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Nicole Lee USA Vegan Leather 3-Piece Lanyard Set
Nicole Lee USA Vegan Leather 3-Piece Lanyard Set
Low stock: 5 left
Designed to keep your essentials organized and within reach. Crafted with care, each piece in this set is made from high-quality vegan leather with a luxurious feel. With its thoughtfully designed features and stylish aesthetic, this set is perfect for those who value both functionality and fashion. The AirPods Case included in this set offers optimal protection for your precious earbuds. With its secure snap button closure, you can ensure that your AirPods or AirPods Pro are safely stored and easily accessible. The bottom cutout allows you to charge your case without compromising its protection. Sized at 2 inches in length, 1.5 inches in width, and 2.5 inches in height, this case is compact yet spacious enough to hold your AirPods securely. Our card case is designed with convenience in mind. It features two card slots, allowing you to carry your essential cards such as credit cards, ID cards, or transit passes with ease. With its compact dimensions of 4 inches in length and 3.25 inches in height, it effortlessly fits into your pocket or bag, making it an ideal accessory for when you're on the go. The lipstick case in this set combines functionality and elegance. It features a metal kiss lock closure, ensuring that your lipstick remains securely stored. The velvet interior lining provides a soft and protective cushion for your lipstick, preventing it from getting scratched or damaged. The interior mirror adds a touch of practicality, allowing you to effortlessly touch up your makeup. The lipstick case measures 1.25 inches in length, 1.25 inches in width, and 4 inches in height, making it the perfect size to carry your favorite lipstick. The set also includes a stylish lanyard with a 21-inch strap drop. The lanyard allows you to keep your essentials close by, whether you're attending an event, exploring a new city, or simply going about your daily activities. With its gold-tone hardware, it adds a touch of sophistication to your ensemble.
- Type: Hand bag
- Bag size: Small
- Pattern type: Solid
- Material: 100% polyurethane
- Imported
Its first launch was in 2004 by the Nicole Group headed by Samuel Lee who founded "NICOLE HANDBAG" with the firm conviction of offering handbags with high quality materials and elaborate workmanship.
In 2006, Suzy Han, the outstanding and talented designer joined the company taking it to the next level. Suzy added the surname "LEE" to honor her maiden name, integrating her ancestral roots in her art. That's how Nicole Lee brand was born
Nicole Lee quickly became mainstream in fashion gaining recognition from the editor of Handbag 101 Pro's magazine. Its creativity, originality, functionality and avant-garde, has positioned Nicole Lee as an international brand. Its unique designs and quality products are widely recognized in the world of fashion.


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Say Goodbye to 2016 With a Laugh: The Year's Best News Bloopers Are Here
2016 may not have been everyone's favorite year, but in these closing days at least we have this to make us smile: funny goofs made by newscasters and TV personalities.
Gathering the year's best news bloopers is an annual tradition from the folks at News Be Funny, and this year we're more grateful than ever for a good laugh. (Seriously -- George Michael and Princess Leia in the very last week? Come on!) So say goodbye to 2016 with a good old-fashioned montage of the worst -- by that we mean the best, of course -- moments in local broadcasts, cable news anchors with potty-mouths, and animals molesting reporters. Go humanity!
And there's a bonus! Here's Part 2:

subset: commoncrawl


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TVM Capital to focus on Life Science Venture and Healthcare Private Equity Investing only
November 4, 2013
Two independent investment teams to focus on Life Science Venture Capital investments in Western Europe and North America and on Healthcare Private Equity investments in the MENA region
Vienna, 04.November 2013 – During BioEurope 2013 in Vienna, TVM Capital, who has long been a leading international investment firm, announced that it will sharpen its investment focus and exclusively finance innovation in biopharmaceuticals and medical technologies through its venture capital team based in Munich and Montreal and invest in innovative healthcare delivery companies through its private equity team based in Dubai. From end of 2013 onwards, TVM Capital will not make new investments in information technology companies anymore.
Dr. Helmut Schühsler, Chairman of TVM Capital comments: "In our 30 year history we have worked in a very dynamic environment in Europe and the U.S., and have lived through several bull and bear markets in our target industries. Today, we witness an early stage life science industry under pressure from declining returns, higher regulatory hurdles, and a lack of venture capital. At the same time, we experience a significant opportunity through the rapid ascension of emerging markets to become attractive investment geographies for healthcare private equity. Several times during these 30 years we have seen the need to adjust our strategy and to change the way we do business. I am personally proud of the evolution of our firm into a global investor in innovation for patients with great return opportunities. We continue to get strong support from entrepreneurs, institutional investors and large corporations. Personal credibility, commitment and sincerity drive this business like nothing else. This is what TVM Capital stood for in the past and will stand for in the future."
TVM Capital in Life Science Venture Capital
Dr. Hubert Birner, who leads the TVM Capital Life Science Venture activities together with fellow Managing Partner Dr. Luc Marengere based in Montreal, states: "We continue to invest in Germany, Europe, Canada and the U.S., with our dedicated team of currently nine investment professionals based in Montreal and Munich. In recent years we have changed our venture capital business model to address obvious issues in capital efficiency, product quality and timelines that have haunted our industry for quite some time now. We believe our new investment approach offers very attractive features to academic institutions, founders and entrepreneurs as well as biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that are seeking out-licensing partners. Our new fund gives us the opportunity to invest in exciting life science opportunities at a time when capital is scarce and opportunities are abundant in our preferred investment geographies and beyond."
TVM Capital's most recent Life Science Venture Capital Fund, TVM Life Science Ventures VII's stated aim is to invest in single assets that are either licensed or assigned to individual Project-focused Companies (PFCs), with each asset developed by experienced part-time managers. TVM Capital's strategic relationship with Eli Lilly and Company enables the fund's project focused companies to select Chorus, Lilly's independently operating early phase virtual drug development arm which designs and executes lean and innovative drug development plans to efficiently progress molecules from candidate selection to clinical proof of concept. This is a unique feature of the fund's strategy. To date, the new fund has closed on two investments with Kaneq Biosciences Ltd and Ixchelsis Ltd. Both companies will present at BioEurope. In addition to the single asset investment approach, TVM LSV VII will also invest in more traditional ventures, such as biotechnology platform companies or medical technology companies, where the firm will syndicate deals with its peers in the industry. Of note, TVM Capital Life Science is developing a growing focus on Asia and recently entered into a number of collaborations in Korea including one with the Korea Drug Development Fund (KDDF).
TVM Capital in Healthcare Private Equity
TVM Capital MENA targets the growing investment opportunity in private sector healthcare across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Turkey and India. TVM Capital MENA is led by Dr. Helmut Schühsler and consists of a team of four investment professionals and more than five executives-in-residence, based in Dubai. The firm enjoys continuously increasing, high quality and in many cases "proprietary" deal flow, and has the proven ability to conceptualize and develop new investment opportunities to address market gaps in healthcare delivery as well as bring top-rated Western service providers/operators as well as products to the MENA region and create and grow exciting companies locally. Very recently, TVM Capital MENA announced a clinical performance partnership with Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, the official teaching partner of the Harvard Medical School Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R). TVM Capital MENA has to date invested in four companies, three are in the broad field of long-term care, home care and fertility. These four companies established their initial operations in the UAE and in the case of our fertility clinic, Bourn Hall International, also North and South India. They are now all in the process of expanding their businesses into other and adjacent regions/countries, such as other states in India, as well as countries in the Middle East, such as Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan. The portfolio companies are on average 25 months old, but already employ close to 500 healthcare professionals and have 2013 revenues of about US$40 million.
Editor's Note
About TVM Capital
TVM Capital is a group of globally acting venture capital and private equity firms with an operating track record of 30 years. Investment teams have financed more than 250 emerging companies across several industries since 1984. During the last 15 years the firm has become increasingly specialized in the most attractive and high-growth verticals in the broader healthcare markets, with focus areas in financing innovative products and technologies in the European and U.S. biopharmaceutical and medical device markets, as well as healthcare services in the Middle East and India. TVM Capital funds operate globally with dedicated Life Science venture capital funds advised by group members TVM Life Science Management in Montreal and TVM Capital in Munich, and its healthcare private equity fund managed by TVM Capital MENA out of Dubai. www.tvm-capital.com
About TVM Capital Life Science Venture
TVM Capital Life Science is providing venture capital to the international pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and medical technology industries with more than 25-years of transatlantic investment track record and in excess of US$1.1bn under management. The life science team boasts more than 120 investments and almost 90 exits in the last 25 years, including more than 40 initial public offerings on all major U.S. and European stock exchanges, and combines long-standing international investment and company building experience with their track record of dedicated board work, extensive global networks in the world of life science research and product development and a direct knowledge of the local markets. TVM Capital Life Science currently invests from its 7th fund generation, TVM Life Science Ventures VII, with an integrated team of investment professionals. Fund generations III to VI are managed by Managing Partners, Dr. Helmut M. Schühsler and Dr. Hubert Birner out of the Munich office. The new fund TVM LSV VII is managed by Dr. Hubert Birner and Dr. Luc Marengere out of Montreal. www.tvm-capital.com or www.tvm-lifescience.com
About TVM Capital Healthcare Private Equity
TVM Capital MENA was established in 2009 and has since then been led by Chairman & CEO, Dr. Helmut M. Schühsler. The firm is focusing on making growth capital and small buyout investments from its first fund, TVM Healthcare MENA I, in healthcare companies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), India and Turkey that are or can become leaders in the regional markets. The company has assembled a strong team of investment professionals and healthcare operators as executives-in-residence who collectively have developed an ability to conceptualize and develop business opportunities in the target markets that provide investors with completely proprietary deal flow and investment opportunities. TVM Capital MENA has broken new ground with four portfolio investments to date in specialized services that were either non-existent or drastically undersupplied e.g. long-term care, rehabilitation, home care and world-class fertility treatment. The firm operates out of the Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC) and is licensed and regulated by the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA). www.tvm-capital.com or www.tvm-capital.ae
Please note that the TVM Capital Munich office will change address effective November 11:
TVM Capital
Ottostraße 4 (Lenbachpalais)
80333 Munich/Germany


