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The Problem of Hate Crimes
This guide begins by describing the problem of hate crimes and reviewing factors that increase its risks. It then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local hate crimes problem. It reviews responses to the problem and what is known about these from evaluative research and police practice. Specifically, it describes what you can do to reduce underlying tension in the community that contributes to hate crimes. This guide also outlines what the police can do to address any special fear and trauma experienced by the individual victim and the racial, ethnic, religious, or sexual orientation community to which the victim belongs. Finally, it reviews the police role in monitoring hate groups that have members and conduct activities in your community.
What This Guide Does and Does Not Cover
Hate crime is a broad area because there is an array of substantive crimes that sometimes are committed because of a hate motivation. Hate crime is but one aspect of the larger set of problems related to these types of crimes. This guide is limited to addressing community tension that may generate hate crimes and the particular harms created by hate crimes to the individual victim and the community to which they belong. Related problems not directly addressed in this guide, each of which will require separate analysis, include many common crime types that are often motivated by hate, such as the following:
- Aggressive driving
- Assaults in and around bars
- Bullying in schools
- Cemetery vandalism
- Drive-by shootings
- Graffiti
- Homeless encampments
- School vandalism
- Stalking
- Street robbery
Many of these related problems are covered in other guides in this series, all of which are listed at the end of this guide. For the most up-to-date listing of current and future guides, see www.popcenter.org.
Some hate-related activity, such as hate-group meetings, rallies, and leafleting, encompasses constitutionally protected legal behaviors. The hate-crime problem at times is thus also related to policing political protests (such as a legal hate-group rally or a community protest against hate crimes).
General Description of the Problem
Hate crimes—also called bias crimes—are offenses where "the offender intentionally selects the victim because of the victim's actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation."1 For instance, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Hate Crime Statistics Program "collects data regarding criminal offenses that are motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias against a race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity/national origin, or disability and are committed against persons, property, or society."2 The act is considered a hate crime, in other words, if the offender is motivated in whole or in part by bias or hate and selects the victim because the victim had one of the above listed characteristics.3 If the perpetrator commits the crime for a variety of motives, such as both greed and hate of the victim's characteristic, the offense is still considered a hate crime.4
A hate crime is a traditional offense like murder or vandalism with the added element of bias.5 Most states have passed hate-crime statutes that allow the penalty for certain substantive crimes to be increased if it is proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the offender was motivated by hate. These statutes vary, however, in which groups are protected by the statute, whether they mandate the compiling of hate-crime statistics, and in other aspects.6 The first federal statute, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, focusing on gathering information about the number and types of hate crimes, was passed in 1990. This statute directed the U.S. Attorney General to gather data every year about hate crimes through the UCR.7 The collection of hate-crime data was continued and extended beyond race, religion, ethnicity, and sexual orientation to include bias against disability in the passage of the 1994 Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act. The UCR's data collection of hate crimes was made permanent with the passage of the Church Arson Prevention Act passed in 1996. Rape is usually not considered a hate crime, however, although certain feminist organizations would argue that it should be. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), run by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, began including questions about hate crimes in 2000. National-level statistics about the prevalence, nature, and scope of hate crimes are thus available from both the UCR and NCVS.
According to the NCVS, in recent years the annual number of hate crimes has declined.8 Nonetheless, between 2003 and 2009 an annual average of 195,000 hate-crime victimizations occurred against victims aged 12 years and older in the United States. Almost 90 percent of these hate crimes were thought to be motivated by racial or ethnic bias or both. Victims in 15 percent of hate crimes thought it was motivated by sexual orientation, in 12 percent of crimes they thought it was motivated by religious bias, and in 10 percent of crimes they suspected the motivation was against their disability.* The most common hate crime was simple assault (64 percent), followed by aggravated assault (16 percent).
* These percentages come to more than 100% because victims may have reported more than one type of bias motivating the hate crime.
Hate crimes are more likely to be violent compared to non-hate crimes. Over 85 percent of hate crimes involved violence and almost one-quarter were serious violent crimes (i.e., rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault). Only 13 percent of hate-crime victimizations involved property crimes. These figures are markedly different from non-hate crimes. According to the NCVS, only 23 percent of non-hate crimes are violent crimes, with close to 8 percent classified as serious violent crimes, and 76 percent are property crimes. These figures raise the possibility that victims may be underreporting property-related hate crimes. It is possible victims do not recognize that crimes committed against their property were also a hate crime. For example, if perpetrators vandalize a victim's property out of bias but do not leave any hate symbols at the crime scene, the victim may never realize it was a hate crime.
It is important to disaggregate hate crimes since the types of crimes committed against various minority groups differ, and how each group responds to their victimization varies. For example, anti-religious hate crimes are more likely than other types to involve property damage and vandalism. Different types of hate crimes will also vary across different locations and in their trends over time.
Significantly, 54 percent of hate-crime victims did not report their victimizations to the police.9 Many factors affect whether a victim reports a hate crime, including whether the victim was aware a crime occurred, whether the victim thought the crime was serious enough to report, whether the victim thought the police could respond to the crime, and the victim's relationship to the perpetrator.10 Victims of disability hate were the least likely to report their victimization to the police.
The NCVS estimates that an average of 169,000 violent hate-crime victimizations occur each year. The UCR's hate-crime numbers are lower and indicate that an average of 2,900 hate-crime victims are known to the police each year. If one takes into account NCVS's 54 percent of non-reporting victims and adds in that "12 percent of (NCVS) victims stated a complaint was signed, and [only] 7 percent received confirmation from police investigators that the crime was a hate crime…[then] the UCR estimate is no longer statistically different from the NCVS estimate due the relatively large standard error associated with the NCVS estimate."11
Similar to the NCVS, the UCR's numbers show a decline in the number of hate-crime victimizations known to the police from 2003 to 2009. While the FBI's National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) also seeks to capture information about hate-crime incidents, fewer police agencies participate in it compared to the UCR. The UCR's numbers are more frequently cited than NIBRS, and this is why only the UCR's findings are referenced here. Finally, the well-known measurement weaknesses of both the UCR and the NCVS, which are heightened in the hate-crime context, must be kept in mind. Again, hate-crime victims may not report their victimization because of shame, fear, distrust of police, and other reasons. In addition, not all police departments participate in the UCR, though around 95 percent of the population does reside in participating jurisdictions. Departments that do participate may not collect hate-crime statistics or may choose not to report them to the UCR. Importantly, police departments may not have received the same amount and types of training on the identification of hate crimes, which makes it difficult to make cross jurisdictional comparisons. (Some jurisdictions may under-report and other jurisdictions may over-report.) The UCR also only collects data on a limited number of motivational types of crime, and a limited number of hate-crime offenses. Similarly, victims in the NCVS sample may decide not to report their hate-crime victimizations to the NCVS for many of the same reasons.
Hate Groups
Although hate crimes are usually not committed by hate groups, white supremacists, or other types of political extremists, some are. Some jurisdictions with a larger number of hate-group activities also report high numbers of hate crimes. Supporters of organized hate groups have committed high-profile fatal attacks such as the August 2012 shooting at the Sikh Temple in Wisconsin that killed six, and the 1999 Fourth of July shooting spree in Indiana that killed two and wounded nine. The FBI and other data-collection efforts focused on terrorist acts, however, often exclude hate-motivated acts from their universe. These collection efforts argue that terrorist acts are committed to further a political or social goal, while most hate crimes lack these motives. Some disagree because a few hate crimes are ideologically motivated offenses committed by white supremacists or other extremists while other hate crimes are committed to further a social goal (for example "defending one's neighborhood").12 The UCR and the NCVS do not note if the perpetrators of hate crimes are extremist or if the act was committed, or inspired, by a hate group.13 Since it is important, as demonstrated below, to differentiate between hate crimes committed by ideological white supremacists, other political extremists and non-extremist perpetrators, police and scholars must turn to other sources.
