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A neoplasm (/ˈniːoʊplæzəm, ˈniə-/[1]) is a type of abnormal and excessive growth, called neoplasia, of tissue. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and it persists growing abnormally, even if the original trigger is removed.[2][3][4] This abnormal growth usually (but not always) forms a mass.[5] When it forms a mass, it may be called a tumor.
Neoplasm | |
Other names | Tumor, tumour, carcinocytes |
Colectomy specimen containing a malignant neoplasm, namely an invasive example of colorectal cancer (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly shaped tumor) | |
Specialty | Oncology |
ICD-10 classifies neoplasms into four main groups: benign neoplasms, in situ neoplasms, malignant neoplasms, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior.[6] Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as cancers and are the focus of oncology.
Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, as neoplasia, cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia.[7] However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia.[2] The word is from Ancient Greek νέος- neo ("new") and πλάσμα plasma ("formation", "creation").
-plasia and -trophy |
A neoplasm can be benign, potentially malignant, or malignant (cancer).[8]
- Benign tumors include uterine fibroids, osteophytes and melanocytic nevi (skin moles). They are circumscribed and localized and do not transform into cancer.[7]
- Potentially-malignant neoplasms include carcinoma in situ. They are localised, do not invade and destroy but in time, may transform into a cancer.
- Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form metastases and, if untreated or unresponsive to treatment, will generally prove fatal.
- Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic offshoot of a primary tumor, or an apparently unrelated tumor that increases in frequency following certain cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
- Rarely there can be a metastatic neoplasm with no known site of the primary cancer and this is classed as a cancer of unknown primary origin
Neoplastic tumors are often heterogeneous and contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be clonal – that is, they are derived from the same cell,[9] and all carry the same genetic or epigenetic anomaly – evident of clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g. lymphoma and leukemia, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their immunoglobulin gene (for B cell lesions) or T cell receptor gene (for T cell lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.[10]
It is tempting to define neoplasms as clonal cellular proliferations but the demonstration of clonality is not always possible. Therefore, clonality is not required in the definition of neoplasia.
Neoplasm vs. tumor
The word tumor or tumour comes from the Latin word for swelling, which is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. The word originally referred to any form of swelling, neoplastic or not. In modern English, tumor is used as a synonym for neoplasm (a solid or fluid-filled cystic lesion that may or may not be formed by an abnormal growth of neoplastic cells) that appears enlarged in size.[11][12] Some neoplasms do not form a tumor - these include leukemia and most forms of carcinoma in situ. Tumor is also not synonymous with cancer. While cancer is by definition malignant, a tumor can be benign, precancerous, or malignant.
The terms mass and nodule are often used synonymously with tumor. Generally speaking, however, the term tumor is used generically, without reference to the physical size of the lesion.[2] More specifically, the term mass is often used when the lesion has a maximal diameter of at least 20 millimeters (mm) in greatest direction, while the term nodule is usually used when the size of the lesion is less than 20 mm in its greatest dimension (25.4 mm = 1 inch).[2]
A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused by genetic mutations. Not all types of neoplasms cause a tumorous overgrowth of tissue, however (such as leukemia or carcinoma in situ) and similarities between neoplasmic growths and regenerative processes, e.g., dedifferentiation and rapid cell proliferation, have been pointed out.[13]
Recently, tumor growth has been studied using mathematics and continuum mechanics. Vascular tumors such as hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas, (formed from blood or lymph vessels) are thus looked at as being amalgams of a solid skeleton formed by sticky cells and an organic liquid filling the spaces in which cells can grow.[14] Under this type of model, mechanical stresses and strains can be dealt with and their influence on the growth of the tumor and the surrounding tissue and vasculature elucidated. Recent findings from experiments that use this model show that active growth of the tumor is restricted to the outer edges of the tumor, and that stiffening of the underlying normal tissue inhibits tumor growth as well.[15]
Benign conditions that are not associated with an abnormal proliferation of tissue (such as sebaceous cysts) can also present as tumors, however, but have no malignant potential. Breast cysts (as occur commonly during pregnancy and at other times) are another example, as are other encapsulated glandular swellings (thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas).
Encapsulated hematomas, encapsulated necrotic tissue (from an insect bite, foreign body, or other noxious mechanism), keloids (discrete overgrowths of scar tissue) and granulomas may also present as tumors.
Discrete localized enlargements of normal structures (ureters, blood vessels, intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ducts, pulmonary inclusions, or gastrointestinal duplications) due to outflow obstructions or narrowings, or abnormal connections, may also present as a tumor. Examples are arteriovenous fistulae or aneurysms (with or without thrombosis), biliary fistulae or aneurysms, sclerosing cholangitis, cysticercosis or hydatid cysts, intestinal duplications, and pulmonary inclusions as seen with cystic fibrosis. It can be dangerous to biopsy a number of types of tumor in which the leakage of their contents would potentially be catastrophic. When such types of tumors are encountered, diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, angiograms, and nuclear medicine scans are employed prior to (or during) biopsy or surgical exploration/excision in an attempt to avoid such severe complications.
The nature of a tumor is determined by imaging, by surgical exploration, or by a pathologist after examination of the tissue from a biopsy or a surgical specimen.
Malignant neoplasms
DNA damage
DNA damage is considered to be the primary underlying cause of malignant neoplasms known as cancers.[16] Its central role in progression to cancer is illustrated in the figure in this section, in the box near the top. (The central features of DNA damage, epigenetic alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red.) DNA damage is very common. Naturally occurring DNA damages (mostly due to cellular metabolism and the properties of DNA in water at body temperatures) occur at a rate of more than 60,000 new damages, on average, per human cell, per day [also see article DNA damage (naturally occurring) ]. Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to exogenous agents. Tobacco smoke causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of lung cancer due to smoking.[17] UV light from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in melanoma.[18] Helicobacter pylori infection produces high levels of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer.[19] Bile acids, at high levels in the colons of humans eating a high fat diet, also cause DNA damage and contribute to colon cancer.[20] Katsurano et al. indicated that macrophages and neutrophils in an inflamed colonic epithelium are the source of reactive oxygen species causing the DNA damages that initiate colonic tumorigenesis.[21] Some sources of DNA damage are indicated in the boxes at the top of the figure in this section.
Individuals with a germ line mutation causing deficiency in any of 34 DNA repair genes (see article DNA repair-deficiency disorder) are at increased risk of cancer. Some germ line mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g., p53 mutations).[22] These germ line mutations are indicated in a box at the left of the figure with an arrow indicating their contribution to DNA repair deficiency.
About 70% of malignant neoplasms have no hereditary component and are called "sporadic cancers".[23] Only a minority of sporadic cancers have a deficiency in DNA repair due to mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of sporadic cancers have deficiency in DNA repair due to epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair gene expression. For example, of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration).[24] Five reports present evidence that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.[25][26][27][28][29]
Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1).[30] In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA, miR-155, which down-regulates MLH1.[31]
In further examples, epigenetic defects were found at frequencies of between 13%-100% for the DNA repair genes BRCA1, WRN, FANCB, FANCF, MGMT, MLH1, MSH2, MSH4, ERCC1, XPF, NEIL1 and ATM. These epigenetic defects occurred in various cancers (e.g. breast, ovarian, colorectal and head and neck). Two or three deficiencies in expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of the 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al.[32] Epigenetic alterations causing reduced expression of DNA repair genes is shown in a central box at the third level from the top of the figure in this section, and the consequent DNA repair deficiency is shown at the fourth level.
When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair[33][34] or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR).[35]
During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause epigenetic gene silencing.[36][37] DNA repair deficiencies (level 4 in the figure) cause increased DNA damages (level 5 in the figure) which result in increased somatic mutations and epigenetic alterations (level 6 in the figure).
Field defects, normal appearing tissue with multiple alterations (and discussed in the section below), are common precursors to development of the disordered and improperly proliferating clone of tissue in a malignant neoplasm. Such field defects (second level from bottom of figure) may have multiple mutations and epigenetic alterations.
