never below 55 degrees Fahrenheit. A programmable or smart thermostat lets you raise the heat again before you come home.
You can safeguard your home when you go away on vacation, and the proper home insurance policy can give you peace of mind year round. To learn more, call Hometown Insurance Agency at 580-323-6471, or request a quote online.


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In a 7,000-word blockbuster Sunday, The New York Times reported that Walmart allegedly engaged in a vast campaign of bribery to expand the company's Mexico business in the early 2000s, potentially violating U.S. law. The scheme was allegedly overseen by a Walmart executive, Eduardo Castro-Wright, described by The Times as "the driving force behind years of bribery" totaling millions of dollars.
Three years ago, Castro-Wright himself gave an interview to The Times in which he offered a somewhat different picture of his leadership style.
Castro-Wright sat for an interview in 2009 as part of The Times' "Corner Office" series in which top executives talk "about leadership and management." The Times asked Castro-Wright: "What message would you convey in a commencement speech?" He responded:
"Here in the United States, and any of the developed countries, I would tend to provide a speech along the lines of what I said before about what makes great leaders — the fact that there's no leader who can be called one if they don't have personal integrity, or if they don't deliver results, or if they don't care about the people they lead, or if they don't have a passion for winning."
Asked about the "most important leadership lesson" he'd learned in his career, Castro-Wright emphasized trust:
"There's nothing that destroys credibility more than not being able to look someone in the eye and have them know that they can trust you. Leadership is about trust. It's about being able to get people to go to places they never thought they could go. They can't do that if they don't trust you."
The Times interview ran under the headline "In a Word, He Wants Simplicity" about five years after the period in which Castro-Wright had allegedly overseen systematic bribery.
In its front-page story yesterday, The Times quoted former Wal-Mart de Mexico executive Sergio Cicero Zapata alleging how and why Castro-Wright had authorized bribery:
In an interview with The Times, Mr. Cicero said Mr. Castro-Wright had encouraged the payments for a specific strategic purpose. The idea, he said, was to build hundreds of new stores so fast that competitors would not have time to react. Bribes, he explained, accelerated growth. They got zoning maps changed. They made environmental objections vanish. Permits that typically took months to process magically materialized in days. "What we were buying was time," he said.
The meteoric growth of the company's Mexican business translated into promotions for Castro-Wright. In 2005, he was appointed head of Walmart U.S., and in 2008 to his current position as vice chairman of Walmart and CEO of its global ecommerce business.
Walmart announced in September 2011 that Castro-Wright would retire this July. The company's bio page that shows up as the second hit for Castro-Wright's name on a Google search is now blank. Company spokeswoman Ashley Hardie told ProPublica that the page had been taken down after the announcement last September. Castro-Wright is also on the boards of insurer MetLife and the charity CARE.
Walmart has posted a statement on the Times piece, saying that it is "working aggressively to determine what happened" and that "if these allegations are true, it is not a reflection of who we are or what we stand for." The company informed the Justice Department of an internal investigation in December after it learned of The Times' reporting, according to the paper.


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The highly anticipated Sunseeker Superhawk 55 emerges from the build shed in preparation for her exciting global premiere at boot Düsseldorf 2023.
Andrea Frabetti, Chief Executive Officer at Sunseeker, comments: "The launch of the Superhawk 55 is exciting for all involved, and we are thrilled to see the first hull embark on final sea trials. The iconic Superhawk name is close to the hearts of owners, employees and admirers worldwide. The Superhawk 55 is a halo product of future models developed from a proven design philosophy, becoming an icon in its own right. This exciting new performance model promises to be a thrilling new addition to the Sunseeker range, born from a passion that is unmatched in our industry."
What became known as 'High Performance' styling was first seen in the remarkable XPS 34, which was developed on the same lines as the world's most successful racing boat of the time, designed by Don Shead. Another first, Sunseeker had succeeded in creating a production boat that married a pleasure boat with a racing hull. The Cobra 39, capable of 50 knots and aimed at the performance market, continued the chain of innovations, being the first Sunseeker with triple diesel engines.
In the late 1980s, the Tomahawk 37 was an outstanding success and is still a much-loved performance yacht. The subsequent models included the Mohawk 29 and the impressive Thunderhawk 43 with its dramatic wing-tipped hoop and louvered, vented sterns matching the smaller Tomahawk 37. Typical of the 'High Performance' range was the Hawk 27, combining high performance with the now expected luxurious accommodation and intelligent, ergonomically considered features.
The arrival of the Tomahawk 37 MK II in the early 1990s set a new standard for styling and space. Followed closely by the Superhawk 50, the in-house design studio had reached a maturity that led to the creation of a 50-foot performance yacht, achieving speeds of up to 50 knots whilst offering three-cabin accommodation.
In 1997, Sunseeker launched the Superhawk 48, a trailblazer in fuel efficiency and material innovation. Powered by twin or triple outdrives, speed and performance was always the primary consideration, but comfort and aesthetics soon made their way to the top of the priority list. Enduring in popularity and featured in the 'The World is Not Enough' feature film, the Superhawk 34 is world-renowned and instantly recognisable. The last Superhawk of the early 2000s, the Superhawk 43, had a radical new look and a multitude of power options from twin Volvo diesels to triple Arneson drives.
For over three decades, Sunseeker has honed its skill and nurtured its aptitude to dream, design and build a new kind of Superhawk.
The all-new Superhawk 55 is a striking motor yacht in the Sunseeker Performance range.
Sunseeker has developed a new open-top day boat set to thrill with sleek design, exquisite detailing, and exciting innovations. Powered by twin Volvo Penta D11 - IPS 950 engines matched with a hull form specifically designed for the IPS propulsion system, the Superhawk 55 is capable of a thrilling performance with unparalleled agility.
