text:
Also referred to as the Anti-Clintonians, the Bucktails, lead by Martin Van Buren, became a potent political force in New York arising in the Hudson River Valley in the late 1810's and early 1820's. The Bucktails would coalesce around the candidacy of William Crawford as a presidential candidate in 1824.
"The Clinton-[New York Chief Justice]-Spencer alliance held together, but over the next three years the tenuous peace within the New York Republican Party dissolved. Two elements fully emerged, each hoping to dominate the politics of New York in the name of true republicanism. Martin Van Buren stood out as the leader of a "Bucktail" opposition that increasingly emphasized the virtue of party regularity, while the Clintonians increasingly emphasized the iniquity of party as a potential vessel of conspiracy and oppression that would enhance the power of government at the expense of social harmony. (fn: Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1850, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969, 219-23).
Against the Bolingbrokean essence of Clintonianism, which centred on the magistrate as the artificer of social and political harmony and of prosperity, the regulars pitted the notion of harmonious party order. The Van Burenite regulars, the organizing force within Bucktailisim worked to articulate systematic party processes that reached out from three engines of power: the legislative caucus, the junto of managers that became known as the Albany Regency, and the Albany Argus, the newspaper that stood at the centre of an extensive press network. Commending 'regular nominations' and defining which local nominations were regular, the Bucktail press eroded Clinton's Republican following and ultimately his hold on patronage, including the many judicial office holders whom Ambrose Spencer oversaw." (Hanyan, p 10-11)
Additional Sources:
- The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. Lee Benson. Atheneum. New York. 1967.
- De Witt Clinton and the Rise of the People's Men. Craig Hanyan with Mary L. Hanyan. McGill-Queen's University Press. Montreal and Kingston. 1996.
The followers of DeWitt Clinton (1769-1828, Governor of New York 1817-1822, 1825-1828), the Clintonians had a life that outlived any other "candidate party" other than the "Jeffersonians" (Republicans) and "Jacksonians" (Democrats). The term first came to use in the 1806 State Assembly elections in New York. "Within New York Republicanism, factional battles developed - first between the Clintonians and Burrites, and then between the Clintonians and Lewisites. In each struggle, Clinton's foes allied with Federalists, and in each the banking power of the Clintonians, exercised through the Manhattan Company, appeared critical to success, emphasizing the ties between Clinton and 'opulent men.' In 1807, Clinton compensated for his increasing distance from the farmers and mechanics who made up the mass of New York voters by backing Daniel D. Tompkins, 'the farmer's boy,' for governor. This step created a Republican alternative to which New York City mechanics and upstate farmers might look for Republican leadership - and an alternative with whom Southerners might ally." (De Witt Clinton and the Rise of the People's Men. Craig Hanyan with Mary L. Hanyan. Montreal, 1996, McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 8) The term found widespread use outside of New York state during the presidential election of 1812 as Clinton became a fusion candidate, running against James Madison with the support of dissident Republicans and Federalists who had no firm candidate of their own. Clinton, after being forced from any political office in 1815, maintained a considerable amount of political power as the primary supporter of the Erie Canal. In 1824, "heading the ticket offered by the People's Movement, he won in an electoral triumph that captured the governorship and almost two-thirds of the state assembly . . . The People's men of New York State launched the earliest broad-based reform movement of the new republic and won control of a state that had one-sixth of the United States' male population. Beginning their effort soon after the introduction of a new state constitution in 1822, the reformers came to power pledged to democratize New York's political process. They accomplished their ends after administering a sharp defeat to the regular Republicans of the State." (Hanyan, p. 4).
"During the campaign [of 1812], Clinton won support from Federalists who were discontented with the Madison administration's entry into a war with Britain that was bound to have devastating effects on the commerce of the United States; the country ought to have peace of adequate protection of its maritime trade." (Hanyan, p 9)
"The Clinton-[New York Chief Justice]-Spencer alliance held together, but over the next three years the tenuous peace within the New York Republican Party dissolved. Two elements fully emerged, each hoping to dominate the politics of New York in the name of true republicanism. Martin Van Buren stood out as the leader of a "Bucktail" opposition that increasingly emphasized the virtue of party regularity, while the Clintonians increasingly emphasized the iniquity of party as a potential vessel of conspiracy and oppression that would enhance the power of government at the expense of social harmony. (fn: Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1850, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969, 219-23)" (Hanyan, p 10)
Additional Sources:
- The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. Lee Benson. Atheneum. New York. 1967.
- De Witt Clinton and the Rise of the People's Men. Craig Hanyan with Mary L. Hanyan. McGill-Queen's University Press. Montreal and Kingston. 1996.
