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Gold Coins V Gold Bars
Gold Coins V Gold Bars
People often ask what the difference is between buying gold coins and buying gold bars, or bullion, as it is known in the industry. There are a number of differences and reasons why investors buy one over the other. Whether you are starting out as a gold investor, or whether you are a seasoned investor, our main piece of advice is always: do your research first.
We must preface this editorial with the fact that we are not giving financial advice here, we are purely giving advice on which type of gold product to buy to suit your needs.
Gold Bars/Bullion
Gold bars or bullion come in a variety of sizes and weights from 1 gram all the way up to 1 Kilogram bars. There are larger bars than 1 Kilogram, but these are generally only traded between banks and governments. The most common size for starter investors would be 1 ounce bars – there are 31.1 grams in 1 Troy ounce of gold. Bullion is always 24 carat gold 999.9 (Four-nines) purity. One should always only buy bars from LBMA (London Bullion Market Association) approved refinery's. If you are looking to buy gold purely for investment purposes we would always recommend buying bullion. Some reasons for this are as follows; not only is the gold bar attractive in terms of appearance but the premiums are lower on bars when compared to coins as the production costs are lower. This lower premium also applies to the different sizes of the bars, as a one kilo gold bar will include a lower manufacturing cost than 10 x 100 gram gold bars. In this example, purchasing a 1 kilo bar opposed to 10 x 100g would save about 1%-1.5% in monetary terms.
Although the size of the bar you decide on will have an influence on the price you will pay, you should also take into consideration how flexible you want to be in terms of realising your assets. Smaller bars such as 1 ounce, 50g or 100g can be beneficial when re-selling gold bars, such as releasing some of your investment or part-selling. Additionally when buying/selling one big amount of gold, you will face larger exposure to market risk as you will typically be trading on one gold price. When purchasing smaller bars such as the 1ounce gold bar, you will again face the higher premiums as packaging, serial and matching certificates will need to be produced.
Gold Coins
There are many different types of coins to choose from. This gives you greater choice in sizes, carats and designs. Coins are also very flexible in terms of re-selling, as smaller units of gold are easy to release when in need of quick access to cash. Another benefit with certain coins such as Britannia's and Sovereigns are that they are CGT (Capital Gains Tax) Free. Selling coins also give you more flexibility as you do not have to sell everything at once, which gives you lower market risk as you are not selling on one gold price. Certain coins such as the Gold Sovereign also hold collectible value and over time these coins may accrue numismatic value which can increase your original investment. There are many other coins including the Krugerrand, which is one of the most widely traded coins in the world, that tend to attract a smaller premium when buying.
The downside to buying coins are that there is a 'minting charge' on coins so they will generally cost more than bullion weight-to-weight. The difference is not a lot on small quantities but it will start to add up the more you buy. For instance; if you buy 3 X 1oz Gold Maple coins they will cost you approx.. €20 per coin more than buying 3 X 1oz bullion bars – think about that: both purchases are 3oz's of 24 carat gold yet the coins are costing you in total €60 more…purely because they are coins. If you go to sell/or scrap the coins/bars you will get a price on the weight so you will not realise this price difference when you go to sell. Coins also do not come with certificates and not all coins are 24 carat (as many are 22 carat or even less for some coins). This can cause larger difficulty when calculating the worth of the coins. From an investment perspective, coins entitle larger premium when compared to larger bars which means that you will get less gold for what you pay. Investing in 32 x 1 ounce gold coins opposed to 1 x 1kg gold bar creates an obstacle if one wants to store the entire investment in one location (eg. safe deposit box).
Our advice on which gold product can be summed up by asking yourself: are you buying purely for investment reasons? Or are you buying to have a nice collection of gold to look at and keep or give as gifts?….If your reason is the latter – buy coins. If the former – buy bars/bullion.
For any further questions regarding buying bullion bars and bullion coins, or to get an instant price on a gold purchase contact our trading desk on: +353 (0)1 254 7901 or visit us at Glasgow Vaults in Dublin.
To view our website please click here: https://scottishbullion.co.uk
Scottish Bullion
Head of Trading
Scottish Bullion.


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Assignment: Specialized Services Division
Date of Birth: February 17, 1943
Appointment Date: August 27, 1968
End of Watch: March 16, 1977
Officer Merlin Kaeo worked as a guard at the Halawa Jail before joining the Honolulu Police Department in 1968.
On March 16, 1977, Officer Kaeo, while assigned to the Helicopter Detail, was an observer in a Hughes 300C two-man craft operated by pilot Thomas A. Moher. The aircraft touched down at the Halawa pumping station then flew into Halawa valley for a quick search. While navigating under a high tension power line on its way back, the aircraft's rotor unit collided with the line approximately 200 feet above the valley floor.
The force of the impact snapped the power line and simultaneously severed the aircrafts rotor unit separating it from the fuselage.
Both Officer Keao and Pilot Moher were killed on impact.


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This article originally appeared on Forbes.com.
Even the most data-driven company is working blindly when it comes to understanding what it gets from spending on digital advertising.
Digital media is great for reaching a specific set of consumers with targeted messages quickly, efficiently and at a lower cost. But new Bain & Company research has determined that it is far less effective than traditional media in getting consumers to recall, that is, bring back to mind, an advertisement for a well-established fast-moving consumer goods product and may not be enough to increase their interest in purchasing the product. These findings emerged from research conducted for a major consumer goods company in a developed market, and are important for companies struggling to calculate their returns when determining the right mix of digital and traditional advertising investments.
We compared four types of media—online banner ads, online video, TV as well as storefronts—analyzing the cost for each additional 1% increase in reach and the rate at which viewers recalled the ads. As expected, digital media is less expensive for reaching a limited group of consumers. However, the "recollected reach"—the percentage of total population reached who recall a campaign—is lowest for digital media (online banners and videos), hitting a ceiling at around 30%. By comparison, television advertising is far more scalable. While it is more costly than digital media for reaching relatively few consumers, TV messages are recollected at a higher rate—as high as 60%, according to our study. By repeating the same ad, a brand using traditional media gains incremental reach and increases its recallability among those already exposed to the ad.
Recallability is one step in the process. The next question is whether it will actually trigger changes in consumer purchase behavior. To get the answer, we analyzed purchase intent apart from tracking costs and viewer recall, and our findings held consistent across traditional options (such as television, billboards and in-store promotions) and digital media formats (such as digital banners, videos, tweets and advertisements on company websites). While brands may assume that digital media is better because it gets people to engage better and the message can be broadcast to a more specific target group, our research found that purchase intent increases with multiple exposures to different types of media—not digital alone. Purchase intent reached 80% for those encountering an ad on many different media types, including digital and traditional.
The implications are different for different types of brands. Big brands with mass appeal and high awareness benefit from "reach and repeat." Our work with consumer goods companies around the world has determined that winners do the best job of anchoring a brand in consumers' long-term memories, broadcasting the brand's messages widely enough to the largest possible swath of consumers. Because individuals can remember only a limited number of brand names and retain only a few messages, staying top of mind takes consistency, persistence and repetition. Given the scalability of traditional media and digital media's limitations for consumer recall, big brands get a better return on their investment in traditional media when it comes to refreshing existing memories.
Smaller brands with mass appeal can benefit by starting out with digital media—which is more cost-efficient initially—and then adding traditional media as they gain scale.
Brands in niche categories need to focus on targeting and engaging their customers. Here, the best benefits will be achieved by emphasizing digital media, including a mix of "earned" advertising such as tweets from a company account and "owned" advertising on company websites or company-owned apps.
It won't necessarily stay this way. The media world changes rapidly. Lower recallability in digital media may reflect the fact that the current format and content of online ads is not designed to be scalable. However, if the online media develops new formats and content that can boost recallability and reachability, then digital media's appeal will grow. For now, at least, traditional media is still an indispensable channel for many brands.
Kenji Govaers is a Bain & Company partner based in Tokyo. Matthew Meacham is a partner based in London who leads Bain's global Consumer Products practice. Guy Brusselmans is a partner in Copenhagen.


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20% Off
Interchange 2 B | Workbook
Your Price : (Including Consumption Tax)¥1,540 ¥1,232
You Save: ¥ 308
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Interchange is a four-level, American English course that has been used by over 50 million students worldwide. This Intro Level Student's Book includes 16 units, eight progress checks, and a Grammar Plus section to ensure that students receive all of the practice they need. Inside each book is a single-use code for online self-study material. This gives access to videos and hundreds of automatically graded exercises, and works on PCs and Macs.


