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Petitioner, in support of his insanity defense to a bank robbery charge, offered expert testimony, and the Government offered expert and lay testimony in rebuttal. Before the case was submitted to the jury, the District Court denied a motion for acquittal. The jury found petitioner guilty as charged, and thereafter his motion for a new trial on the ground that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict was denied. The Court of Appeals, holding that the Government had failed to rebut petitioner's proof as to insanity, reversed and remanded to the District Court to determine whether a directed verdict of acquittal should be entered or a new trial ordered, citing, inter alia, as authority for such a remand 28 U.S.C. 2106, which authorizes federal appellate courts to remand a cause and "direct the entry of such appropriate judgment, decree, or order, or require such further proceedings to be had as may be just under the circumstances." Held: The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment precludes a second trial once the reviewing court has found the evidence insufficient to sustain the jury's verdict of guilty, and the only "just" remedy available for that court under 28 U.S.C. 2106 is the entry of a judgment of acquittal. Pp. 5-18.
BURGER, C. J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which all other Members joined except BLACKMUN, J., who took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Bart C. Durham III argued the cause and filed briefs for petitioner.
Frank H. Easterbrook argued the cause for the United States pro hac vice. With him on the brief were Acting Solicitor General Friedman, Assistant Attorney General Civiletti, and Michael W. Farrell.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER delivered the opinion of the Court.
We granted certiorari to resolve the question of whether an accused may be subjected to a second trial when conviction in a prior trial was reversed by an appellate court solely for lack of sufficient evidence to sustain the jury's verdict.
Petitioner Burks was tried in the United States District Court for the crime of robbing a federally insured bank by use of a dangerous weapon, a violation of 18 U.S.C. 2113 (d) (1976 ed.). Burks' principal defense was insanity. To prove this [437 U.S. 1, 3] claim petitioner produced three expert witnesses who testified, albeit with differing diagnoses of his mental condition, that he suffered from a mental illness at the time of the robbery, which rendered him substantially incapable of conforming his conduct to the requirements of the law. In rebuttal the Government offered the testimony of two experts, one of whom testified that although petitioner possessed a character disorder, he was not mentally ill. The other prosecution witness acknowledged a character disorder in petitioner, but gave a rather ambiguous answer to the question of whether Burks had been capable of conforming his conduct to the law. Lay witnesses also testified for the Government, expressing their opinion that petitioner appeared to be capable of normal functioning and was sane at the time of the alleged offense.
Before the case was submitted to the jury, the court denied a motion for a judgment of acquittal. The jury found Burks guilty as charged. Thereafter, he filed a timely motion for a new trial, maintaining, among other things, that "[t]he evidence was insufficient to support the verdict." The motion was denied by the District Court, which concluded that petitioner's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence was "utterly without merit." 1
On appeal petitioner narrowed the issues by admitting the affirmative factual elements of the charge against him, leaving only his claim concerning criminal responsibility to be resolved. With respect to this point, the Court of Appeals agreed with petitioner's claim that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict and reversed his conviction. 547 F.2d 968 (CA6 1976). The court began by noting that "the government has the burden of proving sanity [beyond a reasonable doubt] once a prima facie defense of insanity has been raised." 2 Id., [437 U.S. 1, 4] at 969. Petitioner had met his obligation, the court indicated, by presenting "the specific testimony of three experts with unchallenged credentials." Id., at 970. But the reviewing court went on to hold that the United States had not fulfilled its burden since the prosecution's evidence with respect to Burks' mental condition, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the Government, did not "effectively rebu[t]" petitioner's proof with respect to insanity and criminal responsibility. Ibid. In particular, the witnesses presented by the prosecution failed to "express definite opinions on the precise questions which this Court has identified as critical in cases involving the issue of sanity." Ibid.
At this point, the Court of Appeals, rather than terminating the case against petitioner, remanded to the District Court "for a determination of whether a directed verdict of acquittal should be entered or a new trial ordered." Ibid. Indicating that the District Court should choose the appropriate course "from a balancing of the equities," ibid., the court explicitly adopted the procedures utilized by the Fifth Circuit in United States v. Bass, 490 F.2d 846, 852-853 (1974), "as a guide" to be used on remand:
The United States has not cross-petitioned for certiorari on the question of whether the Court of Appeals was correct in holding that the Government had failed to meet its burden of proof with respect to the claim of insanity. Accordingly, that issue is not open for review here. Given this posture, we are squarely presented with the question of whether a defendant may be tried a second time when a reviewing court has determined that in a prior trial the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict of the jury. 4
Petitioner's argument is straightforward. He contends that the Court of Appeals' holding was nothing more or less than a decision that the District Court had erred by not granting his motion for a judgment of acquittal. By implication, he argues, the appellate reversal was the operative equivalent of a district court's judgment of acquittal, entered either before or after verdict. Petitioner points out, however, that had the District Court found the evidence at the first trial inadequate, as the Court of Appeals said it should have done, a second trial would violate the Double Jeopardy Clause of the [437 U.S. 1, 6] Fifth Amendment. Therefore, he maintains, it makes no difference that the determination of evidentiary insufficiency was made by a reviewing court since the double jeopardy considerations are the same, regardless of which court decides that a judgment of acquittal is in order.
The position advanced by petitioner has not been embraced by our prior holdings. Indeed, as the Court of Appeals here recognized, Bryan v. United States, supra, would appear to be contrary. In Bryan the defendant was convicted in the District Court for evasion of federal income tax laws. Bryan had moved for a judgment of acquittal both at the close of the Government's case and when all of the evidence had been presented. After the verdict was returned he renewed these motions, but asked - in the alternative - for a new trial. These motions were all denied. The Court of Appeals reversed the conviction on the specific ground that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict and remanded the case for a new trial. Certiorari was then granted to determine whether the Court of Appeals had properly ordered a new trial, or whether it should have entered a judgment of acquittal. In affirming the Court of Appeals, this Court decided, first, that the Court of Appeals had statutory authority, under 28 U.S.C. 2106, to direct a new trial. But Bryan had also maintained that notwithstanding 2106 a retrial was prohibited by the Double Jeopardy Clause, a contention which was dismissed in one paragraph:
Concurring in the Sapir judgment, which directed the dismissal of the indictment, Mr. Justice Douglas indicated his basis for reversal:
Three years later in Forman v. United States, 361 U.S. 416 (1960), the Court again treated these questions. There a conviction was reversed by the Court of Appeals due to an improper instruction to the jury, i. e., trial error, as opposed to evidentiary insufficiency. Although the petitioner in Forman had moved both for a new trial and judgment of acquittal, he argued that a new trial would not be appropriate relief since he had requested a judgment of acquittal with respect to the specific trial error on which this Court agreed with the Court of Appeals. Without distinguishing between a reversal due to trial error and reversal resulting solely from evidentiary [437 U.S. 1, 9] insufficiency, this Court held that a new trial did not involve double jeopardy:
The Court's holdings in this area, beginning with Bryan, can hardly be characterized as models of consistency and clarity. Bryan seemingly stood for the proposition that an appellate court could order whatever relief was "appropriate" [437 U.S. 1, 10] or "equitable," regardless of what considerations prompted reversal. A somewhat different course was taken by the concurrence in Sapir, where it was suggested that a reversal for evidentiary insufficiency would require a judgment of acquittal unless the defendant had requested a new trial. Yates, on the contrary, implied that new trials could be ordered to cure prior inadequacies of proof even when the defendant had not so moved. While not completely resolving these ambiguities, Forman suggested that a reviewing court could go beyond the relief requested by a defendant and order a new trial under some circumstances. In discussing Sapir, however, the Forman Court intimated that a different result might follow if the conviction was reversed for evidentiary insufficiency and the defendant had not requested a new trial.
After the Bryan-Forman line of decisions at least one proposition emerged: A defendant who requests a new trial as one avenue of relief may be required to stand trial again, even when his conviction was reversed due to failure of proof at the first trial. Given that petitioner here appealed from a denial of a motion for a new trial - although he had moved for acquittal during trial - our prior cases would seem to indicate that the Court of Appeals had power to remand on the terms it ordered. To reach a different result will require a departure from those holdings.
It is unquestionably true that the Court of Appeals' decision "represente[d] a resolution, correct or not, of some or all of the factual elements of the offense charged." United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 U.S. 564, 571 (1977). By deciding that the Government had failed to come forward with sufficient proof of petitioner's capacity to be responsible for criminal acts, that court was clearly saying that Burks' criminal culpability had not been established. If the District Court had so held in the first instance, as the reviewing court said it should have done, a judgment of acquittal would have [437 U.S. 1, 11] been entered 5 and, of course, petitioner could not be retried for the same offense. See Fong Foo v. United States, 369 U.S. 141 (1962); Kepner v. United States, 195 U.S. 100 (1904). Consequently, as Mr. Justice Douglas correctly perceived in Sapir, it should make no difference that the reviewing court, rather than the trial court, determined the evidence to be insufficient, see 348 U.S., at 374 . The appellate decision unmistakably meant that the District Court had erred in failing to grant a judgment of acquittal. To hold otherwise would create a purely arbitrary distinction between those in petitioner's position and others who would enjoy the benefit of a correct decision by the District Court. See Sumpter v. DeGroote, 552 F.2d 1206, 1211-1212 (CA7 1977).