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Most of us prefer our winter roads free of ice, but cloud streets depends on it. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite captured this natural-color image on January 4, 2012.
These cloud formations developed over the Bering Sea in part because of the snow and ice blanketing the land and the sea ice clinging to the coast. Air blowing over ice and then warmer ocean water can lead to the development of parallel cylinders of spinning air. On the upper edge of these cylinders of rising air, small clouds form. Along the downward side (descending air), skies are clear. The resulting cloud formations resemble streets.
This image shows that some of the clouds begin over the sea ice, but most hover over the open ocean. These streets are not perfectly straight, curving to the east and west after passing over the sea ice. By lining up along the prevailing wind direction, the tiny clouds indicate the wind patterns around the time of formation.
NASA images courtesy LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Michon Scott.


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Nokia N8 Mobile Phone Film Winner
Here's a novel way to get consumers to test out your product. In March, Nokia announced a competition to shoot a short film entirely with a Nokia N8 mobile phone. It invited entrants to send in a story pitch and offered a $5,000 filming budget and two Nokia N8s to eight finalists.
"Splitscreen: A Love Story," directed by UK-based JW Griffiths, won the first place award of $10,000.


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Insight into complications and treatment
- What is a thyroid disorder?
- What treatment may be recommended?
- What is thyroid surgery?
- and more…
Your thyroid gland is one of the endocrine glands that makes hormones to regulate physiological functions in your body, like metabolism. Other endocrine glands are the pancreas, the pituitary, the adrenal glands, and the parathyroid glands.
The thyroid gland is located in the middle of the lower neck, below the larynx (voice box) and wraps around the front half of the trachea (windpipe). It is shaped like a bow tie, just above the collarbones, having two halves (lobes) which are joined by a small tissue bar (isthmus.). You can't always feel a normal thyroid gland.
What is a thyroid disorder?
Diseases of the thyroid gland are very common, affecting millions of Americans. The most common thyroid problems are:
- an overactive gland, called hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' disease, toxic adenoma or toxic nodular goiter)
- an underactive gland, called hypothyroidism (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
- thyroid enlargement due to overactivity (as in Graves' disease) or from under-activity (as in hypothyroidism). An enlarged thyroid gland is often called a "goiter".
Patients with a family history or who had radiation therapy to the head or neck as children for acne, adenoids, or other reasons are more prone to develop thyroid malignancy. If you develop significant swelling in your neck or difficulty breathing or swallowing, you should call your surgeon or be seen in the emergency room.
What treatment may be recommended?
Depending on the nature of your condition, treatment may include the following:
Hypothyroidism treatment:
- thyroid hormone replacement pills
Hyperthyroidism treatment:
- medication to block the effects of excessive production of thyroid hormone
- radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland
- surgical removal of the thyroid gland
Goiters (lumps):
If you experience this condition, your doctor will propose a treatment plan based on the examination and your test results. He may recommend:
- a fine needle aspiration biopsy—a safe, relatively painless procedure. With this procedure, a hypodermic needle is passed into the lump, often after administration of local anesthesia into the skin, and tissue fluid samples containing cells are taken. Often several passes with the needle are required. Sometimes ultrasound may be used to guide the needle into the nodule. There is little pain afterward and very few complications from the procedure occur. This test gives the doctor more information on the nature of the lump in your thyroid gland and specifically may help to differentiate a benign from a malignant thyroid mass.
- thyroid surgery—may be required when:
- the fine needle aspiration is reported as suspicious for or suggestive of cancer
- the trachea (windpipe) or esophagus are compressed because both lobes are very large
Historically, some malignant thyroid nodules have shown a reduction in size with the administration of thyroid hormone. However, this treatment, known as medical "suppression" therapy, has proven to be an unreliable treatment method.
What is thyroid surgery?
Thyroid surgery is an operation to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. It is performed in the hospital, and general anesthesia is usually required. Typically the operation removes the lobe of the thyroid gland containing the lump and possibly the isthmus. A frozen section (an immediate microscopic reading) may or may not be used to determine if the rest of the thyroid gland should be removed.
Sometimes, based on the result of the frozen section, the surgeon may decide not to remove any additional thyroid tissue, or proceed to remove the entire thyroid gland, and/or other tissue in the neck. This is a decision usually made in the operating room by the surgeon, based on findings at the time of surgery. Your surgeon will discuss these options with you preoperatively.
There may be times when the definite microscopic answer cannot be determined until several days after surgery. If a malignancy is identified in this way, your surgeon may recommend that the remaining lobe of the thyroid be removed at a second procedure. If you have specific questions about thyroid surgery, ask your otolaryngologist and he or she will answer them in detail.
What happens after thyroid surgery?
During the first 24 hours:
After surgery, you may have a drain (a tiny piece of plastic tubing), which prevents fluid and blood from building up in the wound. This is removed after the fluid accumulation has stabilized, usually within 24 hours after surgery. Most patients are discharged later the same day or the day following the procedure.
Complications are rare but may include:
- bleeding
- a hoarse voice
- difficulty swallowing
- numbness of the skin on the neck
- vocal cord paralysis
- low blood calcium
At home:
Following the procedure, if it is determined that you need to take any medication, your surgeon will discuss this with you, prior to your discharge.
Medications may include:
- thyroid hormone replacement
- calcium and/or vitamin D replacement
Some symptoms may not become evident for two or three days after surgery. If you experience any of the following, call your surgeon:
- numbness and tingling around the lips and hands
- increasing pain
- fever
- swelling
- wound discharge
If a malignancy is identified, thyroid replacement medication may be withheld for several weeks. This allows a radioactive scan to better detect any remaining microscopic thyroid tissue, or spread of malignant cells to lymph nodes or other sites in the body.
How is a diagnosis made?
The diagnosis of a thyroid function abnormality or a thyroid mass is made by taking a medical history and a physical examination. Specifically, your doctor will examine your neck and ask you to lift up your chin to make your thyroid gland more prominent. You may be asked to swallow during the examination, which helps to feel the thyroid and any mass in it. Other tests your doctor may order include:
- evaluation of the larynx/vocal cords with a mirror or a fiberoptic telescope
- an ultrasound examination of your neck and thyroid
- blood tests of thyroid function
- a radioactive thyroid scan
- a fine needle aspiration biopsy
- a chest X-ray
- a CT or MRI scan


text: The Seychelles Islands...At the very dawn of time, when the shape of our planet was still evolving, the giant continent of Gondwanaland broke apart and a group of ancient granite fragments finally came to rest in the south-western Indian Ocean between Africa, India and Madagascar. Today, the Seychelles archipelago's 115 granitic and coralline islands lie spread like emeralds over one million square kilometers of azure water just south of the equator. The granitic islands cluster around the principal island of Mahé while the more numerous islands extend in a gleaming arc towards the East Africa. Most remain virgin worlds. All remain sanctuaries to some of the rarest and most exotic plant and animal life in the known world. For further information go to www.seychelles.travel


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Album Review
Music I Should've Grown Up With (2010-2013)
So we have reached it. The final post. What follows are four of the most innovative and exciting albums I've heard, period. They bode well for a future that is sure to hold its share of incredible music yet to come, music that I will likely be raising my own children on. That being said,… Read More


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Artiss Dining Chairs Set of 4 Black Leather DSW
Artiss Dining Chairs Set of 4 Black Leather DSW
200 in stock
Add a touch of designer status to your dining area with our iconic set of Replica Eiffel dining chairs. The simple structure is built with PU leather seating supported by a set of durable steel fixings and four beech wooden legs. Incorporating a modern style with simplicity in design structure, this set of dining chairs will adapt beautifully to any decor. Crafted with precision and care, the Replica Eiffel dining chair is the seat of choice for the discerning modernista.
Replica Eiffel DSW dining chair
Affordable & High Calibre
Matt finish PP plastic seat
Thick padded seat
Reinforced installation hardware accessories
Beech wooden legs
Felt protectors to avoid scratches to the floor
Ideal for home, office and cafes
Simple assembly
Seat material: PU Leather
Overall dimensions:46 x 42 x 75cm
Other dimensions: see photos
Colour: Black
Package Content
4 x Dining Chair
1 x Assembly Manual