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George B. Moody
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology
This mini-tutorial offers a brief overview of how to obtain inter-beat (RR) interval and heart rate time series, and of some basic methods for characterizing heart rate variability (HRV), using freely available PhysioToolkit software. If you have not already done so, install the WFDB Software Package, which includes most of the software mentioned below. A few other components of PhysioToolkit are optional, and can be installed later if desired.
The starting point for any study of RR intervals, heart rate, or HRV is usually an electrocardiogram (ECG). PhysioBank contains many digitized ECGs that are already annotated beat-by-beat, by which we mean that each QRS complex (the ECG waveform corresponding to the contraction of the ventricles) has been identified and its exact time of occurrence within the ECG has been recorded (in a beat annotation file). If you already have a beat annotation file, skip ahead to the section titled Inter-beat (RR) Intervals.
PhysioToolkit software can read a wide variety of digital formats, collectively known as PhysioBank-compatible formats. If you already have a binary signal (.dat) file and a text header (.hea) file, your data may already be in PhysioBank-compatible format. To test it, you will need to know the record name, which is the first part of the file name of the header file. For example, if your header file is named ecg01.hea, the record name is ecg01. To check if your record is already in PhysioBank-compatible format, try this command:
wfdbdesc ecg01(substituting your record name for ecg01). If the output is similar to
init: record name in record ecg01 header is incorrectthen you will need to reformat your data.
If you need to study an ECG that is not already in a PhysioBank-compatible format, the first step is to convert it. Otherwise, you can skip ahead to the section titled Creating a beat annotation file.
Creating a PhysioBank-Compatible Record
There are many ways to create a PhysioBank-compatible record. Here is an easy way to do so:
- If the ECG is still in analog format, digitize it. We recommend using a sampling frequency of at least 120 Hz, with at least 8 bit resolution over a ±5 mV range (ideally, 250 Hz to 1 KHz, with 12 to 16 bit resolution over a ±10 mV range). As is necessary whenever digitizing any signal, use an appropriate antialiasing filter (a low-pass filter with a cutoff no higher than about 40% of the sampling frequency).
- Write the samples into a file in text form, as a column of decimal numbers. If you have digitized more than one signal, use a separate column for each signal. (The software that was used to digitize the ECG may include a means for doing this.)
- Read about wrsamp to see
how to prepare a binary signal file and a header file from the text file.
Typically, you will need to use a command such as
wrsamp -F 128 -G 102.4 -i ecg01.txt -o ecg01 0
This example reads a text file named ecg01.txt, and creates the files needed for a record named ecg01, namely, a signal file named ecg01.dat and a header file named ecg01.hea. (Download these files by clicking on their links above if you would like to work through the examples below.) The arguments of -F and -G specify that the signal was sampled at 128 Hz and that the signal was amplified in such a way that a step of 1 millivolt would appear as sample values that differ by 102.4 units. The final argument (0) indicates that the leftmost column in the input (column 0) contains the data.
Other methods for creating a PhysioBank-compatible record are discussed in
the FAQ.
Creating a Beat Annotation File
At this point you should have a PhysioBank-compatible record, including .dat and .hea files. Before you can begin studying RR intervals, however, you will need to know the exact locations (times of occurrence) of the QRS complexes in the ECG. In PhysioBank, this information is encoded in beat annotation files. Annotation files have names that begin with the record name and end with an annotator name (such as qrs, ecg, ann, or atr; other names are possible, though less commonly used). For example, a beat annotation file for record ecg01 might have a name such as ecg01.ann. If your record comes from a PhysioBank data collection, look for a (plain text) file named ANNOTATORS in the directory that contains your record; if the file exists, it contains a list of annotator names that may be associated with your record.
If you don't have a beat annotation file for your record, there are several ways to create one using PhysioToolkit software:
- Use sqrs, a good, fast and simple QRS detector.
- Use wqrs, a reasonably fast QRS detector that generally works better than sqrs.
- Use gqrs, a very good and fast QRS detector that generally performs better than the others listed here. Like the others, gqrs is optimized for use with adult human ECGs; unlike the others, gqrs can be configured easily for analysis of infant, pediatric, and non-human ECGs.
- Use ecgpuwave, a very good QRS detector that also locates the P- and T-waves and their boundaries. Follow the link above to obtain ecgpuwave.
You should always review the beat annotation file generated by any of these detectors; although all of them work well in most cases, there is wide variability among ECG recordings, and any QRS detector will make errors if the data quality is insufficient. There are, once again, several ways to do this:
- Use WAVE. Using WAVE, you can view the signals and annotations interactively, and you can correct QRS detection errors (missed beats, false detections, and misplaced annotations) manually if you wish to do so.
- Use pschart or psfd. Both produce PostScript output. If you don't have a PostScript printer, you can view or print the output using GhostScript (a free PostScript-compatible rasterizer; follow the link to obtain GhostScript from its developers).
All four of the detectors above mark all detected beats as normal (N). If your record includes abnormal beats, change the N annotations for these beats to the correct annotations (a complete list of annotation types can be found here). This can be done manually using WAVE.
Another possibility is to use OSAS, free software for QRS detection and beat classification available from its author (follow the link for details). This may be particularly helpful if your records contain more than a handful of abnormal beats, since OSAS can find most abnormal beats and annotate them appropriately, but it is still necessary to review the automatically-generated annotation file and correct any errors.
Even a small number of uncorrected QRS detection or classification errors can lead to grossly erroneous HRV analysis results. Careful use of the outlier rejection features of the software described below can reduce this risk.
(Download ecg01.qrs, a corrected annotation file
for the simplified example above, if you want to work through the examples
Inter-beat (RR) Intervals
The time intervals between consecutive heart beats are customarily measured in the electrocardiogram from the beginning of a QRS complex to the beginning of the next QRS complex, so these intervals might be called QQ intervals, but they are conventionally named RR intervals. Although custom dictates using the beginning of the QRS complex as the reference (fiducial) point, it should be noted that this point can be difficult to locate in noisy or low amplitude ECGs, leading to measurement error. Many investigators prefer to measure inter-beat intervals using the R-wave peak as the reference point, reasoning that this measurement can be made with smaller errors. If the measurements are being made for the purpose of studying RR or heart rate variability, it is appropriate to make such a choice in order to obtain more accurate measurements of intrinsic variability.
As a practical matter, the choice of reference point is made by the QRS detector. Each of the three QRS detectors available from PhysioToolkit uses a slightly different method, but all have the advantage of using robust integrative methods that are relatively insensitive to noise spikes.
Often, you may be interested only in intervals between normal (sinus) beats; these are usually called NN intervals.
Extracting RR Intervals from an Annotation File
Stop! Before you extract RR intervals, is this really what you want to do? If your ultimate goal is to study heart rate variability using methods other than the classical scalar HRV parameters (SDNN, pNN50, RMSSD), you can skip this step and go directly to the next one, extracting instantaneous heart rate from an annotation file.
If you are still reading, you must be interested in RR intervals per se. In this case, use ann2rr to read an annotation file and produce a list of the RR intervals. Typically, if you wish to obtain intervals from an annotation file named ecg01.qrs, this can be done using a command such as
ann2rr -r ecg01 -a qrsThis command writes the intervals to the standard output in text form. To save the output in a file, redirect it:
ann2rr -r ecg01 -a qrs >ecg01.rr1.txtThis saves the output in the (text) file ecg01.rr1.txt.
If you wish to see the beat types that end each interval, use the -w option, as in:
ann2rr -r ecg01 -a qrs -w >ecg01.rr2.txtThis command prints the mnemonics for the beat types (N for normal, etc.) in the second column, following the intervals in ecg01.rr2.txt.
By default, the units used to express the RR intervals are the sampling intervals (e.g., if the original recording was sampled at 128 samples per second, then an interval of 1 second appears in the output as "128"). Since the reference points used to determine the RR intervals have a resolution of 1 sampling interval, this representation is as precise as possible. It is usually desirable to keep the RR intervals in this representation since it avoids introducing roundoff error in subsequent computations, but if you prefer to see RR intervals in seconds and milliseconds, use the -i s option:
ann2rr -r ecg01 -a qrs -i s >ecg01.rr3.txt
If you wish to study only NN intervals, use a command such as:
ann2rr -r ecg01 -a qrs -p N >ecg01.rr4.txt
Notice that the first interval in these files is very short compared with the others. By default, ann2rr calculates the first interval as if there were a beat at the beginning of the record; this allows interval series to be converted back into properly-aligned annotation files, since the timestamp for any annotation is simply the sum of all of the preceding intervals. Use the -c option to exclude intervals (such as the first one in the previous examples) that are not bounded at both ends by valid annotations:
ann2rr -r ecg01 -a qrs -p N -c >ecg01.rr5.txt
See the manual page for ann2rr for
additional options and details.
Visualizing RR intervals
If you have installed plt, you can use the rrplot shell script to view an RR interval time series (obtained using ann2rr). The figure at left was made using the command: rrplot -r mitdb/100 -a atr | |
It is often useful to create a histogram of RR intervals, as shown at left. Look in the script rrhist to see how this can be done, using ann2rr together with sort and uniq (both of these utilities are standard components of Unix, GNU/Linux, Mac OS/X, and MS-Windows/Cygwin). The figure at left was made using the command: rrhist -r mitdb/100 -a atr |
Discontinuities in an NN interval sequence
There are many reasons why an NN interval sequence may be discontinuous, including poor signal quality, loss of signal, or interruption by ectopic (abnormal) beats. In some cases, careful selection of continuous sequences is sufficient, but even non-cardiogenic interruptions, such as noise, may be correlated with physical activity or symptoms that are in turn correlated with heart rate. For this reason, it is necessary to take care that selection bias is not introduced when discarding noisy data.
To avoid having to discard noisy data, some investigators prefer to reconstruct the missing sinus beat intervals. You can use nguess to do this; as its name implies, nguess makes (reasonable) guesses about the locations of missing beats. At left is an NN time series based on nguess's guesses for the same data shown in the previous plots. |
Not all methods for time series analysis require continuous series; some
investigators avoid those methods that have such a requirement because they
force a choice among poor alternatives. We will return to this subject
in the next section.
Extracting Instantaneous Heart Rate from an Annotation File
In clinical practice, heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm) and is almost always computed by extrapolation (for example, by counting the beats in a six-second interval and multiplying by ten).
In studies of heart rate variability (HRV), however, heart rate is modelled as as a quasi-continuous signal, and the RR interval series is used to obtain samples of that signal at more frequent intervals.
The simplest and in many ways the best way to do this is to calculate the reciprocal of each interval in minutes; to do so, use ihr. For example, use a command such as
ihr -r ecg01 -a qrsThis command writes the reciprocals of the intervals (i.e., the time series of instantaneous heart rates) to the standard output in text form. To save the output in a file, redirect it:
ihr -r ecg01 -a qrs >ecg01.ihr.txtThis saves the output in the (text) file ecg01.ihr.txt. The first column in the output is the elapsed time in seconds, and the second column is the instantaneous heart rate in beats per minute.
If you have installed plt, you can use hrplot to view a heart rate time series (generated on-the-fly by ihr). The figure at left was made using the command: hrplot -r mitdb/100 -a atrSee the manual page for hrplot for further details and options. |
Most (but not all) methods for frequency-domain analysis of time series require that the series be sampled at uniform intervals. The heart rate time series obtained by ihr is sampled at non-uniform intervals in general (in fact, it is precisely the non-uniformity that one wishes to study). If you plan to study heart rate in the frequency domain, you might want to resample the heart rate signal at uniform intervals. The standard algorithm for doing so, IPFM, is implemented by tach. Use tach to obtain a uniformly sampled heart rate time series with a command such as
tach -r ecg01 -a qrs -F 4The argument of the -F option indicates the desired sampling frequency for the heart rate signal, in this case 4 samples per second. This command writes the resampled heart rate time series to the standard output in text form. As for ihr, the output can be saved in a file by redirecting it. Unlike ihr, the output from tach contains only one column by default (the instantaneous heart rates) since the time intervals between samples of the heart rate signal are uniform.
Both ihr and tach offer powerful techniques for outlier rejection, which is almost always needed when studying long heart rate time series. Read their manual pages for details (follow the links above). A problem unique to tach, however, is that once outliers have been rejected, the heart rate samples calculated for those intervals are incorrect and may unduly influence subsequent analysis. For this reason, you may prefer to reconstruct the NN interval time series using nguess (see the previous section) before using tach, or to postprocess tach's output to remove impulse noise, if it is necessary to use tach on noisy data or on data that include ectopic beats.
It should be understood that reconstruction and resampling is a controversial operation for many reasons, and that it is not necessary unless you wish to use certain specific frequency-domain techniques. For example, power spectral density estimation using FFT or maximum entropy (autoregressive) methods requires resampling, but the Lomb-Scargle algorithm does not require resampling, and has other advantages. For further discussion, see this paper.
There is a third approach to study of heart rate time series, which is to use classical frequency-domain algorithms such as the FFT with the irregularly-sampled heart rate time series. This approach, since it treats the time series as a "beat number" series, yields spectra that are not in the frequency domain, but in the sequency (sometimes called "beatquency") domain.
Heart Rate Variability
The commonly quoted scalar measures (SDNN: the standard deviation of NN intervals, pNN50: the fraction of NN intervals that differ by more than 50 ms from the previous NN interval, RMSSD: the root-mean-square of successive differences of NN intervals) offer only a limited view of HRV. PhysioToolkit does not currently offer software for computing these measures, but you can easily compute them from the NN intervals obtained using ann2rr. These measures were developed at a time when the standard technology for assessing HRV was a pair of calipers and a hand calculator. They represent only the aspect of HRV that is visible by inspection of a chart recording. Nevertheless, it is clear from many studies that these simple measures capture significant information that relates to age, health, mental and physical workload, and severity of disease.
The pNNx software package goes beyond the classical time-domain measures, and calculates a family of statistics of which pNN50 is a member. The study that introduced pNNx demonstrated that these statistics can be better discriminators than pNN50 between young and old, periods of wakefulness and sleep, and health and disease.
What these scalar measures do not capture is any information relating to the order of the intervals, except for pairwise coupling. Such information can be obtained only by the use of more sophisticated analyses. Frequency-domain analysis of HRV reveals much more. You may wish to explore HR power spectra obtained using lomb (Lomb-Scargle periodogram estimation), fft (Fourier transform), or memse (maximum entropy/all poles/autoregressive estimation).
The three spectra above and at left were created using these three methods from the HR time series shown in the previous section. If you have installed plt, you can duplicate these spectra byhrlomb -r mitdb/100 -a atr hrfft -r mitdb/100 -a atr hrmem -r mitdb/100 -a atrSee the manual page for hrfft for further details and options. |
These samples illustrate the similarities and differences of these techniques. The AR method (memse / hrmem) yields much cleaner spectra than the others; this property is an artifact of the method, however, which models the spectrum using a relatively low-degree polynomial that cannot reproduce fine detail, whether that detail represents the signal or the noise. Although many papers on the subject of HRV contain attractively drawn AR spectra, it is simply not possible to know from a single AR spectrum if the model order was adequate to capture the important frequency components of the input. If you choose to use AR spectra anyway, always check your results against those obtained using one of the other methods illustrated here.
The Lomb and Fourier spectra more closely resemble each other. A unique property of the Lomb method is that it permits estimation of frequency components at higher frequencies than the other methods, because there is no clearly defined Nyquist frequency in a non-uniform time series. The resampling required by the other methods, by contrast, has the side effect of low-pass filtering the time series, so that components above roughly 0.4 Hz are severely attenuated.
Even the best spectral density estimation algorithm cannot save you if the data are contaminated, however. All three of these spectra exhibit this problem. The peaks at 0.167 and 0.28 Hz in this recording have previously been identified as artifacts of the mechanical components of the analog tape recorder and playback unit used for the original recording, and the 0.42 Hz peak in the Lomb spectrum was identified as another recorder drive train frequency, not previously observed as an artifact in a recording.
The important point is that one needs to look at spectra critically. In this case, it's relatively easy to spot these peaks in the Lomb and FFT spectra as impossibly narrow for anything of physiologic origin; in the AR spectrum, however, they can easily be mistaken for peaks that have significance in terms of physiology, such as the broad peak centered around 0.33 Hz that reflects respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). This peak is visible in the Lomb spectrum at upper left, obtained from the same data as above, in which the power spectrum has been log-transformed; note that this peak is not readily apparent in the log-transformed FFT and MEM spectra above and at left. |
The frontiers of research in HRV measurement lie in applications of techniques such as approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), information-based similarity (IBS), multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis, and multifractal analysis. These methods may be capable of revealing features of HRV that are not exposed using other methods of analysis, and that may have diagnostic and predictive value complementary to that obtainable using other methods.
There is no general agreement about how to characterize (or how to interpret) heart rate variability. By choosing to study HRV, you will need to make choices about the algorithms that you use, how to prepare the input to those algorithms, and what to do with their output.


