text:
It is a well-known fact that accident can play a considerable role in both history and the lives of individuals. In the course of my life I have observed many accidents and extraordinary coincidences. But I have never experienced such a unique and unforeseeable concatenation of circumstances as that which I am about to relate here.
It centres on the extraordinary fate of a single letter, written by Leon Trotsky in 1938 and addressed to the Workers' International League of Great Britain, which was the direct and lineal ancestor of the present-day International Marxist Tendency. This letter has not seen the light of day for eight decades. We all thought that it had been lost, and to some extent that assumption was correct. Now, however, by an extraordinary turn of events, the missing letter has been returned to its rightful owners.
It resembles one of the more unlikely episodes in one of the detective series that frequently appear on our television screens. And like all good detective stories, this one ends by pointing an accusing finger at those who have been responsible for a crime: the crime of attempting to falsify history.
How it all began
The story begins on Monday, 21 May, 2018. Comrade Ana Muñoz is in charge of the daily work of following correspondence to the website In Defence of Marxism. Normally, this work is of a fairly routine character. Occasionally, an interesting item of correspondence is received from some country where we do not have much contact. More often, however, the letters received do not lead very far. Some of them, in fact, are simple hoaxes.
So, when Ana received a letter from a person asking if we were interested in some letters of Trotsky that had turned up in a box in the attic of her mother, who had recently passed away, she was intrigued and sceptical in equal measure. The text of the letter was as follows:
"I found letters from Leon Trotsky in an attic. Would you like them or should I throw them out?"
The message was extremely terse, even strange. It was signed MT. But there was no indication of where it came from, or even whether the sender was a man or a woman. Who was this mysterious person? And what were these letters? Did they exist at all? All kinds of doubts came into her mind, but she decided to answer that of course we were interested in the letters. She wrote back:
"Dear MT,
"Many thanks for your offer of some letters from Leon Trotsky. We would definitely be interested in them if you are not. We actually will have a representative of ours in New York very soon. Would it be possible for him to contact you and maybe make arrangements about this matter? Please let us know.
"Yours sincerely,
"Ana Muñoz on behalf of IDOM"
Ana had done some investigation, and discovered that the message came from a New York IP address. The person concerned was a woman, who wrote to confirm this, and then sent another cryptic message:
"I am leaving New York. Is there an address I can send them to?
Ana wrote back, suggesting that she should get in contact with the comrades of our US section who have a headquarters in New York. Contact was eventually established. She wrote again:
"Dear MT,
"This is to confirm that I have passed your email to our representatives in New York. They should have written to you by now. I also want to thank you for your kindness for donating these letters.
"Yours sincerely, A. Muñoz"
On behalf of the International, comrade Antonio Balmer contacted our correspondent and arranged for the letters to be sent.
The letters arrive
Then we waited. One week passed, then another, then another. The suspicion grew that we would never see the letters. With all the pressures of work, we had almost forgotten about them. Then one fine day, we received a phone call from an excited comrade in New York: the letters had arrived!
We were naturally very pleased to hear the news, but even at that stage we did not realise how significant this event would prove to be. We had no idea what the letters contained, and assumed that they would be of secondary importance – possibly of an organisational or administrative character. We could not have been more wrong.
Before receiving the original letters, we were sent an email with copies attached. I was suffering from a severe bout of conjunctivitis, so I was finding it difficult to read. I asked Ana to read the letters for me. She replied that there were three letters, two longer ones and one that was shorter. I asked her to read me the shorter letter.
She started to read, and I was immediately amazed at what I was hearing. Incredulous, I said: "Can you read that again?" She did so, and my astonishment grew by the moment. I exclaimed: "Good God! This is amazing. You don't know what you are holding in your hands!"
I examined the letter, and saw that it was indeed genuine. Here was Trotsky's own signature, plain for all to see. This was the missing letter that we all thought had been lost for the last eight decades!
Still not daring to trust my own judgement, I rang Rob Sewell, who a few years earlier had gone to Harvard University to look for the missing letter in the Trotsky archives that are kept there. He did not find the letter, although he did by accident stumble across boxes of unpublished material from Trotsky's biography of Stalin, which we later published for the first time.
I said: "Rob, you are not going to believe this, but it looks as if the letter you were searching for is in now my hands. At any rate, it is a confirmation that the letter existed, but it looks like the real thing to me." After I read the letter to him, he immediately said: "That is the letter!"
But what letter?
During his lifetime, Ted Grant gave talks about the British Trotskyist movement in the 1930s, in which he was involved. He frequently talked about an episode, concerning a letter that Trotsky had sent us about the introduction to Trotsky's article The Lessons of Spain – The Last Warning written in the spring of 1938.
He always maintained that Trotsky had been sent a copy and had replied, welcoming its production and praising the introduction. He said that Trotsky, had also warmly welcomed the initiative of the comrades in establishing a print-shop of their own.
The problem was that he never had a copy of this letter and it is not in the Writings of Trotsky. Where was that letter? This was a riddle that we thought could not be solved. But now it has been solved. Let us clarify the mystery point by point.
Three letters
Here are the three letters in full:
Avenida Londres 127
Coyoacan, D.F.
May 21, 1937
Dear Comrade Sumner,
I am sincerely grateful to you for your friendly and very informative letter. I can very well understand the obstacles you have to overcome, but it is beyond doubt that every new month will see the situation change in your favour. The only difficulty was to begin the investigation; now the truth will reveal itself almost as automatically as a natural force. All these ladies and gentlemen, including such political old wives as Brailsford and Fenner Brockway, will soon notice that the ground is becoming hot under them and they will try to join the camp of the truth to avoid being definitely compromised. We can, openly and with full assurance, predict our victory over the masters of frame-up and their agents of the first and second degrees. The shift which is now occurring in the United States will undoubtedly influence your situation in England favourably.
Please transmit my respectful greetings to your mother and my best wishes to all our friends in England.
Fraternally yours,
Leon Trotsky
April 15, 1938
Dear Comrade Sumner,
I haven't written you for a long time but you understand the reasons. We received your cable and your letter and both Natalia and I warmly appreciate your friendly feelings…
I don't know whether you have been informed about the trip of Comrade Cannon to Europe and in the first line to London. It is possible that Comrade Shachtman will also go with Cannon. I ascribe great importance to this trip especially for things in England. Cannon and Shachtman are our best comrades in the States, with a wide outlook and with serious organizational experience. One of their tasks is to meet all the English groups who belong or wish to belong to the Fourth International and to try to normalize the situation among these groups in order to help the crystallization of a genuine British section of the Fourth International. I hope that you and your group will give Cannon and Shachtman your full cooperation in their task.
I doubt that they can remain in London for more than a week, possibly less. It is absolutely necessary to use this time as well as possible. The best procedure it seems to me would be to enter now into connection with the other groups and even to establish a technical committee with the purpose of arranging the meeting of the American friends with each of the British groups separately, and then with all of them together. You will surely receive in time a communication specifying the precise day of arrival of the American friends in London. I should be very glad to have a note from you about the preparation for the discussions with C and S and also later about the results of these discussions.
I receive your publications. Thanks. But I write today only on the "C-S" trip.
Best greetings from Natalia and me to you and all friends.
Yours fraternally,
Coyoacan, D.F.
LT: joe 61-18
P.S. – I have received a letter from Frank Maitland in the name of the 'Revolutionary Socialist Party.' He wished to publish my article upon Spain as a pamphlet and is ready to do it in cooperation with one of our British groups. The evolution of his party, he writes me, is totally in the direction of the Fourth International. Are you in connection with them? I am writing to Maitland today.
Frank Maitland was a Scottish Trotskyist who I believe later joined the RSL for a short time. But the suggested pamphlet of Trotsky's writings on Spain has not surfaced. Probably, it was never published. By contrast, the comrades of the WIL did publish a pamphlet of Trotsky's article The Lessons of Spain with an introduction written by Ted Grant in collaboration with Ralph Lee. It is this introduction that Trotsky praised in the following letter:
June 29, 1938
Dear Comrade Sumner,
I received your edition of my Spain pamphlet with your excellent introduction. It was really a good revolutionary idea to create one's own printing shop.
We received Leon's letter to you which turned out to be his last letter. I don't remember whether I answered you at that time. Natalia was very touched by your attention.
I wrote you about Cannon's and Shachtman's trip to Europe and especially to England and the plans connected with this trip. Did you receive this letter? You never answered me on this matter.
My warmest greetings to you and to your friends.
Leon Trotsky
Coyoacan, D.F.
LT: joe 71.2
Who was Charles Sumner?
Charles Sumner (also known as A. Boyd) was the party name of Hilary Sumner-Boyd. He was actually an American, born in Boston, Mass. in January 1913, and died in Istanbul in September 1976, at the age of 63. The son of Matthew Frederick Boyd and Anne Porter Boyd, he obviously came from a well-to-do family, as he received a private education.
Later he went on to study at Christ Church, Oxford. But it seems to have had certain radical influences on the family. His father had known John Reed, and Trotsky appears to have been acquainted with his mother. He was a gifted intellectual who spoke Greek, German, French, Turkish and the Latin languages.
At the time we are interested in he was the secretary of the British Revolutionary Socialist League and was business manager of The Red Flag and his flat at 238 Edgware Road, served as a centre for League activities. He played an active role in the campaign to expose the fraudulent nature of the Moscow Trials. He was also a member of the International Secretariat and he attended the founding conference of the Fourth International.