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Pineapples are one of the few edible fruits of the Bromeliad family. This fruit is formed by many individual berries, merging together. Each scale is an individual berry.
Nutritional Benefits of Pineapple
Pineapples are rich in vitamin C and manganese. They are also an excellent source of dietary fiber and bromelain (an enzyme).
Manganese is important for the antioxidant defenses. Pineapple is also rich in thiamine and vitamin B, which is good for energy production.
Pineapple is ideal for diets, because it has no cholesterol, no fat and it is low in sodium. A cup of pineapple pieces contains only 82 calories.
Health Properties of Pineapples
Pineapple is the only dietary source of bromelain. The core of the fruit has the highest concentration of bromelain, but it is also located in whole fruit. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, bromelain is useful in treating sports injuries and for relieving pain.
Anti-cancer properties
Bromelain has the potential to work as an agent to successfully fight cancer, show the latest studies. Pineapple works together with chemotherapy, in suppressing the cancer cell growth. Also, it contains beta-carotene, which protects from prostate and colon cancer.
Benefits the heart
Vitamin C protects against heart disease. Numerous studies, from Finland to China, show that vitamin C in high amounts decreases the risk of coronary heart disease.
Cataract prevention
Vitamin C also has a crucial role in vision protection. A higher intake of Vitamin C decreases the risk of cataracts, a recent study showed.
Pineapple is full with minerals and vitamins, including vitamin C, copper, beta carotene, folic acid and zinc. Many of these vitamins increase the fertility in women and men.
During the digestion, beta carotene from the pineapple is converted to vitamin A. Several studies suggest that beta carotene can reduce the chance of exercise – induced asthma.
Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, some studies suggest that this fruit could be useful in treating osteoarthritis.
Recipe for a "miraculous" pineapple juice
Needed Ingredients:
• Filtered water 1L
• 1 whole pineapple with its shell
• Sweetener for taste.
• First wash the pineapple skin well. Peel the pineapple and separate the shell, removing the fruit and the crown.
• Boil the shell with some pineapple pulp. Let it cool off and dilute it with a liter of water. You can add sweetener for better taste.
• Strain the juice and consume it.


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Remember the sixties and early seventies when bead curtains were popular with the flower children? Bead curtains are really building a big comeback, and so are more intricate and excessively beautiful than in the past. They are used in lots of other ways to beautify a tired room or apartment.
Faceted Bead Art can be an web site that gives this sort of curtain. They feature many beautiful and distinctive designs to create your own personal Yellow Window Curtains from beans. These can be utilized as window-treatments or to split a space at home. The types add a spectrum, sharks, vine and floral structure, the American flag, lashes, and lots of other designs.
Blacklight dot com, has blinds made from shapes and beans that glow each time a blacklight will be utilized. It is a quite distinctive and unusual way to decorate a bedroom for a teenager or perhaps a preteen. Though blinds made from beans have now been around for some time now, and also the usage of a blacklight has been popular with the younger group for a while, it is unusual to determine them both together.
Persian trading's web store, posseses an eight strand, beaded mini disc curtain. It isn't apparent how wide the curtain is however it is apparently an attractive curtain. This web site has many unusual and distinctive goods which are suited to gift giving, at a realistic value.
Picture of Yellow Window Curtains is awesome for your furniture design idea at home. The image Resolution 550 x 550 px and the image size only . Our Readers select this photos as favourite in Curtain Category.
Sponsored Link:


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10 Strange Attempts to Smuggle Animals
10 Natural Rock Formations That Will Make You Do a Double Take
10 Actors Hidden in Your Favorite Movies
10 Science Facts That Will Change How You Look at the World
10 Incredible Female Comic Book Artists
10 Terrifying Serial Killers from Centuries Ago
10 Hilariously Over-Engineered Solutions to Simple Problems
10 Ironic News Stories Straight out of an Alanis Morissette Song
10 Lesser-Known Far-Right Groups of the 21st Century
10 Undeniable Signs That People's Views of Mushrooms Are Changing
10 Strange Attempts to Smuggle Animals
10 Natural Rock Formations That Will Make You Do a Double Take
Who's Behind Listverse?
Jamie Frater
Head Editor
Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author.
More About Us10 Actors Hidden in Your Favorite Movies
10 Science Facts That Will Change How You Look at the World
10 Incredible Female Comic Book Artists
10 Terrifying Serial Killers from Centuries Ago
10 Hilariously Over-Engineered Solutions to Simple Problems
10 Ironic News Stories Straight out of an Alanis Morissette Song
10 Lesser-Known Far-Right Groups of the 21st Century
10 Fascinating Cases of Mind Control
Controlling the minds of other living creatures is simply the stuff of science fiction right? Well for some creatures becoming a real live zombie is a daily hazard. Here are 10 examples of real parasitic behavior modifications. These are in no particular order.
The genus Pseudacteon, of which 110 species have been documented, is a parasitoid of the ant in South America. Members of Pseudacteon reproduce by laying eggs in the thorax of the ant. The first instar larvae migrate to the head. The larvae develop by feeding on the hemolymph, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue in the head. Eventually, the larvae completely devour the ant's brain, causing it to do nothing but wander aimlessly for approximately two weeks. After about two to four weeks, they cause the ant's head to fall off by releasing an enzyme that dissolves the membrane attaching the ant's head to its body. The fly pupates in the detached head capsule.
Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite the definitive host of which is the cat, but the parasite can be carried by all known mammals including humans. T. gondii infections have the ability to change the behavior of rats and mice, making them drawn to rather than fearful of the scent of cats. This effect is advantageous to the parasite, which will be able to sexually reproduce if its host is eaten by a cat. The infection is almost surgical in its precision, as it does not affect a rat's other fears such as the fear of open spaces or of unfamiliar smelling food.
This parasite lives in the gut of shorebirds and produces eggs that are released in the bird's stool which are spread into the salt-water marshes and ponds of southern California. Some of these eggs get swallowed up by snails and hatch into larva. Once these larvae are mature enough they leave the snail and swim out into the marshes eventually finding a killifish, entering through the gills and making its way along a nerve and into the brain cavity. Once in the brain cavity the parasite will cause the fish to come to the surface, swim in circles, jerk around and display its silvery underside in an attempt to attract a bird's attention. This behavior makes the infected fish 30 times more likely to be caught and consumed by a bird. Once the fish is consumed, the parasite lives in the bird's gut and the process can begin anew.
When a female jewel wasp is ready to lay its egg it finds a cockroach and administers two stings. The first sting is to the roach's thorax temporarily paralyzing its front legs. The second sting is directly to the roach's brain. This sting causes the roach to lose its escape reflex. Without its escape reflex the wasp, who is much too small to carry the cockroach, can grab one of the cockroach's antennae and lead it around like a dog on a leash. The wasp takes her new pet back to her nest, lays an egg on its belly and seals it inside. Eventually the larva will hatch and consume the still living roach, which happily lies there until it dies.
This worm's larva develops and grows inside orthopteran insects (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.). As it grows the worm will consume the internal organs of its host until there is nothing left but the head, legs and outer shell. Once the parasite is grown (usually 3-4 times larger than its host), it manipulates its host to actually seek out and dive into a large body of water. Once in the water the worm emerges and swims away to live out the rest of its life, leaving the host to drown.
Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider Plesiometa argyra. The adult female wasp temporarily paralyzes the spider and lays an egg on its abdomen. The egg hatches into a larva which sucks the spider's blood through small holes, while the spider goes on about its normal web building and insect catching behavior for the next one to two weeks. When the larva is ready to pupate, it injects a chemical into the spider, causing it to build a web whose design is completely different from any it has ever made, and then to sit motionless in the middle of this web. Even if the larva is removed prior to the web-building process, the spider still engages in aberrant web-spinning. The wasp larva then molts, kills the spider with a poison and sucks its body dry before discarding it and building a cocoon that hangs from the middle of the web the spider has just built. The larva pupates inside the cocoon, and then emerges to mate and begin the cycle over again.
C. unilateralis is a species of entomopathogenic fungus that infects and alters the behavior of ants in order to ensure the widespread distribution of its spores. The spores enter the body of the insect through its spiracles, where they begin to consume the non-vital soft tissues. When the fungus is ready to spore, its mycelia enter the ant's brain and change how it perceives pheromones, causing the insect to climb to the top of a plant and use its mandibles to secure itself to the stem. The fungus then kills the ant, and the fruiting bodies of C. unilateralis grow from its head and explode, releasing the spores.
Glyptapanteles is a genus of parasitoid wasps found in Central and North America. A female Glyptapanteles will lay her eggs (about 80 at a time) inside a young caterpillar host. After hatching the larvae will feed on the caterpillar's succulent juicy insides until they are fully developed. They then emerge from the body, attach themselves to a branch or leaf, and form a cocoon. However, one or two larvae remain behind and manipulate the caterpillar to take up position near the cocoons, arch its back, and cease to move or feed. However, when the cocoons are disturbed, the caterpillar will thrash around violently. The pupae effectively have themselves a zombie-caterpillar bodyguard. The caterpillar remains this way until the cocoons hatch at which point it dies.
D. dendriticum spends its adult life inside the liver of its host. After mating, the eggs are excreted in the feces. The first intermediate host, the terrestrial snail, eats the feces, and becomes infected by the larval parasites. The larvae (or cercariae) drill through the wall of the gut and settle in its digestive tract, where they develop into a juvenile stage. The snail tries to defend itself by walling the parasites off in cysts, which it then excretes and leaves behind in the grass. The second intermediate host, an ant, uses the trail of slime as a source of moisture. The ant then swallows a cyst loaded with hundreds of juvenile lancet flukes. The parasites enter the gut and then drift through its body. Most of the cercariae encyst in the haemocoel of the ant and mature into metacercariae, but one moves to the sub-esophageal ganglion (a cluster of nerve cells underneath the esophagus). There, the fluke takes control of the ant's actions by manipulating these nerves. As evening approaches and the air cools, the infested ant is drawn away from other members of the colony and upward to the top of a blade of grass. Once there, it clamps its mandibles onto the top of the blade and stays there until dawn. Afterward, it goes back to its normal activity at the ant colony. If the host ant were to be subjected to the heat of the direct sun, it would die along with the parasite. Night after night, the ant goes back to the top of a blade of grass until a grazing animal comes along and eats the blade, ingesting the ant along with it, thus putting lancet flukes back inside their preferred host.
Sacculina is a genus of barnacles that parasitize crabs. Upon finding a host crab, the female Sacculina larva walks on it until it finds a joint. It then molts, injecting its soft body into the crab while its shell falls off. The Sacculina grows in the crab, emerging as a sac on the underside of the crab's rear thorax, where the crab's eggs would be incubated. When a female Sacculina is implanted in a male crab it will interfere with the crab's hormonal balance. This sterilizes it and changes the bodily layout of the crab to resemble that of a female crab by widening and flattening its abdomen, among other things. The female Sacculina has even been known to cause the male crabs to perform mating gestures typical of female crabs. The male Sacculina looks for a female Sacculina adult on the underside of a crab. He then enters and fertilizes her eggs. The crab (male or female) then cares for the eggs as if they were its own, having been rendered infertile by the parasite. The natural hatching process of a crab consists of the female finding a high rock and grooming its brood pouch on its abdomen and releasing the fertilized eggs in the water through a bobbing motion. The female crab stirs the water with her claw to aid the flow of the water. When the hatching parasite eggs of the Sacculina are ready to emerge from the brood pouch of Sacculina, the crab performs a similar process. The crab shoots them out through pulses creating a large cloud of parasites. The crab then uses the familiar technique of stirring the water to aid in flow.
Leucochloridium Paradoxum is a parasitic flatworm that uses gastropods (snails and slugs) as an intermediate host. The worm in its larval stage, travels into the digestive system of a snail to develop into the next stage, sporocyst. The sporocyst grows into long tubes to form swollen "broodsacs" filled with tens to hundreds of larvae. These broodsacs invade the snail's tentacle (preferring the middle, when available), causing a brilliant transformation, of the tentacles, into a swollen, pulsating, colorful display that mimics the appearance of a caterpillar or grub. The infection of the tentacles of the eyes seems to inhibit the perception of light intensity. Whereas uninfected snails seek dark areas to prevent predation, infected snails are more likely to become exposed to predators such as birds. The resulting behavior of the flatworm is a case of aggressive mimicry, where the parasite vaguely resembles the food of the host. This gains the parasite entry into the host's body; this is unlike most other cases of aggressive mimicry, in which only a part of the host resembles the target's prey and the mimic itself then eats the duped animal.
This article is licensed under the GFDL because it contains quotations from Wikipedia.


