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In a study published in the November 3 issue of the journal Science, an international group of ecologists and economists shows that the loss of biodiversity is profoundly reducing the ocean's ability to produce seafood, resist diseases, filter pollutants, and rebound from stresses such as over fishing and climate change.
The study was based at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) at the University of California, Santa Barbara. NCEAS is funded by the National Science Foundation.
The study reveals that every species lost causes a faster unraveling of the overall ecosystem. Conversely, every species recovered adds significantly to overall productivity and stability of the ecosystem and its ability to withstand stresses.
"This study is the first to definitively link species losses in marine systems to their economic consequences for society, by choosing to measure the effects of species losses by their impacts on the things humans care most about: seafood production, clean beaches for swimming, coastal protection from storms, tourism revenue and absorption of our waste," said Kimberly A. Selkoe, co-author and postdoctoral researcher at NCEAS. "We found that the more that humans strip marine ecosystems of their species by unchecked exploitation, the fewer benefits we derive from them, and the more society suffers from the economic consequences, such as unstable seafood markets, health problems linked to polluted beaches, and coastal damage from storms."
The four-year analysis is the first to examine all existing data on ocean species and ecosystems, synthesizing historical, experimental, fisheries, and observational data sets to understand the importance of biodiversity at the global scale.
"Our results indicate that the current trend for losing marine species could have drastic consequences for what people can get from the oceans, but we also found that protection of ocean areas can restore these services," said Benjamin S. Halpern, co-author and researcher at NCEAS. "In other words, it is not too late to help make things better."
Lead author Boris Worm of Canada's Dalhousie University said, "Whether we looked at tide pools or studies over the entire world's ocean, we saw the same picture emerging. In losing species we lose the productivity and stability of entire ecosystems. I was shocked and disturbed by how consistent these trends are — beyond anything we suspected."
The results reveal global trends that mirror what scientists have observed at smaller scales, and they prove that progressive biodiversity loss not only impairs the ability of oceans to feed a growing human population, but also sabotages the stability of marine environments and their ability to recover from stresses. Every species matters.
"For generations, people have admired the denizens of the sea for their size, ferocity, strength or beauty. But as this study shows, the animals and plants that inhabit the sea are not merely embellishments to be wondered at," said Callum Roberts, professor at the University of York, England, who was not involved in the study. "They are essential to the health of the oceans and the well-being of human society."
Peter Kareiva, a former Brown University professor and U.S. government fisheries manager who now leads science efforts at The Nature Conservancy, said, "This analysis provides the best documentation I have ever seen regarding biodiversity's value. There is no way the world will protect biodiversity without this type of compelling data demonstrating the economic value of biodiversity."
The good news is that the data show that ocean ecosystems still hold great ability to rebound. However, the current global trend is a serious concern; it projects the collapse of all species of wild seafood that are currently fished by the year 2050 (collapse is defined as 90 percent depletion).
Collapses are also hastened by the decline in overall health of the ecosystem — fish rely on the clean water, prey populations, and diverse habitats that are linked to higher diversity systems. This points to the need for managers to consider all species together rather than continuing with single species management.
"Unless we fundamentally change the way we manage all the ocean's species together, as working ecosystems, then this century is the last century of wild seafood," said co-author Steve Palumbi of Stanford University.
The impacts of species loss go beyond declines in seafood. Human health risks emerge as depleted coastal ecosystems become vulnerable to invasive species, disease outbreaks and noxious algal blooms.
Many of the economic activities along our coasts rely on diverse systems and the healthy waters they supply. "The ocean is a great recycler," explained Palumbi. "It takes sewage and recycles it into nutrients, it scrubs toxins out of the water, and it produces food and turns carbon dioxide into food and oxygen." But in order to provide these services, the ocean needs all its working parts, the millions of plant and animal species that inhabit the sea.
The strength of the study is the consistent agreement of theory, experiments and observations across widely different scales and ecosystems. The study analyzed 32 controlled experiments, observational studies from 48 marine protected areas, and global catch data from the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) database of all fish and invertebrates worldwide from 1950 to 2003. The scientists also looked at a 1000-year time series for 12 coastal regions, drawing on data from archives, fishery records, sediment cores and archeological data.
"We see an accelerating decline in coastal species over the last 1000 years, resulting in the loss of biological filter capacity, nursery habitats, and healthy fisheries," said co-author Heike Lotze of Dalhousie University, who led the historical analysis of Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, the Bay of Fundy, and the North Sea, among others.
The scientists note that a pressing question for management is whether losses can be reversed. If species have not been pushed too far down, recovery can be fast — but there is also a point of no return as seen with species like northern Atlantic cod.
Examination of protected areas worldwide show that restoration of biodiversity increased productivity four-fold in terms of catch per unit effort and made ecosystems 21% less susceptible to environmental and human caused fluctuations on average.
"The data show us it's not too late," said Worm. "We can turn this around. But less than one percent of the global ocean is effectively protected right now. We won't see complete recovery in one year, but in many cases species come back more quickly than people anticipatedn — in three to five to ten years. And where this has been done we see immediate economic benefits."
The buffering impact of species diversity also generates long term insurance values that must be incorporated into future economic valuation and management decisions. "Although there are short-term economic costs associated with preservation of marine biodiversity, over the long term biodiversity conservation and economic development are complementary goals," said co-author Ed Barbier, an economist from the University of Wyoming.
The authors conclude that restoring marine biodiversity through an ecosystem based management approach — including integrated fisheries management, pollution control, maintenance of essential habitats and creation of marine reserves — is essential to avoid serious threats to global food security, coastal water quality and ecosystem stability.
"This isn't predicted to happen, this is happening now," said co-author Nicola Beaumont an ecological economist with Britain's Plymouth Marine Laboratory. "If biodiversity continues to decline, the marine environment will not be able to sustain our way of life, indeed it may not be able to sustain our lives at all."


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Should a riot or civil disturbance start outside the Building, the security officers will immediately lock all entrances to the building. The police will be notified. We will keep you informed.
If a disturbance should occur in the main lobby, all elevators will be turned off at the first floor and the police will be summoned.

