text:
NEW YORK (AP) — Donald Trump awakened a movement of angry working-class voters fed up with political insiders and desperate for change. On Tuesday, that movement propelled him to the White House.
Trump's stunning, come-from-behind victory over Hillary Clinton — a far more organized and experienced rival — served as a raised middle finger to the political establishment from his fervent backers.
"I have been so ready for this," said Oklahoma resident Holly Berry, who flew all the way from Tahlequah to celebrate at Trump's victory party in Manhattan.
Berry, who works in sales, said that she can no longer afford her health insurance, which has spiked 86 percent.
"People are sick and tired," she said. "This country's fed up with everything. We're ready for a change. We're ready for lower taxes, ready for our economy to grow, we're ready for jobs."
But to millions of others, the billionaire businessman's elevation to the presidency is a shocking and terrifying reality that will take time to comprehend. Many see the president-elect as a bigot and a misogynist unfit for the office.
"He scares the daylights out of me," said Wendy Bennett, a Democrat and government worker from Reno, Nevada, who cast her ballot for Clinton. "I think his personality is going to start World War III. He reminds me of Hitler."
Lisa Moore, a registered Republican from Glen Rock, New Jersey, crossed party lines to vote for Clinton, who would have been the nation's first female president.
"As a woman, in good conscience, and as the mother of a daughter, I can't vote for somebody who's so morally reprehensible," said Moore, an exercise instructor.
The 2016 election was vindication for Trump, a former reality TV star who was underestimated from the start.
While pundits assumed his poll numbers would sink as soon as voters started taking the race seriously, Trump was drawing thousands each night to rallies packed with angry, largely white supporters who felt ignored and lied to by Washington.
While statistics showed the U.S. economy improving overall, it didn't feel that way in places like upstate New York, Pennsylvania's coal country and former manufacturing towns across the Midwest devastated by outsourcing and globalization. Chaos abroad only added to the feeling that the country was sliding backward.
Together, those factors drove a yearning to return to a simpler time when America was the world's undisputed superpower and middle-class wages were on the rise.
"We have our fingers in too many baskets," said Joe Hudson, 49, an engineer and registered Republican from Virginia Beach, Virginia, who said he would be voting for Trump because "we're not taking care of our own people."
"We're trying to be too involved in world politics. And our country is imploding from within," he said. "We need a new direction, a new attitude, and people to stop arguing and letting the media affect how we feel."
Trump's vow was simple: He'd "Make America Great Again." His outsider status, coupled with his personal business success, lent credibility to a populist message that emphasized recapturing manufacturing jobs, restoring American strength abroad and curtailing legal and illegal immigration.
Trump promised to immediately create new jobs, end conflicts abroad and — in Trump's words, "win again"
Trump, early on, painted his supporters as a "movement" larger than himself.
"This isn't about me; it's about all of you and our magnificent movement to make America great again all over this country. And they're talking about it all over the world," he said at a rally in Miami last week during the race's furious final stretch.
"There has never been a movement like this in the history of our country — it's never happened. Even the pundits, even the ones that truly dislike Donald Trump, have said it's the single greatest phenomena they have ever seen."
But as he worked his base into a frenzy and locked down one primary win after the next, Trump was also repelling large swaths of the populace — including women, college-educated whites and minorities — with his deeply divisive rhetoric.
Trump launched his campaign with a speech that accused Mexico of sending rapists and other criminals across the border. He later questioned 2008 Republican nominee and former POW John McCain's status as a war hero, saying he preferred people who hadn't been captured. He mocked a disabled reporter. And he called for a "total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's representatives can figure out what is going on" — a blanket religion test denounced by many as un-American.
After securing his party's nomination, Trump questioned a federal judge's ability to treat him fairly because of the judge's Hispanic origin, repeatedly insulted a Muslim-American family whose son had been killed in Iraq, and got into an extended spat with a former beauty queen, at one point instructing his millions of Twitter followers to "check out" her non-existent sex tape.
Again and again, Trump appeared poised to close the gap with Clinton, only to go off on a tangent that would send his poll numbers tumbling.
Then came the release of shocking old video footage from an "Access Hollywood" bus in which Trump bragged about being able to grope women because he was famous. The video's release was followed by a string of allegations from women who said Trump sexually harassed or assaulted them.
Trump denied the accusations, at one point threatening to sue the women.
But one October surprise was overshadowed by another. Trump's numbers had already been rising with news of health care premium increases when the FBI director informed Congress that the bureau had found a new trove of emails potentially relevant to its investigation into Clinton's use of a private email server a secretary of state.
While the FBI eventually announced that there was nothing in the emails to merit criminal prosecution, the damage appeared to have been done.
On Tuesday, Trump won a commanding victory, buoyed by a new Trump coalition.
"It's time to get together," he said.


text:
Hello friends! It's been a busy week! I thought I'd show some of what's happening with JRuby, so you know we're still here plugging away.
Android Update
Earlier this week I helped Jan Berkel get the Ruboto IRB application working on a more recent JRuby build. There were a few minor tweaks needed, and Jan was interested in helping out, so I made the tweaks and added him as a committer.
The Ruboto IRB project repository is here: http://github.com/headius/ruboto-irb
Lately my interest in JRuby on Android has increased. I realized very recently that JRuby is just about the only mainstream JVM languge that can create *new* code while running on the device, which opens up a whole host of possibilities. It is not possible to implement an interactive shell in Groovy or Scala or Clojure, for example, since they all must first compile code to JVM bytecode, and JVM bytecode can't run on the Dalvik VM directly.
As I played with Ruboto IRB this week, I discovered something even more exciting: almost all the bugs that prevented JRuby from working well in early Android releases have been solved! Specifically, the inability to reflect any android.* classes seems to be fixed in both Android 1.6 and Android 2.0.x. Why is this so cool? It's cool because with Ruboto IRB you can interactively play with almost any Android API:
This example accesses the Activity (the IRB class in Ruboto IRB), constructs a new WebView, loads some HTML into it, and (not shown) replaces the content WebView. Interactively. On the device. Awesome.
I am trusting you to not go mad with power, and to use Ruboto only for good.
RubyGems/Maven Integration
JRuby has always been a Ruby implementation first, and as a result we've often neglected Java platform integration. But with Ruby 1.8.7 compatibility very solid and Ruby 1.9 work under way, we've started to turn our attentions toward Java again.
One of the key areas for language integration is tool support. And for Java developers, tool support invariably involves Maven.
About a year ago, I started a little project to turn Maven artifacts into RubyGems. The mapping was straightforward: both have dependencies, a name, a description, a unique identifier, version numbers, and a standard file format for describing a given package. The maven_gem project was my proof-of-concept that it's possible to merge the two worlds.
The maven_gem repository is here: http://github.com/jruby/maven_gem
The project sat mostly dormant until I circled back to it this fall. But once I got the guys from Sonatype involved (purveyors of the Nexus Maven server) things really got interesting.
Thanks to Tamas Cservenak from Sonatype, we now have something once thought impossible: full RubyGems integration of all the Maven artifacts in the world!
The Nexus RubyGems support repository is here: http://github.com/cstamas/nexus-ruby-support/
~/projects/jruby ➔ gem install com.lowagie.itext-rtf
Successfully installed bouncycastle.bcmail-jdk14-138-java
Successfully installed bouncycastle.bcprov-jdk14-138-java
Successfully installed bouncycastle.bctsp-jdk14-138-java
Successfully installed com.lowagie.itext-rtf-2.1.7-java
4 gems installed
Installing ri documentation for bouncycastle.bcmail-jdk14-138-java...
Installing ri documentation for bouncycastle.bcprov-jdk14-138-java...
Installing ri documentation for bouncycastle.bctsp-jdk14-138-java...
Installing ri documentation for com.lowagie.itext-rtf-2.1.7-java...
Installing RDoc documentation for bouncycastle.bcmail-jdk14-138-java...
Installing RDoc documentation for bouncycastle.bcprov-jdk14-138-java...
Installing RDoc documentation for bouncycastle.bctsp-jdk14-138-java...
Installing RDoc documentation for com.lowagie.itext-rtf-2.1.7-java...
Here's a an example of a full session, where I additionally install Rhino and then use it from IRB: http://gist.github.com/271764
I should reiterate what this means for JRuby users: as of JRuby 1.5, you'll be able to install or use in dependencies any Java library ever published to the public Maven repository. In short, you now have an additional 60000-some libraries at your fingertips. Awesome, no?
There are some remaining issues to work through, like the fact that RubyGems itself chokes on that many gems when generating indexes, but there's a test server up and working. We'll get all the issues resolved by the time we release JRuby 1.5 RC1. Jump on the JRuby mailing list if you're like to discuss this new capability.
Rake? Ant? Why not Both?
Another item on the integration front is Tom Enebo's work on providing seamless two-way integration of Rake (Ruby's build tool) and Ant. There's three aspects to Rake/Ant integration:
- Using Rake tasks from Ant and Ant tasks from Rake
- Calling Rake targets from Ant and Ant targets from Rake
- Mixed build systems with part in Rake and part in Ant
Here's an example of pulling in a build.xml file, depending on its targets, and calling Ant tasks from Rake:
require 'ant'
ant.load 'build.xml' # defines tasks :mkdir + :setup in ant!
task :compile => [:mkdir, :setup] do
ant.javac(:srcdir => src_dir, :destdir => "./build/classes") do
classpath :refid => "project.class.path"
Ideally we'll cover all possible integration scenarios, and finally blur the lines between Rake and Ant. And we'll be able to move JRuby's build into Rake, which will make all of us very happy. Look forward to this in JRuby 1.5 as well.
