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By: Emil G. Hirsch
German Biblical critic and Semitist; born at Hameln May 17, 1844; educated in theology and Semitics at Göttingen (Ph.D. 1870), where he became privat-docent in the theological faculty in 1870. Two years later he was called as professor to the theological faculty of Greifswald, and in 1874 received the degree of D.D. "honoris causa" from Göttingen. He was compelled to resign from the theological faculty, however, in 1882 in consequence of his views on the Bible, whereupon he entered the philosophical faculty of Halle as assistant professor of Semitics. Three years later he went as professor of Semitics to Marburg, and was called to Göttingen in 1892.
Wellhausen has written extensively on subjects of vital interest to the student of the Bible and of Judaism and other religions. Among his earliest publications was a dissertation on the tribal organization of ancient Israel ("De Gentibus et Familiis Judæis Quæ I Chron. ii. 4 Enumerantur," Göttingen, 1870). This was followed by a work on the text of Samuel (ib. 1871) and by an elaborate treatise on the Pharisees and Sadducees (Greifswald, 1874), in which he attempted, though without success, to weaken the discoveries of Geiger. The name of Wellhausen is more especially connected with Pentateuchal analysis, and on this basis he has reestablished and systematized the theory originally advanced by Vatke and Georg, and later by Graf, Reuss, and Kuenen, which assigns a post-exilic date to the Priestly Code and makes the Pentateuch, as it appears in the canon, posterior to the pre-exilic prophets. It is, consequently, the law-book of Judaism and the religion of the post-exilic congregation, the cult of the Israelites and Hebrews being held to have been a crude tribal Semitic nature-worship which culminated in a henotheistic Jahvistic nationalism, against which the Prophets, as the preachers of ethical righteousness, often had to protest. These critical views were expounded by Wellhausen in his "Composition des Hexateuchs und der Historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments" (3d ed., Berlin, 1901); "Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels" (5th ed., ib. 1899); "Israelitische und Jüdische Geschichte" (4th ed., ib. 1901); and in his article "Israel" in "Encyc. Brit." 9th ed., xiii. 406-441. His series of "Skizzen und Vorarbeiten," which includes a commentary on the Minor Prophets, seeks in the third volume ("Reste Arabischen Heidenthums," Berlin, 1887) to elucidate and elaborate by a presentation of primitive Arabic paganism the analogies between the original Hebrew religion and the cults of the pre-Mohammedan Arabs. With the exception of his "Book of Psalms" (in "S. B. O. T." xiv.), the more recent researches of Wellhausen have been in the history of Islam and in the exegesis of the New Testament, his latest contributions being commentaries on the Gospels. Although his works are monuments of marvelous scholarship, they may be said to be marred by an unmistakable anti-Jewish bias and a consequent ignoring of the labors of Jewish writers.


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The Kentucky Riverkeeper is a 501(c)3 organization founded on the notion that we can find a way to restore the Kentucky River in the next decade by working with citizen coalitions throughout the watershed.
Kentucky Riverkeeper acts as the voice and face of the river, sponsoring educational forums with a variety of constituents among schools, communities, and political leaders and developing strategies to identify and draw attention to pollution along the Kentucky River.
Kentucky Riverkeeper also coordinates internships and service-learning opportunities with EKU through their Center for Appalachian Studies to further promote river restoration and maintenance among the state's youth.
The Kentucky River Water Trail Alliance is an evolving group of organizations and stakeholders hoping to unify projects and points of interest, educate communities to promote the stewardship of the Kentucky River.
For more information on Kentucky Riverkeeper please visit KYRiverkeeper.org
Our episode on Nonprofits and water is sponsored by:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bonassera bayonet light bulb (mark)
Bonassera bunny
Bonassera bunny (base)
Bonassera champagne corks
Bonassera champagne corks (marks)
Bonassera cookie sack
Bonassera cookie sack (marks)
Bonassera cruet
Bonassera cruet (mark)
Bonassera goblets
Bonassera goblets (mark)
Bonassera hat and gloves
Bonassera hat and gloves (mark)
Bonassera his and hers mugs
Bonassera his and hers mugs (mark)
Bonassera inverted glove vase
Bonassera inverted glove vase (mark)
Bonassera mug
Bonassera mug (mark)
Bonassera pie box
Bonassera pie box (mark)
Bonassera screw light bulb
Bonassera screw light bulb (mark)
Bonassera STOP! ash tray
Bonassera STOP! ash tray (detail)
Bonassera STOP! ash tray (mark)
Bonassera upright glove vase
Bonassera upright glove vase (mark)
Large Bonassera hat and gloves
Large Bonassera hat and gloves (mark)
Leo Bonassera 'Mr' with hat
Leo Bonassera 'Mr' with hat (mark)
Time in hand
Time in hand (mark)
Leo Bonassera made imaginative, often somewhat off-beat pottery. An Italian, he worked in the United Kingdom from the early 1960s. He started his own studio in Kensington Church Street, London, in 1961. In the late 1970s he moved to Rye, Sussex, and rented space from David Sharp at The Mint.
In the early 1980s his father died and he returned to Italy, but is now back in the United Kingdom.
Further Reading: |
The Potteries of Rye, 1793 onwards by Carol Cashmore |


