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Linux Newbie Guide: Shortcuts And Commands
Linux Shortcuts and Commands:
Linux Newbie Administrator Guide
by Stan and Peter Klimas
This is a practical selection of the commands we use most often. Press <Tab> to see the listing of all available command (on your PATH). On my small home system, it says there are 2595 executables on my PATH. Many of these "commands" can be accessed from your favourite GUI front-end (probably KDE or Gnome) by clicking on the right menu or button. They can all be run from the command line. Programs that require GUI have to be run from a terminal opened under a GUI.
<> = single special or function key on the keyboard. For example <Ctrl> indicates the "control" key.
italic = name of the file or variable you probably want to substitute with your own.
fixed width = in-line Linux commands and filenames.
Notes for the UNIX Clueless:
1. LINUX IS CASE-SENSITIVE. For example: Netscape, NETSCAPE and nEtscape are three different commands. Also my_filE, my_file, and my_FILE are three different files. Your user login name and password are also case sensitive. (This goes with the tradition of UNIX and the "c" programming language being case sensitive.)
2. Filenames can be up to 256 characters long and can contain letters, numbers, "." (dot), "_" (underscore), "-" (dash), plus some other not recommended characters.
3. Files with names starting with "." are normally not shown by the ls (list) or dir commands. Think of these files as "hidden". Use ls -a (list with the option "all") to see these files.
4. "/" is an equivalent to DOS "\" (root directory, meaning the parent of all other directories).
5. Under Linux, all directories appear under a single directory tree (there are no DOS-style drive letters).
6. In a configuration file, a line starting with # is a comment.
7.1 Linux essential shortcuts and sanity commands
<Ctrl><Alt><F1>Switch to the first text terminal. Under Linux you can have several (6 in standard setup) terminals opened at the same time.
<Ctrl><Alt><Fn> (n=1..6)
Switch to the nth text terminal.
Print the name of the terminal in which you are typing this command.
Switch to the first GUI terminal (if X-windows is running on this terminal).
<Ctrl><Alt><Fn> (n=7..12)
Switch to the nth GUI terminal (if a GUI terminal is running on screen n-1). On default, nothing is running on terminals
8 to 12, but you can run another server there.
(In a text terminal) Autocomplete the command if there is only one option, or else show all the available options.
THIS SHORTCUT IS GREAT! It even works at LILO prompt!
Scroll and edit the command history. Press <Enter> to execute.
Scroll terminal output up. Work also at the login prompt, so you can scroll through your bootup messages.
Scroll terminal output down.
(in X-windows) Change to the next X-server resolution (if you set up the X-server to more than one resolution). For multiple resolutions on my standard SVGA card/monitor, I have the following line in the file /etc/X11/XF86Config (the first resolution starts on default, the largest determines the size of the "virtual screen"):
Modes "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" "512x384" "480x300" "400x300" "1152x864"
(in X-windows) Change to the previous X-server resolution.
(in X-windows) Kill the current X-windows server. Use if the X-windows server crushes and cannot be exited normally.
Shut down the system and reboot. This is the normal shutdown command for a user at the text-mode console. Don't just press the "reset" button for shutdown!
Kill the current process (mostly in the text mode for small applications).
Log out from the current terminal. See also the next command.
Send [End-of-File] to the current process. Don't press it twice else you also log out (see the previous command).
Stop the transfer to the terminal.
Resume the transfer to the terminal. Try if your terminal mysteriously stops responding.
Send the current process to the background.
Logout. I can also use logout for the same effect. (If you have started a second shell, e.g., using bash the second shell will be exited and you will be back in the first shell, not logged out.)
Restore a screwed-up terminal (a terminal showing funny characters) to default setting. Use if you tried to "cat" a binary file. You may not be able to see the command as you type it.
Paste the text which is currently highlighted somewhere else. This is the normal "copy-paste" operation in Linux. (It doesn't work with Netscape and WordPerfect which use the MS Windows-style "copy-paste". It does work in the text terminal if you enabled "gpm" service using "setup".) Best used with a Linux-ready 3-button mouse (Logitech or similar) or else set "3-mouse button emulation").
(tilde) My home directory (normally the directory /home/my_login_name). For example, the command cd ~/my_dir will change my working directory to the subdirectory "my_dir" under my home directory. Typing just "cd" alone is an equivalent of the command "cd ~".
(dot) Current directory. For example, ./my_program will attempt to execute the file "my_program" located in your current working directory.
(two dots) Directory parent to the current one. For example, the command cd .. will change my current working directory one one level up.
7.2 Common Linux commands--system info
pwdPrint working directory, i.e., display the name of my current directory on the screen.
Print the name of the local host (the machine on which you are working). Use netconf (as root) to change the name of the machine.
Print my login name.
id username
Print user id (uid) and his/her group id (gid), effective id (if different than the real id) and the supplementary groups.
Print or change the operating system date and time. E.g., I could change the date and time to 2000-12-31 23:57 using this command:
date 123123572000
To set the hardware (BIOS) clock from the system (Linux) clock, use the command (as root) setclock
Determine the amount of time that it takes for a process to complete + other info. Don't confuse it with the date command. E.g. I can find out how long it takes to display a directory content using:
time ls
Determine the users logged on the machine.
rwho -a
(=remote who) Determine all users logged on your network. The rwho service must be enabled for this command to run. If it isn't, run setup as root to enable "rwho".
finger user_name
System info about a user. Try: finger root
Show listing of users last logged-in on your system.
history | more
Show the last (1000 or so) commands executed from the command line on the current account. The "| more" causes the display to stop after each screenful.
Show the amount of time since the last reboot.
(=print status) List the processes currently run by the current user.
ps axu | more
List all the processes currently running, even those without the controlling terminal, together with the name of the user that owns each process.
Keep listing the currently running processes, sorted by cpu usage (top users first). In KDE, you can get GUI-based Ktop from "K"menu under "System"-"Task Manager" (or by executing "ktop" in an X-terminal).
uname -a
(= Unix name with option "all") Info on your (local) server. I can also use guname (in X-window terminal) to display the info more nicely.
Memory info (in kilobytes).
df -h
(=disk free) Print disk info about all the filesystems (in human-readable form)
du / -bh | more
(=disk usage) Print detailed disk usage for each subdirectory starting at the "/" (root) directory (in human legible form).
cat /proc/cpuinfo
Cpu info--it show the content of the file cpuinfo. Note that the files in the /proc directory are not real files--they are hooks to look at information available to the kernel.
cat /proc/interrupts
List the interrupts in use.
cat /proc/version
Linux version and other info
cat /proc/filesystems
Show the types of filesystems currently in use.
cat /etc/printcap
Show the setup of printers.
(As root. Use /sbin/lsmod to execute this command when you are a non-root user.) Show the kernel modules currently loaded.
Show the current user environment.
echo $PATH
Show the content of the environment variable "PATH". This command can be used to show other environment variables as well. Use "set" to see the full environment.
dmesg | less
Print kernel messages (the content of the so-called kernel ring buffer). Press "q" to quit "less". Use less /var/log/dmesg to see what "dmesg" dumped into this file right after the last system bootup.
7.3 Basic operations
any_command --help |moreDisplay a brief help on a command (works with most commands). "--help" works similar to DOS "/h" switch. The "more" pipe is needed if the output is longer than one screen.
man topic
Display the contents of the system manual pages (help) on the topic. Try man man first. Press "q" to quit the viewer. The command info topic works similar and may contain more up-to-date information. Manual pages can be hard to read. Try any_command --help for short, easy to digest help on a command. If more info needed, have a look to the directory /usr/doc. To display manual page from a specific section, I may use something like in this example: man 3 exit (this displays an info on the command exit from section 3 of the manual pages).
apropos topic
Give me the list of the commands that have something to to do with my topic.
help command
Display brief info on a bash (shell) build-in command.
List the content of the current directory. Under Linux, the command "dir" is an alias to ls. Many users have "ls" to be an alias to "ls --color".
ls -al |more
List the content of the current directory, all files (also those starting with a dot), and in a long form. Pipe the output through the "more" command, so that the display pauses after each screenful.
cd directory
Change directory. Using "cd" without the directory name will take you to your home directory. "cd -" will take you to your previous directory and is a convenient way to toggle between two directories. "cd .." will take you one directory up.
cp source destination
Copy files. E.g., cp /home/stan/existing_file_name . will copy a file to my current working directory. Use the "-r" option (for recursive) to copy the contents of whole directories, e.g. , cp -r my_existing/dir/ ~ will copy a subdirectory under my current working directory to my home directory.
mcopy source destination
Copy a file from/to a DOS filesystem (no mounting necessary). E.g., mcopy a:\autoexec.bat ~/junk . See man mtools for related commands: mdir, mcd, mren, mmove, mdel, mmd, mrd, mformat ....
mv source destination
Move or rename files. The same command is used for moving and renaming files and directories.
ln source destination
Create a hard link called destination to the file called source. The link appears as a copy of the original files, but in reality only one copy of the file is kept, just two (or more) directory entries point to it. Any changes the file are automatically visible throughout. When one directory entry is removed, the other(s) stay(s) intact. The limitation of the hard links are: the files have to be on the same filesystem, hard links to directories or special files are impossible.
ln -s source destination
Create a symbolic (soft) link called "destination" to the file called "source". The symbolic link just specifies a path where to look for the file. In contradistinction to hard links, the source and destination don't not have to tbe on the same filesystem. In comparison to hard links, the drawback of symbolic links are: if the original file is removed, the link is "broken", symbolic links can also create circular references (like circular references in spreadsheets or databases, e.g., "a" points to "b" and "b" points back to "a").
rm files
Remove (delete) files. You must own the file in order to be able to remove it. On many systems, you will be asked or confirmation of deleation, if you don't want this, use the "-f" (=force) option, e.g., rm -f * will remove all files in my current working directory, no questions asked.
mkdir directory
Make a new directory.
rmdir directory
Remove an empty directory.
rm -r files
(recursive remove) Remove files, directories, and their subdirectories. Careful with this command as root--you can easily remove all files on the system with such a command executed on the top of your directory tree, and there is no undelete in Linux (yet). But if you really wanted to do it (reconsider), here is how (as root): rm -rf /*
cat filename | more
View the content of a text file called "filename", one page a time. The "|" is the "pipe" symbol (on many American keyboards it shares the key with "\") The pipe makes the output stop after each screenful. For long files, it is sometimes convenient to use the commands head and tail that display just the beginning and the end of the file. If you happened to use "cat" a binary file and your terminal displays funny characters afterwards, you can restore it with the command "reset".
less filename
Scroll through a content of a text file. Press q when done. "Less" is roughly equivalent to "more" , the command you know from DOS, although very often "less" is more convenient than "more".
pico filename
Edit a text file using the simple and standard text editor called pico.
pico -w filename
Edit a text file, while disabling the long line wrap. Handy for editing configuration files, e.g. /etc/fstab.
find / -name "filename"
Find the file called "filename" on your filesystem starting the search from the root directory "/". The "filename" may contain wildcards (*,?).
locate filename
Find the file name of which contains the string "filename". Easier and faster than the previous command but depends on a database that normally rebuilds at night.
Run an executable in the current directory, which is not on your PATH.
touch filename
Change the date/time stamp of the file filename to the current time. Create an empty file if the file does not exist.
Start a barebone X-windows server (without a windows manager).
Start an X-windows server and the default windows manager. Works like typing "win" under DOS with Win3.1
startx -- :1
Start another X-windows session on the display 1 (the default is opened on display 0). You can have several GUI terminals running concurrently. Switch between them using <Ctrl><Alt><F7>, <Ctrl><Alt><F8>, etc.
(in X terminal) Run a simple X-windows terminal. Typing exit will close it. There are other, more advanced "virtual" terminals for X-windows. I like the popular ones: konsole and kvt (both come with kde) and gnome-terminal (comes with gnome). If you need something really fancy-looking, try Eterm.
(in X terminal). Very nice, old-fashioned game. Many small games/programs are probably installed on your system. I also like xboard (chess).
shutdown -h now
(as root) Shut down the system to a halt. Mostly used for a remote shutdown. Use <Ctrl><Alt><Del> for a shutdown at the console (which can be done by any user).
(as root, two commands) Halt or reboot the machine. Used for remote shutdown, simpler to type than the previous command.
Network apps
netscape(in X terminal) Run netscape (requires a separate Netscape installation). The current versions of Netscape (4.x) are known to be big and buggy. They occasionally crash by vanishing (no other harm done). Also, when not connected to the network , Netscape likes to refuse to do anything (looks like it hanged)-it revives when you connect.
netscape -display host:0.0
(in X terminal) Run netscape on the current machine and direct the output to machine named "host" display 0 screen 0. Your current machine must have a permission to display on the machine "host" (typically given by executing the command xhost current_machine_name in the xterminal of the machine host. Other X-windows program can be run remotely the same way.
lynx file.html
View an html file or browse the net from the text mode.
A good text-mode mail reader. Another good and standard one is elm. Your Netscape mail will read the mail from your Internet account. pine will let you read the "local" mail, e.g. the mail your son or a cron process sends to you from a computer on your home network. The command mail could also be used for reading/composing mail, but it would be inconvenient--it is meant to be used in scripts for automation.
A good tex-mode mail reader. See the previous command.
A really basic but extremally useful and fast mail reader.
A basic operating system tool for e-mail. Look at the previous commands for a better e-mail reader. mail is good if you wanted to send an e-mail from a shell script.
(in X term) An icq "instant messaging" client. Another good one is kxicq. Older distributions don't have an icq client installed, you have to do download one and install it.
talk username1
Talk to another user currently logged on your machine (or use "talk username1@machinename" to talk to a user on a different computer) . To accept the invitation to the conversation, type the command "talk username2". If somebody is trying to talk to you and it disrupts your work, your may use the command "mesg n" to refuse accepting messages. You may want to use "who" or "rwho" to determine the users who are currently logged-in.
Launch the "Midnight Commander" file manager (looks like "Norton Commander" for Linux).
telnet server
Connect to another machine using the TELNET protocol. Use a remote machine name or IP address. You will be prompted for your login name and password--you must have an account on the remote machine to login. Telnet will connect you to another machine and let you operate on it as if you were sitting at its keyboard (almost). Telnet is not very secure--everything you type goes in open text, even your password!
rlogin server
(=remote login) Connect to another machine. The login name/password from your current session is used; if it fails you are prompted for a password.
rsh server
(=remote shell) Yet another way to connect to a remote machine. The login name/password from your current session is used; if it fails you are prompted for a password.
ftp server
Ftp another machine. (There is also ncftp which adds extra features and gftp for GUI .) Ftp is good for copying files to/from a remote machine. Try user "anonymous" if you don't have an account on the remote server. After connection, use "?" to see the list of available ftp commands. The essential ftp command are: ls (see the files on the remote system), ASCII, binary (set the file transfer mode to either text or binary, important that you select the proper one ), get (copy a file from the remote system to the local system), mget (get many files at once), put (copy a file from the local system to the remote system), mput (put many files at once), bye (disconnect). For automation in a script, you may want to use ncftpput and ncftpget, for example:
ncftpput -u my_user_name -p my_password -a remote.host.domain remote_dir *local.html
Minicom program (looks like "Procomm for Linux").
File (de)compression