Once a cancer is formed, it usually has genome instability. This instability is likely due to reduced DNA repair or excessive DNA damage. Because of such instability, the cancer continues to evolve and to produce sub clones. For example, a renal cancer, sampled in 9 areas, had 40 ubiquitous mutations, demonstrating tumor heterogeneity (i.e. present in all areas of the cancer), 59 mutations shared by some (but not all areas), and 29 "private" mutations only present in one of the areas of the cancer.[38]
Field defects
Various other terms have been used to describe this phenomenon, including "field effect", "field cancerization", and "field carcinogenesis". The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer.[39] Since then, the terms "field cancerization" and "field defect" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.
Field defects are important in progression to cancer.[40][41] However, in most cancer research, as pointed out by Rubin[42] "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors in vivo, or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion.[43] Similarly, Vogelstein et al.[44] point out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects.
An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local microenvironment on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to patient death.[45]
In the colon, a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the intestinal crypts on the inside surface of the colon. A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. Thus, a patch of abnormal tissue may arise. The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise-opened segment of the colon showing a colon cancer and four polyps. Below the photo there is a schematic diagram of how a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells may have formed, shown by the large area in yellow in the diagram. Within this first large patch in the diagram (a large clone of cells), a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells within the patch, and this altered stem cell may expand clonally forming a secondary patch, or sub-clone, within the original patch. This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area. Within these new patches (sub-clones), the process may be repeated multiple times, indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches (with still different colors in the diagram) which clonally expand, until stem cells arise that generate either small polyps or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer).
In the photo, an apparent field defect in this segment of a colon has generated four polyps (labeled with the size of the polyps, 6mm, 5mm, and two of 3mm, and a cancer about 3 cm across in its longest dimension). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below the photo, by 4 small tan circles (polyps) and a larger red area (cancer). The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon, where the colon joins the small intestine (labeled) and where the appendix occurs (labeled). The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon. In the segment of colon shown here, the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon.
If the general process by which sporadic colon cancers arise is the formation of a pre-neoplastic clone that spreads by natural selection, followed by formation of internal sub-clones within the initial clone, and sub-sub-clones inside those, then colon cancers generally should be associated with, and be preceded by, fields of increasing abnormality reflecting the succession of premalignant events. The most extensive region of abnormality (the outermost yellow irregular area in the diagram) would reflect the earliest event in formation of a malignant neoplasm.
In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers, many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers. The Table, below, gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an epigenetic alteration, and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect.
Cancer | Gene | Frequency in Cancer | Frequency in Field Defect | Ref. |
Colorectal | MGMT | 46% | 34% | [25] |
Colorectal | MGMT | 47% | 11% | [27] |
Colorectal | MGMT | 70% | 60% | [46] |
Colorectal | MSH2 | 13% | 5% | [27] |
Colorectal | ERCC1 | 100% | 40% | [32] |
Colorectal | PMS2 | 88% | 50% | [32] |
Colorectal | XPF | 55% | 40% | [32] |
Head and Neck | MGMT | 54% | 38% | [47] |
Head and Neck | MLH1 | 33% | 25% | [48] |
Head and Neck | MLH1 | 31% | 20% | [49] |
Stomach | MGMT | 88% | 78% | [50] |
Stomach | MLH1 | 73% | 20% | [51] |
Esophagus | MLH1 | 77%-100% | 23%-79% | [52] |
Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. Of polyps less than 10mm in size, found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% were unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size while 40% grew in size.[53]
Genome instability
Cancers are known to exhibit genome instability or a mutator phenotype.[54] The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA.[55] Within this protein-coding DNA (called the exome), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations[44] However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including non-protein-coding regions) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000.[56] In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher exome mutation frequency[44]) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000.[57] This compares to the very low mutation frequency of about 70 new mutations in the entire genome between generations (parent to child) in humans.[58][59]
The high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defects giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in this section) is a deficiency in DNA repair. The large field defects surrounding colon cancers (extending to at about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al.[32] to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins (ERCC1, XPF or PMS2) in the entire area of the field defect. Deficiencies in DNA repair cause increased mutation rates.[33][34][35] A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone translesion synthesis past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations. These new mutations or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect. Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cells acquire additional mutations/epimutations that do provide a proliferative advantage.
The term "neoplasm" is a synonym of "tumor". "Neoplasia" denotes the process of the formation of neoplasms/tumors, the process is referred to as a "neoplastic" process. The word "neoplastic" itself comes from the Greek neo ("new") and plastic ("formed, molded").
The term "tumor" derives from the Latin noun tumor, "a swelling" - ultimately from the verb tumēre "to swell". In the British Commonwealth the spelling "tumour" is commonly used, whereas in the U.S. the word is usually spelled "tumor".
In its medical sense "tumor" has traditionally meant an abnormal swelling of the flesh. The Roman medical encyclopedist Celsus (c. 30 BC–38 AD) described the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation as tumor, dolor, calor, and rubor (swelling, pain, increased heat, and redness). (His treatise, De Medicina, was the first medical book printed in 1478 following the invention of the movable-type printing press.)
In contemporary English, the word "tumor" is often used as a synonym for a cystic (liquid-filled) growth or solid neoplasm (cancerous or non-cancerous),[60] with other forms of swelling often referred to as "swellings".[61]
Related terms occur commonly in the medical literature, where the nouns "tumefaction" and "tumescence" (derived from the adjective "tumescent"[62]), are current medical terms for non-neoplastic swelling. This type of swelling is most often caused by inflammation caused by trauma, infection, and other factors.
Tumors may be caused by conditions other than an overgrowth of neoplastic cells, however. Cysts (such as sebaceous cysts) are also referred to as tumors, even though they have no neoplastic cells. This is standard in medical-billing terminology (especially when billing for a growth whose pathology has yet to be determined).
See also
- Somatic evolution in cancer
- List of biological development disorders
- Epidemiology of cancer
- Pleomorphism
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- Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture". BioEssays. 33 (3): 224–31. doi:10.1002/bies.201000067. PMID 21254148.
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- Zuo C, Zhang H, Spencer HJ, Vural E, Suen JY, Schichman SA, Smoller BR, Kokoska MS, Fan CY (October 2009). "Increased microsatellite instability and epigenetic inactivation of the hMLH1 gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141 (4): 484–90. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.07.007. PMID 19786217.
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- "tumescence". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links
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The Story of a Brand
Welcome to The Story Of A Brand Show. Hear the unique entrepreneurial journeys of 1000+ Consumer Brand founders. We tap into the doubts, failures, wins and inspirations that come with building Consumer Brand startups in extremely competitive times. Whether you own a brand or work for one, you will learn from our guests as they share the building blocks of their brand's evolution. Who knows, you may even discover a few new products that become faves.

subset: commoncrawl


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There was discussion, one executive let slip to me, not simply about Stourton but about the future of Naughtie, the main Today presenter, too - although what that future entailed one cannot be sure.One doesn't have to read too far between the lines to see the hint that Liddle is dropping. Unlike many readers of this blog, I quite like Naughtie's interviewing style, although I concede that some of his questions need to be shorter. A programme like TODAY does not react well to volcanic change. Humphrys will not go on for ever and it would be a disaster for the programme to lose or drop both its main presenters within a very short time. The arrival of Evan Davis has seen a shift in power away from the top two, and this trend is likely to continue. But to drop Naughtie in the immediate future would be a mistake.
Liddle finishes off with a very telling observation on Ed Stourton's future.
As it happens, in ballsing the whole thing up, the BBC has done Stourton an enormous favour. He now has considerable leverage in his discussions with the executives, acquired through the way in which he was told of his sacking. They want him to shut up and be nice right now, what with the Daily Mail and some of the Today audience on their backs. And I suspect that he will shut up and be nice if they are nice to him.
I reckon that being nice will involve Stourton presenting the Today programme from time to time and some fairly high-profile work elsewhere within the corporation; in other words, not really sacked as you and I may understand the term.
Hell, it's an all win situation, bruised though Stourton is feeling right now.
I think he's right. The BBC has had yet another PR disaster on its hands and won't want it to continue. Ed Stourton is in a very powerful position right now to assess what he would like to do over the next few years within the BBC and I'd be astonished if he didn't get a 'yes' from the powers that be that just want this situation to go away.