- The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828. Evan Cornog. New York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
The Federalist Party
The Federalist Party was dominated by a man who never actually ran for public office in the United States - Alexander Hamilton. "Alexander Hamilton was, writes Marcus Cunliffe, 'the executive head with the most urgent program to implement, with the sharpest ideas of what he meant to do and with the boldest desire to shape the national government accordingly.' In less than two years he presented three reports, defining a federal economic program which forced a major debate not only on the details of the program but on the purpose for which the union has been formed. Hamilton's own sense of purpose was clear; he would count the revolution for independence a success only if it were followed by the creation of a prosperous commerical nation, comparable, perhaps even competitive, in power and in energy, with its European counterparts." (fn: Marcus Cunliffe, The Nation Takes Shape, 1789-1837, (Chicago, 1959), 23.) (Linda K. Kerber, History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 11)
"Federalists created their political program out of a political vision. They had shared in the revolutionaries' dream of a Republic of Virtue, and they emerged from a successful war against empire to search for guarantees that the republican experiment would not collapse." (Kerber, p. 3)
"The Federalist political demand was for a competent government, one responsible for the destiny of the nation and with the power to direct what that destiny would be. What was missing in postwar America, they repeatedly complained in a large variety of contexts, was order, predictability, stability. A competent government would guarantee the prosperity and external security of the nation; a government of countervailing balances was less likely to be threatened by temporary lapses in civic virtue, while remaining strictly accountable to the public will." (Kerber, p. 4)
"So long as Federalists controlled and staffed the agencies of the national government, the need to formulate alternate mechanisms for party decision making was veiled; with a Federalist in the White House, Federalists in the Cabinet, and Federalist majorities in Congress, the very institutional agencies of the government would themselves be the mechanism of party. Federal patronage could be used to bind party workers to the Federalist 'interest.' 'The reason of allowing Congress to appoint its own officers of the Customs, collectors of the taxes and military officers of every rank,' Hamilton said, 'is to create in the interior of each State, a mass of influence in favor of the Federal Government.' (fn: Alexander Hamilton, 1782, quoted in Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789-1800, (Lexington, Kentucky, 1968), 3.) Federalists though of themselves as a government, not as a party; their history in the 1790's would be the history of alignments within the government, rather than of extrernal alignments which sought to influence the machinery of government." (Kerber, p. 10)
"Major national issues invigorated the process of party formation; as state groups came, slowly and hesitantly, to resemble each other. The issues on which pro-administration and anti-administration positions might be assumed increased in number and in obvious significance; the polarity of the parties became clearer." (Kerber, p. 11)
"As Adams' presidential decisions sequentially created a definition of the administration's goals as clear as Hamilton's funding program had once done, the range of political ideology which called itself Federalist simply became too broad to the party successfully to cast over it a unifying umbrella. Federalists were unified in their response to the XYZ Affair, and in their support of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which passed as party measures in the Fifth Congress, but in little else. The distance between Adams and Hamilton - in political philosophy, in willingness to contemplate war with France, in willingness to manipulate public opinion - was unbridgable; Hamilton's ill-tempered anti-Adams pamphlet of 1800 would be confirmation of a long-established distaste." (Kerber, p. 14)
"One result of the war was to add to Federalist strength and party cohesion. There were several varieties of Federalist congressional opinion on the war: most believed that the Republicans had fomented hard feeling with England so that their party could pose as defende of American honor; many believed that in the aftermath of what they were sure to be an unsuccessful war the Republicans would fall from power and Federalists would be returned to office . . . Regardless of the region from which they came, Federalists voted against the war with virtual unanimity." (Kerber, p. 24)
"As an anti-war party, Federalists retained their identity as an opposition well past wartime into a period that is usually known as the Era of Good Feelings and assumed to be the occasion of a one party system. In 1816, Federalists 'controlled the state governments of Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut and Massachusetts; they cast between forty percent and fifty percent of the popular votes in New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont...Such wide support did not simply vanish...' (fn: Shaw Livermore, Jr. The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815-1830, (Princeton, 1962), 265.) Rather, that support remained available, and people continued to attempt to make careers as Federalists (though, probably fewer initiated new careers as Federalists). Because men like Rufus King and Harrison Gray Otis retained their partisan identity intact, when real issues surfaced, like the Missouri debates of 1820, a 'formed opposition' still remained to respond to a moral cause and to oppose what they still thought of as a 'Virginia system.' Each of the candidates, including Jackson in the disputed election of 1824 had Federalist supporters, and their presence made a difference; Shaw Livermore argues that the central 'corrupt bargain' was not Adams' with Clay, but Adams' promise of patronage to Federalists which caused Webster to deliver the crucial Federalist votes that swung the election. If the war had increased Federalist strength, it also, paradoxically, had operated to decrease it, for prominent Federalists rallied to a beleaguered government in the name of unity and patriotism. These wartime republicans included no less intense Federalists than Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut and William Plumer of New Hampshire, both of whom went on to become Republican governors of their respective states, and in their careers thus provide emblems for the beginning of a one party period, and the slow breakdown of the first party system." (Kerber, p. 24)
"The dreams of the Revolution had been liberty and order, freedom and power; in seeking to make these dreams permanent, to institutionalize some things means to lose others. The Federalists, the first to be challenged by power, would experience these contradictions most sharply; a party that could include John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Noah Webster, would be its own oxymoron. In the end the party perished out of internal contradiction and external rival, but the individuals who staffed it continued on to staff its succesors." (Kerber, p, 25)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy. David Hackett Fischer. New York, 1965, Harper and Row.
- The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick. New York, 1993, Oxford University Press.
The Federalists were referred to by many monikers over the years by newspapers.
American Party:
- In 1809, The Concord Gazette refers to the Federalist Ticket as the American Ticket.
- Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Federalists as the American Party (as opposed to the "French" Party, who were Republicans). This continued in the 1811 elections.
The Aurora, based in Philadelphia, the most well-known Republican newspaper of the era (see American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns by Richard N. Rosenfeld.) in the February 11, 1800 issue referred to Mr. Holmes, the losing candidate for the Special Election for the Philadelphia County seat in the House of Representatives as an "anti-republican".
Federal Republican:
The October 7, 1799 issue of the Maryland Herald (Easton) referred to the Federalist ticket of Talbot County as Federal Republicans. It would continue to be used intermittently throughout the next 20 years. Newspapers that used this term included the Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia) and Philadelphia Gazette in 1800, the Newport Mercury in 1808, the New Bedford Mercury in 1810, the True American (Philadelphia) in 1812, the Northumberland Republican (Sunbury) in 1815, the United States Gazette (Philadelphia) in 1816 and the Union (Philadelphia) in 1821 and 1822.
Friends of Peace / Peace / Peace Ticket:
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through to 1815 a number of newspapers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party (or Peacemaker Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used), as the Peace Ticket or as the Friends of Peace due to their opposition of the War of 1812 (many of these same newspapers referred to the Republicans as the War Party). This use occurred all through at least August of 1815, with the Raleigh Minerva of August 18, 1815 referring to the Federalist candidates as Peace candidates.
These newspapers include the Columbian Centinel (Boston), Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), Providence Gazette, the New York Evening Post, the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), Northern Whig (Hudson), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Baltimore Patriot, the Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), the Carlisle Herald, Northampton Farmer, Intelligencer and Weekly Advertiser (Lancaster), National Intelligencer (Washington), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Raleigh Minerva, The Star (Raleigh) and Charleston Courier.
The New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth) took the opposite side, listing the Federalists in the March 16, 1813 edition as "Advocates of Dishonorable Peace and Submission."
Additional Sources:
"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Jeffrey L. Pasley. Charlottesville, 2001, University Press of Virginia.
Speaker of the Assembly
Speaker of the Assembly: Presiding officer in the Assembly.
1794 - 1824: New Jersey, New York
Office Scope: State
Role Scope: State


text:
More details are starting to come out regarding the recent Bachelorette split.
While things are not as ugly as the Jake/Vienna Bachelor break up, the new details involve Ed Swiderski allegedly cheating on Jillian Harris.
RadarOnline reports friends of the couple believe Ed's playboy ways is to blame for the split. "We think Ed was doing shady stuff during their relationship," an inside source told Radar in an exclusive interview. "Jillian knew but couldn't put her finger on it."
The friends also recall another incident about a month-and-a-half ago when the couple flew to Los Angeles from Chicago and Jillian stayed with girlfriends while Ed stayed with the guys.