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MONROE — When the Snohomish High School boys soccer team was done celebrating in front of its fans and returned to the sidelines, the 4A District 1 championship trophy unfortunately was found to be in two pieces.
But that's all right for the Panthers. They have plenty of spares.
Snohomish claimed yet another district title as the Panthers defeated the red-hot Cascade Bruins 1-0 in the championship game Thursday night at Monroe High School.
And they did so despite breaking the trophy.
"I think we've broken it every year we've won it," Snohomish coach Dan Pingrey said with a smile.
The district title was the third straight for the Panthers, who have built themselves into a Wesco 4A dynasty.
"This is great," said Snohomish senior Uriel Herrera, who scored the game's only goal. "I've had the luck to have great players with me over the years. This is another (district title), and hopefully there's more to come."
Snohomish was the class of Wesco during the regular season, losing just once during league play and running away with the Wesco 4A North title. Thursday's district championship reaffirmed the Panthers' position at the apex.
"This was a battle," Pingrey said "It was a grinder for both teams. To get a championship in that kind of environment is good for all of us.
"We handled it well," Pingrey added. "Our depth is much better. We're throwing freshmen in there at the end of the match who haven't really played, and they performed for us. That's huge. I'm very excited about the way they handled. They're a little bruised and battered, but it's good."
The Panthers (16-2) take the district's top seed to state and will host the District ¾ No. 5 seed in the first round.
While Snohomish won the title, Cascade gave the Panthers all they could handle. The Bruins, who began the season 1-5-1, had lost just once since. Cascade played Snohomish much tougher than during the regular season, when the Panthers walloped the Bruins 4-0.
Cascade even had a chance at the last gasp to force overtime. In second-half extra time, the Bruins had a free kick at midfield. After one pass the ball was played overt the top into the Snohomish penalty box, where it found Jorge Heredia wide open behind the defense. But Heredia's drive whistled just wide, and Snohomish was able to salt away the remainder of the game.
"I couldn't be more proud," Cascade coach Sam Croft said. "It's a little emotional, they played their guts out. This is an absolutely fantastic Snohomish team, this team was our barometer. We just played them 1-0 and could easily have beat them or at least tied it up. I'm so excited going into state, but right now I'm just a little bummed. I'm thinking we could have pulled this one off."
Cascade (10-7-2), the No. 3 seed from the Wesco 4A South which had already clinched a state playoff berth, will be the district's No. 2 seed. That means the Bruins will have to travel to face the No. 3 seed from District ¾ in the first round at state.
There were few scoring chances in the first half, with Snohomish largely settling for long-range efforts and the Panther defense frustrating Cascade star forward Samuel Agyei.
But the Panthers finally found the breakthrough in the 23rd minute. Blake Crutchfield, playing in just his second game since missing half the season with a broken leg, heaved a long throw-in from the right sideline toward the near post. Herrera flicked a header toward goal, and although the Cascade defense tried to scramble the ball off the goal line, it had already crossed it as Snohomish took a 1-0 lead.
Herrera nearly doubled Snohomish's lead 11 minutes into the second half, but Cascade goalkeeper Scott Pease made a point-blank save. Then in the ensuing scramble, Jack McCunn put a shot over the crossbar and it remained 1-0.
Pease kept it a one-goal game late in the second half with a pair of big saves. First, Herrera weaved his way past three Cascade defenders as he cut across goal, but then pulled his shot back into Pease. Then moments later the Panthers had a free kick just outside the penalty box, and they set up a shot by Crutchfield that Pease had to sprawl out to save.
At Monroe H.S.
Goals—Uriel Herrera (S). Assists—Blake Crutchfield (S). Goalkeepers—Cascade: Scott Pease. Snohomish: Ryan Peters. Records—Snohomish 16-2. Cascade 10-7-2.
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Network Working Group S. Deering Request for Comments: 1112 Stanford University Obsoletes: RFCs 988, 1054 August 1989 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting 1. STATUS OF THIS MEMO This memo specifies the extensions required of a host implementation of the Internet Protocol (IP) to support multicasting. It is the recommended standard for IP multicasting in the Internet. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. 2. INTRODUCTION IP multicasting is the transmission of an IP datagram to a "host group", a set of zero or more hosts identified by a single IP destination address. A multicast datagram is delivered to all members of its destination host group with the same "best-efforts" reliability as regular unicast IP datagrams, i.e., the datagram is not guaranteed to arrive intact at all members of the destination group or in the same order relative to other datagrams. The membership of a host group is dynamic; that is, hosts may join and leave groups at any time. There is no restriction on the location or number of members in a host group. A host may be a member of more than one group at a time. A host need not be a member of a group to send datagrams to it. A host group may be permanent or transient. A permanent group has a well-known, administratively assigned IP address. It is the address, not the membership of the group, that is permanent; at any time a permanent group may have any number of members, even zero. Those IP multicast addresses that are not reserved for permanent groups are available for dynamic assignment to transient groups which exist only as long as they have members. Internetwork forwarding of IP multicast datagrams is handled by "multicast routers" which may be co-resident with, or separate from, internet gateways. A host transmits an IP multicast datagram as a local network multicast which reaches all immediately-neighboring members of the destination host group. If the datagram has an IP time-to-live greater than 1, the multicast router(s) attached to the local network take responsibility for forwarding it towards all other networks that have members of the destination group. On those other member networks that are reachable within the IP time-to-live, an attached multicast router completes delivery by transmitting the Deering [Page 1]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 datagram as a local multicast. This memo specifies the extensions required of a host IP implementation to support IP multicasting, where a "host" is any internet host or gateway other than those acting as multicast routers. The algorithms and protocols used within and between multicast routers are transparent to hosts and will be specified in separate documents. This memo also does not specify how local network multicasting is accomplished for all types of network, although it does specify the required service interface to an arbitrary local network and gives an Ethernet specification as an example. Specifications for other types of network will be the subject of future memos. 3. LEVELS OF CONFORMANCE There are three levels of conformance to this specification: Level 0: no support for IP multicasting. There is, at this time, no requirement that all IP implementations support IP multicasting. Level 0 hosts will, in general, be unaffected by multicast activity. The only exception arises on some types of local network, where the presence of level 1 or 2 hosts may cause misdelivery of multicast IP datagrams to level 0 hosts. Such datagrams can easily be identified by the presence of a class D IP address in their destination address field; they should be quietly discarded by hosts that do not support IP multicasting. Class D addresses are described in section 4 of this memo. Level 1: support for sending but not receiving multicast IP datagrams. Level 1 allows a host to partake of some multicast-based services, such as resource location or status reporting, but it does not allow a host to join any host groups. An IP implementation may be upgraded from level 0 to level 1 very easily and with little new code. Only sections 4, 5, and 6 of this memo are applicable to level 1 implementations. Level 2: full support for IP multicasting. Level 2 allows a host to join and leave host groups, as well as send IP datagrams to host groups. It requires implementation of the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and extension of the IP and local network service interfaces within the host. All of the following sections of this memo are applicable to level 2 implementations. Deering [Page 2]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 4. HOST GROUP ADDRESSES Host groups are identified by class D IP addresses, i.e., those with "1110" as their high-order four bits. Class E IP addresses, i.e., those with "1111" as their high-order four bits, are reserved for future addressing modes. In Internet standard "dotted decimal" notation, host group addresses range from 18.104.22.168 to 184.108.40.206. The address 18.104.22.168 is guaranteed not to be assigned to any group, and 188.8.131.52 is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts (including gateways). This is used to address all multicast hosts on the directly connected network. There is no multicast address (or any other IP address) for all hosts on the total Internet. The addresses of other well-known, permanent groups are to be published in "Assigned Numbers". Appendix II contains some background discussion of several issues related to host group addresses. Deering [Page 3]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 5. MODEL OF A HOST IP IMPLEMENTATION The multicast extensions to a host IP implementation are specified in terms of the layered model illustrated below. In this model, ICMP and (for level 2 hosts) IGMP are considered to be implemented within the IP module, and the mapping of IP addresses to local network addresses is considered to be the responsibility of local network modules. This model is for expository purposes only, and should not be construed as constraining an actual implementation. | | | Upper-Layer Protocol Modules | |__________________________________________________________| --------------------- IP Service Interface ----------------------- __________________________________________________________ | | | | | | ICMP | IGMP | | IP |______________|______________| | Module | | | |__________________________________________________________| ---------------- Local Network Service Interface ----------------- __________________________________________________________ | | | | Local | IP-to-local address mapping | | Network | (e.g., ARP) | | Modules |_____________________________| | (e.g., Ethernet) | | | To provide level 1 multicasting, a host IP implementation must support the transmission of multicast IP datagrams. To provide level 2 multicasting, a host must also support the reception of multicast IP datagrams. Each of these two new services is described in a separate section, below. For each service, extensions are specified for the IP service interface, the IP module, the local network service interface, and an Ethernet local network module. Extensions to local network modules other than Ethernet are mentioned briefly, but are not specified in detail. Deering [Page 4]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 6. SENDING MULTICAST IP DATAGRAMS 6.1. Extensions to the IP Service Interface Multicast IP datagrams are sent using the same "Send IP" operation used to send unicast IP datagrams; an upper-layer protocol module merely specifies an IP host group address, rather than an individual IP address, as the destination. However, a number of extensions may be necessary or desirable. First, the service interface should provide a way for the upper-layer protocol to specify the IP time-to-live of an outgoing multicast datagram, if such a capability does not already exist. If the upper-layer protocol chooses not to specify a time-to-live, it should default to 1 for all multicast IP datagrams, so that an explicit choice is required to multicast beyond a single network. Second, for hosts that may be attached to more than one network, the service interface should provide a way for the upper-layer protocol to identify which network interface is be used for the multicast transmission. Only one interface is used for the initial transmission; multicast routers are responsible for forwarding to any other networks, if necessary. If the upper-layer protocol chooses not to identify an outgoing interface, a default interface should be used, preferably under the control of system management. Third (level 2 implementations only), for the case in which the host is itself a member of a group to which a datagram is being sent, the service interface should provide a way for the upper-layer protocol to inhibit local delivery of the datagram; by default, a copy of the datagram is looped back. This is a performance optimization for upper-layer protocols that restrict the membership of a group to one process per host (such as a routing protocol), or that handle loopback of group communication at a higher layer (such as a multicast transport protocol). 6.2. Extensions to the IP Module To support the sending of multicast IP datagrams, the IP module must be extended to recognize IP host group addresses when routing outgoing datagrams. Most IP implementations include the following logic: if IP-destination is on the same local network, send datagram locally to IP-destination else send datagram locally to GatewayTo( IP-destination ) Deering [Page 5]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 To allow multicast transmissions, the routing logic must be changed to: if IP-destination is on the same local network or IP-destination is a host group, send datagram locally to IP-destination else send datagram locally to GatewayTo( IP-destination ) If the sending host is itself a member of the destination group on the outgoing interface, a copy of the outgoing datagram must be looped-back for local delivery, unless inhibited by the sender. (Level 2 implementations only.) The IP source address of the outgoing datagram must be one of the individual addresses corresponding to the outgoing interface. A host group address must never be placed in the source address field or anywhere in a source route or record route option of an outgoing IP datagram. 6.3. Extensions to the Local Network Service Interface No change to the local network service interface is required to support the sending of multicast IP datagrams. The IP module merely specifies an IP host group destination, rather than an individual IP destination, when it invokes the existing "Send Local" operation. 6.4. Extensions to an Ethernet Local Network Module The Ethernet directly supports the sending of local multicast packets by allowing multicast addresses in the destination field of Ethernet packets. All that is needed to support the sending of multicast IP datagrams is a procedure for mapping IP host group addresses to Ethernet multicast addresses. An IP host group address is mapped to an Ethernet multicast address by placing the low-order 23-bits of the IP address into the low-order 23 bits of the Ethernet multicast address 01-00-5E-00-00-00 (hex). Because there are 28 significant bits in an IP host group address, more than one host group address may map to the same Ethernet multicast address. 6.5. Extensions to Local Network Modules other than Ethernet Other networks that directly support multicasting, such as rings or buses conforming to the IEEE 802.2 standard, may be handled the same Deering [Page 6]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 way as Ethernet for the purpose of sending multicast IP datagrams. For a network that supports broadcast but not multicast, such as the Experimental Ethernet, all IP host group addresses may be mapped to a single local broadcast address (at the cost of increased overhead on all local hosts). For a point-to-point link joining two hosts (or a host and a multicast router), multicasts should be transmitted exactly like unicasts. For a store-and-forward network like the ARPANET or a public X.25 network, all IP host group addresses might be mapped to the well-known local address of an IP multicast router; a router on such a network would take responsibility for completing multicast delivery within the network as well as among networks. 7. RECEIVING MULTICAST IP DATAGRAMS 7.1. Extensions to the IP Service Interface Incoming multicast IP datagrams are received by upper-layer protocol modules using the same "Receive IP" operation as normal, unicast datagrams. Selection of a destination upper-layer protocol is based on the protocol field in the IP header, regardless of the destination IP address. However, before any datagrams destined to a particular group can be received, an upper-layer protocol must ask the IP module to join that group. Thus, the IP service interface must be extended to provide two new operations: JoinHostGroup ( group-address, interface ) LeaveHostGroup ( group-address, interface ) The JoinHostGroup operation requests that this host become a member of the host group identified by "group-address" on the given network interface. The LeaveGroup operation requests that this host give up its membership in the host group identified by "group-address" on the given network interface. The interface argument may be omitted on hosts that support only one interface. For hosts that may be attached to more than one network, the upper-layer protocol may choose to leave the interface unspecified, in which case the request will apply to the default interface for sending multicast datagrams (see section 6.1). It is permissible to join the same group on more than one interface, in which case duplicate multicast datagrams may be received. It is also permissible for more than one upper-layer protocol to request membership in the same group. Both operations should return immediately (i.e., they are non- blocking operations), indicating success or failure. Either operation may fail due to an invalid group address or interface Deering [Page 7]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 identifier. JoinHostGroup may fail due to lack of local resources. LeaveHostGroup may fail because the host does not belong to the given group on the given interface. LeaveHostGroup may succeed, but the membership persist, if more than one upper-layer protocol has requested membership in the same group. 