But, as the comrades of the WIL had warned, the so-called 1938 "Unity Conference" in Britain was doomed from the start. As we shall see, the artificial "unity" brokered by Cannon and Shachtman began to break down immediately. [The reasons are explained below]. The new organization very soon split in pieces. This must have had a profoundly negative effect on Sumner's morale.
For whatever reason, Sumner later left Britain for Turkey, where he dropped out of active politics and was absorbed into the world of academia, where he made quite a name for himself. He was the author of a very well-known book for tourists: Strolling through Istanbul: a brief guide to the city. Hilary was also influential in the development of the modern Turkish theatre, with a number of his students going on to distinguished careers as actors, directors and playwrights.
But although he had dropped out of the Trotskyist movement, it appears he never completely renounced his ideas. The British philosopher A.J. Ayer recalled meeting "…an American called Hilary Sumner-Boyd, who was secretary, and for all I could ever discover, the only member of the Oxford Trotskyist party (!). His extreme gentleness of manner belied the ferocity of his ideas."
This is confirmed in a letter that was written by his lawyer after he died. It relates to the Trotsky letters that he had kept safely among his belongings all those years. The lawyer writes:
Meydan Mahallesi No 18
Rumeli Hisarı
19th March, 1977
To MW:
As Trustee and Executor of the Estate of the late Professor Hilary Sumner-Boyd, I have the pleasure of making over to you, absolutely and without condition, the enclosed letters written to Hilary by Leon Trotsky on April 15, June 29, 38; and May 21, 1937.
These letters may be used or disposed of by you at your discretion.
I know that Hilary would have been very happy to know that these letters were in your possession. They are not of great historical value, but it is something to be able to touch a part of history. It was Hilary's wish that his possessions should be given to those who would use and appreciate them for their own sake, and not for his. It is in accordance with that wish that these letters are entrusted to you.
Michael J.L. Austin
Evidently, the lawyer was sufficiently well acquainted with his client to be aware of his political inclinations, and he stresses that it was his express desire that these letters should be given to somebody "who would use and appreciate them for their own sake, and not for his."
It is clear from this that although the man who was known as comrade Sumner had long ceased to play an active role in the revolutionary Trotskyist movement, he had kept and treasured these letters all his life, and was sufficiently concerned about their future to insist, as his last request, that they be handed to those who appreciated the value and will use them appropriately.
It was for this reason, that the lawyer in Istanbul took the trouble to establish contact with somebody who was at the time an active member of the American SWP. We do not know how the link was established. What we do know is that the recipient of the letters, MW, later gave them to the person who has now handed them over to the people for whom Trotsky had originally intended them.
In thanking MT for her generous gift, we also explained some of the background of these letters, and why they meant so much to us. Replying to our message, she provided some more details of how the letters came to light:
"I'm glad that the letters have found the right home.
"As regards their provenance, I attended school with MW many years ago. When MW graduated, he handed on a folder for The Tufts Student Coalition Against Racism which I led the next year. He passed on the letters to me at that time thinking I would find them of interest. I found them again when cleaning out my mother's attic after she passed away. They were in an old box of 'precious' high school letters and papers.
"I was unable to obtain MW's current contact info from the Tft alumni office, so did an online search and found your organization.
"I'm sorry that they have been out of the way for so long, but am glad they have found you and that they fill in some gaps. Thank you for sharing their import with me! Out of context I had found them a bit confusing, and I have a new appreciation of their history and significance now.
"Best regards,
By such circuitous routes does history move!
Further light on these questions was provided by comrade Steve Iverson, a member of the American section of the IMT based in Boston, who for many years was an active member of the SWP. Commenting on a speech that I made last summer at the IMT World Congress in Italy, in which I described Trotsky's letter as "our birth certificate", Steve wrote the following:
"Delegates to the 2018 IMT World Congress were thrilled to hear the story of how we got into our hands the 'birth certificate' of our tendency, the letter from Trotsky to the British comrades congratulating them on the publication of the pamphlet on the Spanish Revolution.
"As the story unfolded, it still held within it a mystery as to the provenance of the document itself: that is, how the chain of custody was constructed so as to bring it to its rightful home.
"Ana reported that the American woman who contacted us with the offer of the three original Trotsky letters later told us a bit about the circumstances which led them into her possession.
"As it happens, I am in a position to be able to fill in some of the missing pieces to this puzzle.
"Our benefactor told us that in the mid-1970s she was a student at Tufts University in Somerville, Massachusetts. While studying there, she joined a campus chapter of the National Student Coalition Against Racism, NSCAR. I was also a member of this organization during its brief lifetime. And although I now live two blocks from that university, at that time I lived on the extreme opposite end of the continent, in California.
"NSCAR was founded in a January 1975 conference at Boston University at the initiative of the US Socialist Workers Party and its then youth organization, the Young Socialist Alliance, as a vehicle to broaden and deepen mobilizations in support of Boston's black community in its fight against racist forces actively blocking the desegregation of Boston schools.
"This woman explained to us that when the chairperson of the Tufts SCAR chapter was preparing to leave Boston and move to a different city, he offered her the three documents. He had received them in an inheritance from a professor who had died in the early 1970s.
"The connection between professor and student remains a mystery, but the student inheritor, MW, is someone I knew once upon a time.
"He, as far as I know, is no longer politically active. But for many years, MW was a member of the Socialist Workers Party. Over the years he served as a branch organizer in a couple of different cities, and even ran as the SWP's candidate for mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1985.
"One curious thing about MW's handing over of the three documents in 1977 is why he would do this at a time in which the Trotsky archives had, at long last, been opened up to public view at Harvard University, and several SWP members had been assigned to research the files to expand the contents of Pathfinder Press's series of Trotsky's writings during his final exile. Why didn't he hand them over to the party he belonged to instead?"
As it turns out, copies of two of the three letters were found in the archive and made it into print. But the third, the one we were most interested in, had never yet seen the light of day…
Why the letter was suppressed
The first two letters were published by the SWP in Trotsky's Writings. The third was not. It simply disappeared, as if it had never existed. The question that has to be asked is: why this letter – and this letter alone – was suppressed for decades?
If this letter was of paramount importance to our tendency, its deliberate suppression was clearly of equally paramount importance to our political enemies. And there can be no doubt whatever that this letter was, in fact, deliberately suppressed by the leaders of the SWP, and specifically by James Cannon.
What proof do we have of this assertion? We have already stated that there were three letters involved. Two of them were published in Trotsky's writings that were issued by the American SWP. Only one was omitted, that is the famous missing letter. Did the SWP not have a copy of this letter? That is quite unthinkable. Joseph Hansen, who was one of Trotsky's secretaries, had a copy of all Trotsky's correspondence. He most certainly had a copy of this letter, as indicated by the fact that at the bottom of the letter there is a filing reference made out to: "Joe 71.2" (i.e. Copy to Joe Hansen).
Yet in the Harvard archives, no copy of this letter exists. As stated above, in 2003 comrade Rob Sewell went to Harvard University in Boston to search for the missing letter in the Trotsky archives. He found absolutely no trace of it. In the process, however – as we explained above – he happened to find several boxes of unpublished material that had been omitted from Trotsky's biography of Stalin. This was the start of an important project by the IMT to publish a new and amplified version of this important work. But as for the missing letter, it stayed missing.
In order to clarify the reasons for this mystery, we would have to go right back to the origins of our tendency in the period leading up to Trotsky's attempt to launch the Fourth International 80 years ago in 1938. This is not the place to deal in detail with the circumstances in which this took place, or the subsequent disastrous evolution that led to the collapse of the Fourth International. These questions have been dealt with in other works, notably Ted Grant's History of British Trotskyism and The Programme of the International.
The scope of the present article is far more limited than that, but nevertheless casts considerable light on the false methods and organisational chicanery that, together with incorrect political positions and analyses, were an important element in the degeneration and collapse of the International after the Second World War.
The origins of the IMT
The history of our tendency can be traced back directly to the great work of Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition in the 1920s and in fact stretches back even further to the heroic days of the Third International under Lenin and Trotsky.
The isolation of the Russian Revolution in conditions of appalling backwardness gave rise to a huge bureaucracy keen to enjoy the fruits of victory.
The opposition of the bureaucracy to world revolution had a material basis. The rising stratum of conservative officials wanted a quiet life, without the storm and stress of revolution and freed from the control of the masses. At each setback for the working class, this privileged caste composed of millions of officials – many of them former tsarist bureaucrats – gathered greater power into its hands, elbowing aside the exhausted working class.
After Lenin's last illness, Trotsky took upon his shoulders the struggle against Stalin and the growing bureaucratic menace, fighting for the Leninist programme of proletarian internationalism and workers' democracy. He launched the Left Opposition in late 1923 after the failure of the German Revolution in an attempt to defend the fundamental ideas of Lenin which were being systematically revised and discarded.
The outbreak of this struggle within Russia between the Opposition and the Triumvirate of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev was first of all contained within the leadership of the Party in the Soviet Union. However, the struggle had a momentum of its own, and with Lenin's death, the campaign to discredit Trotsky as Lenin's successor was soon taken into the ranks of the Communist International.