tar -zxvf filename.tar.gz(=tape archiver) Untar a tarred and compressed tarball (*.tar.gz or *.tgz) that you downloaded from the Internet.
tar -xvf filename.tar
Untar a tarred but uncompressed tarball (*.tar).
gunzip filename.gz
Decompress a zipped file (*.gz" or *.z). Use gzip (also zip or compress) if you wanted to compress files to this file format.
bunzip2 filename.bz2
(=big unzip) Decompress a file (*.bz2) zipped with bzip2 compression utility. Used for big files.
unzip filename.zip
Decompress a file (*.zip) zipped with a compression utility compatible with PKZIP for DOS.
unarj e filename.arj
Extract the content of an *.arj archive.
uudecode -o outputfile filename
Decode a file encoded with uuencode. uu-encoded files are typically used for transfer of non-text files in e-mail (uuencode transforms any file into an ASCII file).
7.4 Process control
ps(=print status) Display the list of currently running processes with their process IDs (PID) numbers. Use ps axu to see all processes currently running on your system (also those of other users or without a controlling terminal), each with the name of the owner. Use "top" to keep listing the processes currently running.
fg PID
Bring a background or stopped process to the foreground.
bg PID
Send the process to the background. Opposite to fg. The same can be accomplished with <Ctrl>z. If you have stopped jobs, you have to type exit twice in row to log out.
Run any command in the background (the symbol "&" means "run the proceeding command in the background").
batch any_command
Run any command (usually one that is going to take more time) when the system load is low. I can logout, and the process will keep running.
at 17:00
Execute a command at a specified time. You will be prompted for the command(s) to run, until you press <Ctrl>d.
kill PID
Force a process shutdown. First determine the PID of the process to kill using ps.
killall program_name
Kill program(s) by name.
(in an xwindow terminal) Kill a GUI-based program with mouse. (Point with your mouse cursor at the window of the process you want to kill and click.)
(as root) Check and control the printer(s). Type "?" to see the list of available commands.
Show the content of the printer queue. Under KDE (X-Windows), you may use GUI-based "Printer Queue" available from "K"menu-Utilities.
lprm job_number
Remove a printing job "job_number" from the queue.
nice program_name
Run program_name adjusting its priority. Since the priority is not specified in this example, it will be adjusted by 10 (the process will run slower), from the default value (usually 0). The lower the number (of "niceness" to other users on the system), the higher the priority. The priority value may be in the range -20 to 19. Only root may specify negative values. Use "top" to display the priorities of the running processes.
renice -1 PID
(as root) Change the priority of a running process to -1. Normal users can only adjust processes they own, and only up from the current value (make them run slower).
<Ctrl>c, <Ctrl>z, <Ctrl>s, and <Ctrl>q also belong to this chapter but they were described previously. In short they mean: stop the current command, send the current command to the background, stop the data transfer, resume the data transfer.
7.5 Basic administration commands
printtool(as root in X-terminal) Configuration tool for your printer(s). Settings go to the file /etc/printcap.
(as root) Configure mouse, soundcard, keyboard, X-windows, system services. There are many distibution-specific configuration utilities, setup is the default on RedHat. Mandrake 7.0 offers very nice DrakConf .
(as root, either in text or graphical mode). You can access and change hundreds of setting from it. Very powerful--don't change too many things at the same time, and be careful with changing entries you don't understand.
(in X-terminal). Adjust the settings of the graphical display for all resolutions so as to eliminate black bands, shift the display right/left/up/down, etc. (First use the knobs on your monitor to fit your text mode correctly on the screen.) To make the changes permanent, display the frequencies on the screen and transfer them to the setup file /etc/X11/XF86Config.
alias ls="ls --color=tty"
Create an alias for the command "ls" to enhance its format with color. In this example, the alias is also called "ls" and the "color" option is only envoke when the output is done to a terminal (not to files). Put the alias into the file /etc/bashrc if you would like the alias to be always accessible to all users on the system. Type "alias" alone to see the list of aliases on your system.
adduser user_name
Create a new account (you must be root). E.g., adduser barbara Don't forget to set up the password for the new user in the next step. The user home directory is /home/user_name.
useradd user_name
The same as the command " adduser user_name ".
userdel user_name
Remove an account (you must be a root). The user's home directory and the undelivered mail must be dealt with separately (manually because you have to decide what to do with the files).
groupadd group_name
Create a new group on your system. Non-essential but can be handy even on a home machine with a small number of users.
Change the password on your current account. If you are root, you can change the password for any user using: passwd user_name
chmod perm filename
(=change mode) Change the file access permission for the files you own (unless you are root in which case you can change any file). You can make a file accessible in three modes: read (r), write (w), execute (x) to three classes of users: owner (u), members of the same group as the owner (g), others on the system (o). Check the current access permissions using:
ls -l filename
If the file is accessible to all users in all modes it will show:
The first triplet shows the file permission for the owner of the file, the second for his/her group, the third for others. A "no" permission is shown as "-".
E.g., this command will add the permission to read the file "junk" to all (=user+group+others):
chmod a+r junk
This command will remove the permission to execute the file junk from others:
chmod o-x junk
Also try here for more info.
You can set the default file permissions for the news files that you create using the command umask (see man umask).
chown new_ownername filename
chgrp new_groupname filename
Change the file owner and group. You should use these two commands after you copy a file for use by somebody else.
(=substitute user id) Assume the superuser (=root) identity (you will be prompted for the password). Type "exit" to return you to your previous login. Don't habitually work on your machine as root. The root account is for administration and the su command is to ease your access to the administration account when you require it. You can also use "su" to assume any other user identity, e.g. su barbara will make me "barbara" (password required unless I am a superuser).
(as root in X terminal). GUI to to add/remove kernel modules. You can do the same from the command line using the command "insmod", but "insmode" is less "newbie-friendly".
List currently loaded kernel modules. A module is like a device driver--it provides operating system kernel support for a particular piece of hardware or feature.
modprobe -l |more
List all the modules available for your kernel. The available modules are determined by how your Linux kernel was compliled. Every possible module/feature can be compiled on linux as either "hard wired" (fast, non-removable), "module" (maybe slower, but loaded/removable on demand), or "no" (no support for this feature at all).
insmod parport
insmod ppa
(as root) Insert modules into the kernel (a module is roughly an equivalent of a DOS device driver). This example shows how to insert the modules for support of the external parallel port zip drive (it appears to be a problem to get the external zip drive to work in any other way under RH6.0 ).
rmmod module_name
(as root, not essential). Remove the module module_name from the kernel.
setserial /dev/cua0 port 0x03f8 irq 4
(as root) Set a serial port to a non-standard setting. The example here shows the standard setting for the first serial port (cua0 or ttyS0). The standard PC settings for the second serial port (cua1or ttyS1) are: address of i/o port 0x02f8, irq 3. The third serial port (cua2 or ttyS2): 0x03e8, irq 4. The forth serial port (cua3 or ttyS3): 0x02e8, irq 3. Add your setting to /etc/rc.d/rc.local if you want it to be set at the boot time. See man setserial for good a overview.
(as root) Linux hard drive partitioning utility (DOS has a utility with the same name).
cd /usr/src/linux-2.0.36
make xconfig
(as root in X terminal). Nice GUI front-end for configuration of the kernel options in preparation for compilation of your customized kernel. (The directory name contains the version of your Linux kernel so you may need to modify the directory name if your Linux kernel version is different than 2.0.36 used in this example. You also need the "Tk" interpreter and the kernel source code installed. ) The alternatives to "make xconfig" are: "make config" (runs a scripts that asks you questions in the text mode) and "make menuconfig" (runs a text-based menu-driven configuration utility). Try: less /usr/doc/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO for more information.
After the configuration, you may choose to proceed with kernel compilation of the new kernel by issuing the following commands:
make dep
make zImage
The last command will take some time to complete (maybe 0.5 h, depending on your hardware). It produces the file "zImage", which is your new Linux kernel. Next:
make modules
make modules_install
Read: /usr/doc/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO for information on how to install the new kernel. You will probably also find it useful to read "man depmode". Configuration, compilation and installation of a new kernel is not difficult but it CAN lead to problems if you don't know what you are doing.
Compilation of a kernel is a good way to test your hardware, because it involves a massive amount of computing. If your hardware is "flaky", you will most likely receive the "signal 11" error (read the beatiful /usr/doc/FAQ/txt/GCC-SIG11-FAQ). See this for details on kernel upgrade.
depmod -a
(as root) Build the module dependency table for the kernel. This can, for example, be useful after installing and booting a new kernel. Use "modprobe -a" to load the modules.
(as root) Re-create the bindings and the cache for the loader of dynamic libraries ("ld"). You may want to run ldconfig after an installation of new dynamically linked libraries on your system. (It is also re-run every time you boot the computer, so if you reboot you don't have to run it manually.)
mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
(=make node, as root) Create a device file. This example shows how to create a device file associated with your first floppy drive and could be useful if you happened to accidentally erase it. The options are: b=block mode device (c=character mode device, p=FIFO device, u=unbuffered character mode device). The two integers specify the major and the minor device number.
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
mkfs -c -t ext2
(=floppy disk format, two commands, as root) Perform a low-level formatting of a floppy in the first floppy drive (/dev/fd0), high density (1440 kB). Then make a Linux filesystem (-t ext2), checking/marking bad blocks (-c ). Making the files system is an equivalent to the high-level format.
badblocks /dev/fd01440 1440
(as root) Check a high-density floppy for bad blocks and display the results on the screen. The parameter "1440" specifies that 1440 blocks are to be checked. This command does not modify the floppy.
fsck -t ext2 /dev/hda2
(=file system check, as root) Check and repair a filesystem. The example uses the partition hda2, filesystem type ext2.
dd if=/dev/fd0H1440 of=floppy_image
dd if=floppy_image of=/dev/fd0H1440
(two commands, dd="data duplicator") Create an image of a floppy to the file called "floppy_image" in the current directory. Then copy floppy_image (file) to another floppy disk. Works like DOS "DISKCOPY".
Program installation
rpm -ivh filename.rpm(=RedhatPackageManager, install, verbose, hashes displayed to show progress, as root.) Install a content of RedHat rpm package(s) and print info on what happened. Keep reading if you prefer a GUI installation.
rpm -qpi filename.rpm
(=RedhatPackageManager, query, package, list.) Read the info on the content of a yet uninstalled package filename.rpm.
rpm -qpl filename.rpm
(=RedhatPackageManager, query, package, information.) List the files contained in a yet uninstalled package filename.rpm.
rpm -qf filename
(=RedhatPackageManager, query, file.) Find out the name of the *.rpm package to which the file filename (on your hardrive) belongs.
rpm -e packagename
(=RedhatPackageManager, erase=uninstall.) Uninstall a package pagckagename. Packagname is the same as the beginning of the *.rpm package file but without the dash and version number.
(in X terminal, as root if you want to be able to install packages) GUI fronts to the Red Hat Package Manager (rpm). "glint" comes with RH5.2, "gnorpm" with RH6.0, "kpackage" comes with RH6.1 or must be installed separately but is the best of the three. Use any of them to view which software packages are installed on your system and the what not-yet-installed packages are available on your RedHat CD, display the info about the packages, and install them if you want (installation must be done as root).
Accessing drives/partitions
mountSee here for details on mounting drives. Examples are shown in the next commands.
mount -t auto /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
(as root) Mount the floppy. The directory /mnt/floppy must exist, be empty and NOT be your current directory.
mount -t auto /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
(as root) Mount the CD. You may need to create/modify the /dev/cdrom file depending where your CDROM is. The directory /mnt/cdrom must exist, be empty and NOT be your current directory.
mount /mnt/floppy
(as user or root) Mount a floppy as user. The file /etc/fstab must be set up to do this. The directory /mnt/floppy must not be your current directory.
mount /mnt/cdrom
(as user or root) Mount a CD as user. The file /etc/fstab must be set up to do this. The directory /mnt/cdrom must not be your current directory.
umount /mnt/floppy
Unmount the floppy. The directory /mnt/floppy must not be your (or anybody else's) current working directory. Depending on your setup, you might not be able to unmount a drive that you didn't mount.
7.6 Network administration tools
netconf(as root) A very good menu-driven setup of your network.
Check if you can contact another machine (give the machine's name or IP), press <Ctrl>C when done (it keeps going).
route -n
Show the kernel routing table.
nslookup host_to_find
Query your default domain name server (DNS) for an Internet name (or IP number) host_to_find. This way you can check if your DNS works. You can also find out the name of the host of which you only know the IP number.
traceroute host_to_trace
Have a look how you messages trave to host_to_trace (which is either a host name or IP number).
ipfwadm -F -p m
(for RH5.2, seen next command for RH6.0) Set up the firewall IP forwarding policy to masquerading. (Not very secure but simple.) Purpose: all computers from your home network will appear to the outside world as one very busy machine and, for example, you will be allowed to browse the Internet from all computers at once.
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
ipfwadm-wrapper -F -p deny
ipfwadm-wrapper -F -a m -S xxx.xxx.xxx.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0
(three commands, RH6.0). Does the same as the previous command. Substitute the "x"s with digits of your class "C" IP address that you assigned to your home network. See here for more details. In RH6.1, masquarading seems broken to me--I think I will install Mandrake Linux:).
(as root) Display info on the network interfaces currently active (ethernet, ppp, etc). Your first ethernet should show up as eth0, second as eth1, etc, first ppp over modem as ppp0, second as ppp1, etc. The "lo" is the "loopback only" interface which should be always active. Use the options (see ifconfig --help) to configure the interfaces.
ifup interface_name
(/sbin/ifup to it run as a user) Startup a network interface. E.g.:
ifup eth0
ifup ppp0
Users can start up or shutdown the ppp interface only when the right permission was checked during the ppp setup (using netconf ). To start a ppp interface (dial-up connection), I normally use kppp available under kde menu "internet".
ifdown interface_name
(/sbin/ifdown to run it as a user). Shut down the network interface. E.g.: ifdown ppp0 Also, see the previous command.
netstat | more
Displays a lot (too much?) information on the status of your network.
Music-related commands
cdplay play 1Play the first track from a audio CD.
Get a free coffee cup holder :))). (Eject the CD ROM tray).
play my_file.wav
Play a wave file.
mpg123 my_file.mp3
Play an mp3 file.
mpg123 -w my_file.wav my_file.mp3
Create a wave audio file from an mp3 audio file.
(in X terminal) Start the program to downolad mp3 files that other users of napster have displayed for downloading. Really cool!
cdparanoia -B "1-"
(CD ripper) Read the contents of an audio CD and save it into wavefiles in the current directories, one track per wavefile. The "1-"
means "from track 1 to the last". -B forces putting each track into a separate file.
playmidi my_file.mid
Play a midi file. playmidi -r my_file.mid will display text mode effects on the screen.
(argument not given here) Convert from almost any audio file format to another (but not mp3s). See man sox.
Graphics-related commands
kghostview my_file.psDisplay a postscript file on screen. I can also use the older-looking ghostview or gv for the same end effect.
ps2pdf my_file.ps my_file.pdf
Make a pdf (Adobe portable document format) file from a postscript file.
(in X terminal) A humble looking but very powerful image processor. Takes some learning to use, but it is great for artists, there is almost nothing you can't do with gimp. Use your mouse right button to get local menus, and learn how to use layers. Save your file in the native gimp file format *.xcf (to preserve layers) and only then flatten it and save as png (or whatever). There is a large user manual /usr/
(in X terminal) Powerful photo editor.
giftopnm my_file.giff > my_file.pnm
pnmtopng my_file.pnm > my_file.png
Convert the propriatory giff graphics into a raw, portable pnm file. Then convert the pnm into a png file, which is a newer and better standard for Internet pictures (better technically plus there is no danger of being sued by the owner of giff patents).