The Double Jeopardy Clause forbids a second trial for the purpose of affording the prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to muster in the first proceeding. 6 This is central to the objective of the prohibition against successive trials. The Clause does not allow "the State . . . to make repeated attempts to convict an individual for an alleged offense," since "[t]he constitutional prohibition against `double jeopardy' was designed to protect an individual from being subjected to the hazards of trial and possible conviction more than once for an alleged offense." Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 187 (1957); see Serfass v. United States, 420 U.S. 377, 387 -388 (1975); United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 479 (1971). [437 U.S. 1, 12]
Nonetheless, as the discussion in Part II, supra, indicates, our past holdings do not appear consistent with what we believe the Double Jeopardy Clause commands. A close reexamination of those precedents, however, persuades us that they have not properly construed the Clause, and accordingly should no longer be followed.
Reconsideration must begin with Bryan v. United States. The brief and somewhat cursory examination of the double jeopardy issue there was limited to stating that "`where the accused successfully seeks review of a conviction, there is no double jeopardy upon a new trial,'" 338 U.S., at 560 , citing Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber, 329 U.S. 459, 462 (1947), and Trono v. United States, 199 U.S. 521, 533 -534 (1905). These two cited authorities, which represent the totality of the Court's analysis, add little, if anything, toward resolving the double jeopardy problem presented by Bryan. Resweber involved facts completely unrelated to evidentiary insufficiency. There, in what were admittedly "unusual circumstances," 329 U.S., at 461 , the Court decided that a State would be allowed another chance to carry out the execution of one properly convicted and under sentence of death after an initial attempted electrocution failed due to some mechanical difficulty. In passing, the opinion stated: "But where the accused successfully seeks review of a conviction, there is no double jeopardy upon a new trial. United States v. Ball, 163 U.S. 662, 672 ." Id., at 462. Trono made a similar comment, citing Ball for the proposition that "if the judgment of conviction be reversed on [the defendant's] own appeal, he cannot avail himself of the once-in-jeopardy provision as a bar to a new trial of the offense for which he was convicted." 199 U.S., at 533 -534. 7 [437 U.S. 1, 13]
The common ancestor of these statements in Resweber and Trono, then, is United States v. Ball, which provides a logical starting point for unraveling the conceptual confusion arising from Bryan and the cases which have followed in its wake. This is especially true since Ball appears to represent the first instance in which this Court considered in any detail the double jeopardy implications of an appellate reversal. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 719 -720 (1969).
Ball came before the Court twice, the first occasion being on writ of error from federal convictions for murder. On this initial review, those defendants who had been found guilty obtained a reversal of their convictions due to a fatally defective indictment. On remand after appeal, the trial court dismissed the flawed indictment and proceeded to retry the defendants on a new indictment. They were again convicted and the defendants came once more to this Court, arguing that their second trial was barred because of former jeopardy. The Court rejected this plea in a brief statement:
We have no doubt that Ball was correct in allowing a new trial to rectify trial error:
Various rationales have been advanced to support the policy of allowing retrial to correct trial error, 9 but in our view the most reasonable justification is that advanced by Tateo, supra, at 466:
The same cannot be said when a defendant's conviction has been overturned due to a failure of proof at trial, in which case the prosecution cannot complain of prejudice, for it has been given one fair opportunity to offer whatever proof it could assemble. 10 Moreover, such an appellate reversal means that the government's case was so lacking that it should not have even been submitted to the jury. Since we necessarily afford absolute finality to a jury's verdict of acquittal - no matter how erroneous its decision - it is difficult to conceive how society has any greater interest in retrying a defendant when, on review, it is decided as a matter of law that the jury could not properly have returned a verdict of guilty.
The importance of a reversal on grounds of evidentiary insufficiency for purposes of inquiry under the Double Jeopardy Clause is underscored by the fact that a federal court's role in deciding whether a case should be considered by the jury is quite limited. Even the trial court, which has heard the testimony of witnesses firsthand, is not to weigh the evidence or assess the credibility of witnesses when it judges the merits of a motion for acquittal. See United States v. Wolfenbarger, 426 F.2d 992, 994 (CA6 1970); United States v. Nelson, 419 F.2d 1237, 1241 (CA9 1969); McClard v. United States, 386 F.2d 495, 497 (CA8 1968); Curley v. United States, 81 U.S. App. D.C. 389, 392, 160 F.2d 229, 232-233, cert. denied, 331 U.S. 837 (1947). The prevailing rule has long been that a district judge is to submit a case to the jury if the evidence and inferences therefrom most favorable to the prosecution would warrant the jury's finding the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See C. Wright, Federal Practice and [437 U.S. 1, 17] Procedure 467, pp. 259-260 (1969); e. g., Powell v. United States, 135 U.S. App. D.C. 254, 257, 418 F.2d 470, 473 (1969); Crawford v. United States, 126 U.S. App. D.C. 156, 158, 375 F.2d 332, 334 (1967). Obviously a federal appellate court applies no higher a standard; rather, it must sustain the verdict if there is substantial evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Government, to uphold the jury's decision. See Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942). While this is not the appropriate occasion to re-examine in detail the standards for appellate reversal on grounds of insufficient evidence, it is apparent that such a decision will be confined to cases where the prosecution's failure is clear. 11 Given the requirements for entry of a judgment of acquittal. the purposes of the Clause would be negated were we to afford the government an opportunity for the proverbial "second bite at the apple."
In our view it makes no difference that a defendant has sought a new trial as one of his remedies, or even as the sole remedy. It cannot be meaningfully said that a person "waives" his right to a judgment of acquittal by moving for a new trial. See Green v. United States, 355 U.S., at 191 -198. Moreover, as Forman, 361 U.S., at 425 , has indicated, an appellate court is authorized by 2106 to "go beyond the particular relief sought" in order to provide that relief which [437 U.S. 1, 18] would be "just under the circumstances." Since we hold today that the Double Jeopardy Clause precludes a second trial once the reviewing court has found the evidence legally insufficient, the only "just" remedy available for that court is the direction of a judgment of acquittal. To the extent that our prior decisions suggest that by moving for a new trial, a defendant waives his right to a judgment of acquittal on the basis of evidentiary insufficiency, those cases are overruled.
Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[ Footnote 2 ] Although the Court of Appeals did not cite Davis v. United States, 160 U.S. 469 (1895), that decision would require this allocation of burdens.
[ Footnote 3 ] Title 28 U.S.C. 2106 provides:
[ Footnote 4 ] There is no claim in this case that the trial court committed error by excluding prosecution evidence which, if received, would have rebutted any claim of evidentiary insufficiency.
[ Footnote 5 ] When a district court determines, at the close of either side's case, that the evidence is insufficient, it "shall order the entry of [a] judgment of acquittal . . . ." Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 29; see C. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure 462, p. 245 (1969).
[ Footnote 6 ] We recognize that under the terms of the remand in this case the District Court might very well conclude, after "a balancing of the equities," that a second trial should not be held. Nonetheless, where the Double Jeopardy Clause is applicable, its sweep is absolute. There are no "equities" to be balanced, for the Clause has declared a constitutional policy, based on grounds which are not open to judicial examination.
[ Footnote 7 ] Trono arose from a murder prosecution in the Philippines. After a nonjury trial the defendants were acquitted of the crime of murder, but were convicted of the lesser included offense of assault. They appealed to the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands, which reversed [437 U.S. 1, 13] the judgment and entered convictions for murder, increasing their sentences as well. This Court affirmed, although "it seems apparent that a majority of the Court was unable to agree on any common ground for the conclusion that an appeal of a lesser offense destroyed a defense of a former jeopardy on a greater offense for which the defendant had already been acquitted." Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 187 (1957). Green expressly confined the Trono decision to "its peculiar factual setting," namely, an interpretation of a "statutory provision against double jeopardy pertaining to the Philippine Islands." 355 U.S., at 187 ; see Price v. Georgia, 398 U.S. 323, 327 -328, n. 3 (1970).
[ Footnote 8 ] Hopt v. Utah, 120 U.S. 430 (1887), was the last of four appeals by a defendant from a murder conviction in the Territory of Utah. On the first three appeals the convictions were reversed and new trials ordered because of trial errors, e. g., improper instruction, 104 U.S. 631 (1882); absence of the accused during a portion of the trial, improper hearsay testimony received, and prejudicial instruction, 110 U.S. 574 (1884); and inadequate record due to failure to record jury instructions, 114 U.S. 488 (1885). No claim of evidentiary insufficiency was sustained by the Court, and indeed no discussion of double jeopardy appears. Commonwealth v. Gould, 78 Mass. 171 (1858), was a state case in which a defendant was ordered tried on a superseding indictment, after the original indictment had been challenged. Finally, in the English case, Queen v. Drury, 3 Cox Crim. Cas. 544, 175 Eng. Rep. 516 (Q. B. 1849), the defendants had been given an improper sentence after being found guilty at a trial to which no other error was assigned. The court allowed a retrial, saying:
[ Footnote 9 ] It has been suggested, for example, that an appeal from a conviction amounts to a "waiver" of double jeopardy protections, see Trono v. United States, 199 U.S. 521, 533 (1905); but see Green, supra, at 191-198; or that the appeal somehow continues the jeopardy which attached at the first trial, see Price v. Georgia, supra, at 326; but see Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 534 (1975).
[ Footnote 10 ] In holding the evidence insufficient to sustain guilt, an appellate court determines that the prosecution has failed to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See American Tobacco Co. v. United States, 328 U.S. 781, 787 n. 4 (1946).
[ Footnote 11 ] When the basic issue before the appellate court concerns the sufficiency of the Government's proof of a defendant's sanity (as it did here), a reviewing court should be most wary of disturbing the jury verdict:
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Citation: 437 U.S. 1
Docket No: No. 76-6528
Argued: November 28, 1977
Decided: June 14, 1978
Court: United States Supreme Court
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Intel Haswell Architecture Disclosure: Live Blog
by Anand Lal Shimpi on September 11, 2012 1:27 PM EST- Posted in
- IT Computing
- CPUs
- Intel
- Haswell
- Trade Shows
02:28PM - And we're done! We'll be working on a deeper Haswell architecture piece over the next couple of days.
02:27PM - Intel isn't disclosing exact details on what aspects of voltage regulation have been integrated
02:27PM - But lots of the fine grained control on client Haswell platforms we'll see in servers
02:27PM - Not going into detail on the Haswell server product today
02:27PM - Haswell will include far more power gates on the platform level
02:26PM - Haswell integrates some but not all of the voltage regulation so Intel can do more fine grained control of the pieces inside the die
02:25PM - Sidenote: it's always hilarious to see how many Intel OEMs and competitors end up in these tech insight sessions
02:25PM - TSX support coming in Linux and Windows
02:23PM - Time for Q&A
02:22PM - Piazza on Haswell GPU: "this is certainly not the end"
02:21PM - Nearing the end - Summary time
02:21PM - In the past only had two concurrent engines: codec and imaging/scale/composite, now you can do more in parallel as long as there's enough bandwidth to sustain
02:20PM - Now there are three concurrent video engines: codec, imaging and scale/composition
02:19PM - Hardware image stabilization is new in Haswell
02:18PM - Moved some video processing stuff off the EU array into a dedicated video quality engine
02:15PM - 4Kx2K video acceleration is supported
02:15PM - Usages: video serving, multi-party video conferencing
02:14PM - Introducing hardware based SVC codec, can encode once and playback at multiple resolutions
02:13PM - Higher encode quality, faster Quick Sync with GT3
02:13PM - Now talking about Haswell video processing
02:11PM - GT3 seems to double everything
02:11PM - Half a terabyte of internal bandwidth between compute and cache
02:10PM - Doubled the performance of most of the fixed function units for normal rendering on the GT3 part
02:09PM - Added a resource streamer at the front end, offloads some driver work which helps the CPU go to sleep so the GPU can do work on behalf of the driver instead of the CPU
02:08PM - Independent voltage/frequency domains for CPU, ring and GPU now?
02:08PM - CPUs can run at low voltage/low frequency, but the GPU can now pull the ring up to feed the engines without pulling up the CPU voltage/frequency
02:08PM - Haswell totally decouples the ring from the CPU
02:08PM - There's now a GT3 part
02:07PM - Haswell GPU architecture is similar to IVB, Broadwell will likely be different
02:05PM - Tom Piazza is on the stage
02:04PM - Now on to graphics innovations
02:04PM - One hour session tomorrow on TSX, hmm I hope it doesn't conflict with another major event...
02:03PM - Hardware can then attempt to extract parallelism with concurrent memory accesses
02:03PM - TSX allows the developer to give hints about concurrent accesses
02:03PM - But what if you have two threads accessing the same table but are updating completely independent things?
02:02PM - Normally when you have many cores working on the same data structure, you typically have one thread handle updates and lock the structure for everything else
02:01PM - Now talking about Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX)
02:01PM - This will benefit AVX2 code as well as on legacy code as well
02:01PM - Also doubled bandwidth at L2 cache, went from 1 read of the L2 every other clock cycle to a read every clock cycle
01:59PM - This is for the L1 data cache
01:59PM - Can also do a write of the cache as well, 2 reads + 1 write at 256bits wide
01:59PM - Can now do a 256-bit load, AVX load, with a single read of the cache - and two ports
01:58PM - Same sizes L1/L2 caches as SNB/IVB
01:58PM - Whenever we double the FLOPS like we did here, you need to double the capability to feed those units
01:57PM - A bunch of new vector and scalar instructions
01:56PM - 4x the peak FP throughput of Nehalem
01:56PM - Since Haswell can do 2 FMAs every cycle per core
01:55PM - AVX2 doubles peak FP throughput of Haswell
01:54PM - Ooh: even deeper dive on Haswell microarchitecture later today
01:54PM - L2 TLB is bigger
01:53PM - We now have the ability to do two FP multiply-adds every cycle
01:53PM - Added another integer ALU, can now execute 2 branches per cycle, another store address port, can do 2 loads and a store every cycle
01:53PM - Haswell adds port 6 and 7, up to 8 ops every cycle
01:53PM - Nehalem/SNB could execute 6 ops every cycle, port 0 - 5
01:52PM - Improved branch prediction
01:52PM - Increasing size of buffers internally, giving us larger OoO window
01:52PM - Now it's time to talk about Haswell CPU microarchitecture
01:51PM - A lot of focus on improving overall platform power, not just the CPU/SoC
01:50PM - Haswell adds more low power IO: I2C, SDIO, I2S, UART
01:50PM - Panel self refresh is supported (if the image doesn't change, display just keeps displaying the same image, rest of the platform goes to sleep)
01:49PM - Worked on increasing efficiency of voltage regulators
01:49PM - To meet the power goals Intel worked with OEMs to give power budgets for main components in the rest of the system
01:48PM - This is how you achieve the 20x platform idle power improvement
01:48PM - We can work with our friends at the process manufacturing side, adapt the process to give us a recipe to fit the processor/die perfectly
01:48PM - Even deeper C-states, can transition between C-states up to 25% faster
01:48PM - Power delivery system is much more fine grained in delivering power to only the pieces that need to be on
01:47PM - That link is optimized for the lowest energy per transfer possible
01:47PM - The link between the CPU and the chipset has been optimized for power, depending on which Haswell part you get
01:47PM - Finer grained voltage/frequency control
01:47PM - Haswell extends the turbo range a little bit
01:46PM - Haswell platform is almost always in this new S0ix active idle state with instant resume
01:45PM - It sounds like Haswell remains in S0 but can quickly transition to active idle, allowing you to get the best of both worlds
01:45PM - "Transparent to well written software"
01:45PM - The hardware does this automatically, continuous, fine grained
01:45PM - Transition times are a lot shorter between high and low power states
01:45PM - This is where we get improvements in platform idle, and battery life
01:44PM - OS thinks the SoC is active, but you get idle power characteristics and can transition between active and idle very quickly
01:44PM - Added completely new set of idle states: S0ix
01:43PM - In the same level of system responsiveness, the system power has come down - transition times to lower power states are quicker now as well
01:43PM - In Haswell, we have worked in making power efficiency/power for active be much better
01:42PM - And you transition between the two, active state was in watts, idle states go into hundreds of milliwatts
01:42PM - IVB had two major power states: S0 (awake) and S3/S4 (sleep)
01:41PM - When you get into those power levels (8W), you can get into very attractive tablets, and also think about going fanless
01:41PM - We can also have the same graphics performance at half the power
01:41PM - Haswell achieves, at the same power level, we have twice the graphics performance [over IVB]
01:40PM - Now talking about Haswell Power Management
01:40PM - "Haswell adds agility"
01:39PM - Active power: from tablet to desktop
01:39PM - Design points in the past still exist, but adding lower power design points that we never had before
01:38PM - Haswell Modularity: 2 - 4 cores, GT1 - GT3 graphics
01:38PM - The same power enhancements you need to get into tablets actually benefit many core server designs as well
01:35PM - Haswell will go from tablets to servers and everything in between
01:35PM - Today's disclosure will focus on what's new
01:35PM - Haswell Design Philosophy: retain prior SNB/IVB microarchitecture features, Hyper Threading, Turbo Boost, Ring Interconnect
01:34PM - Span of Haswell family is larger than previous architectures
01:34PM - Haswell is a tock, second 22nm CPU but significant change at the platform and architectural level
01:32PM - We're going to get a high level architecture disclosure as well as some indication of what we'll see in client deployments of Haswell
01:31PM - Ronak Singhal, one of the Haswell architects, is talking now
01:30PM - Seats are filling up, we're waiting for the session to begin
42 Comments
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fic2 - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
All the comments and images from 2:09 on are doubled, some even tripled (Firefox 15.01).
I would also have to say the auto-update is annoying as hell. Since it keeps moving the part I was reading around and I would have to find it again.
Nice notes though. -
fic2 - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
Now it seems to be back to single comments. Strange. -
Boogaloo - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
Got doubled comments in the latest chrome too, but refreshing fixes it. Comments that came in after refreshing were doubled again though. -
driscoll42 - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
Perhaps it might be better if the auto-update added new posts to the bottom, so you scrolled through time chronologically as you went down? You wouldn't lose your place and it'd make a bit more sense to read. -
shiznit - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
what happened to the embedded memory? -
tipoo - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
That had excited me too, too bad. -
Samus - Wednesday, September 12, 2012 - link
the changes in microarchitecture have gotten less radical lately...i'm not saying we need another netburst, but this isn't all that different from sandy bridge with the exception of the GPU-related aspect and manufacturing process. -
MrSpadge - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
... wow, you guys must have been serious about some of these statements :D
(seriously, I guess the wifi was probably overloaded and you had to hit "send" repeatedly) -
fic2 - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
"Sidenote: it's always hilarious to see how many Intel OEMs and competitors end up in these tech insight sessions"
Intel has competitors? Did the conference take place in a time portal moving backwards? -
driscoll42 - Tuesday, September 11, 2012 - link
Pretty sure by competitors they meant competitors of Intel OEMs.