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Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth
The Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth (AEEG) describes itself as "a broad-based coalition whose members develop, deliver, or consume energy from all sources." [1] The U.S. Chamber of Commerce states in its 2005 annual report that it "co-founded and manages the day-to-day operations of the Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth, a broad-based coalition whose members develop, deliver, and consume energy from all sources. The coalition represents consumers; energy companies involved in all phases of energy exploration, production, and transmission; agricultural groups; and business and labor organizations — all united in support of a comprehensive national energy plan."[2]
Nuclear Energy Institute
The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) was a founding member of AEEG. "As a member of the Alliance, we will encourage investment in energy technologies that improve efficiency, increase output and protect the environment," stated NEI's Joe F. Colvin in a May 2001 press release. [3]
NEI's financial report for 2006 lists AEEG as both an expense and a source of income. Under "program expenses," NEI lists "Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth," with the cost being $2,918,120. Under "income-producing activities," NEI again lists AEEG, as bringing in $3,012,173 in revenues. NEI's 2006 financial report describes AEEG as "educate the public and policymakers about the need for a comprehensive energy strategy." [4]
But NEI's 2007 financial report filed with the IRS no longer lists AEEG as an expense or a source of revenue, which may indicate that NEI is no longer a financial contributor to AEEG. [5]
According to the DeSmogBlog, "AEEG's voice mail directs you call Rob Dubrow at the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) for questions regarding billing." [6]
Website contacts
AEEG's website, yourenergyfuture.org, is registered to Gordon Barnes at the American Gas Association. The webmaster contact given is the Edison Electric Institute. The website was created on April 24, 2001, according to domain registration records. [7]
Lobbying disclosure forms filed with the U.S. Senate Office of Public Records list two lobbyists for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce who advocated on behalf of AEEG.
In 2002, Geraldine Ferraro (then with the Golin Harris firm) registered to lobby on behalf of AEEG on the "Yucca Mountain initiative," referring to the proposed nuclear waste repository site in Nevada. Later disclosure forms said the lobbying contract was terminated in November 2002, with some $100,000 having been spent ($60,000 in the first half of 2002 and $40,000 in the second half).
Also in 2002, JHS Associates registered to lobby behalf of AEEG, on "energy / nuclear policy issues related to Public Law No 97425." The lobbyist identified on the contract was John H. Sununu. This contract was terminated in December 2002, with less than $10,000 spent in each half of the calendar year.
AEEG's website says it has "more than 1,200 members" and represents "consumers; energy companies involved in all phases of energy exploration, production and transmission; agricultural groups; and business and labor organizations." [8] It does not list its members on its website.
While "general membership in the Alliance is free ... there is a fee for participation on the Alliance Steering Committee," states AEEG's website. [9] A brochure on the AEEG website lists the following Steering Committee members, as of March 29, 2005: [10]
- AGL Resources, Inc.
- Air Transport Association of America
- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
- Aluminum Association, Inc.
- Ameren Services Company
- American Chemistry Council
- American Council of Engineering Companies
- American Farm Bureau Federation
- American Gas Association
- American Lighting Association
- American Petroleum Institute
- American Road & Transportation Builders Association
- Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc.
- Associated General Contractors
- Association for Manufacturing Technology
- Association of American Railroads
- Association of Oil Pipe Lines
- Atmos Energy Corporation
- The Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company
- Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation
- Canadian National
- Canadian Pacific Railway
- Caterpillar, Inc.
- Celanese Chemicals, Ltd.
- Club Managers Association of America
- CMS Energy
- Coalition for Affordable and Reliable Energy
- CSX Corporation
- Delphi Corporation
- The Dow Chemical Company
- DTE Energy
- Dynegy Inc.
- Edison Electric Institute
- El Paso Corporation
- Electric Power Supply Association
- Electronic Industries Alliance
- Energen Corporation
- Energy East
- Florida Power & Light Company
- Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association
- Independent Petroleum Association of America
- Interstate Natural Gas Association of America
- Kansas City Southern
- Kennecott Energy Company
- KeySpan
- Laclede Gas Company
- MDU Resources Group, Inc.
- MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company
- National Association of Chain Drug Stores
- National Association of Manufacturers
- National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors
- National Beer Wholesalers Association
- National Electrical Manufacturers Association
- National Food Processors Association
- National Mining Association
- National Ocean Industries Association
- National Petrochemical & Refiners Association
- National Propane Gas Association
- National Restaurant Association
- National Roofing Contractors Association
- National Society of Professional Engineers
- Natural Gas Supply Association
- NiSource Inc.
- NJR New Jersey Natural Gas
- Norfolk Southern Corporation
- North American Insulation Manufacturers Association
- Nuclear Energy Institute
- NW Natural
- OGE Energy Corporation
- Olin Corporation
- Peabody Energy
- PECO Energy
- Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
- Philips Electronics North America Corporation
- Pinnacle West Capital Corporation
- Portland Cement Association
- Printing Industries of America
- Progress Energy, Inc.
- Public Service Company of New Mexico
- Rubber Manufacturers Association
- Southern Company
- The Business Roundtable
- TXU Electric & Gas
- U.S. Chamber of Commerce
- U.S. Energy Association
- Union Pacific Corporation
- United Mine Workers of America
- US Oil & Gas Association
- Vectren Corporation
- Yellow Pages Publishers Association
Members of the Management Committee
On its website, as of February 2009, the alliance listed the members of its management committee as being[11]
- James May, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Air Transport Association of America
- Dave McCurdy, President & Chief Executive Officer of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
- Donna Harman, President and CEO of the American Forest & Paper Association
- David Parker, President and CEO of the American Gas Association
- Andrew Sharkey, President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Iron and Steel Institute
- Red Cavaney, President and CEO of the American Petroleum Institute
- Edward Hamberger, President & CEO of the Association of American Railroads
- Thomas Kuhn, President of the Edison Electric Institute
- Donald Santa Jr., President & CEO of the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America
- Jay Timmons, the Executive Vice President of the National Association of Manufacturers
- Evan Gaddis, President and CEO of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association
- Kraig Naasz, President and CEO of the National Mining Association
- Frank Bowman, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Nuclear Energy Institute
- John Shaw, Senior Vice President, Government Affairs for the Portland Cement Association
- R. Josten, Executive Vice President of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
Contact info
Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth
1615 H Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20062-2000
Phone: 202-463-5642
Fax: 202-887-3445
Email: info AT yourenergyfuture.org
Web: http://www.yourenergyfuture.org
Resources and articles
Related SourceWatch articles
- ↑ "Your Energy Future," AEEG website, accessed March 2008.
- ↑ U.S. Chamber of Commerce, [http://www.uschamber.com/NR/rdonlyres/e5hbltk43bftaej6v7kfjc5olgblcltbumsgzdnr3refbxmo6m6ei6dkwwm4qogdtpazfvms2gmr4jdufe5mfdba3ff/032306lbRPT2005AnnualReport.pdf "Environment, Technology & Regulatory Affairs"], U.S. Chamber of Commerce, page 13.
- ↑ "Alliance for Energy & Economic Growth Calls for Comprehensive National Energy Policy," NEI press release, May 2, 2001.
- ↑ "Nuclear Energy Institute IRS form 990 report for 2006 (PDF), via GuideStar, accessed February 2008.
- ↑ "[1]Nuclear Energy Institute IRS form 990 report for 2007, via GuideStar.
- ↑ "Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth," DeSmogBlog profile, accessed March 2008.
- ↑ "yourenergyfuture.org domain registration information" via Network Solutions, accessed March 2008.
- ↑ "Your Energy Future - Members," AEEG website, accessed March 2008.
- ↑ "Your Energy Future - Contact us," AEEG website, accessed March 2008.
- ↑ "Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth brochure (PDF)," AEEG website, accessed March 2008.
- ↑ Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth, "Members of the management committee", Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth website, accessed February 2009.
External articles
- "United Seniors Association: Hired Guns for PhRMA and Other Corporate Interests", Public Citizen, July 2002.
- David Roberts, "Industry groups lobby against climate legislation", Grist, December 7, 2007.