7.2. Extensions to the IP Module To support the reception of multicast IP datagrams, the IP module must be extended to maintain a list of host group memberships associated with each network interface. An incoming datagram destined to one of those groups is processed exactly the same way as datagrams destined to one of the host's individual addresses. Incoming datagrams destined to groups to which the host does not belong are discarded without generating any error report or log entry. On hosts with more than one network interface, if a datagram arrives via one interface, destined for a group to which the host belongs only on a different interface, the datagram is quietly discarded. (These cases should occur only as a result of inadequate multicast address filtering in a local network module.) An incoming datagram is not rejected for having an IP time-to-live of 1 (i.e., the time-to-live should not automatically be decremented on arriving datagrams that are not being forwarded). An incoming datagram with an IP host group address in its source address field is quietly discarded. An ICMP error message (Destination Unreachable, Time Exceeded, Parameter Problem, Source Quench, or Redirect) is never generated in response to a datagram destined to an IP host group. The list of host group memberships is updated in response to JoinHostGroup and LeaveHostGroup requests from upper-layer protocols. Each membership should have an associated reference count or similar mechanism to handle multiple requests to join and leave the same group. On the first request to join and the last request to leave a group on a given interface, the local network module for that interface is notified, so that it may update its multicast reception filter (see section 7.3). The IP module must also be extended to implement the IGMP protocol, specified in Appendix I. IGMP is used to keep neighboring multicast routers informed of the host group memberships present on a particular local network. To support IGMP, every level 2 host must join the "all-hosts" group (address 188.8.131.52) on each network interface at initialization time and must remain a member for as long as the host is active. Deering [Page 8]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 (Datagrams addressed to the all-hosts group are recognized as a special case by the multicast routers and are never forwarded beyond a single network, regardless of their time-to-live. Thus, the all- hosts address may not be used as an internet-wide broadcast address. For the purpose of IGMP, membership in the all-hosts group is really necessary only while the host belongs to at least one other group. However, it is specified that the host shall remain a member of the all-hosts group at all times because (1) it is simpler, (2) the frequency of reception of unnecessary IGMP queries should be low enough that overhead is negligible, and (3) the all-hosts address may serve other routing-oriented purposes, such as advertising the presence of gateways or resolving local addresses.) 7.3. Extensions to the Local Network Service Interface Incoming local network multicast packets are delivered to the IP module using the same "Receive Local" operation as local network unicast packets. To allow the IP module to tell the local network module which multicast packets to accept, the local network service interface is extended to provide two new operations: JoinLocalGroup ( group-address ) LeaveLocalGroup ( group-address ) where "group-address" is an IP host group address. The JoinLocalGroup operation requests the local network module to accept and deliver up subsequently arriving packets destined to the given IP host group address. The LeaveLocalGroup operation requests the local network module to stop delivering up packets destined to the given IP host group address. The local network module is expected to map the IP host group addresses to local network addresses as required to update its multicast reception filter. Any local network module is free to ignore LeaveLocalGroup requests, and may deliver up packets destined to more addresses than just those specified in JoinLocalGroup requests, if it is unable to filter incoming packets adequately. The local network module must not deliver up any multicast packets that were transmitted from that module; loopback of multicasts is handled at the IP layer or higher. 7.4. Extensions to an Ethernet Local Network Module To support the reception of multicast IP datagrams, an Ethernet module must be able to receive packets addressed to the Ethernet multicast addresses that correspond to the host's IP host group addresses. It is highly desirable to take advantage of any address Deering [Page 9]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 filtering capabilities that the Ethernet hardware interface may have, so that the host receives only those packets that are destined to it. Unfortunately, many current Ethernet interfaces have a small limit on the number of addresses that the hardware can be configured to recognize. Nevertheless, an implementation must be capable of listening on an arbitrary number of Ethernet multicast addresses, which may mean "opening up" the address filter to accept all multicast packets during those periods when the number of addresses exceeds the limit of the filter. For interfaces with inadequate hardware address filtering, it may be desirable (for performance reasons) to perform Ethernet address filtering within the software of the Ethernet module. This is not mandatory, however, because the IP module performs its own filtering based on IP destination addresses. 7.5. Extensions to Local Network Modules other than Ethernet Other multicast networks, such as IEEE 802.2 networks, can be handled the same way as Ethernet for the purpose of receiving multicast IP datagrams. For pure broadcast networks, such as the Experimental Ethernet, all incoming broadcast packets can be accepted and passed to the IP module for IP-level filtering. On point-to-point or store-and-forward networks, multicast IP datagrams will arrive as local network unicasts, so no change to the local network module should be necessary. Deering [Page 10]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 APPENDIX I. INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (IGMP) The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IP hosts to report their host group memberships to any immediately-neighboring multicast routers. IGMP is an asymmetric protocol and is specified here from the point of view of a host, rather than a multicast router. (IGMP may also be used, symmetrically or asymmetrically, between multicast routers. Such use is not specified here.) Like ICMP, IGMP is a integral part of IP. It is required to be implemented by all hosts conforming to level 2 of the IP multicasting specification. IGMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams, with an IP protocol number of 2. All IGMP messages of concern to hosts have the following format: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Version| Type | Unused | Checksum | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Group Address | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Version This memo specifies version 1 of IGMP. Version 0 is specified in RFC-988 and is now obsolete. Type There are two types of IGMP message of concern to hosts: 1 = Host Membership Query 2 = Host Membership Report Unused Unused field, zeroed when sent, ignored when received. Checksum The checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of the 8-octet IGMP message. For computing the checksum, the checksum field is zeroed. Group Address In a Host Membership Query message, the group address field Deering [Page 11]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 is zeroed when sent, ignored when received. In a Host Membership Report message, the group address field holds the IP host group address of the group being reported. Informal Protocol Description Multicast routers send Host Membership Query messages (hereinafter called Queries) to discover which host groups have members on their attached local networks. Queries are addressed to the all-hosts group (address 220.127.116.11), and carry an IP time-to-live of 1. Hosts respond to a Query by generating Host Membership Reports (hereinafter called Reports), reporting each host group to which they belong on the network interface from which the Query was received. In order to avoid an "implosion" of concurrent Reports and to reduce the total number of Reports transmitted, two techniques are used: 1. When a host receives a Query, rather than sending Reports immediately, it starts a report delay timer for each of its group memberships on the network interface of the incoming Query. Each timer is set to a different, randomly-chosen value between zero and D seconds. When a timer expires, a Report is generated for the corresponding host group. Thus, Reports are spread out over a D second interval instead of all occurring at once. 2. A Report is sent with an IP destination address equal to the host group address being reported, and with an IP time-to-live of 1, so that other members of the same group on the same network can overhear the Report. If a host hears a Report for a group to which it belongs on that network, the host stops its own timer for that group and does not generate a Report for that group. Thus, in the normal case, only one Report will be generated for each group present on the network, by the member host whose delay timer expires first. Note that the multicast routers receive all IP multicast datagrams, and therefore need not be addressed explicitly. Further note that the routers need not know which hosts belong to a group, only that at least one host belongs to a group on a particular network. There are two exceptions to the behavior described above. First, if a report delay timer is already running for a group membership when a Query is received, that timer is not reset to a new random value, but rather allowed to continue running with its current value. Second, a report delay timer is never set for a host's membership in the all- hosts group (188.8.131.52), and that membership is never reported. Deering [Page 12]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 If a host uses a pseudo-random number generator to compute the reporting delays, one of the host's own individual IP address should be used as part of the seed for the generator, to reduce the chance of multiple hosts generating the same sequence of delays. A host should confirm that a received Report has the same IP host group address in its IP destination field and its IGMP group address field, to ensure that the host's own Report is not cancelled by an erroneous received Report. A host should quietly discard any IGMP message of type other than Host Membership Query or Host Membership Report. Multicast routers send Queries periodically to refresh their knowledge of memberships present on a particular network. If no Reports are received for a particular group after some number of Queries, the routers assume that that group has no local members and that they need not forward remotely-originated multicasts for that group onto the local network. Queries are normally sent infrequently (no more than once a minute) so as to keep the IGMP overhead on hosts and networks very low. However, when a multicast router starts up, it may issue several closely-spaced Queries in order to build up its knowledge of local memberships quickly. When a host joins a new group, it should immediately transmit a Report for that group, rather than waiting for a Query, in case it is the first member of that group on the network. To cover the possibility of the initial Report being lost or damaged, it is recommended that it be repeated once or twice after short delays. (A simple way to accomplish this is to act as if a Query had been received for that group only, setting the group's random report delay timer. The state transition diagram below illustrates this approach.) Note that, on a network with no multicast routers present, the only IGMP traffic is the one or more Reports sent whenever a host joins a new group. State Transition Diagram IGMP behavior is more formally specified by the state transition diagram below. A host may be in one of three possible states, with respect to any single IP host group on any single network interface: - Non-Member state, when the host does not belong to the group on the interface. This is the initial state for all memberships on all network interfaces; it requires no storage in the host. Deering [Page 13]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 - Delaying Member state, when the host belongs to the group on the interface and has a report delay timer running for that membership. - Idle Member state, when the host belongs to the group on the interface and does not have a report delay timer running for that membership. There are five significant events that can cause IGMP state transitions: - "join group" occurs when the host decides to join the group on the interface. It may occur only in the Non-Member state. - "leave group" occurs when the host decides to leave the group on the interface. It may occur only in the Delaying Member and Idle Member states. - "query received" occurs when the host receives a valid IGMP Host Membership Query message. To be valid, the Query message must be at least 8 octets long, have a correct IGMP checksum and have an IP destination address of 188.8.131.52. A single Query applies to all memberships on the interface from which the Query is received. It is ignored for memberships in the Non-Member or Delaying Member state. - "report received" occurs when the host receives a valid IGMP Host Membership Report message. To be valid, the Report message must be at least 8 octets long, have a correct IGMP checksum, and contain the same IP host group address in its IP destination field and its IGMP group address field. A Report applies only to the membership in the group identified by the Report, on the interface from which the Report is received. It is ignored for memberships in the Non-Member or Idle Member state. - "timer expired" occurs when the report delay timer for the group on the interface expires. It may occur only in the Delaying Member state. All other events, such as receiving invalid IGMP messages, or IGMP messages other than Query or Report, are ignored in all states. There are three possible actions that may be taken in response to the above events: - "send report" for the group on the interface. Deering [Page 14]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 - "start timer" for the group on the interface, using a random delay value between 0 and D seconds. - "stop timer" for the group on the interface. In the following diagram, each state transition arc is labelled with the event that causes the transition, and, in parentheses, any actions taken during the transition. ________________ | | | | | | | | --------->| Non-Member |<--------- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |________________| | | | | | leave group | join group | leave group | (stop timer) |(send report, | | | start timer) | ________|________ | ________|________ | |<--------- | | | | | | | |<-------------------| | | | query received | | | Delaying Member | (start timer) | Idle Member | | |------------------->| | | | report received | | | | (stop timer) | | |_________________|------------------->|_________________| timer expired (send report) The all-hosts group (address 126.96.36.199) is handled as a special case. The host starts in Idle Member state for that group on every interface, never transitions to another state, and never sends a report for that group. Protocol Parameters The maximum report delay, D, is 10 seconds. Deering [Page 15]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989 APPENDIX II. HOST GROUP ADDRESS ISSUES This appendix is not part of the IP multicasting specification, but provides background discussion of several issues related to IP host group addresses. Group Address Binding The binding of IP host group addresses to physical hosts may be considered a generalization of the binding of IP unicast addresses. An IP unicast address is statically bound to a single local network interface on a single IP network. An IP host group address is dynamically bound to a set of local network interfaces on a set of IP networks. It is important to understand that an IP host group address is NOT bound to a set of IP unicast addresses. The multicast routers do not need to maintain a list of individual members of each host group. For example, a multicast router attached to an Ethernet need associate only a single Ethernet multicast address with each host group having local members, rather than a list of the members' individual IP or Ethernet addresses. Allocation of Transient Host Group Addresses This memo does not specify how transient group address are allocated. It is anticipated that different portions of the IP transient host group address space will be allocated using different techniques. For example, there may be a number of servers that can be contacted to acquire a new transient group address. Some higher-level protocols (such as VMTP, specified in RFC-1045) may generate higher- level transient "process group" or "entity group" addresses which are then algorithmically mapped to a subset of the IP transient host group addresses, similarly to the way that IP host group addresses are mapped to Ethernet multicast addresses. A portion of the IP group address space may be set aside for random allocation by applications that can tolerate occasional collisions with other multicast users, perhaps generating new addresses until a suitably "quiet" one is found. In general, a host cannot assume that datagrams sent to any host group address will reach only the intended hosts, or that datagrams received as a member of a transient host group are intended for the recipient. Misdelivery must be detected at a level above IP, using higher-level identifiers or authentication tokens. Information transmitted to a host group address should be encrypted or governed by administrative routing controls if the sender is concerned about unwanted listeners. Deering [Page 16]
RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting August 1989
Author's Address
Steve Deering
Stanford University
Computer Science Department
Stanford, CA 94305-2140
Phone: (415) 723-9427
EMail: email@example.com
Deering [Page 17]


