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Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d'Holbach
Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach was a philosopher, translator, and prominent social figure of the French Enlightenment. In his philosophical writings Holbach developed a deterministic and materialistic metaphysics, which grounded his polemics against organized religion as well as his utilitarian ethical and political theory. As a translator, Holbach made significant contributions to the European Enlightenment in science and religion. He translated German works on chemistry and geology into French, summarizing many of the German advances in these areas in his entries in Diderot's Encyclopedia. Holbach also translated important English works on religion and political philosophy into French. Holbach remains best known, however, for his role in Parisian society. The close circle of intellectuals that Holbach hosted and, in various ways, sponsored produced the Encyclopedia and a number of revisionary religious, ethical, and political works that contributed to the ideological basis for the French Revolution. Despite the radical views of many members of his coterie, however, Holbach's broader visiting guest list included many of the most prominent intellectual and political figures in Europe. His salon, then, was at once a shelter for radical thought and a hub of mainstream culture.
- 1. Biography
- 2. Metaphysics: Matter and Motion, Cause and Effect
- 3. Ethics: Virtue for the Sake of Happiness
- 4. Political Theory: Ethocracy
- Bibliography
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
1. Biography
Holbach was born in 1723 in Edesheim. He was raised in Paris, principally by his uncle, Franciscus Adam d'Holbach, and attended the University of Leiden from 1744 to 1748 or 1749. Holbach particularly enjoyed the parties there. It is likely that, at least at first, the dinners Holbach gave in Paris were modelled on the parties he attended at Leiden. In 1749, Holbach married his second cousin, Basile-Geneviève d'Aine. About 1753 or 1754 both his uncle, Franciscus, and his father in law died, leaving Holbach a considerable fortune.
Holbach used his great wealth to throw the dinner parties for which he is famous. He owned a house in Paris in rue Royale, Butte Saint-Roch, which, generally, had a guest list restricted to serious intellectuals, and a chateau at Grandval where, in addition to his coterie, Holbach also hosted social friends and relatives. Holbach's coterie included intellectuals who, although their positions varied on many issues, shared at least a willingness to entertain views that many would have thought too radical to be discussed in social settings. The coterie met from the 1750s into the 1780s. The group evolved over time, but its core members, Alan Kors has argued, were Denis Diderot, the encyclopedist; the diplomat and cultural critic Friedrich-Melchior Grimm; the naturalist Charles-Georges Le Roy; the writer and critic Jean-François Marmontel; the historian and priest abbé Guillame-Thomas-François Raynal; the doctor Augustin Roux; the poet and philosopher Jean-François de Saint-Lambert; the writer Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard; the pamphleteer François-Jean, chevalier de Chastellux, the pamphleteer abbé André Morellet; and the philosopher Jacques-André Naigeon. Many of these men were, like Holbach, avowed atheists and many also pushed radical, even revolutionary political agendas. So the general character of his coterie might suggest that Holbach was a figure on the fringe of Parisian society, a kind of eccentric parvenu with a taste for scandal.
However, Holbach managed, despite what one might expect, to keep his coterie firmly in the mainstream of European society. French nobles, as well as ambassadors from countries across Europe—Denmark, England, Naples, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Wurtemburg, and Sweden—attended his dinners. So did prominent intellectuals of all kinds, including, at different times and with different degrees of enthusiasm, the philosopher and novelist Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the mathematician Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, the historian Edward Gibbon, the writer Horace Walpole, the chemist Joseph Priestley, the social critic Cesare Beccaria, the philosopher Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger, the statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin, the actor David Garrick, the philosopher Claude-Adrien Helvétius, the philosopher David Hume, the economist Adam Smith, and the novelist Laurence Sterne. Holbach was known in France not primarily as a political radical but as le premier maître d'hôtel de la philosophie. Many in Paris coveted invitations to rue Royale, and Holbach's house was the first stop for many prominent international visitors.
Holbach's character must have been remarkable to have maintained a salon in which the espousers of political and religious reform met so freely and so often with visitors who either cannot have been accustomed to such open dialogue or who were themselves parts of the establishment under attack. Indeed Rousseau, who himself came to feel unwelcome by the coterie, nevertheless memorializes Holbach in La nouvelle Heloïse, as the paradoxical figure, Wolmar, an atheist who nonetheless embodies all of the Christian virtues. In addition to his good character, Holbach's generosity at table (his dinners and especially his wine were famously good) and in supporting many of his acquaintances may explain his success at being both a pillar and a critic of society. Perhaps, also, Holbach was not in the eyes of many of his contemporaries as clearly a radical as some other members of his coterie. He did publish some of the most notorious works of the French Enlightenment, including Le Christianisme dévoilé (Christianity Unveiled), Système de la nature (System of Nature) and Le Bon Sens (Common Sense). These books evoked long and heated responses from such notable figures as Voltaire, abbé Bergier, and Frederick the Great; System of Nature and Common Sense were condemned by the parliament of Paris and publicly burned. Holbach, however, was not in his own time as notorious as his books. He was careful always to publish anonymously, so that those who did not know him or who did not care to think of him in that way, might have remained at least partially ignorant of his religious and political views.
Holbach's coterie met for thirty years, from the early 1750s until about 1780. During that time his first wife died and he married her younger sister, Charlotte Suzanne d'Aine, with whom he had four children. Holbach wrote prolifically throughout this time. According to Vercruysse, Holbach authored or coauthored over fifty books and over four hundred articles. He died in 1789.
2. Metaphysics: Matter and Motion, Cause and Effect
The metaphysical position with which Holbach is most often associated is a negative one: atheism. Although indeed Holbach devotes the entire second volume of Système de la nature and all of Le Bon Sens to the defense of atheism and the criticism of particular claims about God, his views do not hold great philosophical interest. They emphasize well worn topics such as the problem of evil, the impossibility of discussing intelligibly what is unknowable, the suspect psychological origins of religious belief, and the confusion of traditional descriptions of God in terms that are simply the negation of genuine descriptive terms: for example, to say that God is infinite is just to deny that God is finite. None of these arguments is unique to Holbach or especially well presented by him. His positive metaphysics, on the other hand, has been somewhat overshadowed by his long and loud expressions of atheism, and it will be the focus of this discussion.
Holbach takes nature to consist in matter and motion and nothing else. Nature is known to us, when it can be known, as a sequence of causes and effects:
The universe, that vast assemblage of every thing that exists, presents only matter and motion: the whole offers to our contemplation nothing but an immense, an uninterrupted succession of causes and effects. [System of Nature, 15]
Holbach's metaphysics, then, is mechanistic, in that any correct explanation of an event will refer only to matter, motion, and the laws which describe their combination. Holbach's ambitious attempt to draw from this sparse metaphysics answers to questions often thought to involve something more than this, his Système de la nature, is badly marred, in some places, by over-simplification and, in others, by dogmatism. Indeed Goethe in his memoirs (Dichtung und Wahrheit vol. 9, 490–492) credits the account of nature in this work with forever turning him away from French philosophy. Nevertheless, Holbach's metaphysics does form the basis for his engaging religious, ethical, and political views, and it does so by means of an innovative recasting of a traditional account of the properties of matter.
Holbach's account of matter may best be understood against the background of the Lockean account, which is more familiar and from which in large part it is developed. (Israel 2006 traces the sources of the views of Holbach and the coterie in detail.) On Locke's account of bodies (Book 2, Chapter 8 of his Essay), all bodies possess "real" or "primary" qualities (solidity, extension, figure, number, and motion). Real qualities are those which are "inseparable" from the bodies themselves. To take Locke's example (Essay 2.8.9), a grain of wheat will have solidity, extension, figure and so on when it is intact, and it will retain these properties whatever happens to it. Locke distinguishes primary qualities from powers in bodies to produce sensations in observers, which he calls secondary qualities. Secondary qualities, for example, are color, sound, taste, and so on. Because he hesitates to call secondary qualities real qualities, it is clear that Locke takes them to have a metaphysical status different from that he gives primary qualities.
There may be several different ways of accounting for Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities. The important aspect of the distinction for the present discussion is that on Locke's view we ought always to explain a secondary quality in terms of a primary quality by which it produces the relevant sensation in us. Colors, sounds, smells and so on are on Locke's account powers that a body has as a result of its particular shape, motion, and so on which produce the relevant sensations in observers: "[Secondary qualities] are only Powers to act differently upon other things, which Powers result from the different Modifications of those primary qualities" (Essay 2.8.23). For example, in arguing that some, apparently more genuine properties of fire, such as heat, are really on the same footing with qualities such as the tendency to melt wax that are more obviously relational, Locke holds that each of these qualities alike are powers that a body has in virtue of its primary qualities to produce certain effects[my emphasis added]: "…the power in fire to produce a new color, or consistency in wax or clay by its primary qualities is as much a quality in fire, as the power it has to produce in me a new idea or sensation of warmth or burning" (Essay 2.8.10). For Locke, then, all bodies have primary qualities, and any secondary qualities that they have are to be understood in terms of the primary qualities that produce them.
