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Complete. Compact. Zoom G1Xon Guitar Effects with Expression Pedal
Great guitarists know it's all about nuance. With its built-in expression pedal, the Zoom G1Xon allows you to add subtlety and refinement to your performance. Add in 100 great-sounding guitar effects and amp models—with the ability to use up to 5 of them simultaneously—plus 68 built-in rhythm accompaniment patterns and an onboard chromatic tuner and Looper, and take your guitar playing to a whole new level.
Amazing effects, amazing features, amazing sound
The G1Xon offers 100 guitar effects, including a variety of distortion, compression, modulation, delay, reverb, and amp models, as well as a number of special pedal-controlled effects.
Up to 5 effects can be used simultaneously, chained together any way you like. In addition, there are 68 built-in rhythm accompaniment patterns, and you can connect headphones to the output jack (as well as portable music players to the auxiliary input jack) for silent practice sessions. There's an onboard chromatic tuner that supports all standard guitar tunings, including open and drop tunings, and a Looper feature that allows you to record up to 30 seconds of CD-quality audio. Loop length can be set either manually or to a preset number of quarter notes (up to 64 beats), and you can loop to any rhythm pattern, with automatic quantization that ensures seamless start and end times. Programming is simple and straightforward, thanks to a streamlined user interface and large backlit LCD screen. Advanced editing features such as Swap, Auto Save, and Pre Select make it easy to organize your patches for live performance and allow you to scroll through patches silently while keeping the current patch operational. In addition, the G1Xon's built-in expression pedal enables you to control input level, output level, or any selected effect parameter in real time.
Dozens of different ways to make you a guitar hero
The G1Xon allows you to choose from 100 different onboard DSP effects, including 5 pedal-controlled effects. For ease of use, these are organized into the following categories:
Dynamics / Filter – Eleven different ways to shape and control your sound with compressors, noise gates, filters, equalizers, and wah effects. Emulate the classic tone of the MXR Dynacomp, dbx 160, Moog Filter, or Z. Vex Seek-Wah, or create all-new effects using the automatic Slow Attack, parametric equalizer, or six-band graphic EQ. Or choose Zoom's unique Noise Reduction (ZNR) algorithm, designed to remove noise during pauses while still maintaining your guitar's natural tone.
Overdrive / Distortion – Twelve of the best boosters, overdrives, fuzzes, and lead guitar sounds you've ever heard, including simulations of the BOSS OD-1, MXR Distortion+, Marshall Guv'nor, Fuzz Face, Big Muff, and Pro Co Rat. Our ExtremeDS effect offers the most powerful gain of any distortion effect in the world, and there's also a simulator that allows your electric guitar to sound like an acoustic.
Amp – Twenty-two of the most realistic models ever created, including simulations of classic tube and solid-state amps from manufacturers like Fender, Marshall, Hiwatt, Mesa Boogie, Orange, Bogner, Matchless, and Diezel. Our amp sounds are so lifelike, you'll swear on a stack of speaker cabinets you're listening to the real thing.
Modulation / Special effects – Round out your sound with your choice of sixteen phasers and flangers, plus chorus, pitch shift, tremolo, and vibrato. Included are emulations of the ADA Flanger, Boss CH-1 Super Chorus, and TC Electronic Corona Chorus, as well as the Zoom HPS, an intelligent harmonizer that plays along in key, and a ring modulator that adds bell-like tones to your guitar. And when you're ready to go after some truly off-the-wall sounds, try out the endlessly rhythmic Slicer.
Delay / Reverb – Fourteen delays and natural-sounding reverbs, including rooms, halls, plates, springs, and tape delay simulators, all designed to add depth and spaciousness to your sound, with delay times of up to 4 seconds. You'll even find reverse delays, modulated reverbs, and particle reverbs here—everything you need to place your guitar in a realistic space … or a totally unearthly one.
NOTE: Manufacturer names and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The names are used only to illustrate sonic characteristics and do not indicate any affiliation with the Zoom Corporation or Zoom North America.
Effects Chaining
Complex multi-effects made easy.
Question: When is a guitar effects pedal not just an effects pedal?
Answer: When it's a multi-effects pedal.
The G1Xon not only allows you to select and edit any of its onboard effects, it enables you to use up to 5 of them simultaneously, chained together in any order you like. This kind of power and flexibility means that you can create rich, complex effects within the unit itself instead of having to use multiple pedals.
Stompbox chains typically start with dynamics effects such as compression, before routing the signal to wah, EQ, distortion, and/or overdrive effects. Modulation and spatial effects such as chorus, delay, and reverb are usually placed at the end of the chain.
However, there are no hard and fast rules on how to chain effects. Exciting new sounds can easily be discovered with a little experimentation and some imaginative effect chaining. The G1Xon gives you the ability to get creative with your effects chaining.
You can also easily edit chains you've previously created — and you'll find that simple changes in the order of effects can alter sounds dramatically. For example, an EQ set before an amp model can result in a radically different sound than having the EQ set after the amp model. That's because putting the EQ before the amp model serves not only to alter the tonal characteristic of the sound but to act as a signal booster as well. All this can be done internally with the G1Xon — much easier than physically changing the order of stompboxes.
Stayin' in tune.
Guitarists know the importance of playing in tune. But it's not just about getting your instrument in tune; it's about keeping it in tune all night. That's no problem if you're using a G1Xon, because its built-in Tuner makes the task totally stress-free, even under the pressure of a live gig and the heat of stage lighting.
The G1Xon Tuner is instantly accessible at all times and shows you whether the note you're playing is sharp, flat, or dead on. You can opt to either bypass the currently selected effect (thus giving you a clean, unaffected sound) when tuning, or to mute the signal altogether, allowing you to tune in silence.
The G1Xon Tuner is flexible, too: It can be set to a reference of A=440, or any value between 435 and 445, and can be used chromatically or in a variety of standard guitar tunings—even drop tunings of up to 3 semitones.
The perfect accompaniment.
Rhythm training is an important part of every guitarist's craft. The G1Xon Rhythm function makes it easy and fun to do. 68 realistic-sounding rhythms are at your fingertips: PCM samples of actual drums playing real-life patterns in a variety of different genres—everything from rock to jazz, and from Emo to Motown. Dozens of quarter-note, eighth-note and sixteenth-note rhythms are provided, in 4/4, 6/8 (shuffle), and 3/4 (waltz time); for the adventurous, there's even a 5/4 groove!
The Rhythm function can also be used in conjunction with the Looper function (see below), allowing you to craft complex guitar orchestrations overlaying the pattern of your choice.
Build a complete performance.
Got a great lick that you'd like to expand on, or a distinctive chord progression that you think could serve as the foundation for an exciting improvisation or an inspired solo? Explore your creativity to its fullest with the G1Xon Looper, which allows you to layer up to 30 seconds of performance (through the effect or effects of your choice) in high quality 16-bit 44.1kHz audio. Recording time can either be set manually or to a preset number of quarter notes, up to 64 beats, and starting and stopping the Looper (as well as readying it for an overdub or clearing its memory altogether) is as easy as pressing a pedal—no hands required.
The G1Xon Looper can also be used in conjunction with the Rhythm function, allowing you to play along with the pattern of your choice.
Auto Save
Edits saved. All the time.
Finally got that perfect effect crafted, but afraid you'll lose it? It'll never happen when you use the G1Xon's handy Auto Save function. When switched on, whatever you change will automatically be saved.