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The Canon F-792SGA Scientific Calculator handles a total of 648 functions, and its large, dot-matrix 4-line display makes calculations easy and comfortable. This calculator includes LCM, GCD Function, Quotient & Remainder, Random Integers, Probability Distribution Calculations, Complex Number Calculations and more. The F-792SGA also includes 38 built-in formulas. The dual power - solar and battery - allows you to perform your calculations whether you are in the school or on the go. It also provides a removable hard cover case which protects it against damage when you are on the move. The shell of the F-792SGA is made from recycled plastic
© 2024 Canon U.S.A., Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. |


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You want to know something about 19th-century bartender Jerry Thomas, you ask Thomas historian David Wondrich. Have a question about tiki-master Donn "Don the Beachcomber" Beach, Jeff Berry is your man. And if you're curious about mid-20th-century, globe-trotting mixologist-journalist Charles H. Baker Jr., take a stroll down to the Red Hook, Brooklyn, bar Fort Defiance and talk to St. John Frizell.
Since traveling the globe in pursuit of places and bars that Baker visited, and publishing his findings in the Oxford American in 2008, Frizell has been acknowledged as the world authority on Baker, his life, his bibliography and his cocktail creations.
The apotheosis of Frizell's Baker obsession will come on May 1, when he will formally unveil at Fort Defiance a cocktail shaker that once belonged to Baker. It was given to Frizell by Baker's daughter, Pamela. Here's the story I wrote about it for the Times:
At Fort Defiance, Saluting a Drinks Pioneer
By ROBERT SIMONSON
A cocktail shaker once owned by the influential drinks columnist Charles H. Baker Jr. will soon have a place of honor at Fort Defiance, a bar and cafe in Red Hook, Brooklyn.
Today's history-minded mixologists follow various guiding lights from the past. Some bow at the altar of the 19th-century bartender Jerry Thomas, the so-called "father of American mixology." Others look to Harry Johnson, a leading barman of the late 1800s.
For St. John Frizell, the owner of Fort Defiance, a bar and cafe in Red Hook, Brooklyn, Charles H. Baker Jr. was always a lodestar. And on Tuesday, Mr. Frizell will hold a private party to celebrate him.
A bon vivant and world traveler who married exceptionally well and drank with the likes of Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner and Errol Flynn, Baker found time to write about the cocktails he encountered around the globe, in the pages of Esquire, Town & Country and Gourmet, where he had a column called "Here's How." His book "The Gentleman's Companion," published in 1939, has become a collector's item among cocktail types, and occasionally you'll find one of his liquid creations popping up on a modern cocktail list. (I am particularly fond of the Remember the Maine, a Manhattan-Sazerac cross laced with cherry heering.)
"I was given his books in 2000 by a friend of mine," Mr. Frizell said. "This was back before anyone was talking about him. To read that book is to fall in love with Charles Baker. The problem was, the only thing I could find out about him anywhere was an obituary in The Miami Herald."
And so Mr. Frizell decided to retrace the peripatetic writer's footsteps, spending 2005 and 2006 going wherever Baker had gone. He published his finding in a 2008 essay in the literary magazine Oxford American.
At some point in his investigations, he became acquainted with Baker's daughter, Pamela Johnson, who lives in Princeton, NJ. She rewarded Mr. Frizell's interest by giving him an ornate Japanese cocktail shaker once owned by Baker. The shaker, possibly dating from the 1920s or '30s, is footed and high-shouldered and shaped like a teapot. Painted a funereal black, it has a red handle and spout, and is decorated with the image of a fantastical, long-tailed rooster.
The party on Tuesday will mark the arrival of the shaker. Guests will be invited to build Baker-devised cocktails in the vessel. At the end of the evening, the shaker will be placed on the wall in a glass case created for the purpose. And there it will remain.
Ms. Johnson, who is in her 70s, is planning to travel from New Jersey for the event. "She is surprised by the whole thing," Mr. Frizell said. "She loved her father, but finds this whole thing strange. I think she thinks I'm the only one who's interested in him."