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Category: Prayer or Bible Study
Date(s) | Time |
19/11/2025 | 7:30 pm - 8:30 pm |
Join us on a Wednesday evening for fellowship in prayer. There is so much and so many in need of prayer. Join us in an uplifting time of thanksgiving and petitioning of the Lord.
On the first Wednesday of every month we have a Missionary Focus. We will have guest speakers who represent many different organisations serving the Lord in Mission.


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The Ultrasound Machine
A basic ultrasound machine has the following parts:
- Transducer probe - probe that sends and receives the sound waves
- Central processing unit (CPU) - computer that does all of the calculations and contains the electrical power supplies for itself and the transducer probe
- Transducer pulse controls - changes the amplitude, frequency and duration of the pulses emitted from the transducer probe
- Display - displays the image from the ultrasound data processed by the CPU
- Keyboard/cursor - inputs data and takes measurements from the display
- Printer - prints the image from the displayed data
The transducer probe is the main part of the ultrasound machine. The transducer probe makes the sound waves and receives the echoes. It is, so to speak, the mouth and ears of the ultrasound machine. The transducer probe generates and receives sound waves using a principle called the piezoelectric (pressure electricity) effect, which was discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880. In the probe, there are one or more quartz crystals called piezoelectric crystals. When an electric current is applied to these crystals, they change shape rapidly. The rapid shape changes, or vibrations, of the crystals produce sound waves that travel outward. Conversely, when sound or pressure waves hit the crystals, they emit electrical currents. Therefore, the same crystals can be used to send and receive sound waves. The probe also has a sound-absorbing substance to eliminate back reflections from the probe itself, and an acoustic lens to help focus the emitted sound waves.
Transducer probes come in many shapes and sizes, as shown in the photo above. The shape of the probe determines its field of view, and the frequency of emitted sound waves determines how deep the sound waves penetrate and the resolution of the image. Transducer probes may contain one or more crystal elements; in multiple-element probes, each crystal has its own circuit. Multiple-element probes have the advantage that the ultrasonic beam can be steered by changing the timing in which each element gets pulsed; steering the beam is especially important for a cardiac ultrasound. In addition to probes that can be moved across the surface of the body, some probes are designed to be inserted through various openings of the body (vagina, rectum, esophagus) so that they can get closer to the organ being examined (uterus, prostate gland, stomach); getting closer to the organ can allow for more detailed views.
The CPU is the brain of the ultrasound machine. The CPU is basically a computer that contains the microprocessor, memory, amplifiers and power supplies for the microprocessor and transducer probe. The CPU sends electrical currents to the transducer probe to emit sound waves, and also receives the electrical pulses from the probes that were created from the returning echoes. The CPU does all of the calculations involved in processing the data. Once the raw data are processed, the CPU forms the image on the monitor. The CPU can also store the processed data and/or image on disk.
The transducer pulse controls allow the operator, called the ultrasonographer, to set and change the frequency and duration of the ultrasound pulses, as well as the scan mode of the machine. The commands from the operator are translated into changing electric currents that are applied to the piezoelectric crystals in the transducer probe.


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Assistant Secretary Dr. Howard Koh Highlights Drug Prevention Month
Last month, Dr. Howard Koh, Assistant Secretary for Health, spoke with R. Gil Kerlikowske, Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), about drug prevention during the observance of Prevention Month. You can watch their discussion at the ONDCP Web site.
I want to highlight that to help reduce the number of new HIV infections, the National HIV/AIDS Strategy calls for giving much more attention and resources to the populations at highest risk of HIV, including substance abusers. Among the many benefits of preventing drug use, before it starts or stepping in early before substance use becomes chronic, is reducing the individual's risk of exposure to HIV and other dangerous infections like Hepatitis C. This highlights the complementary nature of both the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and the National Drug Control Strategy, and the government-wide efforts underway to implement both. Dr. Koh recently wrote an ONDCP guest blog post about this topic as well.


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FLEXCUT REBATE Get $5 cash back for each $50 of Flexcut tools you buy!See rebate form for details. (PDF)
Flexcut No.9 Gouge SK Blade, 1 mm Micro
Flexcut's individual SK gouges and chisels are interchangeable with craft carver handles, quick connect handles and power carvers (SK109 adapter needed) - true innovation from Flexcut. Made of high quality spring steel, each tool is razor sharp with a pleasant degree of flexibility and this ability to bend slightly through a cut makes carving feel remarkably different. It's almost as if the tool is responding to your thoughts: you wish it would bend a little to match the curve you're trying to create - so it does! Each blade has been carefully designed to provide just enough flex for comfort without sacrificing the stiffness needed for precise control.
Flexcut SK blades fit the Palm Handles and the Quick Connect Power Handle which are nicely sculpted and finished ash, shaped to fit your hand. SK blades also fit Flexcut's high impact ABS Handles, made of soft urethane for an exceptional grip.
Flexcut Gouge SK800No.9 Micro SweepProfile Width 1 mm
This product may expose you to chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. Please read our Proposition 65 warning.For more information, see www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
(Some restrictions apply)
Buy a Gift Certificate
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Reminders are the most direct and professional way to create a small personal touch with your client. In the same time when you remind polite of your appointment, the customer is happy and they say thank you. Also at the same time you can make a reminder about a certain promotion/offer.
At ClinicSoftware.com all the reminders, messages and marketing campaigns are fully branded with your company name, your own wording and 2 way so your customers can reply to confirm at any time.
Personal touches always make customers come back. Reminders are coming personalised per client, therapist, treatment and location. Having the location name automatically at the end of every reminder you are sending out but also the customer name, treatment name and also who provided that treatment
WHY ClinicSoftware.com?
Connect the dots
"Clinic Software®.com is a fully-comprehensive SaaS (Software as a Service) in cloud based created to help companies and appointment-based businesses of any industry and size such as Clinics, Spas and Salons with tools that helps to Grow Sales, Save Time & Get Organized."