Alternatively, if you'd prefer the insurance of a safety net (so that you never accidentally overwrite a patch), simply leave Auto Save off. The G1Xon will then politely ask you if you want to save your edits whenever you move on to a different patch. Settings can be saved to the currently selected memory area, or to any other area, allowing you to store your effect wherever it's most convenient.
The G1Xon makes naming patches a breeze, too—simply use the parameter knob to dial in the characters you want. Patch names can be up to ten characters long, and each patch can be assigned its own level as well, allowing you to ensure consistent volume even when going from a gentle acoustic sound to heavy metal overdrive.
Pre Select
Choose the effect you want before the audience hears it.
Normally, you'll want to store your custom G1Xon patches adjacent to one another so that stepping on its pedal will scroll through them in the order needed. In that circumstance, you'll also want the sound to change immediately, and this is the way the G1Xon normally operates.
However, if you haven't stored your patches in adjacent memory locations, or if you simply get the urge to experiment and change things up in the middle of a performance, just turn on the G1Xon Pre Select function. This allows you to scroll through patches silently, with the current sound remaining unchanged as you do so.
Power functions
More power to you.
The G1Xon runs on just 4 AA batteries—either alkaline or rechargeable NiMH. Alternatively, it can be powered from an optional Zoom AD-16 AC adapter or via USB.
When running on batteries, the G1Xon powers up automatically when a jack is inserted into its input connector, and a unique "eco" function can be used to automatically power the unit off if unused for 10 hours.
Battery life (when using alkaline batteries) is more than 20 hours, even during continuous use, and a handy "battery remaining" display shows you how much power is remaining. To extend battery life further still, you can opt to have the backlit LCD display turn off automatically after 15 or 30 seconds after the pedal was last used.
The G1Xon expression pedal
The G1Xon's built-in expression pedal allows you to alter any selected parameter in real time. You can use it for gain drive or volume (affecting either input or output level), to add wah or filtering, to affect delay time or modulation speed, or a variety of other parameters. In addition, the pedal range can be independently adjusted for each patch—you can even set the minimum value higher than the maximum value for reverse pedaling effects.
There's also a simple calibration procedure which allows you to customize pedal sensitivity. Whether you're a feather-light player or a real lead-foot, the G1Xon can adapt to your particular pedaling style.
Features at a glance
- 100 effects, including distortion, compression, modulation, delay, and reverb, plus 5 pedal-controlled effects
- Up to 5 effects can be used simultaneously, chained together in any order
- 100 memory locations (10 banks of 10) for the storage of user-created patches
- Built-in expression pedal for control over input level, output level, or any selected effect parameter
- Swap function makes patch organization a breeze
- Auto Save function for automatic saving of all patch parameters
- Pre Select function allows silent patch selection while keeping the current patch operational
- Onboard chromatic tuner supports all standard guitar tunings, including open and drop tunings
- Looper feature for the recording of up to 30 seconds / 64 beats of CD-quality audio with seamless start and end times
- 68 built-in rhythm patterns which can be used in conjunction with the Looper
- Input jack accepts standard mono guitar cable (both active and passive instruments supported)
- Auxiliary input jack for connection of personal music players
- Output jack for connection to amp or headphones
- Backlit LCD with contrast control for easy viewing in low-light environments
- Lightweight and small enough to fit in your gig bag
- Easily integrated into any existing pedal board
- Runs on 4 AA batteries, with alkaline battery life of 20 hours
- USB port for firmware updates
- Optional AC adapter
Here's what comes included with the G1Xon:
- Operation manual
- AA size (LR6) battery x 4
Optional accessories:
- AC adapter (Zoom AD-16)
Get to know the G1Xon with this overview of its features and functionalities.
This video covers the new G1on/B1on series from Zoom! The G1on, G1Xon, B1on, and B1Xon are ultra high quality sounding multi-effects pedals for both bass and guitar!
This video is bonus content related to the November 2014 issue of Guitar World.
Number of effects: | 100 |
Number of simultaneous effects: | 5 |
Number of patches: | 100 (10 banks of 10) |
Sampling frequency: | 44.1 kHz |
A/D conversion: | 24-bit, 128× oversampling |
D/A conversion: | 24-bit, 128× oversampling |
Signal processing: | 32−bit, floating point & fixed point |
Frequency characteristics: | 20Hz – 20 kHz +1 dB, -6 dB (into 10 kΩ load) |
Display: | Backlit dot matrix LCD |
Input: | Standard mono ¼" phone jack |
AUX IN: | Mini stereo (⅛") phone jack |
Output: | Standard stereo (1/4") phone jack |
S/N (input conversion noise): | 119dB |
Noise floor (residual noise): | -97 dBm* |
Battery type: | AA size (LR6) battery x 4 |
Continuous battery operation time: | 20 hours when using 4 AA alkaline batteries |
AC adapter (optional): | DC 9V center-negative, 500 mA (Zoom AD-16) |
USB: | Firmware update |
External dimensions: | 154.8mm(D) x 237.0mm(W) x 50.0mm (H) |
Weight: | 640g (without batteries) |
* Note: 0 dBm = 0.775 Vrms |

subset: commoncrawl


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If you have unpaid taxes that you haven't yet been making payments toward, it might make you fearful that the IRS will come a-knocking one day to collect on what you owe. Tax debt can quickly snowball from interest, penalties, late fees, and the amount of the taxes due.
However, a lot of the scaremongering surrounding the IRS is largely sensationalized in media and daily conversation. Agents won't come bursting through your door just because you have tax debt. Instead, they must follow due process in accordance with the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (RRA). This means that you will always receive written notice concerning your balance due as well as collection actions and any requests for payment plans or settling your account.
However, if you haven't received further notification concerning what you owe, you may be able to ride out the little-known statute of limitations on tax debt collections, which is 10 years.
What the 10-Year Statute of Limitations Entails
Your tax debt can actually be canceled in 10 years if the IRS makes no efforts to collect on your account - and if you also don't contact the IRS. However, it's not as simple as just waiting a decade without ever paying the taxes you owe. There are conditions that must be satisfied. The first is that this 10-year time frame doesn't begin when you filed that tax return with a balance due or when you realized you owed taxes you couldn't pay.
The official statute of limitations date begins once you receive written notice from the IRS concerning what you owe. You may receive a notice of deficiency with an actual tax bill or a substitute tax return if you didn't file by the due date. So, if you filed your tax return on June 15, 2019, and got a notice in the mail dated September 1, your statutory period would begin September 1, not June 15. This date is called the CSED (Collection Statute Expiration Date), and if you make it to September 1, 2029, without further collection actions, then you can actually get your entire tax bill from this period canceled. (Note: Future tax bills, such as next year's taxes you also can't afford to pay on the due date, do not count toward this.)
However, the IRS will not notify you of this. While the date of assessment is also generally when that notice is received, the IRS has argued over when the assessment date actually was. Some situations can also delay the CSED by halting the clock on the 10-year time frame, such as:
Each month, we will send you a roundup of our latest blog content covering the tax and accounting tips & insights you need to know.
We care about the protection of your data.
You can count on us for professional, timely and reliable tax and accounting services. If you're ready to get started, just fill out this form and we'll be in touch.


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Dentist or Technician: Who Chooses the Implant Abutment?
The decision on the definitive implant abutment selection should be a collaboration between the dentist and the dental lab technician.