- "US Chamber, National Association of Manufacturers and Industry Front Group Kick Off Four-State Tour to Kill Senate Climate Change Bill", Common Dreams, March 12, 2008.
- Justin Willet, "Industry groups decry cap-and-trade cost", Columbia Daily Tribune, April 2, 2009.
- Darren Samuelsohn, "Obama Aides Meet With Senate Dems to Map April Strategy for Climate Bill ", The New York Times, March 25, 2010.


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Request a Quote!
Male - for use with PV Wire
In most electrical industries, connectors are described as Male and Female but this applies to the metal contacts themselves, not the plastic insulator that houses them. For some manufacturers of solar equipment, such as Amphenol, Tyco SolarLok, Multi-contact, and Radox connector systems, the housing of the connector pins appear opposite from standard electrical industries.
The male pin has housing with a relatively large opening in the end and the pin itself is recessed within. The female pin has housing that has a long narrow tip that fits into the male housing when they are mated. This appearance is just the opposite of what the terms Male and Female usually bring to mind and is the biggest source of problems in ordering exactly what you, the customer, needs.
When ordering adapters for your PV cables, it is vital to specify the physical type of connector for each end as well as its polarity.


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Please visit our Open House at 3668 KENNEDY ST in Port Coquitlam.
Open House on Sunday, October 9, 2016 2:00PM - 4:00PM
Completely renovated 2 level home on cul-de-sac in a quiet prime location. The main level has updated kitchen with all new cabinets & counter tops with eating area leading to deck overlooking private backyard & greenbelt, large bright living and dining room with skylight. Below has one bedroom, a full bath & a rec room with separate laundry and own entrance. Newer windows, roof, hot water tank & furnace. New laminate floor, lighting fixtures & appliances on both levels, fresh paint inside & outside. Large private fully fenced backyard facing greenbelt. Close to schools, shopping, transit. School catchment Irvine Elementary, Kwayhquitlum Middle, Terry Fox Secondary. Public Open, Sat, July 23 & Sun, July 24, 2-4pm.


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OTTAWA — Prime Minister Stephen Harper will meet with his Liberal rival Stéphane Dion in a Labour Day showdown that will almost certainly precede an election.
Mr. Harper's spokesman says the afternoon meeting will take place Monday at the Prime Minister's residence at 24 Sussex Drive.
Dion's proposal to meet on September 9th would never have happened, given hyper Harper's drive to avoid the by-elections, among other things. In agreeing to a meeting Monday, Dion gets the opportunity to put out his talking points to an attentive press corp. No meeting, Dion loses another chance to frame Harper as opportunistic, he can muse about Harper's posturing, he can look like he is amenable to moving forward.
I look at the meeting like a bonus press conference for Dion, so politically it's a good move, regardless of what happens in the meeting itself. Thanks for the free coverage, if I were the Conservatives I would have had Harper busy tomorrow, prior to his unilateral election call.


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The posters are $12.50. But, this week, if you add a poster to an order totaling over $150, the poster will be free. The free poster deal ends midnight on Sunday, March 6.
VO dealers and shops can get a free set of posters with wholesale orders, just ask.
BTW, would either of these images look good on a t-shirt?


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Friday, January 04, 2008
FNL: Close quarters
First, I'm especially grateful to NBC PR for sending out a screener of tonight's episode, since I got to watch it before tuning into NBC last night and getting several promos that heavily featured the climactic misunderstanding 'twixt Coach and Riggins. Not that it was that stunning -- things were going so well for Riggins that you knew something bad would happen to ruin it -- but I'm starting to believe that the single greatest advantage of illegal downloading is being able to avoid spoiler-filled ads for future shows.
I'm glad to have the show back, and that they started production so early this season that they have more episodes left than most. I don't know that the show's ever going to get back to the creative heights of season one -- here, even with the manslaughter arc over and done with (sort of), there were a number of storytelling choices I found odd -- but at this moment in time, even slightly overcooked "Friday Night Lights" is like a feast for a starving man.
The tornado was pretty quite artery-clogging in its cheese factor (no doubt a sacrifice at the altar of the Promotable Moment), but at least we were done with it quickly, its primary purpose to set up one of our two uncomfortable living situations for the episode with the Laribee team moving into Dillon for a few weeks. Contrived though that situation was, the pressure cooker tension between the two teams -- one run by our heroic disciplinarian, the other by an overcompensating hothead eager to cause trouble -- created some nice dramatic moments. Even the more football-focused first season didn't deal too much with how ugly high school athletic rivalries can be (the only time they touched on it was in the racism two-parter), and for the first time in a long time, the football scenes felt more than obligatory. Football stories are good. Not only is football what the show is about, but it forces large numbers of characters together in the same plot, as opposed to going off in their own isolated twos and threes. This is a show about a community, or a series of interlocking communities, and all of them revolve around the team. If it took a bad CGI tornado to make the team important again, so be it.
(Plus, a point was finally given to the Stereotypical Lesbian Soccer Coach scene from a few weeks back, as Eric's decision to give her the bigger locker room made things worse here.)
Our other uncomfortable living situation was over at the Taylor house, which was already overcrowded with Shelly in residence, let alone Riggins. As Tami said, bringing Tim into that household was like putting gasoline next to a lit match -- just not in the way she meant. Sure, Julie is attracted to him -- having already crossed the "dating football players" threshhold and now in the standard bad boys phase, he's pretty much her ideal male -- but Tim, for all his epic self-destructiveness, knows not to cross that boundary, even if Coach doesn't know he knows. Rather, Tim's presence -- and his ability to once again ignite the hormones of a woman of a certain age -- brought the running conflicts between Tami and Shelly to the surface. "It's no wonder you're single" is pretty much the worst possible thing that a married person could say to an unattached, lonely sibling, but that moment felt so real. Mrs. Coach, much as we all revere her, is as human as everyone else on this show, and she's going to have moments when her temper gets the best of her and she says and does the wrong thing
The usual stellar work by Connie Britton, and by Jessyln Gilsig -- and by Taylor Kitsch, who became immeasurably more interesting as an actor once the writers realized last season to give him the minimum amount of dialogue possible. (Oddly, that's how the "Animal House" writers realized they needed to treat Belushi after a few weeks of filming.) It's not that he can't deliver dialogue, but that the mythic brooding quality of Riggins works best the less he says to anyone.
A great talker -- if not a great salesman -- is Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity, who played the hell out of Buddy's reaction to the news about his wife and the tree hugger, and especially the hurt little boy face upon realizing that he wasn't going to win her back with his sales pitch. On the other hand, that was an exceptionally weak pitch from the guy who's allegedly the Texas Car Salesman of the Year five years running. "You must forgive me" is beyond the hard sell; it's the no sell. (Which isn't to say it was a badly-written scene; I can easily buy Buddy being too blinded by ego to think he had to put more than a minimum of effort into winning Pam back.)
Finally, we have Tyra and Landry, who got a perfectly fine John Hughes type plotline with one rather large problem: it seems to be taking place in a universe in which Landry never killed a guy and they never conspired to dump the body. I know Landry makes a brief reference early on to having put that unpleasantness behind them, but none of what comes afterward -- none of what's said, or the feelings on either side, or the tone, or any of it -- is remotely informed by this great traumatic event they went through together. You could have inserted most of their scenes into an imaginary episode right before the season one finale with very minimal changes.
Now, as somebody who's been very vocal about the murder story being the dumbest thing this show has ever done, I suppose I should be grateful that the show is acting like it didn't happen, is taking steps to restore Tyra and Landry to the characters they were before the season began. But you can't unring this particular bell. It happened. They spent a whole lot of time on it, and it's the kind of thing that should both change both these people and inform all their interactions going forward, and there was absolutely none of that here -- just Jesse Plemons doing his best impression of Jon Cryer circa Duckie.
Short of permanently separating the two characters (and the actors who play so well off each other) or banishing them from the show outright, I don't know what the solution is. But as annoying as the murder storyline was, it's just as annoying to try to ignore it, you know? And that's precisely why I wish they hadn't done it. Whatever might have been gained in the short term doesn't come close to matching the long term effects that are now being awkwardly swept under the rug.