subset: commoncrawl


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Three women and four kids who fled Russia's war on Ukraine have a new temporary home in Germany after a Russian immigrant offered them space in his small apartment.
The seven refugees spent five days trekking from Uman in central Ukraine to Poland and then to Aschaffenburg in Bavaria, where Ilya Lyalkov, 30, opened his home to them, according to public broadcaster Bayerischer Rundfunk. He has lived in Germany for 18 years.
Lyalkov's apartment is only 40 square meters — about 430 square feet. But he agreed to host the Ukrainians soon after Russia's invasion began at the request of his mother, who is acquainted with one of the women, the news outlet reports. He's been helping them fill out applications for government aid, a process that could end with their finding new housing.
In addition to squeezing seven people into his apartment, Lyalkov made another change: He took down a Russian flag that had been hanging in his living room. It's been replaced by a smaller Ukrainian flag, with the word FRIEDEN — "peace" — written on it.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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In this article we are tackling the age old question of how much of high performance muffler design is based on science and how much is slick advertising? With all the different styles and types of performance mufflers on the market with different sound attenuation strategies, it can get confusing to know what is best for your application.
Muffler manufacturers make a lot of claims about their products but some of the claims don't explain how their mufflers actually work and bring a distinct difference to the performance of a car. We enlisted some of the top minds in the exhaust game to understand the in's and out's of muffler design by reaching out to B & B Performance Exhaust, Corsa Performance Exhaust, Flowmaster Inc. and Hooker Headers to get the lowdown on muffler basics.
Muffler Purpose
Starting from the top we should define what the purpose of a performance muffler is. Performance mufflers have three simple goals for perfect operation. First to absorb and dissipate. Second to move exhaust gasses, and finally to maintain power and performance of the engine while achieving the first two goals.
Clearly, designing and engineering mufflers that efficaciously contain, absorb and dissipate noise pulses and maintain power with cost efficiency at the same time is no easy task. Nor is it a one size fits all formula.
Honestly, the most impressive thing that others identify in an automobile right away is the sound that your car makes. – Cam Benty (Hooker Headers)
Performance mufflers do not technically "add" any extra power to your car when you install them; however they can often help to maintain more of the engine's power than a stock muffler. Many stock cars have restrictive exhaust systems to keep the cars quiet and cost much less for the manufacturer. Performance mufflers actually improve the efficiency of the exhaust system and retain most of the power that your engine creates. Some stock mufflers have been documented to rob 30 or 40 horsepower from a factory high performance V8 by creating excessive backpressure.
Adding a performance muffler to your car can also help to reduce wear on engine components, by reducing engine heat and boosting exhaust flow. Performance muffler designs also consider the sound that does come out of the tail pipe by improving the exhaust note to a more aggressive and exiting sound.
About Exhaust Noise
Sound is simply a vibration that spreads as a wave through air. This vibration, or pulses of high and low are pressure, move through the air at the rate of a mile in five-seconds on the average – commonly referred to as "the speed of sound."
In an internal combustion engine, these pulses are created when the exhaust valve opens and the hot gas from the combustion chamber enters the exhaust system. The exhaust gas exits the combustion chamber under pressure and meets the low pressure gas in the exhaust pipes and stack up on each other. However, the sound waves migrate through the media without any resistance, making their way down the pipe faster than the actual gases do.
When these pulses reach your eardrum, the eardrum vibrates back and forth which causes the brain to recognize the motion as sound. It is possible to add multiple sound waves together and get less sound by lowering the pressure pulses. This is where muffler design comes into play.
Types of High Performance Street Mufflers
"Designing a high performance street muffler is a careful balance or blend of science and subjectivity," says Hooker Header's Cam Benty. "Science is the easy part. What sounds good is much more subjective. The exhaust note is in the design, not the material."
Muffler design types fall into three basic categories: reactive, absorptive, or a combination of the two. There are several other terms in usage today, like turbo, bullet and multiple baffle. Despite the different terms, they still fall into one of these three basic categories: reactive, absorptive or combination.
Making Music
"There is plenty of documentation on how sound waves move and the way that sound waves move through mufflers," explains Benty as he described how formulas are used in locating the chambers and tubes inside a muffler. "Channels and chambers inside a muffler are there for a reason. Certain sound frequencies are eliminated and others are allowed to pass through. Honestly, the most impressive thing that others identify in an automobile right away is the sound that your car makes," Benty added.
Formulas used in targeting specific sound frequencies are generally based on the number of cylinders of the engine and the cylinder firing rate of the engine that an engineer is designing a muffler for. Internal design depends on space. Both the amount of space that is available in the platform and the volume of the muffler required for the engine size and rpm are important in calculating where channels and baffles go. Each type of muffler has its own design formulas and physics framework to adhere to when designing a muffler for a new application.
Reactive Style Mufflers
Reactive mufflers are also commonly referred to as restrictive mufflers. The term "restrictive" has bad connotations, like restricting the flow of gasses out of the engine. All mufflers create some form of restriction as a byproduct of silencing unwanted sounds. Most experts agree that factory mufflers accomplish noise reduction by forcing gasses through smaller diameter passages causing the flow of the gasses to back up and form a type of air dampner for sound.
Despite the name, reactive style mufflers are revered for their ability to silence harsh engine noises. Using engineered chambers with plates or perforated tubes, reactive style mufflers can isolate and diminish a target range of tones. Mufflers can be tailor made for aggressive sounding exhaust note or a super quiet exhaust note depending on the noise canceling strategy built into the muffler.
Depending on which concept you use in muffler design, it is going to have a great impact on the tone that the muffler is going to have. – Billy Boat
Many of the reactive type mufflers use internal tubes, sound chambers and route the flow through increasingly smaller openings. "These type of systems do a good job of canceling out sound waves but they lack exhaust scavenging abilities," said Nick Tauber of Flowmaster, Inc.
While the reactive style mufflers do a great job at noise reduction, they can also create the most back pressure. This style of muffler is normally designed to force exhaust gasses through smaller diameter passages. Minimizing the amount of restrictions is the chief goal in the design of this muffler type.
Using a unique system they call Reflective Sound Cancellation (RSC), Corsa's Brent Noward admits that getting rid of restrictions is the key to designing a successful reactive style muffler. "With our RSC technology we target very specific frequencies and target our muffler designs to tune out those frequencies without impeding airflow."
There are several companies that make a well designed reactive type muffler that reduces noise without generating excessive backpressure. Flowmaster, Corsa and Hooker Headers all have a product lines of very well designed reactive style mufflers.
Reactive Muffler Noise Canceling Strategies
Former Indy Car racer and Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame driver Billy Boat explains the strategy behind his company's noise canceling concepts. "We consider two basic noise canceling concepts when designing mufflers for B&B Exhaust systems," says Boat. "Reactive and absorption. Depending on which concept you use in muffler design, it is going to have a great impact on the tone that the muffler is going to have."
Many reactive mufflers are designed with chambers and plates that deform the sound waves coming out of the engine. These techniques require the sound waves to bounce around and react against another pulse wave. Flowmaster takes a different approach. According to Tauber, "Flowmaster mufflers take the sound wave and splits it. When the sound wave comes back together the like frequencies cancel each other out. The mufflers also scavenge exhaust by creating a low pressure area behind the delta plates." Basically, Flowmaster controls the sound by using chambers and exhaust flow.
The more restriction there is in a muffler contributes proportionately to the lower sound waves and the amount of engine power that is wasted. There is a direct correlation between the amount of exhaust noise and power lost. Basically, the louder the exhaust note, the more power that is retained and can be used.
Depending on the sound level desired by enthusiasts, "The amount of delta plates and the use of a Helmholtz chamber can change the sound of the exhaust to anything from an aggressive note to something just above stock," Tauber explained.
Corsa's Reflective Sound Cancelation (RSC) technology focuses on getting rid of low frequency sound waves by diverting them into specifically designed channels and reversing the flow causing the sound waves to cancel themselves out and eliminate the unwanted frequencies. "We generally try to use tubing equivalent to, or larger than, stock tubing to increase flow," Noward added.
- Great Sound Cancellation
- Good flow in well designed systems
Cons (according to some experts):
- High restriction
- Lack of scavenging ability
Examples of Reactive style mufflers:
Corsa Performance Exhaust
- RSC Mufflers (Reflective Sound Cancellation)
Flowmaster Inc.
- Super 10/40/44/50 Series
- Flowmaster 40/50/60/70/80 Series
Hooker Headers
- Aero Chamber
- Hooker Headers Turbo
About Absorptive Mufflers
Absorptive mufflers are designed so that the sound entering the muffler interacts with packing material and is converted to heat by the frictional process. This muffler's performance relies on absorption by the packing material for performance.
Absorptive type mufflers gained serious recognition in the late 50s by hot rodders and have continued to thrive with enthusiasts that want a very aggressive high performance sound. These straight-through designed mufflers produce a tantalizing sound and are sought after by many enthusiasts.
Enthusiasts wanting an absorptive style muffler should look to choose one from a reputable manufacturer like the ones that we have listed here. "Certain mufflers can burn out because the packing material is in contact with perforated tubes and the hot exhaust gases," said Benty. If the packing material burns out or is blown out of the muffler, it's ability to provide any noise control is reduced.
"Absorptive muffler technology has been around since the 1950's," explained Tauber. "The problem with this technology is that even though the muffler looks straight through, the turbulence caused by the sound and exhaust pulses trying to escape into the packing material, causing back pressure."
"The quietest time in an absorptive muffler's life is when you buy it," says Flowmaster's Nate Shelton. Shelton has over 40-years of experience with performance exhaust since starting at Hooker Headers in 1972.
As Benty explained above, the packing material gets burned or blown out of the muffler. Condensation can soak into the packing material adding to the degradation of the muffler's ability to act as a silencer. Unless you plan on replacing your mufflers a lot more frequently, or wearing noise canceling headphones when you drive, straight-through mufflers may not offer the controlled sound level that you desire.
Noward explained absorptive muffler's perforated tubing as being a big difference between the reactive style and absorptive style muffler design. "We don't use porous tubing as a primary means of sound deadening as this type of methodology is generally used with a packing muffler as the primary means of sound deadening. These methods can actually impede flow."
- Aggressive sound
- Good flow
Cons (according to some experts):
- Poorly designed systems impede exhaust flow
- Do little to silence unwanted noise
Examples of Absorptive style mufflers:
Hooker Headers
- Sidemounts
- Maximum Flow
- Universal Elite and Turnout
Combination (Restrictive and Absorptive)
"If you focus solely on noise cancellation or reflection, your going to end up with a real 'tinny' sound and not really a desirable tone. If you rely purely on absorption, you don't cancel frequencies at the right areas and you get drone," says B&B Exhaust's Billy Boat. "So, what we have learned in the last 20 years of muffler design, through trial and error and practical application, is that a combination of both is what we found to be the best."
Boat, a graduate from Arizona State University, has performance credentials from top to bottom on his resume. "When it comes to muffler design, we will implement some element of absorption, which gives it a deeper tone, and elements of reflection which helps to eliminate the drone," Boats added.
Tauber explained how Flowmasters combination mufflers work by saying, "These mufflers use what we call broad band sound cancellation. The sound waves expand to the outer core of the muffler where the sound waves are cancelled out similar to one of our chambered mufflers. Residual sound waves are then absorbed by the outer thermal barrier, which also helps dissipate radiant heat. As the exhaust pulse enters the muffler its velocity is increased using the venture effect. The increased speed of the exhaust pulse creates a low pressure area behind it, which creates a scavenging effect. This type of technology also works very well in turbo applications."
- Great balance of sound and exhaust flow
- Great for Turbo and power adder applications
Cons (according to some experts):
- Packing material can deteriorate or hold moisture
Examples of Absorptive style mufflers:
Flowmaster Inc.
- Super HP-2
- Pro Series
- DBX Series
B & B Performance Exhaust Mufflers
Inside the Muffler
Mufflers silence sound waves by converting the sound wave energy into heat by passing the exhaust gas and it's accompanying wave pattern, through perforated tubes and tuning chambers. Passing into perforations and reflectors within the chamber forces the sound waves to dissipate their energy. There are several different design techniques used by the muffler manufacturer's to accomplish their task.
The criteria for developing a new muffler boils down to the amount of noise reduction required, restrictions on shape based on the vehicle, the pressure drop through the muffler and the market's economic considerations.
According to Noward, "Mufflers all have limiting attributes dependent upon the vehicle application. We pre-spec the sound level we are designing for and benchmark that against the stock level exhaust sounds both internally and externally."
Boat explains the design process used at B&B Exhaust, "We don't take a regular 9-inch x 5-inch muffler and try to make it fit every application. We take every application and determine what is going to be the best configuration of muffler inside and what our latest technology is to develop the system."
"Typically engineers begin by identifying the target size, based on the vehicle, then go to a target frequency and volume," said Benty. "Shape is largely determined by available space in the vehicle application and how much clearance is acceptable. We design our exhaust systems to have stock or near stock levels of ground clearance," added Noward.
"We'll take a look at what the factory has done. Years ago there was big gains possible from what the factory put out to the aftermarket. The factory has gotten a lot better in the past 10 years, but there is still a lot of room for improvement. We take a look at what they have done and figure out where we can make improvements," states Boat. "You have to look at every application and see where the improvements can be made. Sometimes it's size and sometimes it's muffler flow or how the exhaust routes through the muffler. We look at improvements on a case by case basis."
Every manufacturer told us that each application is specific. There is no one size fits all "universal" muffler for every application. Based on the concept of improving performance, the manufacturer's look at the factory muffler's tube size and muffler volume. Then they examine the reflection properties and cancellation notes to figure out where improvements can be made and which unwanted sounds need to be cancelled out.
Noward explained how Corsa design process works with their engineers. "Our proprietary RSC technology is designed differently dependent upon the sound level we are targeting. We change our exhaust note by changing how we design our RSC technology inside of the muffler removing frequencies or allowing additional frequencies to be heard." To Corsa, targeting the sound is primary to designing the internal parts of each muffler.
The Design Stage
Like most of the high performance muffler companies, Noward explains the software involved in muffler design. "We've invested in designing proprietary software that aides us in the configuration of the muffler design based on a set of inputs. That program gets us to a starting point and then we perfect it through trial and error and re-designing the internal RSC configuration and muffler attributes as necessary. Acoustically we use our proprietary software to help us target the acoustic levels we are trying to attain."
Noward went on to say, "Due to our RSC technology, our systems feature a free-flowing straight through design that provides extremely low back pressure that allows the exhaust to flow very freely boosting performance. Each muffler is designed and tuned specifically for the vehicle it is intended for taking into account everything from cabin volume, to exhaust length, to desired level of exterior volume."
The Bottom Line
Billy Boat summed up the muffler design process by saying, "Muffler design is fairly complex. From the outside looking in, a tube wrapped around another tube with some packing isn't the way the technology is anymore. There's a lot of things going on in modern mufflers that helps achieve the sound and performance that we are looking for."
In the 1950's cutting edge technology was taking a 3-inch core and put a 4-inch sleeve around it and calling that a muffler. By today's standards that isn't doing too much because we have a better understanding of the area needed for absorption. Wrap that same core in an 8-inch sleeve and you may have a fairly effective muffler.
Benty tells us that a new muffler design will "go through a lot of different iterations and be subjected to a lot of different things in prototyping before it is ever tested for production." By the time a muffler hits the shelves at your local parts store, new mufflers are well scrutinized for their specific application and use. When it comes to muffler design – we've come a long way baby.