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In December of 2008, the world learned about Bernard L. Madoff's unprecedented fraud, a Ponzi scheme that spanned decades and defrauded customers of approximately $20 billion.
On the day the news broke, I received a call from the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) and was asked to serve as SIPA Trustee for the liquidation of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC (BLMIS). The appointment was made official on December 15, 2008 by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
My mandate as SIPA Trustee is to oversee the BLMIS liquidation as directed by law, to recover assets stolen in this fraud and to assemble the largest Customer Fund and General Estate possible so that all BLMIS customers and creditors, as designated by the statute, can ultimately receive some compensation for their losses as a result of this unprecedented Ponzi scheme.
I am joined in this effort by my court-appointed counsel at BakerHostetler, a team of dedicated and experienced attorneys led by partner David J. Sheehan. Together with special experts, consultants and international counsel, we are engaged in a broad range of activities required to fulfill our mission, including evaluating claims, conducting forensic analysis of years of documents, working through complex negotiations, filing and responding to motions, assembling detailed complaints and litigating them. We have worked diligently since December of 2008, laying the groundwork to ensure a maximum recovery, and as a result have positive news to report.
As of July 19, 2024:


text: Made of soft rubber with a realistic look and feel. Straps help hold on the extension, designed to use with or without an erection. The rubber on these are about .25 inches thick. These extensions are 2 inches wide on the outside and about 1 and 5/8 inches wide on the inside. Length to insert the penis on the inside is 5 and 7/8 inches.