The C Extension Question
One aspect of Ruby itself that we've punted on is support for Ruby's C extension API. We haven't done that to spite C extension users or developers--far from it...we'd love to flip a switch and have C extensions magically work. The problem is that Ruby's C API provides too-invasive access to the internals of objects, and there's just no way we can support that sort of access without incurring a massive overhead (because we'd have to copy stuff back and forth for every operation).
But there's another possibility we've started to explore: supporting only a "safe" subset of the Ruby C API, and providing a few additional functions to replace the "unsafe" invasive bits. To that end, we (as in Wayne Meissner, creator of the FFI implementations for JRuby and Ruby) have cleaned up and published a C extension API shim library to Github.
The JRuby C extension shim library repository is here: http://github.com/wmeissner/jruby-cext
Last night I spent some time getting this building and working on OS X, and to my surprise I was able to get a (very) trivial C extension to work!
Here's the part in C. Note that this is identical to what you'd write if you were implementing the extension for Ruby:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ruby.h>
VALUE HelloModule = Qnil;
VALUE HelloClass = Qnil;
VALUE say_hello(VALUE self, VALUE hello);
VALUE get_hello(VALUE self);
HelloClass = rb_define_class("Hello", rb_cObject);
rb_define_method(HelloClass, "get_hello", get_hello, 0);
rb_define_method(HelloClass, "say_hello", say_hello, 1);
say_hello(VALUE self, VALUE hello)
return Qnil;
get_hello(VALUE self)
return rb_str_new2("Hello, World");
Here's the little snippit of Ruby code that loads and calls it. Note that the ModuleLoader logic would be hidden behind require/load in a final version of the C extension support.
require 'java'
m = org.jruby.cext.ModuleLoader.new
m.load(self, "defineclass")
h = Hello.new
puts "Hello.new returned #{h.inspect}"
puts "h.get_hello returns #{h.get_hello}"
Among the C API pieces we probably won't ever support are things like RSTRING, RARRAY, RHASH that give direct access to string, array, and hash internals, anything dealing with Ruby's threads or runtime, and so on. Basically the pieces that don't fit well into JNI (the Java VM C API) would not be supported.
It's also worth mentioning that this is really a user-driven venture. If you are interested in a C extension API for JRuby, then you'll need to help us get there. Not only are we plenty busy with Java and Ruby support, we are also not extension authors ourselves. Have a look at the repository, hop on the JRuby dev list, and we'll start collaborating.
JRuby in 2010
There's a lot more coming for JRuby in 2010. We're going to finally let you create "real" Java classes from Ruby code that you can compile against, serialize, annotate, and specify in configuration files. We're going to offer JRuby development support to help prioritize and accelerate bug fixes for commercial users that really need them. We're going to have a beautiful, simple deployment option in Engine Yard Cloud, with fire-and-forget for your JRuby-based applications (including any non-Ruby libraries and code you might use like Java, Scala or Clojure). And we're going to finally publish a JRuby book, with all the walkthroughs, reference material, and troubleshooting tips you'll need to adopt JRuby today.
It's going to be a great year...and a lot of fun.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It's only a myth that Carpenter Ants will eat through a house in no time.
Carpenter Ants will damage the structure of a building if not treated right away, Some ants control expert have referred to carpenter ants as silent destroyers, the moment you notice its advisable to take action right away with the experience of pest control . Carpenter Ants prefer to establish nests in hollow areas and inside moist wood. Beware because the pests love to make nests in trees. Using a professional Pest control Service is the wisest way to go. Call AMPM
Exterminators for a successful elimination of Carpenter Ants infestations.
Buildings of age or type of construction, are vulnerable to infestation and damage by carpenter ants. Carpenter ants are very difficult to control.carpenter ants winged individuals often indicate a well-established colony. Sign of carpenter ant activity is the debris they produce from tunneling in the wood. Rough wood shavings mixed with parts of dead ants from the colony indicate carpenter ant nesting activity. Sound sometimes heard as the ants go about their activity in the home's wood.
Ants of the genus Camponotus are known as carpenter ants because they prefer to establish their colonies in galleries excavated from damp or damaged wood. Carpenter ants do not eat wood has termites do, but instead remove wood and deposit the debris outside of their nests in small piles.Carpenter ants clean their nesting sites, and their galleries are not lined with mud or moist soil as termite galleries typically are. Carpenter ant workers keep their galleries as smooth as sandpapered wood.
Big Black Ants marching and flying in the house problems of pest control:
There is one thing most people don't think about. That is the home getting infested with a damaging ant species. But the moment came when the big Black Ants infiltrated into the home. Exactly what type of ant or bug is it. Recently, the Greater Seattle area has been plagued with Carpenter Ants. Homes and commercial business owners are great targets for this type of invasion. A Seattle homeowner saw the first big ant in the garage and then on the sundeck. But unsure of what the pests were, the owner decided to investigate by taking a picture to submit to a pest control expert. An emailed photo was sent to a professional Pest Control company for verification. All known facts about what had been observed were included in the email. The number one choice was to contact AMPM Exterminators.
Seattle homeowners fight and kill carpenter ants nightmare about to become reality:
The homeowner pulled into the garage. Happy the work day was over and looking forward to getting some rest. But something flew by like a bat out of hell. It came to a stop right at the entry door to the home. The owner was able to capture the bug with a paper towel and took a picture. As soon as the owner entered the house the wife was clearly distraught about big black bugs out on the patio and flying through the open door. One of the kids had forgotten to close the screen door. The husband took a look around inside and outdoors. The Carpenter Ants were working on the patio big time. Annoyed and stressed decision was made to notify a professional pest control company. AMPM Exterminators was sending out a technician shortly.
Identifying Carpenter Ant Control problems in commercial business buildings:
The nest may be located by careful observations of worker ants, especially between sunset and midnight during spring and summer months when carpenter ants are most active. To follow carpenter ants without startling them, use a flashlight with a red film over the lens—ants cannot see red light. You can also cover part of the flashlight with your hand so the light is more indirect and is not as bright. You can increase your chances of following workers to their nest by setting out food that is attractive to carpenter ants. Place food in areas where you find workers.
Many foods are attractive to carpenter ants, including honey or other sweet foods. During spring, carpenter ants are particularly attracted to protein sources, such as tuna packed in water. (Carpenter ants are not attracted to tuna packed in oil.) Set out small pieces of tuna for the ants to take back to their nest. It is easier to follow the ants when they are carrying food. With patience and perseverance, you can follow the ants back to their nest. If you put pieces of fish in many areas, food placed closer to the nest or trails will be found sooner.
It is not the norm to be able to identify species of bugs, much less all ant species. The Queen Carpenter ants measure about 3/4 inch are large and Workers around 1/4-1/2 inch. Winged Carpenter are the aces and are always in flight to establish new colonies. Different colored carpenter ants found in the State of Washington. Some of which are red or black. However, the most common Carpenter Ant is black with reddish legs. Carpenter ants actually do not eat wood. The pests gnaw on wood like a planer smoothing out wood. The Big Black ants can enlarge nests by tunneling into the wood. The scary thing is that the infestation may be more widespread throughout the structure than realized.
Get Rid Of Carpenter Ants – Do It Yourself Pest Control being destructive:
A Carpenter Ant infestation is something a homeowner dreads. The pests create a lot of damage to structures simply through the nesting process. The pests' complex life cycle and nesting habits are big threats to residences and commercial businesses. Mutual feelings were shared by the homeowners that the big black ants had to go. How to get rid of the Carpenter Ants was put into the hands of experience. It was the perfect time to contact a Pest Control Exterminator.
carpenter ant commercial home pest control
An assessment would be done to locate where the Carpenter Ants were nesting. A pest control work plan would be drawn up to exterminate the main colony. Main colonies are commonly found outside. But may also be found inside walls, in ceilings, below outdoor siding, in piles of wood by foundations. Also may be found near downspouts, gutters, within floors and insulation. A huge factor are specific trees found near the home. Once the professional carpenter ant infestation expert arrived from AMPM Exterminator the investigation began. The homeowner was grateful for the expedited service and carefully listened to the prevention tips given by the technician. The homeowner booked a recurring monthly service.
Professional pest control company with exterminators for Carpenter Ants, bed bugs, little black sugar ants, rat and mice control, birds, beetles, moths, flies, termites, wasps, yellowjackets and hornets and much more. Ampm Pest Exterminators takes pride in family and pet friendly effective pest control in King County areas of Seattle, Bellevue, Redmond, Kirkland, Renton, Everett, Bothell and Issaquah and many many other cities. All services are available to residential including single family residences, apartments, Commercial Businesses such as hotels, restaurants, schools and industrial establishments including warehouses and grocery stores. Attic and Crawlspace Rodent Restoration including cleaning, sanitizing and insulation removal & repair after rats, mice, squirrels, birds, bats Infestation.
Call AMPM Exterminators for answers to questions about costs and product usage. Yes, Green. It is much easier, faster and cheaper to get rid of any pest by using a professional service. Every home is different and if any repair costs are provided the cost may vary. After years of experienced inspections this client deserved customized solutions for the Big Black Carpenter Ant Infestation. Which AMPM Exterminators did with great success.


text:
COLORADO SPRINGS — On March 9, the Colorado Department of Revenue published the monthly cannabis sales for January of 2021.
When looking at the figures from 2020, a spike can be seen during the summer months in recreational sales.