Striking exterior lines and intelligent design cues are evident in the Superhawk 55 exterior design. The profile is a composition of an all-new composite hull, stainless steel detailing, and expansive glazing.
A sculptured full-beam aft cockpit makes full use of the yacht's incredible width, benefitting from generous configurable seating and concealed appliances integrated into the feature wet bar and optional rise and fall TV. Helming takes place from the centre-line triple helm amidships, that allows three people to manoeuvre effortlessly. Complete with dual glassbridge display screens, charging pads and chrome multi-purpose dials, the console is well-equipped for all helming requirements. This is all sat behind a stainless-capped, curved windscreen that offers completely uninterrupted views and protection from the elements. Side deck access sits forward, adjacent to the helm, with pantograph doors to port and starboard delivering effortless walk-around access, typical of a much larger yacht. The Superhawk 55 is available as an open-top yacht or with a hard top for added shade.
The open-ended aft features a sun pad with integrated water toys stowage under an electrically opening hatch. The tender garage below can house a Williams MiniJet. Altogether this new layout delivers a one-of-a-kind performance yacht.
The foredeck offers a full-length sun pad, sliding forward to reveal a table and dedicated seating area complete with wireless charger and storage lockers.
Steps lead down to the lower deck, a highly luxurious open-plan saloon and galley area sat beneath LED lighting. Ambient recessed lighting, curved wood, and lacquer finishes contribute to a premium yet cosseted interior space. The light floods through from the expansive glazing above with a unique union jack feature. An electric blind allows intimacy and shade when needed. A rise-and-fall TV positioned above the galley transforms the space into a more relaxed seating area with comfortable lounging seats.
The forward cabin benefits from an en suite, upholstered units, and a wardrobe on the port side. The aft cabin comes with optional sliding berths offering a double or two singles and a generous en suite. The in-house interior design team developed several interior schemes with a mix of textures and colours that provide a degree of customisation with a highly contemporary look and feel.
With plenty of flexibility to the specification, emotive styling and configurable spaces, the Superhawk 55 offers a taste of luxury and the thrill of speed and agility to all those who step on board.


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ASU geographer calls for complexity in sustainability science models

Tropical deforestation is intimately linked with urban dynamics and needs to be considered along with the role and effect of national and regional policies on land use decisions, and the dynamics of economic globalization in the next generation of sustainability science research, according to an Arizona State University geographer.
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"You just can't think of isolated farmers operating out there by themselves. They are linked to whatever are the closest urban areas," noted B.L. Turner II, whose research concentrates on human-environment relationships focusing on land-use change. He addressed change in tropical forests and the challenges that address its complexity at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was one of the presenters in a Feb. 19 session on the research frontiers in sustainability science.
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"Today, there is a lot of work on ecosystem services related to forest change, yet there really is a paucity of work that says how those ecosystem services come back and affect human outcomes," said Turner, the Gilbert F. White Professor of Environment and Society in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at ASU's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. He also is a professor in the School of Sustainability.
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"We have a lot of work informing us about the environmental impacts of deforestation, but it doesn't tell us how people react to it and deal with it. We only now are beginning to ask how those environmental services link to farm income. How do those factors link to whether people abandon land and go off someplace else or sell their land rights to a cattle farmer. And, how does all this link to changes in rural-urban ties, policy, and global economy changes," he said.
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"It's linking the feedback of environmental changes themselves on decisions to cut forest, or not; to expand agricultural land, or not. It isn't just the amount of forests that's cut or the amount of agricultural land lost. It is the spatial and temporal patterns of them," Turner stressed. "It matters whether people are cutting big chunks of land in a uniform pattern or cutting little chunks of land in an ad hoc random pattern."
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Turner argued that "all of this matters to biodiversity and rainfall in the tropics. We have the capacity to account for these consequences if we aim our research that way," he said.
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What needs to be done now in sustainability science research, according to Turner, is to create models that are fluid and open to the complex changes we observe, full of feedbacks between people and environment.
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"Tropical deforestation still remains very high on the sustainability global change/climate change agenda for a variety of reasons that range from it being the lungs of the planet to housing the most terrestrial biodiversity," Turner said. "The new challenge that we face in sustainability science is understanding more fully the ties between the socioeconomic factors affecting forest change and the environmental feedbacks from decisions we make. We can incorporate these types of dynamics directly into how we understand and forecast what's going to fall, where it's going to fall, and what the implications are."
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SOURCE:
B.L. Turner, firstname.lastname@example.com
<separat… CONTACT:
Carol Hughes, email@example.com
480-965-6375 direct line | 480-254-3753 cell


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This is a report from STRATFOR:
By Scott Stewart
In this week's Geopolitical Weekly, George Friedman discussed the geopolitical cycles that change with each generation. Frequently, especially in recent years, those geopolitical cycles have intersected with changes in the way the tactic of terrorism is employed and in the actors employing it.
The Arab terrorism that began in the 1960s resulted from the Cold War and the Soviet decision to fund, train and otherwise encourage groups in the Middle East. The Soviet Union and its Middle Eastern proxies also sponsored Marxist terrorist groups in Europe and Latin America. They even backed the Japanese Red Army terrorist group. Places like South Yemen and Libya became havens where Marxist militants of many different nationalities gathered to learn terrorist tradecraft, often instructed by personnel from the Soviet KGB or the East German Stasi and from other militants.
The Cold War also spawned al Qaeda and the broader global jihadist movement as militants flocking to fight the Soviet troops who had invaded Afghanistan were trained in camps in northern Pakistan by instructors from the CIA's Office of Technical Services and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence directorate. Emboldened by the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, and claiming credit for the subsequent Soviet collapse, these militants decided to expand their efforts to other parts of the world.