As within the apparatus of the Russian Party, where Stalin had used his position to select personnel who were loyal to his faction, so Zinoviev selected leaders in the separate sections who proved more amenable to Moscow. Nevertheless, in these early days of the Communist movement the leadership was forced to allow a pseudo-democratic discussion on the issues raised by the Opposition that had broken out in the Russian Party.
The subsequent expulsion of the Left Opposition in November 1927 constituted a defeat for the genuine forces of Leninism within the Communist Parties. This opened the way for the later ultra-shift by Stalin and his elimination later of the Right Opposition of Bukharin. It marked a further step in the consolidation of the bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, and the elimination of all opposition elements within the Communist International. After the expulsion of the Russian Left Opposition, similar purges were carried out in every section of the Comintern.
One man against the world
Despite all the efforts of Stalin and his powerful apparatus to crush the Opposition, Trotsky refused to be silenced. From the small island of Prinkipo in Turkey, where he had been forced into exile, Leon Trotsky continued his stubborn battle against Stalinism. He began the slow and arduous process of gathering together those Communists who wished to defend the real programme and traditions of Bolshevik-Leninism.
But Trotsky was attempting to form a new International under the most difficult circumstances imaginable. The tide of reaction that swept across Europe was reflected in a series of defeats of the working class and the rise of fascism in Italy, Germany and Spain. In Russia, the monstrous Moscow trials represented a one-sided civil war of the Stalinist bureaucracy against Bolshevism. Trotsky continued his struggle from his far-off Mexican exile, fighting a courageous but lonely battle against atrocious odds: one man against the whole world.
Under these circumstances, the cadres of the new international necessarily reflected a milieu of defeat and reaction: demoralised elements, mainly drawn from the petty bourgeoisie. The truth of the matter is that Trotsky had very limited resources to draw upon. Many of those who came over to the Opposition did not do so because they were convinced Bolshevik-Leninists, but as a reaction against the excesses of Stalinism. Some were tired and worn out, and many were politically disoriented. There were ultra-lefts, quasi-anarchists, syndicalists, Bordighists and other deviations.
Trotsky was well aware of this problem. That fact is well expressed in Trotsky's book The Crisis in the French Section, which covers the period 1935-36. Most revealing of all is the transcript of an interview Trotsky gave to Fred Zeller, who was then a leading French Left Young Socialist. When Fred Zeller reproached Trotsky with the bad conduct of his followers in France, he did not attempt to defend them. All he said was:
"You know, he said, there isn't much choice. You have to work with the material you have on hand. That is not always convenient." (Trotsky, On Organizational Problems, November 1935, in The Crisis in the French Section, p. 67.)
Trotskyism in Britain
Trotsky's judgement of the French Trotskyists could equally well have been applied to those who called themselves Trotskyists in Britain. Like the French, they were predominantly petty-bourgeois elements, bohemian types organically incapable of breaking out of the small circle mentality and finding a road to the working class. They were sick with the disease of sectarianism, which has plagued the movement from its inception and which Trotsky criticized many times.
In an attempt to overcome the isolation of the British Trotskyists from the working class, Trotsky tried to persuade them to enter the Independent Labour Party, which had split from the Labour Party in the early 1930s with the support of a large number of leftward moving workers. Typically, they resisted his advice, and only a small group of fifteen or twenty people finally went into the ILP. Unfortunately, they were very inexperienced, and they had entered the ILP very late, when it was already losing ground. They were known as the Marxist Group.
The situation began to change with the arrival of a couple of enthusiastic young Trotskyists from South Africa, one of whom was Ted Grant. They made certain gains, but by this time, the possibilities of work in the ILP had diminished significantly. Trotsky saw that there were clearly more favourable opportunities opening up within the Labour Party, especially in the Labour League of Youth. He wrote:
"Since the ILP youth seem to be few and scattered, while the Labour Youth is the mass youth organisation, I would say: Do not only build fractions – seek to enter. The British section will recruit its first cadres from the thirty thousand young workers in the Labour League of Youth." (Leon Trotsky, Writings, 1935-36, p. 203.)
Ted Grant helped to develop the Bolshevik-Leninist Group within the Labour Party, which became known publicly as the Militant Group, after the name of its paper. By this time, he had been joined by the majority of the South African group, including Ralph Lee. But the composition of the Militant Groups was predominantly petty bourgeois and its internal regime reflected this fact. A hotbed of gossip, intrigue and backstabbing, it was the kind of unhealthy media upon which petty bourgeois elements thrive.
The old leaders were jealous of the enthusiastic young comrades, of whom they were resentful and who they saw as a threat to their position and authority. As always with such groups, scandal and personal attacks took the place of political debate. Lacking the ability to argue their political position, the leaders organised a campaign of scandalous attacks and slanders directed against Ralph Lee. These accusations were false, and were later repudiated. But the poisonous atmosphere led to an inevitable breakdown in relations. The crisis ended with the expulsion of the comrades from the Militant Group.
The expelled comrades decided that a new start was necessary, and they set up the Workers' International League (WIL), and the first issue of Workers' International News came out in January 1938. They were only a handful, but what they lacked in numbers and resources they made up for with sheer youthful élan and revolutionary enthusiasm. Recruits were won from the ILP Guild of Youth, the Labour League of Youth, and the Communist Party. Ted later recalled:
"We had eight members. We were active; we sold in Hyde Park, Piccadilly and Tottenham Court Road. Where there were strikes, we intervened and won people that way, we won workers. We were the only workers' group as you know. We wanted workers; we did not want the rubbish that was in the other groups."
Shortly before the war, the Workers' International League obtained its first printing machine: a battered old machine, which Lee, who was very skilful, managed to get to work. They published a theoretical magazine called Workers' International News and also a paper called Youth for Socialism. They also produced a small pamphlet of Trotsky's article The Lessons of Spain, with an introduction that Ted wrote in collaboration with Ralph Lee.
Ralph Lee wrote a letter to Trotsky on 12 February 1938, soon after the formation of the WIL. (Leon Trotsky exile papers, Harvard, bms Russ 13.1, 2625.) He also sent two issues of the Workers' International News. Included was the first issue of the WIN, produced in January, containing an article by Trotsky. Trotsky read the letter and made underlinings in red and blue pencil. There is a question mark made by Trotsky in the margin where Ralph says copies of the WIN and a pamphlet had been sent to him separately. It seems to indicate he had not received them or he needed to find out more about the group, or both.
Ralph explained that the group had acquired a printing press, on which the new WIN had been produced. "Up to now we have published two issues of the Workers' International News and the pamphlet, Summary of the final report of the commission of enquiry into the charges against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials. Copies of these have been sent to you under separate cover." This sentence is underlined in red.
Ralph concludes his letter with the words: "Hitherto we have been dependent on the initiative and energy of the American comrades but this has meant, among other things, prohibitive prices for our publications that have prevented their wide distribution. In seeking to end this dependence on an external section of Fourth Internationalists, we hope that we will have your blessing." The last eight words are again underlined by Trotsky in red pencil. This was something he needed to give consideration to or inquire about further, possibly from Charles Sumner.
In the Trotsky archive is another letter from Ralph Lee to Trotsky sent on 14 December 1938, enclosing the WIL declaration of the General Membership Meeting that was held on 27 November 1938. (bms Russ 13.1, 1111-1115.)
In a discussion with the leaders of the American SWP on 23 July 1938, Trotsky chastised them for their lack of revolutionary self-sacrifice and their failure to establish a printing press. He went on to give the example of the WIL:
"We must have such printing shops if we have nothing else.
"For example, our English comrades now have their own printing shop, but to have such a printing shop with two or three devoted comrades, we can put out not only the Socialist Appeal at least twice a week, but also pamphlets, leaflets, etc. The trouble is that the party work is too much based on petty-bourgeois conceptions.
"We must educate our youth for more of a spirit of sacrifice. We already have so many young bureaucrats in our movement." (Trotsky, Writings, 1937-38, p. 394.)
These criticisms must have stung Cannon. They were a blow to his inflated ego – and they were delivered by Trotsky himself, behind whose authority Cannon sheltered. His prestige was being undermined, and that, for him, was an unforgivable offense. This explains his rancorous and unremitting hostility to the WIL, against whom he waged an unrelenting offensive, using methods that Trotsky would have condemned unequivocally.
Interestingly, while other extensive comments by Trotsky were reproduced verbatim in the SWP internal bulletins, the one that contained these sharp criticisms of the SWP was omitted.
How not to unify
With the approaching danger of a new World War, Trotsky decided to accelerate preparations for the founding of a new International. In August 1938, shortly before the Founding Conference of the Fourth International, James P. Cannon of the US Socialist Workers' Party came to London with the aim of uniting the different groups of British Trotskyists into a single organization.
Because of their special relationship with Trotsky, the leaders of the SWP thought they had a privileged position in the international Trotskyist movement. This was particularly the case with Cannon, who took it for granted that the British Trotskyists would follow his lead in all things.
Cannon tried to use his authority to pressurise the comrades to unify with the other groups. They told him that they were in favour of unity, but only on the basis of clear political agreement on strategy and tactics. If Cannon pushed ahead with unity on an unprincipled basis, they told him he would unite three groups into ten. Nevertheless, he asked if they would come to the Unity Conference and they agreed to come and put their case.
The members of the WIL were understandably cautious. After their bad experience with the Militant Group, they were unsure as to how any meaningful unity could be achieved. But they dutifully went along to the conference. They were, of course, fully in favour of the Fourth International and held Cannon in high esteem, but when they turned up at the conference, they were utterly scandalized at what they saw.