The CEO of The Green Solution, Steve Lopez, says they are the largest cannabis dispensary chain in the state. "When COVID first hit, we actually had about three weeks where our sales took a huge hit," said Lopez.
Lopez said the dispensaries have instituted several different safety measures because of the pandemic.
"A lot of different changes in 2020, but it worked out really well. Ended up having a record year... We grew by about a third last year. So, we went from $75 million in sales to over $100 million in sales after taxes," said Lopez.
Lopez said they really started seeing the increases in sales in April of 2020 and believes the erosion of the stigma surrounding cannabis played a role in that. In addition, he said the pandemic had an impact on the sales.
"People were at home, they had a lot more ability to actually indulge, and so that's why I think we saw a large increase in sales in 2020," Lopez said. "You had a lot of people that were stuck at home, and so they diverted a lot of their dollars that they spent on going out to eat and utilizing it in different ways."
Lopez believes this trend will continue and said they are already experiencing about a 28% increase in sales for January and February of 2021 versus last year.
"Right now, we feel very confident that those sales are going to remain steady, if not continue to increase in 2021," said Lopez.
The numbers of recreational users, it just boomed. But, I think any time you have a major crisis like that, that has such an impact on people's lives, the things that they use to cope always go up in sales and cannabis was one of those... 2021 is shaping up to be just as crazy of a year, and I think people are going to need some coping methods.
Bridget Seritt has been using medicinal marijuana for more than five years to treat her autoimmune diseases. She said there are around 85,000 people listed on the medical marijuana registry in Colorado, but she chose not to do that.
"My husband has to pass background checks," Seritt said. "And unfortunately, we've had several families where their spouses or children, being on the cannabis registry in Colorado, it has popped up and we couldn't risk that."
Seritt was not surprised to see the medical marijuana numbers stabilize.
"With medical cannabis, the numbers are always going to stay stable, because you're using it therapeutically, and that need does not decline," said Seritt.
The Colorado Bureau of Investigations also released their 2020 crime statistics.
CLICK HERE to learn more.
*The video version of this story called Lopez the owner of The Green Solution. He is the CEO of The Green Solution.
This story was first published by Colette Bordelon at KOAA.


text:
5 tricks to finding your way around a bridal boutique (Updated for 2024)
Step 1: Plan out your strategy
The one main thing to remember when choosing a wedding dress is that it's about how the dress looks on you rather than how it looks in a bridal boutique catalog or a mannequin. While it seems trivial, it's surprising how many brides make the mistake of finding their perfect "style" in a magazine, racing to the bridal boutique to find this same or similar type of wedding dress they like so much and trying it on only to be disappointed in how they look.
The next thing that usually goes through their mind is something like "If only I was skinnier / taller / more shapely / etc." No wonder bridal boutique hunting becomes more of a chore rather than the fun experience it's supposed to be! Well, learning from our own experience (as well as a countless number of our friends and a large number of brides here at WeddingVenture.com who recently got married), here are a couple of tips on how to choose your perfect wedding dress and skip on all the frustration.
Step 2: Find your unique wedding dress style
Each body is different, so it only makes sense that the same dress will look very different on different people. Thus, the best way to figure out what type of wedding dress will look best on you is to try as many different types, styles, and colors at a bridal boutique and see which patterns emerge. Instead of going through countless bridal magazines, make a few trips to an actual bridal boutique. Start with the largest bridal boutiques (think David's Bridal vs. small bridal boutique) that carry the largest variety of wedding dresses.
At first, don't be picky. Try every imaginable style and wedding dress and begin the process of elimination. Take notes on what features of a dress look good on you and which ones simply don't. For instance, a "mermaid" style dress might make your hips look big (in which case, scratch that one out) or this same style might make you look shapelier and sexier (in which case, it's a keeper).
At this step, don't pay attention at the price - you are still in the "discovery" phase simply looking for the style of dress that looks best on you. Once you've figured out your unique style, you are 90% done. The next step is to visit bridal boutiques with that particular picture in mind and simply find the wedding dress that would suit your budget.
Step 3: Find the perfect wedding dress
Hunting for your perfect wedding dress will take longer than you expect. Most brides assume it won't take more than 2-3 waves of bridal boutique visits to find their perfect wedding dress. They are greatly underestimating the effort! In a quick poll we took, brides made an average of 9 trips to different bridal boutiques and tried an average of 8-10 dresses at each store. That's 90 different dresses tried on... daunting isn't it?
One thing to remember is not to settle because you think you will never find a wedding dress you will be 100% happy with. After all, you found your perfect man, why can't you also find your perfect dress :)? Remember that it's not just you - unless you are wearing your mother's dress for the wedding, finding your wedding gown may take a few months.
Here is an advice from us at WeddingVenture.com: be patient and take as long as you need. It's worth it, given that your wedding dress (as captured in wedding pictures) will literally be looked at and remembered by generations to come (including your children and grandchildren).
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text:
Here is the sermon for Sunday June 24th: Trinity 3 2012
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text: Have you been feeling half put-together or not quite prepared when in public environments? We could be wrong but it's most likely due to the fact that you're head is naked, exposed, and people are staring. Put those gawkers where they belong by putting on an Undercap to cover your goodies. Your head will thank you for giving it the support it needs and people will stop misconstruing you for an exhibitionist. The Undercap goes best with other head gear such as Construction hats, cowboy hats, welding helmets, and baseball caps. Otherwise you're exposing your cranium to abrasion, chaffing, and overall discomfort.


text:
Channel: 8th Street Latinas
I went to pick up Reno at the mechanic shop because he was going to have to leave his car for a couple of hours. Once we got there we met Audriana. She was one fine Puerto Rican girl stuck in the same dilemma. Since they both had to wait for hours Reno came up with a great idea. He offered her lunch and she agreed. We took her back to our place and the only thing she got for lunch was a protein shake and some Eastern European sausage. Reno let off a load all over her pussy.


text:
Learn About the Law
Get help with your legal needs
FindLaw's Learn About the Law features thousands of informational articles to help you understand your options. And if you're ready to hire an attorney, find one in your area who can help.
Mr. O. R. Moyle, of Brooklyn, N.Y., for appellant.
Messrs. Hughes Spalding and Sumter M. Kelley, both of Atlanta, Ga., for respondent. [303 U.S. 444, 447]
Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellant, Alma Lovell, was convicted in the recorder's court of the City of Griffin, Ga., of the violation of a city ordinance and was sentenced to imprisonment for fifty days in default of the payment of a fine of $50. The superior court of the county refused sanction of a petition for review; the Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the superior court, 55 Ga.App. 609, 191 S.E. 152; and the Supreme Court of the state denied an application for certiorari. The case comes here on appeal.
The ordinance in question is as follows:
The violation, which is not denied, consisted of the distribution without the required permission of a pamphlet and magazine in the nature of religious tracts, setting forth the gospel of the 'Kingdom of Jehovah.' Appellant did not apply for a permit, as she regarded herself as sent 'by Jehovah to do His work' and that such an application would have been 'an act of disobedience to His commandment.'
Upon the trial, with permission of the court, appellant demurred to the charge and moved to dismiss it upon a number of grounds, among which was the contention that the ordinance violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States in abridging 'the freedom of the press' and prohibiting 'the free exercise of petitioner's religion.' This contention was thus expressed:
The Court of Appeals, overruling these objections, sustained the constitutional validity of the ordinance, saying: 'The said ordinance is not unconstitutional because it abridges the freedom of the press or prohibits the distribution of literature about petitioner's religion in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.'
While in a separate paragraph of its opinion the court said that the charge that the ordinance was void because it violated a designated provision of the State or Federal Constitution without stating wherein there was such a violation, was too indefinite to present a constitutional question, we think that this statement must have referred to other grounds of demurrer and not to the objection above quoted, which was sufficiently specific and was definitely ruled upon. The contention as to restraint 'upon the free exercise of religion,' with respect to the same ordinance, was presented in the case of Coleman v. City of Griffin, 55 Ga.App. 123, 189 S.E. 427, and the appeal was dismissed (October 11, 1937) for want of a substantial federal question, 302 U.S. 636 , 58 S.Ct. 23, 82 L.Ed. --; Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 166 , 167 S.; Davis [303 U.S. 444, 450] v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333, 342 , 343 S., 10 S.Ct. 299. But, in the Coleman Case, the court did not deal with the question of freedom of speech and of the press as it had not been properly presented. We think that this question was adequately presented and was decided in the instant case. Whether it was so presented and was decided is itself a federal question. Carter v. Texas, 177 U.S. 442, 447 , 20 S.Ct. 687; Ward v. Board of Com'rs of Love County, 253 U.S. 17, 22 , 40 S.Ct. 419, 421; First National Bank v. Anderson, 269 U.S. 341, 346 , 46 S.Ct. 135, 137; Schuylkill Trust Co. v. Pennsylvania, 296 U.S. 113, 121 , 56 S.Ct. 31, 35. This Court has jurisdiction.
Freedom of speech and freedom of the press, which are protected by the First Amendment from infringement by Congress, are among the fundamental personal rights and liberties which are protected by the Fourteenth Amendment from invasion by state action. Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 666 , 45 S.Ct. 625, 629; Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359, 368 , 51 S.Ct. 532, 535, 73 A.L.R. 1484; Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697, 707 , 51 S.Ct. 625, 627; Grosjean v. American Press Company, 297 U.S. 233, 244 , 56 S.Ct. 444; De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, 364 , 57 S.Ct. 255, 259. See, also, Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 , 58 S.Ct. 149, decided December 6, 1937. It is also well settled that municipal ordinances adopted under state authority constitute state action and are within the prohibition of the amendment. Raymond v. Chicago Union Traction Co., 207 U.S. 20 , 28 S.Ct. 7, 12 Ann.Cas. 757; Home Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Los Angeles, 227 U.S. 278 , 33 S.Ct. 312; Cuyahoga River Power Company v. Akron, 240 U.S. 462 , 36 S.Ct. 402.