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SRAM's X0 10-speed compatible Grip Shift shifters are here to write the next chapter in Grip Shift history. Three rows of ball bearings provide silky-smooth shifts and full metal indexing keeps shifting crisp and precise. They feature an aluminum housing that's light and strong, and an integrated lock-on grip that provides a seamless transition to the shifter.
Part Numbers
Option | UPC | MPN |
Red / 2x10 Set | 710845697012 | 00.7018.011.000 |


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Clarity Matrix Video Wall is Key to Efficiency of Demanding Control Room
EPB (Electric Power Board) is the municipal utility for Hamilton County, Tennessee. It takes power generated by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and provides it to 170,000 residential, commercial, government and industrial customers, making EPB one of the largest publicly-owned power distributors in the country. Its state-of-the-art EPB Control Center in Chattanooga is the hub of a 100 percent fiber optic network, which delivers electricity and also feeds two large Planar video walls that operators use to keep constant tabs on every aspect of the electrical grid and ensure that customers receive reliable, cost-effective power.
In collaboration with the systems integration firm, Whitlock, EPB selected the 55-inch Clarity™ Matrix Video Wall with G2 Architecture (MX55HDU) for the control center. The primary video wall is a ten-wide-by-four-high (10x4) array of displays which depict all required operational information. A four-wide-by-three-high (4x3) video wall, installed perpendicularly to the primary video wall, depicts any additional information that operators or managers need to monitor and manage the network.
"Our fiber optic network lets us gather much more information than was possible in the past. With the Clarity Matrix video walls we can see and present all of it and more such that we are more knowledgeable of how the network is performing and can do the best job possible managing it," says Jason Read, Senior Engineer for EPB." The functionality of Clarity Matrix is not likely to be found on any other such video wall on the market today."
Video wall processor delivers numerous benefits
A critical element of Clarity Matrix with G2 Architecture is its use of the Clarity™ VCS, a flexible and easy-to-use video wall processor. Clarity VCS offers a selection of capture cards to capture and display a wide range of visual sources. These include high resolution DVI, HDMI, component HD, analog RGB, Dual Link DVI and SDI (SD, HD, 3G) inputs, as well as standard definition video in composite and S-video formats. Clarity VCS is especially good at displaying SCADA applications whose data comprises every operational aspect of EPB's network. It allows the smallest data point — and there are more than 2,000 of them in this network - to be displayed on a portion or all of a single Clarity Matrix display, or scaled up to fill the entire 40-unit video wall in 1080p resolution. This gives a single operator or the entire control team quick, clear, instantaneous visibility to any point in the network where there could be a problem. As a result potential outages, or issues with voltage or current consumption can be avoided and efficiency parameters can be maintained at optimal levels for any and all customers.
EPB's Read adds that Clarity VCS greatly improves operator productivity. "Because we can scale any piece of information up to the full wall, operators don't have to spend time searching for or drilling down to understand the location or reason for a problem or potential problem. In seconds or minutes, they can see an issue before it causes a failure or outage and take action to mitigate it much more quickly."
Clarity Matrix is easily installed, flexible and easy to use
Other key aspects of Clarity Matrix Video Wall include its ease of installation, its ultra-slim profile and its off-board electronics design. Installation is facilitated by Planar's EasyAxis™ Mounting System, a six-axis cam mechanism that allows for precise positioning of all displays in a video wall. The EasyAxis Mounting System also provides convenient front and rear access and allows individual displays to be replaced without the entire video wall having to be dismantled in the event of a single-display failure. The mounting system also capitalizes on Clarity Matrix's ultra-slim bezel (5.5 mm), allowing displays to be installed in the two-degree curve EPB desired for the main video wall. Whitlock created the curved array – which makes easy viewing possible regardless of where an operating is sitting – and the slim bezels ensured that we'd get access to any display with no danger that an adjacent one would bind against it in the event of the need for service or maintenance access.
Clarity Matrix with G2 Architecture offered EPB Planar's pioneering off-board electronics design, which allows certain components to be housed away from the video wall, in a remote rack room for example. This engineering design offers several benefits including an up to 25 percent reduction in heat generated by the video wall. "This eliminated the need for additional air conditioning to cool the wall, which significantly lowers operating costs relative to other video walls," EPB's Read says. "And another benefit we didn't expect was that by enabling the video wall to run cooler, components are not as prone to heat failure, which adds to the life cycle of the video wall as a whole."
Lastly, both EPB and Whitlock like both the connectivity and the image quality of Clarity Matrix. The utility is able to display a wide variety of information from sensors and internal computer feeds – everything from any of the thousands of network sensors that have been implemented to weather broadcasts from weather channels. Image quality is top notch, reflected in every Clarity Matrix MX55HDS display's 800-nit brightness, Full HD resolution and 10-bit color processing. "With an image of this quality, we can easily see everything from the status of an individual electric meter, to a transformer to, to the exact location of an approaching thunderstorm cell. All in all, Clarity Matrix Video Wall with G2 Architecture is a perfect visualization and management solution for a demanding control center like ours," Read adds.


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DRAGY Universal GPS Based Performance Meter
Monitor your 0-60mph, 60-130mph, 100-200kmh, 1/4 mile, 1/2 mile performance, and more!
Dragy uses high speed GPS satellites to accurately measure your vehicles performance within 1/100th of a second, producing identical results to the much more expensive and cumbersome VBOX system, in a less expensive and easier to use package. The Dragy software automatically charts slope on all timeslips which you can then post to forums or social media, share with friends, or even upload to the Dragy leader board. The Dragy box is extremely compact at 1" x 3" (25.4mm x 76.2mm) and can be set on the dash when testing and stored in the glove box or center console when not in use.
In addition there are many advanced features under development including superimposing performance data over your mobile camera, virtual races with friends, an internal feed for photos and performance discussion, and more to come. Runs are saved in both metric and SAE formats, allowing comparisons of 100-200kmh and all metric equivalents. You can also define your own performance windows for measuring both trap speeds and/or elapsed times, time to brake performance such as 100-0, and much more.
The system can be run simultaneously with JB4 Mobile and other bluetooth apps. Requires the Dragy app which is available free of charge for both iOS and Android.
Compatibility Check
To ensure the part(s) you have ordered fits your vehicle, we run a compatibility check prior to dispatch. We can do this either using your registration number(UK) or the last 7 digits of your VIN. Simply enter your car details prior to checkout.
Any vehicle as long as Dragy app is installed on mobile.
Dragy two year repair warranty


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What is a giveaway hop?
Simple - Each participating blog hosts a giveaway and then we link up together allowing our followers to hop easily from one giveaway to another. For followers that means lots of chances to win free books. For host blogs it means lots of new visitors and followers. It's a win-win!
The Fool For Books Giveaway Hop is hosted by I Am A Reader, Not A Writer & The Bookish Snob. It will take place on April 1st & 2nd.
Each blog will host their own giveaway. There is no requirement on the minimum or maximum value of the giveaway. It can be books, swags, amazon gift cards, or anything else that has to do with books.
All participating blogs will be linked up through a Fool For Books Giveaway linky.
This is what you can win here at Cherry Mischievous:
Prize: £10 Book Depository book of your choice
Contest is open to international readers, subject to BookDepo shipping limitations.
To Enter: All you have to be is a follower of this blog to be entered and leave a comment on this post with a way to contact you, preferably an email add.
- You have to be a follower via Google Friend Connect to be eligible for the draw.
- If you are not yet a follower, just click that "Follow" button on the sidebar to get included in the draw. And then leave a comment in this post with your email add. Or, if you don't want to leave an email add, check back after April 2 to see if you won. Or email it to me at cherrymischif-foolforbooks [at] yahoo [dot] com with the name/alias you are using to enter this contest so that I could marry your email add with your entry.
- If you are already a follower, the same goes with the comment and a way to contact you.
- Please note that you have to make a comment in this contest post to indicate your interest in winning to be entered in the draw.
- Because I've drawn a random follower before and he didn't want the prize because he wasn't interested. So now, a follower needs to indicate their interest to be entered...
- If you've already won in previous contests here at Cherry Mischievous, it does not disqualify you from winning again. That means previous winners have equal chances of winning as much as the other followers who hasn't won anything yet at Cherry Mischievous.
- A participant of this contest gets one extra entry credit every time he/she spreads the word about this contest after verification of the url address or "proof" given in the comment. However, only one extra entry will be credited per site. Like for example, you can tweet as many times as you like but that will count only as one extra entry credit. Although we do appreciate it if you tweet multiple times about this contest!
- 2nd of April 2011
- Open only to Cherry Mischievous followers (via Google Friend Connect). Because the main reason I am hosting this contest in the first place is to reward my readers, therefore this contest is for followers only :)
- Not yet a follower? Just click the "FOLLOW" button on the sidebar. Easy peasy!
- Then post a comment with a way to contact you in this contest post.
- This contest is open internationally. However, since the prize is a BookDepo book, it also means that this contest is limited to countries where BookDepo ships to. Please check if your country is one of those where BookDepo will ship to before entering this contest. Please see here for the list of countries where BookDepo ships to: http://www.bookdepository.co.uk/help/topic/HelpId/27/Countries-we-ship-to-with-free-delivery#helpContent.
- Winner will be picked among the followers who commented. Winner have one week to claim prize otherwise prize will become forfeit or as stated in the winner announcement post.
- Please note that cover art used in this post for the prizes are stock photos, they may not match the cover art of the book(s) that you will get.
- Void where prohibited.
- Questions? Ask! cherrymischif-foolforbooks [at] yahoo [dot] com.
- Please read the blog's Disclaimer as it forms part of the contest rules. By entering this contest you declare that you have read the terms in the Disclaimer and agrees to be bound by said terms.
Go visit the other blogs in this hop and get your chance to win more bookish prizes!


text: This Official 2004 Arctic Cat 50 ATV Factory Owners Manual is the factory issued owners manual for the 2004 Arctic Cat 50 ATVs. It includes all the information you need to to have a basic understanding of the operation of your vehicle. Provides important safety information, service and maintenance schedules, storage information and recommendations for appearance care. This book includes technical information, instructions for routine maintenance including oil change information, as well as a basic troubleshooting guide. This is a must have item if you ever plan to sell your motorcycle – prospective buyers will often want to know if you have the owner's manual.