The connection between state-sponsored terrorism and the Cold War ran so deep that when the Cold War ended with the Soviet Union's collapse, many declared that terrorism had ended as well. I witnessed this phenomenon while serving in the Counterterrorism Investigations Division of the Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)Â in the early 1990s. While I was in New York working as part of the interagency team investigating the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, a newly appointed assistant secretary of state abolished my office, declaring that the DSS did not need a Counterterrorism Investigations Division since terrorism was over.
Though terrorism obviously did not end when the Berlin Wall fell, the rosy sentiments to the contrary held by some at the State Department and elsewhere took away the impetus to mitigate the growing jihadist threat or to protect diplomatic facilities from it. The final report of the Crowe Commission, which was established to review the twin August 1998 bombing attacks against the U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, explicitly noted this neglect of counterterrorism and security programs, as did the 9/11 Commission report.
The 9/11 terrorist attacks triggered a shift in international geopolitics by leading the United States to concentrate the full weight of its national resources on al Qaeda and its supporters. Ironically, by the time the U.S. government was able to shift its massive bureaucracy to meet the new challenge, creating huge new organizations like the Department of Homeland Security, the efforts of the existing U.S. counterterrorism apparatus had already badly crippled the core al Qaeda group. Though some of these new organizations played important roles in helping the United States cope with the fallout of its decision to invade Iraq after Afghanistan, Washington spent billions of dollars to create organizations and fund programs that in hindsight were arguably not really necessary because the threats they were designed to counter, such as al Qaeda's nuclear briefcase bombs, did not actually exist. As George Friedman noted in the Geopolitical Weekly, the sole global superpower was badly off-balance, which caused an imbalance in the entire global system.
With the continued diminution of the jihadist threat, underscored by the May 2011 death of Osama bin Laden and the fall in Libya of the Gadhafi regime (which had long employed terrorism), once again we appear on the brink of a cyclical change in the terrorism paradigm. These events could again lead some to pronounce the death of terrorism.
Several developments last week served to demonstrate that while the perpetrators and tactics of terrorism (what Stratfor calls the "who" and the "how") may change in response to larger geopolitical cycles, such shifts will not signal the end of terrorism itself.
The Nature of Terrorism
There are many conflicting definitions of terrorism, but for our purposes we will loosely define it as politically motivated violence against noncombatants. Many terrorist acts have a religious element to them, but that element is normally related to a larger, political goal: Both a militant anti-abortion activist seeking to end legalized abortion and a jihadist seeking to end the U.S. military presence in Iraq may act according to religious principles, but they ultimately are pursuing a political objective.
Terrorism is a tactic, one employed by a wide array of actors. There is no single creed, ethnicity, political persuasion or nationality with a monopoly on terrorism. Individuals and groups of individuals from almost every conceivable background — from late Victorian-era anarchists to Klansmen to North Korean intelligence officers — have conducted terrorist attacks. Because of the impreciseness of the term, Stratfor normally does not refer to individuals as terrorists. In addition to being a poor descriptor, "terrorist" tends to be a politically loaded term.
Traditionally, terrorism has been a tactic of the weak, i.e., those who lack the power to impose their political will through ordinary political or military means. As Carl von Clausewitz noted, war is the continuation of politics by other means; terrorism is a type of warfare, making it also politics by other means. Because it is a tactic used by the weak, terrorism generally focuses on soft, civilian targets rather than more difficult-to-attack military targets.
The type of weapon used does not define terrorism. For example, using a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device against an International Security Assistance Force firebase in Afghanistan would be considered an act of irregular warfare, but using it in an attack on a hotel in Kabul would be considered an act of terrorism. This means that militant actors can employ conventional warfare tactics, unconventional warfare tactics and terrorism during the same campaign depending on the situation.
Terrorist attacks are relatively easy to conduct if they are directed against soft targets and if the assailant is not concerned with escaping after the attack, as was the case in the Mumbai attacks in 2008. While authorities in many countries have been quite successful in foiling attacks over the past couple of years, governments simply do not have the resources to guard everything. When even police states cannot protect everything, some terrorist attacks invariably will succeed in the open societies of the West.
Terrorist attacks tend to be theatrical, exerting a strange hold over the human imagination. They often create a unique sense of terror dwarfing reactions to natural disasters many times greater in magnitude. For example, more than 227,000 people died in the 2004 Asian tsunami versus fewer than 3,000 on 9/11, yet the 9/11 attacks produced a worldwide sense of terror and a geopolitical reaction that has had a profound and unparalleled impact on world events over the past decade.
Cycles and Shifts
A number of events last week illustrate the changes happening in the terrorism realm and demonstrate that, while terrorism may change, it is not going to end.
On Feb. 17, the FBI arrested a Moroccan man near the U.S. Capitol in Washington who allegedly sought to conduct a suicide attack on the building. The suspect, Amine el Khalifi, is a clear example of the shift in the jihadist threat from one based on the al Qaeda core group to one primarily deriving from grassroots jihadists. As Stratfor has noted for several years, while these grassroots jihadists pose a more diffuse threat because they are harder for national intelligence and law enforcement agencies to focus on than hierarchical groups, the threat they pose is less severe because they generally lack the terrorist tradecraft required to conduct a large-scale attack. Because they lack such tradecraft, these grassroots militants tend to seek assistance to conduct their plots. This assistance usually involves acquiring explosives or firearms, as in the el Khalifi case, where an FBI informant posing as a jihadist leader provided the suspect with an inert suicide vest and a submachine gun prior to the suspect's arrest.