subset: commoncrawl


text: TweetElectronic waste is recycled in appalling conditions inBy EditorApril-2019|212Reads|GeneralFor as little as $4 a day Indian workers process dangerous, toxic waste by hand. This unregulated, highly polluting industry is hidden away from eyes of the police. Electronic waste is recycled in appalling conditions in India The world produces 50 million tonnes of electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) per year, according to a recent UN report, but only 20% is formally recycled. Much of the rest ends up in landfill, or is recycled informally in developing nations. India generates more than two million tonnes of e-waste annually, and also imports undisclosed amounts of e-waste from other countries from around the world – including Australia. We visited India to examine these conditions ourselves, and reveal some of the devastating effects e-waste recycling has on workers' health and the environment. Normally, our brain weighs 3 pounds approx., with nearly 100 billion neurons (neurons are information carrying cells). But there is a myth that smarter people should be having bigger brains. In fact, there is no connection between the size of a brain and intelligence. Think of animals with bigger brains; all of those that have bigger brains than humans are not superior to human intelligence. Indian e-waste More than 95% of India's e-waste is processed by a widely distributed network of informal workers of waste pickers. They are often referred to as "kabadiwalas" or "raddiwalas" who collect, dismantle and recycle it and operate outside of any regulated or formal organisational system. Little has changed since India introduced e-waste management legislation in 2016. We visited e-waste dismantlers on Delhi's outskirts. Along the narrow and congested alleyways in Seelampur we encountered hundreds of people, including children, handling different types of electronic waste including discarded televisions, air-conditioners, computers, phones and batteries. Squatting outside shop units they were busy dismantling these products and sorting circuit boards, capacitors, metals and other components (without proper tools, gloves, face masks or suitable footwear) to be sold on to other traders for further recycling. Local people said the waste comes here from all over India. "You should have come here early morning, when the trucks arrive with all the waste," a trolley driver told us. Seelampur is the largest e-waste dismantling market in India. Each day e-waste is dumped by the truckload for thousands of workers using crude methods to extract reusable components and precious metals such as copper, tin, silver, gold, titanium and palladium. The process involves acid burning and open incineration, creating toxic gases with severe health and environmental consequences. Workers come to Seelampur desperate for work. We learned that workers can earn between 200 and 800 rupees (A$4-16) per day. Women and children are paid the least; men who are involved with the extraction of metals and acid-leeching are paid more. Income is linked to how much workers dismantle and the quality of what is extracted. They work 8-10 hours per day, without any apparent regard for their own well-being. We were told by a local government representative that respiratory problems are reportedly common among those working in these filthy smokefilled conditions. Delhi has significant air and water pollution problems that authorities struggle to mitigate. We were surprised to learn that the recycling community does not like to discuss "pollution", so as not to raise concerns that could result in a police raid. When we asked about the burning of e-waste, they denied it takes place. Locals were reluctant to talk to us in any detail. They live in fear that their trade will be shut down during one of the regular police patrols in an attempt to curb Delhi's critical air and water problems. As a result of this fear, e-waste burning and acid washing are often hidden from view in the outskirts of Delhi and the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, or done at night when there is less risk of a police raid. Incidentally, while moving around Seelampur we were shocked to see children playing in drains clogged with dumped waste. During the drier months drains can catch fire, often deliberately lit to reduce waste accumulation After our tour of Seelampur we visited Mandoli, a region near Delhi where we were told e-waste burning takes place. When we arrived and asked about e-waste recycling we were initially met with denials that such places exist. But after some persistence we were directed along narrow, rutted laneways to an industrial area flanked by fortified buildings with large locked metal doors and peephole slots not dissimilar to a prison. We arranged entry to one of these units. Among the swirling clouds of thick, acrid moke, four or so women were burning electrical cables over a coal fire to extract copper and other metals. They were reluctant to talk and very cautious with their replies, but they did tell us they were somewhat aware of the health and environmental implications of the work. We could not stay more than a few minutes in these filthy conditions. As we left we asked an elderly gentleman if people here suffer from asthma or similar conditions. He claimed that deaths due to respiratory problems are common. We also learned that most of these units are illegal and operate at night to avoid detection. Pollution levels are often worse at night and affect the surrounding residential areas and even the prisoners at the nearby Mandoli Jail. We had the luxury of being able to leave after our visit. It is devastating to think of the residents, workers and their children who spend their lives living among this toxic waste and breathing poisonous air. Field trips such as this help illustrate a tragic paradox of e-waste recycling in developed versus developing nations. In Australia and many other advanced industrialised economies, e-waste collection is low and little is recycled. In India, e-waste collection and recycling rates are remarkably high. This is all due to informal recyclers, the kabadiwalas or raddiwalas. They are resourceful enough to extract value at every stage of the recycling process, but this comes with a heavy toll to their health and the environment.


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ABUS EOT crane for dismantling a tunnel boring machine
If you were to pass the picturesque village of Sorbas in the province of Almería in the south of Spain you would have no clue as to the activities going on underground … However, closer inspection would reveal to you that Sorbas is a fascinating site on the new passage of the high-speed train AVE going from Almería to Murcia. The double track line is 185 km long. One of the most difficult and most challenging sections of this ambitious project is being realised between Sorbas and Baranco de los Gafarillos: a tunnel 7.5 km long. Once completed this tunnel is going to be the longest in Andalusia.
The building of this tunnel also resulted in a very unusual and quite challenging task for ABUS Grúas (www.abusgruas.es), the Spanish daughter company of the German crane and hoist manufacturer ABUS Kransysteme GmbH. Normally EOT cranes would be employed in the production process to swiftly dispatch finished goods. In this case, however, ABUS Grúas worked very closely together with the construction company to help with the dismantling of the tunnel boring machine once the work was done. ABUS Grúas based itself on a plan drawn up by the construction company which was to ensure much safer and quicker dismantling than previously carried out. This plan was put into practice based on the proposal by the construction company and the technical detailing carried out by ABUS Grúas. An ABUS EOT crane with very compact dimensions was used.
The crane system for this transportation task consisted of one double girder EOT crane of the ZLK type with a total lifting capacity of 126 tonnes with two electric wire rope hoists, Z type, i.e. one double rail trolley with twin hoists and lifting capacities of 63 tonnes each and a span of 9.2 metres. The optimised dimensions of the EOT crane as well as the precision lifting speed made for simple and safe dismantling of the tunnel boring machine.
The tunnel boring machine was dismantled much quicker than expected thanks to the uncomplicated and fast way of assembling and disassembling the ABUS EOT crane as well as the ease of handling the crane. The perfect teamwork of the high-performance Herrenknecht tunnel boring machine and the ABUS Grúas offer which proved to be reliable and precise in all areas allowed the tunnel to be completed ahead of schedule.
When the first passengers are going to pass the tunnel at high speed in 2014 there will be no traces left of the work carried out to make this train journey possible between Almería and Murcia ...


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Note that if you set the socket non-blocking via socket_set_blocking() you cannot check if the socket has timed out with this function.
$status = socket_get_status($fp);
if ($status['timed_out']) {
echo "socket timed out\n";
The above condition will never be true even if the socket has timed out.
I'm not sure if this behaviour is just not documented or a bug. Anyways I'm posting it here because it took some time to figure out.


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Goodwill Returns Roy Acuff Fiddle to Owner
It seemed almost too mysterious to be true: A fiddle believed to have been owned by country music legend Roy Acuff went up for auction last week in the humblest of locales: the charitable organization Goodwill.
As it turns out—probably not to anyone's surprise—the donation turned out to be accidental, and the fiddle has been returned to its rightful owner.
The Kansas City Star reported that Goodwiil's Western Missouri and Eastern Kansas location received the instrument from an anonymous donor. Gary Rains, who runs Goodwill's e-commerce program in Kansas City, noted at the time, "We have no information on the owner. They just donated it and moved on."
The organization put the fiddle up for auction online, where bids quickly topped $8,000. However, according to the Star, a member of the family that mistakenly donated the fiddle asked to have it returned after the bidding began.
"Goodwill appreciates how valuable this fiddle is to music lovers," Kevin Bentley, interim president and CEO of Goodwill of Western Missouri & Eastern Kansas, said in a statement. "It is also a family heirloom that came into our possession by mistake. Because of that, we have honored the request to return the item."
Artists in the Country Music Hall of Fame


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As many regional language and Hollywood film makers keep coming up with new releases, and those who wish to watch new movies easily get their selection information either through television advertisements or through internet websites, which promote advertisements in the form of trailers. This method of choosing movies is very convenient and useful for people to get entertained. Good movies provide lots of fun, comedy, entertainment and recreation for the viewers. Many viewers seek suspense stories or family films which are suitable for all age groups of people.
With movies being the biggest source of entertainment these days, people find great satisfaction and happiness by watching both older and more recently released films. For instance, Shrek and Chicken Little are animated movies which earned a great amount of revenue at the box office during their initial release. These films continue to get telecasted on the television channels and viewers continue to watch them and never get bored. Therefore, good entertainment can be found in the form of good, quality films. Ghost Rider is a thriller and there is a lot of action storyline in the movie which had led to its success.
Sherlock Holmes which is a detective movie is being hailed as an all-time successful movie with millions of people around the world watching it, contributing to its excellent rating.
Based on this, good films have lots of benefits and the movie industry is steadily working on new releases to please hungry viewers.
In every part of the world, movie viewers can now have access via the internet and other mediums to DVD movies, VCD movies, and made for television movies. As technology advancements are made, the benefits of movies are expanding and they are offering increased entertainment to movie viewers.
At this point, it is important to say that working and college-going young people can draw a lot of enjoyment by watching movies further contributing to the industries success. In the past, and in the present massively successful movies continue to be released.
Audiences always receive a good solid message from good, quality films which continue to earn favor from the them. Based on this, if you get bored or would like to relax, you can always watch a good movie after ensuring that you like the storyline. You can share it with your friends and neighbors and can even rate the movie on internet. In conclusion, it is recommended not to miss the experience of watching good, quality movies.