text:
Court records show a lawsuit filed by a former TMZ photographer who accused Woody Harrelson of attacking him has been dismissed.
Filings in Los Angeles Superior Court state Harrelson and the photographer, Josh Levine, reached a settlement earlier this month. The details of the settlement were not included in court records.
The case had been scheduled to go to trial in early May.
Levine sued Harrelson in June 2008, alleging the Academy Award-nominated actor broke his video camera, choked him and ordered his bodyguard to attack the photographer during an incident in Hollywood in 2006.
Harrelson countersued for invasion of privacy and records show that case has also been dismissed.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Big Screen Gentlemen: Hollywood's Leading Men
VIEW THE PHOTOS: MovieMantz: Oscar Predictions 2010 — 'It's Complicated? Hardly!'
PLAY IT NOW: Woody Harrelson & Jesse Eisenberg Have A Blast On 'Zombieland'
PLAY IT NOW: Woody Harrelson Talks 'Semi-Pro'
MORE ACCESS ON THESE TOPICS: Woody Harrelson - TV - Movies - Lawsuits

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Cadillac wants to let drivers have natural conversations with their cars and get physical feedback from a touchscreen in some models coming as soon as next year.
At the CTIA Enterprise & Applications mobile trade show this week, General Motors' top luxury brand is showing off Cue, a new set of car control and entertainment options built around technology familiar to users of mobile phones. Elements of Cue will be available as standard features or options in Cadillac XTS, ATS and SRX models starting next year.
Cadillac has used touchscreen technology for many years, and rival Ford has made many functions controllable through voice commands. but Cue is designed to take both technologies to new levels. it uses NLP (natural language processing) so drivers can express their wishes to the system in whatever way they want, and haptic feedback — vibration of the interface — to give drivers more information about what they've just done.
These controls are found primarily in a "center stack" of controls in the middle of the dashboard that manage and display entertainment, navigation and environmental functions. Cadillac showed off a version of that stack in a real dashboard at a media event near the conference. it consists of an 8-inch (20-centimeter) touchscreen at the top, capable of twice the brightness of an iPad for visibility in bright daylight, and a panel below with raised tabs that look like chrome levers. but the panel has no mechanical parts and instead just responds to light touches.
Both the screen and the panel respond to the driver's touch with various vibrations, including one that makes scrolling down a menu feel like running your fingers over a ribbed surface. In addition to the controls in the center stack, there are mechanical buttons and tabs on the steering wheel for controlling many settings. On some models, there will even be a virtual instrument cluster right in front of the driver that can be changed to display information about navigation, phone calls and other functions along with current speed.
The NLP voice-recognition technology, which Cadillac got from Nuance Communications, lets drivers use any phrasing to ask for things such as a radio station or music from a particular artist. Cadillac engineers put it through extensive testing, even going on vacation with families, to make sure it's flexible enough to use in the real world, said Mike Hichme, an engineering group manager.
This type of language recognition has been evolving for years and hasn't always worked as promised, said industry analyst Chetan Sharma of Chetan Sharma Consulting. "I'm a little bit skeptical every time someone comes out with NLP," Sharma said. Also, consumers may not even need total freedom to talk to their cars as they please, because when making the kinds of requests that Cue is designed to handle, people tend to use a fairly narrow range of wordings, he said. A system such as Ford's Sync, which doesn't use the same level of NLP, is usually adequate, he said.
However, the release of Apple's iPhone 4S, with its Siri NLP software, may change consumers' expectations over time if Siri really works well, Sharma said.
Because cars take so long to design, Cadillac had to predict the future of device interfaces from the time they started developing Cue four or five years ago, Hichme said. that was just as the first iPhone was coming into the market. Touchscreens weren't yet the standard for mobile device interfaces.
"You can imagine, just in our organization, the tension," Hichme said. "There was no iPad reference when we started."
Many types of connected applications like those on mobile phones will be integrated into Cue at some level. For example, Cue will be able to read out text messages sent to the driver, though it won't translate a driver's speech into texts to send out, and it will let users send Internet radio and other online services through the entertainment and information system. Cue will incorporate its own browser, Cadillac said.
Drivers will be able to connect as many as 10 devices to Cue via Bluetooth, USB, an SD card slot and other interfaces. but company officials weren't able to confirm whether the system will link to the Internet via Bluetooth and the driver's phone, or in some other fashion. Cadillac will need to work that out and not leave it up to the buyer of an expensive luxury car to work out how to link the vehicle to the Internet, analyst Sharma said.
All the functions that Cue allows will meet standards set by the industry group Automotive Alliance for minimal driver distraction, Hichme said. the Alliance counts each glance away from the road a two-second distraction, and they allow no more than six glances for any task. So although there is a full QWERTY keyboard available on the center touchscreen, it can't be used to type in an address while the car is moving. if the drivers tries to do so, Cue will initiate a voice session instead.
Because drivers typically keep their cars for much longer than they do electronic devices, Cadillac needed to make Cue as flexible as possible for future updates. For that reason, the user interface system for the car synonymous with luxury and expense will be based on Linus Torvalds' legendary free operating system, Linux.
Stephen Lawson covers mobile, storage and networking technologies for the IDG News Service. Follow Stephen on Twitter at @sdlawsonmedia. Stephen's e-mail address is