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Chances are, you've heard the label of being a "right-brained" or "left-brained" thinker. Logical, detail-oriented and analytical? That's left-brained behavior. Creative, thoughtful and subjective? Your brain's right side functions stronger —or so long-held assumptions suggest.
But newly released research findings from University of Utah neuroscientists assert that there is no evidence within brain imaging that indicates some people are right-brained or left-brained.
For years in popular culture, the terms left-brained and right-brained have come to refer to personality types, with an assumption that some people use the right side of their brain more, while some use the left side more.
Following a two-year study, University of Utah researchers have debunked that myth through identifying specific networks in the left and right brain that process lateralized functions.
Lateralization of brain function means that there are certain mental processes that are mainly specialized to one of the brain's left or right hemispheres. During the course of the study, researchers analyzed resting brain scans of 1,011 people between the ages of seven and 29. In each person, they studied functional lateralization of the brain measured for thousands of brain regions —finding no relationship that individuals preferentially use their left -brain network or right- brain network more often.
"It's absolutely true that some brain functions occur in one or the other side of the brain. Language tends to be on the left, attention more on the right. But people don't tend to have a stronger left- or right-sided brain network. It seems to be determined more connection by connection, " said Jeff Anderson, M.D., Ph.D., lead author of the study, which is formally titled "An Evaluation of the Left-Brain vs. Right-Brain Hypothesis with Resting State Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging." It is published in the journal PLOS ONE this month.
Researchers obtained brain scans for the population they studied from a database called INDI, the International Neuroimaging Data-Sharing Initiative. The participants' scans were taken during a functional connectivity MRI analysis, meaning a participant laid in a scanner for 5 to 10 minutes while their resting brain activity was analyzed.
By viewing brain activity, scientists can correlate brain activity in one region of the brain compared to another. In the study, researchers broke up the brain into 7,000 regions and examined which regions of the brain were more lateralized. They looked for connections — or all of the possible combinations of brain regions — and added up the number of connections for each brain region that was left- lateralized or right-lateralized. They discovered patterns in brain imaging for why a brain connection might be strongly left- or right-lateralized, said Jared Nielsen, a graduate student in neuroscience who carried out the study as part of his coursework.
"If you have a connection that is strongly left- lateralized, it relates to other strongly lateralized connection only if both sets of connections have a brain region in common," said Nielsen.
Results of the study are groundbreaking, as they may change the way people think about the old right-brain versus left-brain theory, he said.
""Everyone should understand the personality types associated with the terminology 'left-brained' and 'right-brained' and how they relate to him or her personally; however, we just don't see patterns where the whole left-brain network is more connected or the whole right-brain network is more connected in some people. It may be that personality types have nothing to do with one hemisphere being more active, stronger, or more connected," said Nielsen.
Notes about this neuroimaging and neuropsychology research
Contact: Melinda Rogers – University of Utah Health System
Source: University of Utah Health System press release
Image Source: The image is credited to Jared A. Nielsen, Brandon A. Zielinski, Michael A. Ferguson, Janet E. Lainhart, and Jeffrey S. Anderson; and is adapted from the PLOS ONE open access research paper (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071275.g003).
Original Research: Full open access research for "An Evaluation of the Left-Brain vs. Right-Brain Hypothesis with Resting State Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging" by Jared A. Nielsen, Brandon A. Zielinski, Michael A. Ferguson, Janet E. Lainhart, and Jeffrey S. Anderson in PLOS ONE. Published online August 14 2013 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071275


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So remember those nice looking 3D Classics collections with cover art by Ken Sugimori SEGA put out in Japan? Well, the second one of those is coming to North America as SEGA 3D Classics Collection, probably cause it's the one that has Sonic in it. It is the better collection out of the two to release here anyway, cause it's also the one with some 3D Classics that haven't been released in the west. These ones to be exact:
The collection also includes these games, which are already available on the 3DS eShop:
The collection will be released in North America on April 26th for $29.99 exclusively on Nintendo 3DS. SEGA hasn't announced a release for Europe yet.
P.S. Click on the image for the full box-art.


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GE AR - augmented reality I tried playing this AR video at home tonight and it worked! this is the first attempt so the video I took is a bit dodgy but it gives an idea. the cat was purring whilst I was recording and kept nudging my head. I tried blowing on the mic but couldn't get the windmill blades to spin. try it out! now I want to try make my own!! thanks to @LukeSnarl for tweeting the link
http://vimeo.com/4764743 :
GE AR - augmented reality from kath on Vimeo.
GE page - print out the marker - u might need to upgrade your flash player to v10 - turn on your webcam (mac - do this with flash player not photobooth - read the help tips on the url for help) - launch wind power or solar energy links (if you just see the green oval spinning then it probably can't see your camera) - hold the marker printout so it's facing your webcam.. then watch the 3d images appear!
http://bit.ly/9V5hV is a better video demo (clearer than what I've done - but I wanted to try it myself)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00FGtH5nkxM
luke sent me a great AR game by Julian Oliver (NZ) :http://vimeo.com/1320756 :
levelHead v1.0, 3 cube speed-run (spoiler!) from Julian Oliver on Vimeo.
this is amazing! he's made a game using cubes - called Levelhead - it's won all sorts of awards (deservedly so!) he explains it on his website @ http://julianoliver.com/levelhead (& has code for you to try too)
Julian is part of HIT Lab NZ - The Human Interface Technology Laboratory New Zealand - from their site it looks like they're doing some pretty cool stuff!!
ARToolKitARToolKit documentation page - with samples, tutorials and background details
yesterday, @DustForEyes posted an "AR scratching" video by vanderlin to stealth board & twitter. it's tagged with tags such as AR, augmented reality, opencv, and openframeworks, so I googled some of these. the AR markers seem like the fiducial markers found in reactable - note there's going to be a performance / demo of one of these called dubtable at ripped next week which would be cool to check out.
netbeans tutorial on netbeans.org website :
hello world app in the netbeans ide
web applications tutorial
J2EE tutorials
XML JAXP = java xml api (processing) - dom - reads xml & creates a tree of tags - sax - simple api for xml - read a stream of tags
JAXB = java api for xml binding
JAXR = java api for xml registry - registry is used to deploy & locate web services - jaxr is the abstraction that makes the interface to the web services look the same
JAXM = java api for xml messaging - send and receive xml documents as messages - includes SOAP (message format)
transactions - to record the state of different steps in the application process
knitting resources and links
knitty (online) magazinehttp://knitty.com
online knit communities
knit-listwooly thoughts yahoogroupwooly thoughts sitesubversive yarn
knitted toys
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/knitlist/message/90742Squid HatChicken hatKnit SpiderKnit VeggiesKnit DinosJess Hutchison - Her pattern booklet is fantastic!! but now out of print (i have a copy)
http://groups.drupal.org/drupalchix Drupal Chix
http://groups.drupal.org/node/13312 is the drupalchix thread about conferences
some in Australia / NZ regions interestingly, most of these seem to be using drupal too!
https://conf.linux.org.au from their site blurb : "linux.conf.au (LCA) is Australia's national Linux conference, and said to be one of the best in the world. It prides itself on being "seriously fun and seriously technical". In January 2009 it's being held in Hobart, Tasmania, for the first time. So join us and march south! :)2009 will be the 10th anniversary for LCA. It will run from January 19-24 and end with an open-to-the-public Open Day" - not strictly women, but I've heard it's a good conference - they're calling for papers if anyone is interested :http://freeasinfreedom.modernthings.org/d/doku.php?id=call_for_participa...
today 18/10/2008 was the Sydney Drupal Camp - held at University of NSW campus in Camperdown & hosted by the Drupal Australia Group. Ryan Cross did a fantastic job organising the "unconference" with assistance from many people in the group. I'm too tired right now to write up my notes about it - suffice to say it was a great event and I learnt a few new tips to try out. I'll try write more tomorrow & post the photos (I only took a few) after some sleep. I'd helped out by recording audio of the sessions which will be uploaded to the group site & available for those who couldn't make it.
attached are the raw notes I took during the day - pasted below for searching purposes. I spent all day in the "B" area - which was beginners, but they went through some of the new drupal 6 modules I haven't used much yet. area "A" was more for the hardcore programmers.
photos @ http://www.flickr.com/photos/aliak_com/tags/drupalcampau08
there are more photos by woulfe / Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney @ http://peu.pharm.usyd.edu.au/content/drupal/content.html
I went to the Sydney Drupal Usergroup - October Meetup last night - my first one in Sydney. previously I've only been to the drupal sessions at fosdem 2005 in Brussels as I'd never been to Brussels and wanted to see what it was like. I'd been using drupal for a couple of years at the time and was testing upgrades. initially this site was a custom made php site that I coded to let me do data entry for events / news items and display them on the site in the same format I used for the mail lists which had been running for a few years prior to the site - so at the time, the custom php site saved me time. but also I found I spent a lot of time getting the site to work and adding new features, so when a friend (thanks Damian) asked me over to try out some CMS's including Drupal and we got it working in about an hour, I was hooked! the format of the articles was not exactly the same as what the previous site had been using, but it was so much easier to manage! I can't remember the exact date I moved the site to drupal, but by looking at the the wayback machine pages, it seems to have been in june / july 2003 - maybe 23rd july??
slideshow of fosdem 2005 :
other drupal articles on this site
so, back to the Sydney meeting... I was surprised to see so many people there - probably around 25-30 people. I hadn't realised drupal was so popular in Australia - though to be honest, I hadn't really checked for a few years. even the European and USA conferences and meetings are really popular now! great to see!! and there's so many books available.
16/10/2008 notes (point form) :
here's a csv file to html table online converter : http://area23.brightbyte.de/csv2wp.php
the old [csv] filter on an old drupal version doesn't work any more using this I can (slowly) convert the articles to html tables.
hackety.org is a website for artful computer hacking. they're interested in how hacking weaves into life
just read about this on the toplap list : Clojure was developed by architect / programmer Rich Hickey who has worked on projects such as scheduling, automation, election displays, fingerprinting, audio analysis, machine listening.
"Clojure is a dynamic programming language that targets the Java Virtual Machine. It is designed to be a general-purpose language, combining the approachability and interactive development of a scripting language with an efficient and robust infrastructure for multithreaded programming. Clojure is a compiled language - it compiles directly to JVM bytecode, yet remains completely dynamic. Every feature supported by Clojure is supported at runtime. Clojure provides easy access to the Java frameworks, with optional type hints and type inference, to ensure that calls to Java can avoid reflection."
this is great! I installed this greasemonkey script to import Facebook events into Google Calendar by P. Organisciak, so now it's easier to add events to the site! I'm not using the drupal events module any more as it had a problem creating thousands of repeating events (which should have ended), so I linked one of my google calendars - the aliak.com one - into the site instead. plus this way events are easier to import and people can use it easier with their own google calendar (if they have one). perhaps the drupal module works better now I've upgraded to version 5. but adding manual events is a pain - very time consuming which means I miss a lot of them. the google calendar allows me to add them simply from gmail as the emails arrive and now with a single click from Facebook also! I just add the url and adjust the text as I prefer. cool!
Watch the video
this was taken yesterday. it shows the street where I'm living and a couple of the surrounding streets here in Jerusalem. and a little adventure I had whilst standing still too long in the mall yesterday ...
made with Isadora - patch with controller attached
I made a simple controller / gui. this screenshot is showing controller on left and the patch on right. you can run with just the controller and hide the patch
Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU project and the term 'copyleft' wrote about Free Documentation in his book "Free Software, Free Society : Selected Essays of Richard Stallman".
"The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an important free software package does not come with a good free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today. "
"Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms. Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, on-line and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program. "
FLOSS Manuals is a site dedicated to providing free and open source, FLOSS manuals on a variety of technical topics such as audio editing, VOIP, video editing, streaming, free culture, audio editing, media players, and more. visit their site to read the manuals : http://en.flossmanuals.net/
DrupalCon was held recently in Barcelona. I didn't make it this year. the schedule looked good though, and from all reports it was the best drupalcon ever (as it is each year!!). there's a wrap up post on the drupal site with links to some of the slide presentations, videos of the sessions on archive.org - search for drupalconbarcelona2007 tag, or try the mirror site.
drupal for facebook was a session by Dave Cohen. he's started a Facebook project on the Drupal site. the video of his presentation is online as well as the slides there's a demo on facebook. I'm already feeding facebook with my drupal site blog entries using the RSS capabilities of Blog Friends and the built in Notes application, but it'll be interesting to see what the Drupal guys build.
and, speaking of facebook, mashable have reviewed widget box, a wizard for creating Facebook apps
I'm trying out making music using live coding techniques, with 2 pre-requisites - that it's easy and fast to do & learn - probably not the right pre-requisites (might upset real musicians :), but it's where I'm at for the moment.
so, I'm trying chucK. this is the first chucK tutorial. I used the miniAudicle IDE instead of command line interface. it was very easy to load the songs into the IDE (miniAudicle) and play them. I had separate files for each module and adjusted some of the parameters to change the sounds, then clicked the 'replace shred' to 'take' the change and add this file's sounds to the output audio.
this it meets my criteria - easy and fast to use. now I just have to make it sound musical instead of a collection of random sounds & tones :) (the hard part)
chucK documentationchucK community / mail lists chucK miniAudicle documentationchucK wikichucK projects - some people are hooking up chucK apps and Processing for java based visuals, plus there's many examples of laptop instruments, as well as a Max patch and more
listen to the audio :chucK_tutorial01.mp3loscha_com_tambura01.mp3 - from the loscha.comchucK tutorials ( Loscha is in the Australian band Toydeath - a circuit bending performance experience ) - this piece reminds me of the original samples of the bridges in the Jodie Rose Singing Bridges project and cd.