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Writing Sophisticated HTML and XHTML Documents: Dealing with Data Types
This chapter focuses on dealing with various types of information that can be presented within a document. To develop your ability to write conforming, sophisticated documents, it's important to examine the types of key data and how that data is used in HTML and XHTML syntax. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), colors, lengths, language codes, link types, and so forth are governed by a variety of rules and methodologies set forth in the given language and language version specification.
The W3C provides data management information in its specifications so that browser developers and software manufacturers can produce software that conforms to the specification and so that you, the Web author, can understand how data is typed and processed. As you are by now aware, this information has often been overlooked or mismanaged by browser and software manufacturers as well as Web authors.


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A sport shoe company ran an advertisement during the 1996 Olympics, with the line, 'You do not win the silver medal, you lose the gold!' That line caught the essence of athletic competition. The athlete enters the competition with the goal of winning the event, not losing it.
The legendary coach of the Green Bay Packers, Vince Lombardi, tried to instill this winning attitude in his football players when he said, "Winning is not everything, it is the only thing."
The epitaph of a boxer named Agathos Daimon, from Alexandria (Gerand-Jean 1964: 185-187) found on a funerary monument at Olympia in Greece said:
Here he died boxing in the stadium
Having prayed to Zeus for a wreath
or death. Age 35. Farewell.
For this competitor, second place was not an option. He went for the gold and died trying to win it (Milavic 1992: 11; Gerand-Jean 1964).
The Apostle Paul described the Christian life in terms of athletic metaphors. His goal was to win the "race" of the Christian life, not to lose it (Phil. 3:12-14; 1 Cor. 9:24-27; 2 Tim. 4:6-8). He died winning the race!
Paul at Corinth
Dr. Luke does not explicitly state why Paul went to Corinth during his second missionary journey (Acts 18). However, the discerning Bible student, knowing the historical-geography of the city of Corinth could surmise three reasons for Paul going to this city. First, Corinth was on the strategic lines of communications. There was the major east-west maritime trade route that went via the Isthmus of Corinth, which was a vital link in trade between Rome and the eastern part of the empire. There were also the north-south land roads that went from the Greek mainland to the Peloponnesos. Many people passed through this area and Corinth would be strategic for the spread of the gospel. The second reason for Paul going to Corinth was that there was a Jewish community in Corinth (Acts 18:4). As a general rule, Paul sought out the Jewish community because he had a desire to reach his kinsmen according to the flesh with the gospel (Rom. 1:16; 9:1-5). The third reason was that the Isthmian Games were held during the spring of AD 51 and Paul knew there would be many people from throughout Greece at this event. The games were a golden opportunity to reach many with the gospel. All three reasons for going to Corinth have one common denominator. The Apostle Paul wanted to reach as many people as he could with the gospel. The message that Paul preached to these people was that the Lord Jesus died for all the sins of fallen humanity and rose again from the dead on the third day to prove that sin had been paid for. Paul taught that the Lord offers eternal life, a home in heaven and forgiveness of sins to any and all who would put there trust in the Lord Jesus Christ alone for their salvation. Good works, baptism, or any other meritorious deeds had nothing to do with one's salvation (1 Cor. 15:3-4; Eph. 2:8-9; Rom. 4:5; 5:8).
The Isthmian Games
Athletes throughout Greece would converge on the Isthmian Games every two years during the spring. These games were in honor of the Greek god Poseidon (the Roman counterpart was Neptune), the "earthshaking god of the sea". The most prominent building at Isthmia was a temple dedicated to Poseidon. There was also a stadium, theater and hippodrome used for the athletic competitions. A small structure called the Palaimon was situated near the Poseidon temple. Within this structure, the athlete took an oath to abide by the rules of the Games. If they broke the oath, they were disqualified from the Games.
The athletes would compete in footraces, wrestling, boxing, throwing the discus and javelin, the long jump, chariot racing, poetry reading and singing. (You did not know singing was considered an athletic event, did you?). According to several inscriptions that are contemporary to Paul, women competed in these games as well. The inscriptions mention women winning the 200-meter dash as well as the war-chariot races.
Since there were no permanent accommodations at the site, the people stayed in tents in the surrounding fields. Fixing or selling tents would have given Paul and his new found colleagues, Aquila and Priscilla, ample employment as well as opportunities to share the gospel with those attending the Games (Acts 18:3). Joining him also were two of his disciples, Silvanus and Timothy (1 Thess. 1:1; 2 Thess. 1:1).
Paul's Use of Athletic Terminology
Let us examine four passages of Scripture where Paul probably has the Isthmian Games in mind when he penned the words.
The first passage is 1 Cor. 9:24-27. This section introduces the next portion concerning Old Testament examples of believers who were tempted with various sins (10:1-13). Paul encourages them to exercise self- discipline in their Christian life so they will not be disqualified from the race.
Unlike the modern Olympic Games where gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded to the first three places respectively, in the ancient games, only the winner received the crown. There was no second place award – winning was everything! Paul encouraged the believers in Corinth to run the race of the Christian life to obtain the prize (verse 24). According to Paul, believers are to "compete" by being temperate or exercising self-control, in their personal behavior (verse 25a). In the Isthmian Games, those who won the competition were awarded a celery crown for the prize. Paul describes it as a "perishable crown", yet focuses the believers attention on the goal of the "heavenly race", an "imperishable crown" (verse 25b).
The two word pictures that Paul uses in verse 26 are that of a runner who runs focused on the finish line and the boxer who doesn't shy away from his opponent like a shadow boxer, but rather engages him to the finish. In the Olympics, boxing was the most brutal of events. The boxer wrapped his knuckles with leather straps. In the Roman competition, which the Isthmian games probably followed, the wrapping "incorporated lead, irons and even spikes"! The athletes boxed, sometimes up to four hours, until one competitor was knocked out. Or one boxer "signaled defeat by a raised index finger" (Milavic 1992: 14). Boxing was serious and brutal competition. At times, the Christian life could be also (2 Tim. 3:12).
Paul goes on to say that he disciplines his body so he will not be disqualified from the Christian "race" (verse 27). Paul is not saying he could loose his salvation. He knew that was eternally secure in the Lord Jesus Christ (2 Tim. 1:12; Rom. 8:31-39). He was, however, concerned that the Lord would not be able to use him in preaching the gospel to others and that he would suffer the loss of rewards as well as be "ashamed at His coming" at the Judgment Seat of Christ (2 Cor. 5:10; 1 Cor. 3:12-17; 1 John 2:28; 2 Tim. 2:11-13).
The second athletic passage to examine is 1 Tim. 4:7-8. Paul admonishes Timothy to "exercise yourself to godliness". He had in mind the gymnasium, which is common in every Greek City, where the athlete would spend time exercising his body in preparation for the upcoming games. The priority for the Christian should be on exercising the "spiritual life" before the "physical life." Paul is not against exercising ones body because he points out there is some temporal benefits for it. However, exercising the spiritual life should be a priority because it has both temporal and eternal consequences.
The third passage is 2 Tim. 2:5. Paul states, "If anyone competes in athletics, he is not crowned unless he competes according to the rules." Most likely Paul had in mind the oaths that the athletes took in the underground cave of the Palaimon. Here, the athletes swore that they would follow the rules in their training as well as not cheat in order to win the Isthmian crown. In the Christian "race", we must follow the rules as well. In order to know what the rules are, one must know the "Rule Book", the Word of God. It behooves the believer in the Lord Jesus to read, study and apply the Word of God to his / her life.
The final passage, 2 Tim. 4:6-8, was penned by Paul while he was imprisoned in Rome awaiting his execution in June of AD 67. One of the archaeologists that excavated at Isthmia described Paul's words here in this way. "The words in Greek have a more distinctly athletic flavor. To bring this out the passage might be rendered: 'I have competed in the good athletic games; I have finished the foot race, I have kept the pledge (i.e. to compete honestly, with reference to the athletic oath). What remains to me is to receive the crown of righteousness, which has been put aside for me; it will be awarded to me by the Lord, the just umpire, on that day' (an allusion to the last day of the games when, presumably, the prizes were handed out to the winners)" (Broneer 1962:31, footnote 23).
It is interesting that Paul brings up the same two word pictures that he uses in 1 Cor. 9, the boxer and runner, when he describes his disciplined Christian life. Now at the end of his life, the discipline had paid off. He was a winner and the fear of being disqualified is behind him.
Paul addressed this passage to his disciple Timothy who had spent time with him in Corinth during his second missionary journey. He instructed Timothy to go to (Alexandria) Troas and bring his winter garments and books that he left in the care of Carpus (2 Tim. 4:13, 21). Paul apparently had left them in Troas during his fourth missionary journey on his way to Nicopolis where he was eventually arrested and taken to Rome (Tit. 3:12).
At this point, permit me to use my "sanctified imagination". On his journey from Troas to Nicopolis, Paul stopped in Corinth to meet the believers. While there, he heard of Emperor Nero's performance in the singing competition or actually saw it himself. Emperor Nero was visiting Corinth in order to inaugurate the beginning of the Isthmian canal project. While there, he wanted to compete in the Isthmian Games, so the people accommodated him by changing the date of the event to the fall of AD 66.
Suetonius, a Roman historian, wrote about Nero's singing exploits in Greece in his Lives of the Caesars, Nero. He described Nero's voice as "weak and husky" (Nero 20:1) and even commented that one of Nero's generals, probably tongue-in-cheek, called it a "divine voice" (Nero 21:1).The singing competition did not involve just one song, but a whole oratorio usually lasting several hours. Suetonius describes some humorous events that transpired while Nero sang. "While he was singing no one was allowed to leave the theatre even for the most urgent reasons. And so it is said that some women gave birth to children there, while many who were worn out with listening and applauding, secretly leaped from the walls, since the gates at the entrance were closed, or feigned death and were carried out as if for burial" (Nero 23:2). This is hardly a description of a prize-winning performance. Yet Nero won almost all the contests he entered. How did he do it?
There were four ways Nero could win the singing competition. First, he could win on his own merits because he had an excellent voice. Suetonius put the lie to that. Second, he could bribe his competition to "throw" the contest. Some of them did take the money Nero offered them (Nero 23:2). One greedy competitor thought he could take advantage of this and ask for 10 talents (of gold?). Nero thought this was extortion so he reverted to his third option, which was to send his thugs out to intimidate this competitor. Needless to say, he was convinced to drop out of the event! The final way for him to win was to bribe the judges. That Nero did very effectively by offering the judges Roman citizenship and a large sum of money (Nero 23:3; 24:2)!
I believe Paul was aware of what transpired at Isthmia and used this as the backdrop for his final words to Timothy. "I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith. Finally, there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will give me on that Day, and not to me only but also to all who love His appearing." The Apostle Paul knew he had played by the rules and that he had won the race. The Lord Jesus, the righteous Judge, would reward him for his victory. This was a marked contrast with Nero who did not play by the rules and had bribed the unrighteous judges!
Perhaps Paul stopped at the office of the Agonothetes, the president of the Isthmian Games, at the southern side of the Agora of Corinth. He noticed the athletic scene on the mosaic floor. In the midst of the circular panel an athlete stood wearing a leafy crown and holding a palm branch, and giving thanks to the seated Eutychia, the goddess of good fortune, for his recent victory (Robinson 2012). Paul probably chuckled when he wrote Timothy because his crown came from the Lord Jesus, not Eutychia (2 Tim. 4:8) and it was to Him he gave all the glory for the strength to stand firm in the conflict (2 Tim. 4:18).
Paul's Outreach Strategy
There are at least three lessons that can be gleaned from Paul's visit to the Isthmian Games. The first is that he went where the people were. There are some Christians who have expressed concerns about Christians going to athletic events, especially the Olympics, because of the commercialism and the pagan New Age influence. Yet this is nothing new. Paul had Poseidon and commercialism to contend with at the Isthmian Games. It would be helpful to keep in mind that Paul did not go to the Isthmian Games to worship Poseidon; he went to witness to people! Christians should take advantages of local and state fairs, athletic events, and religious festivals to present the gospel to a multitude of people.
Second, when Paul communicated with the people in his epistles, he used familiar illustrations. His epistles are peppered with athletic terminology (Sauer 1956: 30-67). The teacher of the Word of God should know his audience and use word-pictures from everyday life that are familiar to them. In the event that believers are going to large events to pass out tracts, the gospel literature should be pertinent to the event and clearly presents the gospel.
Third, Paul was not a "Lone Ranger" missionary when he engaged in mission work. He always did his outreach with others. He was able to work side by side with transplanted "locals", Aquila and Priscilla as well as continue his discipleship of Silvanus and Timothy (2 Tim. 2:1-2).
The Challenge
Remember that we are not running the "race" for celery leaves, but eternal crowns!
Broneer, Oscar
The Apostle Paul and the Isthmian Games. Biblical Archaeologist 25/1: 2-31, 1962a.
The Isthmian Victory Crown. American Journal of Archaeology 66/3: 259-263, 1962b.
Gerand-Jean, Te Riele
Inscriptions conservees au musee d'Olympie. Bulletin de correspondance hellenique 88/1: 169-195, 1964.
Milavic, Anthony
Ancient Olympia: The Place, The Games. The Celator 6/7: 6-16, 1992.
Robinson, Betsey
"Good Luck" from Corinth: A Mosaic of Allegory, Athletics, and City Identity. American Journal of Archaeology 116/1: 105-132, 2012.
Rolfe, John C., trans.
Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, Nero. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1992.
Sauer, Eric
In the Arena of Faith. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1956.


