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One day recently, we visited Amazon's website in search of the best deal on Loctite super glue, the essential home repair tool for fixing everything from broken eyeglass frames to shattered ceramics.
In an instant, Amazon's software sifted through dozens of combinations of price and shipping, some of which were cheaper than what one might find at a local store. TheHardwareCity.com, an online retailer from Farmers Branch, Texas, with a 95 percent customer satisfaction rating, was selling Loctite for $6.75 with free shipping. Fat Boy Tools of Massillon, Ohio, a competitor with a similar customer rating was nearly as cheap: $7.27 with free shipping.
The computer program brushed aside those offers, instead selecting the vial of glue sold by Amazon itself for slightly more, $7.80. This seemed like a plausible choice until another click of the mouse revealed shipping costs of $6.51. That brought the total cost, before taxes, to $14.31, or nearly double the price Amazon had listed on the initial page.
What kind of sophisticated shopping algorithm steers customers to a product that costs so much more than seemingly comparable alternatives?
One that substantially favors Amazon and sellers it charges for services, an examination by ProPublica found.
Amazon often says it seeks to be "Earth's most customer-centric company." Jeffrey P. Bezos, its founder and CEO, has been known to put an empty chair in meetings to remind employees of the need to focus on the customer. But in fact, the company appears to be using its market power and proprietary algorithm to advantage itself at the expense of sellers and many customers.
Unseen and almost wholly unregulated, algorithms play an increasingly important role in broad swaths of American life. They figure in decisions large and small, from whether a person qualifies for a mortgage to the sentence someone convicted of a crime might serve. The weightings and variables that underlie these equations are often closely guarded secrets known only to people at the companies that design and use them.
Read the Methodology
Here's how we analyzed Amazon's algorithm. Read more.
Here's Our Data
Download the data behind this story.
But while the math is hidden from public view, the effects of algorithms can be vast. With more than 300 million active customer accounts and more than $100 billion in annual revenue, Amazon is a shopping giant whose algorithm can make or break other retailers. And so ProPublica set out to see how Amazon's software was shaping the marketplace.
We looked at 250 frequently purchased products over several weeks to see which ones were selected for the most prominent placement on Amazon's virtual shelves — the so-called "buy box" that pops up first as a suggested purchase. About three-quarters of the time, Amazon placed its own products and those of companies that pay for its services in that position even when there were substantially cheaper offers available from others.
That turns out to be an important edge. Most Amazon shoppers end up clicking "add to cart" for the offer highlighted in the buy box. "It's the most valuable small button on the Internet today," said Shmuli Goldberg, an Israeli technologist who has extensively studied Amazon's algorithm.
Amazon does give customers a chance to comparison shop, with a listing that ranks all vendors of the same item by "price + shipping." It appears to be the epitome of Amazon's customer-centric approach. But there, too, the company gives itself an oft-decisive advantage. Its rankings omit shipping costs only for its own products and those sold by companies that pay Amazon for its services.
We found that the practice earned Amazon-linked products higher rankings in more than 80 percent of cases. Amazon's offer of the Loctite glue, a respectable No. 5 on the comparison list, dropped to the 39th best deal when shipping was included. (The prices Amazon shows are ranked correctly for those who pay $99 per year for Amazon's Prime shipping service and for those who are buying $49 or more in eligible items.)
Erik Fairleigh, a spokesman for Amazon, said the algorithm that selects which product goes into the "buy box" accounts for a range of factors beyond price. "Customers trust Amazon to have great prices, but that's not all— vast selection, world-class customer service and fast, free delivery are critically important," he said in an e-mailed statement. "These components, and more, determine our product listings." (Read Amazon's original statement and the statement Amazon sent after this story was published.)
Fairleigh declined to answer detailed questions, including questions about why Amazon's product rankings excluded shipping costs only for itself and its paid partners.
The decision to allow non-Amazon companies to sell products on the site was controversial within the company. But Bezos pushed ahead, saying he was willing to lose sales if it made his company more competitive in the long run. "If we side with the consumer on that kind of decision," he said at the 2007 annual shareholder meeting, "over time it will force the right kind of behaviors on ourself."
At that meeting, a shareholder asked about Amazon's practice of promoting products sold by other companies on its website. Bezos replied that the company had "very objective customer-centered algorithms'' that automatically award the "buy box" to the lowest price seller, provided "they actually have it in stock and can deliver it."
It is not clear why Amazon's algorithm now pushes its own products ahead of better deals offered by others. Perhaps Amazon is taking the view that its widely admired shipping and delivery offers the best possible satisfaction for customers, even if it costs more.
Another possibility is that the company is trying to encourage shoppers to join the Prime program, which offers free shipping on many items (including the Loctite super glue). When non-Prime customers initially view Amazon products, they are offered "FREE Shipping on eligible orders." When they reach the final page on checkout, the shipping fees are revealed along with an advertisement to avoid such fees by joining Prime.
The costs of simply buying the algorithm-selected choice can add up. The average price difference between what the program recommended and the truly cheapest price was $7.88 for the 250 products we tested. An Amazon customer who bought all the products on our list from the buy box would have paid nearly 20 percent more — or about $1,400 extra — than if they had bought the cheapest items being offered by other vendors.
Amazon's algorithm also takes a toll on outside companies hoping to sell products on the website. To increase their chances of winning the buy box, many sellers are paying Amazon to warehouse and ship their products through a program called "Fulfilled by Amazon." The fees for the program, which vary by size and weight of the items being shipped, can amount to 10 to 20 percent of sales.
How Amazon Advantages Itself
Amazon gives itself an edge by not including the price of shipping on its own products. To get the same benefit, other sellers have to pay Amazon.
Paying Amazon appears to be a sound strategy. Fulfilled by Amazon vendors and Amazon itself were just about the only sellers — 94 percent of the cases we analyzed — that ever won the buy box without having the cheapest product.
Through its rankings and algorithm, Amazon is quietly reshaping online commerce almost as dramatically as it reshaped offline commerce when it burst onto the scene more than 20 years ago. Just as the company's cheap prices and fast shipping caused a seismic shift in retailing that shuttered stores selling books, electronics and music, now Amazon's pay-to-play culture is forcing online sellers to choose between paying hefty fees or leaving the platform altogether.
Consider BareBones WorkWear, a Sacramento clothing retailer that has been selling on Amazon since 2004. This year, the company removed nearly all of its items from Amazon, and shuttered a warehouse and call center that were devoted to Amazon sales.
"Competition between us and Amazon is just insurmountable," BareBones chief operating officer Mason Moore said. The profit margins for most clothing items were too low, he said, to allow for the company to sell through the Fulfilled by Amazon, or FBA, program. But, he said, "FBA is really the only avenue that we see as any feasible way to do business with Amazon." This week, BareBones has just five items listed on Amazon — all of them fulfilled by Amazon.
Last Christmas, so many vendors joined Fulfilled by Amazon that the company ran out of space in some of its warehouses. This year, the company has doubled its number of warehouses.
In July, Amazon reported record profits and the company's chief financial officer Brian Olsavsky told investors that Fulfilled by Amazon growth was "really strong."
Tech companies' practice of favoring their own listings has occasionally earned regulators' scrutiny. The European Commission, for example, has accused Google of violating EU antitrust rules by favoring its own shopping service over those of other vendors.
Amazon didn't start as an open marketplace for online sellers. When it opened its virtual doors in 1995, Amazon sold only its own products. It began letting other vendors onto its product listings in 2000.
"Our judgment was simple," Bezos wrote of that decision, in a 2005 letter to shareholders. "If a third party could offer a better price or better availability on a particular item, then we wanted our customer to get easy access to that offer."
For merchants, listing their wares on Amazon was a great opportunity. Amazon attracted legions of customers, well worth the 6 to 25 percent commission merchants paid the online colossus on each sale.
By 2007, more than 1 million third-party sellers had joined Amazon. Collectively, they generated about 30 percent of unit sales, the company said at the time.
One of the sellers Amazon attracted was Kate Erkavun. She had recently received a master's degree in industrial engineering, but also sold cosmetics on eBay out of her apartment while her husband worked at an engineering company.
"I was young, I had just graduated," she said. "I worked in a pharmaceutical company and I quit after seven months. I realized it wasn't for me." She started selling makeup on eBay, and then migrated to Amazon, too.
At first, Erkavun's listings on Amazon were similar to her eBay listings — one page for each product that customers could page through at leisure. But over time, Amazon simplified the design so that customers would only be presented with one default vendor for each product.
Amazon's algorithm would choose which seller would win that default position — the buy box. While the exact formulas used to pick the winner were secret, Amazon's website advises sellers that they can increase their chances by having low prices, having items in stock, offering free shipping and getting excellent customer service ratings.
To optimize their chances, many sellers starting using algorithmic software to constantly change prices to adapt to competitors' moves. Soon, Amazon became a highly dynamic marketplace, similar to a stock-trading floor, where prices for products changed as often as every 15 minutes.
Erkavun and her husband, Gokhan, were determined to increase their chances of sales. Gokhan, who quit his job to help run the business, worked with a programmer to write software that repriced their products throughout the day. And the couple bought a building in Nutley, New Jersey, to store their approximately 10,000 shampoos, lipsticks, lotions and other cosmetics in a temperature-controlled warehouse. They offered free shipping, quick turnaround times and worked hard to keep their customer service ratings high.
At first, their techniques seemed to be successful. In 2010, Amazon sales were half of their revenue and profits were at a record high. "We were very happy," said Gokhan.
But in 2011, he said, Beauty Bridge's sales started slipping as Amazon entered the cosmetics business and began consistently winning the buy box. "If you don't win the buy box, your chance of selling is low," Kate said.
Sellers who don't win the buy box are placed on a page called "More Buying Choices," on a list that Amazon describes as ranked by price plus shipping. However, since Amazon doesn't include the cost of shipping for itself and its fulfillment partners, the rankings on that page can be misleading.
One day recently, for instance, Amazon was listed as the top-ranked seller — both in the buy box and at the top of the buying choices page — for a self-tanning lotion called Vita Liberata. Beauty Bridge was offering the lowest price at $27.03, but Amazon had won the buy box with an offer of $29.98.
When a customer put the lotion from Amazon in her cart, the added shipping cost brought the total to $35.46. Beauty Bridge was offering free shipping — so with or without shipping, its offer should have been listed higher than Amazon's. But it was not.
When Gokhan Erkavun was told of his lotion's poor ranking despite its cheaper price, he just sighed and said, "Amazon is not really fair in terms of competition, but we don't have much choice. We have to be there."
On its Canadian website, Amazon discloses that its own items are ranked without shipping price. But in the United States, Amazon's website states that "the default sort order of the offer listing is ascending Price + Shipping."
Of course, most Amazon customers never make it to the More Buying Choices page where Beauty Bridge's listing was ranked poorly. Among the countless consultants and conferences devoted to winning the buy box, it's well known that Amazon's algorithm gives an advantage to itself, and to sellers who pay to join the Fulfilled by Amazon program.
"Amazon definitely does weight things in favor of the FBA seller," said Michael Butcher, senior account manager at SellerEngine Software, which sells algorithmic pricing software for Amazon sellers. "It does seem unfair and it is sometimes hard for merchants."
For a few years, Amazon even advertised the advantage it offered to its paid partners. According to Web pages stored by the Internet Archive, the Amazon website said: "Because most FBA listings are ranked without a shipping cost, you get an edge when competing!" The language remained on the page from February 2013 through December 2015.
This year, the language has been changed to: "As you grow your competitive edge, you can increase your chance of winning the Buy Box."
But Beauty Bridge's Kate and Gokhan Erkavun didn't want to pay the fees to join the program. They had their own warehouse and didn't need Amazon's. And they estimated the program would cost them at least an additional 15 percent of sales.
They held out until 2014. By then, sales had slid 30 percent from the peak in 2010. In 2014, "we got to a point where we couldn't survive without doing FBA," Gokhan said. Since joining the "Fulfilled by Amazon" program, Gokhan says the company's sales have recovered, but profits have not because of the fees.
Gokhan is now hoping that Wal-Mart's recent purchase of online shopping website Jet.com will increase the pressure on Amazon to give small online retailers a better deal.
"We need Wal-Mart to really get serious about competing with Amazon," he said. "Otherwise in 10 years, we aren't going to have many retailers left."
Lauren Kirchner and Jeff Larson contributed research to this story.
Update, Sept. 20, 2016: This story has been updated to include a statement Amazon sent after publication.