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Northumberland National Park
Northumberland National Park is a protected area located in the county of Northumberland, in the northeast of England. It was established as a national park in 1956 and covers an area of over 1,040 square miles.
The park is known for its rugged landscapes and diverse natural habitats, including moorland, heathland, bogs, and forests. It is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including red squirrels, roe deer, and a number of bird species, such as the curlew, golden plover, and osprey. The park is also famous for its dark skies, which make it a popular destination for stargazing and astrophotography.
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park is a protected area located in Scotland, United Kingdom. It was established in 2002 and covers an area of approximately 720 square miles, making it the first national park in Scotland.
Geographically, the park is situated in the western part of Scotland and encompasses the southern part of the Scottish Highlands, including the Trossachs, an area of hills and glens.
Exmoor National Park
Exmoor National Park is a protected area in South West England, covering 267 square miles (692 square kilometers) of hilly moorland, coastal cliffs, and valleys. It was established in 1954 to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage of the region.
Dartmoor National Park
Dartmoor National Park is a protected area in South West England, covering an area of 368 square miles (954 square kilometers). It was established in 1951 to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage of the region.
Cairngorms National Park
The Cairngorms are a range of mountains located in the heart of the national park, and they are some of the highest and most dramatic peaks in the UK. The Cairngorms are popular among outdoor enthusiasts, and the park is a hub for outdoor activities such as hiking, mountaineering, and skiing. The park also offers many opportunities for wildlife watching, with a range of habitats supporting a variety of species.
Brecon Beacons National Park
The Brecon Beacons - One of the unique features of the Brecon Beacons is the "beacons" themselves, which are a series of hilltop cairns used to warn of impending invasions by lighting fires on top. The beacons were used by the ancient Celts and later by the Romans, and the tradition has been continued throughout the centuries. Today, the Brecon Beacons are still used for signaling purposes during special events, such as the National Park's annual beacon-lighting ceremony.
The Yorkshire Dales National Park
The Yorkshire Dales National Park is a stunning area located in the northern part of England, covering an area of over 1,762 square km (1095 square miles). It was established as a National Park on August 16, 1954, and is one of 15 national parks in the UK. The park is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, rolling hills, dramatic valleys, and charming villages, making it a popular destination for visitors from all over the world.
Snowdonia National Park
Snowdonia National Park was created to protect the natural beauty of the area, which was threatened by industrialisation and urbanisation during the 20th century.
The Lake District National Park
The Lake District National Park, located in northwest England, is one of the most picturesque and popular tourist destinations in the UK. Spanning over 2,292 square kilometers, the park is known for its breathtaking natural beauty, including rolling hills, clear blue lakes, and verdant forests.
The Peak District National Park
The Peak District National Park is located in central and northern England and covers an area of 555 square miles. Established in 1951, it was the first national park in the UK and remains one of the country's most popular tourist destinations.
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A Proud Kase UK Partner
The use of high quality glass filters for landscape photography is quite simply game changing and will improve your resulting images. I am happy to talk filters and help you get started, start a conversation here


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Related View is the table of one entity type added to the dialog box of another entity type.
For example, the Project dialog box contains the Tasks related view.
Note You can add Related View only if one entity relates to another entity by property or link.
Related View automatically applies filter by related entity.
For example, in the Customer dialog box, the Orders related view shows orders related only to the given customer.
Note You can set layout and create presets for related view, but you cannot change the filter by related entity.
To add related view
1. Log on to the database in Configurator.
2. Right-click the database, point to Mode, click Views Configuration; then click the right-pointing arrow next to required entity views, click the entity view with (Detail), and then click Add (+) on the toolbar of the Related Views table.
3. In the Related View Settings dialog box, click required view in the View box, click required relation type in the Relation Type, type related view name in the Caption box, and then click OK.
Note If entities are not related by property, the Relation Type box has only the Links value, while if entities are related by property, the Relation Type box has both the Links value and the Property value, so you need to click the Property value.


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20 Aug 2012
Established and mid-career New Zealand writers are invited to apply for the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship 2013.
The Fellowship is one of New Zealand's longest-standing and most prestigious literary opportunities. It offers a residency of at least six months in Menton, France and NZ$75,000.
The support of the city of Menton enables a New Zealand author to work at the Villa Isola Bella, where Katherine Mansfield lived and wrote during the latter part of her life.
Established in 1970, there have been 42 recipients of this fellowship including: Janet Frame, Michael King, Lloyd Jones, Witi Ihimaera, Vincent O'Sullivan, Bill Manhire, Ian Wedde, Dame Fiona Kidman, Jenny Pattrick, Ken Duncum and the 2012 recipient, Justin Paton.
The Fellowship is an initiative of the Winn-Manson Menton Trust and is administered by Creative New Zealand. The Trust gratefully acknowledges a $25,000 grant from the New Zealand/France Friendship Fund towards the residency.
Applications close at 5pm on Friday 21 September, 2012
For more information, please contact:
Marlene LeCren
Creative New Zealand
Phone 09 (373) 3066
CATEGORIES: Fellowships awards and residencies Latest news and blog


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Microsoft Office
Setting Up a OneNote on SharePoint Drive
This tutorial is aimed at users with a SharePoint 2013 or SharePoint Online account provided by their work or school. It looks at the setup and (optionally) sharing of a OneNote book from the user's personal SharePoint site. I encourage business OneNote users to use SharePoint whether working alone or in a group.
continue reading →