The U.S. Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) tracks ideologically motivated homicides committed by far-rightists and other extremists. It is possible to extract anti-minority homicides from the ECDB (i.e., hate-crime homicides committed by white supremacists and other extremists) and compare them to non-hate group/extremist hate homicides from the UCR.14 Finally, private watch-groups like the Anti-Defamation League, Southern Poverty Law Center, the Anti-Violence Project (formerly the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF)), and others track specific types of hate crimes, determined by their interest (i.e., anti-gay, anti-disability, anti-Jewish, anti-Black, etc.). Some of these sources also document if the hate crime was committed by supporters of a hate group or by white supremacists.
Interestingly, although watch-groups usually identify more hate crimes than the police, the two sources sometimes agree where such crimes occur. Thus, either source could be used to study differences in the distribution of hate crimes across locations and would provide the same results if used to identify where hate crimes are most and least likely to occur.15
Harms Caused by Hate Crimes
Hate crimes are thought to be different from other crimes and worthy of extra attention for a series of reasons. Violent hate crimes have been found to be more brutal than similar non-hate crimes.16 There is a tendency, in other words, for hate-crime offenders to use extreme violence and go beyond what is required to simply subdue the victim. Similarly, almost 25 percent of hate crimes are serious violent crimes (i.e., rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault), compared to only 8 percent of non-hate crimes that are classified in this way.17
Hate crimes often cause the direct victim of the attack to suffer from psychological stress such as depression, anxiety and feelings of heightened vulnerability, lack of concentration, and unintentional rethinking about an incident. Comparisons between hate-crime and non-hate crime victims find that hate-crime victims are significantly more likely to be fearful, expect to be targeted for additional victimizations, and are less comfortable visiting the area where they were victimized. Hate-crime victims are also more likely to have employment problems, suffer from health issues, and have difficulties overcoming the victimization.18 Some hate-crime victims are more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder compared to other types of victims. Indeed, the U.S. Supreme Court has accepted the claim that hate crimes cause 'distinct emotional harm' to victims. Hate crimes may increase fear in the victim's family and their community and also lead them to experience the negative consequences outlined above. It is apparent that hate crimes can impact the spatial mobility of members of the targeted communities. That is, individuals restrict their everyday movements to only those environments where they feel safe. These reactions could undermine community cohesiveness and strain ties between the police and the community. Further, hate crimes could lead to retaliatory strikes from the victim's community against members of the attackers' community and thereby create a feud-like situation. Such an occurrence would further undermine public safety and community stability.19
Police actions that seem to minimize the hate crime and/or dismiss the victim's concerns could have negative consequences. Some victims may feel re-victimized by the official response to their initial victimization. Further, the victim's wider community may perceive these actions as reflecting the police department's policies, and conclude that the police ignore their community's concerns. Thus, police-community relations could be further undermined.20
Factors Contributing to Hate Crimes, Community Tension, and Fear
Understanding the factors that contribute to your problem will help you frame your own local analysis questions, determine good effectiveness measures, recognize key intervention points, and select appropriate responses. Factors that increase tension in the community that contribute to hate crimes are reviewed. Next, there is a discussion of factors that contribute to the emergence of hate groups and their increased activities in the area. A review of what is known about hate-crime offenders and discussion of the characteristics and special needs of hate-crime victims rounds out this section.
Demographic change, social disorganization, and legal hate-group activity have been found to be associated with greater levels of hate crimes. Social disorganization is the "inability of a community…to realize the common values of its residents and maintain effective social controls."21 It is important to be aware of the sometimes subtly different types of hate crimes. Violent hate crimes against racial minorities are more common in neighborhoods that are undergoing demographic change. These areas have long been inhabited by majority members but are experiencing an immigration of racial minority-group members. Majority members may feel threatened personally and conclude that their way of life is being undermined by the minority influx. Some commit hate crimes to defend the neighborhood. The larger community and its political elites at times endorse a cultural framework that understands and may even support the commission of hate crimes.22 Violent hate crimes, like "regular" crimes, also occur in socially disorganized areas. Even in neighborhoods that are not socially disorganized, increasing the numbers of minority members in majority areas is still associated with more hate offenses.23 Importantly though, there is not much evidence to support the idea that hate crimes are caused by or increase due to poor economic conditions.24
There are some important differences between anti-black and anti-white hate crimes.25 Anti-black hate crime usually occurs in relatively organized communities with high levels of informal social control. In contrast, anti-white hate crimes are more likely to occur in disorganized locations where residential turnover is more common. Meanwhile, anti-gay hate crimes are more likely to occur in areas where gays are more numerous.26 Again, context is important. It has been argued that local hate crimes against Jews are linked to a rise in tension or a specific event in the Israel-Palestine conflict or other tensions occurring in the Middle East.27 Similarly, some find a correlation between the demonization of Muslims in the media and the victimization of local Muslims by hate crimes.28
Hate crimes are also more common in areas that have recently experienced hate-group activity. For example, more hate crimes occurred in North Carolina counties that had recently had a cross burning.29 It is possible these cross-burnings drew attention to the goals of the movement and encouraged individuals to act. The climate in these areas may also be more accepting of hate crimes. Hate groups may create an environment, in other words, that justifies the commission of hate crimes.
Similarly, hate groups may focus on areas that are undergoing demographic change to take advantage of the increased tension and use it as an opportunity to mobilize. These groups may recruit members, while also encouraging individuals to commit hate crimes in the area.30 Some racist Skinhead and other types of hate groups seek to recruit and indoctrinate disaffected or alienated white youth who feel excluded from their peers.31
College towns and neighborhoods could also pose a special risk for hate crimes. In some primarily white American cities and towns the only racial and ethnic minority members residing in these cities may be minority students that came to the city to attend college. These minority-group members thus usually constitute only a small part of the overall community population. Moreover, where this is true, it often means that these minority students lack the normal family/adult support from members of their race or ethnicity. Even if these students are welcomed within the college community, they might not be in the outside community.
Older and larger hate groups are more likely to be violent. Similarly, groups led by charismatic leaders, and groups that advocate for leaderless resistance tactics are also more likely to be violent. Interestingly, groups that publish ideological literature are less likely to be violent.32
Most hate-crime offenders are male and white. Approximately 60 percent of violent hate crimes are committed by white males. Hate-crime offenders are usually juveniles or young people. In fact, nearly half of all hate-crime offenders are under the age of 20, although hate-crime offenders who commit violence tend to be older than those committing property crimes.
There are several hate-crime offender typologies.33 Blending several typologies yields five major categories: thrill-seeking, reactive/defensive, retaliatory, mission, and bias peripheral/mixed.
Thrill-seekingThrill-seeking is the most common offender motivation. Thrill-seeking refers to hate crimes that are committed for fun: in many cases, any vulnerable minority might be targeted. Scholars have documented thrill-seeking offenders committing attacks against racial (e.g., African Americans, Asian Americans, white Americans), religious (e.g., Amish, Jewish), ethnic (e.g., Latino), and other (e.g., gay) groups. These offenses are often committed by groups of juveniles, with no criminal records, who use non-gun weapons. Sometimes alcohol and substance abuse is involved, and these crimes tend to occur in public locations like parks and streets.
Reactive/defensive refers to hate offenses that are committed to defend inferred incursions against one's area or way of life. These crimes are consistent with the defended neighborhood thesis discussed above that explains why hate crimes are more common in areas that are experiencing increases in minority populations. These crimes also usually occur in groups. The offenders specifically seek out victims from the minority group they view as encroaching upon their neighborhood. Often the perpetrators are emboldened to act because they believe the larger community shares their dislike of the minority group and would support or accept their crimes against them. Again, hate groups at times target these areas to take advantage of the situation by recruiting disaffected white males in the area and encouraging the commission of hate crimes.34
Retaliatory offenses occur when the offenders perceive that they or their group were previously the victims of a hate crime. These offenders subsequently commit a hate crime as revenge against members of the group seen as perpetrating the initial hate crime. This category illustrates the dangers hate crimes could play in creating tensions that undermine communities because retaliatory crimes negatively affect public safety and community cohesion.