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Located in Utah's Wasatch Mountains at the Snowbird Ski and Summer Resort, The Iron Blosam Lodge offers year round recreation on the mountain and a friendly, relaxing atmosphere to return to at the end of the day.
See MoreIron Blosam units are available for specific rooms types within the lodge during fixed weeks of the year. There are several room types to choose from ranging from a hotel type bedroom to a suite king unit. All rooms are equipped with a microware.
See MoreSnowbird is a full-service resort with a variety of recreation and relaxation. Snowbird Resort is North America's most accessible year-round resort. Snowbird Resort is a destination for fun!
See MoreOne of the world's first and most successful shared-ownership condominium lodges. Iron Blosam Lodge offers an outdoor pool, indoor hot tub, fitness center, restaurant and lounge.

subset: commoncrawl


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Use the video and step-by-step drawing instructions below to learn how to draw Hulk from Marvel Comics. A new cartoon drawing tutorial is uploaded every week, so stay tooned!
Intro: Start drawing Hulk with a pencil sketch. In the beginning stages, don't press down too hard. Use light, smooth strokes for sketching.
Step 1: To draw Hulk, start with a long oval with somewhat squared sides. This will be the basic shape for Hulk's head.
Step 2: Inside the oval draw two intersecting lines, one vertical and one horizontal. When drawing the horizontal line, bend it a bit to contour to the oval's shape. These will be construction lines that will help you place Hulk's features later on.
Step 3: Right on top of the horizontal line and on either side of the vertical line, draw Hulk's eyes, which are two small football shapes.
Step 4: Below the horizontal construction line, draw a curved line that looks like a wide letter V for Hulk's nose.
Step 5: Below that V shape, draw a long rectangle with rounded corners for Hulk's mouth.


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Original Trinity Hymnal, #2
From Psalm 145
God, my King, thy might confessing,
Ever will I bless thy name;
Day by day thy throne addressing,
Still will I thy praise proclaim.
Honor great our God befitteth;
Who his majesty can reach?
Age to age his work transmitteth,
Age to age his power shall teach.
They shall talk of all thy glory,
On thy might and greatness dwell,
Speak of thy dread acts the story,
And thy deeds of wonder tell.
Nor shall fail from memory's treasure
Works by love and mercy wrought;
Works of love surpassing measure;
Works of mercy passing thought.
Full of kindness and compassion,
Slow to anger, vast in love,
God is good to all creation;
All his works his goodness prove.
All thy works, O Lord, shall bless thee;
Thee shall all thy saints adore:
King supreme shall they confess thee,
And proclaim thy sovereign power.


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StartLouis: Entities & IP
TREx-Lammert Building
911 Washington Ave.
St. Louis, MO 63101
911 Washington Ave.
St. Louis, MO 63101
Lewis Rice LLC ("we") use cookies to improve our products and your experience on our websites by evaluating the use of our website and services, to personalize content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyze our traffic. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics service providers. For more information, please see our Cookie Policy.
By continuing to browse or by clicking "Accept All Cookies" you direct us to disclose your personal information to these service providers for those purposes and agree to the storing of first-party and third-party cookies on your device.


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Country of origin | China |
Energy label | Grade 1 |
Spin speed | 1400rpm |
Washing load | 8kg |
WIDTH | Front Loaded Washers |
Purchase Notice:
The authorized dealer of front-load/top-load washing machines will provide free installation (connection to water inlet, drainage hose), removal of machine body shock absorbers, and connection to a 13A power plug. If direct wiring is required, also known as "concealed wiring," some dealers may charge an additional fee.
Delivery and installation are carried out by separate teams. In some cases, it is possible to arrange them on the same day, but it depends on the region and individual brands, and same-day arrangements may not always be feasible.
Installation services are provided by the main distributor, and the installation date and time are subject to confirmation by the technician. Installation services may be scheduled for alternative dates or experience delays depending on the circumstances.
Important considerations:
Pay attention to the dimensions of the washing machine to avoid incorrect sizing due to budget constraints that may prevent installation.
Some dimensions do not include the depth of water hoses and the thickness of the machine door.
If placing the washing machine under a kitchen cabinet, please consider the height clearance.
Additional charges may apply for lifting the washing machine over obstacles, narrow passageways, or if elevation is required to place it in the designated location. Please specify these requirements when placing the order.
All BBE installation works include a 10 million third-party liability insurance and labor insurance (provided by Zurich Insurance).
Standard installation fee | |
Delivery | |
Installation Schedule | |
Throughout the years, we have earned our solid reputation by insistence on providing the best quality products at the best deals. Over thousands of home and kitchen appliances are displayed in BBE's showrooms in Mong Kok, Causeway Bay and Tuen mun.
Best Price
We made nearly 20,000 real online deals in Hong Kong's top one price comparison shopping website "PRICE.COM.HK". We guarantee best price for customers and have been accredited as "5-Star Merchant" in the home and kitchen electrical appliances category.
Safety Purchase
We value our data security the most. Our Website has applied with SSL certificate,which makes it more secure than others。Despite from bank transfer, online customer can choose to pay by credit card via PayPal gateway.
Powerful Online Popularity
BBE has been honored the "Trustworthy Electrical Appliances Online Sales Award" for 3 consecutive years. Organized by "Discuss.com.hk Limited", winners of the award were selected by Hong Kong internet users under "one man, one vote" system.
Buy with confident
Products can enjoy at least 1 year factory warranty and 7 days damage product exchange guarantee. We also provide delivery & installation service, you can check our installation price list for detail.