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University of Otago researchers are helping lead international studies which have discovered that exposure to cattle and rice farming are risk factors for the devastating disease leptospirosis in northern Tanzania.
Dr Michael Maze from the University of Otago's Centre for International Health, says the findings from two research papers, which have just been published in the scientific journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, have implications for potential control of leptospirosis in Africa.
Leptospirosis is a globally important disease that is transmitted from animals to people and affects more than 1 million people worldwide each year. The infectious disease is a major cause of febrile illness and death in Africa, but little is known about risk factors for human infection. The bacteria that cause leptospirosis have their usual life cycle in animals; humans are infected as accidental hosts. In Africa it is unknown which sources of leptospirosis are most responsible for human infection and what behaviours put people at risk of infection.
However, one area of research has identified that cattle and in smaller numbers goats and sheep, but not rodents, are commonly infected with pathogenic Leptospira infection. While the other research focus has shown that exposure to cattle and rice farming are risk factors for contracting the disease.
Dr Maze has been based in Moshi, Tanzania, and is a lead investigator in the studies. They are part of a larger collection of studies investigating zoonotic infections in Tanzania that are led by Professor John Crump, who is the Director of the University of Otago's Centre for International Health, and involve Associate Professor Katrina Sharples from the University of Otago's Department of Medicine and researchers from the US, Tanzania and the UK.
The researchers investigated risk factors for the infectious disease among 1,293 patients with fever attending hospitals in northern Tanzania between 2012 and 2014.
Their results identify associations between cattle contact and work in rice fields with acute leptospirosis.
Dr Maze says the findings indicate that cattle may be a source of human leptospirosis in the African country.
"Our findings suggest that control of Leptospira infection in livestock could play a role in preventing human leptospirosis in Africa."
In a second study, the researchers tested rodents, cattle, goats and sheep for Leptospira infection and found cattle had a high prevalence of infection (7 per cent), goats (1.2) and sheep (1.1). Among 384 trapped rodents, no animals were found to carry the infection.
As part of their studies, the researchers have also identified work in rice fields is an important risk factor for human leptospirosis. In Asia, rice farming is an established risk factor for leptospirosis. There humans are infected through prolonged contact with water that may be contaminated by infected animal hosts. Further work is needed to evaluate possible sources of contamination of rice paddies in Tanzania and promote personal protective measures among rice farmers, Dr Maze says.
The study results have potential to help control the infectious disease, he says.
"Transmission of leptospirosis within rice fields and from livestock to people is amenable to control through personal protective equipment for those performing high-risk activities."
The researchers say further investigation is needed to explore the potential for control of leptospirosis to prevent human illness.