Mission offenses encompass perpetrators subscribing to a belief system that views members of the minority group they target as evil. These offenders usually act alone, and unlike thrill-seekers, appear to deliberately choose their victims. Mission perpetrators are more likely than the other categories to be members of specific hate groups or supporters of the movement's ideology. Mission offenders are also more likely to commit deadly attacks, to be suffering from a mental illness, and to commit suicide or be killed during or after their attack.
Bias peripheral/mixed hate crimes are those committed for mixed reasons, with hate appearing to be peripheral. In other words, these are events where two parties argued (e.g., about a parking spot or property rights) and in the course of that dispute one party attacks the other while referencing their race, religion, or other status. Like mission offenders, these perpetrators are more likely to act alone. These types of crimes are particularly difficult for the police to classify. Police may also struggle with how to most effectively respond to them.35
A few scholars have interviewed hate-crime offenders, focusing on those associated with racist hate groups. These studies have found that many offenders feared interracial marriage and increased minority immigration.36 As noted, anti-religious hate crimes are more likely to involve property crimes while anti-race hate crimes are more likely to involve personal contact crimes. Although most hate-crime offenders are young and have no criminal record, it has been found that the criminal histories of hate-crime offenders differed based upon the groups they targeted. Offenders attacking racial minorities were found to have more extensive and violent criminal histories, while perpetrators targeting religious groups had fewer prior offenses and less serious criminal histories. Offenders striking against gays had prior histories of violence, but these were not hate-crime related. These crimes often involve multiple offenders. The offenders are more likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol and more likely to seriously injure the victim when compared to offenders who commit other types of assaults.37
According to the NCVS, race (58 percent) is the most likely motivation of hate crime, with African Americans the most targeted. The next most frequent motivation is ethnicity (30 percent). Other motivations include sexual orientation (15 percent), religion (12 percent), and disability (10 percent). Interestingly, crimes motivated by religious bias are more likely to be property rather than personal crimes. 38 Similarly, the UCR's hate-crime data indicates that more than half of victims known to police thought it was motivated by race.
Compared to non-hate crimes, hate offenses are more likely to occur near the victim's home.Some have also noted the importance of opportunities. Perpetrators have been found to select victims that stood out (due to visual identifiers such as unique dress or clearly identified institutions that are associated with Orthodox Islam, Orthodox Judaism, or the Amish religion), and were thought to be more vulnerable because they would not fight back or report the crime.39 Compared to regular crimes, hate offenses are more likely to involve strangers (as opposed to a family member or acquaintance), multiple offenders and victims, and occur in public places.
Finally, police departments vary in whether they offer training in recognizing and responding to hate crimes. Departments that do offer training may differ in the type of training provided, and if hate crime policing is prioritized. Police departments and officers differ in their ability to recognize a hate crime. Agencies also vary in how much importance they attach to correctly recording hate crimes, and how they treat offenders and victims of hate crimes. This in turn influences whether hate-crime victims will report the offense to the police.
Specific local, national, or international events may result in a temporary spike in the number of hate crimes in your jurisdiction. Perhaps the most prominent example of this is the spike in anti-Muslim attacks that followed the September 11 terrorist attacks. It is important to be aware of such events, especially those that are covered extensively in the media. Similarly, "Mission" hate-crime offenders sometimes choose to commit their attacks on certain "special dates" for the movement, such as Hitler's birthday. You should be aware of these dates' significance and heighten scrutiny at these times.
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Order o the Breetish Empire
(Reguidit frae Officer o the Order o the Breetish Empire)
The "Scots" that wis uised in this airticle wis written bi a body that haesna a guid grip on the leid. Please mak this airticle mair better gin ye can. |
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order o chivalry established on 4 Juin 1917 bi King George V.[1][2]
eedit- ↑ "No. 30250". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 24 August 1917. Original Order of the British Empire Statutes dated 24 Aug. 1917
- ↑ The Monarchy Today > Queen and public > Honours > Order of the British Empire royal.gov.uk: The Official Website of the British Monarchy, Accessed 24 August 2009
This Unitit Kinrick-relatit airticle is a stub. Ye can help Wikipaedia bi expandin it. |


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FlyAnglers OnLine
The fraternity of fly fishers
Since 1997
Have a cabin in Island ParkLive off and on in Idaho Falls Main stay is in Yosemite in California -We are always in Idaho May thru October
Hi. I saw your older posting in the wanted section, looking for Hardy Perfection rods. There is a consignment shop near my house that has a Hardy rod. I am not sure if it is a Perfection or not, but I would be willing to go look at it for you. I think the asking price was $150. Sorry, I don't have more details, but if you are interested, let me know and I can swing by there early next week and let you know. I can certainly buy it for you, ship to you, that's not a problem. I would just need to be reimbursed for full purchase price (tax, etc) any paypal fees if you pay that way, and shipping costs. I realize I am a new member on this forum, but I buy/sell on ebay under the same name: hazetguy and I sell a lot of parts on a VW website called thesamba.com (same user name there) Anyway, let me know, I'll be happy to check it out for you. Jon p.s. your PM box is full.
Thanks i lowered the price
Hi Byron, I enjoy your submissions/photos. I just noticed something in your Whitlock RFSN photo that made me laugh. My wife and I lived in Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) from 2002-2010 before we returned to Montana last year. I did not take my fly tying stuff and I missed it during those 8 years. But.......my vice is now one of the few metallic items I own that is not oxidized. It looks like the jaws of your vice are are showing the effects of the humidity! Please keep up the submissions, John


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Recipe source: My Kitchen Snippets