text:
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes – Re-Imagined — The Complete Collection Paperback
Also available from:
Amazon UK Book Depository (free worldwide delivery)
Sherlock Holmes, the world's "only unofficial consulting detective", was first introduced to readers in A Study in Scarlet published by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1887. It was with the publication of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, however, that the master sleuth grew tremendously in popularity, later to become one of the most beloved literary characters of all time. This collected volume reprints all twelve short stories comprising The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes – Re-Imagined book series in one paperback edition.
Between its covers, the original tales by Conan Doyle have been amusingly illustrated using only LEGO® brand mini figures and bricks. The illustrations recreate, through custom designed Lego models, the composition of the black and white drawings by Sidney Paget that accompanied the original publication of these adventures appearing in The Strand Magazine from July 1891 to June 1892. Paget's iconic illustrations are largely responsible for the popular image of Sherlock Holmes, including his deerstalker cap and Inverness cape, details never mentioned in the writings of Conan Doyle. This uniquely illustrated edition, which features some of the most famous and enjoyable cases investigated by Sherlock Holmes and his devoted friend and biographer Dr. John H. Watson, including A Scandal in Bohemia, The Red-Headed League and The Adventure of the Speckled Band, is sure to delight LEGO enthusiasts, as well as fans of the Great Detective, both old and new.
LEGO® is a trademark of the LEGO Group of Companies. The LEGO Group has not been involved in nor has it in any other way licensed or authorized the publication of this book.