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Coldwell Banker Patterson Properties has a renowned Relocation Department. Our committed and passionate relocation director is ready to help you meet the needs of relocating your employees while controlling your costs.
Destination Services
Marketing Services
If you are a Company looking for Corporate Relocation Services please contact: Our Relocation Director Carla Anaya at (505) 857-2228 or firstname.lastname@example.com
For Individuals Relocating please call Coldwell Banker Patterson Properties at (325) 944-9559 to speak with a Certifiied Relocation Specialist.


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Mario's was one of 40 restaurants chosen to participate in "Savor the Bronx," an event that offered customers a chance to explore the borough's culinary diversity at a discount from Nov. 1 to Nov. 13. Migliucci believed the promotional two weeks did not bring in any more customers this year.
The cheesy penne-rigate sorrentina made with southern Italian sauce went for $13.50e with southern Italian sauces. The pasta was hidden beneath a layer of baked mozzarella. Ricotta cheese oozed out of the thick tomato sauce.
Another popular southern Italian dish is the stuffed eggplant for $9, also known as eggplant rollatini. Slightly under-cooked, it hid bits of beef and sausage not mentioned on the menu.
For these heavier dishes, the pleasantly crispy sesame bread with olive oil and butter soaked up the savory tomato sauce. It's worth a trip to Adieo, where the bread is made everyday, just two stores down.
The clams oreganate at $9 for 5 were seasoned with oregano and baked with bread crumbs are somewhat lighter. The fresh clams–bought from the Cosenza's fish market across the street–were served with squeezed lemon on top.
"Restaurant Week did not really help us, but it was the first year," said Migliucci. "Maybe next year it will catch on."


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Four Gardens
- Players: 2-4
- Play Time: 45 mins
Description from the publisher:
Long ago, in a beautiful Eastern kingdom, a queen and her people pleased their Gods by building a mystical pagoda. The pagoda housed the four Gods and towered strong over the magnificent kingdom. As time passed, the queen fell ill, and she summoned her people to compete for her crown. The crown would be passed on to the person who could build the most pristine garden around the pagoda. The heir would be chosen by the four Gods themselves.
The goal of Four Gardens is to accumulate the most points on the score board by completing landscape cards and finishing sets. Each finished set creates a panoramic view of a garden, and these sets are called (no surprise) "panoramas".
Players can finish panoramas by first laying groundwork cards, acquiring resources by turning the 3D pagoda, and allocating those resources to satisfy the requirements of each groundwork card. Once satisfied, a groundwork card becomes a landscape card. Multiple landscape cards laid in the correct order create a panorama. Each God has their own satisfaction meter which expresses their goodwill towards the gardens and their builders. Players try to please the Gods by completing landscape cards and finishing panoramas.
--description from the publisher
More info at: Board Game Geek


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Use After Free (CWE-416)
This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Bentley View 10.15.0.75. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file. The specific flaw exists within the parsing of 3DS files. The issue results from the lack of validating the existence of an object prior to performing operations on the object. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-14862.
Feedly found the first article mentioning CVE-2021-34895. See article
EPSS Score was set to: 0.13% (Percentile: 48%)


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Wed, Sep 15
|Winter Garden
Roadhouse Nerf or Nothing Wednesdays
Roadhouse is open of course, with some Nerf Fun in the Sun!
Time & Location
Sep 15, 2021, 7:00 PM – 11:00 PM
Winter Garden, 228 Windermere Rd, Winter Garden, FL 34787, USA
About the Event
Nerf or Nothing Wednesdays is a new weekly event where teens can come out, play some Nerf games, eat some great food and connect with the Roadhouse community.
Time is 1:30 PM to 6:00 PM.
Blasters and darts will be provided but youth are also allowed to bring their own.
We have an assortment of Nerf Blasters to choose from and enough darts to go around.
Food and beverages will always be in stock.
And everything is FREE.
Note: Parents will have to fill out Roadhouse information sheets prior to any youth participating in our events.
Please make sure to bring Gym Shoes, a Mask, and eye protection. Sun glasses work perfect. Rules regarding each nerf activity will be discussed onsite. We're looking forward to serving you!
See you there!


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Hey guys! I'm so excited to share Ava's baby room with you tonight. It's one of my favorite rooms I've created, ever. Ava was with me while I was photographing the room yesterday, and therefore she is in every picture. Fun fact, toddlers don't care what you are trying to accomplish.
You are subject to their terms.
Also, I had about 10 minutes to clean this room, which basically involved opening the blinds and pushing Ava's toys into the corner. This is my current version of 'styling'. It's authentic and real and oh so janky.
I hope you enjoy it.