Still, it's good to have this one back for the next six weeks, and it would be a rare strike benefit if the number of original episodes helps boost viewership enough to ensure its continued survival.
What did everybody else think?
33 comments:
- Myles said...
The Landry situation is very intriguing - they've ignored his presence on the football team so much that they can't simply revert to that, and the Landry/Tyra situation is so caught up in the murder plot that to go to it without referencing the event itself felt false. I don't think there's a solution to speak of, but I'm glad that literate and charming Landry at least made an appearance.
While I'm glad to have avoided the previews featuring the climactic misunderstanding (A rare upside to Canadian simulcasting), I felt it was an odd way to end the episode. Considering how much Tim's presence was defined by his ability to shake up the rest of the Taylor family as opposed to himself (See: 5am Ping Pong), for it to suddenly revert to "Poor Tim" without even a glimpse back into the Taylor household felt wrong.
Still, it was nice to see that the concept of neighbourhood (Even when many were disintegrating) allowed the show to return to its football storylines, characters who interacted with other characters, and a general cohesiveness missing from past episodes. Step in the right direction as a whole, at the very least. - 10:27 PM, January 04, 2008
- Unknown said...
I'm with you that they're really stuck when it comes to Landry and Tyra. It'd be so great to erase the murder, but they can't because it's too big to move past. Yet they seem to be trying to erase it, or at least downplay it. Taken on its own, what did happen with Tyra and Landry was interesting, though, and I appreciated Landry standing up for himself at the end and telling her it didn't make sense. That's actually rare to see on TV, and I appreciated that.
Other than that, this was probably the best episode of season two for me, with Tim's storyline being absolutely phenomenal. I love the character and the actor.
I also have to say that school rivalry was perfect, and it bounced between exciting and hilarious (the GREAT fight scene) and incredibly tense (the even better Coach slams other coach against the wall). I really want to see this play out more next week, as I think it's really the best thing the writers have tried all year. I've missed football as a hub. - 10:29 PM, January 04, 2008
- Bobman said...
The episode definitely got better as it went - I legitimately laughed out loud at the bad-CG tornado, but as you say it was just a setup and worked well as such.
The biggest thing I took away from this episode is how well this show makes you root for and sympathize with very flawed characters. Buddy - horribly flawed, but sympathetic. Riggins - a drunk jock, but a redeemable one. Tyra - doesn't deserve someone like Landry but they work so well you root for them anyway.
I actually have a continuity question: Buddy talks to Eric like they've known each other forever - even referring to "remember when I met my wife" - but didn't Season 1 begin with the Taylors moving into town? Were they returning? Am I just completely mistaken?
Oh, and finally - I know it was kind of cliche, but Coach Taylor finally snapping at rival coach was a great "pump your hand in the air even though you're watching by yourself" moment. - 10:32 PM, January 04, 2008
- Alan Sepinwall said...
Kyle Chandler had a bunch of superb moments, both the funny (his horrified reaction to Buddy talking about his marriage) and the dramatic (body slamming the Laribee coach).
As for Coach's living situation, the pilot established that he was new as head coach, but not new to the town. He had coached Street since Pee Wee. However, a later episode around the time Eric was considering the TMU job got hinky with the timeline, since Julie complained that they had moved around a lot during his career.
So the short answer is, I don't know. - 10:42 PM, January 04, 2008
One quibble, Alan: Do we know that the "Stereotypical Lesbian Soccer Coach" is actually a lesbian or are we supposed to infer that because she's, gasp, a woman in sports?
I quite liked this episode, but I haven't been overly critical of this season so far because it's just so much better than most of the other TV I watch, even with ill-advised plotlines. I was hoping Landry might burst out with "I killed someone for you!" during his scene with Tyra, but alas, no such dramatics. I'm thinking that he might boil over in a less perfect-boyfriend way sometime soon, though. I can definitely understand where Tyra's coming from, as well. After what she's been through, I can imagine she wants a less intense relationship for now.
Oh, Tim. He's been dumped on so hard this season. And Julie has, too, actually - she seems to have been the catalyst for a lot of "interesting" things for others, like Matt's (gross) relationship with Carlotta and now, perhaps Tim's reconciliation with Billy.
Brad Leland - still fantastic. Loved the Dream Team of Landry, Matt, Tim, Smash and Santiago in the cafeteria scene. And I want more Jason, as always. - 10:47 PM, January 04, 2008
- Myles said...
I kind of took the timeline issues as Buddy's delusional understanding of how close he is with Taylor as opposed to some sort of actual fact. While it did seem like Chandler was nodding in response, it felt more like a "Please change the subject based on this nod of agreement" than any sort of knowing statement. However, it was walking that fine line, and I'd certainly be curious to see if it was a bit of a slip or not.
...actually, not that curious really, now that I think about it. With the Writers' Strike, though, I think I'm starved for discussion. - 10:53 PM, January 04, 2008
I guess I'll have to dissent a bit on this one. I found it to be a roller coaster ride between the good scenes and the cheesy and predictable. We started out on a real low note. My wife, who has refused to watch the show ever since the murder, called out "Riggins and the daughter are going out in the storm" seconds into the show just after the storm warning came across the TV. It did get better with the rival team, but it sure didn't stay there. We couldn't see the Buddy speech coming a mile off? And how fast can you divorce and remarry in Texas anyway? Somehow, I suspect it's longer than California where the writers live. Tyra would treat Landry that way after what he did? Didn't we do Riggins/older woman thing already? And a misunderstanding? Really? We're really doing that. Or did I accidentally switch channels to a Three's Company rerun? Ugh.
Bottom line, I liked pretty much everything about the clashes with the rival team, and as always, there were plenty of nice small moments. But I think those small moments needed a better narrative to tie them together. - 10:57 PM, January 04, 2008
Great post as usual. One minor thing-
"Even the more football-focused first season didn't deal too much with how ugly high school athletic rivalries can be (the only time they touched on it was in the racism two-parter)"
There was actually an episodelong storyline that involved escalating pranks between the Panthers and another team. It was in "Who's Your Daddy." But I agree that the show needs to include more non-obligatory football scenes. - 11:21 PM, January 04, 2008
- R.A. Porter said...
Not just cheesy CGI on the tornado, but an absolute misunderstanding of what they are. Extreme low pressure in a tornado makes windows blow out, not in on top of the hunky knight protecting the virginal daughter of the King.
That aside, I thought much of the episode worked well other than Landry and Tyra. My big problem with their storyline is how no one else around seems to know Landry killed that guy. There is no way that would be a secret since he confessed. Everyone in Dillon would know; everyone in Laribee would know, too. It should have informed the lead-up to the brawl a whole lot more. To D-bag Chip, this wasn't just a geek trying to talk to the "unnamed goddess" but a homicidal geek.
I really liked the way the Taylor household was disrupted with Riggins' presence and wish they hadn't rushed to get him out so fast. There was a lot of fertile ground around Coach-as-father, Mrs. Coach-as-mother, and the gender imbalance. Rushing that feels a bit haphazard.
I'm a little worried that the writers didn't come into this season with a plan like they clearly did on season 1, but even without a plan this is still a fun, fun ride. - 1:40 AM, January 05, 2008
A fine summary, as always, and although you made a quick reference to it in the "coming up as soon as" part of your post, I thought you didn't quite give the line about lasagna enough credit. In my opinion, it represented everything I love about this show. Tami is asking Tim and Julie what they want for dinner before the dance, they're trying to explain that they won't be going to the dance, and as Tami is trying to figure out the deeper implications of what all this means, Eric, without picking up on any of this says, "I'll like lasagna." The delivery was so perfect, the written word cannot do it justice.
All the sensationalism -- coaches fighting coaches, tornados tearing apart grocery stores, coaches fighting players -- was overdone, just like so much this season. But that throwaway line of Eric's about dinner made me realize I'll stick with this show to the bitter end, even if Street were to walk again after being injected by shark blood and he and Lyla went off to Notre Dame as 7th-year seniors and got married. - 1:41 AM, January 05, 2008
Where are the season 1 writers, b/c I sure don't recognize this show.