The ordinance in its broad sweep prohibits the distribution of 'circulars, handbooks, advertising, or literature of any kind.' It manifestly applies to pamphlets, magazines, and periodicals. The evidence against appellant was that she distributed a certain pamphlet and a magazine called the 'Golden Age.' Whether in actual administration the ordinance is applied, as apparently it could be, to newspapers does not appear. The city manager testified that 'every one applies to me for a [303 U.S. 444, 451] license to distribute literature in this City. None of these people ( including defendant) secured a permit from me to distribute literature in the City of Griffin.' The ordinance is not limited to 'literature' that is obscene or offensive to public morals or that advocates unlawful conduct. There is no suggestion that the pamphlet and magazine distributed in the instant case were of that character. The ordinance embraces 'literature' in the widest sense.
The ordinance is comprehensive with respect to the method of distribution. It covers every sort of circulation 'either by hand or otherwise.' There is thus no restriction in its application with respect to time or place. It is not limited to ways which might be regarded as inconsistent with the maintenance of public order, or as involving disorderly conduct, the molestation of the inhabitants, or the misuse or littering of the streets. The ordinance prohibits the distribution of literature of any kind at any time, at any place, and in any manner without a permit from the city manager.
We think that the ordinance is invalid on its face. Whatever the motive which induced its adoption, its character is such that it strikes at the very foundation of the freedom of the press by subjecting it to license and censorship. The struggle for the freedom of the press was primarily directed against the power of the licensor. It was against that power that John Milton directed his assault by his 'Appeal for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing.' And the liberty of the press became initially a right to publish 'without a license what formerly could be published only with one.' 1 While this freedom from previous restraint upon publication cannot be regarded as exhausting the guaranty of liberty, the prevention of that restraint was a leading purpose in the adoption of the [303 U.S. 444, 452] constitutional provision. See Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454, 462 , 27 S.Ct. 556, 10 Ann.Cas. 689; Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 , 713-716, 51 S.Ct. 625, 630; Grosjean v. American Press Company, 297 U.S. 233, 245 , 246 S., 56 S.Ct. 444, 447. Legislation of the type of the ordinance in question would restore the system of license and censorship in its baldest form.
The liberty of the press is not confined to newspapers and periodicals. It necessarily embraces pamphlets and leaflets. These indeed have been historic weapons in the defense of liberty, as the pamphlets of Thomas Paine and others in our own history abundantly attest. The press in its connotation comprehends every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion. What we have had recent occasion to say with respect to the vital importance of protecting this essential liberty from every sort of infringement need not be repeated. Near v. Minnesota, supra; Grosjean v. American Press Company, supra; De Jonge v. Oregon, supra. 2
The ordinance cannot be saved because it relates to distribution and not to publication. 'Liberty of circulating is as essential to that freedom as liberty of publishing; indeed, without the circulation, the publication would be of little value.' Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 , 733. The license tax in Grosjean v. American Press Company, supra, was held invalid because of its direct tendency to restrict circulation.
As the ordinance is void on its face, it was not necessary for appellant to seek a permit under it. She was [303 U.S. 444, 453] entitled to contest its validity in answer to the charge against her. Smith v. Cahoon, 283 U.S. 553, 562 , 51 S.Ct. 582, 585
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
Reversed and remanded.
Mr. Justice CARDOZO took no part in the consideration and decision of this case.
[ Footnote * ] Judgment conformed to 197 S.E. 347.[ Lovell v. City of Griffin, Ga. 303 U.S. 444 (1938) ]
[ Footnote 1 ] See Wickwar, 'The Struggle for the Freedom of the Press,' p. 15.
[ Footnote 2 ] See also, Star Co. v. Brush, 185 App.Div. 261, 172 N.Y.S. 851; Dearborn Publishing Company v. Fitzgerald, D.C., 271 F. 479; Ex parte Campbell, 64 Cal.App. 300, 221 P. 952; Coughlin v. Sullivan, 100 N.J.L. 42, 126 A. 177; Compare People v. Armstrong, 73 Mich. 288, 41 N.W. 275, 2 L.R. A. 721, 16 Am.St.Rep. 578; City of Chicago v. Schultz, 341 Ill. 208, 173 N. E. 276; People v. Armentrout, 118 Cal.App., Supp., 761, 1 P.2d 556.
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Citation: 303 U.S. 444
Docket No: No. 391
Decided: March 28, 1938
Court: United States Supreme Court
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This article serves as a follow-up to a few previous articles which will further explain some of the requirements, capabilities, and limitations of the Lync Phone Edition firmware which appear to still be unclear to some and seem to warrant further discussion. It does not cover complete feature functionality but instead focuses on provisioning and operation of the client as well as some of the most common issues.
Additionally the focus of this article is primarily on the Lync Phone Edition firmware which runs on the Aries family of devices (Polycom CX500/600/3000, Aastra 6721ip/6725ip, and HP/SNOM 4110ip/420ip) but also references the original Tanjay version (Polycom CX7000, LG-Nortel 8540) on a few occasions. The following list of topics are discussed in this article.
- Authentication Methods
- Exchange Integration
- External Usage
- Resiliency
- Common Issues
- Firmware Updates
It is suggested to review the following blog articles as some of the concepts in this article are explained in much more depth and thus a solid understanding of how the devices function can often be key to interpreting the observed behavior of the device.
Authentication Methods
Lync supports a variety of different authentication methods and understanding which method is used, when, and why is important when troubleshooting any issues.
There are currently three different types of authentication supported by Lync Server 2010: NTLM, Kerberos, and Certificate.
By default Kerberos is not completely functional throughout Lync Server as some additional configuration steps must be completed first. But both NTLM and Certificate authentication methods are enabled and used by default for both the Windows Lync client and the Lync Phone Edition client.
Although NTLM authentication needs no introduction, this new-for-Lync certificate based method is still a mystery to many. It is more specifically known as TLS-DSK and for some background on what it is an how it works the following materials are recommended reading.
- MSDN SIP Protocol Overview: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd905435.aspx
- Microsoft Lync 2010 Technology Explained: http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/TechEd/Europe/2010/UNC310
As the Windows Lync client supports both types of authentication what typically happens is that a user signs into the application using their Active Directory credentials for the first time and during this process the Lync Server will submit a client certificate to that user which the client application then stores in its local cache. This client certificate can be used for future authentication attempts against any Lync Server registrar (Front End, Director, Edge, SBA) and explains why the Lync client can still successfully sign-in even after a user's AD account password has expired (or the account has even been disabled). This cached client certificate on endpoints can be valid in Lync Server for between 6 to 12 months, which is typically much longer than most environment's AD password expiration policies. By default the Lync client requests a validity period using the minimum value (180 days) when a user signs into the client on a specific endpoint for the first time.
For more details on the certificate validity parameters see the Set-CsWebServiceConfiguration cmdlet documentation.
MaxValidityPeriodHours When using certificate authentication, clients can request the period of time (in hours) that the certificate remains valid. MaxValidityPeriodHours represents the maximum amount of time a client can request. MaxValidityPeriodHours can be any integer value between 8 hours and 8760 hours (365 days). The default value is 8760.
MinValidityPeriodHours When using certificate authentication, clients can request the period of time (in hours) that the certificate remains valid. MinValidityPeriodHours represents the minimum amount of time a client can request. MinValidityPeriodHours can be any integer value between 8 hours and 4320 hours (180 days). The default value is 8
The new client certificate is then replicated to all other Lync registrars so that if that same user later attempts registration to a different servers from a different client endpoint then the same issued certificate is available to be downloaded to the new endpoint. Although the client certificates cannot be viewed under Lync Phone Edition, there are a few different ways to view them on a Windows workstation.
- Run mmc.exe and then add the Certificates snap-in. Select My User Account (instead of the Computer account which is normally chosen when dealing with server certificates).
- Expand the Personal container and then the Certificate container to see all of the client certificate stored in the current Windows user's profile.
In the example above it is evident that multiple different Lync users have signed into Lync within the same Windows user profile. Normally only one client certificate issued by 'Communications Server' would appear in a standard user's store.
- Alternatively open the User Accounts control panel in Windows 7 and select Manage your credentials to see the same list of client certificates under the Generic Credentials header.
In this example one important distinction can be made in that the same set of credentials is sometimes listed twice (with either an OCS:1 or EWS:1 extension) and each showing a different username (SIP URI versus Domain\Username).
PIN Authentication
As covered extensively in previous articles, PIN authentication is only available on the Aries family of Lync Phone Edition devices and this method of signing into a phone using only the user's phone number (or extension) leverages only the TLS-DSK certificate method. Standard NTLM simply cannot be used here as there is no way for a user to key-in their full AD credentials in a DOMAIN\username or User Principal Name format.
Alternatively the touch-screen equipped Tanjay devices (e.g. CX700) does support NTLM because a user is presented with a full keyboard in which a SIP address, AD credentials, and password can be entered directly from the device. Certificate-based PIN Authentication is not supported in the Tanjay firmware release.