Holbach maintains something like Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities, but he does not insist that the properties of bodies that Locke calls secondary qualities, are properties that bodies possess in virtue of particular primary qualities. Matter, for Holbach, is whatever makes up bodies and causes the sense impressions that we have of them. Matter, in general, may be said to have properties in the sense that there are some properties that anything which is matter will possess. These properties are roughly the Lockean primary qualities (with the important exception of motion, of which more below). However, Holbach holds that matter is a class, rather than a particular thing, since different objects may possess different properties as well:
A satisfactory definition of matter has not yet been given…[Man] looked upon it as a unique being…whilst he ought to have contemplated it as a genus of beings, of which the individuals, although they might possess some common properties, such as extent, divisibility, figure, etc., should not, however, be all ranked in the same class, nor comprised under the same denomination.
So we may say that both a fire and a building have extent, divisibility and so on, but that a building has some properties, such as grayness, that fire lacks and that fire has some properties, such as luminance, that the building lacks. It may be that some of the properties that some but not all particular bodies have are to be understood in terms of primary qualities, but Holbach does not insist on this point. The properties which Locke called secondary qualities are not distinguished from primary qualities by the fact that they are rightly understood in terms of them. Rather, the only distinction between these properties and primary qualities is that primary qualities are in all matter alike and secondary qualities are in only some bodies. Of fire, for example, Holbach writes:
Fire, besides these general properties common to all matter, enjoys also the peculiar property of being put into activity by a motion producing on our organs of feeling the sensation of heat and by another, which communicates to our visual organs the sensation of light. [System of Nature, 24]
Fire, in other words, besides having figure, extension and the other properties of matter in general, has also the "peculiar" properties of heat and luminance. These further properties are, metaphysically, no different from the properties common to all matter, on Holbach's view, and they belong to fire in just as basic and just as mysterious a way as its extent and figure.
Holbach's choice of example reflects a likely familiarity with criticisms of the Lockean basis for the distinction between primary and secondary qualities found in the writings of Berkeley and Holbach's friend and correspondent, Hume. Both of these authors use the example of the feeling of pain in heat (Berkeley, Three Dialogues I; Hume Treatise 1.4.4, 3) as a first step in demonstrating the mind-dependence of all properties of body alike and so of casting into doubt any supposed difference in kind between primary and secondary qualities.
Holbach's recasting of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities in terms of properties that matter possesses universally and properties that only some bodies possess helps him to avoid the Berkeleyan criticism of the distinction. Holbach never claims, as Locke does, that properties such as color and sound have a metaphysical status different from that of the primary qualities. Lockean secondary qualities are, for Holbach, basic, inexplicable qualities of matter on a par with extension and solidity and distinguished from them only on the grounds that they are possessed by some bodies and not others. Because Holbach allows that some matter possesses qualities that other matter does not possess, his notion of matter is more varied than Locke's. For Locke, all matter is homogenous, in the sense that it possesses all of the primary qualities and no other real qualities besides. For Holbach, matter is heterogenous. It is a
genus of beings, of which the individuals, although they might possess some common properties, such as extent, divisibility, figure, etc., should not, however, be all ranked in the same class, nor comprised under the same general denomination. [System of Nature, 3]
The heterogeneity of matter in Holbach's metaphysics puts him at a disadvantage to the traditional Lockean view, in a sense. Locke's account of matter, if true, is simpler and has great explanatory power: the full panoply of sensations that we encounter are to be explained by an account of our sensory organs, a short list of primary qualities, and the laws which govern their interaction. Holbach, on the other hand, requires separate explanations for each perceived property. He promises an explanation of all phenomena in terms of matter and motion, but delivers not even a framework for such an explanation.
In another sense, though, the heterogeneity of matter is helpful to Holbach's project. Materialistic accounts of human nature are often thought to fail just because human beings seem to have properties, such as thought and freedom, that matter does not have. In making matter a genus of varied beings, Holbach creates a view flexible enough to accommodate an account of human nature more robust than that of many other materialists:
…Man is, as a whole, the result of a certain combination of matter, endowed with particular properties, competent to give, capable of receiving, certain impulses, the arrangement of which is called organization, of which the essence is, to feel, to think, to act, to move, after a manner distinguished from other beings with which he can be compared. Man, therefore, ranks in an order, in a system, in a class by himself, which differs from that of other animals, in whom we do not perceive those properties of which he is possessed. [System of Nature 15]
Holbach's naturalism requires that human nature be understood in terms of laws and that human action be comprehended under universal determinism. But it allows that, in many ways, human beings may differ in kind from other bodies, even animals, and it allows that human beings may have many properties, notably thought, that have traditionally been denied to matter.
The heterogeneity of matter in Holbach's account contributes to the vagueness of that designation. Matter can to some extent be understood in the ordinary sense of anything that has extention, figure, and so on. However, because matter also may or may not have any number of properties not ordinarily understood to belong to matter, such as thought, it is not entirely clear what may not be matter. Motion is likewise and for similar reasons a vague term in Holbach. Where matter is understood simply as extension and some other very simple properties, motion may be thought of in similarly simple terms, as a velocity, acceleration or, perhaps, as an impulse with a certain direction. Once matter is thought of, after the manner of Holbach, as something with properties which are perhaps best not understood in spatial terms, its motion may be much more difficult to define. Although he sometimes speaks of matter and motion in narrower senses, Holbach's tendency is simply to identify matter and motion with the general terms cause and effect. Holbach typically identifies bodies with causes and motions with effects, but he also allows that motions may be causes:
A cause is a being which puts another in motion, or which produces some change in it. The effect is the change produced in one body by the motion or presence of another. [System of Nature 16]
To understand human beings and human society in terms of matter and motion, then, is simply to understand them in terms of causes and effects. Holbach's naturalism in ethics and political theory extends to a commitment to ground those disciplines in an account of human nature understood in terms of lawlike regularities, most importantly, psychological laws. But Holbach is not a naturalist in the stricter sense of attempting to understand human beings in terms of the same laws that explain the rest of nature. Determinism is universal, in Holbach's view, but different sorts of bodies may have peculiar properties that require peculiar explanations. Despite his avowed materialism, Holbach does not demand the sorts of reductive explanations of mental events that materialism might ordinarily seem to require.
3. Ethics: Virtue for the Sake of Happiness
Holbach's ethics is naturalistic in the sense described. Like his major influence in this area, Spinoza, he undertakes to explain human beings with the same clarity and rigor that others explain geometry (Eléments de la morale universelle, Preface). The laws that Holbach depends upon in accounting for human nature are primarily psychological laws and may be peculiar to human beings. For Holbach, like Spinoza and Hobbes, holds that each person seeks his own preservation (System of Nature, 40; cf, Spinoza's Ethics IIIp9 and Hobbes's De Homine, Chap. 11—Holbach's is still the most widely available French translation of the latter). As both of these authors do, Holbach associates the ends of action also with happiness, so that happiness and self-preservation are, in his ethics, generally speaking related, and an individual's interest is understood by Holbach in terms of either (and where he distinguishes between them, both) of these.
Ethics on Holbach's account, then, amounts to enlightened self-interest, vice to a failure to recognize the means to one's interest, and moral rules to hypothetical imperatives which dictate the means to happiness or self-preservation:
[Man] was ignorant of his true interests; hence his irregularities, his intemperance, his shameful voluptuousness, with that long train of vices to which he has abandoned himself, at the expense of his preservation, at the risk of his permanent felicity. [System of Nature, 14]
Because people desire what morality provides, they will as a matter of course be motivated to do what is moral, provided they know what that is. The ignorance that Holbach describes here, however, is what causes people to fail to act rightly. So what ethics requires is an investigation into ignorance: In what respects are people ignorant? What are the most dangerous forms of ignorance? How is ignorance to be overcome?