While many in the media tend to ridicule individuals like el Khalifi as inept, it is important to remember that had he succeeded in finding a real jihadist facilitator rather than a federal informant, he could have killed many people in an attack. Richard Reid, who many people refer to as the "Kramer of al Qaeda" after the bumbling character from the television show Seinfeld, came very close to taking down a jumbo jet full of people over the Atlantic because he had been equipped and dispatched by others.
Still, the fact remains that the jihadist threat now predominantly stems from unequipped grassroots wannabes rather than teams of highly trained operatives sent to the United States from overseas, like the team that executed the 9/11 attacks. This demonstrates how the jihadist threat has diminished in recent years, a trend we expect to continue. This will allow Washington to increasingly focus attention on things other than jihadism, such as the fragmentation of Europe, the transformation of global economic production and Iran's growing regional power. It will mark the beginning of a new geopolitical cycle.
Last week also brought us a series of events highlighting how terrorism may manifest itself in the new cycle. On Feb. 13, Israeli diplomatic vehicles in New Delhi, India, and Tbilisi, Georgia, were targeted with explosive devices. In Tbilisi, a grenade hidden under a diplomatic vehicle was discovered before it could detonate. In New Delhi, a sticky bomb placed on the back of a diplomatic vehicle wounded the wife of the Israeli defense attache as she headed to pick up her children from school.
On Feb. 14, an Iranian man was arrested after being wounded in an explosion at a rented house in Bangkok. The blast reportedly occurred as a group was preparing improvised explosive devices for use against Israeli targets in Bangkok. Two other Iranians were later arrested (one in Malaysia), and Thai authorities are seeking three more Iranian citizens, two of whom have reportedly returned to Iran, alleged to have assisted in the plot.
While these recent Iranian plots failed, they nonetheless highlight how the Iranians are using terrorism as a tactic in retaliation for attacks Israel and Israeli surrogates have conducted against individuals associated with Iran's nuclear program.
It is also important to bear in mind as this new geopolitical cycle begins that terrorism does not just emanate from foreign governments, major subnational actors or even transnational radical ideologies like jihadism. As we saw in the July 2011 attacks in Norway conducted by Anders Breivik and in older cases involving suspects like Eric Rudolph, Timothy McVeigh and Theodore Kaczynski in the United States, native-born individuals who have a variety of grievances with the government or society can carry out terrorist attacks. Such grievances will certainly persist.
Geopolitical cycles will change, and these changes may cause a shift in who employs terrorism and how it is employed. But as a tactic, terrorism will continue no matter what the next geopolitical cycle brings.


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Is the Sabbath Still Required for Christians?
Question 37
40 Questions About Christians and Biblical Law
by Thomas R. Schreiner
Believers today continue to dispute whether the Sabbath is required. The Sabbath was given to Israel as a covenant sign, and Israel was commanded to rest on the seventh day. We see elsewhere in the Old Testament that covenants have signs, so that the sign of the Noahic covenant is the rainbow (Gen. 9:8–17) and the sign of the Abrahamic covenant is circumcision (Gen. 17). The paradigm for the Sabbath was God's rest on the seventh day of creation (Gen. 2:1–3). So, too, Israel was called upon to rest from work on the seventh day (Exod. 20:8–11; 31:12–17). What did it mean for Israel not to work on the Sabbath? Figure 5 lists the kinds of activities that were prohibited and permitted.
The Sabbath was certainly a day for social concern, for rest was mandated for all Israelites, including their children, slaves, and even animals (Deut. 5:14). It was also a day to honor and worship the Lord. Special burnt offerings were offered to the Lord on the Sabbath (Num. 28:9–10). Psalm 92 is a Sabbath song that voices praise to God for his steadfast love and faithfulness. Israel was called upon to observe the Sabbath in remembrance of the Lord's work in delivering them as slaves from Egyptian bondage (Deut. 5:15). Thus, the Sabbath is tied to Israel's covenant with the Lord, for it celebrates her liberation from slavery. The Sabbath, then, is the sign of the covenant between the Lord and Israel (Exod. 31:12–17; Ezek. 20:12–17). The Lord promised great blessing to those who observed the Sabbath (Isa. 56:2, 6; 58:13–14). Breaking the Sabbath command was no trivial matter, for the death penalty was inflicted upon those who intentionally violated it (Exod. 31:14–15; 35:2; Num. 15:32–36), though collecting manna on the Sabbath before the Mosaic law was codified did not warrant such a punishment (Exod. 16:22–30). Israel regularly violated the Sabbath—the sign of the covenant—and this is one of the reasons the people were sent into exile (Jer. 17:21–27; Ezek. 20:12–24).
Kindling a fire | Exod. 35:3 |
Gathering manna | Exod. 16:23-29 |
Selling goods | Neh. 10:31; 13:15-22 |
Bearing burdens | Jer. 17:19-27 |
Military campaigns |
Josh. 6:15; 1 Kings 20:29; 2 Kings 3:9 |
Marriage feasts |
Judg. 14:12-18 |
Dedication feasts | 1 Kings 8:65; 2 Chron. 7:8-9 |
Visiting a man of God | 2 Kings 4:23 |
Changing temple guards | 2 Kings 11:5-9 |
Preparing showbread and putting it out |
1 Chron. 9:32 |
Offering sacrifices | 1 Chron. 23:31; Ezek. 46:4-5 |
Duties of priests and Levites | 2 Kings 11:5-9; 2 Chron. 23:4, 8 |
Opening the east gate | Ezek. 46:1-3 |
During the Second Temple period, views of the Sabbath continued to develop. It is not my purpose here to conduct a complete study. Rather, a number of illustrations will be provided to illustrate how seriously Jews took the Sabbath. The Sabbath was a day of feasting and therefore a day when fasting was not appropriate (Jdt. 8:6; 1 Macc. 1:39, 45). Initially, the Hasmoneans refused to fight on the Sabbath, but after they were defeated in battle they changed their minds and began to fight on the Sabbath (1 Macc. 2:32–41; cf. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 12.274, 276–277). The author of Jubilees propounds a rigorous view of the Sabbath (Jubilees 50:6–13). He emphasizes that no work should be done, specifying a number of tasks that are prohibited (50:12–13). Fasting is prohibited since the Sabbath is a day for feasting (50:10, 12). Sexual relations with one's wife also are prohibited (50:8), though offering the sacrifices ordained in the law are permitted (50:10). Those who violate the Sabbath prescriptions should die (50:7, 13). The Sabbath is eternal, and even the angels keep it (2:17–24). Indeed, the angels kept the Sabbath in heaven before it was established on earth (2:30). All Jewish authors concur that God commanded Israel to literally rest, though it is not surprising that Philo thinks of it as well in terms of resting in God (Sobriety, 1:174) and in terms of having thoughts of God that are fitting (Special Laws, 2:260). Philo also explains the number seven symbolically (Moses, 2:210).