USB Tethering
Also know as 'Better Together' this approach is only applicable for devices which have a USB Type B connector. When a device is USB-tethered to a supported Windows PC running the Lync client (Mac OS is currently unsupported and this does not work with the Lync:mac client) then the user is prompted for additional login information, as shown in the following screenshot:
The sole purpose of this dialog box is to provide a way to get the user's Active Directory credentials into a device which does not contain the ability for the user to enter it in directly on the device. When a Tanjay device is USB-tethered and this prompt appears it is simply just an easier way to do what can be done directly from the phone's touch-panel interface: enter in the AD credentials. But for an Aries device this is the only way to get the AD credentials into the phone.
This USB-based approach to authentication offers two distinct advantages over the PIN Authentication method:
- Simpler sign-in process for users
- Exchange Integration capabilities
Exchange Integration
The key concept to understand here is that only Lync Server supports TLS-DSK certification authentication and Exchange Server does not. Only NTLM authentication can be used by any Lync clients to directly connect to the Exchange Client Access Server to access the account's mailbox.
Any device which does not currently have valid AD credentials cached (e.g. PIN Authentication was used) will not be able to successfully authenticate to an Exchange Server. Thus only devices with USB-tethering capabilities (e.g. CX600) or the ability to enter AD credentials directly on the device (e.g. CX700) will ever be able to leverage Exchange integration features. Primarily the CX500 will never be able to connect to Exchange as it does not include a USB connection since it is designed as a Common Area Phone. Common Area devices do not support Exchange integration as they are primarily designed to be used with the specific Common Area Phone accounts in Lync which are Active Directory contacts that are SIP-enabled for Lync in a special way. Since AD contacts cannot be Mailbox-enabled in Exchange then these accounts will never have any Exchange data to integrate with in the first place (e.g. Calendar or Voice Mail).
Feature Availability
When Exchange Integration is not currently available for the signed-in user then the Menu button icon will change to an alert icon and the notification "Microsoft Exchange integration unavailable" will be displayed:
When the integration is functioning on the device then standard Exchange-enabled mailboxes will provide basic integration features like Calendar data, but only UM-enabled mailbox will provide Visual Voice Mail information. The following screenshots show the various related menu options as a side-by-side comparison between an Aries device using PIN Authentication and one using USB-tethering.
Calendar Integration
Call Logs
- There is a known issue that if Exchange UM is not enabled on the account's mailbox then the Call Log information also will not be displayed, even though the Conversation History folder in the user's mailbox is not a Unified Messaging feature.
Voice Mail
- Although Exchange authentication has failed on the device on the left, because the Lync account is UM-enabled in Exchange the option to 'Call Voice Mail' is still displayed, offering one-touch access to the Exchange Subscriber Access number. As seen on the right Visual Voice Mail providing one-touch retrieval of individual voice messages is provided.
- One important exception is when using Exchange Server 2010 the Voice Mail Message Waiting Indicator (MWI) status can actually be updated directly from the Lync Server (this functionality is not available in Exchange Server 2007). When an Exchange Unified Messaging user receives a new voice mail message the UM service will send a SIP notification message directly to the Lync Server, which in turn will send this on to the registered Lync users via a presence update. So even without any access to Exchange Web Services directly from the device the unread Voice Mail is updated on the main menu, as well as the physical MWI lamp on equipped devices (e.g. CX600). The screenshots below shows the Exchange integration warning icon on the main menu, yet the '1 New Voice Mail' indicator is still shown, as well as the MWI lamp is illuminated.
Outlook Contacts
- Another common misunderstanding is around the topic of Outlook Contact integration. It is often believed that Outlook Contacts are not available in Lync Phone Edition, but this is not correct. Any contacts which only exists in the user's Outlook mailbox and are not also added to the Contact List in Lync are still available on the phone, but only via searching, not via browsing. The Contacts menu only displays objects on the Lync contact list, but the Search menu will return results from either the downloaded Lync address book device files or the user's Outlook mailbox, of course assuming that Exchange integration is currently available and functioning.
External Usage
The ability to provision a Lync Phone Edition device out-of-the-box is covered in detail in this previous blog article but this process only works on some devices, not all. Any of the Common Area Phone models which do not contain a USB port (e.g. CX500) should not be used externally.
These common area devices are incapable of being provisioned externally as even if the required PIN Authentication settings were manually configured in the external network's DHCP services to point to an Edge Server, the device can neither connect to the Web Ticket service nor authenticate in this fashion.
It is possible although to first provision the device internally on a network where the DHCP options are configured correctly and the device can successfully download and cache a client certificate for authentication to Lync. Then that same device can be taken off-site (e.g. home office) and successfully sign-in to the Edge server using the cached user credentials. This will only work until the client certificate expires though, at which point the device would need to be brought back into the internal network to be re-provisioned. Clearly this is not a viable solution for remote workers, but it is possible to use for demonstration or temporary testing purposes. Officially Microsoft does not support use of Common Area Phone models externally.
Branch Appliance WAN Outage
In a typical Survivable Branch Appliance (SBA) scenario where Lync Phone Edition phones are deployed in the branch office it is important to understand that it is not possible to sign-in to a new or reset device during a WAN outage.
Devices configured to support PIN Authentication in the branch office would be directed towards the SBA registrar via DHCP Option 120, yet Option 43 would still be pointing back to a Front End Pool typically in main office or datacenter because the SBA does not contain any Lync Web Services, thus it does not host a Certificate Provisioning service.
What this means is that during a WAN outage scenario all Lync clients and devices which already are signed-in to the SBA using cached credentials can still authenticate directly to the SBA, so clients can be successfully signed-out and signed-in during this outage. Lync Phone Edition devices can also sign-in after a reboot using cached credentials as well, but if a device is manually signed-out, factory-reset, or is brand new out-of-the-box then it cannot be provisioned through either PIN Authentication or USB-tethering methods until the WAN is back online as the device will have no way of reaching the Front End Pool to authenticate and receiving a client certificate. (In this scenario if Internet access is still available in the branch office and there is an Edge deployment in Lync then the branch users could potentially use USB-tethering while signed-in to an Edge server to provision a phone.)
Backup Registrar Pool
When an associated backup registrar pool is assigned to a Front End pool in the Lync topology then the Lync Phone Edition clients can automatically failover to that secondary server or pool just like a standard Windows Lync client.
But in earlier versions of the Lync Phone Edition firmware (this has recently been resolved with Cumulative Update 5 4.0.7577.4066) there was a known issue which prevented devices signed-in using Common Area Phone accounts from automatically reconnecting to either a secondary registrar (during a failover) or to the primary register (during a brief outage). This issue was related to the configured HotdeskingTimeout parameter on the client policy assigned to the device. If the timeout interval elapsed before the device was able to successfully connect to a registrar then although the screen would show that it was still 'retrying' a connection it was in fact no longer attempting to connect to the server and it would need to be rebooted in order to connect again.
Get-CsClientPolicy | Select-Object Identity,HotdeskingTimeout
The issue would typically occur when the hotdesking timeout (5 minutes by default) was reached before either the failure detection interval elapsed (in the event of a failover) or if the primary registrar was offline for more than 5 minutes (in the event of a server reboot or extended maintenance window). Meanwhile all other device with standard Lync user accounts sign-in, as well as Windows Lync clients would all successfully failover or reconnect to the working registrar after any time interval (hours or even days). So in this scenario if the failover interval was measurably longer than the hotdesking timeout, or if the a Front End server was offline for longer then the devices with Common Area Phone accounts would never sign back in without manual intervention.
Common Issues
Below is a list of the issues which can often prevent a device from working as designed with a Lync Server deployment. This is by no means a comprehensive list, yet most of the common issues are addressed.
Lync Registration Issues
- Ethernet Required – This seems basic but quite often customers have attempted to use these devices as USB-only handsets and they simply will not function in this manner. The device must be connected to an Ethernet switch at minimum and receive a valid DHCP lease on the network in order to contact the Lync Server, even if USB-tethering is being used to provision the device.
- Enterprise Voice Required – The only CX device that completely functions without the user's Telephony setting configured for Enterprise Voice is the CX100 USB. When the user account is still in the default PC-to-PC Calling mode then the CX200/CX300 USB devices will function as audio devices but the presence lights do not function. The IP-based devices (CX500/600/700/3000) will not work at all. PIN Authentication will fail, as will USB-tethering since the Lync client will never prompt for the user's credentials. Note that actual PSTN integration is not required as it is still possible to simply set the Telephony mode to Enterprise Voice but still leave the Line URI field blank. (Update: as of the August 2014 Cumulative Release (.4451) Enterprise Voice Telephony Mode is no longer a requirement).
- Using Old Firmware – This one should be obvious but many of the most common issues seen in the field can be resolved by simply upgrading to newer firmware which has already addressed the root cause. One of the more common issues is when the preinstalled public root certificate on older versions is missing, has expired or has been revoked. More recent firmware versions contain new or updated root certificates but the phone would need to be registered to a different environment in order to apply the firmware update needed to register successfully to the original environment. This is just one example, but whenever troubleshooting any issues the first step should always be to identify the firmware version on the phone and get it upgraded to the latest release.
- Missing Automatic Configuration Records – Lync Phone Edition cannot utilize Manual Configuration and requires that Automatic Configuration records for Lync clients are properly defined in DNS. So if Windows Lync clients are manually pointed to a Lync server (either directly in the client or passed via GPO) this information is not passed to a tethered phone, the phone must perform it's own automatic lookup. Thus is the proper SRV or Host (A) records are not available in the DNS server provided to the phones then they will fail to sign-in, even when tethered. If the proper SRV records are not deployed for Lync then the only other option is to use the sip.<sipdomain>, sipinternal.<sipdomain>, or sipexternal.<sipdomain> hostnames for the Lync server, pool, or Access Edge names.