One of the most dangerous kinds of ignorance, on Holbach's analysis, is an ignorance of nature and, in particular, of the causes of good and evil in it. Like Spinoza, Holbach argues that we tend to personify nature, projecting our interests and purposes onto matter that is, in fact, different from us (System of Nature, App. 17; cf, Spinoza's Ethics I, App.). This produces, on Holbach's account, the belief in God and other religious beliefs (such as the belief in heaven and hell and immortality) which in turn cause us to pursue self-preservation in misguided ways:
The ignorance of natural causes created Gods, and imposture made them terrible. Man lived unhappy, because he was told that God had condemned him to misery. He never entertained a wish of breaking his chains, as he was taught, that stupidity, that the renouncing of reason, mental debility, and spiritual debasement, were the means of obtaining eternal felicity. [System of Nature, 349–350]
Holbach was notorious in the 18th century for his atheism and for his criticisms of Christianity. Indeed today these topics most frequently engage philosophers and historians who study Holbach (see Kors 2005 and Fonnesu 2006, for example), and Holbach continues to be a hero of defenders of atheism, including the popular philosopher Michel Onfrey. There is no doubt that a great deal of what Holbach wrote was inflammatory and intended to be so. However, the fact that at least some of his polemics, furious though they may have been, arose in the context of developing an account of virtue should mitigate the impression of Holbach as a purely destructive thinker or (merely) a lover of scandal. His criticism of religion, and of Catholicism in particular, is founded at least in part in the conviction that religion is the source of vice and unhappiness and that virtue can only be fostered in people who seek to preserve themselves in the world of their immediate acquaintance:
Renounce your vague hopes; disengage yourself from overwhelming fears…do not attempt to plunge your views into an impenetrable future… …Only think then, of making yourself happy in that existence which is known to you; if you would preserve yourself, be temperate, moderate, and reasonable; if you seek to render your existence durable, do not be prodigal of pleasure; abstain from everything that can be harmful to yourself or others. [System of Nature, 162; cf. Spinoza's Ethics IVP42C2S]
Holbach's ethics, as Rousseau recognized, is not nearly as revisionary as his theology. As this passage makes clear, his conception of human virtue is quite traditional. Preservation and happiness, as Holbach conceives them, involve most of the same practices that the religious views Holbach denounces require for eternal preservation and felicity. Perhaps the principal practical difference between morality as Holbach conceives it and the Christian morality as Holbach understands it lies in the self-abnegation Holbach finds valued in Christian morality. For Holbach, temperance, moderation and so on are virtues that one acquires out of a love for pleasure and life. On the other hand, he takes these virtues, as they are understood traditionally, to involve an unhealthy denial of one's love for wine, food and other familiar pleasures. Temperance and moderation, for Holbach are the best means to the enjoyment of wine and food, whereas in the views he criticizes they are virtues by which we deny the value of such enjoyment.
4. Political Theory: Ethocracy
Holbach's political theory, which he developed for the most part after his metaphysics and ethics, extends his ethical views to the state. Having described human interest as happiness and preservation in the System of Nature and Common Sense in 1770 and 1772, Holbach went on to develop a notion of the just state or, to use his own term, "ethocracy," founded for the purposes of securing the general welfare. This theory is presented in several works published during the 1770s, La politique naturelle (Natural Politics, 1773), Système social (The Social System, 1773), La morale universelle (Universal Morality, 1776), and Ethocratie (Ethocracy, 1776). Holbach's foundational view is that the most valuable thing a person seeking self-preservation can do is to unite with another person: "Man is of all beings the most necessary to man" (Système social, 76; cf. Spinoza's Ethics IVP35C1, C2, and S). Society, when it is just, unites for the common purpose of preservation and the securing of welfare, and society contracts with government for this purpose.
Holbach's theory of social contract has two stages. The first is social. When individuals realize that others are the greatest helps to their own welfare, they make a pact with one another, uniting in order to obtain personal and proprietary security and other benefits of society (Universal Morality 1.86; Politique Naturelle, 1.1). To strike such a pact is part of each person's reason:
Help me…and I will help you with all my talents..work for my happiness if you want me to concern myself with yours…Secure for me advantages great enough to persuade me to give up to you a part of those which I possess. [Politique Naturelle 1.1, Ladd's translation]
This social contract, the contract between individuals in society, is never broken.
The second stage of the social contract is more narrowly political. It is a contract that society, in order to secure the general welfare, strikes with a sovereign power, usually understood by Holbach to be a king limited, or at least informed by, a body of elected representatives (La politique naturelle 3.17). This second social contract for Holbach, as for Locke, may be broken. Holbach is a thoroughgoing utilitarian: where the government fails to secure the general welfare, which consists principally in securing property and basic freedoms such as the freedoms of speech and religion, society has a right to revolution (La politique naturelle, 4.5).
Perhaps because of the less cautious advocacy of right to revolution among other members of his coterie, particularly Naigeon, or perhaps because he criticized the kings of his time so fiercely, Holbach is sometimes regarded as an advocate of revolution. Holbach's discussion is tentative, however. He describes the right in La politique naturelle (4.5 ff.) as a product of the natural instinct for self-preservation. Like Hobbes (Leviathan, XXIX, 23), Holbach expects that obedience to a sovereign will break down where individuals feel the need to secure their own lives. This is also why sovereigns need to take care to look after citizens' welfare and education. Where they fail to do these things, citizens come to be ruled not by reason but by passion, and revolution results. Holbach's right to revolution, then, is less an advocacy of revolution than a warning to avoid the conditions that lead to it.
Primary Literature: Selected Works of Holbach
- Le Christianisme dévoilé, Nancy, 1761.
- Système de la nature, 2 volumes, London, 1770.
- System of Nature, translated by H.D. Robinson, New York: Burt Franklin, 1970.
- Le Bons Sens, London, 1772.
- La Politique naturelle, London, 1773.
- Système social, 3 volumes, London, 1773.
- La Morale universelle, 3 volumes, Amsterdam, 1776.
- Éthocratie, Amsterdam, 1776.
Other Primary Sources
- Bergier, abbé, Examen du matérialisme, 2 volumes, Paris, 1769.
- Goethe, J.W. von, Werke, 14 volumes, Hamburg, 1967.
- Hobbes, Thomas Leviathan, Edwin Curley (ed.), Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994.
- Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Peter Nidditch (ed.), Clarendon: Oxford, 1975.
- Spinoza, Benedictus, Spinoza Opera, Volume 2, Carl Gebhart (ed.), Heidelberg: Carl Winters, 1925.
Secondary Literature
- Blank, Andreas, 2016, "D'Holbach on Self-Esteem, Justice, and Cosmopolitanism," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 49(4): 439–453.
- –––, 2017, "D'Holbach on self-esteem and the moral economy of oppression," British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 25(6): 1116–1137.
- Darnton, Robert, 1991, Edition et Sédition: L'Univers de la Littérature Clandestine au XVIIIe Siècle, Paris: Gallimard.
- –––, 1992, "Une Speculation sur l'Irreligion: Le Système de la nature de d'Holbach," in Gens de Lettres: Gens du Livre, Robert Darnton (ed.), Paris: Odile Jacob, pp. 220–244.
- Devellennes, Charles, 2014, "Utility contra utilitarianism: Holbach's international ethics," Journal of International Political Theory, 10(2): 188–205.
- –––, 2016, "D'Holbach Radical: contrat social et éthocratie dans la pensée politique du baron," in Les lumiers radicales et le politique, Maria Garcia-Alonso (ed.), Paris: Honore Champion, pp. 321–340.
- Fonnesu, Luca, 2006, "The Problem of Theodicy," in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth Century Philosophy (Volume 2), Knud Haakonssen (ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 749–778.
- Gourdon, Emilie and Michael LeBuffe, 2019, "Holbach," in A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy, Graham Oppy (ed.), Oxford: Wiley, pp. 28–42.
- Israel, Jonathan, 2006, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- –––, 2011, Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- –––, 2017 "Rousseau and d'Holbach: The Revolutionary Implications of la philosophie anti-Thérésienne," in Thinking with Rousseau: From Machiavelli to Schmitt, Helena Rosenblatt and Paul Schweigert (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 149–174.
- Kors, Alan, 1976, D'Holbach's Coterie, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- –––, 2005, "Atheism and Scepticism in the Late French Enlightenment," in Scepticisme et modernité, Marc André Bernier and Sébastien Charles (eds.), Saint-Étienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne.
- Ladd, Everett C., Jr., 1962, "Helvétius and d'Holbach," Journal of the History of Ideas, 23(2): 221–238.
- Llana, James, 2000, "Natural History and the Encyclopédie," Journal of the History of Biology, 33(1): 1–25.
- Onfray, Michel, 2007, Atheist Manifesto: The Case against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, Jeremy Leggatt (trans.), New York: Arcade Publishing.
- Sandrier, Alain, 2004, Le style philosophique du baron d'Holbach: conditions et contraintes du prosélytisme athée en France dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, Paris: Honore Champion.
- Treuherz, Nick, 2016 "The diffusion and impact of Baron d'Holbach's texts in Great Britain, 1765–1800," in Radical Voices, Radical Ways, Laurent Curelly and Nigel Smith (eds.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 125–148.
- Vercruysse, J., 1971, Bibliographie descriptive des écrits du baron d'Holbach, Paris: Lettres modernes.
Academic Tools
How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry at the Internet Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
Other Internet Resources
- English translations of a number of Holbach's works, from Project Gutenberg.