The Qumran community was quite strict regarding Sabbath observance,
maintaining that the right interpretation must be followed (CD 6:18; 10:14–
23). Even if an animal falls into a pit it should not be helped on the Sabbath
(CD 11:13–14), something Jesus assumes is permissible when talking to the
Pharisees (Matt. 12:11). In the Mishnah thirty-nine different types of work
are prohibited on the Sabbath (m. Shabbat 7:2).
I do not believe the Sabbath is required for believers now that the new
covenant has arrived in the person of Jesus Christ. I should say, first of all, that it is not my purpose to reiterate what I wrote about the Sabbath in the Gospels since the Sabbath texts were
investigated there. Here it is my purpose to pull the threads together in terms of the validity of the Sabbath for today. Strictly speaking, Jesus does not clearly abolish the Sabbath,
nor does he violate its stipulations. Yet the focus on regulations that is evident in Jubilees, Qumran, and in the Mishnah is absent in Jesus' teaching. He reminded his hearers that "the
Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath" (Mark 2:27). Some sectors of Judaism clearly had lost this perspective, so that the Sabbath had lost its humane dimension. They were so
consumed with rules that they had forgotten mercy (Matt. 12:7). Jesus was grieved at the hardness of the Pharisees' hearts, for they lacked love for those suffering (Mark 3:5).
Jesus' observance of the Sabbath does not constitute strong evidence for its continuation in the new covenant. His observance of the Sabbath makes excellent sense, for he lived under the Old Testament law. He was "born under the law" as Paul says (Gal. 4:4). On the other hand, a careful reading of the Gospel accounts intimates that the Sabbath will not continue to play a significant role. Jesus proclaims as the Son of Man that he is the "lord even of the Sabbath" (Mark 2:28). The Sabbath does not rule over him, but he rules over the Sabbath. He is the new David, the Messiah, to whom the Sabbath and all the Old Testament Scriptures point (Matt. 12:3–4). Indeed, Jesus even claimed in John 5:17 that he, like his Father, works on the Sabbath. Working on the Sabbath, of course, is what the Old Testament prohibits, but Jesus claimed that he must work on the Sabbath since he is equal with God (John 5:18).
It is interesting to consider here the standpoint of the ruler of the synagogue in Luke 13:10–17. He argued that Jesus should heal on the other six days of the week and not on the Sabbath. On one level this advice seems quite reasonable, especially if the strict views of the Sabbath that were common in Judaism were correct. What is striking is that Jesus deliberately healed on the Sabbath. Healing is what he "ought" (dei) to do on the Sabbath day (Luke 13:16). It seems that he did so to demonstrate his superiority to the Sabbath and to hint that it is not in force forever. There may be a suggestion in Luke 4:16–21 that Jesus fulfills the Jubilee of the Old Testament (Lev. 25). The rest and joy anticipated in Jubilee is fulfilled in him, and hence the rest and feasting of the Sabbath find their climax in Jesus.
We would expect the Sabbath to no longer be in force since it was the
covenant sign of the Mosaic covenant, and, as I have argued elsewhere in this book, it is clear that believers are no longer under the Sinai covenant. Therefore, they are no longer bound by the sign
of the covenant either. The Sabbath, as a covenant sign, celebrated Israel's deliverance from Egypt, but the Exodus points forward, according to New Testament writers, to redemption in
Christ. Believers in Christ were not freed from Egypt, and hence the covenant sign of Israel does not apply to them.
It is clear in Paul's letters that the Sabbath is not binding upon believers. In Colossians Paul identifies the Sabbath as a shadow along with requirements regarding foods, festivals, and the new moon (Col. 2:16–17). The Sabbath, in other words, points to Christ and is fulfilled in him. The word for "shadow" (skia) that Paul uses to describe the Sabbath is the same term the author of Hebrews used to describe Old Testament sacrifices. The law is only a "shadow (skia) of the good things to come instead of the true form of these realities" (Heb. 10:1). The argument is remarkably similar to what we see in Colossians: both contrast elements of the law as a shadow with the "substance" (sōma, Col. 2:17) or the "form" (eikona, Heb. 10:1) found in Christ. Paul does not denigrate the Sabbath. He salutes its place in salvation history, for, like the Old Testament sacrifices, though not in precisely the same way, it prepared the way for Christ. I know of no one who thinks Old Testament sacrifices should be instituted today; and when we compare what Paul says about the Sabbath with such sacrifices, it seems right to conclude that he thinks the Sabbath is no longer binding.