Greggory Kinzer | 3 years ago ›'Screw-Mentable' Implant Restoration
The restorative challenges associated with screw-retained restorations can be solved by designing the implant in two pieces.
Greggory Kinzer | 4 years ago ›Implant Dilemma: What's Going on With Open Contacts?
Dr. Greggory Kinzer discusses a study on implant open contacts and the importance of patient monitoring.
Greggory Kinzer | 5 years ago ›Should You Probe Dental Implants?
Proper evaluation of dental implants, with baseline information that includes probing, is necessary when making a determination of health or disease.
Greggory Kinzer | 6 years ago ›Implants: Screw-Retained vs. Cement-Retained
Dr. Gregg Kinzer compares both screw-retained and cement-retained implant options.
Greggory Kinzer | 7 years ago ›'Closed Tray' vs. 'Open Tray' Implant Impressions
We compare and contrast closed tray and open tray implant impressions.
Greggory Kinzer | 7 years ago ›The Abutment Option Most Dentists Overlook
Though often overlooked, the Custom UCLA-metal ceramic abutment offers many benefits.
Greggory Kinzer | 8 years ago ›Who Chooses the Implant Abutment: The Dentist or the Technician?
Should the clinician or the technician choose the implant abutment? We look at a case example to discover the answer.
Greggory Kinzer | 8 years ago ›What is the most crucial factor in terms of correcting tissue discoloration around implant restorations? We discuss the research in our latest article.
Greggory Kinzer | 8 years ago ›If You're Using Hybrid Implant Abutments, Heed This Word of Caution
There are many benefits to using hybrid implant abutments; however, dental clinicians should be cautious and consider these contraindications.
Greggory Kinzer | 8 years ago ›Why Implant Restoration Screws Become Loose
Why do implant screws become loose in this day and age? We take a look at the most common reasons and how to avoid them.
Greggory Kinzer | 8 years ago ›Potential Implant Problems Due to Continued Facial Development and Tooth Eruption
Although it can be difficult, facial type may help to identify the patients who will have continued facial development and tooth eruption as well as the...
Greggory Kinzer | 8 years ago ›


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LIFELIFE Magazine is the treasured photographic magazine that chronicled the 20th Century. It now lives on at LIFE.com, the largest, most amazing collection of professional photography on the internet. Users can browse, search and view photos of today's people and events. They have free access to share, print and post images for personal use. |
Common terms and phrases
1937 Studebaker Advertisement Alfred Eisenstaedt AMERICAN NEWSFRONT ARLINE JUDGE Babs Baker Barcelona Barcelonese Bayard beauty booklet BOURBON WHISKEY Brugh CAMERA OVERSEAS Carl Milles Carnival Carole Lombard centre championship chess clean Club color COMPANY copy in Cranbrook Cranbrook Crosley Radio dancers Dartmouth Dept EDITORS Eversharp Ex-Lax exile father Follette fountain France front gargle German Gillette Blade Gillette Razor girl Golf Shaft Graflex Hearst Hesse hot piano Hurff Joseph Conrad Kleenex Kleenex Habit laxative LEON TROTSKY magazine Manikins margarine Martini & Rossi Max Shachtman Mexico Miss Model Motor movie Neno NEWSFRONT Northwest Frontier Nucoa Open Orpheus paint pencil photograph Pinkerton Reichstag revolution Ruggles Russian screen sculptor Shafted Clubs shown Sirs skiing snow Stalin stockholders straight whiskey Street Studebaker studio in Cranbrook Swing High Swing Low takes training ship Trotsky's Trotskyist True Temper Shafts week end wife X-ER-VAC York


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Pëtr Kropotkin
Revolutionary Government
That the Governments at present existing ought to be abolished, so that Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity should no longer be empty words but become living realities, and that all forms of government as yet tried have only been so many forms of oppression, and ought to be replaced by a new form of grouping, so far all who have a brain and temperament ever so little revolutionary unanimously agree. In truth one does not need to be much of an innovator in order to arrive at this conclusion; the vices of the governments of today, and the impossibility of reforming them, are too evident to be hidden from the eyes of any reasonable observer. And as regards overturning governments, it is well-known that at certain epochs that can be done without much difficulty; there are times when governments crumble to pieces almost of themselves, like houses of cards, before the breath of the people in revolt. That has been seen clearly seen clearly in 1848 and in 1870; and will soon be seen again.
To overturn a government — this for a revolutionary middle-class man is everything, for us it is only the beginning of the Social Revolution. The machine of the State once out of gear, the hierarchy of functionaries disorganized and not knowing in what direction to take a step, the soldiers having lost confidence in their officers — in a word the whole army of the defenders of capital once routed — then it is that the grand work of destruction of all the institutions which serve to perpetuate economic and political slavery will become ours. The possibility of living freely being attained, what will revolutionists do next?
To this question the Anarchists alone give the proper answer, "No Government, Anarchy!" All the others say "A Revolutionary Government!" and they only differ as to the form to be given to that government. Some decide for a government elected by universal suffrage in the State or in the Commune; others decide on a Revolutionary Dictator.
A Revolutionary Government! These are two words which sounds very strange in the ears of those who really understand what the Social Revolution means, and what a government means. The words contradict each other, destroy each other. We have seen of course many despotic governments — it is the essence of all government to take the side of the reaction against the Revolution, and to have a tendency toward despotism — but such a thing as a revolutionary government has never been seen, and the reason is that the Revolution — synonym of "disorder" of upsetting and overthrowing of venerated institutions in a few days, meaning the demolition by violence of the established forms of property, the destruction of castes, the rapid transformation of received ideas about morality, or rather about the hypocrisy which takes the place of it, individual liberty and freedom of action — is precisely the opposite, the very negation, of government, this being the synonym of "established order," of conservatism, of the maintenance of existing institutions, the negation of free initiative and individual action. And yet we continually hear this white blackbird spoken of, as if a "revolutionary government" were the simplest thing in the world, as common and as well-known to all as Royalty, the Empire and the Papacy!
That the so-called revolutionists of the middle-class should preach this idea is nothing strange. We know well what they understand by Revolution. They understand by it a bolstering up of their republic, the taking possession by the so-called republicans of the lucrative employments reserved today for the Bonapartists or Royalists. It means at the most the divorce of Church and State, replaced by the concubinage of the two, and above all for that of the future administrators of these goods; perhaps it may mean the referendum, or some other political machinery of the same kind. But that revolutionary socialists should make themselves the apostles of such an idea — we can only explain by supposing one of two things. Either they are imbued with prejudices which they have imbibed without knowing it from literature and above all from history, written to suit middle-class ideas; and still possessed with the spirit of servility, product of ages of slavery, they cannot even imagine themselves free. Or else they do not really desire this Revolution which they have always on their lips, they would be content with a simple plastering up of present institutions, provided that they would secure power for themselves, leaving to the future to decide what they should do to satisfy "the beast" called the People. They only go against the Governors of the present time in order to take their places. With these people we care not to argue. We will then only speak to those who honestly deceive themselves.
Let us begin with the first of the two forms of "Revolutionary Government" which is advocated — the elected government.
The power of Royalty or some other we will suppose has just been overturned, the army of the defenders of capital is routed; everywhere there is fermentation, discussion of public affairs, everywhere a desire to march onward — new ideas arise, the necessity of important changes is perceived — it is necessary to act, it is necessary to begin without pity the work of demolition, in order to prepare the ground for the new life. But what do they propose to us to go? To convoke the people to elections, to elect at once a government and confide to it the work which we all of us, and each of us, should undertake of our own initiative.