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Lugers! there are approximately a gazillion different recognized varieties, because the pistol became so popular and iconic. And yet…they all kinda look the same, don't they? (If you are a Luger collector, don't answer that!) A great many ( I daresay the significant majority) of the Luger variations are minor changes in production details. So, what was involved in the mechanical evolution of the Luger?
Not much, really – which is a testament to the talents of Georg Luger. He got the gun almost totally right on his first try. There are, however, two major variants of the Luger mechanically – the 1900 model and the 1906 model. In this video I will walk through the differences between these two, as well as the initial Borchardt pistol that Luger used as his starting point and a couple other relevant milestones (a Swiss trials gun and a transitional French trials gun). And since they are the most common of the military models, we will also take a quick look at the German Army, Navy, and Artillery models.


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Georgia Highlands College is dedicated to the success of our students. The Office of the Provost is responsible for oversight, management, and accomplishment of the institution's educational mission. To this end, the Vice President for Academic Affairs leads efforts to:
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- set the academic direction of the college through development, assessment and improvement of academic programs;
- offer varied opportunities for students to achieve our learning outcomes;
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That's why Georgia Highlands College offers Associate and Bachelor's Degrees in over 40 areas of study. Additionally, GHC provides 12 continuing education courses on a variety of useful topics. Learn more by viewing our programs below:
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Twenty-five years ago today via a short Usenet post, Linus Torvalds shared the first iteration of a free, hobby operating system that he had developed. Of course, what became known as Linux is now far, far more than a hobbyist's OS and spawned a wave of innovation that significantly changed the IT landscape. While Linux is the poster child, open source is also about far more than an operating system (although it remains critically important!). The underpinnings of open source, from transparency and collaboration to freedom and broad dissemination, have spilled out well beyond the confines of enterprise technology to greatly impact both the world of consumer technology as well as the global business climate at large.
We've picked out 25 things that we think are better thanks to Linux and open source; some of these may not exist without an open source backbone, while others may have evolved out of necessity, but would likely be unrecognizable to today's counterparts. So what made our list?
Global Industry
Real-time trading - We take near-simultaneous financial transactions almost for granted, as being able to move money, make stock trades and conduct other financial transactions is functionally an on-demand service. But all of this would likely not be possible without the real-time functionality of the Linux kernel, which powers more than 50 percent of the world's financial transactions and backs 100 percent of Fortune 500 banks.
The global technology economy - Linux and other open source projects built on top of it have helped to drive the a standardization of IT, allowing for more interoperability across the world's business environment. Via a common "language of IT," services and software are better able to grow and evolve across traditional geographical boundaries, fostering a truly global technology marketplace.
Government IT - Driven by the price efficiencies, innovation and scalability of first Linux and then open source at large, government agencies have a rich history in open source and are now driving towards becoming models of open source efficiency. Most recently, the U.S. federal government's Second Open Government National Action Plan (pdf) emphasized use of open source, and contribution back to open source communities to help foster innovation and lower costs.
Connected cities - Networking the critical aspects of a city, from manhole covers and traffic lights to emergency services and severe weather alerts, requires computing at a massive scale. It's Linux, not a proprietary operating system, that provides this vast scalability while also offering the underlying capabilities to abstract the various computing layers to make managing such a complex deployment manageable.
Air traffic control - The Federal Aviation Administration, the point of truth for North American aviation management, oversees nearly 24,000 flights per day...and it's all run on the scalable, secure platform of Linux.
Enterprise IT's Status Quo
Supercomputers - Computationally intensive tasks, from weather modelling to oil and gas exploration, require computers specialized to handle these extreme simulations, giving rise to the modern supercomputer. Supercomputing as it exists today, however, would also look much different sans Linux - for example, just look at the top 10 of the TOP500 list (which tracks supercomputing performance): all are running some form of a Linux distribution.
Cloud computing - Distributed (cloud) computing, where computing resources aren't on-premise or even owned by a given organization, simply would not be possible as we know it today sans Linux and open source. The scalability and flexibility of Linux enable many of these massive deployments to actually work, while the significantly reduced cost barriers of Linux make them more financially feasible.
On-demand services - Going hand-in-hand with cloud computing is the concept of on-demand services. If a developer needs a VM or if IT Ops needs to provision a server, they expect to do so quickly and painlessly; Linux's scalability allows for this rapid provisioning, as does its lack of cost-prohibitive licensing.
DevOps - DevOps has existed in the IT buzzword lexicon for several years now, offering a better delineation (and working relationship) between developer and IT operations professionals. Thanks to Linux and the broader world of open source, this methodology becomes clearer and easier to implement on an almost daily basis, as new Linux-based innovations, like Linux containers, emerge to enable respective teams to focus on their specific roles and limit scope creep.
Hybrid computing - Organizations today do not need to choose between the cloud or on-premise; instead, they can use a mix of technologies that best suit their infrastructure needs. Without Linux as, again, the scalable, stable base for these service mixes, hybrid computing simply wouldn't be possible as we know it today - enterprises would likely need to choose between on-premise or hosted, with the specter of lock-in looming over whatever choice that they made.
IT's Next Wave
IoT - The boom in interest around the Internet of Things (IoT), the notion of a network of devices, big and small, that can "talk" to each other for more efficient operations, likely would not have taken shape the same way without Linux. Embedded Linux OSes, a fraction of the size of more conventional operating systems, power the world of IoT, making enterprise deployments scalable and cost-efficient. Without Linux, IoT would likely simply be too financially draining or require lock-in to a single vendor's stack
Linux containers - If the name doesn't give it away, Linux containers, a method of packaging and isolating an application with only its dependencies, are a technology built from key pieces of the Linux kernel. While other, similar technologies have existed in the past, the open nature of Linux containers combined with community-powered innovation have allowed for an ecosystem to boom almost overnight, giving enterprises a new path forward when it comes to how they build, deploy and manage their applications.
OpenStack - Now synonymous with private cloud computing, the OpenStack cloud framework likely would not exist, or at least would be incredibly different, without Linux. It's the scalability and flexibility of Linux that enables OpenStack to be so successful in bringing the benefits of private clouds to the enterprise, all while avoiding the lock-in that comes with a proprietary private cloud framework.
Software-defined everything - From networking to storage, software is being used to abstract the traditional complexities of enterprise hardware, leading to a world where nearly everything is "software-defined." Linux provides a major stepping stone for these efforts, once again providing a flexible, open platform for this abstraction to occur without incurring lock-in.
Big data analytics - Big data, the collective term for the mountains of information produced by businesses, can hold the keys to more efficient operations and even increased revenues by identifying new opportunities, but first this data must be sorted, parsed and analyzed. The analytics tools, many of which themselves are open source, that process these vast expanses of data require a powerful, scalable platform, a platform that may not exist if not for Linux.
Reimagining the "beige box"
Commodity hardware - Commoditized hardware, namely the x86 chip (the baseline for computing today), likely would've struggled to emerge as strongly as it has without Linux functioning as the baseline operating system. Linux provided a standardized operating system for x86 chipsets, giving a predictable base for businesses to migrate to from customized hardware stacks.
New hardware approaches - Much like the rise of x86, Linux is also helping to bring about new hardware approaches like ARM, an extremely energy efficient processor. Without Linux providing the standardized platform for these chipsets to adhere to, we'd still likely see new hardware emerge, but it would be far more "bespoke" and less interchangeable across various scenarios.
Amazon - Amazon Web Services is now nearly synonymous with public cloud computing, AWS now has more than 1 million customers using its vast arsenal of on-demand services...and Linux is a fundamental component of the AWS platform. While an AWS-like service isn't unimaginable without Linux (think of the early ISPs in the 90s), the scale and price structure of an AWS would be hard to replicate.
Google - The online search, advertising and cloud giant Google would look much, much different without Linux and the other open source technologies that power the company's underlying infrastructure. While this isn't to say that Google would not exist without Linux, we might lose its contributions to the open source world, including Kubernetes, if Linux wasn't serving as the icebreaker.
Technology transparency and accountability - Without Linux driving open source, we'd likely still see the enterprise datacenter as a brick-walled silo, with little to no insight into the broader business and much of the IT team's daily operations focused on simply keeping the lights on. With Linux and open source, IT is now far more transparent to the broader enterprise, helping to better align with general business goals and actually innovate as opposed to just maintaining a status quo.
Beyond the Business
Drones - Tied closely to IoT is the drone trend, that of remotely controlled flying robots. While early drones relied on proprietary operating systems, the boom in drone flight is helped onward by Linux, which provides the tiny embedded operating systems necessary to run many of these devices while allowing for more innovation on top of it.
Open government initiatives - Pulling from the open source community model is the Open Government Initiative (and other state and local efforts) implemented by the U.S. federal government. Focusing on transparency and collaboration with the general public, it's not at all unlikely that without the driving power of open source (and Linux leading the charge) that these efforts would be fewer and far between or much more limited in scale and scope.
Crowdsourcing and crowdfunding - Also pulling more from a cultural level than a technical one are the concepts of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding, where a project is built or financed by potential end users instead of dedicated employees or volunteers. This is an example of the meritocracy of Linux and open source being pulled into the mainstream, where sites like Kickstarter reward interesting ideas with significant funds that they might not otherwise receive.
Android - Effectively a mobile fork of Linux, Android provides a scalable, flexible mobile platform for a wide variety of chipsets and phone formats. It's gaining ground (if not overtaken) proprietary OSes like iOS and Windows Mobile and provides a robust ecosystem of applications and services for users, not unlike its Linux parent. Would an Android-like have emerged without Linux? Almost certainly, but it's doubtful that it would maintain the presence that Android currently enjoys in today's consumer market.
3D printing/maker movement - The "maker movement," where end users endeavor to create their own goods, is highlighted by the rise of 3D printers, which use various materials to create parts and whole-crafted items. While far from a commodity technology at the moment, the 3D printer movement is driven by Linux, with many of the printers on the market supporting Linux thanks to flexibility of the platform and much of the software powering these devices being Linux-based. 3D printing would've surely emerged even without Linux, but thanks to the widespread power of the platform and collaborative nature of the community, the way we see 3D printing today owes quite a bit to Linux and open source.
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text:
HeadUnitAdvisor.com launches redesigned website
Exclusive car audio blog site with the latest car audio resources, information, buying guides, tips, tricks and more
HeadUnitAdvisor.com, an exclusive car audio blog site, is pleased to announce the launch of its redesigned website. This site provides unbiased and informative car stereo reviews, buying guides, tips and tricks and much more for people planning to buy a car stereo. The site has been completely redesigned with a modern look and a user-friendly interface to help readers find information faster and easier. Visitors can see that the website has now been updated with the latest content on all types of single and double din head units. Visitors can also leave their own comments, product reviews, and ratings to help other customers make informed decisions.
Head Unit Advisor.com strives to provide the latest information about car stereos and promises to offer as much content as possible of the highest quality. The judging panel selects the head units and car stereos based on certain factors but not limited to user interface, sound quality, navigation, connectivity, compatibility and last but not least value for money. When it comes to the user interface, it has to be good so that users don't have to struggle to get the device up and running. Sound quality is a major deciding factor for many buyers, and some users love hearing crisp and clear audio on the go.
Each head unit is tested for its navigation system, connectivity with various devices such as phones, tablets and music players, and compatibility for playback on various car makes and models. Finally, the team checks whether the car radio offers good value for money.
The blog category contains blogs and resources on various topics, e.g. B. How to remove a car stereo, all about individual car stereos, causes and solutions when a car stereo won't turn off when the door is opened, why the car stereos are so expensive, and what to do when a radio changes channels on its own.
The main units are divided into two categories namely single din main units and double din main units separately. The single din head unit category offers the best collection of fold out car radios. That Double DIN main unit category has all types of head units available, from the cheapest to the high-end. Those shopping on a budget can also check out the main units under the $500 category, which features the top five brands from brands like Pioneer, Alpine, Kenwood, and Sony. And then there are sub-$150, $200, and $300 units along with cheap Android Auto devices under $200. Reviews include an overview of the device, detailed car specs, pros and cons, customer reviews, and where to buy.
To learn more visit: https://headunitadvisor.com/double-din-head-unit/
About HeadUnitAdvisor
This Car Radio Blog was created by Miles Walker, a car audio enthusiast and leading reviewer of the latest makes and models. The site offers unbiased reviews and in-depth guides to the latest car stereos, tips and tricks for installing and using new car stereos.
Headunit Advisor
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://headunitadvisor.com
Editorial staff: news.38digitalmarket.com
This content is published on behalf of the above source. Please contact them directly with any concerns related to the above.
This press release may contain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements describe future expectations, plans, results or strategies (including product offerings, regulatory plans and business plans) and are subject to change without notice. You are cautioned that such statements are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could cause future conditions, events or results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements, including the risks that actual results may differ materially from those projected may differ in the forward-looking statements.