- Unsupported Version – If a device ever displays a screen which simply states "The hardware version of your phone is no longer supported and is now unusable. Please contact your support team to get a replacement" then that device is essentially 'bricked'. This only happens on pre-production hardware and in Cumulative Update 2 Microsoft no longer supported any beta devices, so if this happens contact the vendor directly to swap out the hardware in the event that a demo unit was left out in the wild somewhere after the Lync 2010 Server software was officially launched.
Exchange Integration Issues
- Expired Credentials – One of the most common reasons for Exchange integration issues is related to the AD credentials in the phone expiring. As previously mentioned authentication to the Lync server happens using a client certificate (TLS-DSK) but Exchange authentication happens using NTLM which requires the AD user's credentials. If the AD user account's password has expired then it will still be able to connect to Lync using the client certificate, but NTLM authentication to the Exchange server will fail triggering the "Microsoft Exchange integration is unavailable" error message. In this scenario the device will not prompt the user for new credentials, even when actively USB-tethered to a Lync Windows client. The current user account must manually be signed out of the device and back in to successfully update the password.
- Message Waiting Indicator – A number of devices include a Message Waiting Indicator (MWI) lamp which can be illuminated via Exchange integration (messages directly from the Exchange server) or from the Lync Server through SIP registration (via a SIP NOTIFY message). Some of the common area phone models which do not include a USB port still contain a MWI lamp (e.g. the HP 4110ip). Although these devices cannot authenticate to Exchange directly when the user has a new voice mail message the Exchange UM server will always notify the Lync server, thus the Lync client can receive the new status information from the Lync Server. The Exchange Team Blog has a detailed article which covers troubleshooting MWI status in great detail.One of the more common causes for this can be identified by looking for an MSExchange Unified Messaging error event of 1344 on the Exchange UM server which usually is related to a certificate configuration issue between Lync and Exchange. During TLS communications between Lync and Exchange UM the Lync server only accepts the Common Name (aka Subject Name) value of the certificate assigned to the Exchange UM service and completely ignores the Subject Alternative Field (SAN) entries. Thus if the Exchange UM service is assigned to a SAN cert which includes the server FQDN in the SAN (e.g. cas01.contoso.local) but a different FQDN in the Subject Name field (e.g. mail.contoso.com) then the MWI update message from the UM server to Lync will fail, and the client will never receive the notification. It is not until the client polls Exchange again that the new voice mail will be known about. This scenario normally translates into a longer delay for unread and read voice mail counts to refresh on any Lync client. The recommended resolution is to issue a separate certificate with only the Exchange server FQDN as the Common Name (and no SAN field) to the Exchange server and assign it to only the UM role. Alternatively a SAN certificate for all Exchange roles can still be used but the Common Name must be the server FQDN which does not always match best practices (and is not how the Exchange certificate wizard will format the certificate request by default).
- Missing Exchange Autodiscover SRV Record – This issue is a bit odd as it does not seem to be a definitive requirement. In some deployments Exchange integration has failed on all phones until the _autodiscover._tcp.contoso.com DNS Service Locator (SRV) Record was created; it appeared that the devices would simply refused to use the fall-back Host (A) record to locate the Exchange Client Access Server. Yet in other environments Exchange integration would perform normally yet the autodiscover SRV record never existed. But as it is best practice to deploy that SRV record for a properly designed Exchange autodiscover configuration then it is one of the first things to check when troubleshooting Exchange integration issues.
- Untrusted Certificates – Sometimes the Exchange Client Access servers (or load balancer) will have a certificate issued by a different Certificate Authority than what is used on the Lync servers. Often this can be a scenario where the Exchange server is using a public certificate while the Lync Front End Server has a private certificate. But since Lync Phone Edition has a shorter list of pre-installed public trusted certificates than the Windows client does then it's possible that the device does not trust the certificate in use on Exchange. This also applies to using private internal certificates issued by a completely different certificate authority chain then was used to issue certificates to the Lync Server. Lync Phone Edition can only download the root certificate chain used on the Lync Server and is unable to download or store any additional certificates from a different CA.
- Wildcard Certificates – As previously discussed in this blog article Lync Phone Edition devices do not currently like wildcard entries in the Lync Server certificates. This carries over into Exchange integration as well, so if the Exchange certificate contains wildcard entries then the phones will also fail to establish a TLS connection with the Exchange Client Access Server thus preventing a successful authentication attempt. This issue can be identified by the error code 0x80072f06 reported in the device client log files and Mike Stacy has highlighted this issue in a past blog article as well.
Firmware Updates
Begin by reading through the Updating Lync Phone Edition Devices article to get understand how the update process works. Whether a Test Device is being used or a new update has been approved for a specific device model and revision then the phones should just automatically update themselves and reboot into the new version when left idle. There is no way to force the update and the more that the process is messed with (or seemingly the longer one stares at the phone) the less of a chance it will successfully complete the update.
So when updating a device it is recommended to reboot the phone and just let it sign in with the currently cached user account and then immediately lock; do not touch the device. In a normal situation the device will check for a new update upon initial sign-in and then begin downloading the package about 1 minute later, rebooting into the new firmware roughly 7 minutes after that. These time estimates depend on network bandwidth as the packages may take longer to download in some environments. But a good rule of thumb is that if the device has not updated after sitting untouched for ~30 minutes then something is preventing a successful update and some troubleshooting steps are required.
Normal Update Process
To briefly revisit the firmware update processing originally discussed in this article when a package is approved for a specific phone model and revision (or a test device is defined via the MAC address) the easiest way to start troubleshooting is to verify if the device has even checked in yet to ask the server if a new software version is available. This process happens on each boot sequence and systematically throughout the day as the devices experience inactivity periods in between use, as it would not be desirable to have the phones rebooting themselves to update firmware while a user is on a call.
- To follow the device check-in process first look at the IIS log for the associated web services directory on the appropriate Front End server: W3SVC34577 for the Internal Web Site or W3SVC34578 for the External Web Site.
- Search for the "RequestHandler" to locate the latest POST log entries, comparing the device IP address or MAC address to identify the correct line items. The initial POST message shows the device connecting to the /RequestHandler/ucdevice.upx service.
2012-03-17 15:35:01 192.168.1.23 POST /RequestHandler/ucdevice.upx – 443 – 192.168.1.108
Microsoft+UCPhone+Device+(lcs_se_w14_main:985232:2011/11/09:16:08:29) 200 0 0 128
- Then move to the latest RequestHandlerAuditLog_lync_xxxxxxxx.log stored under the imageUpdate log folder on the Lync Server to see what the service logged about that client request. The following text coincides with the request timestamp, which happens 4 seconds after the request logged in IIS from the same host. (Pay close attention to the hour as the IIS logs and Update Service logs do not use the same format; IIS uses the local time zone while the update logs use UTC.)The logged response shows that the update service has passed the internal and external URLs for the device to retrieve the update package from.
03/17/2012 10:35:05,firstname.lastname@example.com, 192.168.103.108,UCPhone,3/17/2012 8:34:59 AM,"0004F2953DFC","0004f2953dfc", "POLYCOM","CX500″,"Rev-4″,"ENU",cpe.nbt;4.0.7577.4047;11/9/2011 5:32:04 PM, http://lync.schertz.local/RequestHandler/Files/UCPhone/POLYCOM/CX500/Rev-4/ ENU/4.0.7577.4066/CPE/CPE.nbt; https://external.mslync.net/RequestHandlerExt/Files/UCPhone/POLYCOM/CX500/Rev-4/ENU/4.0.7577.4066/CPE/CPE.nbt; 4.0.7577.4066;2/18/2012 8:49:56 PM
For comparison, when a device has the latest approved firmware already installed then the response from the update service will not include any URLs, as demonstrated here:
03/17/2012 10:42:35,firstname.lastname@example.com,192.168.103.108,UCPhone,3/17/2012 8:42:34 AM,"0004F2953DFC","0004f2953dfc","POLYCOM","CX500″,"Rev-4″,"ENU",cpe.nbt;4.0.7577.4066;2/18/2012 8:49:56 PM,
- Once it has been confirmed that the device was given a path to download the update the IIS log can be checked again and sometime shortly after the original POST message there should be a GET message showing the actual device requesting the file from the web server. The values at the very end of the lines in the IIS logs is the time elapsed for that request, so the log shows that the download of the CPE.nbt firmware file (52MB) took 47685 milliseconds, or 47 seconds.
2012-03-17 15:35:53 192.168.103.23 GET /RequestHandler/Files/UCPhone/POLYCOM/CX500/Rev-4/ENU/4.0.7577.4066/CPE/CPE.nbt – 80 – 192.168.103.108 Microsoft+UCPhone+Device+(lcs_se_w14_main:985232:2011/11/09:16:08:29) 200 0 0 47685
The example below (click the screenshot for a full-resolution image) shows the entire process of a Polycom CX500 located at 192.168.1.23 requesting the CU5 update package (4.0.7577.4066).
Troubleshooting Failed Updates
In the event that the device neither requests an update or does but seems to never actually update itself then additional steps can be performed to narrow down the issue.
The first item to check is the Last Update Status code shown on the device's System Information menu, which can be used to identify if the device encountered an error in the update process. There is also a Send Logs button on this screen but in reality these logs are not very helpful. Firstly the device must be able to successfully sign in to the server before it can actually send the logs by uploading them to a directory on the Front End server. But then the resulting file is a unusable .clg1 Windows CE error log which requires the nearly-impossible-to-find readlog.exe utility. from Microsoft. And even when the logs are converted into text with this tool they are still very difficult to read and are primarily meant only for Microsoft PSS to troubleshoot from.