The morning after the night out on the town, Ed's pals had an early tee-time to play golf but when they went to pick up Ed, he couldn't make it. "I believe he had a girl with him and had no way to get her out of the house," revealed the inside source. "They all knew he was a player."
A former Bachelor contestant also chimes in, "Jillian thought that she could change him."
Radar is also reporting that Jillian will have to return her $60,000 Platinum Neil Lane engagement ring to ABC. Why? Well apparently to keep the ring, the engaged couple is required to stay together for 2 years. They do not have to get married within that 2 year period, but they would need to remain a couple. This might explain why Jillian was so hell bent on making things work with Ed despite the very public details of his two timing ways.
A picture of the ring is below –

subset: commoncrawl


text:
As far as I know, AH only covers integrity and authentication. So, suppose that an intermediate router receives the packet with AH and not ESP. Then, can't the router open its content (<- and that's obvious) and even read authentication data of the packet and use it to fake its identity? (and make replay attacks possible?)
So, if this is true, isn't AH only effective with ESP?
Edit: What I am especially talking about is without fixing the content of a packet, the intermediate router can read the packet and then hand the packet to the original destination. If then, isn't authentication automatically broken?


text:
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text:
Welcome to the official cover reveal of Waking the Phoenix, book 2 in the Mythrian Realm series! Waking the Phoenix is the highly anticipated follow up to Breaking the Nexus, which released on 12/12/12. While there is no official release date set, Waking the Phoenix will be out early this summer!
In the meantime, I will be releasing Warrior Unleashed, a novella featuring Sha's half brother, a panther Chimerae (shifter) named Achaius. Be sure to look for that this April!
Without further ado, I present the gorgeous cover designed by Blue Harvest Creative!
As the Nexus continues to break down, evil threatens the Mythrian and Human Realms. Millennia ago, only the sacrifice of the Great Phoenix was enough to imprison Ferren, a blood mage with the power to destroy the Human Realm. When the Nexus falls, his prison will shatter and he will be free to walk the earth once more, leaving a path of destruction in his wake.
Chaos engulfs the Mythrian and Human Realms as Ferren fights to escape his prison. Connor and Sha must race against time to find the last of the phoenixes before all is lost. There's just one problem: the phoenixes have lain dormant for thousands of years. Can they stay alive long enough to save their world?
The key to saving the Realms lies in waking the phoenix.
Don't miss the first book, Breaking the Nexus, available now on Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and in paperback!
Breaking the Nexus will be on SALE for $2.99 March 8-11 only!
A warrior trying to save humans. A detective searching for a killer. And a powerful romance neither expected.
Throughout history, myths and legends of extraordinary creatures have been told and retold. Fantastic tales of demons and banshees, gryphons and dragons, and of course, magic. Stories that every child grows to learn are nothing more than fantasy…or are they?
Beyond the world you see lies a hidden realm, the Mythrian Realm, inhabited by all of the creatures you've been told are mere fiction. Only one thing lies between humans and the truth: the Nexus. A magical barrier erected millennia ago to separate the two realms, it has stood the test of time. Until now.
For Mythrian Sha Phoenix, magic is nothing new. But when she stumbles upon a portal on the verge of collapse, her fate will forever change. Pulled through the portal into the Human Realm, she lands in the middle of Detective Connor Flynn's brutal murder scene. Soon it is obvious someone is using blood magic to try to bring down the Nexus. Together, Connor and Sha must work to unravel the secrets before the barrier falls and the realms collide.
The Nexus is breaking and all hell is about to unleash…literally.
Buy it now:
- Amazon US: http://www.amazon.com/Breaking-Nexus-Mythrian-Realm-ebook/dp/B00AMPXDLQ
- Amazon UK: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Breaking-Nexus-Mythrian-Realm-ebook/dp/B00AMPXDLQ
- Barnes and Noble: http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/breaking-the-nexus-lindsay-avalon/1114319812?ean=9780615753140
- Autographed Copy: http://lindsayavalon.blogspot.com/p/buy-my-books.html
Meet Lindsay Avalon!
I am a wife, a programmer, and now an author. I have an adorable mini Schnauzer and more books than I have room for. I love reading romance because no matter what may be happening in my life, I can always count on my books to end happily ever after. The day I met my husband was the day I truly began believing in happily ever after. After hearing me complain a few too many times that I had "nothing" to read despite the hundreds of paperbacks scattered around the house, my husband began suggesting I write my own stories. When I finally took his advice I discovered that although I enjoy my day job as a software engineer, my true calling is to be an author.
My sister drilled into me an appreciation for fantasy and mythology, something I try to bring to my books. My debut novel, Breaking the Nexus started as a book written for NaNoWriMo and has grown to so much more. It was the conduit that introduced me to a fantastic group of independent authors who have changed my life in unimaginable ways.
When I'm not writing, I've found a passion for blogging and interviewing fellow authors. I also love reading, baking, crochet, sewing sock monkeys, playing video games, and all sorts of random crafts. I have an incurable love of rubber duckies and stuffed animals, and I believe nobody should have to grow up if they don't want.
Connect with me:
- Blog: http://lindsayavalon.blogspot.com
- Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/author.lindsay.avalon
- Twitter: @LindsayAvalon
- Goodreads: http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6568822.Lindsay_Avalon


text:
Clarke Rountree, University of Alabama in Huntsville
I recently oversaw an extensive updating of the widely available bibliography of secondary sources on Kenneth Burke for the Kenneth Burke Society, which sponsors KB Journal. The earlier bibliography was assembled by Dave Blakesley from several sources, including Bill Rueckert's Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1924-1966, Richard H. Thames' bibliography in The Legacy of Kenneth Burke, and additional work by assistants working for Dave and me. This updated bibliography nearly doubles the number of sources of the original bibliography (from just over 800 to well over 1500), adding theses and dissertations on Burke, as well as essays and books retrieved through the wonderfully efficient electronic databases available today. Almost half of these entries now have abstracts as well.
As noted elsewhere in this issue of KB Journal, this new bibliography will be offered as premium content on this website for members of the Kenneth Burke Society. We do not draw the distinction lightly between what is free and what requires a membership and a password. Yet, the modest fee required to join the Society is no barrier to any serious Burke scholar who wishes to access this content, or the other premiums offered in the members-only area. (See our note on the new member's area in this issue.) However, without the support of dues-paying members, we would not have the resources to provide such goodies. In any event, the bulk of KB Journal will remain freely available to everyone.