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Sean Cole, 26, was snatched by a crocodile and dragged under the water Saturday as he and a friend were swimming in the Mary River during a birthday party.
Northern Territory wildlife ranger Tom Nichols said Cole's body and that of a 4.7-meter-long (15-foot, 5-inch) crocodile floated to the river surface early Monday. The crocodile was one of four that rangers shot in the hours after the attack.
"We believe that croc was responsible," Nichols said, though he noted that further tests to match the bite marks on Cole's body would be conducted.
Cole had been celebrating a friend's birthday at the Mary River Wilderness Retreat, an Outback tourist destination 70 miles (110 kilometers) southeast of the Northern Territory capital of Darwin.
Nichols said Cole, an information technology professional from Darwin, either died of chest injuries or drowned as the 650 kilogram (1,430 pound) reptile dragged him under in a disorientating crocodile maneuver known as a death roll.
Moments after the attack, witnesses saw the crocodile swimming upstream with Cole's body still in its jaws, Nichols said.
Police Senior Constable Wade Rodgers, who coordinated the weekend search, said a report on the tragedy would be prepared for a coroner's investigation.
The river is infested with crocodiles, and officials said that as locals the men would have known that.
"They just did something silly," Nichols said.
Crocodile expert Grahame Webb, a Darwin zoologist, said he would not give a swimmer an even chance of crossing the 80-meter-wide (260-foot-wide) river.
"Someone swimming in an area with crocs like that ... crocs are going to zero in on them almost every time," Webb said.
Mary River Wilderness Retreat manager Erin Bayard said the resort has several signs prohibiting swimming. Guests are advised not to go within 5 meters (16 feet) of the water's edge because of the risk of large crocodiles lunging from the river to drag people in.
Crocodile numbers have exploded across Australia's tropical north since the species was protected by federal law in 1971. The crocodile population is densest in the Northern Territory and is promoted as a major tourist attraction.
Last November, a crocodile killed a 7-year-old girl as she swam in a Northern Territory waterhole at a remote Aboriginal settlement and a 9-year-old boy was killed two weeks later by another crocodile at a Northern Territory beach.


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Powering nearly one trillion digital interactions a year (calls, messages, chat, video and email), Twilio (TWLO) is the leading customer engagement platform used by hundreds of thousands of businesses globally to reach their customers. Twilio is expanding into new international markets with the goal to deliver an exceptional payment experience to new customers in every market. Twilio needed a payment processor equipped to handle international transactions at scale with high authorization rates to maximize revenue uplift, reduce issuer declines, and, in turn, reduce involuntary churn. For large businesses, even a single percent increase in authorization rates can deliver outsized revenue gains.
Twilio ran an A/B test with multiple major global payment processors monitoring authorization rates across card networks like Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Discover, Diners, and JCB. The test was set up to randomize routing by examining numerous transaction attributes like card type, card brand, card country, transaction size, and transaction type. After weeks of A/B testing, Twilio selected Stripe.
"We were seeing ~10% uplift overall in authorization rates," said Chris Nasson, Director of Investor Relations & Treasury.
Twilio saw an increase in authorization rates by 10% compared to its previous provider. Here's a more in-depth look at Twilio's 10% uplift in authorization rates with Stripe, which it runs on AWS, as its payment processor:
+5.5% uplift from Stripe's Global Payments Infrastructure
With Stripe, Twilio is directly integrated with the major credit card providers—Visa, Mastercard, and American Express—and can process payments locally in its key markets like Japan, EU, and the Americas.
Nasson stated, "Our engineers don't need to worry about the nuances and the complexity of the Japanese market, which is by far one of the more challenging markets to process payments. Stripe makes our lives easier by reducing all that complexity in entering a new market."
+1% uplift from Adaptive Acceptance
Because Stripe is both an issuer and an acquirer, Stripe drives higher authorization rates through visibility and experimentation on issuer behavior on behalf of Twilio. If a decline does happen, Stripe's Adaptive Acceptance feature leverages machine learning to retry network declines in real time using optimized routing and ISO messaging, helping to improve authorization rates and recover revenue that may otherwise be lost. With Adaptive Acceptance, Twilio was able to mitigate issues with declined payments, which led to a 1% uplift over the last year.
"Stripe has a relentless focus on innovation. A great example of this is the machine learning model used to enhance authorization rates. We've realized roughly a 1% uplift in authorization rates just from Adaptive Acceptance. It requires zero effort from our side. It's purely done on the engineering efforts of Stripe."
+2% uplift from Card Account Updater
Additionally, Stripe's Card Account Updater has yielded a 2% increase in revenue by intelligently updating the credentials of saved cards that have expired or been replaced.
+1.5% uplift from on-going consultation & support
On top of Stripe's payment optimization products, Twilio opted for Stripe because of its ongoing consultative support. Stripe's team of payments optimization specialists analyzed Twilio's transaction types and frequency to identify authorization rate optimizations by standardizing address verification treatment and maximizing local acquiring benefits.
"Stripe's Account Management team was really instrumental in ensuring our migration was on track. They offered new ideas for how we could better leverage the Stripe platform. Out of all of the different quantitative suggestions, we've received roughly 1.5% uplift to our revenue," said Nasson. Stripe's deep understanding of the nuances of authorization rates, as well as Twilio's product and goals, helped in identifying areas of improvement, which led to considerable revenue growth.
Stripe has a relentless focus on innovation. A great example of this is the machine learning model used to enhance authorisation rates. We've realised roughly a 1% uplift in authorisation rates just from Adaptive Acceptance. It requires zero effort from our side. It's purely done on the engineering efforts of Stripe


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David Dexter reports that "Cowboy" James Storm appeared on Extreme Pro Wrestling Radio with Big D and Crisco to discuss hanging out with "Stone Cold" Steve Austin, his favorite tag team partner, an odd fan experience and more.
You recently were tweeting with a certain "rattlesnake" about sharing beers, what does one chat with Stone Cold about?
"Ya know, we talked, beer drinkin', road stories & ya know, comin' up in the business. Ya know he did a lot of his stuff in the south, he did a lot of stuff in Memphis with the USWA and stuff like that so…He's good friends with Dutch Mantell, one of my mentors, so we got a lot of things in common! We just sat there and shot the poo…don't wanna use the other word!!"
If you could change one thing about your character or your persona in the ring, what would it be?
"I am not really sure, I still get held back a little bit of what I can do out in the ring. I wish I could be a little more me!!"
How does James Storm holding the Championship title change things for TNA or how, with the belt would you handle being the locker room leader?
"I'd head out to the first strip club I seen & sit there & party down with em! Ya know, I think it was Rick Rude who said he went to the strip club with the title & was over like rover!! I can relate to a lot of wrestling fans ya know? A lot of em are blue collar workers who wanna go out to a great show on a Saturday or Friday night & just get out & take their kids!"
TNA is very big on fan experience & interaction, what is your best & worst story regarding fan experiences?
"I actually had a girl come to a show that had double F's, she wanted me to sign my entire name on em…but there was some hair on em. I guess that's the best & worst!"
If you could have one more tag team run, would you reform America's Most Wanted or Beer Money Inc?
I'm not really for sure on that. I mean both partners did their thing & it worked out well with them, I don't have anything bad to say about either of them, when we were together, they performed like we need them to. For me, me & Chris were better friends than I think me & Bobby was…me & Bobby didn't really travel too much together, me & Chris, when TNA first started up we were all each other had. We had to rely on each other we always traveled with each other so as far as a brother hood I say Chris but I really enjoyed the matches me & Bobby put together especially against the Machine Guns!"
Listen and LIKE here www.facebook.com/extremeprowrestlingradio.