5 cups strawberries – halves or quarters
1 cup sugar
2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice
1. Combined strawberries and sugar in a heavy medium saucepan and bring it to a simmer over medium heat.
2. Stir frequently and remove the bubbles on the top. Simmer for over an hour or until thick, stirring occasionally.
3. Remove from heat and stir in the lemon juice. Cool at room temperature before storing it in jars. Refrigerate it.
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Beto (Diego Luna) and Tato (Gael García Bernal) Verdusco are brothers who work at a banana plantation and also play soccer for the village team. Nicknamed "Tough" because of his personality and football style, Beto dreams of becoming a professional soccer player; Tato's dream is to be a famous singer, and both share the dream of building a house for their mother, Elvira (Dolores Heredia). They have a change in luck when "Batuta", a soccer talent scout, discovers them accidentally. Tato is the first to move to the big city where he becomes the star goal scorer for the prestigious Deportivo Amaranto (Amaranto Club). His baroque playing style earns him the nickname of "Corny". Although Beto feels he has been betrayed and left behind, he soon travels to Mexico City to become the goalkeeper for Atlético Nopaleros (Nopaleros Team). At the peak of glory, they forget all animosity, although it does not last long. At the very real possibility of fulfilling all of their dreams, the siblings must face an innate rivalry as well as their own demons and limitations. Beto is a gambler and allows his addiction to drag him down; Tato is unable to recognize his true talents and squanders every opportunity by pursuing a false idea of celebrity and status. The dream seems to slip through their fingers. And it is at their worst moment that the brothers find forgiveness trying to help each other while casting headlong towards their individual destiny. (Source)
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Coverage started 2009 March 5
Updated 2012 June 22
In the report issued on 2009 February 10 at 1502 UTC, SOCRATES predicted a close approach of 584 m between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251. This was not the top predicted close approach for that report or even the top predicted close approach for any of the Iridium satellites for the coming week. But, at the time of predicted close approach (1656 UTC), Iridium 33 suddenly went silent. The US Space Surveillance Network (SSN) subsequently reported that they were tracking debris clouds in both the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 orbits, confirming a collision. This is the first time two satellites are known to have collided on orbit. While Cosmos 2251, a Russian communications satellite, is thought to have ceased operations about two years after it was launched in 1993, Iridium 33 was part of the operational Iridium constellation of 66 satellites at the time of the collision. As of 2012 June 22, the SSN has cataloged 598 pieces of debris (93 pieces of which have already decayed from orbit) associated with Iridium 33 and 1,603 pieces of debris (222 pieces of which have decayed) associated with Cosmos 2251. The materials below are provided to give a sense of the current relationship between the Iridium constellation and the resulting debris clouds.Figure 1 shows the current Iridium constellation with the orbits for the operational satellites shown in green, the spares shown in blue, and the inactive satellites shown in red. The Iridium 33 debris is shown in light blue and the Cosmos 2251 debris is shown in orange. An STK Viewer 9 file (see bottom of this page for more information on STK Viewer 9) of the event is also available. Figure 1. Screen shot from STK Viewer 9 file of current Iridium constellation and collision debris clouds Download Current Iridium Constellation ScenarioGabbard plots of the two debris clouds show the relative distribution of the debris in altitude and suggest that more of the Iridium 33 debris went to slightly higher orbits while much of the Cosmos 2251 debris went to lower orbits, with some of it already reentering the Earth's atmosphere. Figure 2. Gabbard Plot of Iridium 33 Debris Cloud [as of 2010 Apr 28] Figure 3. Gabbard Plot of Cosmos 2251 Debris Cloud [as of 2010 Apr 28] Together with a 3D interactive plot of the relative velocities at the time of the collision (below), these Gabbard plots should help develop a better understanding of the actual collision geometry. Tracking a Collision There has been much discussion about why this collision wasn't reported in SOCRATES or why Iridium didn't act on the information provided in SOCRATES. In reality, SOCRATES did predict a close approach between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 at the time of the actual collision in each of the 14 reports in the week leading up to the event. None of these, however, made the Top Ten list. It is instructive to see just what SOCRATES reported to help understand the limitations of the data used by that system and what needs to be done to improve these types of screenings. Starting with the report on February 4 at 0401 UTC and continuing right up to the report issued on February 10 at 1502 UTC, SOCRATES did predict a close approach between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 at between 16:55:59.670 and 16:55:59.990 UTC. As can be seen in Figure 4, the predicted close approaches ranged from 117 m to 1.812 km over that interval. Figure 4 shows the predicted minimum range for the closest conjunction in each report, the closest Iridium conjunction, the closest Iridium 33 conjunction, and the conjunction with Cosmos 2251. The variability of the predictions over the week before the collision speaks to the inherent uncertainty in the TLE data used to make the predictions. While Report Number 5 (February 6 at 0402 UTC) did predict a close approach of 117 m, the predicted close approach grew to 1.243 km the very next day. Figure 4. SOCRATES Min Range In fact, as can be seen in Figure 4, the Cosmos 2251 conjunction is not even the closest predicted conjunction for Iridium 33 in most of the reports, much less for the entire Iridium constellation. Looking at the relative rankings of these conjunctions can help understand the limitations in using conjunction reports based on data as inaccurate as the TLEs. Figures 5 and 6 show the rankings in each SOCRATES report for the Iridium 33-Cosmos 2251 conjunction in the total report, against all Iridium conjunctions, and for all Iridium 33 conjunctions. Over the 14 reports, the overall ranking ranges from a low of 1,611 in Report Number 3 to a high of 11—again just the very next day. At the time of the collision, it was ranked 152 overall. Looking at the rankings against all Iridium conjunctions gives a sense of the magnitude of the problem for Iridium—or any satellite operator—in trying to screen with TLEs. The Iridium 33-Cosmos 2251 conjunction ranges from a low ranking of 149 in Report Number 3 to a high ranking of 2 in Report Number 5, with an average ranking of 64. Over this interval, Iridium 33 saw between 10 to 15 times each week when something was predicted to come within 5 km of it—out of the 1,007 to 1,095 such predicted conjunctions for the entire Iridium constellation. Determining that the predicted conjunction for Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 was more significant than the many dozens of other Iridium conjunctions for that week is simply not possible using the TLE data. Figure 5. SOCRATES Rank (All) Figure 6. SOCRATES Rank (Top 200) So, does that mean it isn't possible to provide meaningful conjunction screening for satellites operators? No. SOCRATES was actually established to demonstrate several key points:
Anatomy of a Collision The following figures illustrate the geometry of the collision of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251. Figure 7 shows the orbital geometry just at the time of the collision (based on the predicted time of closest approach in the last SOCRATES report) at 16:55:59.806 UTC. In this figure, Iridium 33 is moving from the bottom to the top of the image, while Cosmos 2251 is moving from the upper left to the lower right. It can be seen that the objects collided at nearly right angles over northern Russia. Figure 7. View of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 orbits at time of collision Figure 8 shows the initial evolution of the debris cloud just 10 minutes later. This figure uses the first TLEs released by Air Force Space Command as each debris piece was added to the public catalog. Since not all of the debris lines up well at the time of the collision due to limitations of the data (e.g., some of the pieces were just cataloged and are being propagated backward several months), the data was filtered to only show those objects within 100 km of the original parent objects at the time of the collision. That left 209 of the 419 pieces of Iridium 33 debris and 555 of the 998 pieces of Cosmos 2251 debris (764 of the total 1,417 pieces of debris). Figure 8. View of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 orbits and debris 10 minutes post-collision Figure 9 shows the evolution of the debris clouds 180 minutes post-collision, almost two revolutions later. The spread of each debris cloud around its respective orbit is already becoming apparent. Figure 9. View of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 orbits and debris 180 minutes post-collision Of course, the best way to see the evolution of these debris clouds is to view the interactive STK Viewer file of the event, which is provided below. Download Iridium 33/Cosmos 2251 Collision ScenarioIn an attempt to develop a better understanding of the actual collision geometry for this event, a 3D plot was generated of the relative velocities of each piece of debris with respect to its parent object using System Tool Kit (STK). Figure 10 provides a static view of the result. Examination of the interactive 3D scenario (provided below Figure 10) shows large out-of-plane relative velocity components, the apparent result of coupling of the two masses, despite the hypervelocity nature of the collision. There are also a large number of pieces of Cosmos 2251 debris with significant radial (downward) relative velocities, although it is not apparent why this situation would be the case. It is hoped that the availability of this data set will help researchers with expertise in hypervelocity impacts develop a more complete description of the collision geometry for this event. Figure 10. 