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Schools are starting up again across the country. One of the things that this means is that the government is once again going to start to indoctrinate millions of children into the attitude that, in order to be a good American, one must endorse 'one nation under God'.
Many children will go to school to see the message prominently displayed on the classroom wall, "If you do not trust in God, then we do not think of you as being one of us."
It is not enough that the government declares this to be the official state attitude towards atheists. Many of the teachers – and many of the classmates – that the atheist (or would-be atheist) students will interact with daily believe this. To think that this does not color interactions between atheists and the rest of their school is naïve.
It is here, at a very young age, under the direction of the State and the active encouragement of teachers and fellow students, that young atheists and would-be atheists learn to hide what they believe. They learn to be timid and fearful – attitudes that they will carry with them throughout their adult lives, much to the delight of the theocrats and others who favor having an sectarian state.
If I have not been plain enough in the past, let me be clear now, I think it is right and necessary to explicitly protest this policy.
It's not sufficient to simply sit down and shut up while others say the Pledge of Allegiance. In this country, those actions simply reinforce the message that atheists are un-American. In our cultural language, sitting down and saying nothing is interpreted as a sign of disrespect for liberty and justice for all, disrespect for the government, and, in particular, disrespect for those people who have fought and died to protect our liberty.
Which is exactly the message that the theocrats want to give.
So, we are given a choice to make one of two statements whenever the Pledge of Allegiance is given. We can either stand up and show respect for the idea that a person who does not support 'one nation under God' is the same as a person who does not support 'one nation . . . indivisible, with liberty and justice for all'.
Or we can remain seated and silent, and tell the community that our attitude is that people who fight and die for our freedoms are not worthy of our respect or consideration.
These are the two legally and culturally permitted statements that one can make whenever the Pledge is offered. No other message is permissible.
Both of them are messages that cast atheists in an unfavorable light.
Worse, it casts atheists in an unfavorable light in the minds of children . . . six, seven, eight years old . . . who are not old enough to question. It casts these ideas into the minds of children who will unthinkingly attach emotions and sentiments to these ideas. They will associate being 'under God' and trusting in God with a sense of belonging and acceptance that will make it very difficult – impossible for some – to be at all comfortable with the idea that some citizens do not believe in God. They will associate not being 'under God' or not trusting in God with the sense of being outcast and isolated, unworthy of the equal respect and consideration not only of one's government, but of other people.
At this point it is all too common for some individuals to stand up and say, "That is not what happened to me."
However, imagine somebody writing about the dangers of falling from a great height – how this breaks bones and causes death. Then, those few people who have fallen from a great height without being harmed, stand up and say, "That is not what happened to me."
We would be fools to think of their few exceptions give us good reason to reject the idea that falling from a great height is dangerous. We would be foolish to look at the exceptions and say, "This must be the norm." We should only look at the norm to discover what the norm is.
And the norm, when it comes to the public's attitude towards atheists, is that atheists are un-American, are unfit to hold public office and positions of public trust, is the last person most parents would want their child to marry, is immoral, and is politically disposed to support a Holocaust or Stalinist purge.
I would like those atheists who think that they, too, have not been affected by this social attitude to actually look at your lives. You're not worried about what anybody would think if they were to discover that you do not believe in God? Proclaiming your atheism to somebody that you might want to date – or their family – or your family – does not cause you an ounce of concern? You think you can run for public office stating explicitly that you believe that no God exists and that this would do absolutely no harm to your campaign?
A slave can be comfortable as a slave if he learns to accept this as his role in society, and conforms his own attitudes and expectations to the position that society has assigned them to. Slaves continued to willingly serve their masters throughout the Civil War - even taking up arms against the Union army.
However, the fact that some blacks had internalized the slave culture and found themselves comfortable within it, is not an argument for saying that no injustice is done under the institution of slavery. The fact that some atheists are comfortable in a culture hostile towards atheists is no proof that no injustice is done with the current Pledge, the current motto, and the current culture that they support.
Speifically, what I am endorsing is going to the school and asking or demanding (because, on an issue such as this, it is within one's rights to demand – at least in the sense of saying, 'You are an accessory to bigotry if you do not agree to this') the right to deliver a message to the school other than the two government approved messages.
What I am endorsing is demanding the right to say that students (or anybody else for that matter) should not be forced into a situation where they must communicate to others either, "I support 'one nation under God'" or "I have absolutely no respect for any who fight and die for liberty and justice for all." I support demanding the right to say – and even to demand that the school itself say – that bigotry deserves no allegiance.


text:
Paolo gave his reasons for leaving the book in a really nice post on his blog and I wish him all the best on his post DD work.
I hope those of you that came to the book because of Marco's and Paolo's beautiful artwork stick around to see what Mark and I have cooking for you. I'm having a blast on this book, and I hope it's showing in my pages.
You can read the see the full interview here at Marvel.com's liveblog (or a number of other places like Newsarama, CBR, IGN, MTVNews etc.)
Ifanboy seems to have all the info, as well as a preview of B&W pages from DD#15.
OKAY!! Back to the drawing board with me. This horn head ain't gonna draw himself : )
Oh, and yes I'm still drawing the Rocketeer mini... and packing up the house for another cross-country move. This time with a 10 month old. Yes, I'm apparently a glutton for punishment.


text:
The A+PSA test measures levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as well as six specific antibodies. Fast positives are also smaller in number, not drastically different but enough to make a difference. The big difference is the overall accuracy which was 79 percent compared to 52 percent with just the PSA test. Recently at UCLA there has been a lot of prostate cancer news and breakthroughs and below are a couple links from the last few months. BD
The A+PSA test measures levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as well as six specific antibodies. Fast positives are also smaller in number, not drastically different but enough to make a difference. The big difference is the overall accuracy which was 79 percent compared to 52 percent with just the PSA test. Recently at UCLA there has been a lot of prostate cancer news and breakthroughs and below are a couple links from the last few months. BD
UCLA Discovers A Process That Turns Healthy Cells into Prostate Cancer Cells–Discovery Could Lead To New Treatments
Researchers at UCLA Discover Potential New Treatment for of Prostate Cancer When Other Methodologies Are Not Effective
Press Release:
A new test for prostate cancer that measures levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as well as six specific antibodies found in the blood of men with the disease was more sensitive and more specific than the conventional PSA test used today, according to a study by researchers at UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.
The test, called the A+PSA assay, also reduced the rate of false-positives, tests that indicate the presence of cancer when no disease is actually present, said Gang Zeng, an associate professor of urology, a Jonsson Cancer Center researcher and senior author of the study.
"This is a very promising new approach," Zeng said. "Instead of using just one parameter, PSA, to test for prostate cancer, we use multiple parameters that can be measured in a single reaction."
The study appears in the May issue of the peer-reviewed Journal of Translational Medicine.
The conventional PSA test for prostate cancer has been used for nearly 30 years and is not specific enough in delineating between malignancies and non-malignant diseases of the prostate, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlarging of the prostate common in aging men that increases PSA levels, Zeng said.
The retrospective study used blood taken before surgery from 131 patients from UCLA, Japan and France with biopsy-confirmed prostate cancers and compared results to blood taken from 121 men with either BPH or prostatitis, an infection or inflammation of the prostate that increases PSA levels. The study focused on six specific prostate-cancer associated antigens – NY-ESO-1, SSX-2,4, XAGE-lb, AMACR, p90 and LEDGF – which are found predominantly in patients with prostate cancer and not in benign prostate conditions.
The A+PSA assay looked simultaneously for PSA and antibodies to the six prostate-cancer associated antigens in a single reaction test done in a laboratory, much like PSA is measured. The new test takes about two hours, again similar to the PSA test. The test results in an index of numbers used to diagnose cancer, with a score of 0 to 0.5 indicating a benign result and 0.5 to 1 indicating the presence of prostate cancer, Zeng said.
In the new test, sensitivity – the percentage of men with prostate cancer who were correctly identified as having a malignancy – was 79 percent compared to the 52 percent found in PSA testing. Specificity – the percentage of healthy men who were correctly identified as not having prostate cancer – was 84 percent compared to the 79 percent found when testing for PSA alone.
The rate of false-positives using conventional PSA testing is 21 percent. With the new A+PSA assay, the false-positive rate is 16 percent, Zeng said.
"Science has improved so much since the PSA test was developed and I think it's time for a more specific and sensitive test to be developed," Zeng said. "I think we have a test that has great potential to improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer. I knew it would be better than the classic PSA test, but I was amazed at how much better it really was in this study."
Dr. Allan Pantuck, an associate professor of urology, Jonsson Cancer Center researcher and a study author, said a more specific and sensitive test for prostate cancer would be a welcome addition to the diagnostic tool box.
"While measuring PSA is useful in identifying men with prostate cancer, some men with prostate cancer have a normal PSA level and small elevations in PSA above normal may be produced both by prostate cancer as well as an enlarged but benign prostate," Pantuck said.
"Combining PSA with a panel of tests that measure an individual man's anti-cancer immune response may better identify who has prostate cancer and who can be spared an unnecessary invasive biopsy."
Zeng and his team are working now to adjust and improve the statistical index used in their test to generate the "score." He'd like to do a prospective study that would include the racial, ethnic and age information for each man who provides blood. The test could perhaps be altered for men over a certain age if the antibody levels found in their blood vary. African-American men may also have varying levels of the six antibodies. There also are additional antibodies that could be added to the assay that may improve both the sensitivity and specificity of the test, Zeng said.
"Different men may have different levels of the six antibodies or different antibodies all together based on their race, age and ethnicity," Zeng said. "We want as accurate an assay as we can possibly develop."
Any new prostate cancer test would have to be approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration.
The study was funded in part by the Prevent Cancer Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Network.
UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center has more than 240 researchers and clinicians engaged in disease research, prevention, detection, control, treatment and education. One of the nation's largest comprehensive cancer centers, the Jonsson center is dedicated to promoting research and translating basic science into leading-edge clinical studies. In July 2010, the Jonsson Cancer Center was named among the top 10 cancer centers nationwide by U.S. News & World Report, a ranking it has held for 10 of the last 11 years. For more information on the Jonsson Cancer Center, visit our website at http://www.cancer.ucla.edu.