The full story can be found in The History of British Trotskyism, where we read the following:
"As a prelude to the founding Congress of the Fourth International in Paris, James Cannon, the leader of the American Trotskyists and delegate to the World Congress, came over from the United States to prepare the ground for a unified Trotskyist organisation in Britain. He imagined that he was going to brush away the differences and unify the movement in one fell swoop. At that time, there existed three separate groups claiming Trotskyist roots in the London area, and one in Scotland. There was the Militant Group, the Revolutionary Socialist League, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, and ourselves, the WIL. The RSP was a split-off from the Socialist Labour Party, a largely sectarian organisation in Scotland, with remnants in Glasgow, Edinburgh and a few individuals in Yorkshire, which had moved in the direction of Trotskyism.
"So this was the state of things when Cannon came to this country. We looked up to Cannon, who had a long revolutionary history in the movement. He was the leader of the SWP and was in regular contact with Trotsky in Mexico. The comrades held him in very high regard. When we met Cannon he told us that his task was to unify the British groups before the founding congress of the Fourth International in September. That was the deadline and we couldn't wait until everything was right in everybody's head before carrying through this unification. For our part, we told him that we were in favour of unity, but it must be on a correct principled basis. At that time, given the fundamental differences between the groups, you had to face up to the immediate problem of how to work: entry or non-entry, independent work or work in the Labour Party. We told Cannon that before we could get unity we had to agree on one clear policy. Any united organisation would have to agree either a policy for entry or a policy for independent work. Added to this were, of course, the rights of the minority to put forward their position completely freely and to try and convince the majority within the framework of the organisation.
"Cannon said, 'Yes, but the RSP tendency and the James tendency would never accept that.' So we countered: 'If they're not prepared to accept that then, of course, there won't be any unity as far as we are concerned'."
The worst fears of the WIL comrades were immediately confirmed. The whole conduct of the "Unity" Conference was a farce. When Ralph Lee saw what was happening, with doors opening and closing and people going round and round, canvassing and lobbying as the different participants engaged in horse-trading and back-room deals, he likened it to a French bedroom farce. The only people who were neither lobbied nor consulted were the members of the WIL.
At bottom, the problem was that it is impossible to unite groups with radically different policies, tactics and orientation. The comrades of the WIL tried to point this out to Cannon, but he was unimpressed. He demanded unity and that was all there was to be said. In the end, the WIL refused to join, arguing that the unification agreement, which allowed those Trotskyists opposed to entry to engage in open work, was bound to fail.
Cannon's reply was entirely in character. He said: "We crush splitters like beetles." Lee responded with equal sharpness, saying that unity on that basis was impossible. Henry Sara, who was in the chair, said to Lee "you can't talk to a guest like that". Ted got up and protested that "even if comrade Trotsky were present, we would have the right to put forward any position we like. That is the democracy within our movement no matter who is here."
Lee's warning was confirmed within one week. Maitland, who was there for the RSP, was repudiated by his own group and they rejected unification. Other splits soon followed. Within six weeks the whole thing was already a shambles. Cannon was not pleased. He was used to getting all his own way. He blamed the WIL for his problems. The resulting resentment he felt towards the "awkward squad" of Lee, Jock Haston and Ted Grant lasted for years. It is this that explains the mystery of the missing letter.
The reason why Cannon could not stand the British Trotskyists is simply that they were not prepared to accept his leadership unconditionally and without criticism. He always regarded them as a nuisance. It is significant that, in criticising the leadership of the "official" British section (the RSL), he accuses them of being too "gentlemanly" and insufficiently "brutal" towards the WIL. The fact that he could equate Bolshevism with brutality is an indication of just how far Cannon stood from the genuine ideas and methods of Lenin and Trotsky.
It is true that hardness was an important element in the Bolshevik mind-set. It was no accident that in the 1903 division between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, the former were known as the "hards" and the latter were called the "softs". But Trotsky pointed out that hardness was not a monopoly of Bolshevism. In the ranks of the Mensheviks there were also many hard men and women who were dedicated to their cause and willing to fight and sacrifice for it, while in the camp of Bolshevism there was no shortage of compromisers, as we saw in the decisive moments of the Revolution.
In the final analysis, however, hardness and softness in revolutionary tendencies must have a political basis. The organizational amorphousness of Menshevism was only a reflection of their political opportunism – their willingness to compromise on questions of principle, to seek agreements with alien classes and, in the end, to pass over to the camp of the bourgeoisie.
Lenin himself was always hard and intransigent (one might even say "brutal") on questions of theory and principles. That was the real basis for his centralism. But that was only one side of the equation. The other side was his extremely flexible attitude to questions of organization and tactics. And in his treatment of his fellow comrades, far from showing any sign of "brutality", he always displayed great consideration, tact and humanity.
For Lenin, and also for Trotsky, it was unthinkable that they should ever use administrative methods to solve political disputes. Bullying, threats, insults and distortions were entirely alien to them. They always treated political opponents with respect, answering their arguments point by point. It is sufficient to recall the first five years of the Communist International to demonstrate this. The school of Cannon was not that of Bolshevism, but rather that of Zinovievism, which in turn prepared the ground for Stalinism.
The Founding Conference
At the "Unity" Conference, Cannon asked Ted and Jock Haston to go and see him. He asked them if they would send a delegate to the founding conference of the Fourth International and ask for sympathetic affiliation. They answered that they would apply for sympathetic affiliation, although they might not be able to raise the funds to send a comrade to the Founding Conference. Cannon replied: "Do what you can. If not, send a letter."
They discussed it and drew up a letter expressing support for the Fourth International and asking for acceptance as a sympathising section. The French delegate moved that the WIL should be accepted as a sympathetic section. This would almost certainly have been accepted, but for the intervention of Cannon, who took his revenge on the comrades in the most petty and spiteful way.
The letter of the WIL was not read out. Instead, Cannon delivered a diatribe against the WIL for having split, allegedly, over mere personal grievances. Cannon delivered a vicious and lying diatribe against the WIL, which he accused of "sectarian nationalism". This was entirely false, as Cannon knew very well.
In conclusion, Cannon advocated recognition of the RSL as the official British section. This proposal was naturally accepted, and since the delegates had been given a whole series of lies, the WIL's request for sympathetic affiliation was rejected. As a result of these manoeuvres, the WIL was unjustly censured. "All purely national groupings", the official statement read, "all those who reject international organisation, control and discipline, are in their essence reactionary."
When Cannon wrote a report for Trotsky about the Fourth International's founding conference, he gave a dishonest and distorted version of his visit to Britain and the fusion conference and gave the following assessment of the WIL:
"The Militant group in the past six months had suffered from an unfortunate split led by Lee which resulted in the creation of another group without any principled grounds for the split (the Workers' International News). This could only introduce confusion and demoralization—the more so since both groups work exclusively in the Labour Party. At the same time, the Liverpool branch had withdrawn from the Militant group on opportunistic lines. (…)
"In the London conference, a week later, I had their support [the Edinburgh group] from the start for a general unification. This undoubtedly exerted considerable pressure on the [CLR] James group.
"The political resolution accepted as a basis for unification provided that the main emphasis should be placed on work in the Labour Party without making Labour Party membership compulsory upon those comrades who have not been members up till now. This at least provides a definite orientation for the united group. It was the maximum possible. It seems to me that the most important thing, if we could at least get a correct orientation, was to bring all the comrades together and get them in the habit of functioning in one organization which would be firmly affiliated to the Fourth International. We carried on a strong crusade against irresponsible splits and made it clear that the international conference would do away with the possibility of a multiplicity of groups, and recognize only one section in each country. (…)
"The Lee group consists of about thirty, mostly youngsters, who have been deeply poisoned with personal antagonism to the leadership of the Militant group. They attempted to obstruct the unification but were pounded mercilessly at the unification conference, and their ranks were badly shaken. Their attitude was condemned by the international conference.
"Shachtman, during his visit to England, also had a session with this group. His opinion is the same as mine—that they will have to submit to the international decision and come into the united British section or suffer a split. It is only necessary for the British section to take a firm and resolute stand in regard to this group, and in no case to acknowledge its legitimacy. Unfortunately, this is easier said than done. The English comrades, alas, are gentlemen. They are not accustomed to our 'brutal' (i.e. Bolshevik) treatment of groups who play with splits." (James P. Cannon, Impressions of the Founding Conference, October 12, 1938, in Joseph Hansen, James P. Cannon – The Internationalist, July 1980.)
Cannon's Zinovievist methods
Lenin said that spite in politics plays the most despicable role. He was referring to Stalin in his Testament – another document that was suppressed deliberately for factional reasons. But spitefulness was also a feature of the psychology and methodology of Zinoviev.
It is not generally realised that the vicious campaign of lies and slanders directed against Trotsky after Lenin's death was launched, not by Stalin, but by Zinoviev, who was motivated purely by personal prestige. He was convinced that he was the rightful heir to Lenin, and he was jealous of Trotsky and bitterly resented the enormous prestige that he had won in the ranks of the Bolshevik party and the working class as a result of his decisive role in the October revolution in the Civil War that followed it.
Later on, Zinoviev and Kamenev broke with Stalin, and went over to Trotsky's Left Opposition. But Zinoviev never abandoned his unprincipled methods, substituting organisational intrigue for an honest fight for political ideas. His complete lack of principle was finally exposed when he capitulated to Stalin, following the expulsion of the Left Opposition in 1927.