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Good morning. People in Lapeer, Michigan called to report a car moving erratically. Callers said it looked like a six-year-old was driving. Police discovered a six-year-old was driving. He'd taken the keys off the counter at home and taught himself what to do. Asked what he thought he was doing, the boy explained that he was going out for Chinese food, of course.
Then, having struck a no left turn sign, the boy was heading for the dealer hoping to make some car repairs. You're listening to MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Shetland Seals-53.jpg
I photographed these grey and common seals just off the coast of Noss Island and the capital of Lerwick in the Shetland Islands of Scotland during a boat tour. July 2009.
- Copyright
- Lane Scarberry
- Image Size
- 3872x2592 / 1.3MB
- Keywords
- Contained in galleries
- Shetland Seals in Lerwick


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[[This is the continuation of an essay, Part 1 of which can be read by clicking here.]]
As we noted earlier, there is considerable demand for artificial sweeteners that will provide the sweet taste of natural sugar without its calories or other health complications. That turns out to be a tall order: [1] no, or very few, calories (sugar has 18 kcal per teaspoon); [2] no adverse effects on the consumer's health; and [3] tastes like sugar. The consumer, coming as s/he does at the end of a long chain of interactions -- chemical, dietary, legal, and commercial -- with the product, is likely to take the first two items more or less for granted, and to focus on the third. And this in turn will have its own commercial ramifications, because if the product doesn't taste convincingly like sugar, it is doomed to failure.
But what does sugar taste like? This is not as easy to answer as it might initially seem, but most people would agree that refined cane sugar has a 'clean' sweetness: it doesn't give the sense of having been flavored with anything else, and it leaves no aftertaste behind (beyond a lingering hint of that very sweetness for which it is being used). It is this simplicity -- and the immediate, enduring attractiveness of that taste -- that 'addicts' people to table sugar. Sometimes one may crave other types of sweetness, and at such times one will opt for molasses, brown sugar, maple sugar, or the various honeys; but the default 'flavor' for sweetness seems always to be that of plain sucrose. Thus, the most successful artificial sweetener is likely to be one that most convincingly imitates the taste of sucrose itself.
(The other major commercial source for sucrose, besides sugar cane, is the sugar beet; despite industry protestations to the contrary, it appears that cane sugar is superior in flavor to beet sugar.)
A whole series of such artificial sweeteners has paraded through American (and thus through global) culture over the past several decades. Saccharine was discovered in 1878 by a man working on coal tar derivatives; in the 1960s and 70s there was considerable research into the possibility that saccharine might be carcinogenic. The argument over this has raged ever since, but products containing saccharine were for a time required (in the US at least) to carry a health warning not unlike that on packets of cigarettes. (Saccharine is known in the US under various brand names including Sweet 'n Low™.)
During the early 1960s, when many were looking for a viable alternative to saccharine, the use of a sweetener known as cyclamate became extremely widespread in America. Cyclamate had been known since 1937, but it was the mid-century anxiety about saccharine -- and the very convincingly sugar-like flavor of cyclamate -- that propelled the latter to tremendous popularity. In one of the great ironies of gastronomic history, cyclamate was also identified as a carcinogen, and actually banned by the FDA in 1969. (Cyclamate was known in America under the brand name Sucaryl™, which is still available outside the US.)
Meanwhile, of course, scientific research and development continued unabated. In 1965 came the discovery of aspartame. The preceding uproars over saccharine and cyclamate led to an unprecedented eight years of the FDA's testing this new substance, after which aspartame was pronounced unequivocally safe. But this status was not to last long; challenges to that adjudication have continued ever since was first approved. (Aspartame is known in the US under various brand names including Equal™.)
The discovery of aspartame was followed by that, in 1976, of sucralose. Sucralose, marketed in the US under the brand name Splenda™, is touted by many as the safest of all artificial sweeteners, but recent studies have suggested that it may have adverse effects on the environment as well as on individual human health.
As of this writing, saccharine, aspartame, and sucralose are the three artificial sweeteners most commonly found in the US. They tend to be packaged, regardless of their manufacturer or distributor, in color-coded packets: pink for saccharine, blue for aspartame, yellow for sucralose. All of them are effectively non-caloric; none of them appears to contribute to dental caries or hyperglycemia; and none of them is entirely satisfactory. Generally speaking, people who use them seem to favor either aspartame or sucralose, and to evince an actual dislike for the other one (saccharine taking third place in this anecdotal evaluation).
There are also those who like none of these three artificial sweeteners. Such consumers, looking for a natural (i.e. non-synthetic) alternative, are likely to turn to stevia, a plant (related to the sunflower) whose leaves are naturally sweet. Stevia is extolled as the safest of all sugar alternatives, and there is some indication that the consumption of stevia may actually have a positive effect on insulin function; but it too has come under its share of scrutiny. It was actually banned in the US from 1991 to 1995; its use is currently banned in the European Union, Hong Kong, and Singapore. But apart from the safety issue, there is the problem that stevia simply doesn't taste convincingly like sucrose; many consumers indeed find its taste to be markedly unpleasant.
All the sugar substitutes currently available, as we have seen, have raised some degree of doubt as to their safety as a food additive; and no single one of them has succeeded in convincing everyone that it tastes just like sugar. So we are back to the quandary that faced us earlier: what to do?
Gustatory pleasure, nutritional enhancement, and disease prevention are all quality-of-life issues, although they vary in scope: the first is the most immediate of the three, whereas the other two are more longitudinal in their implications. Particularly where the issue is (or may be) the stimulation or prevention of cancer, one has to bear in mind that the results of ingesting carcinogens may not be detected for years. So, to a certain extent, the problems we have been confronting here involve a balance between present enjoyment and long-term welfare.
It looks as though the (initially) least attractive option might be the best one for the organism over time: backing off from all sweeteners, altogether. It's unattractive, of course, precisely because it recommends the severance of immediate pleasure; and our culture is one of not only immediate but constant, exigent gratification. As a society, we crave novelty. We want things bigger, more efficient, and above all faster. (Need I remind you, gentle reader, that America is the land of the drive-through Starbucks?) So the notion of deferral is by its very nature repugnant to our zeitgeist. Above and beyond that -- or perhaps I should say underneath and beyond -- is what seems to be some biological hard-wiring in the human being, from neonate infancy, to crave sweetness. (Is this related to the sweetness of breast milk somehow, with its vital nutrients?)
But cha dao, the life of tea, offers small and large ways of reordering one's pace, one's priorities, perhaps even one's worldview. Even if one is not ready to dispense with all sweeteners, or with all sweetness in the diet, it is possible to open a window (as small as one wants) on other ways of being. Even if you still love your hong cha sweetened, you might consider trying a tea you have never tasted -- an oolong or a green or white tea -- and drinking this without any additives at all. Be patient with yourself. Give your palate time to readjust, after the clamor of sugar and spice, to the quietude of a simple cup of tea. Savor it, in its clean simplicity. Allow yourself a moment to linger over the brew and become aware of the flavors in it. Eventually (but surprisingly soon) you are going to develop new registers of awareness. You will discover that the 'unsweetened' tea in your cup has its own subtle sweetness. It will whisper pleasure to your taste buds. After several small cups of a good da hong pao, do as they do in Wuyi Shan and sip a small cup of cool pure spring water. It will taste remarkably sweet to you. Over time you may find that this simple habit of sipping tea, and paying a little attention to it while you do, invigorates and illuminates your whole way of being in the world.
For further reading (thanks again to Suki for these links):
Dietary Sugar and Alternative Sweeteners
Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners


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In honor of Groundhog Day on Thursday, we made Paper Plate Groundhogs yesterday. Technically I think they could pass for Beavers also, but they all pretty much look the same, right?! 🙂
Materials You Will Need:
Paper Plate
Brown Acrylic Paint
2 Large Wiggly Eyes
Black Marker
Ears, Nose and Teeth pieces (pattern found HERE)
Craft Knife (Used by Parent, obviously!)
6 Toothpicks
We started by painting the bottom of a paper plate with brown acrylic paint.
When the paper plate was completely dry, we started assembling it together. I free handed the ears, nose and teeth for the groundhog and made a pattern you can print off HERE. The nose will need to be on black card stock paper, ears on brown paper and teeth on white paper.
First, attach the black nose in the center of the paper plate. Then, glue on the wiggly eyes. Our wiggly eyes were graciously given to us by Craftprojectideas.com and they can be purchased at your local Walmart. Next, glue the ears to the back of the paper plate.
Here is a picture of the mouth after I had cut the slits with the craft knife.
After the teeth were in place, the boys used the black marker to draw on eyebrows, make a line in the ears, and add hair between the eyebrows.
The final touch is adding 3 toothpicks on each side of the nose for the whiskers. If you have the flat toothpicks they are better, but since all I had was the round pokey ones, I just cut the ends off so they weren't dangerous for the kids.
He sure is a cute little guy! Let's hope he blesses us with an early Spring on Thursday. 🙂
Happy Crafting!!


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Bulgaria should boost efforts to fight bribery in international business deals, says OECD
March 31st, 2011
March 31st, 2011
PARIS – Bulgaria should do more to prevent, report, detect and prosecute foreign bribery cases, according to a new report by the OECD Working Group on Bribery.
In the context of its regular cycle of reviews, the OECD Working Group on Bribery has just completed an evaluation of Bulgaria's enforcement of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and related instruments.
Other main recommendations of the Group are that Bulgaria should:
The Working Group also highlighted positive aspects of Bulgaria's efforts to fight foreign bribery. Bulgaria has one conviction for foreign bribery and an investigation in a second case. It has made efforts to reform its judiciary, law enforcement system and many of its laws. Wiretap evidence is now directly admissible at trial after a recent legislative amendment. A constitutional amendment took effect in 2007 and reduced judicial immunity, thereby implementing the Working Group's Phase 2 recommendation on this issue.
The Working Group – made up of the 34 OECD Member countries plus Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria and South Africa – adopted Bulgaria's report under its third phase of monitoring. It is available at: www.oecd.org/daf/nocorruption and lists all the recommendations of the Working Group on pages 35-38, and includes an overview of recent enforcement action and specific legal and policy features in Bulgaria for combating the bribery of foreign public officials. Bulgaria will make an oral follow-up report on its actions to implement certain key recommendations of the Working Group after one year. Bulgaria will further submit a written report to the Working Group within two years, which will be the basis of a publicly available evaluation by the Working Group of Bulgaria's implementation of the recommendations.
For further information, journalists are invited to contact Mary Crane-Charef of the OECD's Anti-Corruption Division at: email@example.com or by telephone: (+33) 1 45 24 97 04.
For more information on OECD's work to fight corruption, visit: www.oecd.org/daf/nocorruption.