Most often recoding the status update information will point to the root cause and the client logs are not needed. the status code is actually two individual codes, the first value displayed in hexadecimal format is the WinInetError code and the second value in decimal format is the HTTPError code. The WinInetError codes can be reported generically (e.g. 0x2, file not found) or more specifically (e.g. 2F0D, invalid certificate trust).
When an issue prevents the device from downloading the update then the code value will often contain a non-null value, but searching online for that error code will often return nothing helpful. This is because the error code needs to first be converted to decimal, then the resulting error code will be much more helpful.
- For example assume that the Last Update Status is reported for a device as 0x2ee7/0. The hexadecimal value of 0x2ee7, simplified as just 2EE7 converted into decimal is 12007.
With that decimal value the following Microsoft articles can be used to lookup the actual error code description. Each page is not a complete list so make sure to search both references as some error codes are only listed in one them.
Microsoft Support: INFO: WinInet Error Codes (12001 through 12156)
MSDN Library: System Error Codes (0-499)
MSDN Library: WinHTTP Constants – Error Messages
- Using the table in one of the articles above error 12007 is described as "ERROR_INTERNET_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED the server name could not be resolved." This would point to the device failing to resolve the FQDN used in the download URL passed by the update services.
Following is a list of common status message and resolutions:
- 0x0/200 – This status is a normal state of no WinInetError (0x0) and an HTTP 200 OK status message, meaning that no error occurred and that device is on the latest approved version and there is nothing to do. If this is not the case and the device should be updating to a newer version verify that the version is approved for the proper revision. For example the Polycom CX600 device has multiple hardware revisions that use unique firmware packages which are reflected by the Rev-3, Rev-4, or Rev-5 label in the Part Number field displayed in the System Information menu.
- 0x5/404 – This code is a basic HTTP 404 NOT FOUND error and indicates that the device was unable to connect to the device update web service in order to download the firmware package. This is a common error in deployments where a traffic is not properly forwarded to the Front End servers. Often times only HTTPS traffic over TCP:443 will be configured on a Hardware Load Balancer and HTTP traffic over TCP:80 is accidentally omitted. As most other Lync client functionality is unaffected it is not until attempting to get Lync Phone Edition devices to work that this missing configuration can become a problem. As indicted in the device log examples in the earlier section any internally-registered devices will be passed the internal device update URL with an HTTP header, so if the phone is unable to connect over port 80 then the update process will fail here. Insure that the Lync Front End server's internal web services are available over both port 80 and 443 to resolve this.
- 0x7/0 – This generic code entitled ERROR_ARENA_THRASHED means that the storage control blocks were destroyed and that, more simply, the new firmware was unable to be written to the device due to some corruption in the file system, or that there is no free space remaining. The resolution is to perform a hard reset (aka factory reset) on the device and then the let the upgrade process perform again and the newly rewritten file system should no longer contain the corruption.
- 0x5/401 – This error indicates ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED in the first code followed by a common HTTP 401 Access Denied error as well, indicating a general authentication failure of the device accessing the IIS web service when attempting to download the new firmware package. In scenario there may be an account permissions issue or a general configuration issue in IIS preventing proper access to the web server directory.
- 0x2EE7/0 – As described in the example above this error code of 12007 is described as ERROR_INTERNET_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED and means that the device is failing to resolve the FQDN of the download URL passed by the update service. This is normally the Internal or External Web Services FQDN in Lync.
- 0x2F0D/0 – This error code converts to 12045 in decimal and is certificate related based on the descriptive name of ERROR_WINHTTP_SECURE_INVALID_CA. This typically happens when an untrusted public certificate is installed on the web service (or reverse proxy for external device updates) and it was not issued by one of the trusted Root certificate authorities that Lync Phone Edition supports be default. See the TechNet article Certificate in Lync 2010 Phone Edition for a complete list of the preinstalled CA certificates. Also be on the lookout for Hardware Load Balancer configuration using SSL Offloading as even though the internal Front End services may be using an internal private certificate that the phone trusts the load balanced web services sometime can be installed with a different certificate which the device does not support, effectively breaking only device updates.
Factory Reset
Each device family has a different process for rolling back the firmware to a prior version but the behavior and results are nearly identical. Both versions contain two separate reset procedures. First there is a soft reset which only wipes the phone's current configuration data (user credentials, certificates, etc.) but does not impact the firmware. The second is a hard reset (or factory reset) which not only wipes the configuration data but also rolls the firmware back to the previously installed version.
Calling this second process a 'factory-reset' is technically incorrect as only the previously installed firmware can be restored, there is no factory firmware image stored anywhere on the phone. There is also no specifically designed 'factory' version as depending on the model revision and manufacturing date it could have come with a beta, RTM, or any CU version pre-installed. Additionally, if a device ever crashes during bootup and begins to be stuck in a crash-loop due to some file corruption for example, then after the 5th successive reboot the device will automatically perform a firmware rollback. Take note that once the device is rolled back it will immediately attempt a firmware upgrade if the update services still have that newer version approved for that device model and revision (or if it is defined as a Test Device).
Both device families use the same upgrade process in that each device contains two separate 'partitions' where firmware is stored: an active partition and an inactive partition. Under normal operation the device is working on its active partition and the inactive partition will have the previously installed firmware, whatever version that might have been for that device. So as multiple versions are loaded on a device over its life it becomes apparent why it can never truly be reset back to factory as each new installation simply overwrites the older, inactive partition data and the device simply 'flip's' the partitions after a successful upgrade. For example a device originally shipped with RTM firmware which was systematically upgraded over the past year to CU1, then CU2, then CU3, then CU4, and finally with the most recent CU5 is only able to move back one version. It is also not possible to force installation of an older version using the device update services. (That being said, there is an unsupported workaround which can be used to roll a Tanjay device from 4.0.x Lync firmware back to the 3.5.x OCS R2 version.)
The process to reset a Tanjay device is triggered by depressing a recessed reset button (most easily with a straightened paperclip) which is located on the bottom of the handset in between the USB and headset ports.
- To perform a soft reset on a Tanjay device simply depress the switch while the device is currently powered on and it will immediately reboot back to the initial sign-in screen with the current user data wiped.
- To perform a hard reset on a Tanjay device just repeat this process 4 more times (for a total of 5 resets) in rapid succession to trigger the built-in failsafe firmware rollback.
The process to reset an Aries device is triggered by holding down certain keys while powering on the device and is documented in more detail in this previous article.
- To perform a hard reset on a Aries device simply hold down both the * and # buttons while connecting the power. Continue to hold the keys for approximately 10 seconds until the following screen appears, indicating that all user data and configuration settings will be erased.
- To perform a factory reset on a Aries device simply hold down both the 4 and 6 buttons while connecting the power. Continue to hold the keys for approximately 10 seconds until the following screen appears, indicating that the phone will be rolled back to the previously installed firmware version as well as erasing all settings.


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Germany is carrying out Europe's first large-scale COVID-19 antibody testing to monitor infection rates and help prevent the spread of the virus.
According to the Robert Koch Institute, Germany's federal disease control and prevention agency, the first part of the study is to draw on the country's blood donation services, a second phase will focus on samples from regions with large coronavirus outbreaks and a third stage will consist of a representative study of the country's broader population.
Authorities say they will examine about 5,000 blood samples every 14 days, while regions like Bavaria plan to collect around 3,000 samples from representatively selected households.
"It is not yet known how many people in Germany have actually gone through an infection and are therefore immune," read an April 9 news release from the institute. "The infection is often mild or even unnoticed."
Antibodies in the blood indicate that someone has had the virus. The institute theorizes that these people have some level of immunity, although there is no guarantee of full immunity or how long any defense would last.
The antibody test launched last week, and initial results are expected in May.
Germany, which produces most of its own high-quality test kits, is testing for COVID-19 on a greater scale than most countries: an estimated 120,000 tests a day in a nation of 83 million. The high level of testing has helped Germany slow the spread of the virus and keep deaths low. Authorities estimate more people in Germany now recover from the virus every day than are infected by it.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Multilingual social media monitoring and management
Billions of users are now active on social media and in many markets around the world, they're not on Facebook or Twitter, but are using platforms like WeChat, VKontakte or LINE. With audiences on different social media networks around the world communicating in different languages, keeping on top of what's being said can present a huge challenge for brands.
We help brands manage their communications on their customers' favorite social media platforms in over 250 languages.
Whether you need to communicate with business professionals on Xing in Germany or reach millennials in China on WeChat – we can help you identify your target audience segment and create content that's likely to engage them in their native language.


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cast your vote!
Stan's eyes are starting to change color. Bernie says they will probably be either green or gold. Vote what you think they will turn out to be! Here's a closeup photo from today so you can make your decision!
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how about gold and green together? I have 2 marmalades and 1 is frosted and has gold eyes, more champagne color like his fur, and other is a ginger orange and has greeney-goldish colored eyes. Depending on the light they change colors, in sunlight more gold but definitely a hint of green, in lower light more green.
I think his eyes will be green, with touches of gold - very gorgeous - & he is soooo cute! I love your artwork, Claudine - I own one of your books, and have been doing collages for over 10 years now. I'd love to attend one of your workshops if you ever come out to Arizona =)
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When it comes to business intelligence, you may think there's no easier way to simplify your data than to organize it into a graph or chart. Business owners have been using this method for decades, so what else could be better than that? Well, a new product on the market is striving to make business intelligence even simpler. Here's the scoop.