text:
U.S. Route 20
Route information | |||||||
Length | 3,365 mi[1] (5,415 km) | ||||||
Existed | November 11, 1926[2]–present | ||||||
Major junctions | |||||||
West end | US 101 in Newport, OR | ||||||
| |||||||
East end | Route 2 in Boston, MA | ||||||
Location | |||||||
Country | United States | ||||||
States | Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts | ||||||
Highway system | |||||||
U.S. Route 20 or U.S. Highway 20 (US 20) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway that stretches from the Pacific Northwest east to New England. The "0" in its route number indicates that US 20 is a major coast-to-coast route. Spanning 3,365 miles (5,415 km), it is the longest road in the United States,[1] and, in the east, the route is roughly parallel to Interstate 90 (I-90), which is the longest Interstate Highway in the U.S. There is a discontinuity in the official designation of US 20 through Yellowstone National Park, with unnumbered roads used to traverse the park.
US 20 and US 30 break the general U.S. Route numbering rules in Oregon, since US 30 actually starts north of US 20 in Astoria, and runs parallel to the north throughout the state (the Columbia River and Interstate 84). The two run concurrently and continue in the correct positioning near Caldwell, Idaho. This is because US 20 was not a planned coast-to-coast route while US 30 was. US 20 originally ended at the eastern entrance of Yellowstone Park; it was extended in 1940.[1]
The highway's eastern terminus is in Boston, Massachusetts, at Kenmore Square, where it meets Massachusetts Route 2. Its western terminus is in Newport, Oregon, at an intersection with US 101, within a mile of the Pacific Ocean.[3]
Route description[edit]
US 20 begins at an intersection with US 101 in Newport, Oregon, and runs generally eastward towards Idaho. On the way it goes over the Central Oregon Coast Range, through several Willamette Valley cities including Corvallis and Albany, climbs the Cascade Mountains over Santiam Pass, goes through Bend, and traverses the Oregon High Desert after passing through Burns. It eventually overlaps US 26 in Vale, and the two highways continue concurrently to the Idaho border.
US 20 crosses into Idaho from Oregon northwest of Parma. It runs concurrently with US 26 and joins US 95 through Parma. US 20/US 26 leaves US 95 southeast of Parma and runs to Caldwell where US 20/US 26 joins with I-84 and US 30 for a short time. These four highways parallel each other (on two roadways) to Boise where US 20/US 26 runs through downtown before joining with I-84 and US 30 again to Mountain Home, where it departs at exit 95 to head east, past Rattlesnake Station, Anderson Ranch Dam road, and cresting at Cat Creek summit at 5,527 feet (1,685 m) above mean sea level. It continues into and across Camas County through Fairfield to Timmerman Junction, the intersection in Blaine County with State Highway 75, the route to Sun Valley, Galena Summit, and Stanley. US 20 continues east through Picabo and Carey, joined with US 26 and US 93, to Craters of the Moon and Arco, where US 93 splits off and turns north-northwest to climb the Big Lost River valley. US 20/US 26 continues on through the Idaho National Laboratory, where the highways split just west of Atomic City; US 26 heads to Blackfoot and US 20 to Idaho Falls, where it turns north-northeast to pass near Rexburg as a freeway. US 20 then climbs through the communities of St. Anthony, Ashton, and Island Park, and crosses the Continental Divide at Targhee Pass at 7,072 feet (2,156 m), entering Montana west of West Yellowstone.
In the state of Montana, US 20 runs for less than 10 miles (16 km). It runs from the Idaho state line to West Yellowstone, Montana, the western entrance to Yellowstone National Park. US 20 is known as the Targhee Pass Highway in Montana.
While US 20 and other U.S. Routes are officially discontinuous through the park, some commercially produced maps show these highways running inside Yellowstone National Park itself along its unnumbered roads and across the Montana–Wyoming state line.
In the state of Wyoming, the eastern segment of US 20 starts at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park along with the western termini of US 14 and US 16. These three routes run east to Greybull, where US 14 continues east and US 16/US 20 turns south; at Worland, US 16 turns east while US 20 continues south, passing through Wind River Canyon south of Thermopolis. US 20 joins US 26 in Shoshoni, where it turns east, and they continue all the way through Casper. From Casper, the two highways parallel I-25 and US 87 for 26 miles, until all four link up together just southeast of Glenrock. These four routes stay combined to Orin, where US 20 turns east from I-25, at the western end of US 18. US 18 and US 20 are concurrent from Orin to Lusk, where US 18 turns north and US 20 continues east into Nebraska.
Within Nebraska, US 20 is a state highway that begins on the Wyoming–Nebraska state line west of Harrison near the Niobrara River and runs to the Nebraska–Iowa state line in South Sioux City. Throughout its 431.60-mile (694.59 km) length the route passes through a diverse range of landscapes including bluffs and escarpments in the Northwest Panhandle, the Nebraska Sandhills in the northern part of the state, and rolling hills and plains through Randolph, Nebraska as the highway approaches the Missouri River valley south of Sioux City, Iowa.[4][5] Throughout its length, US 20 is a two-lane highway with the exception of the easternmost 8.45 miles (13.60 km) which is four-lane divided highway, the last 3.21 miles (5.17 km) of which is concurrent with Interstate 129.[6]
US 20 enters Iowa at Sioux City via the Missouri River crossing with I-129 and US 75. After skirting the southeast side of Sioux City as a freeway with US 75, US 20 continues east as an expressway to Moville. From Moville through north of Early at the junction with U.S. Route 71 and Iowa Highway 471, US 20 was reconstructed from a rural two-lane highway to a four-lane road. This segment re-opened October 19, 2018 and made it so that US 20 is a continuous four-lane highway for its entire length in Iowa. It passes to the north of Sac City, where it has another interchange with the realigned U.S. Route 71, then passes to the south of Fort Dodge and Webster City before intersecting I-35 near Williams.
A new segment of freeway between US 65 south of Iowa Falls and Iowa Highway 14 opened in 2003 creating a continuous four-lane route from Moorland to Dubuque. The new segment shaved 16 miles (26 km) off US 20's length in Iowa. In the Waterloo/Cedar Falls area, the segment of US 20 overlapped by the Avenue of the Saints, which is also designated as Iowa Highway 27. US 20 passes Independence, Manchester, and Dyersville before reaching Dubuque. At Dubuque, US 20 crosses into Illinois over the Julien Dubuque Bridge.
In the state of Illinois, US 20 begins in East Dubuque, following southeastward along the Mississippi River, and continues into the very hilly Driftless Area of northwest Illinois through Galena and Elizabeth. The highway then transitions eastward from the Driftless Area to the Interior Plains near Stockton. The road continues as a bypass north of Freeport, and then runs as a freeway along the southern fringe of Rockford. From Rockford to Chicago, Illinois, US 20 is a mixture of four-lane expressway, four-lane limited access freeway, and winding two-lane surface road. It is signed as "General U.S. Grant Highway" after Ulysses S. Grant. U.S. 20 runs through the south side of Chicago as 95th Street. US 20 exits Illinois along with US 12 and US 41 as Indianapolis Boulevard south of the Chicago Skyway.
In the state of Indiana, US 20 enters from the west beneath the Chicago Skyway with US 12 and US 41. US 20 passes through heavily industrialized northwestern Indiana and is the main east–west artery through Gary. It then parallels US 12 to just west of Michigan City before running due east through New Carlisle to South Bend. US 20 travels around South Bend and Elkhart on the St. Joseph Valley Parkway, a four-lane limited access freeway, then returns to surface road east of Elkhart. US 20 then passes through LaGrange and Angola, intersecting with I-69 before leaving Indiana just north of the eastern terminus of the Indiana Toll Road.
From Gary to South Bend, US 20 was built as the Dunes Relief Road. During the 1930s and 1940s the Dunes Highway, US 12, was becoming more crowded as housing lots and communities developed in the Indiana Dunes. Today, there are numerous communities along US 20 and the lakefront, including Gary, Portage, Burns Harbor, Porter, Chesterton, Pines, and Michigan City.
Most notably, the route is one of the main access roads to Indiana Dunes National Park.
US 20 enters Ohio from Indiana just west of Columbia and traverses east through Pioneer and Alvordton to Fayette. It continues east through Oakshade, Assumption and becomes five-lane, non-limited access roadway into Sylvania to Toledo, and then turns south until into the Toledo suburb of Maumee. After Maumee, US 20 crosses Maumee River curving back east becoming 2 lanes through Perrysburg to Woodville, where it becomes a four-lane, non-limited access highway. It bypasses Fremont while concurrent with US 6, State Route 53, and State Route 19, and then travels through the northern edge of Clyde and the downtown area of Bellevue, where it is joined by State Route 18. From there the four-lane highway continues through Monroeville and bypasses Norwalk, then becomes a two-lane highway from there to Oberlin. Continuing east, US 20 traverses through Elyria, North Ridgeville, Westlake, Rocky River, Lakewood and Cleveland, where it goes right through Public Square. East of Cleveland US 20 follows the southern shore of Lake Erie, following Euclid Avenue from Public Square, and traverses Euclid, Wickliffe, where it intersects with I-90, Mentor, Painesville, Madison, Geneva, Ashtabula and crosses into Pennsylvania at Conneaut.
US 20 runs for nearly 50 miles (80 km) across Erie County, Pennsylvania, most of that time just south of the CSX/Amtrak railroad tracks. US 20 appears as West Ridge Road eastward from the Ohio border through Springfield, Girard, Fairview and Millcreek townships. At the intersection with Pennsylvania Route 832, just outside the Erie city limits, it becomes West 26th Street. After it reaches city center at the intersection with State Street, it becomes East 26th Street. It turns sharply northward as Broad Street at the Bayfront Connector, then turns east again as Buffalo Road through Wesleyville and Harborcreek Township. Buffalo Road turns sharply northward at the town of Harborcreek. US 20 intersects with Pennsylvania Route 955 and resumes its eastward journey. At North East Township, US 20 becomes West Main Road. Within the town limits, it becomes West Main Street until it reaches the town center at its intersection with Pennsylvania Route 89, where it becomes East Main Street. Outside the town limits it becomes East Main Road until it reaches Pennsylvania's border with New York.
New York[edit]
In New York, US 20 runs roughly parallel to the New York State Thruway (I-90) throughout the state. The route runs concurrently with New York State Route 5 twice, with the second overlap extending 68 miles (109 km) across Western and Central New York from Avon to Auburn running along the top of the Finger Lakes crossing Canandaigua and Seneca Falls along the way. US 20 runs across the rural Cherry Valley Turnpike between Skaneateles and Albany. US 20 was also known as the Boston-Buffalo highway prior to the construction of the New York Thruway and Massachusetts Turnpike.
In Massachusetts, US 20 runs roughly parallel to I-90 Mass Pike, intersecting it directly at exit 10 and indirectly at exit 94.
In part of Berkshire County, US 20 runs north–south as it runs concurrently with US 7. It is known as the "Jacob's Ladder Trail" as it crosses the Berkshire Hills between Lee in Berkshire County and Chester in Hampden County. From Chester to Westfield, US 20 and the Boston and Albany Railroad follow the Westfield River down to the broad valley of the Connecticut River.
In Springfield, US 20 runs concurrently with I-291 between Plainfield Street and Page Boulevard; it follows Boston Road as it leaves Springfield and travels through the town of Wilbraham, eventually becoming Main Street in Palmer.
In Shrewsbury, US 20 is called "Hartford Turnpike". In Northborough, and Worcester it is called "Southwest Cutoff", until it merges with the original Boston Post Road in Northborough (Southwest Cutoff and West Main Street). Southwest Cutoff was created at the turn of the century to bypass truck traffic around Shrewsbury center as well as connecting to the Boston and Worcester Turnpike.