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The Incubator Labs are expanding
The laboratories at Oslo Cancer Cluster Incubator are expanding to meet increasing demand from members.
Oslo Cancer Cluster Incubator has recently converted three offices into new laboratories to accommodate the rising demand from their members.
From the opening in 2015, the laboratories in the Incubator have been a great success. Several of the start-ups have expanded their work force and require more offices and lab space.
The new laboratory is jointly occupied by Zelluna Immunotherapy and the Department of Cellular Therapy (Oslo University Hospital). The Institute for Energy Technology and Arctic Pharma have also expanded their laboratories with an extra room each.
The laboratories are now running at full capacity, but there is some space available in the shared labs. Some of the members of the Incubator offer their services to outside companies who are in need of getting lab work done.
"Our ambition is to grow the Incubator Labs further into the new Innovation Park next door." Bjørn Klem, General Manager
A unique model
The Incubator Labs follow a unique model, which offers both private laboratories and fully equipped shared laboratories. The private laboratories are leased with furniture, water supply, electricity and ventilation. The companies bring their own equipment depending on their needs.
Shared laboratories, including a bacteria lab, a cell lab and wet lab, are leased including basic equipment with the opportunity for companies to bring their own if shared by all tenants. All laboratories share the common support facilities including a cold room for storage, a laundry room, and storage room including cell tanks and nitrogen gas.
"This model of a shared laboratory is very unusual," said Janne Nestvold, Laboratory Manager at the Oslo Cancer Cluster Incubator.
The advantage of working in a shared lab is that companies can avoid the costs and limitations associated with setting up and managing a laboratory. A broad range of general equipment, including more advanced, analytical instruments, are provided by the Incubator.
"It would be too expensive for a small company to buy all this equipment themselves." Janne Nestvold, Laboratory Manager
Open atmosphere
The laboratories have an open and light atmosphere. Large windows provide ample lighting and all spaces are kept clean and tidy. The halls are neatly lined with closets and plastic containers for extra storage.
The general mood is calm and friendly. Nestvold communicates daily with the users about changes, updates and improvements, which sets an informal tone. Thanks to monthly lab meetings, the users are also involved in the decision-making process. The companies often work side-by-side or in teams, fostering collaboration rather than competition. There is therefore a strong workplace culture based upon flexibility and mutual respect.
The companies often work side-by-side or in teams, fostering collaboration rather than competition.
Nestvold also ensures that the high demands on the infrastructure of the laboratory are met. She has put agreements in place to facilitate the members' needs, such as the washing of lab coats, pipette service and shipping packages on dry ice. With all these services included, the Incubator Labs are attractive for researchers and companies to carry out their cancer research.
Over the years, Nordic Nanovector, OncoInvent, Targovax, Intersint, OncoImmunity have conducted research in the laboratories. Now, Arctic Pharma, the Department of Cellular Therapy (Oslo University Hospital), GE Healthcare, the Institute for Energy Technology, Lytix BioPharma, NorGenotech, Ultimovacs and Zelluna Immunotherapy are using the Incubator Labs to develop their cancer treatments.
- For more information about the Incubator Lab, get in touch with Janne Nestvold.


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Li-Nezha may be the Chinese god of wagering. He is possibly the only certainly one the Chinese Gods that may reveal the winning numbers in sweepstakes. Li-Nezha is perhaps more well-known as Nataku or Nata from Japanese anime a half-mortal war god. Historical times mortals worship him as a God of Lotteries and Gambling.
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The latest narrative account from ITSM consultant Daniel McLean follows a release and deployment lifecycle, describing common pitfalls and offering helpful advice. Based on real-life experience, the book enables you to learn from expert ITSM practitioners through anecdotal accounts of the release & deployment process, from start to finish.
Pay by purchase order | Buy now, pay later! Enjoy the benefits of paying by purchase order with an IT Governance corporate account. Apply online today or call our service centre team on 00 800 48 484 484.
With so many interested constituencies, processes can go wrong in more ways than they can go right. The problems start when requirements are gathered and, if unmanaged, can flow unchecked through the entire process, potentially delivering something that's bound to fail while, paradoxically, exactly meeting the specification.
In Release and Deployment: An ITSM Narrative Account, we follow the story of the release & deployment process in fictional form.
Chris has got a new job as a release manager – but he's struggling. Parachuted into a large company to fix its release & deployment process after the catastrophic failure of its new app, Asgard, he finds himself battling an array of insular department heads who are all determined that whatever has gone wrong must be another team's fault. They all want the finger of blame pointed elsewhere, and Chris seems to be the perfect target – so they shout down his questions and suggestions as insubordination.
How can he pacify his new colleagues, avoid getting fired and get the job done?
This latest ITSM narrative from Daniel Mclean explains the common pitfalls of release & deployment in fictional form, with each chapter describing a difficult meeting with a different department head and featuring a set of pointers that our hero would have found beneficial.
Based on the real-life experience of the author and other ITSM practitioners, Release and Deployment: An ITSM Narrative Account exposes the potential pitfalls and explores how to handle the issues that come with such projects, all in the face of shifting organisational structures and changing management objectives.
Click here to view a sample of the book >>
"Super read, entertaining and informative with some great statements about how things are and / or should be. Cannot wait for the next instalment (or is that Release?)"
- Dave Jones - Pink Elephant
Daniel McLean is an ITSM consultant with over 20 years' experience in IT. He has spent the last ten years designing, implementing and operating processes supporting ITSM. He was also a peer reviewer during development of the OGC ITIL v3 Service Strategy Best Practice.
Daniel McLean's other ITSM narrative accounts are also available from IT Governance.


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Listen here:
Bar-Maids is a small-batch Washington skincare company that creates eco-luscious moisturizers. Based on family recipes handed down to Kismet Andrews, founder of Bar-Maids by her grandmother, the locally-sourced and skin-loving ingredients, moisturize and hydrate leaving skin feeling soft and smooth. Easy to apply, small enough to pack, Bar-Maids travels worldwide. Whether your skin is thick or thin, treat it well. Do as Grandma says, "Get your Lo-Lo on!"
Purlescence Yarns is the Bay Area's destination yarn shop. From the best in spinning and weaving equipment to luxurious yarns and fibers, we have what you need to make your fibery dreams a reality. We're always happy to provide mail order service for Knitmore Girls listeners. Call us today, it'll be on its way!
On The Needles:(0:30)
Gigi has finished the Petit Four Socks out of My First Regia. Jasmin has finished the Wonderful Wallaby #matchymatchyKAL.
Jasmin is planning to knit the Colorblock pullover by Karen Borrel. She ordered the Malabrigo Rios fom Uncommon Threads in Los Altos, CA.
Gigi finished the Loops and Threads socks. Jasmin picked up the Hitchhiker #behmalong out of Abstract Fiber Supersock. For Finishing Friday, Gigi found some yarn to finished her Hitchhiker with. Also she finished her "I think they glow in the dark" socks out of Regia Fluormania.
Jasmin is working on the Chocolate Rainbow sock from FabFunkyFibre. (#operationsockdrawer) Gigi is working on the Dr Watson sweater out of Cascade Ecological Wool. For the #matchymatchyKAL. she has cast on the Water's Edge cardigan out of Abstract Fiber's Rothko. Genevieve's matchy Mini Water's Edge is going to be knit out of Calder.
Jasmin talks about Knitmore-along Labels, provided by Sterling Name Tape Co. Labels are free, postage/fees/etc is $1.50 in the United States. (Donate the $1.50 at the button in the sidebar, PM cuteknitter via Ravelry to let Jasmin know how many shawl labels and how many sweater labels you'd like.)
Gigi has started Mending Monday, and has mended some really old stuff.
- 3/29-30: We will be attending two classes taught by the charming Franklin Habit at A Verb For Keeping Warm:
- Photographing your Fiber, and
- History, Methods, and Styles of Lace knitting
We mention our interview with Franklin. Also, check out his blog: The Panopticon
- June 7th, Fleeces, Food and Fun, at the Retzlaff Winery
Mother Knows Best:(16:50)
This week we answer a question out of the "What do you want to hear about?" thread about dry and cool hands for spinning. Jasmin mentions Judith MacKenzie McCuin.
This week we purloin "Something I really like," from Dr. Gemma's Cogknitive podcast. We talk about Pinterest. We are cuteknitter and Gigidahling on Pinterest.
This week we review Lovely Knitted Lace, by Brooke Nico
Straw Into Gold:(42:09)
Gigi's homework is spinning for socks at 50+wpi. We announce that the 2014 SPAKAL will launch during Tour de Fleece 2014, and the SPAKAL 2014 thread is open. Gigi will spin the fleece she bought at the Monterey Wool Auction, that was processed by Shari of Morro Fleece Works.
And Sew On:(44:23)
Gigi has been sewing darts on Melanie's dress and has been posting pictures on Instagram and talks about reverse threaded darts. [We will have to do a tutorial, since Gigi couldn't find it on the internet.]