This essay offers some reflections on the new bibliography, whose incorporation into a robust database has allowed me to search, sort, and extract a few interesting facts and figures about secondary work on Burke. Now I'll be the first to admit that I'm not much with figures—I'm rhetorician through and through, almost allergic to what my counterparts on the social science side of the communication studies house talk about. Nevertheless, I must admit that numbers can sometimes offer their own insights. So, I offer this essay to give readers a glimpse into what we've been pulling from the Burke mines during the past few months.
The Big Picture
My goal in this update was to be over inclusive, rather than under inclusive. This has led me to include some sources that are not singularly focused on Burke or his ideas, but incorporate a discussion or use of Burke or his ideas in substantial ways. My research team typically used keyword or subject term searches to find sources. If there was a question about the significance of the Burke content, I made a quick review of the source. So, for example, I included a book edited by communication scholar Michael J. Hyde on The Ethos of Rhetoric, not because any single essay discusses Burke at length, but because Burke is referenced on about 15% of the volume's pages.
On the other hand, works which simply cite Burke did not pass the test—that would lead to a bibliography in the tens of thousands. So, for example, I did not include one of the most unusual uses of Burke in an opening excerpt to a computer science essay on pattern matching published in Computational Intelligence journal, quoting Burke:
When a philosopher invents a new approach to reality, he promptly finds that his predecessors saw something as a unit which he can subdivide, or that they accepted distinctions which his system can name as unities. The universe would appear to be something like a cheese; it can be sliced in an infinite number of ways—and when one has chosen his own pattern of slicing, he finds that the other['s] cuts fall at the wrong places. (Levinson and Fuchs qtg. Burke from Klir)
Likewise, I could not include Maynard Solomon's passing quotation of Burke in analyzing Beethoven's "Diabelli" Variations as a sort of Empsonian pastoral (though such references to Burke in music criticism are rare). And Donna R. Techau's reliance on Burke's discussion of the etymology of the word define in discussing marriage for Liturgy journal is just too brief for inclusion, however interesting.
Nonetheless, I have attempted to be exhaustive in this bibliography, though there inevitably will be sources I have missed. (If KB Journal readers know of published sources on Burke not included, please send them to me or other KB Journal editors.) For example, book chapters and encyclopedia or dictionary entries are less well represented in databases than other kinds of sources. Electronic databases are less likely to have older materials (assuming some sources were not picked up by Rueckert or others in earlier bibliographies). Some minor publications are not in databases, such as many state journals in communication. (I included my own publication in a state journal because I knew about it; if you have some, please send them to me.)
Given these caveats on my attempt to exhaust the literature, as of this writing the total number of secondary sources on Burke is 1537. These include the following sources:
Type of Source | Number of Sources |
Journal Essays | 728 |
Theses & Dissertations | 444 |
Books | 162 |
Book Sections | 146 |
Magazine/News Articles | 54 |
Reference Entry | 1 |
Videotape | 1 |
Website | 1 |
Ignoring distinctions between different types of sources (whereby a book and a book review both count as "one"), it is notable that something was published about Burke every year since 1924, with the exceptions of 1930, 1940, 1943, and 1944. This tradition of works about Burke began with a slow trickle that turned into a torrent by the 1980s. Below are the numbers of sources about Burke published during the decades since the 1920s. Obviously, our own decade, already beating six of the other eight decades covered, has yet to be completed.
Decade | Works on Burke |
1920s | 8 |
1930s | 36 |
1940s | 34 |
1950s | 50 |
1960s | 82 |
1970s | 119 |
1980s | 400 |
1990s | 490 |
2000s | 321 |
In the next section, I review these decades briefly, mostly sticking to my number-driven terministic screen in highlighting "major" Burke scholars, which I define quantitatively (and arbitrarily) as those who have published at least five works about Burke. However, I drop this standard in discussing major book authors and those, such as Fredric Jameson, who have contributed to notable moments in Burke scholarship.
Decades of Burke Scholarship
Most of the secondary works on Burke from the 1920s to 1940s are book reviews; fifty-eight of seventy-eight essays are explicitly focused on reviewing a particular book by Burke. By the 1950s, the first dissertations and books on Burke began appearing, as well as theoretical and critical essays. Importantly, in a 1950 review of A Rhetoric of Motives (Ehninger), the speech communication field discovered Burke and began its six-decade love affair with him. By the 1960s, social scientists had discovered Burke, including sociologist Hugh Dalziel Duncan and political scientist Murray Edelman. The interest of literary scholars continued, notably, that of Bill Rueckert, who began building upon his 1956 dissertation on Burke in publishing the first edition of Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, as well as Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1924-1966. Communication scholars Jim Chesebro and the late Leland Griffin published their first essays on Burke.
By the 1970s, interest in Burke spread across the academy. Joseph Gusfield and Michael Overington joined Duncan from sociology. Hayden White began drawing upon Burke for history. Wayne C. Booth, Harold Bloom, Tim Crusius, Michael Feehan, Stanley Edgar Hyman, Don Jennerman, Rene Wellek, and others took up Burke for literary studies. Rising stars from communication offered their first Burke essays, including Jane Blankenship, Barry Brummett, Richard Gregg, Bob Heath, Bob Ivie, and Phil Tompkins. Bernie Brock and Robert L. Scott published a widely-read textbook in rhetorical criticism that featured a chapter on Burkean criticism. The relatively new journal, Philosophy & Rhetoric, featured five articles about Burke (Abbott; Ambrester; Blankenship, Murphy, and Rosenwasser; Melia; and Pedigrew), drawing philosophers' attention to his work. Recherches anglaises et americaines, a French journal of English and American culture, literature, and art (now defunct), published a special issue on Burke in 1979 (Susini). Notable exchanges occurred between Burke and Wilbur Samuel Howell, then Burke and Fredric Jameson.
In the 1980s more Burke scholarship was published than in all six previous decades combined. The first Kenneth Burke conference was in Philadelphia in 1984 and the Kenneth Burke Society was formed shortly afterward. Many more scholars—especially from communication, literature, and composition—looked to Burke for insights. In addition to those mentioned from previous decades, another wave of communication scholars published for the first time on Burke, including Ed Appel, Cheree Carlson, Phyllis Japp, Paul Jay, Andy King, Mark Moore, Clarke Rountree, Richard Thames, and David Cratis Williams. Literary scholars publishing on Burke included Rick Coe, Greig Henderson, Tilly Warnock, Bob Wess, and W. Ross Winterowd. The Department of Communication Studies at the University of Iowa produced an eight-hour series of videotaped interviews with Burke (Conversations with Kenneth Burke).