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Topography data¶
The GeoClaw software for flow over topography requires at least one topo file to be input, see Specifying GeoClaw parameters in setrun.py.
Currently topo files are restricted to three possible formats as ASCII files. A future project is to allow other formats including NetCDF.
In the descriptions below it is assumed that the topo file gives the elevation of the topography (relative to some reference level) as a value of z at each (x,y) point on a rectangular grid. Only uniformly spaced rectangular topo grids are currently recognized.
More than one topo file can be specified (see Topography data file parameters) that might cover overlapping regions at different resolutions. The union of all the topo files should cover the full computational domain specified (and may extend outside it). Internally in GeoClaw a single piecewise-bilinear function is constructed from the union of the topo files, using the best information available in regions of overlap. This function is then integrated over computational grid cells to obtain the single topo value in each grid cell needed when solving depth averaged equations such as the shallow water equations with these finite volume methods. Note that this has the feature that if a grid cell is refined at some stage in the computation, the topo used in the fine cells have an average value that is equal to the coarse cell value. This is crucial in maintaining the ocean-at-rest steady state, for example.
The recognized topotypes are:
topotype = 1
x,y,z values on each line, progressing from upper left (NW) corner across rows (moving east), then down in standard GIS form. The size of the grid and spacing between the grid points is deduced from the data.
Example: if you want a flat bottom at B = -1000. over a domain 0. <= x <= 10. and 20. <= y <= 30. then the topo file could be simply:
0. 30. -1000. 10. 30. -1000. 0. 20. -1000. 10. 20. -1000.These files are larger than necessary since they store the x,y values at each point even though the points are required to be equally spaced. Many data sets come this way, but note that you can convert a file of this type to one of the more compact types below using clawpack.geoclaw.topotools.converttopotype(inputfile, outputfile, topotypein=1, topotypeout=2, nodata_value=None).
topotype = 2
The file starts with a header consisting of 6 lines containing:
mx my xllcorner yllcorner cellsize nodatavaland is followed by mx*my lines containing the z values at each x,y, again progressing from upper left (NW) corner across rows (moving east), then down in standard GIS form. The lower left corner of the grid is (xllcorner, yllcorner) and the distance between grid points in both x and y is cellsize. The value nodataval indicates what value of z is specified for missing data points (often something like 9999. in data sets with missing values).
Example: For the same example as above, the topo file with topotype==2 would be:
2 mx 2 my 0. xllcorner 20. yllcorner 10. cellsize 9999. nodatavalue -1000. -1000. -1000. -1000.topotype = 3
The file starts with a header consisting of 6 lines as for topotype=2, followed by my lines, each containing mx values for one row of data (ordered as before, so the first line of data is the northernmost line of data, going from west to east).
Example: For the same example as above, the topo file with topotype==3 would be:
2 mx 2 my 0. xllcorner 20. yllcorner 10. cellsize 9999. nodatavalue -1000. -1000. -1000. -1000.
It is also possible to specify values -1, -2, or -3 for topotype, in which case the z values will be negated as they are read in (since some data sets use different convensions for positive and negative values relative to sea level).
For GeoClaw applications in the ocean or lakes (such as tsunami modeling), it is generally assumed that sea_level = 0 has been set in Specifying GeoClaw parameters in setrun.py and that z<0 corresponds to subsurface bathymetry and z>0 to topograpy above sea level.
Downloading topography files¶
The example $CLAW/apps/tsunami/chile2010 is set up to automatically download topo files via:
$ make topo
See the maketopo.py file in that directory.
Other such examples will appear in the future.
Several on-line databases are available for topograpy, e.g.
NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Design-a-grid
Topography displacement files¶
Some problems have recently been observed when trying to specify time-varying topography with dtopo files. Nearly instantaneous displacement occuring at the start seems to work ok, but slowly varying displacement does not always work well when AMR is also being used. A better version of this code is currently being developed, but for now use with caution!
This has been fixed in Clawpack 5.1.0.
For tsunami generation a file dtopo is generally used to specify the displacement of the topography relative to that specified in the topo files.
Currently two formats are supported for this file:
Similar to topo files with topotype=1 as described above, except that each line starts with a t value for the time, so each line contains t,x,y,dz
The x,y,dz values give the displacement dz at x,y at time t. It is assumed that the grid is uniform and that the file contains mx*my*mt lines if mt different times are specified for an mx*my grid.
Similar to topo files with topotype=3 as described above, but the header is different, and contains lines specifying mx, my, mt, xlower, ylower, t0, dx, dy, and dt. These are followed by mt sets of my lines, each line containing mx values of dz.
The Okada model can be used to generate dtopo files from fault parameters, as described in Earthquake sources: Fault slip and the Okada model.
Note that if the topography is moving, it is important to insure that the time step is small enough to capture the motion. Starting in Version 5.1.0, there is a new parameter that can be specified in setrun.py to limit the size time step used during the time when topography is moving. See Topography data file parameters.
qinit data file¶
Instead of (or in addition to) specifying a displacement of the topography it is possible to specify a perturbation to the depth, momentum, or surface elevation of the initial data. This is generally useful only for tsunami modeling where the initial data specified in the default qinit.f90 function is the stationary water with surface elevation equal to sea_level as set in setrun.py (see Specifying GeoClaw parameters in setrun.py).
Of course it is possible to copy the qinit.f90 function to your directory and modify it, but for some applications the initial elevation may be given on grid of the same type as described above. In this case file can be provided as described at qinit data file parameters containing this perturbation.
The file format is similar to what is described above for topotype=1, but now each line contains x,y,dq where dq is a perturbation to one of the components of q as specified by the value of iqinit specified (see qinit data file parameters). If iqinit = 4, the value dq is instead the surface elevation desired for the initial data and the depth h (first component of q) is set accordingly.