3D Plot of Debris Relative Velocities Download Iridium 33/Cosmos 2251 Debris Relative Velocities ScenarioVideo captured by Kevin Fetter on 2009 March 12 provides additional insight into the collision geometry for this event. His video shows the main piece still associated with Iridium 33 in the SATCAT (NORAD Catalog Number 24946) followed by the inactive Iridium 28 satellite. The double flashes from Iridium 33 suggest that at least two of the MMAs (Main Mission Antennas, seen at the bottom of the satellite in Figure 11) on that object survived the collision relatively intact. Figure 11. View of Iridium satellite showing MMAs (bottom) The video was taken from Brockville, Ontario, Canada (44.6062 N, 75.6910 W) looking at 8h 45m RA, +04° 56' Dec between 00:54:03 and 00:54:26 UTC. The screen shot seen in Figure 12 verifies the basic conditions of this observation, including that the necessary visibility conditions were satisfied. Figure 12. Snapshot of Kevin Fetter's observation conditions as seen in video Impact on the Space Environment Loss of the Iridium 33 satellite and its near-term impact on users of the Iridium constellation, while significant, only hints at the long-term implications of this event. A search of SOCRATES on 2009 August 5 shows 154 conjunctions (within 5 km) between the 66 operational and 8 spare Iridium satellites and Iridium 33 debris and another 33 conjunctions between the 30 operational and 6 spare Orbcomm satellites and Iridium 33 debris, over the upcoming 7-day period. Looking at Cosmos 2251 debris, there are a further 334 conjunctions with Iridium satellites and 108 with Orbcomm satellites. And there are many other satellites which operate in this orbital regime seeing similar increases in the number of conjunctions, as well. Unfortunately, the problem will not be getting better any time soon. Figures 13 and 14 show the distribution of the debris clouds for Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251, respectively. Each dot represents the apogee and perigee height of each object listed in the public catalog on 2009 August 5. Objects just below the 800-km apogee line (horizontal) represent objects which were knocked into lower orbits as a result of the collision, while those just to the left of the 800-km perigee line (vertical) represent objects which were knocked into higher orbits. As we saw with the Gabbard plots, more of the Iridium 33 debris was knocked into higher orbits while more of the Cosmos 2251 debris was knocked into lower orbits. Figure 13. Apogee-Perigee Lifetime Plot of Iridium 33 Debris (average size) Figure 14. Apogee-Perigee Lifetime Plot of Cosmos 2251 Debris (average size) Overlaid onto the plots of orbital distributions are contours of the expected orbital lifetime values (in years) for objects with the same average physical characteristics. Objects to the left of the first contour should decay within 1 year of 2009 August 5 while those to the right of the last contour are predicted to be in orbit 100 years from now. For the Iridium 33 debris, over half of it is beyond the 100-year contour. For the Cosmos 2251 debris, several dozen pieces (beyond those which have already decayed) should reenter in the next couple of years, but significant numbers will likely remain in orbit 25–50 years from now. These contours are based on the average characteristics of the objects cataloged to date. To determine those characteristics, the overall dry mass and volume of each original object, Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 (as shown in Table 1), was used to compute the average mass and volume of the resulting debris. Table 1. Pre-Collision Satellite Characteristics
Interestingly enough, the average volume yields an almost identical size of 12.33 cm radius for the Cosmos 2251 debris and 12.45 cm radius for the Iridium 33 debris (likely a result of the limiting sensitivity of the radar sensors in the US Space Surveillance Network). The average masses are also close, with the average being 1.327 kg for Iridium 33 debris and 0.902 kg for Cosmos 2251 debris (consistent with the original average densities of the two spacecraft). The orbital lifetime contours were generated using the Lifetime Tool in System Tool Kit (STK). The average area-to-mass ratios resulting from the data in Table 1 (assuming the objects to be spherical) were used together with a grid of orbits, each of which were initialized for the selected apogee and perigee (using the appropriate inclination from Table 1), and assuming the argument of perigee, right ascension of the ascending node, and mean anomaly were all zero (sensitivity analysis of these assumptions showed measurable differences but did not significantly affect the overall results). A coefficient of drag of 2.2 was assumed for all calculations. As was done in our analysis of the Chinese ASAT test debris, the Jacchia-Roberts atmospheric model was used (again after performing sensitivity analysis on the results) and the latest Schatten predictions from March 2009 through May 2039 were used to estimate future space weather conditions. Orbital lifetime predictions were evaluated looking forward 150 years (which means the Schatten predictions were repeated as needed to span this interval). For objects smaller than the average value, the orbital lifetime contours shift to the right, and for objects larger than the average value, the contours shift to the left. Figures 15 and 16 show the results assuming debris of the same average density as the original satellite but now using a radius of 5 cm (the approximate limit of the US Space Surveillance Network radar sensors). This is the equivalent of increasing the ballistic coefficient (CDA/m) by a factor of 2.56 (the area-to-mass ratio varies as the inverse of the spherical radius for a constant density), so it could also account for variability in the estimates of the coefficient of drag or density. Figures 15 and 16 likely represent a best case for the decay of the cataloged debris from this collision. Figure 15. Apogee-Perigee Lifetime Plot of Iridium 33 Debris (5-cm radius) Figure 16. Apogee-Perigee Lifetime Plot of Cosmos 2251 Debris (5-cm radius) Conclusions The collision of Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 is a prime example of the consequences of not being good stewards of the near-Earth space environment. Not only was an operational communications satellite lost, but thousands of pieces of debris larger than 1 cm were produced, putting many other communications and earth resources satellites in similar orbits at increased risk for many decades to come. Space-faring nations must be more proactive toward reducing the amount of material launched into or left in Earth orbit. All satellites will eventually fail and satellite operators simply cannot expect natural forces to remove them in a timely fashion. The international community must continue to work toward establishing and adopting standards for mitigating the generation of space debris. Until such time as someone can come up with a cost-effective way to actively remove space debris from orbit, the international community must also work more closely together to share orbital information to improve overall space situational awareness, with the goal of mitigating the risk of collision to other operational satellites. While the SOCRATES-GEO and new SOCRATES-LEO services—offered by the Center for Space Standards & Innovation (CSSI) through the GEO and LEO Data Centers—are already supporting 17 satellite operators by screening over 250 active satellites, progress in this area has been far too slow. The ultimate success of these risk mitigation services depends on the fullest participation of all satellite operators—together with existing space surveillance systems—to provide the best space situational awareness picture possible. After all, why wouldn't we want to share the best orbital information available if we thought it would have helped avert this collision and its consequences? Without this type of cooperation, our chances of avoiding a repeat of this event are limited. And, until then, we will have no idea of whether simply sharing data would have made it obvious that this event was exceptional or if some more ambitious cooperative undertaking is necessary. Note: Larger versions of all the images provided on this page are available by clicking the images. The interactive STK Viewer files of these scenes are also provided to give you a far better sense of the overall environment by allowing you to zoom in and out and move around the Earth while watching all the satellites moving in their orbits. Note: STK Viewer is a free product which allows anyone with a Windows computer to view an STK (System Tool Kit) scenario. With it, you can animate a scenario forward or backward, pause the animation, and zoom or pan the view for a more complete understanding of the event. Just like with Adobe Acrobat, where the authoring software requires a license but the Adobe Reader is free, STK can produce STK Viewer files—also known as VDFs—which can then be viewed by anyone with the STK Viewer software. You can find the free STK Viewer 9 on CelesTrak here. |


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Oak Brook Coronavirus Signage
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When your hospital is facing a healthcare emergency situation like Covid-19, it is crucial that both new patients and hospital employees understand where to go and the shortest or safest path to get there. Functional navigational support, essential details, and safety warnings should be evident before a patient comes in the medical center. The ability to reduce contact is the reason hospital signs and graphics and well-placed directional signs are extremely important. Efficient signage allows more efficient facility navigation, function as an important reminder to embrace healthier hygiene procedures, and decrease the danger of spreading disease by limiting in-person contact.
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Formulated with all natural ingredients, this nourishing beard oil contains Apricot Kernel Oil for beard conditioning while Jojoba Oil and Vitamin E soothe and revitalize the beard and skin underneath.
Ingredients include:
Apricot Kernel Oil: A very mild natural oil. Cold pressed and refined from the dried kernels of the apricot fruit, this oil is known for its ability to penetrate the skin without leaving an oily feel. Rich in essential fatty acids (oleic, linoleic), this oil is also high in Vitamin A and C. Its excellent softening and moisturizing properties are great for both face and hair.
Jojoba Oil: This oil is obtained from the jojoba plant, which is a perennial shrub native to Mexico and parts of the US (Arizona, California). This oil is widely used for the purposes of skin and hair care, mainly due to its similarity with that of human sebum (naturally secreted by the oil glands present under the skin surface).
With regular use, this highly nourishing oil will leave the beard soft and healthy. Great smelling too - thanks to the addition of a subtle blend of Rosemary, Peppermint and Lavender Essential Oils.
For best results, apply a small amount daily, massaging throughout the beard and into the skin beneath.
No artificial colors, fragrances or preservatives.
Handmade in Ireland according to strict EU cosmetic guidelines.


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NSF Intl., a public health and safety organization that writes standards and certifies products for food, water and consumer goods, announced a new strategic partnership with MET Laboratories, the first Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory in the U.S., according to NSF Intl.