text:
New Construction: A Love Story
All that Glitters
It's a familiar plot. As the real estate market picks up momentum, developers start building more and more condos. Buildings start sprouting up all over the city, with all kinds of features, architectural details and high-end appliances. The price per square foot sky rockets and the in-house steroidal sales staff is writing paper with no end in sight. Everyone wants in and folks go along with whatever crazy provisions are shoved in the Offering Plan. It all made sense…in 2007.
Welcome to Thunderdome
Like some futuristic Mel Gibson movie, we flash forward three years, and the residential real estate landscape is in shambles, and for some developers and condo purchasers, the dream has literally become a nightmare. Witness the recent ILSA cases, and the monumental and costly court decision involving the Rushmore last week. Although things seem to be settling down, as is evidenced by the housing numbers for the third quarter touted by the uber professionals, there are still ominous rumblings out there. Specifically, the many contract deposits that might have to be returned, if the ILSA appeals go the wrong way. As my friends at The Apple Peeled observed, some see positive signs, and some, not so much.
Retraining the Condo Buyer
So, now that we're here students, we have what they call a teachable moment. It's time for condo buyers to re-evaluate their checklists and priorities when it comes to making a decision about whether or not to buy a condo in a project that is less than five years old. What follows are five rules to consider before and after signing a condo contract in a new construction building:
Offering Plan as Get Out of Jail Free Card
First, let's understand what the Offering Plan is all about. This document, filed with the New York Attorney General's office, is the disclosure mechanism required in connection with any new condo development. The sponsor is obligated to disclose all material terms and conditions of the offering and all special features of the development, both positive and negative. If there is something unusual about the project, it will be disclosed in the Offering Plan, usually at the beginning of the document in the "Special Risks" section. As long as the sponsor accurately discloses those positives and negatives, the burden shifts to the buyer to understand those issues before signing the contract. In essence, it's a classic case of buyer beware. So I'll borrow from Bill Maher:
New Rule: Every buyer should read and fully understand the Special Risks section of the Offering Plan. No exceptions.
"Construction is a Complicated Process"
Every Offering Plan contains a line that reads something like the above caption. The sponsor will advise that construction can be full of surprises and difficulties. Basically, stuff happens. What the sponsor promises in the "Description of the Property" section (the technical exhibit to the Offering Plan that outlines the nuts and bolts of the construction), is not always what the final version of the building turns out to be when construction is completed. In all fairness, changes are often required for legitimate reasons, because the construction process, is in fact, incredibly complicated. Taking everything that's happened in the condo market into consideration, it's rarely a good idea to buy an apartment before the construction has been substantially completed. Until the building has an operating history of three to five years, it's vitually impossible to know whether a construction defect will show up that may impact the apartment, the building or both. Unless the buyer has a high degree of confidence in the developer's track record, as well as in the abilities of the construction professionals (such as the project architect and engineer, as well as the contractor), in the world we live in today, a buyer is better off waiting for that building to be completed, rather than betting on the sponsor to execute the construction exactly as promised. Nevertheless, since contracts for newly-constructed apartments will be signed every day irrespective of my suggestion, what can a buyer do to minimize the unknowns?
New Rule: Bring a Professional into the Due Diligence Process
In addition to a careful review of the offering documents, hiring your own architect or engineer (or both) to review the technical aspects of the construction should be very seriously considered. Here's what should be done before the contract is signed:
--Measure the square footage of the apartment and compare the tally with the square footage represented in the Offering Plan.
--Compare the actual build-out of the building and the apartment to the technical description in the Offering Plan.
--Have an architectural and engineering inspection of the apartment and the building conducted, which should include a review and analysis of all mechanical systems (such as heating, cooling, plumbing and electrical service) as well as consideration of ventilation and other life-safety conditions that can possibly create environmental problems. New York City Building Department records should also be checked for serious violations. If possible, it is highly recommended that you attend the inspection when it takes place. And things do go wrong, even when the sponsor has the best of intentions.
As pointed out by Teri Rogers of Brick Underground, there are a number of new buildings that are "sick" because of poor ventilation conditions created by so called "green" construction. Nobody wants to live in a toxic environment.
The Punch List
The following applies to all real estate transactions:
New Rule: To the greatest extent possible, avoid any seller obligation that will not be fulfilled until after closing.
Unfortunately, that's just not how condo sales work in New York. Somehow, the public, with the blessing of the Attorney General's office, accepts the fact that the sponsor can compel the buyer to close, when any number of items in the unit are in need of repair or replacement. Conceptually, it makes no sense, but it is the reluctantly accepted norm. Think about it, the apartment does not have to be completed in all respects, and the sponsor does not have to specify the time frame in which the punch list items will be resolved or hold back an escrow to insure completion of the punch list. Considering the amount of money that is usually involved in a condo transaction, I simply don't understand why the sponsor should not be obligated to deliver a completed product at the time of closing.
The Walk Through
Since the deck is stacked against the buyer, it is essential that the apartment be carefully inspected prior to closing. Accordingly, the punch list should be prepared with the assistance of an architect or other design professional, who will see things that the buyer might not recognize. Would you know if a door were not hung correctly? That's the type of issue I'm talking about.
New Rule: Have the punch list prepared with the assistance of an architect or design professional.
Post Closing Issues
Exactly what the sponsor will be obligated to repair or replace after closing is set forth in most Offering Plans in a section entitled "Rights and Obligations of the Sponsor". The list of exclusions from the sponsor's repair obligations usually runs a full single-spaced page, and can be summed up in one word: comical. What most buyers don't appreciate is that the sponsor excludes from its responsibility, anything that doesn't relate to construction and installation. If there is a problem with materials, such as defective flooring, both sponsor and buyer have to look to the manufacturer for resolution of the problem. If the manufacturer does not remedy the problem, the buyer could be stuck with a defective condition and no remedy. If there's a clear path to a solution when this situation arises, I haven't heard about it.
Latent versus Patent
Most Offering Plans also make a distinction between a patent defect (that is, a defect which is immediately evident) and a latent defect (that is, a defect that comes to light after a period of time). Further, the Offering Plan will require notice of defects within a specified period of time (usually 6 months for patent defects and 12 months for latent defects). If notice is not given on time, the sponsor is off the hook and has no obligation to remedy the condition. Unfortunately, with new construction, sometimes latent defects do not arise for several years. Unless the problem is a building-wide defect, and condo management decides to pursue the sponsor for relief irrespective of the expiration of the notice period in the Offering Plan, the individual buyer who discovers a latent defect a little too late, will have a great deal of difficulty convincing the sponsor to do the right thing. Accordingly, when it comes to problems discovered after closing:
New Rule: Notify the sponsor immediately upon discovery of any condition that might constitute a defect.
Although the sponsor usually has a representative overseeing the completion of the punch list, if a serious issue comes up or if the sponsor's representative is dragging his or her feet or is unresponsive, get your attorney involved in the process as soon as possible. Unfortunately, once a service professional loses interest, it never gets any better and it usually gets worse.
Residential Reality: With New Construction, Fall in Like, Don't Fall in Love
Value, the condo's financial wherewithal and technical analysis, have equaled or surpassed location, architectural details and amenities, as the determining factors in whether to go ahead with a new construction purchase. To this end, to insure that you are investing your money wisely, spend a few more bucks and bring an architect or engineer (or both) into the decision making process. As we have learned from the housing crisis, it is immeasurably easier to buy an apartment than it may be to sell that apartment under market conditions existing when you need to move on. Keep that in mind as you contemplate the wine cooler.


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Tonight, bring romance to the table! There's nothing like red roses to convey your truest affections. Creamy white roses add a delicate, sweet touch! Perfect for an anniversary, Valentine's Day, or any day you want her to feel extra special.
Red and cream roses are arranged with carnations, alstroemeria, and more in a chic red glass vase.
Product ID UFN1833L
Approximately 14" W x 18" H


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Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Supplement of 1988 |
Written by Steve Jackson and William A. Barton
Revised by David L. Pulver GURPS Line Editor: Sean Punch 178 pages. PDF.
Price $9.00
Stock number 30-6005 178 pages. Softcover.
Suggested Retail Price $26.95 176 black-and-white pages, softcover.
Suggested Retail Price $9.95 A Universe Without LimitsA classic becomes classier in this updating of the definitive guide to science-fiction roleplaying. Previous editions of GURPS Space offered a comprehensive set of tools to design your own starfaring campaigns, from space opera to hard science with any stop in between. Substantially revised and expanded, the Third Edition:
In addition to the above topics, GURPS Space offers an inventory of science-fiction equipment from lasers to force swords, treatment of classic science-fiction character types, advice on creating planets and the cultures that inhabit them, and much more! If you're looking for Fourth Edition material, the newest edition of GURPS Space replaces and expands on all of the information from this book.


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Carp is for code templating.
You know, for stuff like starting HTML files with a bunch of predefined javascript libraries, or for starting a new python project without having to write a setup.py file from scratch.
You can use carp for a single file or for a tree of files and folders.
It makes it easy to take a folder of code files and subfolders, replace parts of text you want to be parameterized, and then store it. Later, you render that template by passing in the required parameters.
Get the code at github here.