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When former President Donald Trump's impeachment trial begins in the Senate today, two of the people at the center of the action will have a common connection: Montgomery County, Pa.
Impeachment manager Madeleine Dean, a congressional Democrat, will try to make the case that Trump directly incited violence at the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6. Trump attorney Bruce Castor Jr., the Republican former county district attorney and commissioner, will argue that Trump can't be convicted because he has already left office.
Although it's a coincidence that they're playing opposing roles in the impeachment, Castor and Dean's joint presence is symbolic — both of the outsize presence that counties like Montgomery have come to have in national politics, and of the changing fortunes of their respective political parties.
Marcel Groen, the Montgomery County-based former head of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party, puts the significance simply: "We're almost like the center of the universe."
For many years, Montgomery County was a Republican stronghold in a key swing state. Although Democrats' electoral chances improved steadily beginning in the mid-1990s, Republicans continued to dominate local and countywide elections until the 2010s.
The GOP has been almost entirely shut out in recent years, however. In the 2020 presidential election, the county delivered more Democratic votesthan almost anywhere else in Pennsylvania.
It was in the middle of this decades-long transition that both Dean and Castor came on the scene.
Described as smart and ambitious by both his friends and political enemies, Castor, 59, dreamed of using county politics as a springboard to become state attorney general and eventually, governor.
Instead, the worsening electoral odds for suburban Republicans and his personal reputation for infighting kept him stuck in his home county, in a minority role, before he left politics for private legal practice.
Castor began his political career as Montgomery County district attorney in 2000. However, his 2005 decision not to prosecute Bill Cosby earned him public notoriety a decade later, after it landed him in the hot seat as a controversial witness in the case.
He ran unsuccessfully for state attorney general in 2004 but struggled through a combative primary that alienated him from many GOP power brokers. Four years later, he won a seat on the three-member county commissioners' board. But Castor's colleagues — one Republican and one Democrat — formed their own coalition and gave him the cold shoulder.
Asked about his political aspirations now, Castor says he has no desire to get back in the political game, despite rumors that he'd taken the impeachment job from Trump in order to boost his profile.
"I have had my lifetime fill of that," he said. "I'm probably too plainspoken and too honest to be an elected official in statewide politics in Pennsylvania."
Castor spoke from his car — a Corvette, he noted — while driving from Washington, D.C., to his Montgomery County home.
He sees his decision to defend the president as patriotic, not political. He said he would have done the same thing for Bill Clinton.
"If the president calls you and asks you to help, no matter who it is, you say, 'Yes, sir, where do you want me and when?' " he said.
One the other side of the impeachment trial is Dean, whose political trajectory has been virtually the opposite of Castor's. The 61-year-old is in her second congressional term — one of the newest members appointed as an impeachment manager.
Dean came to elected office relatively late in life after careers as a lawyer and then as an English professor. A longtime political volunteer, she didn't run for office herself until 2011, when she was elected commissioner in her home township, Abington.
In 2018, she was part of a wave of newly elected female Democratic representatives that gave Pennsylvania equal partisan representation in a delegation that had been dominated by Republicans.
Dean and the other eight impeachment managers are barred from talking about the proceeding before it begins, and she wasn't available for an interview.
State Rep. Mary Jo Daley, another Montgomery County Democrat, who's close to Dean, said she's not surprised to see her former colleague rise to such a prominent role.
"She's a really hard worker and she does her homework," Daley said. "She's always prepared, she's a very good speaker, and she's serious."
Copyright 2021 WHYY


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Islamabad Long March Declaration
Following decisions were unanimously arrived at; having been taken today, 17 January 2013, in the meeting which was participated by coalition parties delegation led by Chaudry Shujaat Hussain including:
- Makdoom Amin Fahim, PPP
- Syed Khursheed Shah, PPPP
- Qamar ur Zama Qaira, PPPP
- Farooq H Naik, PPPP
- Mushahid Hussain, PML-Q
- Dr Farooq Sattar, MQM
- Babar Ghauri, MQM
- Afrasiab Khattak, ANP0
- Senator Abbas Afridi, FATA
With the founding leader of Minhaj-ul-Quran International (MQI) and chairman Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT), Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.
The Decisions
- The National Assembly shall be dissolved at any time before March 16, 2013,
(due date), so that the elections may take place within the 90 days. One month
will be given for scrutiny of nomination paper for the purpose of pre-clearance
of the candidates under article 62 and 63 of the constitution so that the
eligibility of the candidates is determined by the Elections Commission of
Pakistan. No candidate would be allowed to start the election campaign until
pre-clearance on his/her eligibility is given by the Election Commission of
- The treasury benches in complete consensus with Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT)
will propose names of two honest and impartial persons for appointment as
Caretaker Prime Minister.
- Issue of composition of the Election Commission of Pakistan will be discussed
at the next meeting on Sunday, January 27, 2013, 12 noon at the Minhaj-ul-Quran
Secretariat. Subsequent meetings if any in this regard will also be held at the
central secretariat of Minhaj-ul-Quran in Lahore. In pursuance to todays'
decision, the Law Minister will convene a meeting of the following lawyers: S.
M. Zafar, Waseem Sajjad, Aitizaz Ahsan, Farough Naseem, Latif Afridi, Dr Khalid
Ranja and Hamayoun Ahsan, to discuss these issues. Prior to the meeting of
January 27, the Law Minister, Mr Farooq H Naek, will report the results of this
legal consultation to the January 27 meeting.
- Electoral Reforms: It was agreed upon that the focus will be on the enforcement of electoral reforms prior to the polls on:
- A. Article 62, 63 and 218 (3) of the constitution
- B. Section 77 to 82 of the Representation of Peoples' Act 1976 and other relevant provisions relating to conducting free, fair, just and honest elections guarded against all corrupt practices.
- C. The Supreme Court Judgement of June 8, 2012 on constitutional petition of 2011 must be implemented in Toto and in true letter and spirit.
- With the end of the long march and sit-in, all cases registered against each other shall be withdrawn immediately and there will be no acts of victimisation and vendetta against either party or the participants of the march.
This declaration has been entered into in a cordial atmosphere and reconciliatory spirit.
Signatories of the declaration
Prime Minister of Pakistan | Chairman Pakistan Awami Tehreek |
Leader of the delegation and former Prime Minister | Law Minister |
Pictorial Highlights


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Selecting the right location starts with knowing your options. When you work with Denver Health, we're here to help you feel confident in making better decisions. From primary care to emergency services, we offer a wide variety of care for you and your family. Contact our Appointment Center at 303-436-4949 to book an appointment with a specific clinic or service directly, call the Denver Health operator at 303-436-6000 or call direct to the following departments listed below.
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For parking and valet service, click here.


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Taylor Swift in 2017: Looking Back at Her Big Year
Sure, 2017 started out slowly for Taylor Swift, but, boy, has it turned into a whirlwind year for the singer.
The year did not startoff on a high note for the superstar: In January, she caught flak for sending out a tweet in support of the Women's March rallies—none of which she personally attended—with several people calling her out for being a "selective feminist."
Swift's personal life, always a hot topic, bubbled to the surface again in early February, when ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston told TMZ that his relationship with the singer "was real."
The same month, Swift showed off her business acumen when she trademarked the word "Swifties," the name for her legion of fans.
In March, she got a serious safety scare when a stalker was arrested after hiding out on the roof of her New York City apartment.
Things got nicer for the star in May, however, when reports began to surface that Swift was dating British actor Joe Alwyn.
Later in May, longtime nemesis Katy Perry admitted to James Corden what everyone already knew: She and Swift were feuding. Perry threw some fuel on the fire when she said Swift "started it and it's time for her to finish it." A few weeks later, Perry reversed course with a surprise apology. "I forgive her and I'm sorry for anything I ever did, and I hope the same from her," she said.
August proved to be a month of vindication: A judge tossed out deejay David Mueller's lawsuit claiming that the superstar was responsible for him getting fired after she accused him of groping her during a concert meet-and-greet in 2013. A few days later, a jury ruled that Mueller did indeed sexually assault her. She won a very symbolic $1, which is the amount that she sought.
With the assault trial behind her, Swift marched on doing what she does best: making music. On August 23, she announced she would release a new album, Reputation, in November. A day later, she sent fans into a frenzy when she dropped the album's first single, "Look What You Made Me Do," which some people said bore too strong a resemblance to Beyonce's "Lemonade."
The video, which ushered in the era of zombie Swift, had fans going wild, while the tune smashed records galore and proved to be "Despacito's" kryptonite.
The excitement over "Look What You Made Me Do" had barely settled when Swift returned in early September with a second song, "...Ready For It?" The sci-fi-themed video arrived a few weeks later.
If it seemed Swift was showing up everywhere, well, maybe it's because she was: She teamed up with Andy Samberg in a commercial for AT&T's Taylor Swift NOW service, in which they hilariously battled.
The assault trial may have been behind her, but litigation returned to Swift's life in September when the writing team behind 3LW's 2001 song "Playas Gon' Play" sued her, claiming the lyrics from Swift's massive smash "Shake It Off" were directly ripped off.
November arrived with another treat for Swifties: a fourth song from Reputation, titled "Call It What You Want."
While fans are itching for even more music from Reputation (which she may not make available for streaming), Swift has already had to endure more criticism, this time from a familiar face: Earlier this week, Diplo, who had already blasted the singer a few years back, said Swift's music doesn't relate to kids and that his previous comments about her damaged his career.
Fortunately, Swift—whose new album drops Friday, November 10—ended the week on high note, taking home the 2017 Song of the Year award for "Better Man" at the CMAs on November 8.
It's been a roller coaster year for Swift, to say the least... and it's not even over yet. Stay tuned.
Look Back at Taylor Swift's Squad:


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Delivery Policy
All of our orders are being shipped from China. We made as many happy customers as many orders we shipped. You simply have to join our big family.
We ship to most countries worldwide, for all domestic and international packages. While we strive to deliver goods in the time frame we specify, we cannot guarantee or accept liability for deliveries made outside of this time frame. As we rely on third-party shipping companies to facilitate our customer deliveries for us, we cannot accept liability for out of pocket expenses or other costs incurred due to failed or delayed deliveries.
All orders will take approximately 3-5 business days to process. Our shipping time is usually within 7-10 business days to the USA, and 12-15 business days to other countries. However, it may take up to 20 business days to arrive depending on your location and how long it takes to get through customs. Kindly note that the delivery time will vary during holidays or limited edition launches.
We are not liable for deliveries that are affected by customs, natural occurrences, transfers from USPS to the local carrier in your country or air and ground transportation strikes or delays, nor any extra fee's, customs or back end charges incurred.
IMPORTANT: All of our orders are being shipped from China and we do not take responsibility for any kind of disease.
Note 1: We are not responsible if a package is undeliverable because of missing, incomplete or incorrect destination information. Please enter the correct shipping details when checking out. If you realize you have made an error in your shipping details, kindly e-mail us at [email protected] as soon as possible.
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Buyers are allowed to make changes to orders placed, within 24 hours of making their purchases and before the orders are fulfilled. Additional charges will be incurred by the buyers for any changes made to the orders after 24 hours of making their purchases.
Buyers are not allowed to cancel their purchases after the orders are placed.
You must request a return within 14 days of receiving your order.
Process for returning an item:
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- Send us a message at [email protected] indicating the intent to return the item. Please include the following in the email:
- Photo/video of the item depending on the item
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We will respond you on a business day within 24 hours and assist you in processing the return of the purchased item.
If your return request is accepted, you should return back the item(s) within 7 days.
- Please ensure that if you are returning product(s), they should be in perfect condition, unused, unwashed and with their original packaging (if applicable)
- Buyer is responsible for return shipping cost
- Original shipping charges will not be refunded
As soon as we receive the item as-shipped condition, we will refund you the purchase price and inform you via email.
Your return can only be approved based on the following reasons:
Reasons | Description | |
Objective reasons | Damaged | The product is damaged in delivery |
Defective | The product does not function as described in its manufacturer specification | |
Incorrect/wrong item | Not the product the customer ordered (e.g. wrong size or wrong color) | |
Missing items/parts | Missing items/parts as indicated in the packaging | |
Does not fit | A customer receives the size that was ordered but it does not fit | |
Website error | The product does not match website specifications, description, or image (this issue is attributable to a website error/misinformation) |
Moonqo.com guarantees that any item bought from us will be refunded within 7 business days, post-purchase money-back guarantee.
Request Refund
If you are eligible for a refund in accordance to refund reasons stated above, you can request a refund in "My Account > Orders" or you can use the link given below:
Choose an item or the entire order and click on "request refund" button. Let us know that you would like a refund, with a clear explanation of why you are not satisfied with the delivery and upload images or any other supporting materials. We would like to know where things went wrong or how we can improve customer satisfaction and work experience. Each issue will be investigated within 1-2 business days. As a result, the customer will receive an email, if the customer is eligible for a refund, then the refund will occur in accordance with our refund policy stated below.
Replacement option: once the item has undergone the quality evaluation process, expect to receive the item within 10-15 business days from the date we receive the tracking information of the returned item.
Refund option: customers who have requested for refund can expect to receive it within the following time frames:
Payment Method (at the time of purchase) | Refund Option | Refund Lead Time (to see the amount on your bank statement) |
Credit card / Debit Card | Credit / Debit Reversal | |
PayPal | PayPal reversal (if PayPal balance) | 5-7 business days |
Credit reversal (if PayPal is linked to a credit card) | 5 to 15 banking days Note: The amount may be reflected in your next billing cycle |
Debit reversal (if PayPal is linked to a debit card) | 5 to 30 banking days(Depending on your issuing bank) Note: The amount may be reflected in your next billing cycle |