In parts of eastern Massachusetts, US 20 follows the route of the old Boston Post Road and passes by Longfellow's Wayside Inn, in Sudbury, the oldest continually operated Inn in America. In 1926, after engineers determined that heavy truck traffic on the Boston Post Road was damaging the foundations of the Inn, Henry Ford, then owner and proprietor, ordered the construction of the mile-and-a-half-long Route 20 bypass. Upon its completion on December 11, 1928, he sold it to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for $1 and never cashed the check. According to the Boston Herald the by-pass cost Ford $288,000, equivalent to roughly $4.7 million in 2021.[7] The original route of US 20 is now called Wayside Inn Road.
US 20 continues from Sudbury through Wayland, Weston, Waltham, Watertown and then into Boston through Allston and Fenway–Kenmore. U.S. Route 20's official eastern terminus is in Kenmore Square at the intersection of Commonwealth Avenue, Beacon Street, and Brookline Avenue, where the alignment becomes Massachusetts Route 2. Route 2 continues for a short distance where it terminates at Massachusetts Route 28.
Before the U.S. Highway System, the route in New England and New York was designated as New England Interstate Route 5 (NE-5), part of the New England Interstate Route system that existed between 1922 and 1927. Around 1923, from Springfield to Pittsfield, NE-5 was known as "Jacob's Ladder",[8] and from Boston to Albany, the "Hubway". When US 20 was first commissioned, it took over the entirety of NE-5.
Historic termini[edit]
Until 1940, the western endpoint of US 20 was the east entrance to Yellowstone National Park.
Historic routes[edit]
Between Fort Dodge, Iowa, and Dubuque, Iowa, the route has been widened to four lanes, the last link of this completed in 2003. Much of the old route is a few miles north of the present route except between I-35 and Waterloo. There, the old route is farther north, going through Iowa Falls, Aplington, and the north side of Cedar Falls along what is now Iowa Highway 57.
From just west of South Bend, Indiana, to the St. Joseph – Elkhart county line, the old route of US 20 through St. Joseph County is now Business US 20. In Elkhart County, its old route is now classified as a county road and is simply called Old US 20. The St. Joseph Valley Parkway is the present route of US 20 in the South Bend – Elkhart Area.
From 1930 to 1933, US 20 followed what are now Massachusetts Route 67 and Massachusetts Route 9 from Worcester to Palmer via Shrewsbury and Northborough.[9]
The 1953 Massachusetts Department of Public Works Master Plan would have relocated US 20 between Palmer, Massachusetts and either West Springfield, Massachusetts or Westfield, Massachusetts along the right-of-way now used by the Massachusetts Turnpike, but this was never implemented.[10]
Until 1970–72,[9] US 20 followed an old route through downtown Springfield—Boston Road and State Street—crossing the Connecticut River via the older Memorial Bridge (now Massachusetts Route 147). The construction of I-291 prompted a change. US 20 now crosses from West Springfield at the North End Bridge, and is co-signed with I-291 until Page Boulevard, where it heads back to Boston Road via the former route of 20A.
In 2012, the Historic US Route 20 Association was formed to identify, promote and preserve the history of the route and original alignments that were once signed "Route 20" from Boston to Newport.[11]
Historic names[edit]
- The portion of US 20 eastward from Illinois generally follows the path of the Yellowstone Trail.
- In Massachusetts, US 20 follows the Boston Post Road in Wayland and Sudbury.
- In the state of New York, part of US 20 follows the old Cherry Valley Turnpike and is still referred to by that name in some places.
- From Buffalo westward to Cleveland, Ohio, US 20 follows the path of the Buffalo Stage Road.[12]
- Between Fremont, Ohio and Perrysburg, Ohio, the road dates back to the late 1830s. It was known then as the Maumee and Western Reserve Road. Nicknamed "Mud Pike" and earned a reputation as "The worst road on the continent" for the mudholes that would trap wagon wheels and slow draft animals. Travelers sometimes would take three days to travel 1 mile (1.6 km). It is still signed as Maumee St. in and near Angola, IN.
- Through western Indiana, US 20 was built as the Dunes Relief Road, as it bypassed the heavily traveled Dunes Highway.
- Northwest of Chicago it is called Ulysses S. Grant Highway.
- On March 25, 2019, Idaho officially labeled their section of US 20 as the Idaho Medal of Honor Highway in honor of 48 Medal of Honor Recipients with strong Idaho attachments.
Major intersections[edit]
- Western segment
- Oregon
- US 101 at West Olive Street in Newport
- I-5 in Albany
- US 97 in Bend
- US 395 in Riley. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Burns.
- US 26 in Vale. The highways travel concurrently to Mountain Home, Idaho.
- Idaho
- US 95 north of Parma. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Parma.
- I-84 / US 30 north of Caldwell. The highways travel concurrently to Caldwell.
- I-184 in Boise. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
- I-84 / US 30 in Boise. The highways travel concurrently to Mountain Home.
- US 26 / US 93 in Carey. US 20/US 26 travel concurrently to northwest of Atomic City. US 20/US 93 travel concurrently to Arco.
- I-15 in Idaho Falls. The highways run concurrently for about 1 mile between exits 118 and 119
- Montana
- US 191 / US 287 at Firehole Avenue in West Yellowstone. The highways travel concurrently to the West Entrance to Yellowstone National Park.
- Yellowstone National Park segment (unofficial designation)
- Eastern segment
- Wyoming
- US 14 / US 16 at the East Entrance to Yellowstone National Park, southeast of Pahaska Tepee. US 14/US 20 travel concurrently to Greybull. US 16/US 20 travel concurrently to Worland.
- US 310 west-northwest of Greybull
- US 26 in Shoshoni. The highways travel concurrently to Orin.
- I-25 / US 87 at Events Drive on the Casper–Hartrandt city line. I-25/US 20 travel concurrently into Casper proper. US 20/US 87 travel concurrently to Orin.
- I-25 in Casper
- I-25 southeast of Glenrock. The highways travel concurrently to Orin.
- I-25 / US 18 / US 26 / US 87 in Orin. US 18/US 20 travel concurrently to Lusk.
- US 85 in Lusk. The highways travel concurrently through the town.
- Nebraska
- US 385 west of Chadron. The highways travel concurrently to Chadron.
- US 83 in Valentine. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Valentine.
- US 183 west-northwest of Long Pine. The highways travel concurrently to Bassett.
- US 281 in O'Neill. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
- US 275 / US 281 in O'Neill. US 20/US 275 travel concurrently to southeast of Inman.
- US 81 west-southwest of Randolph
- I-129 / US 75 / US 77 in South Sioux City. I-129/US 20 travel concurrently to Sioux City, Iowa. US 20/US 75 travel concurrently to the Woodbury–Concord township line.
- Iowa
- I-29 / I-129 in Sioux City
- US 59 in Holstein. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Holstein.
- US 71 in Boyer Valley Township.
- US 169 in Elkhorn Township
- US 69 in Liberty Township
- I-35 in Rose Grove Township
- US 65 in Ellis Township
- US 63 in Waterloo
- I-380 / US 218 in Waterloo. I-380/US 20 travel concurrently to Poyner Township.
- US 52 in Dyersville. The highway travels concurrently to Dubuque.
- US 61 / US 151 in Dubuque
- Illinois
- I-39 / US 51 in Rockford. The highways travel concurrently to Cherry Valley.
- I-90 north-northeast of Hampshire
- I-355 in Addison
- I-290 in Elmhurst. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
- US 12 / US 45 on the Stone Park-Melrose Park city line. US 12/US 20 travel concurrently to East Chicago, Indiana. US 20/US 45 travel concurrently to west of the Palos Hills-Hickory Hills city line.
- I-290 on the Bellwood-Hillside-Westchester city line
- US 34 in La Grange
- I-55 on the Countryside-Hodgkins city line
- I-294 in Willow Springs
- I-294 on the Hickory Hills-Bridgeview city line
- US 41 in Chicago. The highways travel concurrently to Whiting.
- Indiana
- I-90 northwest of Whiting
- US 12 on the Hammond-Gary city line. The highways travel concurrently into Gary proper.
- I-65 in Gary
- I-90 in Gary
- I-94 in Burns Harbor
- US 421 in Michigan City
- I-94 east-southeast of Michigan City
- US 35 east-southeast of Michigan City
- US 31 in South Bend. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
- US 33 in Elkhart
- I-69 in Angola
- Ohio
- US 127 in Mill Creek Township. The highways travel concurrently to Gorham Township.
- I-475 / US 23 in Sylvania
- I-80 / I-90 in Maumee
- US 24 in Maumee
- I-75 / US 23 in Perrysburg. US 20/US 23 travel concurrently to the Troy-Woodville township line.
- US 6 in Sandusky Township. The highways travel concurrently to Fremont.
- US 250 in Norwalk
- US 6 in Lakewood. The highways travel concurrently to Cleveland.
- US 6 / US 42 / US 322 / US 422 in Cleveland. US 20/US 422 travel concurrently for one block.
- US 6 in East Cleveland. The highways travel concurrently to Euclid.
- I-90 on the Euclid-Wickliffe city line
- Pennsylvania
- US 6N in Springfield Township
- I-79 in Erie
- US 19 in Erie
- I-90 east-northeast of North East
- New York
- I-90 in Hanover
- I-390 east of Avon
- I-81 south-southwest of LaFayette
- US 11 south of LaFayette
- I-87 in McKownville
- US 9W in Albany
- US 9 in Albany. The highways travel concurrently to Schodack.
- US 4 in East Greenbush
- I-90 in Schodack
- Massachusetts
- US 7 in Pittsfield. The highways travel concurrently to Lenox.
- I-90 in Lee
- US 202 in Westfield. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
- US 5 in West Springfield
- I-91 in Springfield
- I-291 in Springfield. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
- I-84 in Sturbridge
- I-395 / I-290 in Auburn
- I-495 in Marlborough
- I-95 in Waltham
- Route 2 in Boston
See also[edit]
- Massachusetts Route 20A
- U.S. Route 20A in New York
- U.S. Route 20A in Ohio
- U.S. Route 20 Business—Sioux City, Iowa; also passes through South Sioux City, Nebraska
- U.S. Route 20 Business—Fort Dodge, Iowa
- U.S. Route 120, became Pennsylvania Route 120 in 1967
- U.S. Route 220
- U.S. Route 320 (now decommissioned, was part of the old Route 26)
- U.S. Route 420 (part of U.S. Route 14 Alternate)
- ^ a b c Weingroff, Richard (October 17, 2013). "Ask the Rambler: What Is The Longest Road in the United States?". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
- ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.
- ^ "Endpoints of US highways". USENDS.COM. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
- ^ Topographic Regions Map (Map). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. 1973.
- ^ Google (January 15, 2017). "Overview Map of US 20 in Nebraska" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ "Nebraska Highway Reference Log Book" (PDF). Nebraska Department of Roads. 2015. pp. 66–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
- ^ "Sudbury, 1890-1989, 100 years in the Life of a Town (Chapter 7)". sudbury.ma.us. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
- ^ The National Survey Company (1920). The Official Maps of New England (Map). Chester, Vermont: The National Survey Company. p. 5. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
- ^ a b : US 20 Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ US 5: A Highway To History
- ^ "The Historic US Route 20 Association". Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- ^ DeMarco, Laura (July 27, 2009). "More on Cleveland walking tours and history". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 31–32, 36, 38–39, 48–49, 60, 62–63, 70–71, 78–79, 84–86, 116. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.
Further reading[edit]
- Nelson, Mac (2008). Twenty West: The Great Road across America. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7469-3. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- Czarnecki, Michael (1997). Twenty Days on Route 20. FootHills Publishing. ISBN 0-941053-01-6.
External links[edit]
- Galena Bypass project homepage
- Illinois Highway Ends: US 20
- Indiana Highway Ends: US 20
- In Search of...U.S. Route 20 in Ohio by Michael G. Buettner, February 2006
- US 20 Travelogue in New York at Empire State Roads
- "On Route 20, Where the Past Is Present": August 11, 2006, article in The New York Times Escapes section.
- Flickr Group for photos taken along US 20
- Endpoints of US 20 at USends.com
- Twenty West: The Great Road Across America—book about US 20
- Historic US Route 20 Association Site dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Historic US Route 20