Some argue, however, that "Sabbath" in Colossians 2:16 does not refer to the weekly Sabbaths but only to sabbatical years. But this is a rather desperate expedient, for the most prominent day in the Jewish calendar was the weekly Sabbath. We know from secular sources that it was the observance of the weekly Sabbath that attracted the attention of Gentiles (Juvenal, Satires 14.96–106; Tacitus, Histories 5.4). Perhaps sabbatical years are included here, but the weekly Sabbath should not be excluded, for it would naturally come to the mind of both Jewish and Gentile readers. What Paul says here is remarkable, for he lumps the Sabbath together with food laws, festivals like Passover, and new moons. All of these constitute shadows that anticipate the coming of Christ. Very few Christians think we must observe food laws, Passover, and new moons. But if this is the case, then it is difficult to see why the Sabbath should be observed since it is placed together with these other matters.
Another crucial text on the Sabbath is Romans 14:5: "One person esteems one day as better than another, while another esteems all days alike. Each one should be fully convinced in his own mind." In Romans 14:1–15:6 Paul mainly discusses food that some—almost certainly those influenced by Old Testament food laws—think is defiled. Paul clearly teaches, in contrast to Leviticus 11:1–44 and Deuteronomy 14:3–21, that all foods are clean (Rom. 14:14, 20) since a new era of redemptive history has dawned. In other words, Paul sides theologically with the strong in the argument, believing that all foods are clean. He is concerned, however, that the strong avoid injuring and damaging the weak. The strong must respect the opinions of the weak (Rom. 14:1) and avoid arguments with them. Apparently the weak were not insisting that food laws and the observance of days were necessary for salvation, for if that were the case they would be proclaiming another gospel (cf. Gal. 1:8–9; 2:3–5; 4:10; 5:2–6), and Paul would not tolerate their viewpoint. Probably the weak believed that one would be a stronger Christian if one kept food laws and observed days. The danger for the weak was that they would judge the strong (Rom. 14:3–4), and the danger for the strong was that they would despise the weak (Rom. 14:3, 10). In any case, the strong seem to have had the upper hand in the Roman congregations, for Paul was particularly concerned that they not damage the weak.
Nevertheless, a crucial point must not be overlooked. Even though Paul watches out for the consciences of the weak, he holds the viewpoint of the strong on both food laws and days. John Barclay rightly argues that Paul subtly (or not so discreetly!) undermines the theological standpoint of the weak since he argues that what one eats and what days one observes are a matter of no concern.1 The Old Testament, on the other hand, is clear on the matter. The foods one eats and the days one observes are ordained by God. He has given clear commands on both of these issues. Hence, Paul's argument is that such laws are no longer valid since believers are not under the Mosaic covenant. Indeed, the freedom to believe that all days are alike surely includes the Sabbath, for the Sabbath naturally would spring to the mind of Jewish readers since they kept the Sabbath weekly.
Paul has no quarrel with those who desire to set aside the Sabbath as a special day, as long as they do not require it for salvation or insist that other believers agree with them. Those who esteem the Sabbath as a special day are to be honored for their point of view and should not be despised or ridiculed. Others, however, consider every day to be the same. They do not think that any day is more special than another. Those who think this way are not to be judged as unspiritual. Indeed, there is no doubt that Paul held this opinion, since he was strong in faith instead of being weak. It is crucial to notice what is being said here. If the notion that every day of the week is the same is acceptable, and if it is Paul's opinion as well, then it follows that Sabbath regulations are no longer binding. The strong must not impose their convictions on the weak and should be charitable to those who hold a different opinion, but Paul clearly has undermined the authority of the Sabbath in principle, for he does not care whether someone observes one day as special. He leaves it entirely up to one's personal opinion. But if the Sabbath of the Old Testament were still in force, Paul could never say this, for the Old Testament makes incredibly strong statements about those who violate the Sabbath, and the death penalty is even required in some instances. Paul is living under a different dispensation, that is, a different covenant, for now he says it does not matter whether one observes one day out of seven as a Sabbath.
Some argue against what is defended here by appealing to the creation order. As noted above, the Sabbath for Israel is patterned after God's creation of the world in seven days. What is instructive, however, is that the New Testament never appeals to Creation to defend the Sabbath. Jesus appealed to the creation order to support his view that marriage is between one man and one woman for life (Mark 10:2–12). Paul grounded his opposition to women teaching or exercising authority over men in the creation order (1 Tim. 2:12–13), and homosexuality is prohibited because it is contrary to nature (Rom.1:26–27), in essence, to God's intention when he created men and women. Similarly, those who ban believers from eating certain foods and from marriage are wrong because both food and marriage are rooted in God's good creation (1 Tim. 4:3–5). We see nothing similar with the Sabbath. Never does the New Testament ground it in the created order. Instead, we have very clear verses that say it is a "shadow" and that it does not matter whether believers observe it. So, how do we explain the appeal to creation with reference to the Sabbath? It is probably best to see creation as an analogy instead of as a ground. The Sabbath was the sign of the Mosaic covenant, and since the covenant has passed away, so has the covenant sign.
Now it does not follow from this that the Sabbath has no significance
for believers. It is a shadow, as Paul said, of the substance that is now ours in Christ. The Sabbath's role as a shadow is best explicated by Hebrews, even if Hebrews does not use the word for
"shadow" in terms of the Sabbath. The author of Hebrews sees the Sabbath as foreshadowing the eschatological rest of the people of God (Heb. 4:1–10). A "Sabbath rest" still awaits God's
people (v. 9), and it will be fulfilled on the final day when believers rest from earthly labors. The Sabbath, then, points to the final rest of the people of God. But since there is an
already-but-not-yet character to what Hebrews says about rest, should believers continue to practice the Sabbath as long as they are in the not-yet?2 I would answer in the
negative, for the evidence we have in the New Testament points in the contrary direction. We remember that the Sabbath is placed together with food laws and new moons and Passover in Colossians
2:16, but there is no reason to think that we should observe food laws, Passover, and new moons before the consummation. Paul's argument is that believers now belong to the age to come and the
requirements of the old covenant are no longer binding.