Earlier this week, the Chicago-based company, Narrative Science, integrated with the business intelligence and visualization software company, Qlik. The fruit of this integration is a new way of looking at your data beyond your standard charts and graphs. Yes, charts and graphs are still used, but now there is a new element that comes into play: story. Qlik now enables businesses to take the data on their charts and graphs and automatically turn it into a narrative that will explain the most important and relevant points of their data. These stories are presented in easily understood, natural language and can be personalized to the audience who is reading them. For example, if you want to change the format, language style or detail of the story, you can easily adjust these.
How storytelling can help with business intelligence
While charts and graphs are easy to read for people who are regularly looking at them, there can be a learning curve for those who are new to the specific set of data they're analyzing. And when you are presenting a series of charts and graphs to a group of colleagues, it may be difficult for you to convey the data in an easily understandable way. This is why storytelling can be a vital tool with your business intelligence efforts.
Everyone can relate to a story. In fact people have been doing so since the stone age as evident by the carvings on cave walls depicting different tales. Today, all it takes is a simple click of your remote to see hundreds of different stories appear on your TV. Storytelling makes it easy to digest information for anyone. This is why both morals and ethics are often illustrated in parables or stories to convey their message. These stories that many of us heard from childhood, like the story of King Solomon who suggested cutting a living child in two to settle an argument or of King Midas and the golden touch, remain in the minds of many of us for a lifetime.
Stories stick in our brains. And they can make it easy to understand complex information, which can be especially helpful when it comes to data. This is why Qlik's new data to story function sounds so exciting. It aims to make it easier to present data in a more user friendly way. This will hopefully save time and headaches for people trying to understand complex data. Of course, since it is so new, only time will tell what kind of impact it will have and whether or not it will live up to expectation.
Want more of the latest business intelligence news? Need help making sense out of your data, or looking for other ways new technology can help? Get in touch with our IT experts today.


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On Monday, McDonald's announced that they are developing a new plant-based burger, which they've coined the McPlant.
They also are launching a new Crispy Chicken Sandwich in early 2021.
In a blog post, the company said it would be testing a meat-free burger in several markets next year. They tried the plant-based burger in select restaurants in Canada last year.
"There are other plant-based burgers out there, but the McPlant delivers our iconic taste in a sink-your-teeth-in (and wipe-your-mouth) kind of sandwich," the fast-food chain said in the blog post. "It's made with a juicy, plant-based patty and served on a warm, sesame seed bun with all the classic toppings."
The new sandwich announcements come as part of the company's current growth strategy called "Accelerating the Arches," which is an effort to boost sales.
The plan includes new packaging, a loyalty program called "MyMcDonald's," and providing a fast, comfortable experience for our customers with a "powerful digital experience."
Through "MyMcDonald's," customers will receive special offers. The new program will be launched in the coming weeks in the Phoenix area as a pilot program.
"In countries around the world, we have seen customer behaviors change at an unprecedented pace over the last several months. We believe this presents an opportunity to do something special as we write the next great chapter of McDonald's," said McDonald's President and Chief Executive Officer Chris Kempczinski in the news release. "By embracing a bigger, more holistic vision for the future, Accelerating the Arches defines how McDonald's will deliver value to all stakeholders by providing a clear roadmap of what we can do for the millions of customers, in the thousands of communities, we serve each and every day. With our new growth strategy, we will build on our inherent strengths by harnessing our competitive advantages and investing in innovations that enable us to continue to offer fast, easy moments for our customers."
McDonald's says they plan to test new concepts such as automated order taking and an express drive-thru pickup lane for customers who placed a digital order.
The company also plans to use new toasted buns and enhance the grilling approach to its hamburgers.


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Tuesday, May 24, 2011
paver test...
14 comments:
- tffnguy said...
The burrito looks good, but all of the work pouring your own stones doesn't.
- May 24, 2011 at 10:30 PM
- Toby said...
Hi John, I saw this awesome Re Farm Video on youtube tonight using electronics with urban farming to keep plants watered.
You should give it 5 minutes when you're not busy.
http://youtu.be/hKFAOeThC50 - May 24, 2011 at 11:20 PM
- jim said...
agreed @Toby...interesting video for sure.
- May 25, 2011 at 1:23 AM
- Doug said...
Looking at your old pics I was wondering what the PVC is for on the back wall between the OSB and the metal? Does it run under the floor and out the front porch? Everything looks great John..stay cool!
- May 25, 2011 at 5:31 AM
I am checking on pavers the next time I go to Mexico.
- May 25, 2011 at 8:14 AM
- Bob from Athens said...
How about pouring four foot squares and then deep scoring them like the seams in sidewalks, sure would go a a lot faster and look almost the same if you score them deep enough, plus less seams means less weeds.
- May 25, 2011 at 8:49 AM
- Mark said...
I poured a few of these a couple of years ago. I wrote an instructable that might be of use to you.
http://goo.gl/yf3ja - May 25, 2011 at 9:44 AM
- Steve said...
Check this out. Concrete cloth!
http://www.concretecanvas.co.uk/index.html - May 25, 2011 at 9:56 AM
- pcbobby said...
btw, use mortar mix not concrete, they'll last a long time
- May 25, 2011 at 10:10 AM
- JLP said...
JW: I know you get a lot of advice but will throw my 2 cents in anyway.
Forms like you are using can be adapted for stamping patterns and make some really nice designs, especially if you use some colored concrete. It will work out. - May 25, 2011 at 2:45 PM
yay Frann.
- May 25, 2011 at 3:44 PM
- glenn oldham said...
That sure looks like lots of sweat equity. A 80 lb sack of maximizer concrete mix at HDepot will set you back 6.25 and give you 1 cu.ft. so 2 sacks should give you about 6 16x16x2 pavers for about 2.10 each. I've seen 16x16x2 concrete pavers (not 3000lb concrete but more like a lt.wt. CMU material) at wally world for only .98 each in grey and red. Sounds like a reasonable alternative for inexpensive modular paving.
- May 25, 2011 at 7:02 PM
- Grandmama Sarah said...
Just wondering why you wanted pavers. Depending on the type you buy at the big box stores, some of those are compressed concrete--really strong and good for driving on. Concrete squares or rectangles are okay for foot traffic, but tend to shift around a lot and break easily.
I'm also not a fan of weeds in the cracks. My husband, who used to sell and demonstrate installation for d-i-y-ers said you'd need a good prepared base using landscape cloth, among other things.
We wondered if you'd considered a rammed earth floor built in place instead of in pavers. Wouldn't be good here near Galveston Bay, but up your part of the "woods" it might work out fine. The Google search on rammed earth floors brought up a ton of stuff.
From your Math teacher groupie in Pasadena, Texas. - May 25, 2011 at 8:04 PM
- Jay said...
Mr. Wells:
Here is an interesting technique for making your own floor tiles. Maybe you'll find inspiration from it.
http://www.hollowtop.com/cls_html/Stone_House.2.htm - June 7, 2011 at 7:53 PM


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How to Start Your Own Pond Building Business
You can start your own business, and be your own boss, and work your own hours, when you are building and maintaining water ponds and garden ponds for yourself. You can start out building small ponds, and work your way up to bigger, more fancier ponds. You can buy small water ponds at some home improvement stores, and you should be able to find enough accessories, to start your own pond business.
You can also go all out, later on, buy having your own tractor to use to dig out the ponds. You can rent tractors and bobcats to dig out large ponds. For extra large ponds, you might even need a crane. But most average size ponds, can be done by hand, with a shovel, or several people digging at once. You can buy pond liners, and materials, from local suppliers, you can find in the telephone book, or on the internet. You can pick various rock designs, to form your pond. As with any pond, your imagination is the only thing stopping you from building a beautiful pond.
The pond business can be a form of art, as no two artists, will view the building of a pond the same way, you don't really want to build your customer a square no frills pond. You want to think about it, and create a piece of art, for your customer, and that is how you should think of it. People love ponds with Lilly pads, goldfish, water fountains, etc. You can make good money putting in nice ponds.
You should take a picture of each pond job you complete, so that you have a nice portfolio to show potential new customers. You should make up fliers, and pass them out to landscape suppliers, home & garden stores, hardware stores, nurseries, feed supplies, and more. You can offer them a commission, or lump sum payment, for any pond jobs that they send your way, and you do. You should have nice signs on the side of your vehicle made up, saying you build ponds. You could take some digital pictures of some of your completed jobs later and print them out in color, and turn them into magnetic signs, to also put on your vehicle as a sales pitch, and a picture is worth a thousand words, they always say.


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hoe 1.1.3
Hoe is a simple rake/rubygems helper for project Rakefiles. It generates all the usual tasks for projects including rdoc generation, testing, packaging, and deployment. Tasks Provided: * announce - Generate email announcement file and post to rubyforge. * audit - Run ZenTest against the package * check_manifest - Verify the manifest * clean - Clean up all the extras * debug_gem - Show information about the gem. * default - Run the default tasks * docs - Build the docs HTML Files * email - Generate email announcement file. * install - Install the package. Uses PREFIX and RUBYLIB * install_gem - Install the package as a gem * multi - Run the test suite using multiruby * package - Build all the packages * post_news - Post announcement to rubyforge. * publish_docs - Publish RDoc to RubyForge * release - Package and upload the release to rubyforge. * ridocs - Generate ri locally for testing * test - Run the test suite. Use FILTER to add to the command line. * test_deps - Show which test files fail when run alone. * uninstall - Uninstall the package. See class rdoc for help. Hint: ri Hoe