This is what Paris did after the 18th of March 1871. "I will never forget," said a friend to us, "these delightful moments of deliverance. I came down from my upper chamber in the Latin Quarter to join that immense open-air club which filled the Boulevards from one end of Paris to the other. Everyone talked about public affairs; all mere personal preoccupations were forgotten; no more was thought of buying or selling; all felt ready body and soul to advance toward the future. Men of the middle-class even, carried away by the general enthusiasm saw with joy a new world opened up. 'If it is necessary to make a social revolution,' they said, 'make it then. Put all things in common; we are ready for it.' All the elements of the revolution were there, it was only necessary to set them to work. When I returned to my lodging at night I said to myself "How fine is humanity after al, but no one knew it; it has always been calumniated;' Then came the elections, the members of the Commune were named — and then little by little the ardor of devotion, and the desire for action were extinguished. Everyone returned to his usual task saying to himself "Now we have an honest government, let it act for us'" — what followed everyone knows.
Instead of acting for themselves, instead of marching forwards, instead of advancing in the direction of a new order of things, the people, confiding in their governors, entrusted to them the charge of taking the initiative — this was the first consequence of the inevitable result of elections. Let us see now what these governors did who were invested with the confidence of all.
Never were elections more free than those of March, 1871. The opponents of the Commune admit it themselves. Never was the great mass of electors more influenced with the desire to place in power the best men, men for the future, true revolutionists. And so they did. All well-known Revolutionists were elected by immense majorities; Jacobins, Blanquists, Internationals, all the three revolutionary divisions were represented in the Council of the Commune. No election could give a better government.
But what was the result of it? Shut up in the City Mansion, charged to proceed after the forms established by preceding governments, these ardent revolutionists, these reformers found themselves smitten with incapacity and sterility. With all their good will and their courage they did not even know how to organize the defense of Paris. Of course people now blame the men, the individuals for this; but it was not the men who were the cause of this failure — it was the system carried out.
In fact universal suffrage, when it is quite free, can only produce, at best, an assembly which represents the average of the opinions which at the time are held by the mass of the people; and this average at the outbreak of the Revolution, has only a vague idea of the work to be accomplished, without understanding at all how they ought to undertake it. Ah, if the bulk of the nation, of the Commune, could only understand before the movement what was necessary to be done as soon as the government should be overturned! If this dream of the utopians of the chair could be realized we never would have had bloody revolutions; the will of the bulk of the nation once expressed the rest would submit to it with a good grace. But this is not how things are done. The Revolution bursts out long before a general understanding has been come to, and those who have a clear idea of what should be done the next day are only a very small minority. The great mass of the people have as yet only a general idea of the end which they wish realized, without knowing much how to advance toward that end, nor much confidence in the direction to follow. The practical solution will not be found, will not be made clear until the change will have already begun; it will be the product of the Revolution itself, of the people in action — or else it will be nothing, the brain of a few individuals being absolutely incapable of finding solutions which can only spring from the life of the people.
This is the situation which is reflected in the body elected by universal suffrage, even if it had not all the vices inherent in representative governments in general. The few men who represent the revolutionary idea of the epoch find themselves swamped among the representatives of the revolutionary schools of the past, and of the existing order of things. These men who would be so necessary among the people, particularly in the days of the Revolution, to sow and broadcast their ideas, to put the mass in movement, to demolish the institutions of the past — find themselves shut up in a Hall, vainly discussing how to wrest concessions from the moderated, and how to convert their enemies, while there is really only one way of inducing them to accept the new idea — namely to put it in execution. The government becomes a parliament with all the vices of a middle-class parliament. Far from being a "revolutionary" government it becomes the greatest obstacle to the Revolution, and at last the people finds itself compelled to put it out of the way, to dismiss those that but yesterday it acclaimed as its chosen. But it is not so easy to do so. The new government which has hastened to organize a new administration in order to extend its domination and make itself to be obeyed, does not understand giving up so easily. Jealous of maintaining its power, it clings to it with all the energy of an institution which has not yet had time to fall into senile decay. It decides to oppose force with force, and there is only one means then to dislodge it, namely, to take up arms, to make another revolution in order to dismiss those in whom the people had placed all their hopes.
There you see the Revolution divided against itself! After losing precious time in delays, it now loses its strength in intestine divisions between the friends of the new government, and those who see the necessity of dissolving it. And all this happens because it has not been understood that a new life requires new forms; that it is not by clinging to ancient forms that a revolution can be carried out! All this for not having understood the incompatibility of revolution and government, for not having seen that the one is, under whatever form it presents itself, the negation of the other, and that outside of Anarchy there is no such thing as revolution.
It is just the same with regard to that other form of "revolutionary government" so often extolled — a Revolutionary Dictatorship.
The dangers to which the Revolution is exposed when it allows itself to be controlled by an elected government, are so evident that a whole school of Revolutionists renounce entirely the idea of it. They understand that it is impossible for a people in insurrection to give themselves, by means of elections, any government but one that represents the past, and which must be like leaden shoes on the feet of the people, above all when it is necessary to accomplish that immense regeneration, economic, political and moral which we understand by the Social Revolution. They renounce then the idea of "legal" government at least during that period which is a revolt against legality, and they advocate a "revolutionary dictator."
"The party," they say, "which will have overturned the government will take the place of it of course. It will seize upon power and proceed in a revolutionary manner. It will take the measures necessary to secure the success of the insurrection; it will demolish the old institutions; it will organize the defense of the country. As for those who will not recognize its authority, why the guillotine will settle them, whether they belong to the people or the middle-class, if they refuse to obey the orders necessary for the advance of the Revolution — The guillotine still in action! See how these budding Robespierres argue, who know nothing of the grand epic of the century but its period of decline, men who have never learned anything about it except from speeches of the hangers-on of the republic.
For us Anarchists the dictator of an individual or of a party (at bottom the very same thing) has been finally condemned. We know that Revolution and Government are incompatible; one must destroy the other, no matter what name is given to government, whether dictator, royalty, or parliament. We know that what makes the strength and the truth of our party is contained in this fundamental formula — "Nothing good or durable can be done except by the free initiative of the people, and every government tends to destroy it;" and so the very best among us, if their ideas had not to pass through the crucible of the popular mind, before being put into execution, and if they should become masters of that formidable machine — the government — and could thus act as they chose, would become in a week fit only for the gallows. We know whither every dictator leads, even the best intentioned, — namely to the death of all revolutionary movement. We know also in fine, that this idea of dictator is never anything more than a sickly product of governmental fetish-worship, which like religious fetish worship has always served to perpetuate slavery.
But we do not now address ourselves to Anarchists. We speak to those governmental Revolutionists, who, led astray by the prejudices of their education, honestly deceive themselves, and ask nothing better than to discuss the question. We therefore speak to them from their own point of view.
And to being with one general observation; those who preach dictator do not in general perceive that in sustaining this prejudice they only prepare the way for those who later on will cut their throats. There is however one word of Robespierre's which his admirers would do well to remember. He did not deny the dictator in principle; but "have good care about it" he answered abruptly to Mandar when he spoke to him of it, "[Jacques Pierre] Brissot would be the Dictator!" Yes, Brissot, the crafty girondin, deadly enemy of the leveling tendencies of the people, furious defender of property (though he once called it theft) Brissot, who would coolly have consigned to the Abbaye Prison Hebert, Marat, and all the moderate Jacobins!