Does the Lord's Day, that is, Christians worshiping on the first day of
the week, constitute a fulfillment of the Sabbath? The references to the Lord's Day in the New Testament are sparse. In Troas believers gathered "on the first day of the week . . . to
break bread" and they heard a long message from Paul (Acts 20:7). Paul commands the Corinthians to set aside money for the poor "on the first day of every week" (1 Cor. 16:2). John heard
a loud voice speaking to him "on the Lord's day" (Rev. 1:10). These scattered hints suggest that the early Christians at some point began to worship on the first day of the week. The
practice probably has its roots in the resurrection of Jesus, for he appeared to his disciples "the first day of the week" (John 20:19). All the Synoptics emphasize that Jesus rose on the first
day of the week, i.e., Sunday: "very early on the first day of the week" (Mark 16:2; cf. Matt. 28:1; Luke 24:1). The fact that each of the Gospels stresses that Jesus was raised on the first
day of the week is striking. But we have no indication that the Lord's Day functions as a fulfillment of the Sabbath. It is likely that gathering together on the Lord's Day stems from the
earliest church, for we see no debate on the issue in church history, which is quite unlikely if the practice originated in Gentile churches outside Israel. By way of contrast, we think of the
intense debate in the first few centuries on the date of Easter. No such debate exists regarding the Lord's Day.
The early roots of the Lord's Day are verified by the universal practice of
the Lord's Day in Gentile churches in the second century.3 It is not surprising
that many Jewish Christians continued to observe the Sabbath as well. One
segment of the Ebionites practiced the Lord's Day and the Sabbath. Their observance of both is instructive, for it shows that the Lord's Day was not viewed as the fulfillment of the Sabbath but
as a separate day.
Most of the early church fathers did not practice or defend literal Sabbath observance (cf. Diognetus 4:1) but interpreted the Sabbath eschatologically and spiritually. They did not see the Lord's Day as a replacement of the Sabbath but as a unique day. For instance, in the Epistle of Barnabas, the Sabbaths of Israel are contrasted with "the eighth day" (15:8), and the latter is described as "a beginning of another world." Barnabas says that "we keep the eighth day" (which is Sunday), for it is "the day also on which Jesus rose again from the dead" (15:9). The Lord's Day was not viewed as a day in which believers abstained from work, as was the case with the Sabbath. Instead, it was a day in which most believers were required to work, but they took time in the day to meet together in order to worship the Lord.4 The contrast between the Sabbath and the Lord's Day is clear in Ignatius, when he says, "If, therefore, those who were brought up in the ancient order of things have come to the possession of a new hope, no longer observing the Sabbath, but living in the observance of the Lord's Day, on which also our life has sprung up again by Him and by His death" (To the Magnesians 9:1). Ignatius, writing about A.D. 110, specifically contrasts the Sabbath with the Lord's Day, showing that he did not believe the latter replaced the former.5 Bauckham argues that the idea that the Lord's day replaced the Sabbath is post-Constantinian. Luther saw rest as necessary but did not tie it to Sunday.6 A stricter interpretation of the Sabbath became more common with the Puritans, along with the Seventh-Day Baptists and later the Seventh-day Adventists.7
Believers are not obligated to observe the Sabbath. The Sabbath was the sign of the Mosaic covenant. The Mosaic covenant and the Sabbath as the covenant sign are no longer applicable now that the new covenant of Jesus Christ has come. Believers are called upon to honor and respect those who think the Sabbath is still mandatory for believers. But if one argues that the Sabbath is required for salvation, such a teaching is contrary to the gospel and should be resisted forcefully. In any case, Paul makes it clear in both Romans 14:5 and Colossians 2:16–17 that the Sabbath has passed away now that Christ has come. It is wise naturally for believers to rest, and hence one principle that could be derived from the Sabbath is that believers should regularly rest. But the New Testament does not specify when that rest should take place, nor does it set forth a period of time when that rest should occur. We must remember that the early Christians were required to work on Sundays. They worshiped the Lord on the Lord's Day, the day of Jesus' resurrection, but the early Christians did not believe the Lord's Day fulfilled or replaced the Sabbath. The Sabbath pointed toward eschatological rest in Christ, which believers enjoy in part now and will enjoy fully on the Last Day.
1. What is the strongest argument for continued observance of the Sabbath?
2. What evidence in Paul suggests that the Sabbath is no longer required?
3. How does Hebrews contribute to our theology of the Sabbath?
4. What is the relationship between the Sabbath and the Lord's Day?
5. What is your view on observing the Sabbath today?
1. John M. G. Barclay, "'Do We Undermine the Law?' A Study of Romans 14.1–15.6," in Paul and the Mosaic Law, WUNT 89 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996), 287–308.
2. So Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., "A Sabbath Rest Still Awaits the People of God," in Pressing Toward the Mark: Essays Commemorating Fifty Years of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, ed. Charles G. Dennison and Richard C. Gamble (Philadelphia: The Committee for the Historian of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 1986), 33–51. Gaffin argues that the rest is only eschatological. I support Andrew Lincoln's view that it is of an already-but-not-yet character (Andrew T. Lincoln, "Sabbath, Rest, and Eschatology in the New Testament," in From Sabbath to Lord's Day: A Biblical, Historical, and Theological Investigation, ed. D. A. Carson [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982], 197–220).