text: Starting up a new garage gym? No matter your available space and goals, Rogue's functional fitness equipment and custom packages can have you set up and fully operational in no time. We have packages built with individual home gyms in mind, as well as CrossFit and military packages. Get the best barbells, plates, rings, benches, racks, stands, accessories, and more. Just click any of the packages above to compare equipment, read reviews, or make an order.


text:
Error Code 30088-22 is referred to be a problem with the broken registry on your system as per this Microsoft article for windows 10 users.
Most of the other articles advise you to repair the program or reinstall the program. But we assume you are reading this today because the issue is still not resolved.
In order to avoid this Error Code 30088-22 on your computer, you should have done this update. We generally understand when the program stops working and shows the alert window that says, "Your program is corrupted when you restarted your computer with Error Code 30088-22".
Let me tell you the steps here that may help you to resolve your issue. I am sure you have already tried to repair the program. If not, you can follow the below steps.
If you have already done this and the issue is still pending, I advise you to uninstall the program once. It is explained below.
If you again get an Error Code 30088-22 while doing the above process, I advise you to scan your computer thoroughly using a system file checker process.
SFC SCAN is the command line that we use to do this process. I will explain you the steps in detail on how to perform this scan.
This process may result positive note saying all the issues are resolved and the flip side the negative result could be that your windows is corrupted.
In this case, you should really work hard to reinstall windows operating system.
Backing up data is the foremost important thing in order to make sure you won't lose your personal files.
If you have troubles in doing this method, we advise you to choose a Technical Support from us to help you better.
We have many users who got it resolved in their first attempt with us and had given many positive feedbacks and star ratings for this article.
And I am sure any disaster that would have happened for few are due to their system hardware dependencies. An old computer which got upgraded from XP to 10 or 7 to 10 is certainly not compatible for this programs. It is just a fluke to get such issues as 1 in 100.
We give you assurance about your money and the service. If you like to see the procedure for a paid support, you may ask the Tech available online here on this page.
The operation can't be performed
Office support error ooxooo16fa
Tags: Error 30088-22, Error Code 30088-22, Office Error Code 30088-22


text:
Appliion: | DAIHATSU CUORE | Warranty: | 1 Year |
Condition: | 100% New |
Our products are 100% developed according to the original standard, its installation size and parts are all produced and processed according to OEM standard processing center equipment, so that all parts are exchanged with OEM original.
1.Grease: gear box and drive gear adopt German imported lubriing oil, military high and low temperature standard (-50°----230°).
2.Bearings: We all use domestic first-line brand humanism deep groove ball bearings, INA needle roller bearings imported from the United States.
3.Copper: The bare copper wire of stator coil and pure copper enameled wire of armature reach international OEM standard,high temperature resistant to 230°.
4.Steel: Stator casing fine drawing seamless steel tube,the drive gear adopts 20# steel cold chamber forging process.
5.Aluminum: All aluminum is made of international standard ADC12
6.One-way gear: Songer system standard quality
7.Relay: Taiwan Songer Imported with chip to prevent burning.
8.Generator core: all use silicon steel sheet effective magnetic field performance
9.Enameled wire: all F grade 180° high temperature wire. (Xiandeng, Great Wall two major domestic manufacturers)
10.Insulation material: 350° high temperature resistance, inner fiber and outer rubber hose, insulating paper and Valeo unified parameter platform.
11.Rotor: claw pole and rigid ring, in order to improve the low speed performance to achieve technological innovation, brushless motor all add magnetic steel.
12.Electronic components: supplied by four major domestic manufacturers (Xuzhou Yunyi, Xuzhou Xiangyue, Ningbo Chewang, Shanghai Changbo)
13.Testing: 100% production testing, warehouse testing, factory testing, and each motor is tested according to OEM standard "DV" testing equipment (testing equipment provided by Canada "DV" testing platform company in North America).
Product Description:
12V 40A DAIHATSU CUORE Alternator Komatsu generator Lester 12189 6008212350 2706087801000 2706096001000
Voltage | 12 |
Product Image
Company introduction:
Yute Motor(Guangdong) Mechanical parts Co., Ltd., established in 2008, focus on the production of Motor Starters and Alternators. With more than 20,000 square meters of wide production workshop parts and equipped with a number of advanced equipment such as high-precision CNC machining centers and CNC lathes, automatic rotor spot welding machines, CNC milling machines, on-site foaming machines, modern automatic production lines, and automatic insulation treatment producers, the company's annual output value reaches more than 200,000 units. After 14 years unremitting efforts, the company has become a pioneer in the construction machinery industry, and our products have successively passed the certifiions of IS09001:2000, QS-9000, and ISO/TS16949. Up to now, the motor series produced by Yute has reached the international advanced level. Besides, the motor sales volume of construction machinery, such as excavators and heavy trucks are in the lead all the year round.


text:
- Rejuvenation ticks 5 times with talents, about 2600 each. Takes 1.2 secs GCD to cast it. So the caster side HPS is 10800 without overheal.
- Wild growth ticks 7 times, each tick is smaller than previous, they are around 550. Heals 6 people with glyph, takes 1.2 secs GCD to cast. Caster side HPS is 19200! And since it's a smart heal, it finds the lowest health people so it practically doesn't overheal.
- Nourish heals around 5500, crits around 45%, so with living seed it heals around 7500. Takes 1.5 secs to cast it, so caster side HPS is 5000.
- Rejuvenation ticks 5 times, about 2600 each, 3 secs between ticks. So the recipient side HPS is 866
- Wild growth ticks around 550 every secs, so it's not a miracle that the recipient side HPS is 550.
- Nourish heals all it has into one target and limited by healer cast speed (you can't get them faster than the healer cast them). So recipient side HPS is equal to caster side HPS: 5000.
- Which of the 3 spells has the best chance to save the tank?
- Which of the 3 spells does the superstar never uses?
Once upon a time I wrote a pro-meters article saying "more healing done = better player, period". I still believe I was right, despite it's the exact opposite what I'm suggesting now. Sydera's position is somewhere in between my old and this post and I believe she is right and I really don't blame her for not understanding Ghostcrawler.
How could all three posts be right? Because they are accurate description and good advices in the situation the writer was. When I wrote my first post, I was healing PuGs in Naxx. Sydera healed normal Keepers and normal Yogg attempts. I wrote this post after healing Yogg farm, Hearthbraker kill and (countless) Steelbraker attempts.
The trivial content of Naxx is facerollable. The "best" healer is the fastest faceroller. No decisions need to be made, just spam heal. The meters are perfect measurements of your spamming effectivity. The healer who heals more on the meters is the better healer.
The harder fights need several decisions both in gear choices and spell selection. For example I had 250 more spellpower during Mimiron normal than Heartbraker and 150 less Mp5. Why? Because Mimiron is intensive but have FSR regen periods, Hearbraker is 10 mins long without stop.
When complicated decisions are to be made, "better" or "worse" depend on the effect on the outcome that cannot be measured during one fight. It could be measured by comparing 10 fights where the first healer was present with 10 with the second was not, though such experiment would be quite hard to make.
The McDonalds employee who packs 2x more hamburgers is 2x better than the other employee. The university professor who does 2x more lectures is definitely not 2x better (often not even better at all) than his collegue.
What's the point? Use meters on low-end jobs (spam this or that) and use individual evaluation for high-end jobs. It applies both to WoW and real life.
And yes, it's pretty possible that 4 good spammers could heal Naxx25, while 4 clones of me not, just like most professors create hamburgers slower than McDonalds employees. That's exactly why people geared up grinding 5 mans with 0 raiding experience can be terrible to raiding guilds. The poor guy have to forget the thinking that made him good in 5-man speedruns.