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School's out for the holidays, and some colleges will start the new year remote due to the threat posed by the omicron variant.
At least seven campuses of the University of California system will begin the next semester with distance learning and intend to use that time to ramp up their testing capacity.
"The emergence of this new and fast-moving variant, coupled with student travel to and from campus and the prevalence of gatherings over the holidays, will present our campuses with a unique set of public health challenges as we begin the New Year," University of California president Michael V. Drake wrote in a letter to UC chancellors.
Other colleges and universities are taking similar precautions to ensure students returning to campus don't unintentionally bring COVID-19 back with them.
Stanford University will hold classes online for the first two weeks of its winter quarter, and it's urging students to get boosters and receive a negative test result before returning to campus.
Other institutions moving classes online to start the new year include Harvard University, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, and Kean University, among many others.
Scientists believe the highly transmissible omicron variant will produce a massive spike in infections in the coming weeks but is also likely to have lower rates of severe illness and deaths.
Some schools, such as Northwestern University and Oberlin College, will require students to have a booster shot by early next year as long as they are eligible. Booster shots have been shown to be effective against omicron.
The Biden administration previously said K-12 schools could limit quarantines by testing unvaccinated children who were in close contact with someone who had COVID-19 rather than making them stay home for 14 days, a practice known as "test to stay."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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This article is also available and sold as a booklet.
This sermon series includes the following messages:
The following is an excerpt from The MacArthur New Testament Commentary on 1 Peter 3.
Corresponding to that, baptism now saves you—not the removal of dirt from the flesh, but an appeal to God for a good conscience—through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, (3:21)
Peter used corresponding to that, a phrase containing the word antitupon, which means "copy," "counterpart," or "figure pointing to" to make the transition to the salvation in Christ. That word yielded the theological term antitype, which in the New Testament describes an earthly expression of a heavenly reality—a symbol or analogy of a spiritual truth (cf. John 3:14–16; Heb. 4:1–10; 8:2, 5). The preservation in the ark of those who believed God is analogous to the salvation believers have in Christ.
Some commentators believe the Flood is the antitype because antitupon (v. 21) and hudatos (water, v. 20) are both neuter nouns. But it is better to view the antitype in the broader sense of Noah and his family's total experience with the ark. God preserved them from the flood waters while the rest of mankind perished. Noah and his children are a genuine type of the salvation in Jesus Christ, which preserves believers safely through God's judgment on sinners.
Certain theological traditions misinterpret Peter's statement baptism now saves you to refer to spiritual salvation by water baptism (i.e., baptismal regeneration). But baptism (from baptizo) simply means "to immerse," and not just in water. Peter here uses baptism to refer to a figurative immersion into Christ as the ark of safety that will sail over the holocaust of judgment on the wicked. Noah and his family were immersed not just in water, but in the world under divine judgment. All the while they were protected by being in the ark. God preserved them in the midst of His judgment, which is what He also does for all those who trust in Christ. God's final judgment will bring fire and fury on the world, destroying the entire universe (cf. 2 Peter 3:10–12); but the people of God will be protected and taken into the eternal new heavens and new earth (v. 13).
Peter made clear that he did not want readers to think he was referring to water baptism when he specifically said not the removal of dirt from the flesh. (For a more complete discussion of baptism and regeneration, see John MacArthur, Acts 1–12, MacArthur New Testament Commentary [Chicago: Moody, 1994], 73–75.) That he was actually referring to a spiritual reality when he wrote baptism now saves is also clear from the phrase, an appeal to God for a good conscience—through the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The only baptism that saves people is dry—the spiritual one into the death as well as the resurrection of Christ—of those who appeal to God to place them into the spiritual ark of salvation safety (cf. Rom. 10:9–10).
Just as the Flood immersed all people in the judgment of God, yet some passed through safely, so also His final judgment will involve everyone, but those who are in Christ will pass through securely. The experience of Noah's family in the Flood is also analogous to the experience of everyone who receives salvation. Just as they died to their previous world when they entered the ark and subsequently experienced a resurrection of sorts when they exited the ark to a new post-Flood world, so all Christians die to their old world when they enter the body of Christ (Rom. 7:4–6; Gal. 2:19–20; Eph. 4:20–24). They subsequently enjoy newness of life that culminates one day with the resurrection to eternal life. Paul instructed the Romans: Or do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus have been baptized into His death? Therefore we have been buried with Him through baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of life. (Rom. 6:3–4; cf. 1 Cor. 6:17; 10:2; 12:13; Gal. 3:27; Eph. 4:5)Therefore, God provides salvation because a sinner, by faith, is immersed into Christ's death and resurrection and becomes His own through that spiritual union. Salvation does not occur by means of any rite, including water baptism (the removal of dirt from the flesh), but by an appeal to God for a good conscience. Appeal (eperotema) is a technical term that was used in making contracts. Here it refers to agreeing to meet certain divinely-required conditions before God places one into the ark of safety (Christ). Anyone who would be saved must first come to God with a desire to obtain a good (cleansed) conscience and a willingness to meet the conditions (repentance and faith) necessary to obtain it. By appealing to God for a good conscience, that is, a conscience free from accusation and condemnation (cf. Rom. 2:15), the unregenerate show that they are tired of the sin that dominates them and desire to be delivered from its burden of guilt and the threat of hell (cf. Luke 18:13–14; Acts 2:37–38). They crave the spiritual cleansing that comes through Christ's shed blood (3:18; cf. 1:18–19; 2:24; Heb. 9:14; 10:22). Therefore they repent of their sins and plead for God's forgiveness and the removal of the guilt that plagues their consciences, all of which is available through trusting in the atoning sacrifice of Christ. Water baptism does not save; it is the Holy Spirit's baptizing the sinner safely into Jesus Christ—the elect's only ark of salvation—that forever rescues the sinner from hell and brings him securely to heaven. This is the ultimate triumph of Christ's suffering for them, and the pledge of triumph in their own unjust suffering.


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What GDPR Means for Cybersecurity
We all know that May 25 was the enforcement deadline for Europe's General Data Protection Regulation. But what impact will General Data Protection Regulation have on cybersecurity programs?
GDPR, or the "Y2K" of our era, is part of a larger conversation that's been catalyzed by a lot of the recent news around regulation in general.
Download this GDPR thought-leadership paper which discusses:
- GDPR's impact;
- Dark web monitoring;
- New regulations and policies that are likely to come.


text:
Home | Libraries | People | FAQ | More |
Generic algorithms have so far been specified in terms of two or more iterators. Two iterators would together form a range of values that the algorithm could work on. This leads to a very general interface, but also to a somewhat clumsy use of the algorithms with redundant specification of container names. Therefore we would like to raise the abstraction level for algorithms so they specify their interface in terms of Ranges as much as possible.
The most common form of ranges used throughout the C++ community are standard library containers. When writing algorithms however, one often finds it desirable for the algorithm to accept other types that offer enough functionality to satisfy the needs of the generic code if a suitable layer of indirection is applied . For example, raw arrays are often suitable for use with generic code that works with containers, provided a suitable adapter is used. Likewise, null terminated strings can be treated as containers of characters, if suitably adapted.
This library therefore provides the means to adapt standard-like containers,
null terminated strings, std::pairs
iterators, and raw arrays (and more), such that the same generic code can work
with them all. The basic idea is to add another layer of indirection using
and free-standing functions so syntactic and/or semantic differences can be
The main advantages are
using namespace boost; using namespace boost::adaptors; for_each( my_map | map_values, fn );
using namespace boost; using namespace boost::adaptors; for_each( my_map | map_keys, fn );
using namespace boost; using namespace boost::adaptors; // Assume that is_even is a predicate that has been implemented elsewhere... push_back(target, my_map | map_values | filtered(is_even()) | reversed);


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3-Ring Binder Padfolio with Whiteboard Clipboard and Expanded Document Bag, Padfolio Ring Binder Business Organizer Portfolio Case
- This 3-Ring Binder Padfolio is Made of premium quality synthetic leather. Dimensions: approximately 12.75 x 10.3 x 1.2 inches (32.5 x 26 x 3 cm)
- 3 Ring Binder with 3/4 inch Round Ring, perfect fit for letter-size (8.5 x 11 inch) / A4-size papers, which helps keep important documents in order and easy to find.
- 2 transparent expanded document bags, ideal for price list, photographs, certificates, important documents. etc. (for 8.5-inch x 11-inch /A4 size paper.) Designed for everyday use, the durable document bags to prevent papers from easily folding or creasing.
- Built-in Dry Erase Surface provides 8.5 x 10.8 inches of blank plain white writing space, which you can wipe off quickly & easily reuse. A spring clip works great for your Resumes, Cover Letters, Documents. And a metal pen holder is perfect to hold your pen.
- The left-side organizer panel provides an L-shape pocket that holds your publications or documents, and A small open pocket offers useful space for storing receipts, tickets, and other items. There are 2 slots store credit cards/business cards and 2 transparent ID windows
This great 3-Ring Binder Padfolio is the perfect option for people who want to carry a few essentials back and forth to work, meetings, or classes. It features a 3-ring binder, which helps keep important documents in order, and easy to find. In your hand or in your bag, pack all the belongings you need.
* Due to the light and screen setting difference, the item's color may be slightly different from the pictures.
* Please allow a slight dimension difference due to different manual measurements.


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Ars Technica is looking for an IT Editor
Technica is back on the market, looking for another IT guru to add to our team. We're specifically looking for an experienced IT Editor who loves innovative technology but hates Valley hype (and who knows the difference between the two). We're looking for an editor with a passion for creating new insights, new angles, and new stories, all in the service of fostering understanding. At Ars, subject matter expertise is important, so we're looking for an IT Editor with similar values.
The position is full time and pays according to experience. Professional writing experience is a must; we will not consider applicants without it (sorry). The IT Editor will vet stories, make assignments, and work with the editorial board on projects big and small. Writing and reporting are also central. Whether the position ends up being more editing or more writing will depend on what works best for Ars and for the ideal candidate. So be sure to tell us your preferences right up front.
What will the position cover? We're particularly keen on topics such as virtualization, the cloud, computer architecture, and system design (to name just a few), but we're first and foremost interested in finding technical expertise fortified with passion for the realm of IT. The rest will work itself out. I'll also note here that we have a fantastic IT writer joining our staff in just two weeks, and we anticipate more growth this year and next in the department.
Compensation will be commensurate with experience. Living in or near San Francisco, New York, Chicago, or Boston is a definite plus; living in the United States is required. Candidates must be willing to travel when the story requires it, and must be comfortable working from home (or in your Batcave, Fortress of Solitude, etc.) the rest of the time.
To be considered for a spot, or to ask us any questions, connect with us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Potential candidates currently working at competing organizations should know that we will keep your interest and any inquiries private.
What should you send us? Consider it your first assignment, and we're your readers. Send us whatever you think we need to know, tell us what's at stake in hiring you, and make an impression. A recap of your professional experience is a must, and should go at the top, where we can clearly see it.
To recap:


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Updated 4 p.m. ET
The shooter behind the grisly mass shooting that left 20 people dead and 26 wounded at an El Paso, Texas, Walmart on Saturday morning has been identified by officials as 21-year-old Patrick Crusius of Allen, Texas.
State prosecutors in El Paso announced on Sunday that they will pursue the death penalty against Crusius.
In a news conference in El Paso, the U.S. attorney for the Western District of Texas, John Bash, said the investigation into the deadly attack is proceeding with a "view towards bringing federal hate crime charges."
Bash said his office is treating the shooting as a domestic terrorism case, which would make charges eligible for the death penalty.
"We are treating it as a domestic terrorism case, and we're going to do what we do to terrorists in this country, which is deliver swift and certain justice," Bash said at a news conference.
In separate legal proceedings, the district attorney's office has already filed papers warning the suspect that he faces capital murder charges.
El Paso Police Department Chief Greg Allen said it looks increasingly like Crusius, who was taken into custody without incident following the shooting, is the author of a 2,300-word white nationalist and anti-Hispanic screed that was posted on the Internet minutes before the shootings.
Allen said the suspect "basically didn't hold anything back" and is cooperating with police. If police conclude Crusius wrote the manifesto, it would pave the path for a federal domestic terrorism case.
"The key factor here is that it appears to be an intent to coerce or intimidate a civilian population," Bash said. "That's met here."
Authorities have not released information about the victims in the attack.
On Saturday, Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador confirmed three Mexican nationals were among the dead. Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard reported six Mexicans were among the injured, including a 10-year-old girl.
Police say the shootings began at 10:39 a.m. local time at the Walmart next to Cielo Vista Mall. Police were on scene six minutes later. Video from witnesses captured rapid and repeated firing inside the building.
On Saturday, Gov. Greg Abbott said that what should have been a leisurely day of shopping "turned into one of the most deadly days in the history of Texas."
The shooting marked the third major mass shooting in Texas in the past two years. In November 2017, 26 people were killed at a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs. The following May, 10 were killed at a high school in Santa Fe.
This is a developing story. Some things that get reported by the media will later turn out to be wrong. We will focus on reports from police officials and other authorities, credible news outlets and reporters who are at the scene. We will update as the situation develops.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Welcome to Pro EFT,™
Life Coaching and Tapping Workshops
Pro EFT™ is a leading provider of Pro EFT Workshops in the San Francisco Bay Area and nationwide. We also offer professional Life Coaching Services around the world via phone and Skype.
Lindsay Kenny, EFT Master and expert Life Coach, has been utilizing Tapping processes since 2000 to help others achieve happiness, joy and peace of mind. More About Us
Our purpose is to offer you progressive alternatives for improving your physical and emotional health. As leaders in the field of emotional freedom and Energy Field Tapping, we take our responsibilities seriously…and we have a lot of fun doing it. Our passion and purpose is to assist you in being the best parent, employee, boss, friend or person you can be.


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Food Safety Lesson Plan: Ninja Kitchen Game
Grade Levels: 3-5, 6-8
In this food safety lesson plan, which is adaptable for grades 3-8, students will use BrainPOP resources and an online health game to explore the principals of food safety. Students will learn the importance of washing hands before eating and cooking, understand the dangers of leaving food where bacteria thrive, and recognize that meat must be cooked to the proper temperature. During the game's kitchen simulation, students will also prevent cross-contamination by cleaning plates and work spaces after prepping high-risk foods like raw meat and unwashed vegetables, and determine whether food is contaminated based on how it has been handled.
Students will:
- Learn the importance of washing hands before eating and cooking
- Understand the dangers of leaving food in the food danger zone, where bacteria thrive.
- Prevent cross-contamination by cleaning plates and work spaces after prepping high-risk foods like raw meat and unwashed vegetables.
- Recognize that meat must be cooked to the proper temperature.
- Determine whether food is contaminated based on how it has been handled.
- Computers with internet access for BrainPOP
This lesson plan utilizes a free online health game developed by New Mexico State University (NMSU) Learning Games Lab and is based work supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The following game description comes from the NMSU Ninja Kitchen website: "Based on principles of food safety, Ninja Kitchen is an addictive restaurant serving game in the tradition of Diner Dash, simple and accessible in its early screens but fiendishly complex as you advance. Each level brings new challenges, but never fear: you're joined by washman Hayato, fellow student of your sensei, and the laconic Kenzo, a chopping madman when he sees a head of lettuce. Despite your dedication and skill, access to the final levels eludes you. Should you spend your accumulated tips to open the Trunk of the Master Ninja, and learn its secret?"To prepare for game play, we highly recommend that you watch the two minute overview movie which clearly outlines how the Ninja Kitchen game works and the concepts it reinforces. You should also preview the movie topics in BrainPOP's Health Unit and determine which movies and related resources best support your lesson objectives.
Lesson Procedure:
- There are many ways to integrate Ninja Kitchen into your health instruction. You can provide background information on the game prior to allowing students to play it, or have students jump right in and explore it themselves first. The game can be played independently, collaboratively, or as a whole class ... or use a combination of methods. Here are a few ideas to get you started:
- Project the game's introduction for the class and familiarize them with the basic premise. You can also click on "Store" to show them the various items they will be able to buy later on in the game. Encourage students to predict how each item could be used to make food preparation more safe and efficient.
- Use the two minute overview video to provide students with the big picture and help them envision the end goal of the game. Afterward, review the basic tasks they will need to complete and food safety issues they will need to attend to.
- Have students explore the game with a partner initially and discuss game play strategies as they go, then play the game again on their own. Encourage students to pause the game (by selected "break" in the lower righthand corner) when they get stuck and talk about what's working and what's not.
- Highlight specific aspects of game play that correlate to your learning objectives, such as taking out the trash, washing hands, or cooking meat to the proper temperature. Encourage students to pay special attention to those tasks within the game. Why is the selected task so important? What can go wrong if the task is not carried out in a timely matter?
- Encourage students to continue playing Ninja Kitchen at home. If any students are able to advance through all the levels and beat the game, allow them to share strategies with the class. How could they tell if food had been contaminated once the contamination had been made invisible? Does the same thing happen when cooking in real kitchens? What precautions need to be taken in real life?
- Help students make other connections between game play and real life. You may want to have them reflect in writing on food preparation and safety techniques, or record a video or podcast of them explaining precautions that need to be taken.
- Have students work together to create a paper or digital brochure or a simple website explaining food safety precautions. Each student (or pair of students) can be in charge of one aspect of food preparation that was addressed during game play and compose a section of the brochure or web site that explains tips for proper kitchen safety. Allow students to brainstorm ways they can share their brochure or website with relevant community members to raise awareness about these issues.
Extension Activities:
Be sure to explore the full collection of our health games and their corresponding lesson plans.
Filed as:
3-5, 6-8, Blended Learning, Body Chemistry, Body Weight, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.5.3, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.5.4, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.6.4, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.6.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.8.4


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Warning: This is the manual of the legacy Guile 2.0 series. You may want to read the manual of the current stable series instead.
Next: Closing, Previous: Reading, Up: Input and Output [Contents][Index]
[Generic procedures for writing to ports.]
These procedures are for writing characters and strings to ports. For more information on writing arbitrary Scheme objects to ports, See Scheme Write.
Return the print state of the port port. If port
has no associated print state, #f
is returned.
Send a newline to port. If port is omitted, send to the current output port.
Create a new port which behaves like port, but with an included print state pstate. pstate is optional. If pstate isn't supplied and port already has a print state, the old print state is reused.
Write message to destination, defaulting to
the current output port.
message can contain ~A
(was %s
) and
(was %S
) escapes. When printed,
the escapes are replaced with corresponding members of
formats using display
and ~S
using write
If destination is #t
, then use the current output
port, if destination is #f
, then return a string
containing the formatted text. Does not add a trailing newline.
Send character chr to port.
Write size bytes at buffer to port.
Note that this function does not update port-line
(see Reading).
Flush the specified output port, or the current output port if port is omitted. The current output buffer contents are passed to the underlying port implementation (e.g., in the case of fports, the data will be written to the file and the output buffer will be cleared.) It has no effect on an unbuffered port.
The return value is unspecified.
Equivalent to calling force-output
all open output ports. The return value is unspecified.
Next: Closing, Previous: Reading, Up: Input and Output [Contents][Index]


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By Jon Deck
In this age of digital manipulation, the computer can enhance and correct images in many ways. However, there's no software program that can sharpen an image that is out of focus. The only way to assure a crisp image is to take one.
Almost every digital camera has an auto-focus. When the auto-focus is on, a red box will appear in your preview screen. Before you take your shot, depress the shutter button about halfway, and the auto-focus will engage (you can hear the lens making adjustments in some cameras). When the red box turns green the scene is focused—press the shutter the rest of the way and take the shot. I use auto-focus on our house camera, and it serves me well.
That said, there are some nuances to the auto-focus:
1. The camera is trying to focus on your subject. If there is something else in your scene that is closer or more well lit, it may be focusing on that item—and rendering your subject out of focus. Sometimes a little shift in camera position can override the focal point.
2. Also, on most cameras, you can move the red focus box on the preview screen up/down/left/right using the 5-way button usually situated to the right of the preview screen. This allows you to choose the focal point in your shot.
Another thing that can cause soft focus is being too close to your subject. The best thing to do is back off a bit, and zoom into your subject. This will also help if you encounter depth of field issues, where focusing on an item in the foreground renders an item in the background in softer focus, or vice versa. Backing off your subject to gain better focus should not require a large amount of zoom. Note that cameras have an optical zoom and a digital zoom. An optical zoom refers to the magnification that can be achieved by the physical lens of the camera. Digital zoom is a further magnification by interpolation of the image, and can lessen picture quality.
Make sure your subject is well lit. That will help assure better focus as well. The last thing that can affect image clarity is camera movement.
If the camera is jostled when the shutter is snapped, that slight movement can cause a motion blur. Practice staying as still as possible through the camera capture. Remember too, that the further you are zoomed in to a subject, the harder it is the keep the image still. A tripod can help cut any camera motion completely.