Partnering with MET Laboratories will expand the scope of NSF Intl.'s electrical testing and certification services. Key industry sectors will benefit from this partnership, including commercial and residential food equipment, recreational water equipment for pools and spas, mechanical plumbing devices and biosafety cabinets, the organization said.
MET will also benefit from NSF's global presence, with 45 office locations in over 26 countries, including China, Japan, India, South Korea and Thailand.
"The partnership between NSF International and MET Laboratories expands NSF International's electrical testing services to companies seeking certification from a National Recognized Testing Laboratory," said Nancy Culotta, vice president of food safety and product certification for NSF Intl. "MET Laboratories has extensive experience in testing electrical systems and is uniquely qualified to partner with NSF Intl. Together, we will provide certification services that cover electrical, sanitation and health effects requirements for products such as food equipment, mechanical plumbing and pool and spa equipment."
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) accreditation enables both companies to provide electrical safety certification to all electrical standards, including foodservice-related UL standards.
"Electrical devices that interface with food and water are fundamental to everyday life, from cooking and preparing food, keeping our swimming pools clean and ensuring the efficacy of important plumbing devices," said Rob Frier, MET Laboratories. "This is why we have strived for excellence in this field and why NSF International has chosen us to ensure the safety compliance of certified electrical devices."
Source: NSF Intl.


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starvingmusician.com and its affiliates maintain professional standards and have a high quality of respect to our members as well as our guest and affiliates


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Download today's show here!
MC20110831.mp3 [43.9MB 01:31:10 64kbps]
A podcast about all things Macintosh. For Mac geeks, by Mac geeks. Show 364. With all the speculation about the future of Apple and longevity of the products going forward without Steve at the helm, I wanted to take a different perspective. Can we gain a deeper perspective on Apple and its future by looking inward and to its past? I asked simple question to 11 Apple journalists, podcasters, creative professionals, and fans. "Why are you an Apple User?"
Jeff Gamet, Mac Observer
John Chambers, One Minute Tip
Ken Ray, Mac OS Ken
Victor Cajiao, Typical Mac User
J.C. Hutchins, jchutchins.net
Peter Cohen, The Loop
John Martellaro, Mac Observer
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Water resistant leather upper that's breathable, keeps feet dry and comfortable. Fully cushioned foot bed and insole. Insulated and padded cambrella linings for comfort and foot support. Take a look into our NEW collection, guaranteed there is a style just for you.
Mistyque Men's 8 inch Lace Up Chunky Sole Black Leather Combat Boot
SKU: zd-99-bks
Color: Black
Jungle Boots like no other. Krazy Shoe Artists boots offer full comfortability AND undoubtable performance. Full leather upper and canvas materials, rubber outsole for durbility. Secure eyelets for maximum closure and protection. Padded collar for comfort.


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Hossom Forager™
Jerry Hossom started making knives more than 25 years ago, doing so professionally since 1997. He avoids knifemaking boundaries, preferring to make models that don't fit any predisposed category but are task or role specific as to function. His specialty is large fixed blades that go hand-in-hand with being outdoors and take on any cutting challenges Mother Nature can throw at you, large or little. Spyderco offers a collaborative version of one of Jerry's best known designs, available in four sizes.
The "Hossoms" vary in size with the largest almost 16 inches long to the smallest just 10 inches in total length. All four sizes include: Full-bellied cutting edges with upswept tips and comfortably rounded spines. The blades are flat ground European N690Co steel which carries a reputation for cutting performance and edge retention. They also have a handguard behind the cutting edge, a finger choil, and jimping on the thumb ramp purposely designed to keep your hand and handle engaged when light cutting or all out chopping.
All are constructed from a solid piece of steel with pinned and contoured Micarta handle scales that are green-gray. For carrying, they come in a Boltaron sheath that has a five-position TekLock® fastener (removable).


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Industrial Design Graduate Programs in San Antonio
Industrial design graduate programs prepare students to create products and systems that optimize value, function and appearance for consumers. Examples of products that industrial designers may develop include cars, toys or home appliances. Through a combination of classroom instruction and experiential learning, students may learn to create design recommendations through models, drawings and descriptions—and work in concert with engineering, marketing, managing and manufacturing groups.
Industrial design graduate programs may be available at the masters, doctorate and certificate level, helping students with many backgrounds and learning needs find an option to help them succeed.
Potential Industrial Design Graduate Program Curriculum in San Antonio
The course of study in industrial design grad schools may vary by school and program focus. Therefore it's important to follow up with individual schools for details. That said, students in traditional industrial design graduate programs could expect to take courses in design history, issues, research, theory and methods. These classes may touch on product design, furniture design, equipment design and environmental issues. Industrial design graduate programs may also expose students to industrial design technologies, like 3D software for product modeling and animation.
In addition to time spent in the classroom, industrial design graduate students often participate in studio courses. Here they might work to refine skills and put new knowledge into practice. These courses are often project based and may lead to a final project or design portfolio.
Some graduate programs in industrial design may focus on the management of design and creative teams, rather than the design process itself. These are sometimes called Design Management Programs. Here students might study concepts in business, as well as design, to help lead teams to success.
Industrial Design Graduate Program Options in San Antonio
So what types of industrial design degrees could you choose from? Some options include degrees such as a Master of Science in Industrial Design, a Master in Package Design, or a Ph.D. in Product-Service-Systems Design, among others.
Grad Schools make your search as quick and easy as possible! Just filter by degree for Masters Programs in Industrial Design or Industrial Design Ph.D. Doctorate Graduate Programs. Not ready to commit to a degree program? Consider a Graduate Certificate in Industrial Design. Or search online Industrial Design graduate degrees.
Now, where would you like to study? Filter your search by location to find a wide variety of accredited colleges in your area—or around the world—that offer industrial design graduate programs. Just set your parameters and choose from the resulting list of graduate schools for industrial design to find the right one for you!
State | Employment | Annual Mean Wage |
Michigan | 5,690 | $78,250 |
California | 3,610 | $68,700 |
New York | 2,400 | $67,760 |
Texas | 1,680 | $64,540 |
Illinois | 1,410 | $61,940 |


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I have listed a new property at 502 1033 Cook ST.
Welcome to the Black and White by award winning Abstract Developments. This bright and spacious 2 bedroom sub-penthouse is situated on the S/W corner of the building boasting distant water and mountain views. Stunning interior design by Nygaard Interiors. A superbly-designed kitchen with flat-panel woodgrain cabinetry, Fisher & Paykel fridge, Milano wall oven, 5 burner n/g stove and quartz counter tops. Ideal separation of bedrooms including a spacious master suite and ensuite with heated floor, double sinks, and a walk-in shower. Having a dinner party? This luxurious building includes a premier concierge service with access to a personal chef, sommelier as well as a shared electric car and e-bikes for owners use. A gorgeous common gathering space with outdoor kitchen and fire bowl. Just steps to the Cook St Village, yoga studio, shopping, & restaurants. In-suite laundry, separate storage, secured underground parking and bike storage.


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Retrograde.fr website
Security & Development
Retro style is style that is consciously derivative or imitative of trends, modes, fashions, or attitudes of the recent past. The term retro has been in use since the 1970s to describe on the one hand new artefacts that self-consciously refer to particular modes, motifs, techniques, and materials of the past. But on the other hand, some people (incorrectly) use the term to categorise styles that have been created in the past. Retro style refers to new things that display characteristics of the past. It is mostly the recent past that retro seeks to recapitulate, focusing on the products, fashions and artistic styles produced since the Industrial Revolution, of Modernity. The word "retro" derives from the Latin prefix retro, meaning "backwards, or in past times"
Retrograde.fr website


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It started as a conversation on Facebook, but less than a week ago [it became] the page Operation: Write in Scott Walker in Democrat Primary...And it's got 834 "likes" as I write this.