3. For a detailed discussion of some of the issues raised here, see R. J. Bauckham, "The Lord's Day," in From Sabbath to Lord's Day: A Biblical, Historical, and Theological Investigation, ed. D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982), 221–50; idem, "Sabbath and Sunday in the Post-Apostolic Church," in From Sabbath to Lord's Day, 257–69.
4. So Bauckham, "Sabbath and Sunday in the Post-Apostolic Church," 274.
5. Cf. the concluding comments of Bauckham, "The Lord's Day," 240.
6. Martin Luther, "How Christians Should Regard Moses," in Luther's Works, vol. 35, Word and Sacrament, ed. Helmut T. Lehmann (general editor) and E. Theodore Bachman (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1960), 165.
7. Bauckham's survey of history is immensely valuable. See Bauckham, "Sabbath and Sunday in the Post-Apostolic Church," 251–98; idem, "Sabbath and Sunday in the Medieval Church in the West," in From Sabbath to Lord's Day, 299–309; idem, "Sabbath and Sunday in the Protestant Tradition," in From Sabbath to Lord's Day, 311–41.
40 Questions About Christians and Biblical Law by Dr. Thomas Schreiner is published by Kregel Academic & Professional.
Taken from 40 Questions on Christians and Biblical Law © copyright 2010 by Thomas R. Schreiner. Published by Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI. Used by permission of the publisher. All rights reserved.


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Visit Lincolnshire to enjoy scenic countryside trails, some of England's most historic buildings and documents, and what may be the best tasting sausage festival in the land. Lincolnshire's coast is packed with a wide array of things to do, enjoy a traditional seaside holiday in Skegness, watch young seal pups being pampered and nursed to health, or go to historic Lincoln where you can see what was once the world's tallest building and an original copy of the Magna Carta. Of course, it isn't all so much like a school textbook, Lincoln was also voted to 'most steampunk city in the world' and hosts the annual Steampunk Festival.
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Article VII
Updated February 21, 2017 | Factmonster Staff
[Constitution to be considered adopted when ratified by nine states.]
The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names.
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Perfect as a gift or a promotional item, the Oval Optic Crystal Paperweight is remarkable in material and design. Made with optic crystal, this paperweight is exceptionally hard and smooth, creating flawless surfaces and brilliantly cut edges. Whether for professional or personal use, the excellent construction and beauty of this paperweight will make you proud to display your included custom engraving.
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National History of
Tau Beta Sigma The first practical idea for establishing a "band sorority" as a national entity to meet the expressed needs of the growing number of women in college and university bands was presented by band member Wava Banes (Henry), along with her classmates, Emily So Relle and Rose Nell Williams, to director D.O. Wiley of the Texas Tech University Band in the closing months of 1939. This discussion led to a group of bands women at Texas Tech University founding a local organization known as "Tau Beta Sigma," modeled in principle on the example of Kappa Kappa Psi. Much like the Fraternity, Tau Beta Sigma's purpose at Tech was to serve as an honorary service and leadership recognition society, but it was designed especially to provide the important additional social, educational, and other positive experiences needed by women in the band. In June of 1943, the Tech women petitioned the Grand Council of Kappa Kappa Psi to become an integral part of the national Fraternity as an active chapter. Accepting the group under these circumstances, however, would have entailed a complete revision of the Kappa Kappa Psi constitution. Because of the war, doubt was expressed as to just when the next fraternity convention would be held so that the issue could be brought to debate. Rather than postponing action on women's request indefinitely, a suggestion was made that Tau Beta Sigma form its own national organization, just as the National Fraternity had done in 1919. Until a national convention of Kappa Kappa Psi could be held and the matter clarified, Tau Beta Sigma could be considered the "sister organization" of the Fraternity. The Grand Council of Kappa Kappa Psi agreed that Tau Beta Sigma could share in all fraternal publications. While applying for a national charter, the Tech Chapter encountered difficulties involving certain Texas state corporation laws. In 1945, Frank Martin, National Executive Secretary of Kappa Kappa Psi, was invited to meet with the women and out a plan that would bring the Sorority the national status the Tau Beta Sigma women were seeking. Mr. Martin then suggested that the local band sorority currently in existence at Oklahoma State University apply for the charter, since fewer difficulties would be encountered in Oklahoma. So, in January of 1946, the women of the Texas Tech Tau Beta Sigma Band Sorority, through their director, D.O. Wiley, graciously surrendered their name, "TAU BETA SIGMA," their constitution, ritual and jewelry designs to the local band club at Oklahoma State University, in order that the national organization could be established. By doing so, the Tech women understood that they were permitting the Oklahoma State group the title of "Alpha, the Mother Chapter," and accepted the status of "Beta Chapter," the second chartered chapter. On March 26, 1946, a charter was granted by the Department of State for the State of Oklahoma legally establishing "Tau Beta Sigma, National Honorary Band Sorority," later amended to "Tau Beta Sigma." On May 4 of 1946, the members of the Alpha Chapter traveled to Lubbock, Texas, to officially install the women of Texas Tech as the Beta Chapter of the National Sorority. |


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Now showing items 1-3 of 3
Harper's May
(Harper and Brothers, 1899)
Poster for Harper's May 1899 issue. Poster depicts eight flower pots with daffodils in bloom.
Harper's August
(Harper and Brothers, 1897)
Poster for the August 1897 issue of Harper's. The poster depicts a woman in a dark blue coat holding a closed book. There is an emblem on her jacket sleeve. Four houses are in the background; a sedan chair is immediately ...
Harper's Christmas
(Harper and Brothers, 1896)
Poster for Harper's Christmas 1896 issue. The poster depicts a woman in a red dress, with hat and muff, standing in front of a shop window with a wreath hanging in it. A small dog accompanies her.