Kenneth Burke died in 1993, but interest in his work grew throughout the 1990s in both size and intensity. In 1992 Celeste Condit published an essay in The Quarterly Journal of Speech suggesting that perhaps it was time for rhetorical scholars to go post-Burke (as feminists have gone "post-feminist"), sparking a heated exchange with Phil Tompkins and George Cheney. Chesebro added his own ideas for extending Burke's system in an article in the same journal ("Extensions"). This intense exploration of Burke's ideas is emblematic of the 1990s, which has become the most prolific decade for works about Burke (though the 2000s are close behind already). Forty Burke-related books were published during the decade, including three collections from Burke conferences (Chesebro, Extensions of the Burkeian System; Brock, Kenneth Burke and Contemporary European Thought; Brock, Kenneth Burke and the 21st Century) and Barry Brummett's Landmark Essays on Kenneth Burke. Books by Barbara Biesecker, Crusius, and Wess put Burke into conversation with postmodernism. Jack Selzer's book on Burke in Greenwich Village provided insight into the intellectual environment that fueled Burke's thought. Chris Carter devoted a book to Burke's notion of scapegoating. Martin Behr published a book on Burke's thought and a second, with Rick Coe, on Burke and composition. British scholar Stephen Bygrave offered a volume on Burke and ideology. Indian scholar Satish Gupta published a book on Burke's literary theory. Stan Lindsey offered a study of Burke and Aristotle. And Bill Rueckert offered perhaps his most mature assessment of Burke in Encounters with Kenneth Burke. This fervor over Burke was reflected in graduate schools, which produced over 180 theses and dissertations on Burke during the decade.
The 2000s have begun with a bang for Burke studies. Twenty-five Burke-related books have appeared, with two more scheduled for publication this year. Three volumes include Burke's work with that of his colleagues and commentators: Burke's exchange of letters with William Carlos Williams (East), his correspondence with Bill Rueckert (Rueckert, Letters), and an edited volume by Greig Henderson and David Cratis Williams, Unending Conversations, which includes unpublished work of Burke's, as well as recent and past publications by notable Burke commentators. Ross Wolin took on the massive task of resituating Burke's eight major theoretical works within their social and political contexts in The Rhetorical Imagination of Kenneth Burke. Rhetorical critics applied Burke to several book-length works: David Bobbitt took on Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, Camille Lewis looked at Bob Jones University's discourse of religious fundamentalism, Stan Lindsey used "representative anecdote" to unpack the Book of Revelations, and Clarke Rountree used the pentad to explore constructions of court motives in the election-ending case of Bush v. Gore. British scholar Laurence Coupe followed on a 1990s book on myth with a 2004 book examining Kenneth Burke on Myth. Greg Clark used Burke to explore the practices of American tourism. Beth Eddy considered identity in Burke and Ellison. Robert Garlitz used logology to shed light on literary criticism. Books by Dave Blakesley, by Mark Huglen and Basil Clark, and by John D. Ramage used Burke to teach rhetorical theory to students. Stan Lindsay published his concordance to Burke's work. Almost one hundred theses and dissertations have been completed so far in the 2000s. Finally, KB Journal, the first journal devoted exclusively to the study of Burke and his ideas, was launched in 2004 by Huglen, Rountree, and Blakesley (and soon adopted by the Kenneth Burke Society) and has quickly become the leading publisher of journal essays on Burke for the decade, with 34 of 178 entries.
Notable Firsts
The first essays about Burke appeared in reviews of The White Oxen in 1924. The database lists the first specifically dated review as 11 October 1924, by Gorham Munson in The Literary Review ("An Amazing Debut"), with The New York Times' anonymous book review coming almost two weeks later ("Psychological Drama"). Matthew Josephson reviewed on November 16th for The New York Herald Tribune. Malcolm Cowley's review for The Dial is dated as 1924, with no month listed.
Gorham Munson also appears to have written the first book chapter on Kenneth Burke in 1928: "In and About the Workshop of Kenneth Burke" in Destinations; a Canvass of American Literature since 1900. Burke received notice in various books on criticism from the 1930s and 1940s, though the first full-length book devoted exclusively and explicitly to Burke would come in 1957, with George Knox's Critical Moments: Kenneth Burke's Categories and Critiques.
Knox is also credited with completing the first dissertation focused on Burke, "Kenneth Burke as Literary Theorist and Critic," at the University of Washington in 1953. Other notable, early, dissertations include, Virginia Holland's "Aristotelianism in the Rhetorical Theory of Kenneth Burke," completed in 1954 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Bill Rueckert's 1956 University of Michigan dissertation, "The Rhetoric of Rebirth: a Study of the Literary Theory and Critical Practice of Kenneth Burke." The first dissertation outside of literature and speech was Frederic Lionel Diamond's "Murder in Toronto: A Ten Year Study: 1966-1976," completed in 1979 at York University in Canada.
Disciplinary Interests
I am currently editing a series for KB Journal entitled "Burke in the Fields." For this series I have recruited top Burke scholars in various fields to write about the uses of Burke in their particular disciplinary homes. This began with a review of Burke in communication studies by Barry Brummett and Anna M. Young. Reviews currently in the works will look at Burke and composition studies, literary studies, the social sciences, and international scholarship. Those in-depth reviews will be qualitative, but here I simply want to make gross numerical observations about Burke's importance to various fields. The shortest route to that is to look at the journals publishing work about Burke and his ideas.
Works about Burke and his ideas have been published in 324 different journals (including a few high-brow magazines). The largest number of these journals come from literary studies, with an astonishing 100 different titles publishing Burke-related work. By contrast, communication studies has featured works about Burke in only 38 different journals (though, notably, we have far fewer journals in our discipline). Interdisciplinary journals in rhetoric (such as Philosophy & Rhetoric, Pre/Text, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, and Rhetorica), in the arts and sciences (e.g., Bucknell Review), and in the humanities (e.g., Angelika) feature Burke in 20 different titles. Seventeen general interest journals or magazines (such as The Nation and The American Scholar) and sixteen sociology journals discuss Burke. You can find Burke studies in about a dozen journals each in composition studies, cultural studies, and religion. Beyond that, journals in American studies, anthropology, art, business, education, history, linguistics, philosophy, political science, and science feature Burke in journals numbering in the single digits.
When you examine the numbers of works published in each field, the dominance of literary studies is displaced by communication studies, where 226 essays have been published, compared to 179 essays in literary studies. However, the interdisciplinary journals in rhetoric include enough territory for either communication or literary scholars to argue over dominance, with 157 essays. Composition studies, sociology, and general interest periodicals are closely tied for third place at about 30 essays each. Linguistics and religion have about a dozen apiece, followed by single digits for all the other areas I have mentioned.