James Cannon played an important role in assisting the building of the Left Opposition, following his break with Stalin in 1928. He had a long history in the workers' movement, was a talented agitator and an organiser. Of all the early leaders of the Fourth International, he was probably the most able. But Cannon, like Zinoviev and Stalin, was never a theoretician.
He not only admitted it, but was actually proud of it. He said: "I brought down my heavy hand against anybody ever calling me a theoretician. I called myself an agitator." (Cannon, Writings, 1940-43, p. 360.) Cannon overlooks the little detail that Lenin and Trotsky, the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, were theoreticians first and foremost.
Cannon belongs to a long list of self-proclaimed "proletarian" revolutionaries who conceal their theoretical ignorance behind a false façade of "workerism". In place of theory they peddle bad agitation. Behind their assumed attitude of contempt for theory and intellectuals, there lies a deep-seated feeling of inferiority that conceals a burning desire to be a master, not only of the art of organizational intrigue and manoeuvres, but also a master of theory – something that, alas, always escapes them. There is no more dangerous animal in the revolutionary movement than a man who is not a theoretician, and thinks that he ought to be.
Cannon was a Zinovievist, and in his organisational methods he remained a Zinovievist all is life. He effectively admits to this in his autobiography:
"The writings of the Left Opposition under Trotsky were suppressed. We got only faint snatches of them here and there and I, like every other leader of the American party in those days, could be said to be a Zinovievist. We were taken in by that campaign of the troika [against Trotsky]."
And again:
"I would say it would be very safe to say at that time I was a Zinovievist in the sense that every other leader of the party was, in the sense that they were taking for good coin the whole line from Moscow and not examining it too critically."
(Cannon, Writings 1945-47, p.187, my emphasis, AW.)
Zinovievism is a crude caricature of Bolshevism that elevates one side of Lenin's ideas (the need for a strong, disciplined and centralised revolutionary organisation) while ignoring or minimising the importance of theory and ideas. Zinovievist tendencies are regrettably present in many groups that today pretend to stand under the banner of Trotskyism. These tendencies played a very pernicious role in the degeneration of the Fourth International, and ultimately its complete liquidation.
James Cannon's Zinovievist methods were evident from the very beginning – a fact which was well known to Trotsky, who on more than one occasion repudiated them. Cannon's conduct in regard to the British Trotskyists was a classic example of those methods. His aim was to establish complete domination. Anyone who dared to contradict him was treated as an enemy to be driven out of the movement. The very language he uses is full of the most poisonous spite. The following is a choice example:
"All the crimes and mistakes of this rotten-to-the-core Haston faction are directly traceable to its origin as an unprincipled clique in 1938. When I was in England a little later that year, on the eve of the First World Congress, I denounced the Lee-Haston faction as tainted by unprincipledness at its birth. I never had a bit of confidence in them throughout their subsequent development, regardless of what theses they wrote or voted for at the moment." (Cannon, Speeches to the Party, pp.296-297, 6 April 1953.)
Writing about the split in Britain, he states:
"The split in the English movement [1938] was not explicable on political grounds. It did untold damage to the movement and left it in a weakened position even today, after the unification finally brought about by the intervention and pressure of the international movement." (Cannon, Writings and Speeches 1945-47, p. 61.)
This is a blatant lie. Cannon was well aware of the political differences that separated the WIL from the other groups that he pushed into a premature and unprincipled unification. The comrades of the WIL – as we have seen – warned him that such "unity" would not last five minutes, and they were shown to be correct. During the Second World War, in an equally unprincipled manoeuvre, Cannon arbitrarily withdrew recognition from the "official" section (the RSL) and recognised the WIL, because the latter had grown much more successfully during the war.
Despite everything, the SWP for years perpetuated the legend that there were "no political differences" between the RSL and the WIL. In the notes to Trotsky's Writings, 1938-39, p. 405, note 238, we read the following:
"The Lee Group came into existence in 1938 as a result of purely personal grievances and had no discernible political program. Millie Lee was a South African and a former member of the CP."
In this note it is difficult to see what is worse: political distortion or sheer ignorance. The author of this lamentable note does not even know that the leader of the WIL was not Millie Lee, but her husband, Ralph Lee, although Millie undoubtedly played a very active role in the group.
A note in Cannon's Writings and Speeches reads as follows: "Cannon went to England in 1938, prior to the founding conference of the Fourth International, as a representative of the International Secretariat with the object of promoting a fusion of the four then-existing Trotskyist groups. He succeeded in uniting three of these to form the Revolutionary Socialist League (these were the Revolutionary Socialist Party; the Marxist Group, led by C.L.R. James; and the Militant Group). The RSL was represented at the founding conference of the FI and was recognised as the British section. The Workers' International League, led by Ralph Lee and Jock Haston, refused to join the united movement and boycotted the founding congress of the FI. Under pressure from the world movement, the RSL and WIL fused in 1944 to form the Revolutionary Communist Party." (My emphasis, AW)
This is yet another lie. As we have seen, the WIL did not boycott the founding congress of the Fourth International. Although the WIL were formally outside the Fourth International, they regarded themselves as part of the world Trotskyist movement. They were in full agreement with the programme and principles of the Fourth International as expounded by Trotsky.
Trotsky's attitude to the WIL
Despite Cannon's systematic campaign of falsification, it is clear that Trotsky had an entirely different attitude. He was prepared to be patient, and to wait and see which group in Britain would really represent the future of the Fourth International. For the time being, he was reserving judgement. But in the few references he makes to the WIL, he studiously avoided any criticism.
If Trotsky had been convinced that they were, in fact, "sectarian nationalists", he would have undoubtedly attacked them in the strongest language. Early in 1939, CLR James gave a report of the British Trotskyist groups to Trotsky. Having described the problems in the official group, he went on to comment on what he calls Lee's group in the Labour Party (i.e. the WIL):
"There is also another group – Lee's group in the Labour Party – which refused to have anything to do with fusion, saying that it was bound to fail. The Lee group is very active." (Trotsky, Writings, 1938-39, p. 250)
Trotsky listened attentively but made no comment. He did not condemn the Lee group, but had a wait-and-see approach. After all, in the previous year he had enthusiastically commended their efforts in publishing his pamphlet on Spain and on acquiring a printing press. In an interview with Sam Bornstein, Ted Grant pointed out that:
"The important thing to remember is that Trotsky never attacked the WIL in the whole of his writings. He was waiting to see what was going to happen. He knew [how] Cannon and those people behaved. He had experience of them, and therefore Trotsky never attacked us. (…) He wrote praising us, praising our getting a press, praising the introduction that Lee and I wrote to the pamphlet Lessons of Spain."
Ted remembered their joy when they read a letter from Trotsky – precisely the letter which we have now found – congratulating them on publishing this pamphlet, in which he emphasized how important it was for a revolutionary organization to have its own printing press, independent of capitalist establishments. From this it is clear that Trotsky was following the work of the WIL with interest, and was receiving regular material from them.
Although formally outside the International, Ted and the others still continued to regard themselves as part of it. "We saw ourselves as the bastard child of the International", he explained. They were confident that sooner or later they would be recognized as the rightful British section. History proved them right. As we have seen, the "unified" group started to break up as soon as the conference was over.
In the meantime, the WIL continued to make steady progress, winning over workers, members of the ILP, Communist Party and the Labour Party, and even from the RSL, which was reduced to an insignificant rump. In the end, as we have seen, Cannon was obliged to ditch the moribund RSL and recognise the WIL as the official section of the Fourth International in Britain. Even after that, however, he did not cease his destructive intrigues and manoeuvres against the leadership of the British section, which finally led to a new split and the destruction of the section after the Second World War.
We should add that Cannon was not the only one responsible for the shipwreck of the Fourth. He was not the worst of the so-called leaders who came to the fore after the death of Trotsky. The others were no better, and most of them were far worse. Pablo, Mandel, Pierre Frank, Livio Maitan – had all of Cannon's defects and none of his virtues. Not one of them was up to the level demanded by history. Between them, they reduced the International to dust.
Falsification is a crime
Letters can be lost in the post, destroyed, mislaid, or even forgotten in a box in an attic. But in this case, the disappearance of Trotsky's letter was not an accident, but a deliberate act of political falsification. This is, of course, a very serious allegation. Leon Trotsky conducted an implacable struggle against historical falsification, which is a Stalinist and Zinovievist method that is quite alien to the traditions of Bolshevism. It is, in one word, a crime.
What evidence do we have for this assertion? In the investigation of any crime, it is necessary to establish a motive and an opportunity. Cannon's motivation in this affair can be stated very simply. He was motivated above all by an obsession with his personal prestige. He regarded himself as the principal leader of the world Trotskyist movement, second only to Trotsky himself. He was well known to be arrogant and intolerant of any opposition or criticism. These are very serious faults in anyone who pretends to be a revolutionary leader.
While Trotsky paid tribute to Cannon's undoubted talents, especially in the organisational sphere, he never approved of Cannon's organisational methods. At the time of the split in the SWP over the attitude towards the Soviet Union, when Shachtman and others bent to the pressure of the petty bourgeoisie and accepted the false theory of state capitalism, Cannon came down in defence of Trotsky's position, which undoubtedly was correct. But Trotsky warned Cannon not to use administrative measures against the minority, or to try to push Shachtman out of the organisation. That was nevertheless precisely what he did.