text:
by Wyn Lydecker
Many of us believe that our emotions can make us weak. But did
you know that you can use your emotions to give you power over stress, and in
the process, improve your health? This surprising news was unveiled by former U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy
at a symposium in Philadelphia sponsored by Leonard
Davis Institute of Health Economics at the University of Pennsylvania. "This is what
science tells us," Dr. Murthy said in an interview with Patti Williams, a
professor of marketing at the Wharton School.
emotions enable us to perform better and makes us resilient. Chronic stress, on
the other hand, is a form of pain that can harm us physically and lead to illness.
When felt over
long periods, stress creates high levels of cortisol in the bloodstream, which
can increase the risk of heart attacks, cancer, Alzheimer's, and other illnesses. Murthy said that as
a nation we need to work on reducing chronic stress so that we can raise the
level of wellness.
He cited two
practices that can help us reduce stress and become healthier:
1. Practicing
gratitude: simply writing down three good things that happen each day can raise
the feelings of happiness
2. Feeling
socially connected: building social ties in your community.
Murthy noted that we all need to
work on social connectedness because loneliness is becoming an epidemic in our
country. Since the 1980s, the percentage of people who say they are lonely has
doubled from 20 percent to 40 percent.
In fact, an article in the
Washington Post said that the feeling of isolation has become a worse health
hazard than smoking or obesity, putting lonely people at greater risk for
illness. Psychologist Steve Cole and his colleagues at the UCLA School of
Medicine, along with collaborators at the University of California at Davis and
the University of Chicago, have been conducting research to learn why. They've
discovered that social isolation changes our health at the cellular level, increasing
the activity of genes responsible for inflammation, while dampening the
activity of genes that produce antibodies to fight infection.
How to Get Out and Get Connected
We're fortunate in Darien to have many
organizations that provide easy and fun ways to meet people and socialize. A
quick look at the At Home In Darien monthly newsletter shows dozens of group activities
– from walking at Selleck's Wood to lectures about World War II at the Mather
Community Center. The Darien Community Association also offers interest groups
and luncheons, as well as providing a home for the Darien Men's Association
with its own weekly lectures and other special interest activities. Houses of
worship, nonprofits, and the local YMCA and YWCA provide countless ways to join
a community, attend activities, do volunteer work, and get exercise in social
The Darien Library hosts 1,400
programs each year including armchair yoga, free screenings of films, a short
story discussion group, a Senior Moments monthly coffee and conversation group,
lectures, and hands-on workshops. Mallory Arents, Director of Adult Programming
said, "Over and over again we hear from our seniors that they're looking for
two different things when attending an event at the Library: 1. To massage
their intellectual curiosity, and 2. To feel connected to the community."
If you cannot drive, At Home In Darien
can provide transportation to any local activity or event in our town car or
accessible minivan. Volunteer drivers are also available after-hours.
Friendly Callers
For people who cannot go out, At
Home In Darien offers other ways to be socially connected: Friendly Visitors, Friendly
Shoppers, and a just-launched Friendly Caller program, in which volunteer
callers are matched with seniors who would like to receive regular phone calls.
Peter Sosnow is one of those
callers. He has worked in health care his whole life, and when he was a child,
he went on home visits with his grandmother, who was a home health aide. "When
I heard about At Home In Darien and this new program, I knew it was something I
could do," said Peter. "It's rare today to have an uninterrupted conversation
on the phone. Seniors have so much to offer. They give me a different
Debbie Evans, another Friendly
Caller, said, "It's incredible. When I talk with the senior I'm paired with, I'm
connected to another world. It works the same way for her. She has a very quiet
life, and she says she enjoys hearing about my life and my family. The more you
learn about someone, the more you can share."
Debbie said it's not hard to
imagine what it would be like to be by yourself. And a phone call can make a
very big difference for someone who has limited ability to get out. "It's
two-way. Both the volunteer and the senior benefit."
To learn how you can get involved
with the Friendly Caller Program or to find out about other community programs,
call At Home In Darien at (203)
655-2227 or visit the website at: www.AtHomeInDarien.org.
This article first appeared in the "Out and About" newsletter. Wyn Lydecker was a founding board member of At Home In Darien. She is the co-author (with Ed "Skip" McLaughlin) of a book on
entrepreneurship, "The Purpose Is Profit."


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Pa. Official Proposes Prison Construction Freeze
HARRISBURG, Pa. — Pennsylvania Auditor General Jack Wagner has proposed a freeze on new prison construction and reducing the number of inmates to save the cash-strapped state $350 million over the next four years.
To reduce the prison population, Wagner is asking Gov. Tom Corbett and the General Assembly to implement several reforms, including the release of non-violent offenders and better use of an alternative-sentencing program. Providing halfway housing, drug abuse counseling, and more leniency for minor parole violations instead of incarcerating offenders would save the state $50 million next year alone, said Wagner.
Wagner noted that 39 percent of Pennsylvania's prison population is composed of non-violent offenders at a cost that has tripled over the past 30 years. If the state finds ways to provide offenders more opportunities on the outside, it will save money on inmate housing and eliminate the need to build additional correctional space.
Pennsylvania had the fastest-growing prison population in the country in 2009, a result, according to Wagner, of tougher sentencing guidelines for non-violent crimes, and the state's prison population has increased by 524 percent over the past 30 years. According to the state-sponsored Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, the primary cause for the increase was the introduction of mandatory minimums for certain types of drug crimes.


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Yamashita "Golden Bait" squids are the highest quality on the market today. Here in the Pacific Northwest they are the standard in the fishing industry. They are not only manufactured from the highest quality materials but also have the best colors.
The Needlefish are a narrow slim design to imitate our Northwest candlefish.
These squids are 4 1/4 inches long and come 5 in a package.


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We have built our reputation on providing quality short-term rentals with superior customer services, so congratulations – you have just taken the first step to a terrific stay with us! We specialize in renting the right home to the right guest and have with the experience and team in place to help insure your complete satisfaction with our personalized services.
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We look forward to hearing from you and delivering a level of service exceeding your expectations.


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Q & A with Karl Bartos on the Mini Composer iPhone app
Composers make songs, artists make paintings and developers make games. So what is The Mini Composer? Is it Mr Bartos latest single released as an app? Or is it an yet another iPhone synth instrument? Thinking outside the box – it's something in between – it's a digital sonic experience.
What it offers is a 16 note polyphonic matrix sequencer, freely programmable and a preprogrammed beat. There are 4 presents that controls the synth sound (sine, square, saw & triangle) and slap back delay, sequencer tempo and a Kraftwerk inspired beat. Or more correctly a beat by Karl Bartos! All presented with some symbolic graphics that could be recognized as Bartos trade mark by now.
To find out more about the Mini Composer we asked Karl Bartos some questions:
Q: The Mini Composer seem to be a bit limited and constrained to be a full featured instrument, but then it's not just remixing your songs. To us it appears you found something in between – a sonic experience. Tell us about the thinking behind the Mini Composer!
Karl Bartos: Jean-Marc Lederman brought up the idea to make a contribution to the iPhone app playground and he took me by surprise when he already found the fantastic Professor Masayuki Akamatsu from Japan.
I was always fond of the rigid mathematical grace of the first drum machines and we combined the idea of the beat box with an old fashioned sequencer matrix plus the four basic soundwaves. No big deal, just a little idea made from us with fun and devotion for people to play with. We took the pictograms from my record "Communication" to bring in that corporated identity as well. So, in the end it was a collaboration in virtual space between the three of us living in Japan, Belgium and Germany. Finally when we were about to release it, the tragic disaster happened in Japan and we were happy to include that donation link. That made sense and gave it an additional meaning.
Q: What's your take on the developments of pocket calculator like devices turning into musical instruments like iPhones and Androids but also Gameboy and Korg Monotron. What are your favorite music related apps?
KB: I look at the programmers/artists like Masayuki with admiration – I would never be able to do that. Anyway, the devices used for production and reproduction of sound are getting smaller and smaller, don't you think? So, maybe in the end they are going to disappear completely?
Q: The beat sounds like from a vintage drum machine. It's not a Maestro Rhythm King or a Vox Percussion King is it?
KB: That's top secret! All I can say is that Jean-Marc and myself have edited the sounds together after years of research and at the cost of great privations 😮
The app is for free but you are encouraged to donate to Japans earthquake and tsunami relief. The request feel very natural as one of the creators is Masayuki Akamatsu from Japan and considering the theme of the first album Kraftwerk Mr Bartos contributed to (Radio Activity).
Here's a session where Karl jams on 4 iPhones:
By the way, don´t forget to stop by our new Fanpage >>
One Response to "Q & A with Karl Bartos on the Mini Composer iPhone app"
Tracks: January 21st, 2013 on January 21st, 2013 4:39 pm
[…] somewhat brings to mind 16-bit video game scores. (Odd tidbit I just discovered: Lederman recently worked on an iPhone sequencer with none other than Karl […]