Wisconsin's system of open primaries means voters do not have to share a political party's affiliation to vote in its primary. So, there's nothing to stop Republicans from voting in a Democratic recall primary — and from writing in Walker's name.Ha ha. I'm laughing too!
If this effort were successful, it's unclear what the effect would be on the general recall election. The Government Accounability Board was contacted Friday, but didn't immediately provide an answer....
When asked about his initial impression of the write-in campaign, Wisconsin Democratic Party Spokesman Graeme Zielinksi said it was, "Surprise, then laughter." Zielinski said the effort has no chance of succeeding.
"Republicans seem frightened by democracy and the will of the people and, given what Scott Walker has done to ruin Wisconsin, they should be," Zielinski said.
ADDED: I'm working on a parody "I'm My Own Recall Opponent," to the tune of "I'm My Own Grandpa." ("I'm My Own Grandpa" lyrics here.)
AND: I like the diagrammed version:
(The voice there is Ray Stevens. The first version, above, was Grandpa Jones. The second one... ?)


text: Ultimate foodie gifts for Christmas 16 December 2015 • 7:00am X Icon Facebook Icon WhatsApp Icon Email Icon Save Comment speech bubble icon We've found 54 of the perfect presents for food-obsessed friends and relatives this Christmas. Why not treat the one who loves to experiment in the kitchen with a gorgeous hamper from Ottolenghi's Nopi, a jam-making kit or a waffle machine? For those who enjoy the finer things in life, we have the country's very best Italian pandoro or for the young at heart, a chocolate Monopoly set to keep them amused on Christmas Day. Read more Image: 1 of 55 Credit: Haarala Hamilton/Valerie Berry Source: The Telegraph Molly Hatch Sweet Salutation travel mugs £18 each, anthropologie.com (0800 0026 8476) For the friend who's never without a flat white, a stoneware travel mug to transport their home-brewed beans. 25 greatest cookbooks of all time Read more Image: 2 of 55 Iris Natura gourmet cheese board with knives £19.99, selfridges.com (0800 123 400) A wooden cheeseboard with a hidden compartment concealing five knives for cheeses of all textures, from oozy blues to crumbly farmhouse cheddars. Read more Image: 3 of 55 World salt selection £19.50, souschef.co.uk (0800 270 7591) All salts are not created equal. This collection includes smoked salt from Norway, blue-tinged Persian crystals, and black lava and red alaea salts from Hawaii, plus tasting notes. Best food and drink stocking fillers under £10 Read more Image: 4 of 55 Traditional pandoro £16.95, carluccios.com (020 7580 3050) Verona's star-shaped, sweet Christmas bread. This pandoro is made to a traditional recipe with lots of butter and left to rise slowly over eight hours before baking. Read more Image: 5 of 55 Avocado oil, apricot kernel oil and macadamia oil set £20, mokhado.com (07541 738827) If they're over olive and bored of coconut, treat them to this (rather prettily designed) set of cold-pressed, extra-virgin oils from South Africa. The UK's best mulled wine spots Read more Image: 6 of 55 Life Is Meals: A Food Lover's Book of Days, by James and Kay Salter £14.99, waterstones.com (0808 118 8787) The late American writer, along with his wife, Kay, was a keen home cook. This eclectic compendium takes you through a year in food. Read more Image: 7 of 55 Marimekko Hauki oven mitten £19.50, cloudberryliving.co.uk (0330 123 3301) Know someone who can't get enough of Scandi style? Give them this beautiful oven mitt from Finnish design house Marimekko. Amazing gingerbread houses Read more Image: 8 of 55 Our/London Our Vodka £19.99, harveynichols.com (020 7201 8088) Micro-distilled by London entrepreneurs Neil Chivers and Clive Watson, this appealingly minimalist bottle comes in a 350ml 'handbag size'. Read more Image: 9 of 55 How To Cook Everything kitchen print £18, paperplanedesigns.co.uk Even accomplished cooks sometimes need a prompt on roasting times or egg-to-flour ratios. Make it this, from Rutland-based designers Paper Plane. The secret of the perfect Christmas dinner? Use science Read more Image: 10 of 55 Chef's tablet stand with touchpen £23.99, lakeland.co.uk (01539 488100) Save their iPad from butter smears and olive oil slicks with a chef's tablet stand. The touchpen keeps sticky fingers well away from the screen. Read more Image: 11 of 55 Pine cone salt and pepper shakers £24, westelm.co.uk (0800 404 9780) Add a bit of Alpine flair to the Christmas table with these silver pine cone shakers (made of zinc alloy and also available in gold). Read more Image: 12 of 55 Hotel Chocolat festive wreath in Madagascan 72% dark chocolate £22, hotelchocolat.com (0344 493 2323) A serious slab, studded with roasted Piedmont hazelnuts, Marcona almonds and juicy golden raisins. Image: 13 of 55 Set of four mixed glass metallic tumblers £24, oliverbonas.com (020 8974 0110) Four tumblers for cocktails or wine, dipped in on-trend copper, silver, gold and pewter. Image: 14 of 55 The Gluttonous Gardener Grow Your Own Blueberry Jam crate £44, notonthehighstreet.com (0345 259 1359) A plant-to-jar kit including blueberry plants, recipes and jam labels. Image: 15 of 55 Boutique Hotel champagne bucket £30, johnlewis.com (0345 604 9049) Give your most glamorous pal this brushed brass-effect champagne bucket – and a pair of matching tongs, for £4, if you so desire. Image: 16 of 55 Nordic Ware fleur de lis bundt tin £34.79, amazon.co.uk Help them channel Nigella at her festive best with this fleur de lis tin from bundt designers Nordic Ware. Pinterest-worthy peaks guaranteed. Image: 17 of 55 Sage by Heston Blumenthal waffle maker £169, amazon.co.uk Get the perfect waffle every time, with a menu dial to match different batters, and button to make edges extra crispy. Image: 18 of 55 Black Diamond knife block £89.90, edgeofbelgravia.co.uk Futuristic knife block designed by Christian Bird to resemble a rough-cut diamond. It can fit up to 11 kitchen knives. Image: 19 of 55 Retro stand mixer £299, swan-brand.co.uk Featuring some seriously Fifties styling, this comes in seven shades and has eight speeds for tackling cake batter, meringues and doughs. Image: 20 of 55 NOPI hamper £100, ottolenghi.co.uk (020 7494 9584) The antithesis of an old-fashioned hamper, Ottolenghi's features a signed copy of his NOPI cookbook, plus global ingredients. Image: 21 of 55 Le Creuset cast-iron casseroles £175-£190, selfridges.com (0800 123 400) Take a classic Le Creuset cast-iron pan and add a little Christmas bling. These jet-black dishes with gold knobs are exclusive to Selfridges. Read more Image: 22 of 55 Customised oak carving board £235, theoakandropecompany.co.uk (01227 469413) Made for a lifetime of carving the finest meats. Can be hand-engraved with a message of your choice. Image: 23 of 55 Blanc de Blancs 2010 English sparkling wine (case of six) £161.94, chapeldown.com (01580 763033) From the award-winning Kent vineyard, 100 per cent chardonnay with hints of baked apple and toasty brioche. Read more Image: 24 of 55 Minimax Egg £550, biggreenegg.co.uk (0843 216 2805) When chefs barbecue, they do it on a Big Green Egg. The new Minimax Egg is portable enough for you to take on holiday or camping. Image: 25 of 55 Tipplesworth Bramble Cocktail case £185, harveynichols.com (020 7201 8088) A natty tweed case containing Sipsmith Gin, shaker and strainer. Image: 26 of 55 Naked Marshmallow, Marshmallows S'mores Kit £18.75, notonthehighstreet Recreate the great American outdoors this Christmas and give someone this handy kit complete with everything you need to make smores (including a gel burner). Note: tent is not included. Read more