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WebLogic logging services provide facilities for writing, viewing, filtering, and listening for log messages. These log messages are generated by WebLogic Server instances, subsystems, and Java EE applications that run on WebLogic Server or in client JVMs.
The following sections describe the WebLogic logging services environment, logging process, and log files:
WebLogic Server subsystems use logging services to provide information about events such as the deployment of new applications or the failure of one or more subsystems. A server instance uses them to communicate its status and respond to specific events. For example, you can use WebLogic logging services to report error conditions or listen for log messages from a specific subsystem.
Each WebLogic Server instance maintains a server log. Because each WebLogic Server domain can run concurrent, multiple instances of WebLogic Server, the logging services collect messages that are generated on multiple server instances into a single, domain-wide message log. The domain log provides the overall status of the domain. See Server Log Files and Domain Log Files.
The following sections describe the logging environment and provide an overview of the logging process.
There are two basic components in any logging system: a component that produces log messages and another component to distribute (publish) messages. WebLogic Server subsystems use a message catalog feature to produce messages and the Java Logging APIs to distribute them, by default. Developers can also use message catalogs for applications they develop.
The message catalog framework provides a set of utilities and APIs that your application can use to send its own set of messages to the WebLogic server log. The framework is ideal for applications that need to localize the language in their log messages, but even for those applications that do not need to localize, it provides a rich, flexible set of tools for communicating status and output.
See "Using Message Catalogs with WebLogic Server" in Using Logging Services for Application Logging for Oracle WebLogic Server.
In addition to using the message catalog framework, your application can use the following mechanisms to send messages to the WebLogic server log:
With NonCatalogLogger
, instead of calling messages from a catalog, you place the message text directly in your application code. See "Using the NonCatalogLogger APIs" in Using Logging Services for Application Logging for Oracle WebLogic Server.
Server Logging Bridge
WebLogic Server provides a mechanism by which your logging application can have its messages redirected to WebLogic logging services without the need to make code changes or implement any of the propriety WebLogic Logging APIs. See Server Logging Bridge.
Use of either the NonCatalogLogger
APIs or Server Logging Bridge is suitable for logging messages that do not need to be internationalized or that are internationalized outside the WebLogic I18n framework.
To distribute messages, WebLogic Server supports Java based logging by default. The LoggingHelper
class provides access to the java.util.logging.Logger
object used for server logging. This lets developers take advantage of the Java Logging APIs to add custom handlers, filters, and formatters. See the Sun API documentation at http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/logging/package-summary.html
Alternatively, you can configure WebLogic Server to use the Jakarta Project Log4j APIs to distribute log messages. See Log4j and the Commons Logging API.
Logger - A Logger
object logs messages for a specific subsystem or application component. WebLogic logging services use a single instance of java.util.logging.Logger
for logging messages from the Message Catalogs, NonCatalogLogger
, and the Debugging system.
Handler - A class that extends java.util.logging.Handler
and receives log requests sent to a logger. Each Logger
instance can be associated with a number of handlers to which it dispatches log messages. A handler attaches to a specific type of a log message; for example, the File Handler for the server log file.
Appender - An appender is Log4j terminology for a handler, in this case, an instance of a class that implements org.apache.log4j.Appender
and is registered with an org.apache.log4j.Logger
to receive log events.
WebLogic Server subsystems or application code send log requests to Logger
objects. These Logger
objects allocate LogRecord
objects which are passed to Handler
objects for publication. Both loggers and handlers use severity levels and (optionally) filters to determine if they are interested in a particular LogRecord
object. When it is necessary to publish a LogRecord
object externally, a handler can (optionally) use a formatter to localize and format the log message before publishing it to an I/O stream.
Figure 2-1 shows the WebLogic Server logging process: WebLogic Catalog APIs or Commons Logging APIs are used for producing messages; Java Logging (default) and Log4j are options for distributing messages.
Figure 2-1 WebLogic Server Logging Process
Figure 2-1 illustrates the following process:
The client, in this case, a WebLogic Server subsystem or Java EE application, invokes a method on one of the generated Catalog Loggers or the Commons Logging implementation for WebLogic Server.
When WebLogic Server message catalogs and the NonCatalogLogger
generate messages, they distribute their messages to the server Logger
The Jakarta Commons Logging APIs define a factory API to get a Logger
reference which dispatches log requests to the server Logger
The server Logger
object can be an instance of java.util.logging.Logger
or org.apache.log4j.Logger
The server Logger
object publishes the messages to any message handler that has subscribed to the Logger
For example, the Stdout Handler prints a formatted message to standard out and the File Handler writes formatted output to the server log file. The Domain Log Broadcaster sends log messages to the domain log, which resides on the Administration Server, and the JMX Log Broadcaster sends log messages to JMX listeners on remote clients.
Consider the following recommendations for using WebLogic logging services with Java Logging or Log4j:
Use the Catalog and NonCatalog loggers or the Commons API for producing log messages for publishing by WebLogic logging services.
Use a Java Logging or Log4j Logger
reference for adding custom handlers, appenders, or filters to WebLogic logging services for publishing messages.
If your application is configured for Java Logging or Log4j, in order to publish application events using WebLogic logging services, you can do either of the following:
(Recommended) Configure your application's logger to use the Server Logging Bridge, which provides a lightweight means for your application's log messages to be redirected to WebLogic logging services without requiring any code changes. For more information, see Server Logging Bridge.
Create a custom handler or appender that relays the application events to WebLogic logging services using programmatic API. For information, see How to Use Log4j with WebLogic Logging Services.
Each WebLogic Server instance writes all messages from its subsystems and applications to a server log file that is located on the local host computer. By default, the server log file is located in the logs
directory below the server instance root directory; for example, DOMAIN_NAME
, where DOMAIN_NAME
is the name of the directory in which you located the domain and SERVER_NAME
is the name of the server.
In addition to writing messages to the server log file, each server instance forwards a subset of its messages to a domain-wide log file. By default, servers forward only messages of severity level NOTICE
or higher. While you can modify the set of messages that are forwarded, servers can never forward messages of the DEBUG
severity level. See "Forward messages to the domain log" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
The domain log file provides a central location from which to view the overall status of the domain. The domain log resides in the Administration Server logs
directory. The default name and location for the domain log file is DOMAIN_NAME
, where DOMAIN_NAME
is the name of the directory in which you located the domain and ADMIN_SERVER_NAME
is the name of the Administration Server. See "Change domain log file name and location" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
The timestamp for a record in the domain log is the timestamp of the server where the message originated. Log records in the domain log are not written in the order of their timestamps; the messages are written as soon as they arrive. It may happen that a Managed Server remains out of contact with the Administration Server for some period of time. In that case, the messages are buffered locally and sent to the Administration Server once the servers are reconnected.
To forward messages to the domain log, each server instance broadcasts its log messages. A server broadcasts all messages and message text except for messages of the DEBUG
severity level.
The Administration Server listens for a subset of these messages and writes them to the domain log file. To listen for these messages, the Administration Server registers a listener with each Managed Server. By default, the listener includes a filter that allows only messages of severity level NOTICE
and higher to be forwarded to the Administration Server. (See Figure 2-2.)
Figure 2-2 WebLogic Server and Domain Logs
For any given WebLogic Server instance, you can override the default filter and create a log filter that causes a different set of messages to be written to the domain log file. For information on setting up a log filter for a WebLogic Server instance, see "Create log filters" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
If the Administration Server is unavailable, Managed Servers continue to write messages to their local server log files. However, by default, when the servers are reconnected, not all the messages written during the disconnected period are forwarded to the domain log file. A Managed Server keeps a specified number of messages in a buffer so they can be forwarded to the Administration Server when the servers are reconnected.
The number of messages kept in the buffer is configured by the LogMBean
attribute DomainLogBroadcasterBufferSize
. DomainLogBroadcasterBufferSize
controls the frequency with which log messages are sent from the managed server to the domain server. With the development default of 1
, there is not batching of log messages; only the last logged message is forwarded to the Administration Server domain log. For example, if the Administration Server is unavailable for two hours and then is restored, the domain log will not contain any messages that were generated during the two hours. See "MSI Mode and the Domain Log File" in Managing Server Startup and Shutdown for Oracle WebLogic Server. In production mode, the default buffer size on the managed server is 10
. When the buffer reaches its capacity, the messages in the buffer are flushed by sending them to the domain log on the administration server. For performance reasons, it is recommended that you set this value to 10
or higher in production. A higher value will cause the buffer to be broadcast to the domain log less frequently.
If you have configured a value greater than 1
, that number of messages will be forwarded to the domain log when the Managed Server is reconnected to the Administration Server.
This can result in a domain log file that lists messages with earlier timestamps after messages with later timestamps. When messages from the buffer of a previously disconnected Managed Server are flushed to the Administration Server, those messages are simply appended to the domain log, even though they were generated before the previous messages in the domain log.Each subsystem within WebLogic Server generates log messages to communicate its status. For example, when you start a WebLogic Server instance, the Security subsystem writes a message to report its initialization status. To keep a record of the messages that its subsystems generate, WebLogic Server writes the messages to log files.
The server log records information about events such as the startup and shutdown of servers, the deployment of new applications, or the failure of one or more subsystems. The messages include information about the time and date of the event as well as the ID of the user who initiated the event.
You can view and sort these server log messages to detect problems, track down the source of a fault, and track system performance. You can also create client applications that listen for these messages and respond automatically. For example, you can create an application that listens for messages indicating a failed subsystem and sends E-mail to a system administrator.
The server log file is located on the computer that hosts the server instance. Each server instance has its own server log file. By default, the server log file is located in the logs
directory below the server instance root directory; for example, DOMAIN_NAME
, where DOMAIN_NAME
is the name of the directory in which you located the domain and SERVER_NAME
is the name of the server. See "Change server log file name and location" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
To view messages in the server log file, you can log on to the WebLogic Server host computer and use a standard text editor, or you can log on to any computer and use the log file viewer in the Administration Console. See "View server logs" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
Oracle recommends that you do not modify log files by editing them manually. Modifying a file changes the timestamp and can confuse log file rotation. In addition, editing a file might lock it and prevent updates from WebLogic Server, as well as interfere with the Accessor.For information about the Diagnostic Accessor Service, see "Accessing Diagnostic Data With the Data Accessor" in Configuring and Using the Diagnostics Framework for Oracle WebLogic Server.
In addition to writing messages to a log file, each server instance prints a subset of its messages to standard out. Usually, standard out is the shell (command prompt) in which you are running the server instance. However, some operating systems enable you to redirect standard out to some other location. By default, a server instance prints only messages of a NOTICE
severity level or higher to standard out. (A subsequent section, Message Severity, describes severity levels.) You can modify the severity threshold so that the server prints more or fewer messages to standard out.
If you use the Node Manager to start a Managed Server, the messages that would otherwise be output to stdout
or stderr
when starting a Managed Server are instead displayed in the Administration Console and written to a single log file for that server instance, SERVER_NAME
. The server instance's output log is located in the same logs
directory, below the server instance root directory, along with the WebLogic Server SERVER_NAME
file; for example, DOMAIN_NAME
, where DOMAIN_NAME
is the name of the directory in which you located the domain and SERVER_NAME
is the name of the server.
The Node Manager writes its own startup and status messages to a single log file, NM_HOME
, where NM_HOME
designates the Node Manager installation directory, by default, WL_HOME
For more information on Node Manager log files, see "Node Manager Configuration and Log Files" in Node Manager Administrator's Guide for Oracle WebLogic Server.
The server log messages and log file communicate events and conditions that affect the operation of the server or the application. Some subsystems maintain additional log files to provide an audit of the subsystem's interactions under normal operating conditions. The following list describes each of the additional log files:
The HTTP subsystem keeps a log of all HTTP transactions in a text file. The default location and rotation policy for HTTP access logs is the same as the server log. You can set the attributes that define the behavior of HTTP access logs for each server or for each virtual host that you define. See "Setting Up HTTP Access Logs" in Configuring Server Environments for Oracle WebLogic Server and "Enable and configure HTTP logs" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
Each server has a transaction log which stores information about committed transactions coordinated by the server that may not have been completed. WebLogic Server uses the transaction log when recovering from system crashes or network failures. You cannot directly view the transaction log - the file is in a binary format.