Now this was said in 1792! And this time France had already been three years in Revolution! In fact Royalty no longer existed, it only awaited its death stroke; the feudal regime was actually abolished. And yet even at this time, when the Revolution rolled its waves untrammeled, it was still the counter-revolutionist Brissot who had the best chance to be made dictator! And who would it have been previously, in 1789? [Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de] Mirabeau is the man would have been acknowledged as the head of the government! The man who made a bargain with the king to sell to him his eloquence — this is the man who would have been thrust into power at this time, if the insurgent people had not imposed its sovereignty sustained by its pikes, and if it had not proceeded by the accomplished facts of the Jacquerie, in making illusory every government constituted at Paris or in the departments.
But governmental prejudice blinds so thoroughly those who speak of dictator, that they prefer the dictator of a new Brissot or a Napoleon to abandoning the idea of giving another master to men who are breaking the chains of their slavery!
The secret societies of the time of the Restoration and of Louis-Philippe contributed powerfully to maintain this prejudice of dictator. The middle-class Republicans of the time aided by the workers made a long series of conspiracies, with the object of overturning Royalty and proclaiming the Republic. Not understanding the profound change that would have to be effected in France before even a republican regime could be established, they imagined that by means of a vast conspiracy, they would some day overturn Royalty, take possession of power and proclaim the Republic. For more than thirty years these secret societies never ceased to work with a devotion unlimited, and a heroic courage and perseverance. If the Republic resulted from the insurrection of 1848, it was thanks to these societies, and thanks to the propaganda by deed made by them for thirty years.
Without their noble efforts the Republic would, up the present, have been impossible.
The end they had in view was to get possession of power themselves and to install a republican dictator. But of course they never succeeded. As ever, from the very nature of things, a conspiracy could not overturn Royalty. The conspirators had indeed prepared the way for its fall. They had spread widely the republican idea; their martyrs had made it the ideal of the people. But the final effort which definitely overturned the king of the bourgeoisie was much greater and stronger than any that could come from a secret society; it came from the mass of the people.
The result is known. The party which had prepared the way for the fall of royalty found itself thrust aside from the steps of the Government House. Others, too prudent to run the risks of conspiracy, but better known, more moderate also, lying in wait for the opportunity of grasping power, took the place which the conspirators hoped to conquer at the point of they bayonet. Journalists, lawyers, good talkers who worked hard to make a name for themselves while the true republicans forged weapons or expired in jail, took permission of power. Some of them already well-known were acclaimed by the people; others pushed themselves forward and were accepted because their name represented nothing more than a program of agreement with everybody.
It is useless to tell us that this happened because of a want or practical spirit in the party action, and that other will be able to do better in future — No, a thousand times no! It is a law as immutable as that which governs the movement of the stars, that the party of action must be thrown aside, and the intriguers and talkers seize upon power. They are always better known to the great mass that makes the final effort. They get more votes, because with or without voting papers, by acclamation or by the ballot-box, at the bottom it is always a kind of tacit election which is made in such cases by acclamation. They are acclaimed by everybody and above all by the enemies of the Revolution, who prefer to put forward nobodies, and thus by acclamation those men are accepted as rulers who are really either enemies of the movement or indifferent toward it.
The man who more than any other was the incarnation of this system of conspiracy, the man who by a life spent in prison for his devotion to this system, on the eve of his death uttered these words, which of themselves make an entire program — "Neither God nor Master!"
To imagine that a government can be overturned by a secret society, and that the secret society can take its place, is an error into which have fallen all the revolutionary organizations which sprang to life in the bosom of the republican middle-class since 1820. And yet facts abound which prove what an error it is. What devotion, what abnegation, what perseverance was not displayed by the republican secret societies of the Young Italy Party! And yet all this immense work, all these sacrifices made by the youth of Italy, before which even those of the Russian Revolutionary youth pale, all the corpses piled up in the casemated of Austrian fortresses, and under the knife and bullets of the executioner — all this only brought into power the crafty, robbing middle-class and royalty!
It was the same in Russia. It is difficult to find in history a secret organization which has obtained, with such limited means, results so immense as those attained by the Russian youth, or which has shown such energy or such powerful activity as their executive committee. It has shaken a colossus which appeared invulnerable — Czarism; and it has rendered autocratic government henceforth impossible in Russia. And still it is only simple fools who imagine that the Executive Committee will get into power when the crown of Alexander III is dragged in the more. Other men — the prudent ones, who strove to make a name for themselves while the revolutionists laid and spring mine or perished in Siberia, these others — the intriguers, the talkers, the lawyers, the journalists who now and again shed a few tears very soon dried up, on the tomb of the heroes, and make believe they are friends of the people — these are the men who will come and take the place left vacant by the Government, and will shout "stand back" to those "unknown persons" who will have prepared they way for the Revolution.
It is inevitable, it cannot be otherwise. For it is not secret societies nor even Revolutionary organizations that can give finishing blown to governments. Their functions, their historic mission is to prepare men's minds for the Revolution and then when men's minds are prepared and external circumstances are favorable, the final rush is made, not by the group that initiated the movement, but by the mass of the people altogether outside of the society. On the 31st of August Paris was deaf to the appeals of Blanqui. Four day later he proclaimed the fall of the government; but then the Blanquists were no longer the initiators of the movement; it was the people, the millions who dethrone the man of December, and proclaimed the humbugs whose names for two hears had resounded in their ears. When a Revolution is ready to burst out, when the movement is felt in the air, when its success is already certain, then a thousand new men, on whom the organization has never exercised any direct influence, come and join the movement, like birds of prey coming to the field of battle to feed on the victims. These help to make the final effort, but it is not in the ranks of the sincere and irreconcilable conspirators, it is among the men on the fence that they look for their leaders. The conspirators who still are possessed with the prejudice of a dictator work then unconsciously to put into power their own enemies.
But if all this that we have just said is true with regard to political revolutions or rather outbreaks, it is much more true with regard to the Revolution we desire — the Social Revolution. To allow any government to be established, a strong and recognized power, it is to paralyze the work of the Revolution at once. The good that this government could do is nil, and the evil immense.
For what is it we have on hand? What do we understand by Revolution? It is not a simple change of governors. It is the taking possession by the people of all social wealth. It is the abolition of all the forces which have so long hampered the development of Humanity. But is it by decrees emanating from a government that this immense economic revolution can be accompolished? We have seen in the past century the Polish revolutionary dictator Kosciusko decree the abolition of personal servitude, yet the servitude continued to exist for eighty years after this decree. We have the Convention, the omnipotent Convention, the terrible Convention as its admirers call it, decree the equal division per head of all he Communal lands taken back from the nobles. Like so many other this decree remained a dead letter because in order to carry it out it was necessary that the proletarians of the rural districts should make an entirely new Revolution, and Revolutions are not made by the force of decrees. In order that the taking possession of social wealth should become an accomplished fact it is necessary that the people should have their hands free, that they would shake off the slavery to which they are too much habituated, that they act according to their own will, and march forward without waiting for orders from anyone. And it is this very thing which a dictator would prevent however well integrated it might be, while it would be incapable of advancing in the slightest degree the march of the Revolution.