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After our last crochet-themed post, we had a few requests for the pattern to make this little crocheted towel holder. So here you go! I'll also put one up for sale in my Etsy shop if you just don't see yourself making one. Enjoy!
Towel Ring PatternMaterials:
*Size H (5.00mm) crochet hook
*Two strands of cotton yarn held together (we like Lily's Sugar 'n Cream)
*Button (approx. 3/4" to 1")
Stitches used: hdc, crossed hdc (explained in this post), magic ring technique
Using the magic ring technique, create ring and ch 2. Do 30 hdc around ring, sl st to first hdc. Turn. Pull yarn tail if needed to make ring tight, but not so tight that the stitches get bunched up.
Tab top:
Ch 2 (counts as first hdc), crossed hdc across. End with hdc in last st. Ch 2, turn. Repeat for 10 rows. Fasten off, weave in ends.
Fold tab over to top of ring. Position and center button under tab on first row of crossed hdc. Make sure it can squeeze between stitches (that's your makeshift buttonhole). Sew on button. Enjoy your towel ring!
P.S. We've had quite a few comments asking what the stitch abbreviations mean and other basic crochet questions. We recommend you ask a friend to show you the basics, and find a book or CD-ROM that explains the terms and stitches in detail before beginning our crochet projects. Although they're all quite simple patterns, we've found you'll only get frustrated if you haven't practiced the basics first!
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Cambodian history
The name Siem Reap means the 'Defeat of Siam' -todays Thailand- and refers to a centuries-old bloodbath, commemorated in stone in the celebrated bas relief carvings of the monuments.In 1901 the École Française d'Extrême Orient (EFEO) began a long association with Angkor by funding an expedition to the Bayon. In 1907 Angkor, which had been under Thai control, was returned to Cambodia and the EFEO took responsibility for clearing and restoring the whole site. In the same year, the first tourists arrived in Angkor - an unprecedented 200 of them in three months. Angkor had been 'rescued' from the jungle and was assuming its place in the modern world.
The Khmer Empire once included much of modern-day Thailand, but there's a touch of irony about the name given that Thailand ultimately defeated Cambodia, and controlled Siem Reap and Angkor from 1794 to 1907.
Siem Reap was little more than a village when the first French explorers re-discovered Angkor in the 19th century. With the return of Angkor to Cambodian, or should that be French control in 1907, Siem Reap began to grow, absorbing the first wave of tourists. The Grand Hotel d'Angkor opened its doors in 1929 and the temples of Angkor remained one of Asia's leading draws until the late 1960s, luring visitors like Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Kennedy. In 1975, Siem Reap, along with the rest of the cities and towns in Cambodia, its population was evacuated by the communist Khmer Rouge and driven into the countryside.
As with the rest of the country, Siem Reap's history (and the memories of its people) is colored by spectra of the brutal Khmer Rouge Regime, though since Pol Pot's death in 1998, relative stability and a rejuvenated tourist industry have been important steps in an important, if tentative, journey forward to recovery. With the advent of war, Siem Reap entered a long slumber from which it only began to awake in the mid-1990s.
Today, Siem Reap is undoubtedly Cambodia's fastest growing city and serves as a small charming gateway town to the world famous heritage the Angkor temples. Thanks to those attractions, Siem Reap has transformed itself into a major tourist hub. Siem Reap nowadays is a vibrant town with modern hotels and architectures. Despite international influences, Siem Reap and its people have conserved much of the town's image, culture and traditions.
No one knows for certain how long people have lived in what is now Cambodia, as studies of its prehistory are undeveloped. A carbon-l4 dating from a cave in northwestern Cambodia suggests that people using stone tools lived in the cave as early as 4000 bc, and rice has been grown on Cambodian soil since well before the 1st century ad. The first Cambodians likely arrived long before either of these dates. They probably migrated from the north, although nothing is known about their language or their way of life.
By the beginning of the 1st century ad, Chinese traders began to report the existence of inland and coastal kingdoms in Cambodia. These kingdoms already owed much to Indian culture, which provided alphabets, art forms, architectural styles, religions (Hinduism and Buddhism), and a stratified class system. Local beliefs that stressed the importance of ancestral spirits coexisted with the Indian religions and remain powerful today.
Cambodia's modem-day culture has its roots in the 1st to 6th centuries in a state referred to as Funan, known as the oldest Indianized state in Southeast Asia. It is from this period that evolved Cambodia's language, part of the Mon-Khmer family, which contains elements of Sanskrit, its ancient religion of Hinduism and Buddhism. Historians have noted, for example, that Cambodians can be distinguished from their neighbors by their clothing - checkered scarves known as Kramas are worn instead of straw hats.
Funan gave way to the Angkor Empire with the rise to power of King Jayavarman II in 802. The following 600 years saw powerful Khmer kings dominate much of present day Southeast Asia, from the borders of Myanmar east to the South China Sea and north to Laos. It was during this period that Khmer kings built the most extensive concentration of religious temples in the world - the Angkor temple complex. The most successful of Angkor's kings, Jayavarman II, Indravarman I, Suryavarman II and Jayavarman VII, also devised a masterpiece of ancient engineering: a sophisticated irrigation system that includes barays (gigantic man-made lakes) and canals that ensured as many as three rice crops a year. Part of this system is still in use today.
The Khmer Kingdom (Funan)
Early Chinese writers referred to a kingdom in Cambodia that they called Funan. Modern-day archaeological findings provide evidence of a commercial society centered on the Mekong Delta that flourished from the 1st century to the 6th century. Among these findings are excavations of a port city from the 1st century, located in the region of Oc-Eo in what is now southern Vietnam. Served by a network of canals, the city was an important trade link between India and China. Ongoing excavations in southern Cambodia have revealed the existence of another important city near the present-day village of Angkor Borei.
A group of inland kingdoms, known collectively to the Chinese as Zhenla, flourished in the 6th and 7th centuries from southern Cambodia to southern Laos. The first stone inscriptions in the Khmer language and the first brick and stone Hindu temples in Cambodia date from the Zhenla period.
Angkor Era
Bayon Temple, Angkor Thom The giant faces carved on the Bayon temple at the Angkor Thum complex in northwestern Cambodia represent both the Buddha and King Jayavarman VII (ruled about 1130-1219). Although a Buddhist temple, Angkor Thum was modeled after the great Hindu temple complex of Angkor Wat.
In the early 9th century a Khmer (ethnic Cambodian) prince returned to Cambodia from abroad. He probably arrived from nearby Java or Sumatra, where he may have been held hostage by island kings who had asserted control over portions of the Southeast Asian mainland.
In a series of ceremonies at different sites, the prince declared himself ruler of a new independent kingdom, which unified several local principalities. His kingdom eventually came to be centered near present-day Siem Reap in northwestern Cambodia. The prince, known to his successors as Jayavarman II, inaugurated a cult honoring the Hindu god Shiva as a devaraja (Sanskrit term meaning "god-king"). The cult, which legitimized the king's rule by linking him with Shiva, persisted at the Cambodian court for more than two hundred years.
Between the early 9th century and the early 15th century, 26 monarchs ruled successively over the Khmer kingdom (known as Angkor, the modern name for its capital city).
The successors of Jayavarman II built the great temples for which Angkor is famous.
Historians have dated more than a thousand temple sites and over a thousand stone inscriptions (most of them on temple walls) to this era.
Notable among the Khmer builder-kings were Suyavarman II, who built the temple known as Angkor Wat in the mid-12th century, and Jayavarman VII, who built the Bayon temple at Angkor Thum and several other large Buddhist temples half a century later. Jayavarman VII, a fervent Buddhist, also built hospitals and rest houses along the roads that crisscrossed the kingdom. Most of the monarchs, however, seem to have been more concerned with displaying and increasing their power than with the welfare of their subjects.
Ancient City of Angkor This map shows the layout of the ancient city of Angkor, capital of the Cambodian Khmer kingdom from the 9th century to the 15th century. The city's huge stone temples were both civic centers and religious symbols of the Hindu cosmos. Historians believe that Angkor's network of canals and barays (reservoirs) were used for irrigation.
At its greatest extent, in the 12th century, the Khmer kingdom encompassed (in addition to present-day Cambodia) parts of present-day Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and the Malay Peninsula. Thailand and Laos still contain Khmer ruins and inscriptions. The kings at Angkor received tribute from smaller kingdoms to the north, east, and west, and conducted trade with China. The capital city was the center of an impressive network of reservoirs and canals, which historians theorize supplied water for irrigation. Many historians believe that the abundant harvests made possible by irrigation supported a large population whose labor could be drawn on to construct the kings' temples and to fight their wars. The massive temples, extensive roads and waterworks, and confident inscriptions give an illusion of stability that is undermined by the fact that many Khmer kings gained the throne by conquering their predecessors. Inscriptions indicate that the kingdom frequently suffered from rebellions and foreign invasions.
Historians have not been able to fully explain the decline of the Khmer kingdom in the 13th and 14th centuries. However, it was probably associated with the rise of powerful Thai kingdoms that had once paid tribute to Angkor, and to population losses following a series of wars with these kingdoms. Another factor may have been the introduction of Theravada Buddhism, which taught that anyone could achieve enlightenment through meritorious conduct and meditation. These egalitarian ideas undermined the hierarchical structure of Cambodian society and the power of prominent Hindu families. After a Thai invasion in 1431, what remained of the Cambodian elite shifted southeastward to the vicinity of Phnom Penh.