As for opportunity, Cannon had every opportunity in the world to suppress a letter, or any other document or article he considered to be inconvenient from his point of view. The fact that the missing letter is not to be found in Trotsky's archives in Harvard University is yet another indication of how far Cannon and Hansen were prepared to go in falsifying the historical record. There is every reason to believe Sam Bornstein and Al Richardson, when they complain that there must be many documents of Trotsky that are missing for exactly that reason.
The fact that Bornstein and Richardson were certainly not favourably disposed to Ted Grant and the WIL, means that they can be cited as reliable witnesses to the fact that Cannon and his supporters deliberately suppressed the letter that Trotsky wrote praising the work of the WIL for factional reasons. In their book War and the International. A History of the Trotskyist Movement in Britain 1937-1949, we read the following:
"Particularly glaring are the gaps in the writings of L.D. Trotsky, showing that even the more comprehensive collections of his works on Britain can only claim to be the barest selections. In at least one instance, we are probably justified in claiming that a document has been suppressed in the interests of factional considerations." (War and the International, p. xi, my emphasis, AW.)
What letter are they referring to? They explain:
"Among the letters sent by Trotsky to Sumner at this time was one congratulating the WIL for the preface to its edition of his The Lessons of Spain: The Last Warning. It has yet to be published in the 'Pioneer' edition of the collected works of Trotsky's last exile, for evident factional motives. C.f. J. Haston, Letter to Pablo (M. Raptis), 19th July, 1947, in the Internal Bulletin of the RCP, p.1." (Sam Bornstein and Al Richardson, War and the International. A History of the Trotskyist Movement in Britain, 1937-1949, p.46, note 5, my emphasis, AW.)
The knot of history retied
I can understand that for many people outside our movement, it may seem strange that the appearance of a short letter, comprising just a few paragraphs, should cause such excitement. But the publication of any letter by Trotsky is always motive for celebration for those of us who remain firmly committed to the ideas he stood for and the cause for which he gave his entire life.
But for the members of the International Marxist Tendency, this letter represents far more than that. It is living proof of what Ted Grant, the founder of our movement, described as the Unbroken Thread that connects us to the real origins of revolutionary international Marxism. It is, as I stated at the 2018 World Congress of the IMT, our birth certificate. It links us directly to Leon Trotsky, and is a striking confirmation that the ideas and methods we defend had the approbation of that great man.
I was recently in New York where I attended a very successful school of the north-eastern branches of the US section of the IMT. The news of the letters had only recently been conveyed to the US comrades upon whom it made a deep impression. One veteran of the section said to me: "If I were inclined to religion, I would regard the survival of this letter as a small miracle."
These words do not contain an atom of exaggeration. One can think of dozens of reasons why this letter should never have seen the light of day. It has travelled from Coyoacan in Mexico to London, from London to Istanbul, from the Turkish capital to Boston and then to New York, where it lay for many years, forgotten in a box in an attic, and finally, after such an incredible odyssey, it found its way to the correct destination after a delay of precisely 80 years. In the history of the world's postal services, this must feature among the most extraordinary deliveries ever recorded.
Ted Grant once told me that before the Second World War, there was a comrade in our ranks who had been a member of the First, Second, Third and Fourth internationals. Regrettably, I never met this comrade. He died long before I joined this tendency in 1960. But for us it is a matter of great pride that we can trace our political ancestry back, through Trotsky in the Transitional Programme, the International Left Opposition, Lenin and the Bolshevik party, right back to the ideas of Marx and Engels, the First International and the Communist Manifesto, which today remains the most relevant contemporary document in the world.
For those of us who have had the privilege and the honour of working and fighting for the building of a genuine Trotskyist international, the discovery of the missing letter was a very moving and inspiring experience. It was like finding the last piece of the colossal jigsaw puzzle, where finally everything fits into place. But this moment of triumph was at the same time a moment filled with a tragic realisation.
Ted Grant was forever rightly insisting on the need to understand who we are, and where we have come from. He often spoke on the history of the tendency, (although for reasons of time, he never succeeded in going further than 1949). And every time Ted spoke on this subject, he never once failed to mention this letter. If only Ted could have lived to see it. He would have been overjoyed. Sadly, that was not to be.
The wheels of history move so slowly, while the biological clock that governs the lives of men and women is remorseless. We are born, we live and we die. But the cause of the working class is immortal, and that cause is greater than any individual life. The struggle continues, and will continue until the moment of final victory. It is to that cause that we dedicate ourselves, in the full and absolute confidence that it will triumph.
Today, 80 years after its foundation, the Fourth International no longer exists as an organization. The myriad of squabbling sects who lay claim to its name do nothing except to discredit the name of Trotskyism in the eyes of the most advanced workers and youth who are seeking the road to the socialist revolution. Trotsky handed us a clean banner. The petty bourgeois Zinovievists have stained and discredited it. We have turned our backs decisively on them.
But the International still exists today. Its flame burns more brightly than ever, and it is even more necessary today than ever. It exists in the ideas, programme and principles laid down by Leon Trotsky, which in essence are the same ideas that were proclaimed by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto, the same ideas as those of Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, the same ideas that led the Russian workers to victory in 1917, the same ideas that were enshrined in the documents of the first four congresses of the Communist International.
Today those ideas are defended by the International Marxist Tendency, which is proud to trace its ancestry right back to the origins of Trotsky. This gives us the right to say to the whole world: this is our banner, our heritage and our tradition. And this is what fills us with the confidence we need to carry the struggle to the end.
Click here to read Ralph Lee and Ted Grant's introduction to The Lessons of Spain, which Trotsky himself praised in his long-suppressed letter to the WIL.
You can also read the full text of Trotsky's The Lessons of Spain: The Last Warning (1937).
Ted and Ralph's introduction is included in Ted Grant's Collected Writings Vol. I: 1938-42 and The Unbroken Thread, both available from WellRed Books.


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Recent Progress in Materials (ISSN 2689-5846) is an international peer-reviewed Open Access journal published quarterly online by LIDSEN Publishing Inc. This periodical is devoted to publishing high-quality papers that describe the most significant and cutting-edge research in all areas of Materials. Its aim is to provide timely, authoritative introductions to current thinking, developments and research in carefully selected topics. Also, it aims to enhance the international exchange of scientific activities in materials science and technology.
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subset: commoncrawl


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In what proved to be the most deadly week of the pandemic so far, the U.S. averaged more than 2,000 reported deaths a day from COVID-19 between Nov. 29 and Dec. 6.
According to the COVID Tracking Project, the U.S. saw an average of 2,171 reported deaths every single day for the last week. Three of those days — Dec. 2 through Dec. 4 — the U.S. reported more than 2,500 deaths per day.
The 7-day rolling average of 2,171 reported deaths a day is now the highest it has ever been since the start of the pandemic, even dating back to April when Americans were dying as a result of the uncontrolled spread of the virus.
And while last week was bleak, all indications are that deaths will continue to rise in the weeks to come. The rate of infection in the U.S. exploded last week, jumping from an already-high 158,000 new cases a day to about 192,000 a day. That number is expected to continue climbing in the days ahead, as test results from those who contracted the virus at Thanksgiving gatherings continue to be processed.
The increased spread of infections comes at a concerning time, as a record 101,000 Americans are already in the hospital with COVID-19. Because virus hospitalizations typically lag behind confirmed infections, health experts worry that many more Americans will need to be hospitalized at a time when bed space is dwindling.
For instance, hospitals in Southern California currently have only about 15% of ICU bed space available. Passing that threshold triggered a new wave of restrictions in the region this weekend, like the closing of some non-essential businesses and advisories against in-person gatherings.
As of Monday morning, according to a Johns Hopkins database, the U.S. had seen 14.8 million COVID-19 infections since the start of the pandemic and 282,000 deaths.


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CC Licensed Image on Rapid City/Gillete Phone Book
Open CultureSylvan Sunset | Scott Carpenter CC BY
It certainly isn't the most publicized use of CC licences we have seen, but Scott Carpenter's "Slyvan Sunset" appearing on the cover of the 2008/2009 Rapid City/Gillete Phone Book has us ecstatic nonetheless. While big names help gain wider exposure for CC, it is important to remember that these are tools meant for everyone, of which Carpenter's photo re-use is an excellent example. From MTF.org:
Last September I received an email from someone at Yellowbook, saying that they were interested in using my picture for the cover of the Rapid City phone book […] I said that they were already free and welcome to use it under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license with which it was published, but that I'd be willing to relicense it as Attribution only, which I did, and also signed a form giving them permission to use it. I often wondered if I should have held out for money also, but seeing the small role of the picture, it's just as well I didn't. Something tells me they wouldn't have paid much for that, if anything, and I'm simply pleased to get some exposure and have an artifact of free culture–the CC license–appear right there on the cover of an old media phone book.
Carpenter's experience highlights many of the things we love to see – licences increasing content visibility, the ability for a creator to reach a separate agreement outside their original CC license, and proper and thorough attribution (even if we have to agree with Carpenter that a graphic designer might "balk at this kind of verbiage […] with the picture being such a minor part of the page"). Kudos to Carpenter and the countless others who use CC for everyday reasons and, every so often, experience surprising results.