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Richard Wiseman at TAM 6
Wednesday, September 29th, 2010A few years ago psychologist and author Richard Wiseman gave a fun talk at TAM 6. I just came across a reposted video of it courtesy of the fine people at the JREF:
Richard Wiseman Spoon Bending at TAM 6 from JREF on Vimeo.
It includes a discussion of Wiseman's cool "Colour Changing Card Trick" video, which I apparently missed the first time around, though it's been viewed about 4 million times on YouTube. Anyway, here's that; it's only about 3 minutes long, so if you haven't seen it and don't want to commit to the full 46 minutes for the above talk, at least check this out:


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© 2004 Technical support


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Waskatenau Lighting Installations
The lighting in your Waskatenau home or business is more important than you might give it credit for. A lack of proper lighting can make your home feel sterile, cold and uncomfortable. When a business doesn't give much thought to how its lighting is designed, they may not be so inclined to see what you have to offer.
If your lighting isn't doing your Waskatenau home or business justice, then calling Ty-wire Electric LTD. to find out what you can do to improve it is really worth your while. Lighting is an important aspect of interior design because it enhances the esthetic appeal and creates the mood and atmosphere of any space. And, like any project that involves electricity, when you are ready to upgrade your home or business's current lighting, you are going need to get a licensed and insured electrician to make sure the installation is a success.
Ty-wire Electric LTD.'s skilled and fully certified electricians have successfully completed thousands of lighting installations for residential and commercial clients all over the Waskatenau area. Thanks to all of our experience completing residential and commercial lighting installations, we are very comfortable working on projects of any size or scope. All you need to do is give Ty-wire Electric LTD. a call today, tell us what you have in mind or what you don't like about your current lighting and we'll provide you with a free estimate on our installation services.
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Whether you need additional exterior lighting, a redesign of your interior lighting or accent lighting to highlight your home or business, Ty-wire Electric LTD.'s expert electricians will be available to assist you every step of the way. From the initial design to future maintenance, our primary objective is to make sure all of our clients, residential and commercial, know that they can depend on us no matter what they need. And when you have installed as many different lighting systems as we have, the professional advice we are sitting on is expansive. So, if you have a question about what we can do for your home or business's needs, don't hesitate to ask us.
Custom Lighting Installations
Ty-wire Electric LTD. understands and appreciates that no two homes or businesses are exactly the same. This means that going in to a lighting installation with preconceived notions of what you need can be counterproductive. We approach every installation as a custom job as means of making sure all your lighting needs are being met.
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For all your lighting installation needs, Ty-wire Electric LTD. is here to help you make your residential or commercial property more energy efficient and beautiful with our professional expertise.


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Last Thursday's organizational meeting at City Hall was fairly banal as far as politics goes. That was until it was time to elect a new council president.
The night is typically devoted to the newly re-elected or elected officials who are sworn into office who then make some comments, but two years ago it was anything but ordinary, as the council made drastic moves on a night usually reserved for pomp and circumstance as well as the election of a new council president and council secretary.
There was nothing unexpected last Thursday with the exception of the bizarre motion by Councilwoman Margaret Pillas that former City Manager Dennis Dare, the top vote-getter in last week's election, be the new council president. Councilman Brent Ashley seconded the motion, which was quickly declined by Dare. Pillas and Ashley voted to remove Dare as city manager last year because he would not reportedly go along with the direction they wanted the town to head in. Perhaps understanding many would question her motion, wondering why Dare would be fine as council president but not as city manager, Pillas explained her reasoning for nominating Dare.
"My reason is because he got the majority vote," Pillas said. "The citizens who went to vote said he has the experience and I believe that, and I think he would make an excellent president of the council because he comes with over 20 years of service as city manager. The citizens have the faith in him that he can set the agendas and send us in the right direction, and to help us sustain a future and also to break down some debts."
After Dare's public refusal, which followed his private decline, Lloyd Martin was unanimously chosen as the new president followed by the same vote for Mary Knight as secretary.
At last weekend's Hal Glick Distinguished Service Award Gala, there was an ad in the program guide from Seacrets that created quite an early stir. It was a congratulatory ad to award recipient Dr. Leonard Berger and it read, "It's no Seacret that you deserve recognition for all you do for our community. It is a Seacret to what extent your generosity truly extends as we never until tonight hear … 'The rest of the story.' Seacrets owner Leighton Moore delivered on that promise in an emotional speech that served as one of the highlights of the evening to me.
The story dates back to the 80s when Moore owned the Gateway Hotel and Ocean Club on 49th Street and the ocean. In his speech, Moore documented how Berger wanted to purchase the Gateway, which today is home to the sprawling Gateway Grand complex, because his family vacationed there for years. According to Moore, Berger approached him about buying it soon after he purchased the then-Sheraton (now Clarion) in north Ocean City. He said the deal was simple because it revolved around a handshake. Moore quoted a price and Berger agreed, but there was an unexpected holdup late in the transaction. It involved a non-compete clause, and Moore could not stomach the five years Berger initially sought. A negotiation took place and it was reduced to one year.
Seacrets later opened as a members-only club on the bay across the highway from the Gateway and Ocean Club, but Moore divulged some information at last Saturday's gala organized to honor Berger that had previously never been publicized.
"I opened up the first year and because of overspending I ran out of money. … The bank was going to take Seacrets, no questions, no doubt. I had been underneath buildings all winter, putting foundations under buildings in Montego Bay to try and get enough money together. Well, I came up short. I had worked hard and somebody was watching. Somebody who paid too much at the time to me because of his love of the Ocean Club and Gateway. So I came to Dr. Berger and he said, 'I know.' He didn't even make me ask. He said, 'you are short $60,000, aren't you?' I said, 'yes' and he offered the check," said Moore, choking up at this point. "Without Dr. Berger, I would have never given anything because I would be broke. That's why I won last year's award and that's what he is. Dr. Berger is more like a dad than my dad and I love him. Thank you, Lenny."


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Drakensang: The River Of Time
RPG prequel in the works at Radon Labs.
Hamburg/Germany, February 17th, 2009 – Hamburg/Germany based publisher dtp entertainment has today confirmed that developer Radon Labs is working on a prequel to the award winning title: The Dark Eye: Drakensang, which has won the "best German RPG 2008" award at the German Developer Awards. Drakensang: The River Of Time is going to tell a new story within the Drakensang universe. The prequel is scheduled to be released on the PC early 2010.
"Fans of Drakensang and RPGs get exactly what they want: A new story in the embosomed Drakensang universe, bringing as much innovations as tried and true game elements", describes Bernd Beyreuther, Creative Director at Radon Labs, Drakensang: The River Of Time.
"We continue the success story of Drakensang. The Dark Eye players can look forward to another precise realization of their favorite RPG system. Those players who will experience The Dark Eye for the first time won't miss a thing and can just start right into the fascinating medieval RPG fantasy scenario of Drakensang: The River Of Time", Markus Windelen, COO of publisher dtp entertainment, adds.
dtp entertainment will soon be releasing more information on Drakensang: The River Of Time.


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Zarrella's Hierarchy of Contagiousness: The Science, Design, and Engineering of Contagious Ideas
by Dan Zarrella
Want to learn how to maximize social media? When to do it, what words to use, who to tweet at? Look no further than Zarrella's Hierarchy of Contagiousness: The Science, Design and Engineering of Contagious Ideas. Social media master Dan Zarrella has amassed years of experience helping people negotiate the often mystical place of social media marketing. Now, he has condensed those well-tried ideas into this concise and conversational book. Zarrella's Hierarchy of Contagiousness demystifies and deconstructs how social media works, who it benefits and why we all depend upon it to help our good ideas spread.
More 2012 Gift Guide Items:
- Do the Work by Steven Pressfield
- Bulb Planting Tools
- Blue Snowball Microphone
- Seagate Backup Plus 500 GB USB 3.0 Portable External Hard Drive
- Logitech C920 HD Web Cam
- We Are All Weird by Seth Godin
- Sunset Western Garden Book – New Edition for 2012
- The Hobbit/The Lord of the Rings
- Garden Mysteries by Anthony Eglin
- The Creative Habit/The Collaborative Habit by Twyla Tharp
- Moleskeine Journals
- Pat Welsh's Southern California Organic Gardening (3rd Edition): Month by Month
- Podcasting for Dummies/Expert Podcasting Practices for Dummies
- Wacom Bamboo Splash Pen Tablet
- Radical Careering by Sally Hogshead
- The $64 Tomato
- Blue Yeti Microphone
- BioLite CampStove/HomeStove
- Getting Things Done by David Allen
- The Curious Gardener
- Anything You Want by Derek Sivers
- GoPro HD HERO 3
- Flower Confidential by Amy Stewart
- The Starfish and the Spider by Orj Brafman and Rod A. Beckstrom
- Microphone Boom Arms
- The Information by James Gleick
- Handy Farm Devices And How To Make Them (1909)