The greatest single disseminator of Burke's ideas through secondary literature has been The Quarterly Journal of Speech, which boasts 77 essays on Burke-related issues. Second in line is KB Journal, whose singular focus on Burke has yielded 34 sources in three years. Rhetoric Review and Western Journal of Communication include 28 essays. Another regional communication journal, Communication Quarterly boasts two dozen essays. Rhetoric Society Quarterly offers a respectable twenty. The greatest champion of Burke studies in the balkanized arena of literary studies is American Literature with twelve.
Altogether, the journals traditionally associated with the "speech" and "English" disciplines—including rhetoric, composition, and literature—account for almost ninety percent of all journal articles in Burke scholarship. Obviously, the interest of both fields in rhetoric in the broadest sense—perhaps the focus of Burke's most significant contributions—explains why the greatest number of scholars drawing on Burke come from these fields.
Naming Names
In reviewing Burke scholarship through the decades, I already have identified many "major" Burke scholars. (To those who have done important work that fell short of my five-work standard, let me plead my stalwart adherence to the number-driven terministic screen that overlooks quality.) Nevertheless, it is worth taking note of those scholars who have been most prolific in Burke studies.
Bill Rueckert, the late "Dean" of Burke studies, leads the pack with 15 works spanning fifty years, from his 1956 dissertation to an essay published in KB Journal just last year. Two scholars are credited with 14 works on Burke: the late Bernie Brock and Dave Blakesley. Bernie's 1965 dissertation drew upon Burke in discussing political communication ("A Definition"), beginning five decades of work on Burke, including editing two volumes from Triennial Burke conferences. Dave Blakesley, whose primary scholarship is in rhetoric and composition, has made his mark much more recently and more quickly. His tireless efforts to support Burke scholarship include the development and maintenance of two major websites (his "Virtual Parlor" and this journal's website), the founding and oversight of Parlor Press, which has published several Burke-related books; his own book on dramatism, and a just-published volume of Burke's poems he edited with Julie Whitaker, as well as bibliographies, articles, and book reviews. Jim Chesebro, who drew upon Burke for his work in communication studies for decades, follows closely with 13. Bob Wess and Clarke Rountree are tied at a dozen each. Tim Crusius ties Hugh Duncan at 11 (though Duncan gets credit for multiple publications of two books). Greig Henderson of literary studies and Barry Brummett of communication studies are tied at 10. Mark P. Moore and Phil Tompkins have nine each, while Ed Appel, Michael Feehan, and Paul Jay come in with eight apiece. Bryan Crable and Mark Huglen have seven. Rick Coe, Malcolm Cowley, Bob Heath, Richard Thames, Tilly Warnock, David Cratis Williams, and W. Ross Winterowd have a half-dozen each. Scholars with five Burke-related works include Cheree Carlson, Chris Carter, Laurence Coupe, Bernard Duffey, Bob Ivie, Phyllis Japp, Don Jennerman, Stan Lindsay, and Jeffrey Murray.
This list of prolific Burke scholars is dominated by men. I'll leave it to other scholars to explain this (though perhaps Celeste Condit would contend that we need to go post-Burke to feminize our scholarship). Only Tilly Warnock, Cheree Carlson, and Phyllis Japp meet my "major scholar" benchmark of five or more Burke-related publications. However, the future looks a bit brighter, with young scholars including Debra Hawhee (named top new Burke scholar at the 2005 Triennial Burke conference), Ann George (with four publications in the 2000s), and Kathleen M. Vandenberg (with two in 2005), making headway. Also coming on strong this decade are Blakesley, with eight publications in the 2000s, Mark Huglen with seven, Bryan Crable with six, and Greg Clark, Jeffrey Murray, and Dana Anderson with three each. These young scholars represent the future of Burke studies and of KB Journal.
On the other hand, we don't want to forget the contributions of those legions of scholars who dabble in Burke, enriching their own particular scholarly projects when Burke offers something particular they seek. And there are many such scholars—the mode (to use one of those statistical references) for number of publications by an individual scholar in Burke studies is a solid "one." Roughly a thousand different scholars have published a single work about Burke.
It is the nature of quantitative measures to grossly simplify the complex. That is a great advantage for looking across nine decades of work on Burke and saying something informative and interesting. I hope this introduction to the new bibliography has intrigued you, despite the limitations of its numerical bias. I believe this brief review demonstrates at least three things: (1) that Burke studies is strong and growing, (2) that "speech" and "English" have supplied and continue to supply the largest number of Burke scholars and publication outlets (though scholars from a dozen fields have found him useful), and (3) that lots of scholars dabble in Burke while a handful have devoted much of their scholarly lives to his work. This essay is a tip of the hat to the devotees, both young and old.
For the convenience of Burke scholars who want to join (or rejoin) the Kenneth Burke Society and delve more deeply into the updated bibliography I drew upon for this essay, the following configurations of this bibliography are provided in the new Members area of this journal:
All Sources
• With Abstracts (by author)
• By author
• By date
• By title
• By author
• By date
• By book title
Journal Articles
• By author
• By date
• By article title
• By journal (then date)
Theses and Dissertations
• By author
• By date
Book Reviews
• By book title
• By author
• By date
Abbott, Don Paul. "Marxist Influences on the Rhetorical Theory of Kenneth Burke." Philosophy & Rhetoric 7 (1974): 217-33.
Ambrester, Roy. "Identification Within: Kenneth Burke's View of the Unconscious." Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974): 205-16.
Appel, Edward C. "The Tragic-Symbol Preaching of the Rev. Dr. Wallace E. Fisher." Journal of Communication and Religion 10 (1987): 34-43.
Behr, Martin, and Richard M. Coe. Critical Moments in the Rhetoric of Kenneth Burke: Implications for Composition. Winnipeg, Man.: Inkshed Publications, 1996.
---. Continuity and Change in the Thought of Kenneth Burke. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.
Biesecker, Barbara A. Addressing Postmodernity : Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997.
Blakesley, David. The Elements of Dramatism. Boston: Longman, 2002.
Blankenship, Jane, Edwin Murphy, and Marie Rosenwasser. "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke." Philosophy and Rhetoric 7.1 (1974): 1-24.
Bloom, Harold. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford UP, 1975.
Bobbitt, David A. The Rhetoric of Redemption: Kenneth Burke's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream Speech". Communication, Media, and Politics Series. New York: Roman & Littlefield, 2004.