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Get Mad and Get Going
May 7, 2009 by Quantum Publisher
Filed under Life Mastery
Feel like your life is stuck in a rut and going in circles? Maybe the time has come to put some powerful e-motion to work.
Emotion is actually one of the most powerful energies we humans have. It IS literally mental energy in motion. And certain emotions are so powerful they can instantly change your life.
What human emotions have such power? Anger and love especially when fueled by the fire of passion intense e-motion.
Not much needs to be said about the ability of passionate love to change your life overnight. But how about passionate anger? Although passionate anger can be very powerful, its energy is not really bad or good. It is simply energy in motion.
Actually it is what you choose to DO with your anger that makes it a positive or negative force in your life. And as with any powerful e-motion, you can put it to work in both negative and positive ways.
If you have ever been captured by an uncontrollable rage, you have experienced a piece of the outer limits of what anger can become. On one level it is behind crimes of passion – and on the other hand, if can fuel the ability to strike back at a threat and survive.
But anger can also be a powerful force for personal transformation. Here is a real life story about the power of anger. A man in his late twenties woke up in the dismal surroundings he called home a very cheap hotel room with a sagging mattress, a flea-bitten armchair, a small table with a habit of losing a leg, and a single window opening onto a view of the next door soot-covered building.
He put on the shorts and socks that had dried on the chair overnight, pulled on a pair of rumpled trousers. Then he sank back down onto the edge of the mattress, rubbed his swollen, bloodshot eyes, and sighed.
Life was not going well for this young man. He was marginally educated and young – and his life was simply not moving in a positive direction. He bent over to put on his shoes, but instead threw one at the wall. His anger and frustration began to build, and he threw the other shoe at the wall.
His face blazed crimson. The frustration and self-loathing that had been building within suddenly erupted like a volcano. This is enough, he shouted. Enough of this disgusting lifestyle.
Today this same young man owns a multitude of successful businesses, and is highly regarded my millions of people. His initials are TR. Sound familiar? Tony is an example of how you can use passionate anger to literally turn your life around on a dime.
You too have choices about how to use the energy of anger. Suppose, for example you are struggling to make ends meet, like many people today. What can you do?
• You can stuff it. But if you do so the problem will not go away. What repressed anger does is to make its home somewhere in your body and create more stress. Ever ask someone What's eating you? Your intuition picked up on the repressed anger setting them up for ulcers, colitis, and other digestive disorders.
• You can turn it against others. Not much needs to be said about how counter-productive this strategy can be.
• You can work it out physically. The energy of anger can be transformed into physical energy, which is far more beneficial than stuffing your anger. Some common outlets are running, working out, etc. But this is not necessarily a lot of fun.
• You can use it to motivate yourself. Think about what Tony Robbins did in his life. It is the same thing Eleanor Roosevelt did to transform herself from a homely, insecure young girl to a world respected leader. If your life is NOT what you want it to be, start by getting mad enough to take action.
Remember: Anger is just an emotion. But passionate anger can become a highly motivational and unstoppable energy in motion. Put it to work in your life as a positive force to lose weight, get a new job… whatever you NEED to make yourself happy. Just waiting for *it* to happen does NOT work, and never will.
Or if you're mad enough to really GO FOR IT, come on into Dr. Jill's Gold Success Training. At the end of 6-weeks you WILL be in action and on target. Go take a look at the amazing results other people just like yourself have achieved. Click here.


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Your Chance To Win Up To $5,000 or see Camila Cabello in Philadelphia is Here
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Welcome To Pifer's!
Pifer's Auction & Realty is a full service auction and real estate firm specializing in land auctions, machinery auctions, and land management. Pifer's has several offices in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Arizona to serve you. Contact a Pifer's Associate today for a FREE Consultation - 877.700.4099 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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WASHINGTON – U.S. Senator Benjamin L. Cardin (D-MD), Chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (U.S. Helsinki Commission), and Co-Chairman Congressman Alcee L. Hastings (D-FL) released the following statement today regarding the Obama Administration's decision to abandon plans for missile defense systems in Poland and the Czech Republic.
"The Administration has been carefully reviewing missile defense options and announced a phased, adaptive approach for missile defense in Europe. This strategy is based on numerous factors, including consideration of the effectiveness of various military security options, costs, threat assessments and support from our NATO allies. This new approach has major significance not only for Poland and the Czech Republic and their neighbors, but for the wider relationship of the United States to all of Europe. I continue to support strong U.S. engagement with all the countries that have a vested interest in regional security and reaffirm our strong commitment to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia's neighbors," Chairman Cardin said.
"The decision having been made, I trust the Administration offered strong assurances to our NATO allies regarding America's commitment to their security as provided for in the North Atlantic Treaty and will back up its words with actions. The U.S. Helsinki Commission, with our long-standing commitment to Central and Eastern Europe spanning more than three decades, looks forward to further information about this particular decision. The Commission is committed to see human rights and democracy at the core of U.S. policy. We are equally committed to a strong and vibrant relationship between the United States and other OSCE participating States," Co-Chairman Hastings said.


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Eightcap is an Australian incorporated brokerage company, Forex and CFD Broker which brings a transparent pricing model since 2009 through low rates of variable spreads with quotes that are coming from numerous leading banks or institutions and performed via technological solutions through Equinix servers.
Where is EightCap based?
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Apart from offering to retail clients, this broker also brings technological advantages and partnership opportunities to affiliates, IBs and influencers.