Image: 27 of 55 Source: Notonthehighstreet.com Lebkuchen Schmidt, Gingerbread Christmas Market tin £11.99, Selfridges These chocolate and sugar-covered gingerbread biscuits are presented in a gorgeous tin depicting Nuremberg's famous Christkindles Market. Read more Image: 28 of 55 Source: Peter Schreiber Biscuiteers, The Snowman and The Snowdog collection £42.50, biscuiteers.com London bakery The Biscuteers have recreated our favourite characters from these favourite festive films in edible form. Enjoy 18 all-spice biscuits presented in a adorable keepsake box. They are also offering a The Snowman and The Snowdog fruitcake, which comes in three sizes and can be personalised (£35-80). Read more Image: 29 of 55 Source: PR Shots Blossa and The London Tea Company, Earl Grey Mulled Wine £18.75, The London Tea Company Blossa is the most popular mulled wine brand in Sweden and this year they have teamed up with The London Tea Company to produce Blossa Earl Grey Mulled Wine, presented in a stunning, ornate bottle. If that sounds a bit too exotic, be sure to try Blossa Vinglögg 10% for £10.95. Read more Image: 30 of 55 Source: Samphire Lakeland, Chocolate Tea Cups £2.95, Lakeland Made from dark Belgian chocolate, these add an unusual twist to a dessert (or a tipple!). Just don't try to use them as actual tea cups. It may end badly. Image: 31 of 55 Source: ZPR Warner Edwards, Victoria's Rhubarb Gin £38, John Lewis The perfect balance of sweet and sour - a quirky alternative for any gin lover. The gin is made from a plant that originates from Queen Victoria's garden. Read more Image: 32 of 55 Source: Touch PR Edinburgh Preserves, Pâté & Condiments for Cheese Gift Set £17.97, exclusive to Lakeland A cheese-lover's heaven, this collection includes venison pâté, two chutneys and rosemary biscuits. A perfect accompaniment to the Christmas Day feast (£9.95). Read more Image: 33 of 55 Source: Z PR Spicely Does It, Sausage Making Kit with Machine £49.99, notonthehighstreet This sausage making kit allows you to create your own concoctions – let your imagination run wild! Image: 34 of 55 Source: Touch PR Pomora, Adopt an Olive Tree £29- £39, Pomora.com Perfect for any food lover, this is the gift that keeps on giving as the recepient receives quarterly deliveries of the finest olive oil in Italy. There are many different subscriptions to choose from; you can choose to 'adopt' a tree for £29 per quarter until you cancel the subscription, or you can 'foster' from £39 per quarter for a fixed amount of time. Read more Image: 35 of 55 Source: Nudge PR Games in Motion, Chocolate Monopoly £11.99, Selfridges A great twist on the classic board game, and if a fight breaks out over cheating, eat the evidence. Image: 36 of 55 Source: Selfridges Fortnum and Mason, Bucks Fizz Marmalade £7.95, Fortnum and Mason Perfect for breakfast on Christmas morning, this orange preserve not only contains two types of booze (prosecco and Marc de Champagne), but it also has edible glitter. No reports yet of sparkly teeth post-consumption. Read more Image: 37 of 55 Source: Fortnum and Mason Daffy's, Daffy's Gin £34, daffysgin.com Infused with Lebanese mint and created from the finest French grain spirit, this award-winning gin (with a very pretty bottle) makes a fine G&T. Image: 38 of 55 Credit: DAFFY'S The Sweet Reason Company, Box of Sweet Treats and Tea £21.50, notonthehighstreet Enjoy four delicious bakes combined with handpicked Teapigs teas to complement them. Sugar swizzle sticks are also included for those who want to bounce off the walls on Christmas Day. Read more Image: 39 of 55 Source: Notonthehighstreet.com Pierre Marcolini, Intense truffles assortment £87.00, Selfridges Presented in a seriously stylish box, five drawers of truffle delights to enjoy from one of Britain's top chocolatiers. Image: 40 of 55 Source: Selfridges Dom Pérignon, Limited Edition Vintage 2006 £145, Harrods Dom Pérignon have continued their tradition of collaborating with artists and this year have asked Icelandic singer Björk and Chris Cunningham to design their 'From Earth to Heart' limited edition 2006 Blanc coffret. Read more Image: 41 of 55 Source: Harrods Nicholas Vahé, White Chocolate and Raspberry Fondue £29.99, Selfridges Guaranteed to bring a smile to any chocoholic's face this Christmas. Image: 42 of 55 Source: Selfridges Cottage Delights, Mulled Wine in a Tin £4, John Lewis Simply add one of these spice pouches to a bottle of wine, add some fruit and brandy and hey presto! Mulled wine in minutes. Image: 43 of 55 Source: John Lewis Prestat, Angel Bauble Sea Salt Caramel Truffles £7.25, prestart.co.uk Dark chocolate and sea salt caramel truffles in a cute pink bauble. Probably best enjoyed as a gift to yourself, if we're honest. That was our plan anyway. Read more Image: 44 of 55 Source: Ideas Network Fortnum and Mason, Merry Go Round Muscial Biscuit Tin £25, Fortnum and Mason Depicting a gorgeous carousel, this tin will sing 'La Traviata' whilst you enjoy the delights of seven different flavours of biscuit. It also revolves like a real carousel. Read more Image: 45 of 55 Source: Fortnum and Mason The Cake Nest, Mini Robin fruitcake £15, notonthehighstreet Exactly what it says on the tin – a festive fruitcake that looks like a robin (and a really adorable one). They also do a snowman version. Image: 46 of 55 Source: Notonthehighstreet English Tea Shop, Christmas Night Tea £10.99, Selfridges Great to unwind with after a day full of excitement. Image: 47 of 55 Source: Selfridges ScandiKitchen, Anna's Gingerbread House Kit £4.95, ScandiKitchen A Scandinavian twist on the traditional gingerbread house, this will keep the recipient occupied for hours. Delivery is not recommended due to the delicate nature of the contents – a great excuse to head down to their café in Fitzrovia. Read more Image: 48 of 55 Source: Samphire SACRED, Traditional Collection Gin Blending Kit £89.50, amazon.co.uk Contains 6x20ml bottles in six different flavours. Ready to be enjoyed as they are or blended to create your own unique taste. Image: 49 of 55 Fortnum and Mason, Traditional Ported Stilton £23.50, Fortnum and Mason Made by the last family-owned Stilton producers in the UK and using milk only from the three 'Stilton counties', this creamy cheese is infused with Fortnum's LBV Port to bring out a rich and full-bodied flavour. Read more Image: 50 of 55 Source: Fortnum and Mason The A Range, Juica £99, thearange.co.uk Perfect for a foodie who may be feeling guilty after fully enjoying the culinary joys of Christmas, and wants to kick off the New Year with a healthy start. Image: 51 of 55 Source: Rumour PR Selfridges Champagne Sabre, £349, www.selfridges.com. For those troublesome times when opening a bottle of champagne the traditional way has just become too tiresome. Image: 52 of 55 Wine posters, from £0.98, www.allposters.co.uk. Allposters.co.uk has a wide selection of wine-themed posters, from classy sketches of sheltered nooks in Parisian cafés, to the usual range of crude jokes and puns. Read more Image: 53 of 55 The Perfect Christmas (Love Food, Parragon Books Ltd), £12, www.amazon.co.uk. Starting with "The Five Rules of Christmas", this book will hold your hand throughout the Christmas season, providing easy, clear guidance on classic Christmas food and drinks. The recipes are nothing groundbreaking, but at only £12 this is a comparatively inexpensive guide to stress-free Christmas cooking. Read more Image: 54 of 55 Electric corkscrew, £28.80, www.grapesandvines-giftsdesigns.co.uk. Simple but effective. Especially useful if you're busting open 30 bottles for a party, if you've weak arms or joints, of if you're just plain lazy. Read more Image: 55 of 55