Booth, Wayne C. "Kenneth Burke's Way of Knowing." Critical Inquiry 1 (1974): 1-22.
Brock, Bernard Lee. "A Definition of Four Political Positions and a Description of Their Rhetorical Characteristics." Dissertation. Northwestern University, 1965.
---, ed. Kenneth Burke and Contemporary European Thought : Rhetoric in Transition. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995.
---, ed. Kenneth Burke and the 21st Century. Albany: State U of New York P, 1999.
Brock, Bernard L. and Robert L.Scott. Methods of Rhetorical Criticism. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
Brown, Merle Elliott. Kenneth Burke. University of Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.
Brummett, Barry. Landmark Essays on Kenneth Burke. Davis, CA: Hermagoras P, 1993.
Brummett, Barry. "Presidential Substance: The Address of August 15, 1973." Western Journal of Communication 39 (1975): 249-59.
---, and Anna M. Young. "Burke in the Fields: Some Uses of Burke in Communication Studies." KB Journal 2.2 (2006).
Burke, Kenneth. Late Poems 1968-1993. Ed. Julie Whitaker and David Blakesley. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2005.
Bygrave, Stephen. Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric and Ideology. New York: Routledge, 1993.
Camtwell, Robert. "Second Person Singular." Rev. of Towards a Better Life by Kenneth Burke. The Nation 9 March 1932: 289.
Carlson, A. Cheree. "Gandhi and the Comic Frame: Ad Bellum Purificandum." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 72 (1986): 446-55.
Carter, Chris Allen. Kenneth Burke and the Scapegoat Process. Oklahoma Project for Discourse and Theory. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
Chamberlain, John. "Mr. Burke's Experiment in the Novel." Rev. of Towards a Better Life by Kenneth Burke. The New York Times Book Review 31 January 1932: 2.
Chesebro, James W. "A Construct for Assessing Ethics in Communication." Central States Speech Journal 20 (1969): 104-14.
---. "Extensions of the Burkeian System." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 78.3 (1992): 356-68.
---. Extensions of the Burkeian System. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1993.
Clark, Gregory. Rhetorical Landscapes in America: Variations on a Theme from Kenneth Burke. Studies in Rhetoric/Communication. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.
Coe, Richard M. "It Takes Capital to Defeat Dracula: A New Rhetorical Essay." College English 49 (1986): 231-42.
Condit, Celeste. "Post Burke: Transcending the Sub-Stance of Dramatism in the Forum: Burke Revisited and Revised." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 78.3 (1992): 349-55.
Conversations with Kenneth Burke. Eds. Clarke Rountree and Judy Smith. University of Iowa Department of Communication Studies, Iowa City, IA, 1987.
Coupe, Laurence. Kenneth Burke on Myth: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Cowley, Malcolm. "Gulliver." Rev. of The White Oxen by Kenneth Burke. The Dial 77 (1924): 520-22.
Crusius, Timothy W. Kenneth Burke and the Conversation after Philosophy. Rhetorical Philosophy and Theory. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999.
Crusius, Timothy W. "Kenneth Burke's Theory of Form in Rhetorical Interpretation." Recherches anglaises et americaines 12 (1979): 82-97.
Diamond, Frederic Lionel. "Murder in Toronto: A Ten Year Study: 1966-1976." DAI 43.05A (1979): 01.
Duncan, Hugh D. Symbols and Social Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
East, James H., ed. The Humane Particulars: The Collected Letters of William Carlos Williams and Kenneth Burke. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2003.
Edelman, Murray J. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1964.
Eddy, Beth. The Rites of Identity: The Religious Naturalism and Cultural Criticism of Kenneth Burke and Ralph Ellison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Ehinger, Douglas. Rev. of A Rhetoric of Motives by Kenneth Burke. The Quarterly Journal of Speech 36 (1950): 557-58.
Feehan, Michael. "Kenneth Burke's Discovery of Dramatism." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 65 (1979): 405-11.
Frank, Armin Paul. Kenneth Burke. New York,: Twayne Publishers, 1969.
Garlitz, Robert. Kenneth Burke's Logology and Literary Criticism. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2004.
Grattan, C. Hartley. "A Novel Not a Novel." Rev. of Towards a Better Life by Kenneth Burke. The Saturday Review of Literature 19 March 1932: 604.
Gregg, Richard B. "Kenneth Burke's Prolegomena to the Study of the Rhetoric of Form." Communication Quarterly 26 (1978): 3-13.
Gregory, Horace. "The Man on the Park Bench." Rev. of Towards a Better Life by Kenneth Burke. The New York Herald Tribune Books 31 January 1932: 2.
Griffin, Leland M. "A Dramatistic Theory of the Rhetoric of Movements." Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1924-1966. Ed. William H. Rueckert. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1969. 456-78.
---. "The Rhetorical Structure of the 'New Left' Movement, Part One." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 50 (1964): 113-35.
Gupta, Satish. Kenneth Burke's Literary Theory. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1995.
Gusfield, Joseph R. "The Literary Rhetoric of Science: Comedy and Pathos in Drinking Driver Research." American Sociological Review 4 (1976): 16-34.
Hazlitt, Henry. "Two Critics." Rev. of Counter-Statement by Kenneth Burke. The Nation 1932: 77.
Heath, Robert L. "Kenneth Burke on Form." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 65 (1979): 392-404.
Henderson, Greig E. Kenneth Burke: Literature and Language as Symbolic Action. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988.
Henderson, Greig E., and David Cratis Williams. Unending Conversations : New Writings by and About Kenneth Burke. Rhetorical Philosophy and Theory. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001.
Holland, Laura Virginia. "Aristotelianism in the Rhetorical Theory of Kenneth Burke." DAI 15.01 (1954): 146.
Howell, Wilbur Samuel. "The Two-Party Line: A Reply to Kenneth Burke." Quarterly Journal of Speech 62 (1976): 69-77.
Huglen, Mark E., and Basil B. Clark. Poetic Healing: A Vietnam Veteran's Journey from a Communication Perspective. revised ed. West Lafayette, IN: Parlor Press, 2005.
Hyde, Michael J. The Ethos of Rhetoric. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.
Hyman, Stanley Edgar. "Kenneth Burke and the Criticism of Symbolic Action." The Armed Vision: A Study in the Methods of Modern Literary Criticism. Rev. ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1955. 327-85.
Ivie, Robert L. "Presidential Motives for War." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 60.3 (1974): 337-45.
Jameson, Frederic R. "Critical Response: Ideology and Symbolic Action." Critical Inquiry 5.2 (1978): 417-22.