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Below find training camp notes and quotes from the 27-year-old Quillin, who was born in Chicago, raised in Grand Rapids (MI), and moved a year ago from Brooklyn to Los Angeles.
Training for Friday's Fight
Quillin was back in Wild Card Gym three days after his last fight, a win by four-round TKO versus Dennis Sharpe on February 11. "I'm not champ yet, so there are no days off." Qullin had training camp at Big Bear the past two weeks. In addition to training at Wild Card, prior to heading up to Big Bear, he spent two or three days a week for six weeks at his strength-and-conditioning coach Brad Bose's Anatomi gym in Santa Monica, much of the time working out on The Vortex that "Kid Chocolate" described as a torture machine.
Big Bear
This is the first time in his pro career that Quillin has trained in high altitude, at Big Bear in the Summit High Altitude Training Center. "I came up here in good shape. Working at an elevated level is different. Great fighters have trained here like Oscar De La Hoya (his promoter). Shane Mosley and 'Chop Chop' Corley came by to say hello. That meant a lot to me. I'm very fortunate to be in this situation.
"I trained before in the Poconos (Mountains in Northeast Pennsylvania) but that's nothing like up here. The Poconos are maybe 2500-3000 (feel above sea level) but it is 7000 here. I was always training there for four or six round fights but this is a 10-rounder."
Since being at Big Bear, Quillin has sparred five times for a total 39 rounds, the most 11 rounds in one day, with undefeated light heavyweight Sergey Kovalev (14-0, 12 KOs) and light middleweight Robert Garcia (29-2, 21 KOs). But he regularly sparred Monday, Wednesday and Fridays – 6 to 10 rounds each time – at Wild Card before heading to Big Bear. "Wild Card is packed with sparring partners – world champs, former world champs and up-and-comers. Before coming up here I sparred with guys like (Nobuhiro) Ishida and (Vanes) Martirosyan. Sergey and Robert have given me good sparring at Big Bear."
1st Title Fight
"This is my first title fight but I've trained for a lot of my fights like they were title fights. It was that way for my fights against (Antwun) Echols, (Dionisio) Miranda and (Sam) Hill. Now, I have this great team that's more capable of taking me where I'm going. I've elevated my skills working with all of these guys."
Quillin's day-to-day trainer for this fight has been Eric Brown, who is Freddie Roach's chief assistant. "They've put together a great game plan for this fight. I'm not going to tell the world what it is but everybody will see Friday night what I'm capable of doing in the ring."
Brown has been quite impressed by Quillin's improvements: "I've been most impressed by his patience and ability. His overall game has really improved. When he first came to Wild Card, he was in decent shape but when he started working with his strength-and-conditioning coach it (improvements) was evident right away. He's had world-class sparring at Wild Card. His first fight, in Canada, was okay but it was hard to tell how much he'd improved because he knocked out his opponent in the first round. His second fight was testimony to his conditioning. He was on another level. He's worked hard in the gym and I've seen a vast improvement, especially in his strength.
"Jesse (Brinkley) has been around for a while since The Contender. He came to the Wild Card for sparring. He's a tough kid with a big heart – a fighter! He does nothing in particular very well but he's good with everything. He's not at Peter's level, though, mentally, physically or skill wise. Everybody will see that Friday."
For more information about Peter "Kid Chocolate" Quillin go online to www.TheKidChocolate.com or follow him on Twitter @/Kid Chocolate.


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Sockmob Events/Unseen Tours have won the Responsible Tourism Awards 2011. Their product is an interesting one that in first instance may not be perceived as slum tourism, but certainly overlaps with it. It involves homeless people showing tourists their vision of the city. As such it appeals to tourists seeking a more 'real', 'authentic' or 'exotic' view of London. Seen in this way it is not too dissimilar from other slum tours. The win of Sockmob Events/UnseenTours shows that slum tours also can be perceived as a form of responsible tourism.
You can find the award ceremony for the Responsible tourism awards at this link: RT awards 2011


text: © 2004, Deborah Fugitt, City Seahorse, Inc. All rights reserved. No one, for any reason, is permitted to copy the photos, graphics or text on these pages without written permission from City Seahorse, Inc. In the event that an infringement is discovered you will be notified and invoiced the industry standard TRIPLE FEE for unauthorized usage and/or prosecuted for Copyright Infringement in U.S. Federal Court where you will be subject to pay our court costs and attorneys' fees as well as a fine of US$150,000 statutory damages. Write the webmaster for permission or information.


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Merrill Edge Guided Investing: Introducing an online investment advisory program that combines one of the best of on-line investing with a professionally managed portfolio — all at a low cost. We clear the hurdles with a pricing plan that gives you unlimited accounts and a pair of,000 commission-free window trades each month for one flat charge. But for most people, the only technique to attain financial security is to save and make investments over a long time period. Westpac Money Funding Account is issued by Westpac Banking Corporation ABN 33 007 457 141 AFSL 233714 Australian Credit score Licence 233714.
Before you act on this, please read the Westpac Money Investment Account Phrases and Conditions and contemplate if it's best for you. You could have your investment plan discovered however what do you do now? Sustain-to-date with market information, discover new firms and learn about completely different funding strategies. Speak with an advisor about Solar Life Assured Investment Funds.
The data contained could embody general recommendation however does not take note of the funding objectives, financial situation and needs of any explicit particular person or trustee of a self-managed super fund. R: Retail – the fund is geared toward odd traders. You will have come by way of some unexpected modifications, or perhaps you simply really feel that your financial savings and investments should have progressed further by now.
Access a range of investment products on Canadian, U.S., and worldwide markets. When you're ready to begin investing, you may select from our prepared-made fund choice, or use our share dealing service to access the whole market. Now we have a wide range of accounts and investments to satisfy your needs. There could also be trailing commissions associated with these mutual fund investments.
All of IBD's merchandise and options are based on the CAN SLIM® Investing System developed by IBD's Founder William J. 'Neil, who identified the seven widespread characteristics that successful stocks show earlier than making big value positive factors. In 2013, I used to be launched by Creative Traders Ltd to an investment in Farnham Park Cemetery, Surrey, owned by Regent Memorial Ltd.


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Vitanovas To Open Franchise Clinics in Brussels, Belgium and Cancun, Mexico
Global Stem Cells Group (GSCG) subsidiary Vitanovas is a mobile IV infusion company with a direct-to-consumer model, and it has officially announced that it will be breaking ground in two new locations, which will be developed into franchised clinics in Brussels, Belgium and Cancun, Mexico.
Vitanovas' franchising model allows for rapid growth and constant upscaling in terms of the businesses' service range, a crucial part of growing as a business. As such, Vitanovas has become one of the most rapidly growing companies under the divisions of Global Stem Cells Group, and for good reason. The IV Therapy market is a burgeoning one that offers great opportunity for advancement, and with footholds in both the Old World and the New, Vitanovas is sure to make the most of it.
"We're in a great position to begin spreading Vitanovas treatments in Belgium and Mexico– the demand for preventative health services is greater than ever, and by offering these with a customizable and direct-to-home model, we are confident in our ability to provide services throughout the duration of the pandemic, and after," Said Benito Novas, Vitanovas founder and CEO. "With these two franchises, we will be able to bring IV Therapy to Mexico and Belgium, and to their respective people. It's an opportunity that needs to be shared,
Vitanovas is a company that has grown because it brings nothing but benefits to both physicians and patients. For patients, they find a much more comfortable experience with the Vitanovas business model of travelling to their home, and because of that our treatments can also be extremely customizable. What's more, the Vitanovas treatment plans have been designed to keep patients out of hospitals, emergency rooms, and doctor's offices.
And physicians are also happy with the growth of the business, as it has larger profit margins, is able to overcome social distancing limitations, and allows them to conduct consultations from the comfort of their own home.
About Vitanovas
VitaNovas is a mobile IV infusion company that provides in-home treatments with the final goal of revitalizing the body, replenishing your capabilities, and helping you regenerate functions that may have been lost over the years. We use our years of experience in the field to boost your health and energy levels, and to give you back the motivation and drive you may have lost– Giving our patients a new lease on life is what we strive for every day.
About Global Stem Cells Group
Global Stem Cells Group (GSCG) is a worldwide network that combines seven major medical corporations, each focused on furthering scientific and technological advancements to lead cutting-edge stem cell development, treatments, and training. The united efforts of GSCG's affiliate companies provide medical practitioners with a one-stop hub for stem cell solutions that adhere to the highest medical standards.
Global Stem Cells Group is a publicly traded company operating under the symbol MSSV. https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/mssv/
- Published in News


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Since April 15th, 1913, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Onondaga County (CCE-Onondaga) has responded to the needs of local residents with unbiased, research-based information, tools and education that people have come to depend on and trust. Our programs are developed in direct response to community input, and are based on the most current information available from Cornell and other Land Grant universities from across the nation.
The mission of Cooperative Extension is to enable people to improve their lives and communities through partnerships that put experience and research knowledge to work. Extension staff and trained volunteers deliver education programs, conduct applied research, and encourage community collaborations. Our educators connect people with the information they need on topics such as commercial and consumer agriculture; nutrition and health; youth and families; finances; energy efficiency; economic and community development; and sustainable natural resources. Our ability to match university resources with community needs helps us play a vital role in the lives of individuals, families, businesses, and communities throughout Onondaga County.
CCE-Onondaga is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization and is part of the Cooperative Extension land grant system, a partnership between County, State, and Federal governments that is administered in New York State through Cornell University. Each county's Cooperative Extension association is independent and works to serve the needs of the county in which it is located.
CCE-Onondaga is a subordinate governmental agency with an educational mission that operates under a form of organization and administration approved by Cornell University as agent for the State of New York. It is tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The association is part of the national cooperative extension system, an educational partnership between County, State, and Federal governments. As New York's land grant university Cornell administers the system in this state. Each Cornell Cooperative Extension association is an independent employer that is governed by an elected Board of Directors with general oversight from Cornell. All associations work to meet the needs of the counties in which they are located as well as state and national goals.
We have an extensive system for getting input from diverse interests in the community, and we welcome your ideas and involvement in our efforts. If you are interested in how CCE-Onondaga sets policies and program priorities, or if you'd like more information on how to get involved, please get in touch with the contact listed below.
6505 Collamer Road
East Syracuse, NY 13057
Monday-Friday 8:30am-4:30pm
David Skeval
Executive Director
Last updated March 31, 2020