But if government, were it even an ideal Revolutionary government, creates no new force and is of no use whatever in the work of demolition which we have to accomplish, still less can we count on it for the work of reorganization which must follow that of demolition. The economic change which will result from the Social Revolution will be so immense and so profound, it must so change all the relations based today on property and exchange, that it is impossible for one or any individual to elaborate the different social forms, which must spring up in the society of the future. This elaboration of new social forms can only be made by the collective work of the masses. To satisfy the immense variety of conditions and needs which will spring up as soon as private property shall be abolished, it is necessary to have the collective suppleness of mind of the whole people. Any authority external to it will only be an obstacle, only a trammel on the organic labor which must be accomplished, and beside that a source of discord and hatred.
But it is full time to give up this illusion so often proved false and soften dearly paid for, of a Revolutionary Government. It is time to admit, once and for all, this political axiom that a government cannot be revolutionary. People talk of the convention, but let us not forget that the few measures taken by the Convention, little revolutionary though they were, were only the sanction of action accomplished by the people who at the time trampled under foot all governments. As Victor Hugo has said, Danton pushed forward Robespierre, Marat watched and pushed on Danton, and Marat himself was pushed on by Cimourdain — this personification of the clubs of wild enthusiasts and rebels. Like all the governments that preceded it and followed it, the Convention was only a drag on the action of the people
The facts which history teach us are so conclusive in this respect, the impossibility of a Revolutionary Government and the injurious effect of that which is called by the name are so evident, that it would seem difficult to explain the determination with which a certain school calling itself Socialist maintains the idea of a government. But the explanation is very simple. It is that Socialists though they say they are the followers of this school, have an entirely different conception from ours of the Revolution which we have to accomplish. For them, as for them idle-class Radicals, the Social Revolution is rather an affair of the future about which we have not to think much at present. What they dream of in their inmost thoughts, though they don't dare to confess it, is something entirely different. It is the installation of a government like that of Switzerland or the United States, making some attempts at appropriation in favor of the State of what they call "public services." It is something after the ideal of Bismark. It is a compromise made in advance between the Socialistic aspirations of the masses and the series of the middle class. They would indeed wish the appropriation to be complete, but they have not courage to attempt it; so they put it off to the next century, and before the battle they enter into negotiation with the enemy.
For us who understand that the moment is near for giving a mortal blow to the middle-class, that the time is not far off when the people will be able to lay their hands on all social wealth and reduce the class of exploiters to a state of impotence, for us I say there can be no hesitation in the matter. We fling ourselves body and soul into the Social Revolution, and as on the road we follow, a government, whatever may be its device, is an obstacle, we will sweep from our path all ambitious men, however they shall come to thrust themselves upon us as governors of our destinies.
Away with Governments; make room for the People, and Anarchy!


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Sams Teach Yourself Foursquare in 10 Minutes: Mobile Applications
- Getting the Right App for Your Device
- Official Foursquare Apps
- Third-Party Foursquare Apps
- Using the Basic Mobile Website Instead of an App
- Checking in via SMS (U.S. Only)
- Summary
Getting the Right App for Your Device
Now that you have your Foursquare account and a few friends, it's time to start using Foursquare for real. If there's one thing that I find odd about Foursquare it's that Foursquare is the only social media tool/service that I know of where you can do less on the website through your computer than you can do on your mobile device. At first, this really, really didn't make sense to me. Why can't I check in on the website? I'm in my local coffee place, I'm already mayor here (more about this in Lesson 5), what's the deal?!
The deal is that while Foursquare could use the Google Maps API to have its main site find out where you are, it doesn't want to go in that direction right now. The game is about being out and about, not checking in with your laptop.
So, if you can't check in at the main website, what's it good for? The website is really the hub of it all. Although you can't use it to check in, you can use it for a number of tasks:
- Adding a tip about a venue or location
- Adding a new location
- Managing your friends
- Reviewing your check-in history
- Checking out your check-in statistics
- Editing venues
- Connecting your account to Twitter or Facebook
For the most important part of Foursquare, checking in, you need to have some kind of mobile, Internet-capable device (smart phone, cell phone, tablet, and so on). Like Twitter, Foursquare is, at its heart, a mobile application. It's a tool you use on the go (or going). Foursquare has done a great job of covering the major smart phones (iOS, Android, and BlackBerry devices) with native applications; you can also use Foursquare on any other devices that can get on the Internet with a mobile browser. For users in the United States, you can also use SMS short codes to check in. So, although the main website seems like a little "meh, so what," it's still important to know how the system works.


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DIY Honey, Cinnamon and Nutmeg Face Mask
Created by: Hannah Hagler, Champagne Lifestyle
Skip the spa and get summer-fresh skin using this this all-natural face mask that can be made with ingredients found in your kitchen.
An at-home face mask can be made with ingredients found in your kitchen! This mask made of honey, nutmeg and cinnamon is a special treat that your skin will thank you for.
As someone who deals with sensitive skin, I am hesitant to try new skincare products for fear of having a reaction and breaking out. Because of this, I like to make my own face masks at home, because I know exactly what ingredients are in them and there are no added chemicals.
This particular mask was introduced to me by a friend, and it has become a new favorite that is regularly in my skincare rotation.
The honey is a humectant, an ingredient found in most cleansers that acts as a moisturizer. The nutmeg acts as an anti-inflammatory. The cinnamon prevents acne, eczema and cell turnover, which keeps dead cells from building up on the skin's surface. The cinnamon does bring the blood to the surface, which causes a tiny bit of a burning sensation – so if you are not a fan of that feeling, you can reduce the amount of cinnamon you put in the mixture.
The mask will not keep well in the refrigerator, so it's best to make a new batch for every application. The ingredients all have a long shelf life, so you get a lot of bang for your buck.
- 1 Tbsp. P$$T…™ Honey
- 1 tsp. P$$T…™ Cinnamon
- 1 tsp. P$$T…™ Nutmeg
- Stir all of the ingredients into a small bowl, and then apply the mask to clean skin. The best time to apply is right after a hot shower, when your pores are more open.
- Let the mask sit for around 20 minutes.
- Wash off with warm water, using circular motions to exfoliate as you remove the mask.
- Moisturize with your favorite moisturizer.


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In August 2011 7.12% of all website hits worldwide came from a handheld mobile device. By August 2012, that figure had risen to 11.78%.
We can literally watch as tablets and smartphones become our default choice for connecting to the internet. People have long gotten used to the web as an essential part of their lives, not willing to live another day, even another moment without being constantly connected.
This shift away from desktop to mobile requires web designers to refocus. Not necessarily away from desktop design, but certainly towards mobile design. There are several ways to approach a mobile web presence, such as a separate mobile site, or a mobile app. The most recent and increasingly popular approach is responsive web design.
Responsive design solves such a huge problem for web designers that it's easy to lose sight of the fact that it throws up problems of its own.
In this article I'd like to discuss both the opportunities and challenges that come with responsive design. I will shed some light on this new way of thinking and help you to make an informed choice for your next project.
Opportunities presented by responsive web design
Responsive web design is all about keeping it simple. The idea is to create one website to fit literally all screen sizes, be it a desktop or laptop screen, tablet or smartphone in landscape or portrait mode. Responsive websites are designed with a flexible grid. They use media queries to determine the screen size for every individual site visit and rescale the content accordingly.
Let's take a look at the advantages that come with a responsive design approach.