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The Mitral Valve (arrow in diagram) regulates the movement of blood from the left atrium, or left collecting chamber of the heart, into the left ventricle, the main pumping chamber of the heart, which pumps blood to the body.
In Mitral Stenosis, the mitral valve is defective in form, narrowing the orifice for blood to enter the left ventricle. This can be in isolation such as a parachute mitral valve with a sing papillary muscle or in a constellation of left heart obstructive lesions (mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta).
Mitral Stenosis, which is 4 times as likely to occur in females as in males, can be congenital or more commonly acquired as a result of scarring from Rheumatic Fever.


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Electronic Repair Services
Our electronic repair shop provides diverse services to meet your electronic and electrical equipment repair needs. Our professional team provides onsite service calls 24/7.
For direct service, call: (864) 598-5209
Terry Mullins
Mechanical Repair Services
Our mechanical repair shop provides general mechanical repair services as well as new part manufacturing. We have extensive experience serving diverse industries.
For direct service, call: (864) 598-5229
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Savio & CCI
Fabric sampling and yarn finishing can be time consuming and costly. To help textile operations address these challenges, Itema America sells and services state-of-the-art sampling equipment from CCI and winding/spinning machines from Savio.
Spare Parts
Itema provides quality spare parts for your weaving and textile machinery. We can also assist with equipment conversions and upgrades.
Technical Services
From machine installations to textile consulting, the Itema America team provides a diverse range of technical services to meet your needs.
We provide various after-sales support services, including technician training, to help you make the most of your equipment investment.


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Side (Greek: Σίδη) is an ancient Greek city on the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, a resort town and one of the best-known classical sites in the country. It lies near Manavgat and the village of Selimiye, 78 km from Antalya in the province of Antalya.
It is located on the eastern part of the Pamphylian coast, which lies about 20 km east of the mouth of the Eurymedon River. Today, as in antiquity, the ancient city is situated on a small north-south peninsula about 1 km long and 400 m across.
Strabo and Arrian both record that Side was founded by Greek settlers from Cyme in Aeolis, a region of western Anatolia. This most likely occurred in the 7th century BC. Its tutelary deity was Athena, whose head adorned its coinage.
Dating from the tenth century B.C., its coinage bore the head of Athena (Minerva), the patroness of the city, with a legend. Its people, a piratical horde, quickly forgot their own language to adopt that of the aborigines.
Possessing a good harbour for small-craft boats, Side's natural geography made it one of the most important places in Pamphylia and one of the most important trade centres in the region. According to Arrian, when settlers from Cyme came to Side, they could not understand the dialect. After a short while, the influence of this indigenous tongue was so great that the newcomers forgot their native Greek and started using the language of Side. Excavations have revealed several inscriptions written in this language. The inscriptions, dating from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, remain undeciphered, but testify that the local language was still in use several centuries after colonisation. Another object found in the excavations at Side, a basalt column base from the 7th century BC and attributable to the Neo-Hittites, provides further evidence of the site's early history. The name Side may be Anatolian in origin, meaning pomegranate.
Cue sports techniques (usually more specific, e.g., billiards techniques, snooker techniques) are a vital important aspect of game play in the various cue sports such as carom billiards, pool, snooker and other games. Such techniques are used on each shot in an attempt to achieve an immediate aim such as scoring or playing a safety, while at the same time exercising control over the positioning of the cue ball and often the object balls for the next shot or inning.
In carom games, an advanced player's aim on most shots is to leave the cue ball and the object balls in position such that the next shot is of a less difficult variety to make the requisite carom, and so that the next shot is in position to be manipulated in turn for yet another shot; ad infinitum.
Similarly, in many pocket billiards games, an advanced player's aim is to manipulate the cue ball so that it is in position to pocket (pot) a chosen next object ball and so that that next shot can also be manipulated for the next shot, and so on. Whereas in the carom games, manipulation of the object ball's position is crucial as well on every shot, in some pool games this is not as large a factor because on a successful shot the object ball is pocketed. However, many shots in one-pocket, for example, have this same added object ball control factor for most shots.
The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78 and 45 rpm phonograph records, whether singles or extended plays (EPs). The A-side usually featured the recording that the artist, record producer, or the record company intended to receive the initial promotional effort and then receive radio airplay, hopefully, to become a "hit" record. The B-side (or "flip-side") is a secondary recording that has a history of its own: some artists, notably Elvis Presley, Little Richard, the Beatles, Chuck Berry, and Oasis, released B-sides that were considered as strong as the A-side and became hits in their own right. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits, usually unintentionally, with both the B-sides of their A-side releases. Others took the opposite track: producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side.
My DJ, my DJ, my DJ, my DJ
My DJ's unique in this rap game
Even if his scratches sound mostly the same
He can scratch with his hands, his cock or his feet
Sometimes to the music and sometimes to the beat
When he's scratching, it looks like he's having a fit
He took this girl home and scratched off her cl*t
When he was born, he was made to fade
And he's so fukin' hot, you wanna be in the shade
Yeah, scratch it, man, knows it.......
Oh, he started off scratching his ass
And spraying spunk across the room into a glass
But now his party tricks is scratching on the techniques
Scratching all night with a ten fag mix
Eight turn-tables lined up in a row
It's like watching the Paul Daniel's magic show
From the eighties, Scratch Master Ken is his name
Scratching the decks for the goldie lookin' chain
Chorus -
Aw, my DJ's so bad, he's so good
My DJ's so bad, he's so good, that's right
My DJ's so bad, he's so good, you knows
My DJ's so bad, he's so good
This shit's fresh, braa...........been on the decks since 1983
Oh, Scratch Master Ken, cut up the breaks
Mixing up the beats like he's making cakes
Like a bell-end with a sore that's weeping and catching
He's got the itch, so he's scratchin'
Scratch it, scratch it, man.........flip the decks..........look at 'im go, man.......it's wicked.........knows it..........burning rubber, man.......look at 'im burning rubber
Chorus -
Aw, my DJ's so bad, he's so good
My DJ's so bad, he's so good, that's right
My DJ's so bad, he's so good, you knows
My DJ's so bad, he's so good
Chorus -
Aw, my DJ's so bad, he's so good
My DJ's so bad, he's so good, that's right
My DJ's so bad, he's so good, you knows