Posted 10 September 2008


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Your Plumbdog Plumbing West Swan Plumber
Pedigree Plumbing Services in West Swan
Our Plumbdogs are highly skilled and experienced local plumbers and need to be pedigree to be called a Plumbdog Plumber. As fully qualified local Perth plumbers and gasfitters, our Plumbdogs make sure that for Plumbing in West Swan, our vans are fully stocked so that most plumbing problems are fixed in one visit.
Your Local Plumbdog West Swan Plumbing Specialist
You can give us a whistle for any of our specialist services in West Swan, WA and more:
- Blocked Drains – We'll sniff out the problem and fix it too. Our noses are made for this type of work and our paws love to get digging getting your blocked drains fixed and water flowing again.
- Leak Detection & Repairs – No need to call out separate contractors for detection and repairs. We're the experts others turn to when they can't detect the leak. We will find the leak and fix it too saving you time and money.
- Hot Water Systems Maintenance & Repairs – Our Plumbdogs are trained to service and fix hot water systems and not to simply recommend a replacement unless a replacement is due.
All The Gear and Every Idea
Along with having fully stocked vans and fully skilled and experienced plumbers, our equipment are second to none. We have everything from the usual tools a plumber needs to specialized leak detection equipment. Have you seen our water jetter? It's custom made locally with power and we can clear blocked drains where others fail. We also have CCTV to inspect which can help identify problems or confirm that jobs are completed properly.
Residential & Commercial Plumbers in West Swan
We service domestic and commercial properties. Whether you need our specialised plumbing services or have any general plumbing needs, our local West Swan plumber has you covered.
Give Us A Whistle
Get in touch if you have a question or fill out your booking form online. We'll also send out a SMS confirmation before we head out so you're not looking out the window like a lost puppy.
What our customers say
Our Specialised Plumbing Services
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
West Swan is right in the heart of our territory and so we have fully qualified plumbers in this area on a daily basis. We specialise in general plumbing maintenance and emergencies and turn up to every job in service vehicles bursting at the seams with stock.
Water leak detection & repairs is one of our specialties. We are one of few plumbing companies in Perth who specialise in leak detection & repairs.
Drain Cleaning & CCTV is one of our specialities. We have invested tens of thousands of dollars into our service vehicles so that we come out to our clients properties fully equipped to tackle the trickiest of blocked drains issues. Our high pressure water jetters combined with our CCTV cameras take out the guess work and allow us to clear blocked drains issues and provide long term solutions as no one wants ongoing issues.
We specialise in hot water systems and we can diagnose, repair, or replace most systems. Often our clients call on us to first inspect their system and this allows us provide recommendations and associated pricing to repair or replace their system. If a replacement is the recommended approach then by having one of our technicians onsite allows them to recommend the system which will suit your needs moving forwards rather simply replacing what was there before which is often a long term mistake. Once one of our repair or replacement options is accepted we can provide you with same day hot water as no one enjoys a cold shower.
We do not charge a callout fee. The way we work is that we send a fully qualified and experienced plumber to your property. Our plumber will meet you onsite and run through any issues you have, he will then give you his/her recommendations and associated pricing, and once you are happy to proceed with one of those recommendations he will get to work. Only if you choose not to proceed with one of his/her recommendations would we simply ask you for $125 inc GST to cover his/her time on site and we will leave you a written quote to consider in your own time.


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Infant booking update:
For online bookings, 1 infant can be included for each adult.
If you're travelling with more than one infant, or if you'd like to book a seat for your infant, you will need to get our help to make your booking. Please contact us.
At Jetstar we refer to children under 2 years old as infants.
- Your infant can sit on your lap for the entire flight. You'll be provided with a special seat belt for your infant that connects to your seatbelt. If you're nursing an infant, or if you're travelling with a child, you won't be able to travel in an exit row seat (this includes extra legroom seats). An infant fee applies, see below.
- If your infant is less than 2 years old on your outbound flight, they won't need an allocated seat on the return flight, even if they turn 2 during your trip. This won't apply if your infant was booked on separate bookings for the outbound and return flight.
- You can purchase a separate seat for your infant, but they must be able to sit up unaided. If your infant can't sit up in an aircraft seat without help, then you must bring an approved car seat for them to sit in. You can bring an approved car seat on to all Jetstar aircraft and all Jetstar Japan (GK) flights. See: What do I need to know about bringing a car seat on board? A limited number of car seats can be fitted on each flight and car seats must be fitted onto a window seat. If you would like to book a seat for your infant, with or without a car seat, please contact us to make your booking.
- Children aged 2 years or older must travel in an allocated seat for safety reasons, so you'll need to purchase a fare for them.
- Passengers must be at least 15 years old to sit in exit rows. This includes all extra legroom seats.
Infant fee
When travelling with an infant or small child, you can bring any combination or all of the following items as checked baggage for free: a pram, a stroller, a portable cot and/or a highchair. You won't have to pay the oversized item fee for any of these items.
- The infant fee applies per infant, per flight. This includes direct flights and bookings with a connecting flight.
- If your booking includes both domestic and international flights, you'll pay the higher fee. See the table below for details.
Infant fees | |
Flight Type | Fee |
Domestic flights in Australia | AUD $35 |
Domestic flights/regional flights in New Zealand | NZD $20 |
Domestic flights in Japan | JPY ¥1,600 |
Short haul international flights/flights between Australia and New Zealand and Cook Islands | AUD $55, NZD $60, IDR 555,000 Rp, JPY ¥5,500, USD $38, SGD $50, FJD $85, MYR RM170, PHP ₱2,000 |
Long haul international flights with Jetstar Airways (JQ) | AUD $55, NZD $60, VND 870,000₫, TWD $1,250, THB ฿1,300, IDR 555,000 Rp, JPY ¥5,500, USD $38, CNY 225, SGD $50, KRW ₩60,000, HKD $300, MYR RM170, PHP ₱2,000 |
International flights with Jetstar Asia (3K) | SGD $50 / IDR 470,000 |
International flights with Jetstar Japan (GK) | JPY ¥3,500 / PHP ₱ 1,560 / TWD $1,000 / CNY 160 |
Travelling with more than one infant
A single passenger may accompany two infants. One infant can be nursed on the passenger's lap, but the second infant must have an allocated seat and be sitting up unaided or in an approved car seat. If you're travelling with more than one infant, please contact us to make your booking.
Infants less than 7 days old
Infants less than 48 hours old are not permitted to travel on Jetstar flights.
A Jetstar medical clearance form must be completed for infants aged between 3 and 7 days old for them to travel on Jetstar (JQ), Jetstar Asia (3K) and Jetstar Japan (GK) flights.
For more detailed information see: Pregnancy and air travel
Bassinets can be requested on some international flights. See: Can I request a bassinet for my infant?
Checking in
If you're travelling with an infant on your lap on a Jetstar Airways (JQ) domestic flight within Australia or New Zealand, or a Jetstar Japan (GK) domestic flight within Japan, you can check in online. To check in with your infant, go to Online check-in.
For now, on all other Jetstar flights, if you're travelling with an infant you can't check in online, you must check in at the airport.
Proof of age, such as a birth certificate or passport, may be required for infants under 2 years. If you don't provide an acceptable form of identification for the infant upon request at check-in, your infant may not be allowed to travel.
If you're travelling on an international flight, your infant or child always requires a passport.
Infant food and drink
We don't carry infant food or drinks on board, so be sure to bring enough for your journey. It will count towards your carry-on baggage allowance. See: Do I need to bring food and drinks for my infant?
Infants and carry-on baggage
Infants not occupying a seat don't have a carry-on baggage allowance.
You'll have to carry any baby items such as food, drink, nappies and clothing needed during your flight as part of your own carry-on baggage allowance.
If your infant has an allocated seat, and is either sitting up unaided or in an approved car seat, their fare includes the standard carry-on baggage allowance.
Infants and checked baggage
We know that travelling with infants and small children requires a lot of gear, so we let you carry the following items as checked baggage for free, regardless of fare and in addition to any checked-baggage allowance: a pram or stroller; a portable cot; a highchair; a car seat, baby capsule or booster seat.
See: Can I bring a pram, stroller, portable cot or highchair as checked baggage?
Infants not occupying a seat are not entitled to a checked baggage allowance.
Infant harnesses and slings
Harnesses and slings are handy at the airport, but their use is restricted on board. See: Can my infant travel in a baby carrier or harness?
For more information see the family travel page


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A few of the key issues they work with include:
If you need advice, you will find your local office on the CAB website.
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8 Ways Your Kitchen Renovations Could Break Your Budget
When you begin planning a kitchen renovation project, you may have no idea how much your ideal vision might cost. The answer will likely depend on several factors, including the size of your space, what you will do to it, and your budget. In the end, the price of a renovation should largely be driven by your own choices.
That said, there are some common reasons kitchen renovations go over the original budget. We asked three kitchen designers to tell us what they most commonly see.
Kitchen Reno 1: Original chart on Houzz
The No. 1 reason that renovation projects (all projects, not just kitchens) go over budget is owners choosing more upscale products and finishes, according to a recent survey of 120,000 registered Houzz users, including 70,000 who renovated in 2015. Nearly half of those who went over their budget cited this as a reason.
About 40 percent of those who busted their budgets said finding out that products or services were more expensive than anticipated was the culprit, according to the survey. Given that this was a such common experience, we'd like to flag some areas where costs can rack up quickly.