A tornado and sharing a locker room, cafeteria and practice field with bitter rivals? Come on. What, there isn't a park Larrabee could practice at? And a Y where they could use the weights?
And Three's Company is right. Try to really imagine that scene w/ Rigg and Coach where Coach wouldn't even let him say a single word in his defense. I think that's impossible to imagine.
Finally, I think you might have misheard. It's not that the girls soccer team has the "bigger" lockerroom, it's the "visitors" locker room they have. - 2:33 AM, January 05, 2008
I've been ferociously critical of this show all season, but I guess I loved this one a lot more than everyone else here because I felt like I was finally watching the show I fell in love with last year. No, it definitely was not perfect--the Laribee story is largely by-the-numbers and yada yada yada--but this was much better than anything on the whole we've gotten this season.
I'm still furious about the murder story, and I think it says a LOT about JUST what a mistake it was that they've taken Tyra and Landry right back where they were in the season premiere, but you know what, I hated that diversion SO much that I am willing to forget it all ever happened if it means they'll leave that couple back on course and never mention the rapist again.
Thank god someone finally remembered Jessalyn Gilsig was sitting around doing nothing.
Can Brad Leland get an Emmy already?? See, I felt the opposite during his last play for his wife's heart. That wasn't a pitch at all. I think he got to the door and his emotions all overcame him and he just spilled out what was really in his heart, one of those situations where we know what we want to say and every word just leaves as soon as we open our mouths. And I agree that I think he was just borderline delusional during the laundry scene and it was never intended for us to think Eric had suddenly been there all along. Buddy was clearly a little beside himself, plus we know he thinks he and Eric are MUCH closer friends than they really are. Though I love that they were just standing around gossiping in the laundromat in the middle of the night.
Team rivalry was also explored in "State" last year, and in my favorite ep, "Full Hearts," when Smash had to go back and play his old team.
"We're playin' ping-pong, honey!" gets my line of the night.
And tsk, Alan. Promos never ruin anything for me anymore because I never watch anything live. DVR + FF makes for a tidy viewing life. - 5:47 AM, January 05, 2008
- jcpbmg said...
Another great throw-away moment (that I'm surprised no one mentioned) is Tyra slamming the Napolean Dynamite kid into a glass window during the fight.
Also with Matt and Carlota being so public about their relationship, how is no one talking about how inappropriate it is? - 8:38 AM, January 05, 2008
- Bobman said...
Another great throw-away moment (that I'm surprised no one mentioned) is Tyra slamming the Napolean Dynamite kid into a glass window during the fight.
That was awesome, though it should be no surprise - Tyra was always a bit scrappy.
Also with Matt and Carlota being so public about their relationship, how is no one talking about how inappropriate it is?
Do you mean no one in the real world or in the FNL world? I'm guessing anything Matt does in the world of the show is promptly ignored because he is QB1 and can get away with pretty much anything. - 9:54 AM, January 05, 2008
- Matt said...
Also, this had to be a pretty hugely expensive episode to do for at least three reasons:
1. Cheesy though the tornado effects were, those still don't come cheap.
2. Massive extras usage, and not just easy pickup footage like "lots of people watching the game" but scenes like the dance and the fight which required a lot of people and some coordination, particularly the fight scene. (Admittedly, with where they film, they probably can get cheap extras, but still.)
3. Music rights. "Crank That (Souljah Boy)" probably doesn't come cheap. - 11:47 AM, January 05, 2008
- Don Porges said...
That business about Eric not letting Riggins answer him, although annoying, is perfectly in character, and is seen earlier during one of the locker-room scenes.
And did the other coach have to be such an ass? - 12:01 PM, January 05, 2008
Great post, Alan. I am loving all the Tim Riggins love displayed both here and over at TWoP. He's a great, compelling character, and not just because he makes every female character melt.
I was sorely disappointed in the cheesy sensationalism and predicatability of this episode, especially at the awful, awful ending, which really pissed me off. As someone else said, another Big! Misunderstanding! Moment! again? Really??
But yeah, the little moments... Tim and the baby, KC's "lasagna" line delivery, the ping-pong, the handshake between Tim and Coach... the show's still got me. - 12:42 PM, January 05, 2008
It didn't bother me that Eric wouldn't let Tim defend himself at the end. Julie is Eric's little girl, and under the circumstances, I couldn't blame him for reacting emotionally. However, we've already had a plot arc this season where Tim was in Eric's doghouse and didn't entirely deserve it. (It always drove me crazy that Jason never went to Eric and said, "Hey, Tim was in Mexico helping me." Maybe it wouldn't have gotten Tim off the hook completely, but it should at least have been mitigating.) Here's hoping that Julie remembers what happened and explains it to her father. I really like the coach-father/player-son interaction between Eric and Tim.
- 12:46 PM, January 05, 2008
I'm starting to wonder why Shelly is still even there anymore. I love Mrs. Coach as much as anyone, but all Tammi ever does is insult, degrade and basically just dump on Shelly who is there basically being a good sister and helping Tammi out. I just hate it when Tammi goes off on one of her tirades against Shelly so I was glad that she finally stood up for herself and basically said "And yet I'm the one you asked to take care your precious baby".
Loved every minute of the fight in the cafeteria and the Landry comments leading up to it.
I actually don't really mind if they continue to ignore the "bad thing" as long as we get more Landry/Tyra scenes.
I do wish they would find and interesting story line for Lyla. - 3:05 PM, January 05, 2008
The Rebel-moves-in-with-the-nice-family thing was just starting to become something better than Fonzie over the garage, when they went with that hackneyed ending. Riggins should've left Julie to clean up her puke and gone out to the garage.
Did Tyra tell Julie that Landry's dad scared her off? - 7:04 PM, January 05, 2008
Shelly is there b/c she gets free room & board while trying to switch careers. She's studying for the real estate exam...and I thought the idea was that she doesn't have her life together as much as her older sister. I get why she stays.
Tami needs her to save on daycare (or perhaps can't find suitable daycare) and Shelly needs a place to crash since she doesn't seem to be otherwise employed.
The tornado did not bother me, because it was really minor. It barely did any damage, there wasn't really any worry or talk about the tornado in their town. If they wanted to be cheesy, they would have done the "Desperate Housewives" tornado and trapped Tim & Julie in the store's basement or something with nothing more than a mattress and a box of condoms. So I thought they did a great job of tossing these two different kids together and making them start some kind of odd relationship.
I think Tyra and Landry aren't over by a long shot. I see why the murder thing was necessary...in order for Tyra to even consider sleeping with Landry, she needed to be shaken up. Badly. Maybe it was too over the top for most, but I was okay with it. Also, I don't think that story has played out all the way.
By the way, the only way the whole town would know about Landry's involvement would be if he said something. His dad's a cop, so the police department will keep it quiet. He's a minor, so there is no public-for-the-press-to-read report. And Tyra has been extremely closed-mouthed about it.
This was a GREAT episode! And once again, they pulled the rug out from under me by moving Tim out under less-than-kind circumstances. All the ladies sigh at 'poor Tim' being misunderstood once again. The good guy with the bad boy reputation. - 7:09 PM, January 05, 2008
The Rebel-moves-in-with-the-nice-family thing was just starting to become something better than Fonzie over the garage
Hahahahahahaha - 7:29 PM, January 05, 2008
I'm not a father (yet) so I can't comment on how unwilling the coach would be to listen to Riggins' explanation, no matter how loud he got, but just once I want one of these people to stand up for themselves. Tim did nothing wrong for once and I think his character would stand up for himself if he thought it was something worth saving. Then again, he never told the coach why he and Street went to Mexico, so maybe it's just who his is - the non-confrontational confrontational guy.
It's not the same show as season one, and it might not be able to recover, but there's enough good stuff here that I hope someone in the writers' room gets inspired. - 9:44 PM, January 05, 2008
- olucy said...
I'm probably in the minority, but this ep annoyed me far more than The Murder story arc. Maybe because I try to compartmentalize The Murder as One Big Bad Writing Misjudgement, and just try to tuck it away, and this ep has all kinds of little, wriggly things that get under my skin. Starting with the fact that this used to be a show where people talked to one another. Remember that? That used to be its charm. And now I guess we're headed for a lot of Big Misunderstandings because they don't, anymore. Blah.