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Whether you're looking to make a bold statement in your home or simply tie a room together, area rugs can help you achieve your décor dreams.
Rugs serve a multitude of purposes and are readily available in every size, shape, style and price point imaginable.
The only difficult part is deciding which one is right for your space.
Role in the Room
Before you decide on the details, designate the general purpose your rug will serve in the room. Are you looking for a rug to fit under a dining table? To set off a cozy reading nook? To tie together a seating arrangement? Or even to cover a majority of the room?
Once you've found the purpose for your area rug, think about how it will relate from a style standpoint. Do you want to inject vibrant color or soften the room? Are you looking for energy from distinct patterns or a more subtle texture? Will the rug need to coordinate with adjoining rooms?
Understanding the role you want your rug to play will help simplify the process and make the details easier to sort through.
Size and Shape
There are no hard and fast rules when it comes to choosing the size of an area rug, but there are some general recommendations to rely on if you're not certain of what you need.
Look at the furniture in your room. Under a dining table, for example, a rug is usually large enough for the chair legs to remain on the rug if someone is seated. Adding 36" to 48" to the length and to the width of your table will give you a minimum measurement for your rug.
Designers often use round rugs under round or square tables and rectangular rugs under oblong or rectangular tables.
For seating groups, many designers recommend putting at least the front legs of each piece of furniture on the rug to help tie the grouping together. In a larger room, where the furniture is pulled away from the walls, some designers prefer for the entire grouping to sit on top of the rug. Measuring with these tips in mind will help guide you to an appropriate size.
Bedrooms will take more consideration. Large beds can often cover up a rug, so it's best to add four feet to the width of your bed and two or more feet to the length to allow for cushioned walking on all three sides. Designers sometimes run the rug all the way under the headboard, so side tables line the rug. Other times they run the rug under only the bottom two-thirds of the bed, so the side tables sit on the floor.
Another option is to lay three smaller rugs of equal size around the perimeter of the bed. It is also common practice to place a smaller rug at the foot of the bed with only the footboard overlapping the rug.
You may want your rug to fill the majority of your room, and in this case, designers recommend leaving at least 12" of space between the edge of the rug and the baseboards as a border.
Karastan rugs are available in most standard lengths and widths, but if you have a unique-sized space, Karastan carpet can be cut and bound into a custom-sized area rug that perfectly fits your home.
While round and rectangular are the most common shapes, you can find many others if you're looking for something less expected. Again, there are no hard and fast rules, so if you want to put a round rug in a rectangular space to soften the edges, feel free.
Color and Pattern
Rugs come in all colors of the rainbow and a vast array of patterns. Some designers start with a beautiful area rug and build a room's decor around it, pulling colors and pattern motifs for walls, furniture and draperies from the rug as an inspiration piece. This method makes choosing a rug simple; pick the one that you like best and go from there.
If you already have other decor elements in place, however, you'll want to fit the rug to the room. For a room full of color, find a rug that reflects some or all of those same colors, without introducing new ones, to help unify the space. In a neutral-colored room, a vibrant rug can inject much needed energy. Neutral colors can soften a space, while dark colors can ground a room by providing depth.
Patterns can be bold or subtle, large or small. If you don't have much pattern in your room, it's easier to play with pattern in a rug, however, if you already have a variety of patterns from wallpaper, drapes, pillows and furniture, you may want to opt for a solid or tone on tone rug.
When mixing patterns, many designers recommend altering the size of the patterns. So, if you have a large pattern on the drapes and a medium pattern on the furniture, you would want a smaller pattern for the rug. However if you have a small pattern in the drapery, you could go for a large pattern on the rug.
Don't be afraid to experiment with different looks. Layer rugs of different sizes for more interest, put a rug on the diagonal rather than at right angles to the room. Place a round rug in the rectangular "L" of a seating arrangement for the unexpected. Try putting a transitional rug in a traditional space or a traditional rug in an otherwise modern room. You'll enjoy seeing how different placements change the look and feel of your home.
Area rugs offer a fun way to freshen up a room, and can completely remake a space. Are you ready to choose the perfect option for your home? Come visit our store, and let us walk you through our product options.


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Humanizing Education - GC Rao
The Teacher
If there is any profession of paramount importance I believe it is that of the school master. – Tyndall
Get StartedEducation and teaching must fit a child, and be in line with his specific needs and individual potentialities. The reverse process in which children are made to fit into an educational mould has no place in modern education.This reminds us of an idea rejected by modern thought, VIZ that of Addison, Who wrote : " What sculpture is to the block of marble, education is to the human soul".The modern thinking makes education a more cooperative venture than that which arises when the sculptor uses his mallet and chisel upon a piece of marble. Though the latter has its own traits, it merely reacts at the whims and fancies of the sculptor and takes on the shape and size which he decides.
Modern education puts greatest stress not upon the mere reaction of the pupils as lifeless physical objects, but upon their responses. It seeks to nurture and direct children's inherent energies in the service of their own development. It further demands a respect for children's qualities and natural abilities within the framework of social demands.
A child needs to learn to mend his ways with those of his companions, and it is in his nature so to do. He must become " fit to live, and fit to live with." Development of child's potentialities does not mean the fostering of a voracious quest for the facts and figures of information which were at one time the main dishes in the educational dietary. Some children's real education is being restricted by an excessive concentration upon the out-moded need for regurgitating half assimilated, and often ill-digested matter, in order to gain a requisite number of marks in a meaningless way in an examination.
Gone were the days when one found the tendency to treat the art of teaching as that of stuffing pupils with knowledge just as one might fill bottles from a running tap. Modern teaching takes a more transparent view of its function. It stresses not the pouring in of knowledge but the pupil's own contribution to the learning process, and it seeks to obtain his cooperation and involvement in the work that is in progress.


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Experience the durability and style of the Arena Men's Fireflow Brief Swimsuit, crafted from MaxLife Eco fabric for maximum chlorine resistance and eco-friendly performance.
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DSPLADSPA audio plugins, DSP utilities and investigations. |
caps is the collection offering improvements over all previous efforts released here, and then some. |
the pvoc collection has more LADSPA units and a time-stretching utility. |
a valve-emulating preamp model, version 2. |
unmatched and matched also do 'cheap' amp/cabinet emulation. |
an older spiced 12AX7 analysis and a simple hard clipper. |
There are RPMs of the older plugins available too, prepared by Adrian Likins: http://people.redhat.com/alikins/repo/RPMS/. |
You may want to read the GPL. |


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Dennis Hopper
Actor. Born: May 17, 1936, Dodge City, Kansas. Died: May 29, 2010, Venice, California.
A very good actor can play all kinds of roles successfully. Kansan Dennis Hopper played a number of homicidal villains, but also quite sympathetic characters. Born in Dodge City, Hopper spent a number of years on his grandparents' farm while his father was in the military. Dennis and his family moved around some and ended up in California.
After high school Hopper worked as a stage hand and then started to get small acting roles. At 19 he had a movie contract with Warner Brothers. Hopper had alcohol and drug problems. His breakout role in Easy Rider with Peter Fonda brought him more movie work but his addictions continued to worsen. In 1984 he was hospitalized for his problems. Instead of letting his addictions kill him, he joined Alcoholics Anonymous, completed his treatment plan, and gave up alcohol and drugs.
Hopper returned to work in 1986 and was nominated for an Oscar for his role as a sober alcoholic basketball coach in the movie Hoosiers. Hopper showed his skills as a director and appeared in or directed well over 40 films. He also made a number of television appearances. In addition Hopper was also an artist.
Entry: Hopper, Dennis
Author: G. Joseph Pierron
Author information: Judge Pierron serves on the Kansas Court of Appeals and has an interest in Kansas history.
Date Created: November 2012
Date Modified: May 2013
The author of this article is solely responsible for its content.