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OpinionLooks aren't so deceiving: AI could predict your next move from watching your eye gaze
/ Our eyes often betray our intentions. Think of poker players hiding their "tells" behind sunglasses, or goalkeepers monitoring the gaze of the striker to predict where they'll shoot.
In sports, board games and card games, players can see each other, which creates an additional layer of social gameplay based on gaze, body language and other non-verbal signals.
Digital games completely lack these signals. Even when we play against others, there are few means of conveying implicit information without words.
However, the recent increase in the availability of commercial eye trackers may change this. Eye trackers use an infra-red camera and infra-red LEDs to estimate where the user is looking on the screen.
Nowadays, it is possible to buy accurate and robust eye trackers for as little as $125.
Eye tracking for gaming
Eye trackers are also sold built into laptops and VR headsets, opening up many opportunities for incorporating eye tracking into video games. In a recent review article, we offered a catalogue of the wide range of game mechanics made possible by eye tracking.
This paved the way for us to investigate how social signals emitted by our eyes can be incorporated into games against other players and artificial intelligence.
To explore this, we used the digital version of the board game Ticket to Ride. In the game, players must build tracks between specific cities on the board. However, because opponents might block your way, you must do your best to keep your intentions hidden.
In a tabletop setting, if you are not careful, your opponent might figure out your plan based on how you look at the board. For example, imagine that your goal is to build a route between Santa Fe and Seattle. Our natural tendency is to look back and forth between those cities, considering alternative routes and the resources that you have in the cards in your hands.
In our recent paper, we found that when humans can see where their opponents are looking, they can infer some of their goals — but only if that opponent does not know that their eyes are being monitored.
Otherwise, they start employing different strategies to try to deceive their opponent, including looking at a decoy route or looking all over the board.
Can AI use this information?
We wanted to see if a game AI could use this information to better predict the future moves of other players, building upon previous models of intention recognition in AI.
Most game AIs use the player's actions to predict what they may do next. For example, in the figure below on the left, imagine a player is claiming routes to go from Sante Fe to some unknown destination on the map. The AI's task is to determine which city is the destination.
When at Santa Fe, all of the possible destinations are equally likely. After getting to Denver, it becomes less likely that they want to go to Oklahoma City, because they could have taken a much more direct route. If they then travel from Denver to Helena, then Salt Lake city becomes much less likely, and Oklahoma City even less.
In our model, we augmented this basic model to also consider where this player is looking.
The idea is simple: if the player is looking at a certain route, the more likely the player will try to claim that route. As an example, consider the right side of the figure. After going to Denver, our eye-tracking system knows that the player has been looking at the route between Seattle and Helena, while ignoring other parts of the map. This tells us that it is more likely that they take this route and end up in Seattle.
Our AI increases the relative likelihood of this action, while decreasing others. As such, its prediction is that the next move will be to Helena, rather than to Salt Lake City. You can read more about the specifics in our paper.
We evaluated how well our AI could predict the next move in 20 Ticket To Ride two-player games. We measured the accuracy of our predictions and how early in the game they could be made.
The results show that the basic model of intention recognition correctly predicted the next move 23 per cent of the time. However, when we added gaze to the mix, the accuracy more than doubled, increasing to 55 per cent per cent.
Further, the gaze model was able to predict the correct destination city earlier than the basic model, with the AI that used gaze recognising intentions a minute and a half earlier than the one without gaze. These results demonstrate that using gaze can be used to predict action much better and faster than just using past actions alone.
Recent unpublished results show that the gaze model also works if the person being observed knows that they are being observed. We have found that the deception strategies that players employ to make it more difficult for other players to determine their intentions do not fool AIs as well as they fool humans.
Where to next?
This idea can be applied in contexts other than games. For example, collaborative assembly between robots and humans in a factory.
In these scenarios, a person's gaze will naturally lead to earlier and more accurate prediction by the robot, potentially increasing safety and leading to better coordination.
Eduardo Velloso is a lecturer in human-computer interaction and an ARC DECRA Fellow at the University of Melbourne; Tim Miller is an associate professor of computer science at the University of Melbourne.
This article was originally published on The Conversation.


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Hedge Funds In Search Of Distress Look At Detroit
By Tom Hals
May 8 (Reuters) – In the past two decades, a group of specialized hedge funds have transformed corporate bankruptcies, injecting much-needed capital while at the same time drawing fire as "vultures.â€
Now these same funds may be poised to descend on another landscape: struggling cities and counties – and no place beckons more than Detroit.
This sudden interest in the staid world of municipal debt comes as these so-called distressed funds are looking for new places to put their money. Lucrative corporate bankruptcies have dried up, thanks in part to the Federal Reserve's policy of low interest rates.
Of course, these hedge funds may be deterred by the financial and political constraints of local governments, which must pay police and collect trash and cannot be forced into liquidation.
But despite the risks, some are already betting hundreds of millions of dollars that there are big returns in cash-strapped governments.
Monarch Alternative Capital, which played a major role in the bankruptcy of Twinkie-maker Hostess Brands Inc, and several other funds have scooped up more than $600 million of debts of Jefferson County, Alabama, according to court records.
But nowhere is attracting more attention than Detroit.
With $8.6 billion in long-term debt, Detroit would be comparable to the biggest corporate failures if it eventually files for bankruptcy, a major advantage for big hedge funds that are used to investing hundreds of millions of dollars at a time.
The sheer size of Detroit's debt should make it easier for the funds to track down very large chunks of bonds, magnifying their profit potential, cutting their research and advisory costs and giving them leverage when it comes to restructuring talks.
Bill Nowling, a spokesman for the city's emergency manager, Kevyn Orr, said the city is still assessing its approach to its financial turnaround and said he was not aware of any contact with potential hedge fund investors.
Detroit was once America's fifth largest city and a thriving center of U.S. industry. Now, its population has plummeted to 700,000 from a peak of 1.8 million, a third live in poverty and basic services such as street lighting have broken down. Michigan Governor Rick Snyder appointed Orr, a corporate bankruptcy expert, in March to take over the city's finances.
Even if the city does not file for bankruptcy, its debt will likely be restructured, providing an opportunity for hedge funds to make a profit.
Financial advisers, restructuring consultants and lawyers who work with the funds have told Reuters they have been fielding calls, digging through documents and even flying to Detroit as they try to pinpoint a profitable investment.
"Everyone is looking for ways into Detroit. It's new and unique,†said Marti Kopacz, who founded Brant Point Advisors, which provides turnaround advice to municipal governments.
One of the normally secretive distressed debt fund managers confirmed the funds are circling the Motor City.
"Detroit is something we as well as other funds have looked at,†said Alan Mintz, the founder of Stone Lion Capital, which was spun out of Paul Tudor Jones's Tudor Investment Corp.
Like Monarch, Stone Lion has bought tens of millions of dollars of Jefferson County's debt and has also been involved in the bankruptcy of Eastman Kodak Co, among other big corporate failures.
The hedge funds' interest in municipal debt reflects the divergent fortunes of Wall Street and Main Street.
Distressed debt funds love to jump in when most bail out. But with the coffers of U.S. companies overflowing with cash, there has been a dearth of the debt defaults, bankruptcies and liquidations that such funds normally feast on.
By contrast, a small but potentially growing number of U.S. cities and towns are struggling with pay and pension obligations that they took on in the boom years. As well as Jefferson County, the California towns of Stockton and San Bernardino have recently filed for bankruptcy.
Distressed debt investing has been one of the most successful hedge fund strategies over the past decade. Funds such as Oaktree Capital Management and Appaloosa Management buy large portions of a company's debt and use teams of top-flight lawyers and advisers to control a bankruptcy.
In the Chapter 11 of Visteon Corp, hedge funds scooped up the car part maker's bonds at pennies on the dollar and raised $1.6 billion to pay off the company's secured lenders, who had expected to own the reorganized company.
The hedge funds ended up controlling Visteon, notching up large profits.
Hedge funds are considering various approaches when it comes to local governments, including asset sales and loans, but in the case of Detroit the bonds are the big draw.
"If Detroit's debt goes way, way down in value they will snap it up in the market and work for solutions that might help get Detroit back on its feet,†said Lewis Feldman, who heads the public-private development practice at the law firm Goodwin Procter.
Earlier this year, a $25 million block of Detroit's pension certificates traded at around 66 cents on the dollar. The buyer is unknown, but Matt Fabian of the Municipal Market Advisors research firm suggested it could be a sign of hedge fund involvement.
Explaining one hypothetical strategy, Fabian estimated that hedge funds could make a great return by negotiating repayment from Detroit as low as 80 cents on the dollar on those certificates.
While that would sting investors who bought the same debt at par, it would obviously help Detroit.
"They would do good for the citizens of Detroit and their own pocket,†Feldman said.
Fabian said a discounted repayment might chip away at the long-standing belief that muni bonds, even ones issued by a bankrupt government, are always repaid at par. That could send debt prices lower, creating more distressed muni bonds for the hedge funds to buy, he said.
Mintz, of the Stone Lion hedge fund, played down Fabian's scenario, although he said the funds would consider accepting a below-par repayment where warranted. "Just to gratuitously offer discounts probably wouldn't happen,†he said.
Detroit may have another ingredient to attract distressed debt hedge funds: motivated sellers.
Hector Negroni, the co-chief executive of Fundamental Credit Opportunities, a fund that specializes in muni market investing, said a significant amount of Detroit's roughly $1.5 billion in pension certificates is held by foreign banks.
Some advisers anticipate those banks would prefer to sell their large holdings rather than slug it out in politically charged restructuring talks overseas.
A similar situation has played out in the Jefferson County bankruptcy. A unit of Britain's Lloyds Banking Group and French bank Societe Generale have been selling warrants to the hedge funds, according to court records.
But advisers and lawyers in the municipal world warned that while there may seem to be significant opportunities in restructuring local governments, skills honed in corporate bankruptcy may not apply.
"I think it will be a period of time where the distressed investor community will come to an appreciation that these situations are so very, very different from a commercial bankruptcy,†said Kopacz, the municipal adviser.
"Everyone points to the politics but it's even more fundamental than that. If you live in the north you have to take care of the snow and you have to have a police department and a fire department. You can't liquidate a city.†(Reporting by Tom Hals in Wilmington, Delaware; Editing by Eddie Evans and Mary Milliken)