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Grid no. 13
The Color Study series is an exploration of color and value in small format quilts. Traditional quilt making techniques are used to create tactile, stitched, drawings. Each iteration within the series is released in hand-signed, limited-editions.
Art arrives ready-to-frame with an archival, gallery-style, cotton rag mat and acid free foam core backing. PLEASE NOTE: Frames are shown for presentation purposes only. Art will not come with frame.
PRO-TIP: While this piece looks great on its own, it was designed to be displayed with other pieces from the same series. We would love to help curate your collection! Please contact us for details.


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Robot that can jump twenty-five feet in the air coming to the US military
Boston Dynamics -- which previously made a robot called the BigDog -- has been enlisted by Sandia National Laboratories (a US government-funded lab) and DARPA to make a new, hopping robot. Called the Precision Urban Hopper, the robot's goal will be to be capable of jumping over large obstacles in city combat situations. It will boast one extremely tough leg to assist it, in addition to its four wheels. The Hopper is supposedly going to be able to jump 25 feet in the air once completed. So far, only a very small prototype (pictured above) is finished, but Boston Dynamics is due to present its next model sometime during 2010.


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We're excited to let you know that Paradigm Shift NYC recently featured an interview with TWM Founder Kristina Leonardi on their blog where she talked to writer Kristen Verge about women's empowerment, creating a nonprofit and the experience of being a career/life coach. Below is Part Two of that interview, click here for the entire piece on Paradigm Shift and Part One on CHICKS ROCK!
It happened very organically. Because of my own journey and mentoring many interns and volunteers, I realized I have a natural ability to get through people's massive blocks and issues, heal any work/life imbalance and help them figure out their true calling. I'm really compassionate, understanding and loving in the way that I do my coaching, but I tell it like it is, which can sometimes be shocking to people! I have my own style and structure for how I work with folks— initial sessions are two hours in person with a forty-five minute follow-up phone call. I get to the essence of who you are very quickly and understand exactly where you're at right now. Then I connect the dots of where you've been and determine what you truly want to do, where you really want to go – and ultimately who you want to be – and provide the tools and resources for how best to get there. After that initial session you have to do the work, but I am here to help guide and support you as much or as little as you want along the way. I also offer group coaching twice a month.
What are some of the issues that women, in particular, come to you with?
An epidemic I see for a lot of people, but especially women, is lack of self-worth and self-esteem. It might present itself as bad relationships, not earning enough money, a variety of health issues, but it's always the root of the problem and has to do with not honoring and taking care of yourself. On some level we're taught, as women, to take care of everyone and be selfless to a certain extent, but when you do that to the detriment of your own mental, physical and emotional health, you're no good to anybody, and you can't fulfill your own potential.
The biggest thing I try to do as a speaker and coach is to get people to know, accept and love who they are, and then make the effort and have the patience and persistence to become the best versions of themselves they can be. Another issue I find is that I often have to give my clients "permission" to rest. Especially living in New York City, it's always about work work work, go go go: but you have to be able to relax, be still, have fun, and know that pleasure in and of itself is productive. You need to let your body be able to heal, and give yourself the time and space to think and feel.
What would you say is the most pressing issue facing women today?
Motherhood. The women's movement gave us the opportunity to certainly be and do a lot more than we were able to before, but the workplace hasn't really changed until recently, and only incrementally. So yes, you can have a career, but with kids you have at least two jobs—you're trying to please everyone, you're overcompensating and/or feeling guilty about both, and what's left over for you? I think about and observe this a lot with friends and clients, but there's no easy answer right now. Until the workplace radically changes, and the societal norm is such that women feel completely fine about and encouraged to take care of and put themselves first—you're trying to be a good wife, mother, lover, friend, and employee? There are not enough hours in the day unless you are super-disciplined to carve out that time for yourself to recharge and do things that energize you.
And if you're a stay at home mom, there are often identity issues, conflicted feelings about income generation and spending, whether you want a new career or to go back to your old job….I think motherhood is at least the American women's issue of our time. And then there are fertility problems, when is the best time to have children in relation to your career, and how do you raise kids in this crazy world or make the conscious decision not to have them?!
Men are helping out more, but the natural default is always with the mother. It's very complex; but at the end of the day each woman has to make choices that are best for her particular situation and create a structure that supports her own well-being.
As a career coach, are there any mistakes that you made early in your career that you regret now, or advice you would give?
It's important to understand that you need to pace yourself and find a balance between pursuing your dream at any cost, which requires a certain amount of risk, sacrifice and belief in oneself and the process, and being too cautious. Early on I experienced some burn out because of how much of myself I invested with my time, energy and finances in TWM, but I might not have even tried if I knew what it would really require to bring my idea to life – so you always have to take that first step and see where it takes you. Being able to literally create something out of nothing is incredibly rewarding, and the fact that we what we did based on sheer will and chutzpah is pretty amazing, and I couldn't be more proud.
All of the challenges – which are expected when you decide to really stretch yourself and step into the unknown – have taught me so much about myself, contributed to my own personal growth and profoundly informed me in my coaching and speaking work, so I wouldn't be here now had I not gone that route and am very grateful for what I have and continue to learn. It's been quite the journey and it gets more interesting every day, that's for sure! So I guess you could say my advice is to always do the thing that you most want to do because you will surprise yourself with every success, and any problems or 'mistakes' will just be opportunities to grow.
Any words of wisdom to leave us with?
Personal transformation is the key to social transformation. I'm always connecting the individual to the whole. If you don't have a peaceful, happy, fulfilled world in and of yourself, how can we expect world peace?
Click here for the entire interview on Paradigm Shift's blog.


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It is this same time every year, as I am wrapping things up over at "social media and employment law blog" central, that I am reminded of that election campaign more than twenty years ago when Bill Clinton coined the phrase: "It's the economy, stupid." Well, the economy is still in a bit of flux, but Clinton's message still resonates in my mind as I reach the end of another year. Just as I came back to it at the end of last year: "It's still the relationships, stupid."
Social media and technology continue to be great things. Both have revolutionized our lives in ways never before imagined, and, at the same time, have dramatically impacted the relations between employer and employee to an extent that will never go away. Employees are using wearable technology in the workplace, and "selfie" has even been added to our dictionary. We have continued to discuss and dissect many instances in 2014 where employers have been told to toe the fine lines and manage the interplay between social media and employee relations.
For example, making sure your company crafts the narrowly-tailored social media policy that protects your legitimate business interests, while at the same time avoiding the overbroad and undefined terms that may chill your employees from engaging in protected concerted activity. Reaping the benefits of the world wide web as a source of information on applicants, but making sure you don't learn "too much information." Maintaining your right to monitor what goes on in your workplace and on your working time, but being mindful of your employees' privacy rights. And, understanding how compliance with traditional laws such as wage and hour requirements can be increasingly difficult with employee use of social media and technology. The rules and opinions, and the prognosticator do's and don'ts, will continue to evolve, and most likely repeatedly change, as we dart past another New Year's Eve in less than two weeks.
But I guess my point at the end of this year too, ironically enough, is to stop reading electronic posts like this for a minute, get your face out of your smartphone or monitor, don't worry about capturing your hundredth selfie (that same afternoon), and look up to talk to someone. Anyone. Let's turn off the technology for a moment, and ask why your company is (and will be) ultimately successful. Let's also ask why your company may be able to successfully avoid legal pitfalls and litigation. The answer: It's still the relationships, stupid.
I continue to argue that the definition of a "plaintiff" in a lawsuit is a "pissed-off employee." The more you communicate with your employees, the more you walk and talk the hallways, and the more your relationships with your employees are valued within the bounds of existing law, the more successful your business will be and the more likely it is that you can avoid employment disputes. Valuing, being responsive to, and maintaining your inter-personal relationships with your employees, customers, clients, vendors, and business partners will still prove to be the most important precursor to a successful bottom line.
Employer Take Away: So, what is the final takeaway from 2014? What should you as an employer take away from this development? The rapid explosion of social media, and its impact on the workplace, will never take away from the value of true inter-personal relationships. As great as today's advances are, it doesn't always have to be about apps, status updates, and mass communication from behind a keyboard. It also doesn't mean that we need to give into technology at the expense of our interpersonal relationships, and the face-to-face communications that still must take place.
Individually, we are no different than we are professionally. We spend so much time connecting to someone who is not in front of us, that it's easy to ignore what is right in front of us. We are so worried about tomorrow and next week, that the happy, meaningful and productive parts of today go unnoticed. We are so obsessed with typing to the world in words and pictures about where we are and what we're doing, that we're not at all focused on precisely where we are, what we're doing, and who we're doing it with. To me, we are successful – professionally and individually – through the relationships right in front of us.
So maybe for this holiday season, we can find even an hour to put down the BlackBerry (they still exist?) and iPhone, get to that e-mail or text in a little while, and keep the terrific picture we were about to post solely in our own heads for now. Enjoy the moment right in front of us, as it will always be about those relationships, stupid.
I greatly appreciate the time you have taken to read my blog this year, and I hope that I have provided you with some useful, informative, and perhaps occasionally entertaining insights on the interaction between social media and employment law. I look forward to continuing that effort in 2015. I wish you and your families a very healthy, happy and prosperous New Year.