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Accessibility at The Vet Tech Institute
We are striving to make our website accessible for all users including individuals with disabilities. To ensure individuals with disabilities have access to our website, we provide the following information:
Website Accessibility
We are working to adopt the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) version 2.0 Level AA of the World Wide Web Consortium Web Accessibility Initiative (W3C WAI) as our website accessibility standard and are working to ensure that our websites comply with that standard. We are also working to ensure that any applications for mobile devices comply with WCAG 2.0 AA to the extent possible and within our control.
For more insight about website accessibility visit the Web Accessibility Initiative website http://www.w3.org/WAI/.
We routinely test this website using Google Chrome's Accessibility Audit. VTI.edu scores a 95 (of 100).
A sampling of Accessibility steps taken:
- Skip Links functionality
- Alternative text for appropriate images and other non-text elements.
- ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes for additional information about links and indication of new browser windows.
- Structural markup to indicate headings and lists (semantics) to aid in page comprehension.
- Association of form fields with labels, and form error messages with ARIA attributes to the form field.
- Association of all data cells in a data table with their headers and only using table structures for tabular data (not for design).
- All pages have page titles and title tags written for easy comprehension of the page content.
- JavaScript and style sheets to enhance the appearance and functionality of the site. If these technologies are not available, our page design helps ensure graceful degradation.
- All links and buttons can be accessed with a keyboard in a logical tab order, and all content is read to assistive technologies in the correct reading order.
PDF (Portable Document Format) Files
Many of the documents on this site are in PDF format. Publications in PDF can be viewed and printed using the Adobe Acrobat Reader® or other PDF readers. We work to make our PDFs accessible for use with assistive technology such as screen readers like JAWS or NVDA. This includes "tagging" for alternate text in images, table headings in data tables, and semantic structural elements like headings and lists. We also set the language and title attributes in the properties so assistive technologies know what language and pronunciation to use. Some of our older PDFs may not have these features. If you encounter a PDF that you cannot read, please use the contact information below to let us know and to request an alternative format for the information.
If you do not already have a screen reader on your computer, there are free screen readers available on line such as the open source screen reader NVDA.
If you would like more information about PDF accessibility, visit the Adobe website accessibility section http://www.adobe.com/accessibility.html. For more help with Acrobat files generally and a link to download Acrobat Reader visit the site help page http://www.adobe.com/products/reader.html.
Gainful Employment Files
The United States of American Department of Education mandates that we provide certain program and financial information utilizing the Department of education's website template. More information about the template can be found here: http://ifap.ed.gov/GainfulEmploymentInfo/.
We are unable to optimize these pages for accessibility as the United States of American Department of Education mandated template does not allow for such accessibility. If you are unable to view the Gainful Employment information, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com and we will be happy to provide you with the information in an alternate format.
Usability Tips
Most browsers have built-in accessibility features that our websites support, from the ability to change colors, contrast, and text size to using screen readers and skip controls.
To zoom in or out on a web page:
- Windows OS: To zoom in press CTRL + PLUS SIGN (+). To zoom out press CTRL + MINUS SIGN (-).
- Mac OS: To zoom in press COMMAND + PLUS SIGN (+). To zoom out press COMMAND + MINUS SIGN (–). To change foreground and background colors:
- Internet Explorer: Select Tools > Internet Options > General dialog page, and the Colors button. Check the dialog boxes to set individual preferences.
- Firefox PC: Select button labelled Firefox (orange) at top of screen > Options. In the dialog box, select Content > Fonts & Colors.
- Firefox MAC: Select button labelled Firefox (orange)at top of screen > Preferences > Content> Color.
- Chrome PC & MAC: Select the "hamburger" icon (for older PC version it's a wrench) at top of screen > Settings > Show Advanced Settings (for older PC versions Select Advanced Content) and scroll to Web Content.
- Safari PC & MAC: Is only possible by using style sheets or installing an extension theme. To use a style sheet Select the gear icon at top of screen > Preferences > Advanced > Style sheet.
Help us make this website more accessible
The Vet Tech Institute strives to make this website as accessible as it can be for all of our visitors. If you have any problems accessing information on this website please let us know. We welcome your feedback and suggestions. Please call our support at 412.781.7400. You can also e-mail us at email@example.com.
Alternative Formats
The Vet Tech Institute strives to make available to our site visitors information about our school in alternative formats, including large print and electronic. We plan to work towatds creating audio versions of much of our site. Visitors may request an alternative format by emailing us at email@example.com. The types of documents available in alternative format should include program descriptions, financial aid information, and general school information.
Electronic format materials satisfy, whenever possible, WCAG 2.0 Conformance Level AA Success Criteria and can be opened and read in a commonly used software program (such as Microsoft Word or Adobe Reader) with assistive technology such as screen readers and text enlargement software.
Large Print materials satisfy, whenever possible, the Best Practices and Guidelines for Large Print Documents used by the Low Vision Community, issued by the Council of Citizens with Low Vision for printing and binding Large Print materials, and are at least 16 point font (and 18 point font where possible).
Privacy Policy
(provided here for convenience)
At Vet Tech Institute we strive to educate our visitors about how to appropriately safeguard their privacy when traveling on the Web because we are committed to protecting your privacy. Our information collection practices are described below.
What Information is Collected?
We take the issue of privacy very seriously. We only ask visitors to submit personally identifiable information (such as their full names, addresses, email addresses, phone number etc.), when it is necessary to ensure participation in online activities, such as submitting an online request form. We make clear the reason we are collecting the information and what will be done with the information so that our visitors can make an informed choice when they voluntarily submit personally identifiable information to www.vettechinstitute.edu. Vet Tech Institute does not sell, trade or transfer personally identifiable information to a third party. Also, Vet Tech Institute does not allow any advertisements on our site.
Bradford Schools Inc is permitted to contact individuals with whom they have a business relationship via any contact information provided, including telephone, text messages, email, and postal mail. To unsubscribe from emails, follow the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of each message. To be removed from future postal mailings or from being contacted via telephone, please email email@example.com with your name and contact information. Standard carrier fees apply for text messages. To opt out of receiving text messages from Bradford Schools and their affiliated schools, please email email@example.com.
Cookies and Log Data
Cookies are information that your web browser places on your computer when you visit a website. www.vettechinstitute.edu is able to access only the cookies that it sets on your computer and we are only able to determine things like the type of computer operating system, and browser that you and other visitors are using. www.vettechinstitute.edu collects this information in the aggregate in order to improve access to our content based on our visitors' browsers and operating system types to make our content available to as many users as possible. You can, of course, disable cookies on your computer by indicating this in the preferences or option menu or your browser. Log data collected on web servers supplies us with aggregate information about the number of visits to different pages of our site and how you found our site, such as through search engines or other website. We use this information only for improving our site.
If you have any questions regarding our privacy policy, we can be reached at the phone numbers listed for each campus.


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Windows obviously serve their main purpose of allowing light and fresh air into your Peoria home. Windows can also contribute to the cost of heating and cooling your property. One way to cut down on this expense is to use energy-efficient window treatments, such as:
Cellular Shades
Cellular shades feature hollow cells that trap air, which provides a layer of insulation over the windows. Cellular shades are among the best choices for energy-efficient window treatments for your Peoria home. These kinds of shades also come in a wide variety of colors and styles to enhance the look of any home. Additionally, they can be paired under drapery for an added layer of insulation. Cellular shades are minimal and versatile in style, but provide the maximum in energy efficiency.
Vertical Blinds
These blinds are an ideal energy-efficient window covering for sliding glass doors. Big glass doors are notoriously energy-inefficient, heating up a house in the summer and letting in the winter chill. Vertical blinds can help alleviate that problem, while at the same time, they're very easy to keep clean. Vertical blinds come in a wide range of materials, including fabric, vinyl and aluminum. They're not only excellent for covering glass doors, but for any large expanse of glass.
Roman Shades
Made of thick insulating cloth, Roman shades are a great choice for any home. The vast array of fabrics, colors and designs makes this choice highly functional and versatile. Roman shades can fit in with any style—from traditional to modern. You can also add thermal backing for extra energy efficiency.
Roman shades can create a soft, comfortable feeling in your Peoria home, while actually helping to regulate the temperature in your rooms. For a window covering that is energy-efficient with a classic, stylish and versatile look, consider Roman shades.
While they're not as commonly used as they once were, shutters are very energy-efficient. The tightly fitted louvered panels are adjustable, meaning you can adjust the amount of hot or cold air coming from the glass. During the winter, shutters keep the warm air inside, and in the summer, they block out sunlight and hot, humid air.
Besides being energy-efficient, shutters can add to the overall value of your home. Shutters are also a good choice because they permanently add to the style of your Peoria home, which can increase your curb appeal and property value. Shutters come in a wide range of styles, from traditional shutters with narrow louvers to dramatically wide plantation shutters.


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All-Natural DGP Supports Mobility & Flexibility!
Doesn't it just break your heart to see your pet slow down, struggle to get up, have trouble climbing stairs, or simply going for a walk? Dogs or cats suffering from aches and discomfort tend to lose their happy personality, sleep more, withdraw from the family, become depressed, feel on edge, or even become aggressive. As they age, it's increasingly important to support a dog's joint mobility and flexibility with the best canine and feline joint supplement that you can find.
Don't let your pet struggle anymore! Developed by master herbalists and scientists in Australia, 100% natural DGP works FAST to help ease the aches and discomfort that comes with aging, or daily activity and exercise. Veterinarian-recommended DGP is an herbal formulation that you can give to your dog or cat with confidence, without the negative side effects of most prescription medications. It works quickly (in as little as one week) and more completely than other natural dog or kitty supplements. Let DGP help your pet be the carefree and playful member of the family you know and love!
Tilly - Before & After DGP For Pets
Supports Mobility and Flexibility
Fast Acting
Veterinarian Recommended
All Natural and Safe