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Chrissy Teigen and More Celebs React to College Admissions Scandal
By now, we're sure you've heard about the undergoing FBI investigation called "Operation Varsity Blues" which claims dozens of parents—including Felicity Huffman and Lori Loughlin—bribed colleges to get their children admitted.
As details continue to come out about the fraud, celebrities took to Twitter to weigh in on the college admissions scandal. Chrissy Teigen poked fun at the situation by sharing a photo that sees her head, as well as the head of husband John Legend and friends Jen Atkin and Mike Rosenthal, photoshopped on professional soccer players.
"Does this look real? We are trying to get into Harvard," Teigen wrote.
Of course, Teigen's tweet is in reference to allegations made against the Fuller House actress and her husband, Mossimo Giannulli, who allegedly paid bribes to have their two daughters—Isabella and Olivia—labeled crew team recruits at the University of Southern California...even though neither actually participated in the sport.
Meanwhile, the Desperate Housewives star was arrested on Tuesday (Mar. 12) for allegedly making "a purported charitable donation of $15,000...to participate in the college entrance cheating scheme on behalf of her eldest daughter," according to ABC News.
See how more celebs reacted to the scandal below:


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Feast Day: August 11
Major Shrine: Church of Our Lady of Grace in Mugnano del Cardinale
Patron of: Children, youth, babies, infants, lost causes, sterility, virgins, children of Mary, the Universal Living Rosary Association.
On May 25, 1802, during the quest for the graves of Roman martyrs in the Catacomb of Priscilla, a tomb was discovered and opened; as it contained a glass vessel it was assumed to be the grave of a martyr. The view, then erroneously entertained in Rome, that the presence of such vessels (supposed to have contained the martyr's blood) in a grave was a symbol of martyrdom, has been rejected in practice since the investigations of De Rossi (cf. Leclercq in "Dict. d.archéol. chrét. et de liturg.", s.v. Ampoules de sang).
The remains found in the above-mentioned tomb were shown to be those of a young maiden, and, as the name Filumena was discovered on the earthenware slabs closing the grave, it was assumed that they were those of a virgin martyr named Philumena. On 8 June, 1805, the relics were translated to the church of Mungano, Diocese of Nola (near Naples), and enshrined under one of its altars. In 1827 Leo XII presented the church with the three earthenware tiles, with the inscription, which may be seen in the church even today.
On the basis of alleged revelations to a nun in Naples, and of an entirely fanciful and indefensible explanation of the allegorical paintings, which were found on the slabs beside the inscription, a canon of the church in Mugnano, named Di Lucia, composed a purely fictitious and romantic account of the supposed martyrdom of St. Philomena, who is not mentioned in any of the ancient sources.
In consequence of the wonderful favours received in answer to prayer before the relics of the saint at Mugnano, devotion to them spread rapidly, and, after instituting investigations into the question, Gregory XVI appointed a special feast to be held on 9 September, "in honorem s. Philumenae virginis et martyris" (cf. the lessons of this feast in the Roman Breviary).
The earthenware plates were fixed in front of the grave as follows: LUMENA PAX TECUM FI. The plates were evidently inserted in the wrong order, and the inscription should doubtless read PAX TECUM FILUMENA. The letters are painted on the plates with red paint, and the inscription belongs to the primitive class of epigraphical memorials in the Catacomb of Priscilla, thus, dating from about the middle or second half of the second century.
The disarrangement of the inscription proves that it must have been completed before the plates were put into position, although in the numerous other examples of this kind in the same catacomb the inscription was added only after the grave had been closed.
Consequently, since the disarrangement of the plates can scarcely be explained as arising from an error, Marucchi seems justified in concluding that the inscription and plates originally belonged to an earlier grave, and were later employed (now in the wrong order) to close another.
Apart from the letters, the plates contain three arrows, either as a decoration or a punctuation, a leaf as decoration, two anchors, and a palm as the well-known Christian symbols. Neither these signs nor the glass vessel discovered in the grave can be regarded as a proof of martyrdom.
(Taken from Catholic Encyclopedia)


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The Powerball jackpot will rollover on Saturday (November 26) after zero players matched all six numbers during the $32 million drawing Wednesday (November 23) night.
The jackpot will now increase to an estimated $48 million ($24.4 million cash value) for Saturday night's drawing.
Results from Wednesday's Powerball game are listed below:
POWER PLAY: 2x
The Powerball jackpot reset to $20 million after one player in Kansas won the $92 million drawing last Saturday (November 19).
The Powerball jackpot had previously reset after one player in California matched all six numbers to win the $2.04 billion ($997.6 million) jackpot on November 7, the largest jackpot offered in U.S. lottery history, according to the official Powerball website.
The $1.586 billion ($983.5 million cash value) Powerball drawing on January 13, 2016 set the previous record for the world's largest jackpot for both cash value and annuity.
Three Mega Millions games have also exceeded $1 billion.
Three tickets in California, Florida and Tennessee won the $1.586 billion Powerball jackpot in January 2016, which set the record for the world's largest jackpot (cash value and annuity) and was the ninth largest cash value per ticket.
Mega Millions' jackpot reached $1.337 billion on Friday, July 29, 2022, before a player in Illinois matched all six numbers. The jackpot was the second largest cash value ticket in lottery history.
The Powerball and Mega Millions games previously offered a combined jackpot of more than $1.7 billion in January 2021.
Both jackpots increase during each following game until there's a jackpot winning ticket matching all six numbers drawn, which includes the additional Mega Millions Gold Ball or Powerball in each respective game.


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As China gets ready to usher in the Year of the Horse on Friday, millions of them will find it hard to buy chicken for traditional Lunar New Year feasts. That's a mark of the nation's growing anxiety about a poultry-borne flu virus called H7N9.
On Tuesday, Hong Kong agricultural workers will begin destroying 20,000 chickens. The bird flu virus H7N9 was found in a single live bird from a farm in neighboring Guangdong Province.
"The Department (of Food and Health) has declared the wholesale poultry market as an infected place," Hong Kong's top health official, Dr. Ko Wing-man, said at a press conference on Monday.
Poultry won't be imported into Hong Kong from mainland farms until Feb. 18 at the earliest.
Because of its isolation, the former British colony has long used mass poultry culling as its main defense against the spread of new types of flu. Elsewhere across China, poultry outbreaks aren't so easily contained.
And this bird virus, which emerged last spring in southeastern China, is particularly vexing to human and animal health authorities, because it doesn't make birds visibly sick. Thus, it takes laborious sampling and testing to spot infection. And poultry farmers are resistant to mass culling of apparently healthy birds.
As an alternative, live poultry markets have been shut down nearly 700 miles away in eastern Zhejiang Province, the epicenter of H7N9 cases so far. Neighboring Shanghai plans to close down its live poultry markets this Friday until April.
As another indication of how widely H7N9 has spread throughout Chinese poultry flocks, a human case of the bird flu was recently reported in Beijing, 800 miles north of Shanghai, in a man hospitalized after buying and preparing pigeons for dinner.
Shutting down live bird markets seemed to damp down last spring's H7N9 cases among people. But those outbreaks didn't overlap with Chinese New Year festivities, when hundreds of millions of people travel to ancestral homes, often bearing gifts of poultry, alive or dead.
Human H7N9 cases in China have topped 200 since December and killed about a third of those infected. Most of the others have been hospitalized in serious or critical condition. The current outbreak is on track to surpass last spring's debut.
There's still no evidence that this bird flu virus has acquired the ability to pass readily from person to person. If there has been occasional human-to-human transmission, the virus hasn't touched off chains of infection.
Moreover, the World Health Organization says H7N9 doesn't appear to be evolving genetically, a somewhat reassuring sign that it's not drifting toward a virus that could cause widespread human illness – and possibly a devastating pandemic.
The patterns of disease caused by H7N9 have not changed much either since last year's appearance, although there has been a predominance of cases among men, and a somewhat lower death rate.
But flu researchers are concerned. "I've been worried all the time about H7N9," Prof. John McCauley of a London-based WHO lab on influenza told the BBC last week. "It's highly virulent, and the case fatality (rate) is about one-in-three, so it poses a threat."
Michael Osterholm, an epidemiologist and infectious disease specialist at the University of Minnesota, captured the current mood in an interview with USA Today: "The clock is ticking, but we just don't know what time it is."
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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cinnagraham toast crunch 340g
cinnagraham toast crunch 340g
Regular price
Rs 1,400.00 LKR
Regular price
Rs 4,800.00 LKR
Sale price
Rs 1,400.00 LKR
Unit price
New cinnagraham toast crunch cereal now available in Sri Lanka
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