Cambodia Dark Age
This map of Southeast Asia in the mid-16th century shows the major centers of power in the region prior to the arrival of Europeans. During this period, these kingdoms were constantly at war. Eventually the Kingdom of Ayutthaya (modern Thailand) expanded to the north and east, absorbing much of Lan Na and Lan Xang (modern Laos). Dai Viet (modern Vietnam) expanded to the south, taking over the remaining territory of the Kingdom of Champa and the southern tip of the Kingdom of Lovek (modern Cambodia). Toungoo evolved into modern Myanmar.
The four centuries of Cambodian history following the abandonment of Angkor are poorly recorded, and therefore historians know little about them beyond the bare outlines. Cambodia retained its language and its cultural identity despite frequent invasions by the powerful Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya and incursions by Vietnamese forces. Indeed, for much of this period, Cambodia was a relatively prosperous trading kingdom with its capital at Lovek, near present-day Phnom Penh. European visitors wrote of the Buddhist piety of the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Lovek. During this period, Cambodians composed the country's most important work of literature, the Reamker (based on the Indian myth of the Ramayana).
In the late 18th century, a civil war in Vietnam and disorder following a Burmese invasion of Ayutthaya spilled over into Cambodia and devastated the area. In the early 19th century, newly established dynasties in Vietnam and Thailand competed for control over the Cambodian court. The warfare that ensued, beginning in the l830s, came close to destroying Cambodia.
French Rule
Phnom Penh, as planned by the French, came to resemble a town in provincial France. By the second half of the 19th century, France had begun to expand its colonial penetration of Indochina (the peninsula between India and China). In 1863 France accepted the Cambodian king's invitation to impose a protectorate over his severely weakened kingdom, halting the country's dismemberment by Thailand and Vietnam. For the next 90 years, France ruled Cambodia. In theory, French administration was indirect, but in practice the word of French officials was final on all major subjects-including the selection of Cambodia's kings. The French left Cambodian institutions, including the monarchy, in place, and gradually developed a Cambodian civil service, organized along French lines. The French administration neglected education but built roads, port facilities, and other public works. Phnom Penh, as planned by the French, came to resemble a town in provincial France.
The French invested relatively little in Cambodia's economy compared to that of Vietnam, which was also under French control. However, they developed rubber plantations in eastern Cambodia, and the kingdom exported sizable amounts of rice under their rule. The French also restored the Angkor temple complex and deciphered Angkorean inscriptions, which gave Cambodians a clear idea of their medieval heritage and kindled their pride in Cambodia's past. Because France left the monarchy, Buddhism, and the rhythms of rural life undisturbed, anti-French feeling was slow to develop.
King Sihanouk, through skillful maneuvering, managed to gain Cambodia's independence peacefully in 1953. During World War II (1939-1945), Japanese forces entered French Indochina but left the compliant French administration in place.
On the verge of defeat in 1945, the Japanese removed their French collaborators and installed a nominally independent Cambodian government under the recently crowned young king, Norodom Sihanouk. France reimposed its protectorate in early 1946 but allowed the Cambodians to draft a constitution and to form political parties.
Soon afterward, fighting erupted throughout Indochina as nationalist groups, some with Communist ideologies, struggled to win independence from France. Most of the fighting took place in Vietnam, in a conflict known as the First Indochina War (1946-1954). In Cambodia, Communist guerrilla forces allied with Vietnamese Communists gained control of much of the country. However, King Sihanouk, through skillful maneuvering, managed to gain Cambodia's independence peacefully in 1953, a few months earlier than Vietnam. The Geneva Accords of 1954, which marked the end of the First Indochina War, acknowledged Sihanouk's government as the sole legitimate authority in Cambodia.
Modern State
Sihanouk's campaign for independence sharpened his political skills and increased his ambitions. In 1955 he abdicated the throne in favor of his father to pursue a full-time political career, free of the constitutional constraints of the monarchy. In a move aimed at dismantling Cambodia's fledgling political parties, Sihanouk inaugurated a national political movement known as the Sangkum Reastr Niyum (People's Socialist Community), whose members were not permitted to belong to any other political group. The Sangkum won all the seats in the national elections of 1955, benefiting from Sihanouk's popularity and from police brutality at many polling stations. Sihanouk served as prime minister of Cambodia until 1960, when his father died and he was named head of state. Sihanouk remained widely popular among the people but was brutal to his opponents.
In the late 1950s the Cold War (period of tension between the United States and its allies and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR, and its allies) intensified in Asia. In this climate, foreign powers, including the United States, the USSR, and China, courted Sihanouk. Cambodia's importance to these countries stemmed from events in neighboring Vietnam, where tension had begun to mount between a Communist regime in the north and a pro-Western regime in the south. The USSR supported the Vietnamese Communists, while the United States opposed them, and China wanted to contain Vietnam for security reasons. Each of the foreign powers hoped that Cambodian support would bolster its position in the region. Sihanouk pursued a policy of neutrality that drew substantial economic aid from the competing countries.
In 1965, however, Sihanouk broke off diplomatic relations with the United States. At the same time, he allowed North Vietnamese Communists, then fighting the Vietnam War against the United States and the South Vietnamese in southern Vietnam, to set up bases on Cambodian soil. As warfare intensified in Vietnam, domestic opposition to Sihanouk from both radical and conservative elements increased. The Cambodian Communist organization, known as the Workers Party of Kampuchea (later renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea, or CPK), had gone underground after failing to win any concessions at the Geneva Accords, but now they took up arms once again. As the economy became unstable, Cambodia became difficult to govern single-handedly. In need of economic and military aid, Sihanouk renewed diplomatic relations with the United States. Shortly thereafter, in 1969, U.S. president Richard Nixon authorized a bombing campaign against Cambodia in an effort to destroy Vietnamese Communist sanctuaries there.
Khmer Republic
In March 1970 Cambodia's legislature, the National Assembly, deposed Sihanouk while he was abroad. The conservative forces behind the coup were pro-Western and anti-Vietnamese. General Lon Nol, the country's prime minister, assumed power and sent his poorly equipped army to fight the North Vietnamese Communist forces encamped in border areas. Lon Nol hoped that U.S. aid would allow him to defeat his enemies, but American support was always geared to events in Vietnam. In April U.S. and South Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia, searching for North Vietnamese, who moved deeper into Cambodia. Over the next year, North Vietnamese troops destroyed the offensive capacity of Lon Nol's army.
In October 1970 Lon Nol inaugurated the Khmer Republic. Sihanouk, who had sought asylum in China, was condemned to death despite his absence. By that time, Chinese and North Vietnamese leaders had persuaded the prince to establish a government in exile, allied with North Vietnam and dominated by the CPK, whom Sihanouk referred to as the Khmer Rouge (French for "Red Khmers").
In 1975, despite massive infusions of U.S. aid, the Khmer Republic collapsed, and Khmer Rouge forces occupied Phnom Penh.
The United States continued bombing Cambodia until the Congress of the United States halted the campaign in 1973. By that time, Lon Nol's forces were fighting not only the Vietnamese but also the Khmer Rouge. The general lost control over most of the Cambodian countryside, which had been devastated by U.S. bombing. The fighting severely damaged the nation's infrastructure and caused high numbers of casualties. Hundreds of thousands of refugees flooded into the cities. In 1975, despite massive infusions of U.S. aid, the Khmer Republic collapsed, and Khmer Rouge forces occupied Phnom Penh. Three weeks later, North Vietnamese forces achieved victory in South Vietnam.
Democratic Kampuchea
Pol Pot Pol Pot is a pseudonym for the Cambodian guerrilla commander Saloth Sar, who organized the Communist guerrilla force known as the Khmer Rouge. The Khmer Rouge ousted General Lon Nol in 1975, establishing a brutal Communist regime that ruled until 1979.
Immediately after occupying Cambodia's towns, the Khmer Rouge ordered all city dwellers into the countryside to take up agricultural tasks. The move reflected both the Khmer Rouge's contempt for urban dwellers, which they saw as enemies, and their utopian vision of Cambodia as a nation of busy, productive peasants. The leader of the regime, who remained concealed from the public, was Saloth Sar, who used the pseudonym Pol Pot. The government, which called itself Democratic Kampuchea (DK), claimed to be seeking total independence from foreign powers but accepted economic and military aid from its major allies, China and North Korea.
Khmer Rouge Carnage The Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, killed close to 1.7 million people in the mid- to late 1970s. In this photo, human bones and skulls fill a museum in Cambodia that had been used as a prison and torture center during Pol Pot's reign, Sygma.