The Transaction Manager uses the default persistent store to store transaction log files. Using the Administration Console, you can change where the default store is located. See "Configure the default persistent store for Transaction Recovery Service migration" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
The WebLogic Auditing provider records information from a number of security requests, which are determined internally by the WebLogic Security Framework. The WebLogic Auditing provider also records the event data associated with these security requests, and the outcome of the requests. Configuring an Auditing provider is optional. The default security realm (myrealm) does not have an Auditing provider configured. See "Configuring the WebLogic Auditing Provider" in Securing Oracle WebLogic Server.
All auditing information recorded by the WebLogic Auditing provider is saved in WL_HOME\DOMAIN_NAME
. Although an Auditing provider is configured per security realm, each server writes auditing data to its own log file in the server directory.
The JDBC subsystem records various events related to JDBC connections, including registering JDBC drivers and SQL exceptions. The events related to JDBC are now written to the server log, such as when connections are created or refreshed or when configuration changes are made to JDBC objects. See "Monitoring WebLogic JDBC Resources" in Configuring and Managing JDBC for Oracle WebLogic Server.
JMS logging is enabled by default when you create a JMS server, however, you must specifically enable it on message destinations in the JMS modules targeted to this JMS server (or on the JMS template used by destinations).
JMS server log files contain information on basic message life cycle events, such as message production, consumption, and removal. When a JMS destination hosting the subject message is configured with message logging enabled, then each of the basic message life cycle events will generate a message log event in the JMS message log file.
The message log is located in the logs
directory, below the server instance root directory, DOMAIN_NAME
, where DOMAIN_NAME
is the name of the directory in which you located the domain and SERVER_NAME
is the name of the server.
After you create a JMS server, you can change the default name of its log file, as well as configure criteria for moving (rotating) old log messages to a separate file. See "Configure topic message logging" in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help and "Monitoring JMS Statistics and Managing Messages" in Configuring and Managing JMS for Oracle WebLogic Server.
When a WebLogic Server instance writes a message to the server log file, the first line of each message begins with ####
followed by the message attributes. Each attribute is contained between angle brackets.
Here is an example of a message in the server log file:
####<Sept 22, 2004 10:46:51 AM EST> <Notice> <WebLogicServer> <MyComputer> <examplesServer><main> <<WLS Kernel>> <> <null> <1080575211904> <BEA-000360> <Server started in RUNNING mode>
In this example, the message attributes are: Locale-formatted Timestamp, Severity, Subsystem, Machine Name, Server Name, Thread ID, User ID, Transaction ID, Diagnostic Context ID, Raw Time Value, Message ID, and Message Text. (A subsequent section, Message Attributes, describes each attribute.)
If a message is not logged within the context of a transaction, the angle brackets for Transaction ID are present even though no Transaction ID is present.
If the message includes a stack trace, the stack trace is included in the message text.
WebLogic Server uses the host computer's default character encoding for the messages it writes.
When a WebLogic Server instance writes a message to standard out, the output does not include the ####
prefix and does not include the Server Name, Machine Name, Thread ID, User ID, Transaction ID, Diagnostic Context ID, and Raw Time Value fields.
Here is an example of how the message from the previous section would be printed to standard out:
<Sept 22, 2004 10:51:10 AM EST> <Notice> <WebLogicServer> <BEA-000360> <Server started in RUNNING mode>
In this example, the message attributes are: Locale-formatted Timestamp, Severity, Subsystem, Message ID, and Message Text.
The messages for all WebLogic Server instances contain a consistent set of attributes as described in Table 2-1. In addition, if your application uses WebLogic logging services to generate messages, its messages will contain these attributes.
Table 2-1 Server Log Message Attributes
Attribute | Description |
Locale-formatted Timestamp |
Time and date when the message originated, in a format that is specific to the locale. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that runs each WebLogic Server instance refers to the host computer operating system for information about the local time zone and format. |
Severity |
Indicates the degree of impact or seriousness of the event reported by the message. See Message Severity. |
Subsystem |
Indicates the subsystem of WebLogic Server that was the source of the message; for example, Enterprise Java Bean (EJB) container or Java Messaging Service (JMS). |
Machine Name Server Name Thread ID |
Identifies the origins of the message:
Log messages that are generated within a client JVM do not include these attributes. For example, if your application runs in a client JVM and it uses the WebLogic logging services, the messages that it generates and sends to the WebLogic client log files will not include these attributes. |
User ID |
The user ID under which the associated event was executed. To execute some pieces of internal code, WebLogic Server authenticates the ID of the user who initiates the execution and then runs the code under a special Kernel Identity user ID. Java EE modules such as EJBs that are deployed onto a server instance report the user ID that the module passes to the server. Log messages that are generated within a client JVM do not include this field. |
Transaction ID |
Present only for messages logged within the context of a transaction. |
Diagnostic Context ID |
Context information to correlate messages coming from a specific request or application. |
Raw Time Value |
The timestamp in milliseconds. |
Message ID |
A unique six-digit identifier. All message IDs that WebLogic Server system messages generate start with Your applications can use a Java class called See "Writing Messages to the WebLogic Server Log" in Using Logging Services for Application Logging for Oracle WebLogic Server. |
Message Text |
A description of the event or condition. |
The severity attribute of a WebLogic Server log message indicates the potential impact of the event or condition that the message reports.
Table 2-2 lists the severity levels of log messages from WebLogic Server subsystems, starting from the lowest level of impact to the highest.
Severity | Meaning |
Used for messages from the Diagnostic Action Library. Upon enabling diagnostic instrumentation of server and application classes, See "Diagnostic Action Library" in Configuring and Using the Diagnostics Framework for Oracle WebLogic Server. |
A debug message was generated. |
Used for reporting normal operations; a low-level informational message. |
An informational message with a higher level of importance. |
A suspicious operation or configuration has occurred but it might not affect normal operation. |
A user error has occurred. The system or application can handle the error with no interruption and limited degradation of service. |
A system or service error has occurred. The system can recover but there might be a momentary loss or permanent degradation of service. |
A particular service is in an unusable state while other parts of the system continue to function. Automatic recovery is not possible; the immediate attention of the administrator is needed to resolve the problem. |
The server is in an unusable state. This severity indicates a severe system failure or panic. |
WebLogic Server subsystems generate many messages of lower severity and fewer messages of higher severity. For example, under normal circumstances, they generate many INFO
messages and no EMERGENCY
If your application uses WebLogic logging services, it can use an additional severity level, DEBUG
. See "Writing Debug Messages" in Using Logging Services for Application Logging for Oracle WebLogic Server.
The WebLogic Server Administration Console provides a log viewer for all the log files in a domain. The log viewer can find and display the messages based on any of the following message attributes: date, subsystem, severity, machine, server, thread, user ID, transaction ID, context ID, timestamp, message ID, or message. It can also display messages as they are logged or search for past log messages. (See Figure 2-3.)
For information about viewing, configuring, and searching message logs, see the following topics in the Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help:
For a detailed description of log messages in WebLogic Server message catalogs, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Oracle WebLogic Server Message Catalog. This index of messages describes all of the messages emitted by WebLogic subsystems and provides a detailed description of the error, a possible cause, and a recommended action to avoid or fix the error. To view available details, click on the appropriate entry in the Range column (if viewing by range) or the Subsystem column (if viewing by subsystem).
The Server Logging Bridge provides a lightweight mechanism for applications that currently use Java Logging or Log4J Logging to have their log messages redirected to WebLogic logging services. Applications can use the Server Logging Bridge with their existing configuration; no code changes or programmatic use of the WebLogic Logging APIs is required. To use the Server Logging Bridge, you only need to create a logging properties file as described in the following sections.
Applications that use thecom.oracle.wls
namespace do not require the logging properties file, or any other configuration changes, to use the Server Logging Bridge.For applications that use the Java Logging API, WebLogic Server exposes the Server Logging Bridge as handler object, weblogic.logging.ServerLoggingHandler
. The logging implementation configured for WebLogic Server can be either Java Logging (the default), or Log4J Logging. When the handler receives an application log message, in the form of a java.util.logging.LogRecord
object, the handler redirects the message to the WebLogic logging service destinations, such as stdout, server log, domain log, and so on, as appropriate.
The following information contained in the LogRecord
determines how the log message is redirected:
Message severity level
The severity level is automatically converted to one of the standard WebLogic logging service severity levels when the log message redirected.
Logger name
The Server Logging Bridge handler publishes the application message to a logger in the WebLogic Logger tree matching the logger name contained in the LogRecord
If no logger name exists in the LogRecord
, the message is published to the root logger.
Log Level
The Level of the LogRecord
is automatically converted to one of the standard WebLogic logging service severity levels when the log message redirected.
To use the Server Logging Bridge handler, create a logging.properties
file to be passed as an argument in the server's weblogic.Server
startup command. This properties file, which can be placed in any directory, registers the Server Logging Bridge handler in the application's logger tree. For detailed information about configuring Java Logging, see the following Java logging API documentation:
As a best practice, configuring the Logger Severity level in theLogMBean.LoggerSeverityProperties
attribute is recommended because it is dynamic and can be persisted in the domain's config.xml
file. For more information, see Specifying Severity Level for WebLogic Server Subsystem Loggers.Example 2-1 shows an example logging.properties
file for an application that uses the Java Logging API.
Example 2-1 Example logging.properties File Using the ServerLoggingHandler
# Specify the handlers to create in the root logger handlers = weblogic.logging.ServerLoggingHandler # Register handlers for the com.foo.toyshop and its child loggers com.foo.toyshop.handlers = java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler, weblogic.logging.ServerLoggingHandler # Do not send the toyshop log messages to the root handler com.foo.toyshop.useParentHandlers = false # Set the default logging level for the root logger .level = ALL # Set the default logging level for new ConsoleHandler instances java.util.logging.ConsoleHandler.level = INFO # Set the default logging level for new FileHandler instances weblogic.logging.ServerLoggingHandler.level = ALL
The following example shows passing the logging.properties
file in the -Djava.util.logging.config.file
argument to the weblogic.Server
startup command:
java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=C:\mydomain\logging.properties weblogic.Server
When you start WebLogic Server by passing alogging.properties
file as shown in the preceding example, the default Java logging.properties
file located in JAVA_HOME
is overridden. As an alternative to creating a separate logging.properties
file that you explicitly pass to the weblogic.Server
command, you can update the default Java logging.properties
file with properties for using the Server Logging Bridge handler.For applications that use the Log4J Logging API, WebLogic Server exposes the Server Logging Bridge as the appender object, weblogic.logging.log4j.ServerLoggingAppender
. The logging implementation configured for WebLogic Server can be either Java Logging (the default), or Log4J Logging. When the appender receives an application log message, in the form of a org.apache.log4j.spi.LoggingEvent
object, the appender redirects the message to the WebLogic logging service destinations such as stdout, server log, domain log, and so on, as appropriate.
The following information contained in the LoggingEvent
determines how the log message is redirected:
Message severity level
The severity level is automatically converted to one of the standard WebLogic logging service severity levels when the log message redirected.
Logger name
The Server Logging Bridge appender publishes the application message to a logger in the WebLogic Log4J Logger tree matching the logger name contained in the LoggingEvent
If no logger name exists in the LoggingEvent
, the message is published to the root logger.
To use the Server Logging Bridge appender, create a log4j.properties
file to be included in the application classpath. The log4j.properties
file registers the Server Logging Bridge appender in the application's logger tree. For detailed information about configuring Log4j logging, see the following Logging Services documentation published by logging.apache.org
As a best practice, configuring the Logger Severity level in theLogMBean.LoggerSeverityProperties
attribute is recommended because it is dynamic and can be persisted in the domain's config.xml
file. For more information, see Specifying Severity Level for WebLogic Server Subsystem Loggers.Example 2-2 shows an example log4j.properties
file for an application that uses Log4J Logging.
Example 2-2 Example log4j.properties File Using the ServerLoggingAppender
log4j.rootLogger=debug, stdout, server # ***** stdout is set to be a ConsoleAppender. log4j.appender.stdout=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender log4j.appender.stdout.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout log4j.appender.stdout.layout.ConversionPattern=%5p [%t] (%F:%L) - %m%n log4j.appender.server=weblogic.logging.log4j.ServerLoggingAppender
By default, log messages originating from loggers with the com.oracle.wls
namespace that are redirected by the Server Logging Bridge are not propagated to the application's root logger. However, you can propagate messages to the application's root logger by enabling the LogMBean.ServerLoggingBridgeUseParentLoggersEnabled
For more information, see the description of Server Logging Bridge Uses Parent Loggers in "Servers: Logging: General" in Oracle WebLogic Server Administration Console Help.
If you are using Log4j for application logging, the log4j.properties
file can use the generic overrides feature in WebLogic Server to have this file inserted into your existing deployment plan directory structure. The generic overrides feature provides a convenient means to insert, or make changes to, specific resources types used by an application and to continue using the existing ClassLoader and resource loading rules and behaviors for the application, without having to revise the application JAR files.
For more information, see "Generic File Loading Overrides" in Deploying Applications to Oracle WebLogic Server.