Kitchen Reno 2: Santarossa Mosaic & Tile Co Inc, original photo on Houzz
Upgraded Finishes
1. Custom cabinetry. Cabinet costs range widely, largely depending on whether they come from a big-box store or are semi-custom or custom-made. Stock cabinets typically cost $50 per linear foot, while custom cabinetry can run up to $2,000 per linear foot.
The key is to know how much the designs you want might cost before you actually start to renovate. Keep in mind that specialty and custom items usually cost more. For example, it may look beautiful to stretch your upper cabinets to 12 feet to balance out high ceilings. But with this design, "you've almost quadrupled the cost because your standard cabinet doesn't go to 12 feet. Now you're doing super-custom cabinets," says Tanner Luster, owner of Luster Custom Homes & Remodeling in Scottsdale, Arizona. Ask your architect, designer or general contractor to advise you on the costs of various options early. If you're acting as your own general contractor and hiring individual tradespeople directly, you can discuss cost upfront with them before you finalize your plan.
2. Special features. In addition to the external features of cabinets, the innards can increase the cost. Examples of nice-to-have but pricey cabinetry add-ons include a magic corner, where pull-out shelves provide access to a hidden portion of a cabinet that you otherwise couldn't reach, a knife drawer, or spice or wine racks. "There are so many things you can add to cabinetry. You can add $10,000 or $15,000," says Matthew Ferrarini of Ferrarini Kitchens, Baths & Interiors in Philadelphia. "Before you know it, your cabinetry costs significantly higher than you want."
Before committing to a special feature, you may want to consider how much you'll really use it. That way, you can determine if the added functionality is worth the cost to you.
Kitchen Reno 3: Echelon Custom Homes, original photo on Houzz
3. Countertops. The cost for countertops ranges widely. Plastic laminate countertops are relatively affordable at $8 to $20 per square foot. Quartz and granite typically run much higher, anywhere from $50 to $120 per square foot. "If you haven't purchased a countertop in 20 years and you go from a laminate to a Cambria or a quartz or a granite," be sure you look into the cost of the various options, advises Judy Kimble, marketing manager at Gerhard's Kitchen & Bath Store in Madison, Wisconsin.
4. Appliances. Appliances also range widely in cost, from under $1,000 to several thousand, depending on the make, model and features. Luxury appliances like Wolf and Sub-Zero are priced on the higher end of the range, and brands like GE are more budget. A Sub-Zero refrigerator could cost upward of $7,500, while a basic GE model from Sears could cost under $500. A Miele gas range could run $7,000, and a premium 60-inch model from La Cornue more than twice that. An Asko dishwasher could cost more than $1,000, whereas some LG models sell at just $450.
These prices are examples and not meant to be all-encompassing; the point is that appliances have a huge range. "A Viking range versus a GE Profile could be a $10,000 to $15,000 difference," Ferrarini says. Kimble, the Wisconsin kitchen store manager who appreciates luxury appliances, says she was once quoted $38,000 for an entire kitchen suite. Do your research and find out what you get for the various cost ranges so that you can determine if the price of the features is worth the expense for your family.
Kitchen Reno 4: Before Photo, original photo on Houzz
Hidden Costs That Can't Be Avoided
Beyond the costs that the owner controls by selecting finishes and materials are the costs resulting from structural problems that simply must be resolved.
5. Unforeseen structural issues. You might open a wall and find that termites have eaten half the studs. Perhaps once the kitchen flooring is removed, you find that an undetected water leak has rotted the sub floor and floor joists. Or, as shown in this picture from a real Houzzer's kitchen renovation project, you might discover a faulty ceiling. "Our only unexpected expense was when the kitchen ceiling partially collapsed while our contractor was cutting holes for the can lights," writes Houzzer Susan Hofer. "Bought the house new 37 years ago and the collapse exposed some very poor construction."
Such unforeseen issues are good incentives to do pre-project due diligence. Even so, not every problem can be caught ahead of time. Many designers recommend reserving a 20 percent contingency in your kitchen renovation budget for unexpected surprises.
6. Code compliance. Pete Gersdorf, owner of Aim Kitchen and Bath in Des Moines, Iowa, has faced code issues on some kitchen remodels. For example, when a new gas range is a high-BTU unit, a larger gas pipe may need to be installed — which entails opening up the wall and replacing the pipe. He has seen plumbing vent issues when the original sink plumbing was not correctly installed. "We [have] also found ceiling joists or floor joists not built correctly and had to replace them to meet current standards and or codes," Gersdorf says.
Related: Kitchen of the Week: Connected, Open Oregon Remodel
Kitchen Reno 5: Studio William Hefner, original photo on Houzz
Let's Just Call It 'Bloat'
The final category of reasons that kitchen renovations go over budget is basically entirely within your control.
7. Changing your mind. For your contractor to accurately predict the project cost, it's a good idea to select all your finishes before the construction work starts. "If you haven't picked them out, invariably it will be more money. Two, it will take more time. And three, it will mess up the schedule — which will also cost more money," says Anne Higuera, co-owner of Ventana Construction in Seattle, which has worked with more than 250 clients since 2003.
Changing finishes or materials mid-project typically results in a change order, which can slow the timeline and increase the cost. "It might be a configuration of an island countertop we have decided on; they may not like it and want to change it," says Gersdorf, the kitchen builder in Iowa. "Those things will definitely add to the cost."
Even when they know making a change will add to the cost, some homeowners will still want to change the plans midway. In fact, this was the third most common reason kitchen budgets got blown, according to the survey of registered Houzzers.
8. Mission creep. This is the term for what happens when your kitchen renovation is looking amazing … and suddenly you decide you want to also redo the trim on the living room and dining room, and put in all new doors. "Suddenly your mission has expanded a little bit," Gersdorf says. "That's probably the No. 1 place where we see their budget get blown out more."
Kitchen Reno 6: Original chart on Houzz
What Does a Typical Kitchen Renovation Cost, Anyway?
While it's helpful to know some common reasons why kitchen renovation budgets expand, it could also be useful to know how much kitchen renovations typically cost. According to a Houzz survey of nearly 2,500 homeowners who were renovating or had recently renovated their kitchens, about one-third of owners spent between $25,000 and $50,000. Another one-third spent more than $50,000. These are national averages. The cost for you will depend on costs in your area. Typically costs on the coasts are more expensive than in the middle part of the country.
Costs also depend on the type of project, as well as the size of the room. A major kitchen overhaul, which includes at least replacing all the cabinets and appliances, costs about three times as much as a minor, or more superficial, kitchen renovation.
Kitchen Reno 7: Original chart on Houzz
How Often Do Renovation Budgets Get Blown?
Finally, a note about renovation budgeting. If you stay on budget, you will fall among the approximately one-third of Houzzers surveyed who renovated last year (all projects, not just kitchens) who also did. A little less than one-third exceeded their budget. Just 3 percent came in under budget.
The post 8 Ways Your Kitchen Renovations Could Break Your Budget appeared first on Best Real Estate Agents in Northern Colorado.


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Black Dog Ride's
2016 BMW Bike Raffle is Now Open!
We're excited to announce the opening of
Black Dog Ride's 2016 BMW Bike Raffle!
This year's prize is the amazing all new BMW RnineT Scrambler pictured below, valued at $21,480! Our sincere thanks to Miles Davis, Marketing Manager, BMW Motorrad, for helping us to create this opportunity for riders.
Only 2,000 tickets for the BMW RnineT Scrambler will be sold and for a low $50 each! Ticket sales close at 11.59pm Monday November 7th 2016. The raffle will be drawn on Thursday 10th November 2016 at 11am AWST at Black Dog Ride Head Office, 15 Kershaw Street, Busselton WA 6280.
To be in with a great chance to win this bike and support two fantastic charities,
purchase your raffle tickets HERE
Black Dog Ride is proud to partner with BMW in support of our mission to raise awareness of depression and suicide prevention. Proceeds from the raffle benefit Lifeline Australia, helping to extend their Online Crisis Support Chat Service and Black Dog Ride, supporting our frontline mental health awareness activities.
Click on the poster, left, to download a poster for sharing on social media amongst your friends, family club and colleagues, or click here to download a hi-res poster for printing.
Thank you for supporting the vital work of Lifeline Australia and Black Dog Ride, and thank you BMW Motorrad for helping us to help others!
"BMW are very excited to be involved with Black Dog Ride. Over the last 5 years Black Dog Ride has developed into a major supporter of a variety of mental health charities, in addition to raising incalculable awareness of depression and suicide prevention across Australia. Riding to raise awareness has seen motorcyclists around the nation jumping at the opportunity to support such a vital, life saving cause".
Miles Davis, Marketing Manager
BMW Motorrad


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Ride All Year With an Indoor Trainer
Keeping those cycling muscles in shape through the winter has never been more fun and more effective thanks to huge advances in indoor bike trainer technology. Smart trainers allow you to connect seamlessly with your favorite app, track your metrics, join group rides, and more - all from the comfort of your home on your own bike. We also have basic trainers and rollers for a lower tech, lower cost option. Shop online or visit us today to discover which option is best for you!
Shop Bike Trainers
Explore smart trainers, basic trainers, and rollers. We have indoor training options to meet your needs.
Shop Cycling Shoes
Train safely and effectively with cycling shoes. We have great options for spin classes as well!