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There exists love so strong, it can overcome the most powerful evil. In Sacra Terra: Kiss of Death, this love is born in the heart of a woman who sets out rescue her fiancé from a supernatural force that feeds on human suffering. Guide her as she explores visually stunning mystical dimensions in a bid to reunite other lovers and weaken the grip of the entity. As you find useful items and solve puzzles, you'll reverse the tragedy of untimely deaths, mend broken fences between friends and, in one emotionally gripping chapter, bring back together a husband and wife who have been separated for thousands of years. Offering a richly layered and compelling hidden object experience, Sacra Terra: Kiss of Death is an adventure you'll never forget! Can you save the fiancé before the maw of wickedness consumes him?


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La haute commission chargée de préparer les élections du 24 juillet de l'assemblée constituante tunisienne a adopté lundi soir un décret qui prévoit un mode de scrutin à la proportionnelle et la parité-hommes/femmes, rapporte Trends top. L'élection prévoit le système des plus forts restes, qui favorise les petits partis.
Ces derniers mois, des mères de famille de différents horizons, pour la plupart des femmes mariées, ont sollicité Liberté sur un sujet peu médiatisé, lié à leur droit de tutelle sur les enfants, mais qui semble les affecter sérieusement, voire les humilier. Comme les questions de ces femmes étaient très précises, nous avons jugé utile de nous rapprocher d'une avocate, Maître Nadia Aït Zaï, pour en savoir plus sur le thème, en relation avec les textes en vigueur, et pour tenter de répondre à certaines de leurs préoccupations.
"M. le président, je vous écris du Bahreïn, après avoir été victime d'une terrible injustice que je ne souhaiterais à personne d'autre au monde. Les forces de sécurité ont attaqué ma maison, enfoncé les portes à coups de massue et terrorisé ma famille. Sans aucun avertissement, sans aucun mandat d'arrêt et sans fournir aucune raison, des hommes armés et cagoulés ont attaqué mon père. Bien qu'ils n'aient rien dit, nous savons tous que le crime qui est reproché à mon père est d'être un militant des droits de l'homme".
A recent hate campaign has been waged against the London-based academic and imam, Dr Usama Hasan. He has been victimised, accused of apostasy and has received death threats for his comments on evolution and the woman's right to choose whether or not to wear hijab. The Board of the Muslim Women's Network-UK (http://www.mwnuk.co.uk/) strongly condemns the bullying and harassment of Dr Hasan.
The preconceived notions about the working conditions of NGOs in general and feminist organisations in particular would seem to apply in this case. Behind a website crammed with a wealth of high-quality information in seven languages, successful campaigns, projects, and calls for solidarity, a lot of hard work is being done in backstreet offices. The international co-ordination office (ICO) of Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML, www.wluml.org) is situated in North London. Here, in a roughly thirty square metre corner of an old factory, five women and a handful of unpaid volunteers work, network, raise funds, publish, debate, and co-ordinate the work of a global network. The diversity of the team – which comprises women from Pakistan, Italy, Sweden, Nigeria, and England as well as people of Christian, Muslim and atheist orientations – is in itself a reflection of what WLUML is all about, namely bringing a diverse range of women with their different life experiences together, across national borders, questioning and overcoming existing gender orders together, and demanding gender justice. Women Living Under Muslim Laws is a name that invokes a variety of associations. However, behind these five carefully chosen words is a clear message.
On March 12, 2011, women human rights defenders from Palestine and Israel marked the centenary of International Women's Day with a historic conference at which the following contributions were made: Ilana Hammerman: The "Entry to Israel" law is illegal and should not be obeyed; and Rivka Sum: The attack in Itamar proves that we should continue to work daily together to end the impossible occupation.
On the 100 years celebration of women's day, Solidaritas Perempuan (SP) organized a campaign series with title of Anti-Discrimination Women Movement (GADIS) as a form of public education. The selection of "GADIS" (GIRL) term, was not to reinforce nor perpetuating patriarchal discourse behind the word of GADIS that limiting women sexuality rights, but this campaign also used the term GADIS to restore the original meaning, which was; a woman who have undergone puberty and during that time, discrimination of women sexuality rights was becoming more visible.
The Coalition of Egyptian Feminist Organizations welcomes the appointment of Mr. Essam Sharaf as Prime Minister of the new civilian government of Egypt, especially after he confirmed being fully committed to the demands of the 25th of January revolution. The Coalition considers that the achievement of these demands require a clear representation of all the forces involved in the Egyptian revolution in the composition of the new cabinet, mainly the youth who played a historical role in initiating and inspiring the revolution by their determination to pursue the march till the end. The Coalition also considers that the forthcoming cabinet should reflect the representation of women from diverse affiliations, a representation that did not occur in the past cabinet or in the various committees that were established following the revolution.
A presidential decree issued at the beginning of 2011 made long-awaited changes to the country's criminal law, which dates to 1949 and contains numerous provisions considered prejudicial towards women. But while the amendments are a step forward, local activists say they do not go far enough.
Celebrations for International Women's Day on March 8 and the days leading up to it were as diverse as Malaysian women themselves. There were concerts, dinner theatre shows, workshops, readings and, if you had followed Sisters in Islam (SIS) and the Musawah Young Women's Caucus, a pleasant stroll through Taman Jaya. But the placards carried by the women participating in the SIS and Musawah event indicated that it's no walk in the park for these two organisations in their work to improve the lot of Muslim women. "One Husband = One Wife", "No Religion Condones Violence", "Women's Rights = Human Rights", said the signs the women carried on their chests and backs and across their arms.


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You and your household rely on your home for peace of mind every day, and one of the most important parts of that comfort is your plumbing system. When you need any La Mesa plumbing repairs performed at your home, it's important that you hire a plumbing contractor you can rely on with the job. All of our specialists have extensive training and knowledge, and we'll be able to handle any problems you encounter with your plumbing swiftly and skillfully.
When you have a problem with your plumbing system, the quality of the repairs you receive is extremely significant. At Black Mountain Plumbing, Inc, our San Diego plumbers will be able to ensure that the entire job is done well from start to finish. Whether you need a periodic inspection or a full remodel of your kitchen or bathroom, we have plumbers that are ready and eager to tackle the job. For any plumbing repairs at all, you can depend on our team of professionals.
Our La Mesa Plumbing Repairs and Installation Services
- Water Heater Installation
- Bathroom Plumbing
- Plumbing Repair
- Water Heater Repair
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- Toilet Repair
- Faucets
- Bathroom Fixtures
- Pipe Repair
- Plumbing Installation
- Kitchen Plumbing
La Mesa Plumbing Repairs and Leak Detection
A leak in your plumbing system can be very difficult to locate. It could be in your walls, under your foundation, or underground. But if you've noticed a mysterious puddle in your yard or rapidly rising water bills, chances are there's a leak somewhere in your home. And if you don't fix it promptly, it can lead to much bigger problems.
Our plumbers will be able to quickly and accurately locate any leaks in your home's plumbing system or plumbing fixtures, and we'll make sure that they're totally repaired. La Mesa plumbing repairs can ensure that your plumbing system is able to run efficiently, and they can lower your home's water bills by 10% each month.
Toilet, Faucet, and Fixture Repairs
Old and worn out plumbing fixtures can be a big problem in any home. Once a faucet, toilet, or any other plumbing fixture stops working properly, your home can quickly become a frustrating place to be. Our La Mesa plumbers can work to make certain that every fixture in your home is in the best possible condition.
If it can't be repaired, we can help with the installation of a new fixture. It's our priority to make sure that your home and its plumbing system are in the best condition possible at all times, and one of the best ways to do that is make sure that your plumbing fixtures are in great condition.
Sewer and Drain Services
Sewer line troubles are one of the messiest scenarios a homeowner can have. If and when they do occur, you'll want them serviced as quickly and as expertly as possible. The same goes for your drains. Every part of your La Mesa home's plumbing system is connected through your sewage and drainage systems, so when something goes wrong with one of them, you'll see the problems throughout your home.
Our plumbing contractors will work hard to make sure that your systems are free of any troubles.
We Provide Plumbing Services in The Following Towns in San Diego County
Carlsbad|Del Mar|Encinitas|La Jolla|Mira Mesa|Poway|Ramona|Rancho Bernardo|Rancho Penasquitos|San Diego|Santee|San Marcos|Scripps Ranch|Solana Beach|Vista|View More Service Areas
If you're looking for La Mesa plumbing repairs, call Black Mountain Plumbing, Inc at 858-536-4161, or complete our online request form.


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Edited by John Chaneski
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