Without identifying themselves as Communists, the Khmer Rouge quickly introduced a series of far-reaching and often painful socialist programs. The people given the most power in the new government were the largely illiterate rural Cambodians who had fought alongside the Khmer Rouge in the civil war. DK leaders severely restricted freedom of speech, movement, and association, and forbade all religious practices. The regime controlled all communications along with access to food and information. Former city dwellers, now called "new people," were particularly badly treated. The Khmer Rouge killed intellectuals, merchants, bureaucrats, members of religious groups, and any people suspected of disagreeing with the party. Millions of other Cambodians were forcibly relocated, deprived of food, tortured, or sent into forced labor.
While in power, the Khmer Rouge murdered, worked to death, or killed by starvation close to 1.7 million Cambodians.
The Khmer Rouge also attacked neighboring countries in an attempt to reclaim territories lost by Cambodia many centuries before. After fighting broke out with Vietnam (then united under the Communists) in 1977, DK's ideology became openly racist. Ethnic minorities in Cambodia, including ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese, were hunted down and expelled or massacred. Purges of party members accused of treason became widespread. People in eastern Cambodia, suspected of cooperating with Vietnam, suffered severely, and hundreds of thousands of them were killed. While in power, the Khmer Rouge murdered, worked to death, or killed by starvation close to 1.7 million Cambodians-more than one-fifth of the country's population.
The war with Vietnam went badly for Cambodia, and in the second half of 1978 the DK tried to open the country up to the wider world, inviting journalists to visit and extending diplomatic recognition to several non-socialist countries. In December 1978 the Vietnamese launched a blitzkrieg assault on Cambodia, using more than l00,000 troops. A group of Cambodian Communist rebels, the Khmer National United Front for National Salvation (KNUFNS), accompanied them. On January 7, 1979, the invading forces occupied Phnom Penh, which the Khmer Rouge leaders had abandoned the day before. Pol Pot, his colleagues, and hundreds of thousands of followers sought refuge over the next few months along the Thai-Cambodian border. There they were protected by the Thai regime, which was hostile to Vietnam.
Vietnam Domination
Vietnam established a satellite regime called the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) in January 1979. The new government included many former members of the Khmer Rouge who had defected to Vietnam, as well as some Cambodians who had sought refuge in Vietnam before the Khmer Rouge victory in 1975. After coming to power, the regime restored much of Cambodia's pre-1975 way of life, including the practice of Buddhism and a nationwide education system. For the time being, however, agriculture remained collectivized. Like all previous regimes, the new government treated its opponents harshly; like the Khmer Rouge, it severely limited people's freedom of expression. The pro-Vietnamese Kampuchean Peoples' Revolutionary Party (KPRP) monopolized political power and swept the 1981 elections for the National Assembly.
Meanwhile, remnants of the Khmer Rouge and other Cambodians who had fled to Thailand formed an anti-Vietnamese government in exile, which continued to be known as DK. China, Thailand, and the United States had disapproved of the overthrow of DK, viewing it as Vietnamese aggression, and encouraged the formation of the government in exile. With the support of these countries, DK retained Cambodia's seat in the United Nations (UN). Only a few foreign governments, including the USSR and India, recognized the PRK as Cambodia's legitimate government. Foreign aid to Cambodia was largely limited to the Soviet-led bloc of Communist nations.
Throughout the 1980s, Vietnam maintained more than 100,000 troops in Cambodia. Conflict between PRK and DK forces, combined with Cambodia's relative isolation, produced continuing economic instability. Thousands of people were killed in battle or maimed by landmines. In 1985 Cambodia's foreign minister, Hun Sen, became prime minister of the PRK.
Weary of socialism and the harsh conditions inside Cambodia, more than 500,000 Cambodians sought asylum in Thailand in the 1980s. More than 300,000 of these people eventually resettled in other countries, especially France and the United States. This outflow deprived Cambodia of thousands of trained personnel and removed many members of the small elite, whose ranks had already been thinned through execution and fatal illnesses under the Khmer Rouge.
Recent Development
In September 1989, as the Cold War ended and Soviet financing of the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia fell sharply, Vietnam withdrew its troops from Cambodia. The withdrawal left the Cambodian regime, under young prime minister Hun Sen, in a precarious position, deprived of all substantial foreign aid and threatened militarily by the forces of the Khmer Rouge and their allies on the Thai-Cambodian border. Soon afterward the PRK officially abandoned socialism, renamed itself the State of Cambodia (SOC), and introduced a range of reforms aimed at attracting foreign investment and increasing the popularity of the ruling KPRP, renamed the Cambodian People's Party (CPP).
Some members of the government became millionaires overnight, while the national economy was still stumbling to its feet.
A program of privatization, which ended collectivized agriculture, and a headlong rush toward free-market economics from 1989 to 1992 widened the inequities in Cambodian society. Some members of the government became millionaires overnight, while the national economy was still stumbling to its feet. As markets opened in Thailand and Vietnam, exploitation of Cambodia's gem and timber resources by foreign businesses became widespread. Meanwhile, fighting between government and Khmer Rouge forces intensified, as the Khmer Rouge occupied large areas in the relatively inhospitable northern part of the country.
In October 1991 Cambodia's warring factions, the UN, and a number of interested foreign nations signed an agreement in Paris intended to end the conflict in Cambodia. The agreement provided for a temporary power-sharing arrangement between a United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) and a Supreme National Council (SNC) made up of delegates from the various Cambodian factions. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, the former king and prime minister of Cambodia, served as president of the SNC.
The Paris accords and the UN protectorate pushed Cambodia out of its isolation and introduced competitive politics, dormant since the early 1950s. UNTAC sponsored elections for a national assembly in May 1993, and for the first time in Cambodian history a majority of voters rejected an armed, incumbent regime. A royalist party, known by its French acronym FUNCINPEC, won the most seats in the election, followed by the CPP, led by Hun Sen. Reluctant to give up power, Hun Sen threatened to upset the election results. Under a compromise arrangement, a three-party coalition formed a government headed by two prime ministers; FUNCINPEC's Prince Norodom Ranariddh, one of Sihanouk's sons, became first prime minister, while Hun Sen became second prime minister.
In September 1993 the government ratified a new constitution restoring the monarchy and establishing the Kingdom of Cambodia. Sihanouk became king for the second time. After the 1993 elections, no foreign countries continued to recognize the DK as Cambodia's legal government. The DK lost its UN seat as well as most of its sources of international aid.
The unrealistic power-sharing relationship between Ranariddh and Hun Sen worked surprisingly well for the next three years, but relations between the parties were never smooth. The CPP's control over the army and the police gave the party effective control of the country, and it dominated the coalition government. In July 1997 Hun Sen staged a violent coup against FUNCINPEC and replaced Prince Ranariddh, who was overseas at the time, with Ung Huot, a more pliable FUNCINPEC figure. Hun Sen's action shocked foreign nations and delayed Cambodia's entry into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). By the end of 1997, Cambodia was the only nation in the region that was not a member.
Despite the coup, elections scheduled for July 1998 proceeded as planned. Hundreds of foreign observers who monitored the elections affirmed that voting was relatively free and fair; however, the CPP harassed opposition candidates and party workers before and after the elections, when dozens were imprisoned and several were killed. The election gave the CPP a plurality of votes, but results, especially in towns, where voting could not be dictated by local authorities, indicated that the party did not enjoy widespread popular support. Prince Ranariddh and another opposition candidate, Sam Rainsy, took refuge abroad and contested the outcome of the election. In November the CPP and FUNCINPEC reached an agreement whereby Hun Sen became sole prime minister and Ranariddh became president of the National Assembly. The parties formed a coalition government, dividing control over the various cabinet ministries. In early 1999 the constitution was amended to create a Senate, called for in the 1998 agreement. These signs that Cambodia's political situation was stabilizing encouraged ASEAN to admit Cambodia to its membership a short time later.
Pol Pot died in 1998, and by early 1999 most of the remaining Khmer Rouge troops and leaders had surrendered. Rebel troops were integrated into the Cambodian army. In 1999 two Khmer Rouge leaders were arrested and charged with genocide for their part in the atrocities.
Since the Paris Accords of 1991, Cambodia's economic growth has depended on millions of dollars of foreign aid. Foreign interest in Cambodia has decreased, however, and the country has received diminishing economic assistance. This development, along with the continued lack of openness in Cambodian politics, has made Cambodia's prospects for democratization dim, as well as its chances for sustained economic growth.
Recent King of Cambodia - Samdech Preah Baromneath Norodom Sihamoni
His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the son of His Majesty Norodom Sihanouk, former King of Cambodia and of Her Majesty Queen Norodom Monineath Sihanouk of Cambodia.
Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen and National Assembly Speaker Prince Norodom Ranariddh (the new king's brother), both members of the throne council. He was crowned in Phnom Penh on October 29. Sihamoni remains a bachelor and has no children, which means he does not have a direct successor if one were to be required. However, this should not be a problem as the King in Cambodia is selected by the throne council.
Norodom Sihamoni speaks Khmer, French, Czech, English and Russian. He is the first Czech speaking monarch after Ferdinand I of Austria.
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