1. Low maintenance
With a responsive design you only need to maintain one website. While the layout changes, the content stays the same across different devices. You can simultaneously update content or fix bugs for all devices.
For example, for news sites such as breakingnews.com this is of great advantage. Fast-changing content and frequent updates require very high maintenance. A responsive design not only saves time, but also money.
You can focus on one single website and put all your resources into the optimization and maintenance of that site. No more need to prioritize or handle different versions of your site separately.
2. Brand consistency
With one website that works on both desktop and mobile screens, you will find it much easier to keep up a consistent brand identity. No more style guides that need to be communicated between multiple parties, such as different agencies for the desktop and mobile versions of your site.
The look and feel of a responsive website will be consistent across all screen sizes. spigotdesign.com maintains a unique branding experience on all devices. This makes it very easy for people to recognize the website, no matter where and how they visit.
3. Usability
Responsive web design is highly user friendly. Not only can your visitors better relate to your brand if they recognize your website on mobile, they also know better how to use it. A consistent style and consistent content is important because users don't expect it to be different just because they use a different device.
An important aspect of good usability is to meet your user's expectations. If you manage to do that, they will have less trouble navigating your website. smashingmagazine.com makes it very easy for their readers to navigate the site on all devices, keeping up a positive user experience. A good experience increases the chance of a repeat visit.
4. No redirects
The fact that you only have one website for all devices also means that you have the same page URLs to deliver content to all your users. You don't need to worry about redirects or incompatibilities between different devices.
When promoting a link, you can be certain that people can access it directly, no matter where they are, or how they visit your site.
For example, when sending out newsletters, chances are high that your readership will open your email on a mobile device. You don't want them to have to switch to a desktop computer or laptop before they can open your links.
Any content you promote should also be available, be it on mobile or not.
5. Load time
Those visitors, who access your website with a stable wifi or cable connection will have little trouble downloading relatively big chunks of data, such as special animations or big images. Mobile users on the other hand, who use 3G or 4G connections, will be thankful for as little data as possible.
Again, news sites, such as the bostonglobe.com are often used on the go, during a daily commute for example. Responsive design allows them to select very specific content for each device, or to pre-compress images.
Challenges presented by responsive web design
Responsive web design is a relatively new approach to mobile web design. Some say it's only a trend, others say it is a new way of thinking. Personally, I believe within the framework of the rapidly and constantly changing web, everything can be considered a trend in some sense. Let's not go into this too deep here. Rather, let's take a look at the challenges that we need to overcome to build successful responsive websites.
1. Development time
Probably the most obvious minus point about building a responsive website is that it takes more time. Obviously, for a regular desktop site you need way less preparation time, less resources to build it, and also testing it requires less effort.
It usually takes longer to convert an existing website into a responsive one than to build one from scratch. If you are thinking about going mobile, and doing so by making your website responsive, don't underestimate the work you will also have to put into your existing desktop version.
2. Different devices remain different
The idea that you can simply build one website that works equally well on any device is a myth. Sure, there is only one set of code and your website remains the same regarding content and structure, but different devices require a different way of thinking.
People will browse your website according to their very specific needs and goals, and not to mention their unique context of use.
Designers from choiceresponse.com have clearly prioritized their content for mobile use. While the desktop version can display a lot of content at once, for smaller screens you need to know exactly what matters.
Imagine, you are responsible for a public transportation website. One user might visit the desktop version, browsing patiently, hoping to find a special bargain for his weekend trip. At the same time, someone else might be checking the mobile version, hoping to find out which platform he should run to before his train leaves in less than a minute.
One website, two situations, and two completely different user scenarios. In order to create a great user experience for all your users, you need to consider that people will use different devices in different circumstances and with different goals.
3. Different devices offer different interactions
Your desktop version not only differs from the mobile version in a hypothetical, but also in a very practical way. Interaction that works just fine on one device may be irrelevant on another. That is mainly because the way we interact with desktop and mobile devices differ.
While we use keyboard shortcuts and a very defined mouse pointer to navigate through a website on one device, we have nothing more than our fingers on the other.
While the desktop version of forefathersgroup.com includes several links with a hover-over effect, the designer used these effects only for content that didn't make it to the mobile version. Again the prioritising of content is very important in responsive design.
4. Limited support of media queries
Responsive websites work with media queries to determine the screen size of every visitor and then display the correct layout.
The problem here is that old browsers, especially Internet Explorer version 8 and older, don't recognize media queries. Currently about 14% of web users worldwide still use IE8. 14% is a substantial portion of your audience, and depending on your target demographic the figure could be higher.
This does not mean that there is no way to display your website on these older browsers. You just need to be aware of this when working with media queries. There are several ways to avoid the problem, such as using a completely separate stylesheet for IE, or designing your website mobile-first.
Taking a mobile-first approach means that only styles that should apply to wider versions of the layout are inside a media query, not those for the mobile version. This way, browsers with no support for media queries will only see the mobile version.
5. Scalable images lose details
Another limitation of responsive design is the scaling of images. Scaled images quickly lose details and thus their meaning. Basically, the true limitation here is not the scaling itself, but the fact that scaling happens strictly based on screen size and not on context.
On oliverrussell.com this problem is solved very nicely. Images are rearranged so they can stretch across the entire screen if necessary. This creates enough space to keep most images from being rescaled at all.
An alternative to scaling images might be to crop them. Still their meaning and the experience that comes with it will ultimately be altered.
6. Navigation menus
Last but not least, navigation menus make up for an important part of any website. Especially on more complex desktop websites we are used to multi-layer drop-down menus. On smaller devices you will always encounter limited screen real estate, which makes designing intuitive navigation menus a challenge.
The designers of starbucks.com have decided to hide the navigation menu on smalls screen sizes by default. Only when tabbing a little icon on the top left corner the different content categories appear as finger-friendly buttons.
On any device, the rule of thumb is to strike a balance between easy access to information and an unobtrusive design. Don't reinvent the wheel if you don't have to.
Things to consider
Whether to go responsive is ultimately down to you, but if you do decide to give it a try, here are a couple of things you should consider before you get started.
Preparation is key
Thorough responsive web design starts long before your first photoshop mockup. Also long before your first wireframe. Good preparation is the key to successful design. The better you are prepared, the more time and money you will save in the end.
Since your website will vary on different devices, you need to have a clear picture in mind of how you want to structure your content for each of these devices. The smaller the device gets, the more choices you have to make regarding the priority of your content.
Start from scratch
If you already have an existing desktop design and you're considering a mobile presence for the first time, think about this carefully.
You can recycle the design from your old desktop site, but modifying the code may well take longer than starting over from scratch.
Don't reinvent the wheel
There are plenty of tools and resources online to help you develop a responsive site.
Don't try and reinvent the wheel by creating a new approach. Learning from the mistakes of others will speed up your development time considerably.
Test, test, and test again
This is nothing new, and shouldn't come as a surprise. Early and repetitive user testing is essential for any successful design, responsive or not.
The different behaviour and the challenge to design for both touch and regular screens at the same time will require some excessive testing. Start to test on all the devices you own. If everything works, borrow devices from friends and family and test those. Last but not least, visit an electrical store and try out your site on their devices.
Do you produce responsive designs for your clients? Have you solved these problems? Let us know in the comments.
Featured image/thumbnail, mobile internet image via Shutterstock.