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Apple File System (APFS) — APFS is a new filesystem introduced by Apple in macOS High Sierra as a replacement for the legacy HFS+ filesystem. See also: Everything you need to know about Carbon Copy Cloner and APFS
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) — AFP is a file sharing protocol that allows you to access the files on other computers and NAS devices on your network. CCC can copy files to and from folders and sharepoints on SMB and AFP sharepoints. AFP is deprecated in favor of the SMB protocol starting with OS X Yosemite.
Backup — A backup, or the process of backing up, refers to the copying and archiving of computer data so it may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. The verb form is back up, in two words, whereas the noun is backup. In other words, you back up your data using CCC. When you have done that, you have a backup of your data on physically disparate media.
Bootable backup — Same as backup, but a backup of a volume that contains an operating system that can be used to boot the computer if the primary startup volume fails.
Boot selector — See Startup Manager.
Checksumming or "Find and replace corrupted items" — With this option, CCC will calculate an MD5 checksum of every file on the source and every corresponding file on the destination. CCC then uses these checksums to determine if a file should be copied. This option will increase your backup time, but it will expose any corrupted files within your backup set on the source and destination. This is a reliable method of verifying that the files that have been copied to your destination volume actually match the contents of the files on the source volume.
Clone — A copy of a folder or volume; a non-proprietary backup. While not identical (some caches should not be copied as they must be rebuilt on a bootable backup, and files like trash are excluded), clone is a common word used for a CCC bootable backup.
Container (APFS) — A container on an APFS formatted drive is similar to a partition, but allow several volumes to share the space in the container more flexibly. See: Working with APFS Volume Groups
Cruft — Another term for digital detritus, e.g. files that could (should) be deleted because they're no longer needed nor desired by the user. This term was coined to describe the large collections of technical equipment piled in the corridors of the Cruft lab at MIT in the 1980s and 90s.
Destination — The location where files from the source are copied. The destination can be a disk attached directly to your Mac, a network location (e.g. a NAS or a share from another computer), or a disk image file. Destination is a relative term. When making an ordinary backup, the destination is your backup volume. When restoring, however, the destination is your original volume, or a replacement device.
Differential backup — A differential backup is a type of data backup that preserves data, saving only the difference in the data since the last full backup. CCC uses a differential backup method, but does not store the differential data in a proprietary manner. Rather, the files are copied to the destination among the already-up-to-date items such that the destination is a clone of the source.
Disk image — Disk images are data containers that emulate disks. When you open a disk image file, a virtual volume is mounted that allows you to browse the files held by the disk image – as if you were browsing a physical disk device. Disk images are recommended only when backing up to a network destination to protect attributes that are not supported by the network volume. Disk images are not bootable. Backing up to a disk image
- Sparse bundle disk images appear as a single file but are actually folders with many files inside. This is more efficient, as only the changed parts need to be copied when updated.
- Sparse disk images are stored as a single monolithic file. This can make backups less efficient as the entire file must be copied each time.
EFI Partition — The EFI partition is an Apple-proprietary partition. That partition is created automatically when a disk is partitioned with the GUID partition scheme, and its contents are managed internally by OS X. Third-party applications shouldn't attempt to modify, nor copy that volume.
Extended Attribute — Extra data that is associated with a file. Extended attributes typically contain non-user-created data that was placed there by the application that created the file. For example, photo applications may place thumbnail icon data into an extended attribute. CCC attempts to copy extended attributes when possible, but extended attribute data is generally considered to be disposable because it can be regenerated by the application that created it. Advanced Settings: Don't preserve extended attributes
Filesystem, or file system — A volume's filesystem controls how files and folders on that volume are stored and retrieved, and also controls who can access those items.
FileVault Encryption — Volume level encryption built into the macOS. When enabled on a volume, a password is required to unlock and mount that volume. Unlike ownership-based restrictions, FileVault protection persists when attaching the disk to another computer.
Apple Kbase #HT204837: Use FileVault to encrypt the startup disk on your Mac
Firewire — Firewire is an interface standard developed by Apple that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer. Firewire devices provide reliable bootability and excellent performance that rivals USB 3. This interface has largely been supplanted by Thunderbolt on newer Macs.
Firmlink — A firmlink is described by Apple as a "bi-directional wormhole" between two filesystems. A firmlink transparently redirects the navigator from a read-only folder on a System volume to a writable folder on a Data volume. These are similar to aliases, but they are only applicable to folders, and they cannot be created by the user.
HFS+, or "OS X Extended, Journaled" — The default filesystem format used for macOS system volumes. First introduced for Mac OS 8, HFS+ has been updated for many years to support new features of macOS. Apple introduced a replacement for HFS+ in macOS High Sierra: Apple File System.
Incremental backup — An incremental backup is one that provides a backup of files that have changed or are new since the last backup; it is one that backs up only the data that has changed since the last backup. When making a backup for the first time, an incremental backup copies all files.
Migration Assistant — A tool from Apple that allows you to migrate applications, settings, and documents from a backup or older computer to a new computer or fresh installation of the OS. You can use a CCC bootable backup as a source for Migration Assistant.
Apple Kbase #HT204350: How to move your content to a new Mac
Network Attached Storage (NAS) — NAS systems are networked appliances (e.g. a router or a specialized storage device that connects to your router) that contain one or more hard drives. They typically use SMB add/or AFP networking protocols to make sharepoints available to macOS, Windows, and Linux clients.
Partition — In verb form, partition refers to the process of creating a division on a hard drive that defines one or more volumes. When you purchase a new hard drive, it often must be partitioned to make it suitable for use on your Macintosh. In noun form, partition is colloquially used in the same manner as a volume. A partition table refers to a hidden structure on a disk that defines the size and position of the volumes on a disk. CCC does not copy the partition table, nor multiple partitions on a disk. Rather, a CCC backup task is defined with one source volume and one destination volume. Preparing your backup disk for a backup of OS X
Prune — Remove older, archived material that was cached on the destination volume. Automated maintenance of the CCC SafetyNet folder
Permissions — A file and folder specification that defines the access that various users and groups will have with regard to reading or modifying that item.
Preflight/Postflight script — An advanced feature; shell scripts that can be added to the beginning or end of a CCC backup task to extend the task's functionality. Running shell scripts before and after the backup task
RAID ("Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks" or "Redundant Array of Independent Disks") — A collection of hard drives that using software or hardware are presented as one or more volumes. There are several levels of RAID that balance speed and redundancy. See this Wikipedia article for more details.
Recovery HD — A hidden, Apple-proprietary volume associated with a macOS startup volume. The Recovery HD offers a method to reinstall macOS, and also must be present prior to enabling FileVault encryption on the associated startup volume. The presence of a Recovery HD volume is not required for maintaining a bootable backup of your startup disk, nor for recovering from a bootable backup. Cloning Apple's Recovery HD partition
Root — the root folder (also known as the root directory) is the first or top-most folder in a hierarchy. When you double-click on a hard drive icon in the Finder, the folder that appears first is the root-level folder.
SafetyNet — A feature in CCC that protects files on the destination from being accidentally deleted. If you have files on your destination device that don't exist on the source, those files get placed in the SafetyNet. CCC will also place the older version of modified files into the SafetyNet. The SafetyNet is a temporary safe haven for files unique to the destination. When space is constrained on the destination, CCC will start to remove older items from the SafetyNet. Protecting data that is already on your destination volume: The Carbon Copy Cloner SafetyNet
Seed — Initially populating a destination volume while it is attached directly to your Mac. This "seeded" volume can then be attached to a remote Macintosh at a distant location, and subsequent backups will be faster because less data will be copied over the Internet.
Server Message Block (SMB) — SMB is a file sharing protocol that allows you to access the files on other computers and NAS devices on your network. CCC can copy files to and from folders and sharepoints on SMB and AFP sharepoints.
Shell Script — A text file containing command-line arguments that can automate tedious tasks. CCC backups can be configured with pre and postflight shell scripts to extend the functionality of the backup task. For example, you could implement a postflight script to unmount the source volume. Running shell scripts before and after the backup task
Sidebar — An interface element that appears on the left side of CCC's main window when you click the Show Sidebar button in CCC's toolbar. A table at the top of CCC's sidebar lists your CCC backup tasks, while a table at the bottom of the sidebar lists all of the locally-attached volumes that are currently mounted on your Mac. The contents of the sidebar are also accessible via CCC's View menu.
Simple Mode — A simplified user interface. Simple Mode significantly reduces the number of user interface elements — the sidebar, toolbar, scheduling selector, and advanced settings are all suppressed, leaving the user with only three primary controls: Source, Destination, Clone button. Simple Mode
Snapshot — A snapshot is a recording of the state of a system at a particular point in time, an analogy to a photograph. You can restore your system to a prior point in time using a snapshot.
Source — The folder or volume that holds the data that you want CCC to copy.
Span — When a backup extends past a destination for more room. CCC does not support spanning multiple destinations.
Sparse file — Sparse files consume less space on disk than their file size would suggest. Sparse files are occasionally used for log files, databases and virtual machine files. CCC can preserve sparse files between APFS volumes, but HFS+ does not support sparse files, so these files consume more space on an HFS+ formatted backup disk.
Startup Manager — A system tool from Apple that allows you to select a startup volume as the Mac is starting up. The Startup Manager is part of your Mac's firmware; hold down the Option key while turning on your Mac to bring up the Startup Manager.
Apple Kbase #HT204417: How to select a different startup disk
Target Disk Mode — An alternate startup configuration in which the computer does not boot to the loginwindow nor Finder. Rather, a Firewire, USB, or Thunderbolt icon appears on the Mac's screen, and when you attach the Mac to another Mac via Firewire, USB or Thunderbolt, the internal storage of the Mac in Target Disk Mode appears on the Desktop of the other Mac. In other words, Target Disk Mode makes your Mac behave like an ordinary external hard drive enclosure.
Apple Kbase #HT201255: Mac startup key combinations
Task — A collection of settings in CCC that define a source, destination, items to be copied, and automation.
Task chaining — A feature in CCC that allows you to run another task at the end of a task, see: Performing actions Before and After the backup task: Run another backup task (task chaining).
Thunderbolt — Thunderbolt is a hardware interface developed by Intel that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer. Thunderbolt is a popular, albeit pricier interface for connecting external hard drives to your Mac. Thunderbolt devices provide excellent performance and reliable bootability.
Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) — A 36-character hexadecimal code (characters A-F, 0-9) that uniquely identifies a volume, e.g. "F5B1D7B0-66EC-4082-A34C-86FFD294FA61". When you erase a volume with Disk Utility, the new volume gets a new unique identifier. CCC uses this identifier, along with the name of the volume, to positively identify the source and destination before copying any files. Due to the unique nature of these identifiers, they prove more reliable than volume name when identifying a volume, because there's nothing stopping you from naming all of your disks "Macintosh HD".
Universal Serial Bus (USB) — An industry standard for cables, connectors, and communication between a computer and some external devices like a hard drive, keyboard, or mouse. Macs and USB devices can adhere to the USB 2 or USB 3 versions of the protocol, depending on when the device was manufactured. USB 3 is considerably faster than USB 2. Macs produced before 2012 do not have native support for USB 3. USB 3 devices can be used with those Macs, but will be connected at USB 2 speeds.
Volume — The terms "disk" and "volume" are often used interchangeably. Ambiguity arises, however, when you modify the partitioning of a disk such that it has multiple volumes. The term "disk" refers to the physical, whole device. A disk contains volumes, and its a volume that you see in the Finder (frequently with a hard disk icon, bringing the confusion full circle). A helpful graphic is available in this section of CCC's documentation.


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SOME GOLDEN DAYBREAK17 Sermons on the Second Coming of CHRISTby Lee Roberson, D. D.1957CHRIST for the World Publishers Florida~ out-of-print and in the public domain ~No Evidence of a Current Copyright for the Printed Book FoundDuring online Internet searches of the Library of Congress database in Washington D.C., performed on 05-23-2005, no evidence of a current copyright was found for this publication.Please note: Below is the Introductory material of the book, however, if you wish to continue reading this fine book [and I truly hope you do!] download the chapter(s) from the document file (which is absolutely free). You will have the option to either simply open it or to save it as your own possession. GOD bless you from the Baptist Bible Believers website!Please tell all of your friends and Church about this website, pray for this ministry - and that will be payment enough!TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACEThis is the third edition of Some Golden Daybreak. Two editions were printed with paper binding. Since the second edition has been exhausted, we have had an increasing number of calls for additional copies, hence this present printing.All of these sermons, with the exception of the last two, were preached in the midweek prayer services of the Highland Park Baptist Church. I make no claim for original thought in these messages, but desire to present the plain Word of GOD to the hearts of everyday people. It will be noted that some truths are repeated over and over again for the sake of emphasis.In the more than fourteen years that I have been the pastor of the Highland Park Baptist Church I have preached repeatedly the second coming of CHRIST. GOD has blessed the giving of this truth to our people. Literally thousands have been brought to the Lord JESUS CHRIST.It is my prayer that many will read these simple messages and begin to live fully and eagerly, "Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ.""Even so, come, Lord Jesus"!Lee RobersonHighland Park Baptist ChurchChattanooga, Tennessee
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C is the biggest selling supplement in New Zealand
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that must be obtained from the diet or supplements.
It has been linked to many impressive health benefits, such as boosting antioxidant levels, reducing blood pressure, reducing heart disease risk, protecting against gout attacks, improving iron absorption, boosting immunity and reducing dementia risk.
Overall, vitamin C supplements are a great and simple way to boost your vitamin C intake if you struggle to get enough from your diet. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including oranges, strawberries, kiwi fruit, bell peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, kale and spinach.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
Vitamin C is a strong antioxidant that can strengthen your body's natural defences against the inflammatory effects of free radicals molecules produced when your body breaks down food or is exposed to tobacco smoke and radiation. Free radicals might play a role in heart disease, cancer and other diseases.
In the 1960s researchers discovered that vitamin C plays a key role in the collagen enzyme; collagen is a key component of our skin. Vitamin C also helps your body absorb and store iron.
Since then it has been found to be an important co-factor in 70-80 other key enzyme processes which cover a whole raft of biological activities, from the growth of blood vessels through to the regulation of our genetic code. Vitamin C is at the hub of almost every biological function that we know.
Studies have shown that vitamin C may help lower blood pressure in those both with and without high blood pressure.
Immune Boost
One of the main reasons people take vitamin C supplements is to boost their immunity.
Vitamin C is involved in many parts of the immune system. It helps encourage the production of white blood cells known as lymphocytes and phagocytes, which help protect the body against infections.
By helping white blood cells function more effectively Vitamin C can strengthen your skin's defense system and help wounds to heal faster.
Because Vitamin C is water soluble it is quickly excreted from the body. Therefore to maintain high levels of Vitamin C in the body you should take repeated doses several times a day.
While the minimum daily dose required to prevent a deficiency disease like scurvy is small (just 50mg per day) many people take a daily dose of 1000mg and use this dose two or three times per day to boost their body's immune system against infections.
Vitamin C Lipo-Sachets
The liquid vitamin C sachets that everyone is talking about.
Better absorbed to boost your immune system.
Where can I get more information?
For starters, it's always a good idea to speak to your local pharmacist or your GP.
For more information on Vitamin C, try:
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