It saddens me that Tami has become so bitchy and unlikeable this season, although I actually side with her on calling her sister out on her flirtatious behavior with someone who, even Shelly recognizes as "jailbait." Although what she said to her sister was nasty and I'm glad Shelly gave her they smackdown right back. But seriously, her behavior around Tim is inappropriate and disturbing.
The team rivalry antics were beyond annoying. Maybe guys get into that type of storyline, but I can't understand why the other team wasn't kicked out after the first prank or two. I get that that type of behavior is probably tolerated as "boys will be boys" under normal circumstances, but when one school is a guest of another and on their turf I find it hard to believe that a school administration would put up with it. And could the other coach be any more of a stereotyped, two-dimensional jackass? With shoving against the wall? Oh, be still my heart.
But the worst offense was the whole Big Misunderstanding with Riggins and Julie and tossing Riggins out of the house. I understand that Coach is going to protect his little girl, but this is just Ordinary Teen Soap material and not worthy of this show. - 1:31 PM, January 06, 2008
I disagree. Teen soap material, and Tim would have come to Julie's rescue and made out with her in the car and pine about her in the garage for a week or two.
Teen soap material would have been Shelly throwing herself at Tim and being successful. They would continue some kind of tawdry teen romance in secret for weeks on end.
Teen soap material would have been Tyra dancing on the dancefloor with the jackass from the other school and Landry would be pining away in a dark corner. And then she would flaunt herself in front of Landry every day, sleeping around with different guys to show how much she 'didn't like' him anymore.
No, these characters are still real to me. Not teen soap characters. Watch Gossip Girl and then FNL and tell me what's different. - 2:58 PM, January 06, 2008
"I understand that Coach is going to protect his little girl, but this is just Ordinary Teen Soap material and not worthy of this show."
I completely agree with you. That kind of ending, in light of how great this show used to be, is insulting. There were several redeeming moments about the episode, but too many disappointing ones as well. - 3:06 PM, January 06, 2008
- olucy said...
Heh. OK, I'll just have to take your word for it that they're not typical soap teens, because I have no intention of watching Gossip Girl. I'll relabel it "clichéd writing."
I agree these are characters still worth caring about. Despite their sloppy storyline, I still care about what happens to Landry and Tyra. This show excels in small moments. I loved Landy's referencing West Side Story, even though his analogy was lost on Tyra. Buddy never fails to deliver. I can completely see him as the type of guy who thinks "you've got to forgive me" is going to be interpreted as an apology, and it hurt to see him get the news of his wife's engagement second-hand. Loved Smash's throwaway "Napoleon Dynamite!", and him hating the other QB1 who's full of himself. Ha! I liked Riggins handshake with the Coach and his protecting Julie at the diner. When he's sober, not much gets past him.
I'm going to agree, however, with the poster who can't believe that word isn't out about the murder. I know that cops look after each other, but a secret that big is too hard for people to sit on. It's just human nature. People get off on knowing something that other people don't know, and usually they have to let other people know that they know. And a secret that big? It boggles the mind how exposed Landry might have been walking into that squad room. A typical squad room has more than cops in it. There's clerical people. Average citizens there for one odd thing or another. None of whom live by The Code. It's just ludicrous. (Even more ludicrous than Landry making the team and scoring a big play with no football background.) - 4:22 PM, January 06, 2008
- AndyW said...
I'm with olucy - the ratio of eye-rolling scenes to those nice little true-to-life moments was way out of whack. Buddy's storyline is the only one I really like, and his ex-con charge is in danger of ruining that (speaking of which, why wasn't that kid kicking some serious butt in the cafeteria brawl?). And Coach and Tim against the estrogen world was a concept that needed at least a couple more episodes.
- 7:08 PM, January 06, 2008
- AndyW said...
I'm with olucy - the ratio of eye-rolling scenes to those nice little true-to-life moments was way out of whack. Buddy's storyline is the only one I really like, and his ex-con charge is in danger of ruining that (speaking of which, why wasn't that kid kicking some serious butt in the cafeteria brawl?). And Coach and Tim against the estrogen world was a concept that needed at least a couple more episodes.
- 7:08 PM, January 06, 2008
I'm with olucy, andyw, and the others critical here. The big brawl could've led to something interesting if it had different, starker consequences for ex-con Santiago than for the rest of the kids. And Coach finding a surrogate son in Riggins, the one kid he'd probably have chosen last for that role, was an interesting set-up that deserved more time to play out. By forcing a parallel to the silly "rival team suddenly sharing the school" plotline, they seemed content to limit the scenario to one episode and blow it up in a soapy last-minute twist.
And I think I ask this every week, but why do best friends Matt and Landry no longer have any contact with each other? And why hasn't Riggins bothered to seek out his best friend, the increasingly AWOL Jason Street? It just seems like they keep ignoring interesting opportunities, and spend too much time on the weakest aspects of the stories they're telling.
The lasagna line would normally be the kind of small detail we'd praise as part of the larger picture of how great the show is. These days, it's the highlight of an entire episode. - 7:42 PM, January 06, 2008
Random tidbit: I finally saw Music and Lyrics, a cute romantic comedy about Hugh Grant as a washed up 80s pop star.
And who plays the other half of his ridiculous looking boy band? Scott Porter. So hilarious. - 1:21 AM, January 07, 2008
- 12:53 PM, January 07, 2008
"The lasagna line would normally be the kind of small detail we'd praise as part of the larger picture of how great the show is. These days, it's the highlight of an entire episode."
Excellent point. This is true about most great shows that slowly devolve over the years (I'm thinking Buffy, Gilmore Girls, 24, BSG)... where episodes that were once jam-packed with 15 great moments are reduced to just 1 or 2. However, those others shows at least had 2 or 3, sometimes even 4, really strong seasons! They didn't start getting mediocre in season 2, and I guess that's what I was hoping for FNL. - 12:10 PM, January 08, 2008


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From Draft NOtices, July-September 2013
— Kathy Gilberd
The military is once again in crisis over sexual assaults. In recent weeks, it has become more apparent than ever that the military's sexual assault policy is a failure and that sexual assault in the services has become epidemic.
In early May, the Department of Defense (DoD) released new figures showing a significant increase in reported and unreported assaults. DoD estimates that more than 26,000 servicemembers were assaulted in 2012, with only 3,374 of these cases reported to the military. Just as the figures were released, the Air Force was rocked by news that the head of its Sexual Assault Prevention and Response program had been arrested for sexual battery. More recently, the Sexual Assault Response Coordinator for Ft. Hood was charged with sexual assault and pandering. On May 12, the Washington Post published an article recounting a number of incidents of sexual misconduct and sexual assault of potential recruits by military recruiters. All of this came not long after two separate cases of officers with court-martial convening authority who, against the advice of their own attorneys, granted clemency to officers convicted of sexual assault at courts-martial. Meanwhile, at Lackland Air Force Base, a series of courts-martial of instructors for sexual misconduct or assault with students wound down.
Secretary of Defense Hagel and President Obama have expressed outrage at these events and promised to take aggressive action on the issue. Secretary Hagel announced the re-training and re-certification of all Sexual Assault Prevention and Response providers and all recruiters, and promised to cooperate with Congress in developing legislation to address the issue. But when Senator Kirsten Gillibrand and others recently proposed legislation that would take court-martial control away from commanding officers who have authority over victims and assaulters and place it in independent hands, DoD strongly opposed the measure, leading the Senate Armed Services Committee to vote against it.
On a more basic level, DoD has not made serious efforts to identify and root out the fundamental causes of this long-standing sexual assault epidemic. The response to this and previous scandals has been to call for more training, revise regulations, establish panels to evaluate the problem, and call for yet more training. Defense personnel and other analysts stress that the problem is caused by a small number of rogue soldiers among large numbers of decent and law-abiding servicemembers and, recently, that soldiers bring coarse attitudes about sex and sexual assault into the military from the civilian world.