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Wedding Rings
From: Dan Blum
Hi. I was hoping you could help me with a wedding question that I have. I noticed on your website that in a Jewish wedding a ring is given to the bride by the groom. I was wondering if this has always been the case. Does this tradition go back, say, as far as Abraham? If this is a more recent tradition, was there another way in the past that the bride displayed that she was married? Thank you in advance for your help.
From: Rakhel,
Why is the wedding ring placed on the forefinger of the right hand?
Dear Dan and Rakhel,
In Biblical times, women were not necessarily betrothed with rings. For example, when Abraham sent his servant Eliezer to find a wife for Isaac, the betrothal was done with jewelry, but not necessarily a finger-ring. Presumably the custom of betrothing with gifts has been in practice ever since. The first mentionof placing the ring on the right forefinger as a wide-spread custom dates back at least about a thousand years asmentioned by Rabbi Elazar of Worms (1165-1238).
Teshuvot Maharam Mintz (No. 109) explains that in those days women would wear their rings on the right forefinger and therefore this custom has remained. Another reason is suggested in Nachalat Shiva (12:2) based on the idea that the right forefinger is the most prominent of all the fingers. There was a custom amongst some Sephardim to place the ring on the left middle finger. The reason is that just as one winds the tefillin strap around this finger as an expression of being bound to G-d, so the ring on this finger represents the bond between bride and groom. Aruch HaShulchan (27:4) states that all customs are valid, and it makes no difference how the ring is given.
Nevertheless, there are Kabbalistic explanations for placing the ring on the right forefinger. The Zohar explains that the reason the ring is placed on the right hand is because the right hand represents giving and loving-kindness. Maharich (Likkutim 3:133a) offers a beautiful idea as to why the forefinger. The chatan gives the ring with his right hand, which is opposite the left hand of the kallah. The giving is accompanied by seven blessings. The seventh finger from the kallahs left hand is her right forefinger. Therefore it is symbolic that the "seventh" finger should be the one that ring is placed on, as the giving of the ring is the moment that the kiddushin is sealed.
- Rokeach 351
- Darkei Moshe, Even HaEzer 27, note 3
- Rema, ibid 27:1
- Gra, ibid, note 5
- Be'er Heitev, ibid, note 1(from Maharil 64b, Maharam Mintz 109)
- Tikunei Zohar 5,10,21 (p. 55b)


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TweetCharlie Sheen Settlement with Warner Bros. North of $100 Million
Charlie Sheen will immediately get $25 million in his settlement with Warner Bros. in his "Two and a Half Men" dispute -- but over time he'll get 5 times that amount ... TMZ has learned.
Sources connected with the settlement tell TMZ ... Charlie will get the $25 mil in about two weeks and, as we reported, the sum represents the monies owed him for the work he already performed on the series and the profits that have already accrued.
But Charlie has shot around 180 episodes for the show, and in the next 7 - 10 years, the settlement will produce $100 million for the actor in syndication profits.
Not bad when you don't have to show up for work.


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The National Space Society (NSS) today announces a new space solar power international initiative. NSS endorses this initiative and will work to forge an international organization involving America, India and other nations to develop space solar power. This has the potential of solving humanity's energy needs and greatly mitigating climate change.
The following is a joint statement of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Former President of the Republic of India and Mr. Mark Hopkins, Executive Committee Chairman, National Space Society.
Space Solar Power: Key to a Livable Planet Earth
Joint Statement of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Former President of the Republic of India
Mr. Mark Hopkins
Chairman of the Executive Committee, National Space Society
June 1, 2013
We, Dr. Kalam and Mr. Hopkins, have long shared humanity's dream of all nations living together in prosperity and peace and moving forwards through global collaboration in space to meet the challenges that now face our Planet Earth. We are conscious that all nations have to strive to make our planet livable again, after centuries of devastation of its environment and ecosystems and rapid depletion of its precious mineral resources, including fossil fuels and fresh water.
Over these last three years many of our colleagues, in NSS and in India, have come together and made progress towards this international collaborative mission by sustained dialogue with mutual respect, understanding, and trust. It is essentially this process that has helped us to decide that the time has arrived for us to together attempt to give a direction and momentum to this movement to realize space solar power and its enabling technologies through international collaboration that can help rebuild our environmentally vulnerable planet.
Today, we begin working together in a well organized and well supported manner to realize such a 21st Century global collaboration; and together help to lay the structural foundation for an international collaboration to develop and deploy space solar power systems. We are aware that coalitions and collaborations work best if there is a shared mission and common goals, and effective leadership. We need to build strong, trusting relationships across nations through a participatory process with the active involvement of member nations and their institutions and organizations. We will work to develop an effective mission governance process and hope to evolve, jointly and together in international teams, clear operating procedures regarding decision-making, communications, and accountability. We shall be working together to develop a shared vision, to build strong relationships within the leadership team, and to rotate leadership roles.
Kalam and Hopkins discuss joint statement at the 2013 International Space Development Conference (ISDC).
Such a shared vision shall include specific mechanisms such as the Global Space Knowledge Platform, the International Virtual Laboratory, and the International Advisory Committee that Dr. Kalam has elaborated through discussion papers with Mr. Hopkins and his Address to the 2013 National Space Society's International Space Development Conference (ISDC 2013). We hope our international collaborative mission will act as a catalyst for a livable planet which will promote prosperity and peaceful relations within and between nations.
We shall start our team building and mission structuring phase with core members from nations who we know are already networking and who are contributing to the dream of harvesting energy from space, including the US, India, Japan, and UK. We shall also invite, as observers, representatives in relevant domains of public policy, science and technology and management systems from other space faring nations like Russia, China, and other European nations. We shall engage in open and frequent communication with people who share our values and goals in governments and societies which are important to the success of this venture. We will help accomplish this through collaborative practices that are the true hallmark of effective global cooperation for a livable planet Earth. We shall have a clear plan of action to market the idea of a livable planet Earth through space solar power to G8 or G20 nations within a year.
Towards this end, we agree to start working together by jointly identifying the core members and observer members in the joint working mechanisms that Dr. Kalam has proposed. This shall be the direction of what we must accomplish in the coming months. We shall build upon the trusting relationships we have established and consolidated these last three years between NSS, Dr. Kalam, and others in India. We shall now strive to expand this relationship in an organized and well-structured manner towards an international collaborative mission to realize space solar power for all humanity.
For more information concerning the plan, see Dr. Kalam's June 2, 2013 address to the leaders of the Indian aerospace community and "Global Space Solar Plan Unveiled," Aviation Week, June 3, 2013.
About Dr. Abdul Kalam: Despite coming from a poor background, which required him to work at an early age to supplement his parents' income, Dr. Kalam obtained degrees in Physics and Aeronautical Engineering. He was project director of India's first indigenous satellite launch vehicle. Dr. Kalam was subsequently responsible for the evolution of ISRO's (India's equivalent of NASA) launch vehicle program. From 1992 to 1999, he was the Scientific Adviser to Defense Minister of India and Secretary, Department of Defense Research & Development. Dr. Kalam was President of India from 2002 to 2007. He is known for his work with students. His 79th birthday was recognized as "World Student's Day" by the United Nations. According to a 2010 Readers Digest poll, he is one of the two most trusted men in India. Dr. Kalam has received numerous prestigious awards including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor, and the 2013 Wernher von Braun Memorial award from the National Space Society. He currently serves as the Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Technology, the leading institution for producing new engineers and scientists for India's space program. Read more about Dr. Kalam at his website.