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My question for you, sir - who do you believe? That was a moment, perhaps the moment, from the last time a U.S. president held a summit with the president of Russia - Helsinki, 2018. And the question came from AP reporter Jonathan Lemire to then President Trump at the press conference at Finland's Presidential Palace.
JONATHAN LEMIRE: Just now, President Putin denied having anything to do with the election interference in 2016. Every U.S. intelligence agency has concluded that Russia did. My first question for you, sir, is who do you believe?
KELLY: Well, among the reporters gathered in Helsinki at the time, holding our breath, waiting to hear Trump's answer - me, NPR White House correspondent Ayesha Rascoe and NPR Moscow correspondent Lucian Kim. With the next U.S.-Russia summit set for Geneva on June 16, the three of us decided to get back together to talk through what we're watching for. Ayesha's on the line now from the White House. Hey there.
AYESHA RASCOE, BYLINE: Hello.
KELLY: And Lucian from our Moscow bureau, hello to you.
LUCIAN KIM, BYLINE: Hey.
KELLY: Hey. I'm going to let you kick us off, Lucian. What is the agenda for this Geneva summit as the Kremlin sees it?
KIM: Well, I think in one word, for the Kremlin, it's about normalizing relations with the United States. Four years ago, there were a lot of hopes here in Moscow that President Trump would herald a new age in bilateral relations. And what happened in reality was we had Trump sort of winking at Putin the whole time while Congress passed round after round of new sanctions against Russia. Relations have not been this bad since the Cold War.
The Kremlin has been downplaying expectations for the summit, saying it's not about signing any big deals, not to speak of some kind of reset in relations. For Vladimir Putin, this is about ending a downward spiral in relations and, quite frankly, reducing the risks of some sort of conflict. For the Kremlin, success would probably be as modest as an agreement on regular meetings between Russian and American diplomats.
KELLY: So the agenda for this summit is almost just to have a summit. That would be success in and of itself. Ayesha, how about the White House?
RASCOE: The White House has talked about a stable and predictable relationship with Russia. They do not want escalation. What they want is to be able to say, we can work with Russia on certain issues. On other issues where we are more concerned, whether it is obviously election interference or people within Russia engaging in hacking attacks and things of that nature, that they are willing to push back on Russia. But they want to be able to work on issues like Iran and North Korea and climate. And so that's what they are saying that they are willing to do.
I think there's also a bit of posturing in saying that the U.S. is not going to wink and nod at you, this is a new day and that there will be consequences for actions. But if Putin is willing to, you know, kind of toe the line, then the U.S. and Russia can work together where their interests align.
KELLY: Ayesha, you just used the words stable and predictable to describe what the Biden administration wants this relationship to look like. We'll note that has not been a hallmark - stability or predictability - of this relationship in past. But it prompts me to ask about the delegations, the teams that each country are going to send, because on the American side, it is, of course, totally different. I don't know that there's anybody from team Trump in Helsinki who will be there this time for team Biden in Geneva. On the Russian side, though, Lucian, very different. It's like the exact same lineup from Putin down.
KIM: Yeah, that's right. It's been almost the identical Russian team since at least the Obama administration. So on one hand, the Russian position on almost any issue is very well known. But on the other hand, let's not forget that the Biden team has borrowed heavily from the Obama administration, which the Russians, of course, have not forgotten. In fact, there's an expectation in Russia that the Biden administration is very negatively inclined toward the Kremlin, and that's all the more reason why Putin wants to sit down with Biden and sort of map out how they're going to manage relations in the coming four years.
KELLY: How important is this summit? Ayesha, Biden has made clear he wants to focus on problems here at home. He wants to focus on infrastructure and poverty and the pandemic. What are the stakes for President Biden in Geneva?
RASCOE: And not only does he want to focus on issues here, when it comes to foreign policy, he more wants to focus on China. He doesn't want Russia to be the main issue. So I think the stakes for Biden is, No. 1, this is his kind of first big hurrah on the international stage.
KELLY: Yeah, his first international trip as president.
RASCOE: His first international trip. He has to show that he is going to be able to stand up for the U.S. and for U.S. interests and that he is able to put forward a very clear narrative for what the U.S. wants and how they're going to get it. It will not be hard for him to show a difference between him and former President Trump. That meeting, as we all know, was notorious in its outcome and the way that Trump was talking with Putin, basically siding with Putin over U.S. intelligence. So it will not be difficult for Biden to take a tougher line, at least rhetorically, than Trump did and what Trump got in so much trouble for back home over the way he handled his interactions with Putin.
KELLY: Lucian, the stakes for Vladimir Putin?
KIM: Well, for Putin, no matter what his personal relationship is with any particular U.S. president, he lives for these summits. They put him in the spotlight and legitimize him as the leader of Russia, someone an American president thinks is worth meeting. I think in the U.S., people didn't quite appreciate the impact of an interview that Biden gave when he called Putin a killer.
KELLY: Oh, this was the ABC interview with George Stephanopoulos.
KIM: Exactly.
GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS: So you know Vladimir Putin. You think he's a killer?
PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN: Mmm hmm. I do.
STEPHANOPOULOS: So what price must he pay?
BIDEN: The price he's going to pay - well, you'll see shortly.
KELLY: So, Lucian, that went off like a bomb in Moscow?
KIM: Oh, yeah. And the Kremlin is portraying this upcoming summit as Biden trying to make up with Putin after that remark. As far as Putin is concerned, he's interested in using this summit to show his own people that the U.S. is paying attention to him. And Putin will also want to show his neighbors, Ukraine in particular, that he's on the same level as Biden and they're not.
KELLY: All right. Before I let you go, I want to ask each of you for one detail, one moment you're going to be watching for, and I will share mine. I'm remembering that in Helsinki, Putin was late. He made Trump wait, which a lot of people, including me, were wondering, is that a little power play going on there? Lucian, are you expecting more political theater in Geneva?
KIM: Yeah, I am. I agree with you that it was really telling that Putin was late for that meeting. I think in Geneva, it will be interesting to watch the body language. We know that Biden is a very touchy-feely politician. Obviously, he won't want to appear too chummy with Putin, especially after Trump. But, you know, is he capable of keeping a cool demeanor like Barack Obama?
KELLY: And, Ayesha, how about you?
RASCOE: I agree with both of you. But I'll also be looking to see, does Biden stick to the script? How on message is Biden going to be? We know that sometimes he can stray. And this is a big moment for him, and so I will be very interested to see if he does any sort of we didn't think he would say that, kind of unexpected moments. That's what I would be looking for.
KELLY: NPR White House correspondent Ayesha Rascoe and Moscow correspondent Lucian Kim giving us a little taste of what to look for in Geneva, June 16. Thanks to you both.
RASCOE: Thank you.
KIM: Thanks. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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