But those who know the military first hand see, from their own service or from providing legal assistance to servicemembers, that much of the cause of the sexual assault epidemic lies in the military's own culture — a culture that contains strong elements of sexism and tolerates sexual harassment and discrimination, giving tacit acceptance to sexual violence. Despite significant increases in the number of women in the military, it remains a strongly misogynistic institution.
Starting in boot camp, young soldiers are taught combat skills and military discipline with the use of violent and dehumanizing sexual imagery. In language too graphic for this article, they are told to equate prowess in combat with sexual prowess, and manliness with sexual conquest. The use of sexism and sexual violence as a training mechanism has proven effective in a period when patriotism and ideas of national self-defense cannot be counted on to motivate soldiers to fight. This sexist indoctrination is reinforced in training and discipline, rituals and social life, throughout members' service, creating a masculinized comradery with great tolerance for, and even appreciation of, sexual harassment. The DoD's recently released report on sexual assault mentions this male-dominated culture as an issue in sexual assault, but the idea is buried in the text and not pursued. Instead, the report emphasizes the need for training, command accountability, effective use of the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response program — and more training.
Another aspect of military culture — retaliation against whistleblowers and troublemakers — affects reporting of sexual assaults. According to DoD's own surveys, nearly half of those assaulted who did not report the offense thought they would be labeled a troublemaker for doing so. And the anecdotal experience of military attorneys and counselors shows this to be the case, as women (and men) who report assaults often find themselves the victims of command reprisals ranging from unwanted psychiatric evaluations to involuntary discharges for alleged misconduct or minor psychological problems. (Slightly more than half of those surveyed were afraid they would not be believed, and a large number feared that they would have no confidentiality if they reported.) When military commands ignore complaints or retaliate against complainants, they send an implicit message that sexual harassment and assault will be tolerated.
Until these cultural factors are addressed, DoD's well-intentioned training and regulation changes can make little difference. An increased emphasis on prosecution of assaulters, changes in the court-martial system, and more training may be helpful, and may empower some survivors of sexual assault to report the crimes. But if the military does not address the basic sexism of its training and culture, these changes will do little good. Commands will continue to sidestep regulations and ignore reports, rapists will continue to think that their behavior is quietly acceptable, and the epidemic of sexual assault will continue.
This article is from Draft NOtices, the newsletter of the Committee Opposed to Militarism and the Draft (http://www.comdsd.org/). It is an updated version of an article originally written for On Watch, the newsletter of the National Lawyers Guild's Military Law Task Force. On Watch and other material by the Task Force can be found at http://www.nlgmltf.org/.


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This wonderful event is the brain child of Andrea of Andreas Recipes. How I got asked to be involved with this incredible group is beyond me but all the thanks goes to Kelly of Sass & Veracity. There are 7 of us that have decided to do The 12 Days of Cookies - A Gourmet cookie extravaganza. We will be choosing, baking, tasting, blogging and sharing with you a cookie a day for the next 12 days of December.
These cookies are coming from Gourmet's Favorite Cookie Recipes: 1941-2008. They've published a lot of cookie recipes in their 68-year history, many of them around the winter holidays. This season they decided to choose the very best from each year.
These are my partners in crime. We will all be choosing different cookies and surprising each other. How fun is that???? Be sure to check out their selections for the day!
Jerry - Cooking...by the seat of my Pants
Sandy -At the Baker's Bench
Courtney - Coco Cooks
Kelly - Sass & Veracity
Claire - The Barefoot Kitchen
Andrea - Andreas Recipes
Day 9 of the 12 Days of Cookies features Rugelach!
This very homey recipe for rugelach was handed down through 4 generations of food editor Melissa Roberts's family; though rugelach is typically rolled, then sliced and baked, these are scored first, baked, and then broken into individual cookies afterwards, for a wonderful variety of textures from top to bottom.-Gourmet
Rugelach - May 2004 (link to the recipe as it was originally printed)
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 2 sticks (1 cup) unsalted butter, softened
- 8 oz cream cheese, softened
- 1/2 cup plus 4 teaspoons sugar
- 1 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1 cup apricot preserves or raspberry jam (I used raspberry jam)
- 1 cup loosely packed golden raisins, chopped
- 1 1/4 cups walnuts (1/4 lb), finely chopped
- Milk for brushing cookies
- Whisk together flour and salt in a bowl. Beat together butter and cream cheese in a large bowl with an electric mixer until combined well. Add flour mixture and stir with a wooden spoon until a soft dough forms. Gather dough into a ball and wrap in plastic wrap, then flatten (in wrap) into a roughly 7- by 5- inch rectangle. Chill until firm, 8 to 24 hours.
- Put oven rack in middle position and preheat oven to 350°F. Line bottom of a 1- to 1 1/2-inch-deep large shallow baking pan with parchment paper.
- Cut dough into 4 pieces. Chill 3 pieces, wrapped in plastic wrap, and roll out remaining piece into a 12- by 8-inch rectangle on a well-floured surface with a floured rolling pin. Transfer dough to a sheet of parchment, then transfer to a tray and chill while rolling out remaining dough in same manner, transferring each to another sheet of parchment and stacking on tray.
- Whisk 1/2 cup sugar with cinnamon.
- Arrange 1 dough rectangle on work surface with long side nearest you. Spread 1/4 cup preserves evenly over dough with offset spatula. Sprinkle 1/4 cup raising and a rounded 1/4 cup walnuts over jam, then sprinkle with 2 tablespoons cinnamon sugar.
- Using parchment as an aid, roll up dough tightly into a log. Place, seam side down, in lined baking pan, then pinch ends closed and tuck underneath. Make 3 more logs in same manner and arrange 1 inch apart in pan. Brush logs with milk and sprinkle each with 1 teaspoon of remaining granulated sugar. With a sharp large knife, make 3/4-inch-deep cuts crosswise in dough (not all the way through) at 1-inch-intervals. (If dough is too soft to cut, chill until firmer, 20 to 30 minutes.)
- Bake until golden, 45 to 50 minutes. Cool to warm in pan on a rack, about 30 minutes, then transfer logs to a cutting board and slice cookies all the way through.
They called for golden raisins and for some reason I could not find them so I used regular raisins. They probably are a bit stronger flavored but they were still delicious. T. does not like raisins so I made one log with just the nuts and the sugar. Those were good too.
Would I make these again? Probably but only for someone really special. Not that they were hard or anything but they seem really special for some reason. Could that just be the memory attached to it? Not sure.
As Always...
Happy Entertaining!!!


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Club Activities are included as a part of all courses for every student.
The Cambridge Institute is an independent English language school which offers courses ranging from beginner to the highest levels of language proficiency for non mother-tongue speakers. Students may choose from a suite of courses leading to UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE CERTIFICATES in both general and business English as well as IELTS, BULATS, the TOEFL, TOEIC and other internationally recognised examinations. Language stays of high intensity and efficiency especially designed to suit students' requirements may also be arranged.


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kick·start (noun) 1. To start by means of a kick-starter; 2. To jump start.
KickStarts are basic, no-frills coding samples, made so you can get started, fast. Each example takes no more than a few minutes to set up and try. They're available as individual downloads or together as a full zip archive. All KickStarts are accompanied by code examples.
KickStarts provide working PBASIC, SPIN, and Arduino code and connection diagrams for the Parallax Propeller QuickStart, Propeller Board of Education, BASIC Stamp 2 HomeWork Board, and Arduino Uno.
In most cases, the programming code will also work for variations of these microcontroller development boards, such as the BASIC Stamp Board of Education. Adapt the wiring connections as needed.
Click on the Support -> References link at the top menu for all non-product KickStart articles.
All code accompanying these KickStarts is copyrighted under the Creative Commons 3.0 SA license, and is free to use and modify. Articles authored by Gordon McComb for Parallax Inc.
Microcontroller KickStart Downloads


text: This course introduces students to information and communication technology in a business environment and builds a foundation of digital literacy skills necessary for success in a technologically driven society. Students will develop word processing, spreadsheet, database, desktop publishing, presentation software, and website design skills. Throughout the course, there is an emphasis on digital literacy, effective electronic research and communication skills, and current issues related to the impact of information and communication technology.