Japp, Phyllis M. "A Spoonful of Sugar Makes the Medicine Go Down: Dr. Conwell's 'Feel Good' Cultural Tonic." Speaker and Gavel 27 (1989-1990): 2-10.
Jay, Paul. "Kenneth Burke: A Man of Letters." Pre/Text: A Journal of Rhetorical Theory 6.3-4 (1985): 221-33.
Jennermann, Donald L. "Some Freudian Aspects of Burke's Aristotelean Poetics." Recherches Anglaises et Americaines 12 (1979): 65-81.
Josephson, Matthew. "Experimental." Rev. of The White Oxen by Kenneth Burke. The New York Herald Tribune Books 16 November 1924: 4.
Jost, Walter. Rhetorical Investigations: Studies in Ordinary Language Criticism. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004.
King, Andrew A. "St. Augustine's Doctrine of Participation as a Metaphysic of Persuasion." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 15.3/4 (1985): 112-15.
Klir, G. J. Architecture of Systems Problem-Solving. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.
Knox, George. Critical Moments: Kenneth Burke's Categories and Critiques. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1957.
---. "Kenneth Burke as Literary Theorist and Critic." DAI 13.06 (1953): 351.
Levinson, Robert and Gil Fuchs. "A Pattern-Weight Formulation of Search Knowledge." Computational Intelligence 17.4 (2001): 783-811.
Lewis, Camille. Romancing the Difference: Kenneth Burke, Bob Jones University, and the Rhetoric of Religious Fundamentalism. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2007 (forthcoming).
Lindsay, Stan A. A Concise Kenneth Burke Concordance. West Lafayette, IN: Say Press, 2004.
---. Revelation: The Human Drama. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 2000.
Melia, Trevor. Rev. of A Rhetoric of Motives by Kenneth Burke. Philosophy and Rhetoric 3 (1970): 124-27.
Moore, Mark P. "Uniting Individuals: Barry Goldwater's Rhetoric of Paradox." Journal of the Northwest Communication Association 16.1 (1988): 1-24.
Munson, Gorham. "An Amazing Debut." Rev. of The White Oxen by Kenneth Burke. The Literary Review 11 October 1924: 3.
---. "In and About the Workshop of Kenneth Burke," in Destinations; a Canvass of American Literature since 1900. New York: J.H. Sears and Co., 1928. 139-59.
Overington, Michael A. "Kenneth Burke as Social Theorist." Sociological Inquiry 47.2 (1977): 133-41.
Pettigrew, Loyd S. "Psychoanalytic Theory: A Neglected Rhetorical Dimension." Philosophy and Rhetoric 10 (1977): 46-59.
"Psychological Drama." Rev. of The White Oxen by Kenneth Burke. The New York Times Book Review Fall 1924: 23.
Ramage, John D. Rhetoric: A User's Guide. New York: Pearson, 2006.
Rountree, Clarke. An Introduction and Index to "Conversations with Kenneth Burke". Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Department of Communication Studies, 1987.
---. Judging the Supreme Court: Constructions of Motives in Bush V. Gore. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 2007 (forthcoming).
---. "Kenneth Burke: A Personal Retrospective." The Iowa Review 17.3 (1987): 15-23.
Rueckert, William H. Encounters with Kenneth Burke. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
---. Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations. Minneapolis,: University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
---. "The Rhetoric of Rebirth: A Study of the Literary Theory and Critical Practice of Kenneth Burke." DAI 17.06 (1956): 238.
---, ed. Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1924-1966. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.
---, ed. Letters from Kenneth Burke to William H. Rueckert, 1959-1987. West Lafayette, IN: Parlor Press, 2003.
Selzer, Jack. Kenneth Burke in Greenwich Village : Conversing with the Moderns, 1915-1931. The Wisconsin Project on American Writers. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996.
Solomon, Maynard. "Beethoven's 'Diabelli' Variations: The End of a Beginning." Beethoven Forum 7 (1999): 139-152.
Susini, Christian, ed. "Special Issue on Burke." Recherches anglaises et americaines No.12 (1979).
Techau, Donna R. "Beyond Decency: Protecting Marriage from the Church." Liturgy 20.1 (2005): 47-51.
Thames, Richard H. "A Flawed Stone Fitting Its Nineteenth-Century Setting: A Burkeian Analysis of Russell Conewell's 'Acres of Diamonds'." Speaker and Gavel 27 (1989-1990): 11-19.
---. "A Selected Bibliography of Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1968-1986." The Legacy of Kenneth Burke. Ed. Herbert W. Simons and Trevor Melia. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1989. 305-15.
Tompkins, Phillip K. "A Note on Burke, Goethe and the Jews." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 81.4 (1995): 507-10.
---, and George Cheney. "On the Limits and Sub-Stance of Kenneth Burke and His Critics." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 79.2 (1993): 225-31.
---, Jeanne Fisher, Dominic Infante, and Elaine L. Tompkins. "Kenneth Burke and the Inherent Characteristics of Formal Organizations: A Field Study." Speech Monographs 42 (1975): 135-42.
Warnock, Tilly. "Reading Kenneth Burke: Ways in, Ways out, Ways Roundabout." College English 48.1 (1986): 262-75.
Wellek, Rene. "Kenneth Burke and Literary Criticism." The Sewanee Review 79 (1971): 171-88.
Wess, Robert. "Frank Lentricchia's Criticism and Social Change: The Literary Intellectual as Pragmatic Humanist." Minnesota Review 27 (1986): 123-31.
---. Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism. Literature, Culture, Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
White, Hayden. Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1973.
---. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1978.
Williams, David Cratis. "Under the Sign of (an)Nihilation: Burke in the Age of Nuclear Destruction and Critical Deconstruction." The Legacy of Kenneth Burke. Ed. Herbert W. Simons and Trevor Melia. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1989. 196-223.
Winterowd, W. Ross. "Dramatism in Themes and Poems." College Education 45 (1983): 581-88.
Wolin, Ross. The Rhetorical Imagination of Kenneth Burke. Studies in Rhetoric/Communication. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2001.
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If Alex Cross stops running, he will die . . . three serial killers are on the loose, and they want revenge.
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As tougher mortgage rules slow housing market, critics call for a reversal
Garry Marr | Financial Post Nov 26, 2012
The real estate industry has ramped up its attack on rules making it harder to borrow but its challenges face one big obstacle — mortgage restrictions are working exactly the way the federal government wants them to.
In the past week the Canadian Association of Accredited Mortgage Professionals weighed in with complaints that Ottawa's restrictions were killing consumer confidence and even raised the stakes further by suggesting the entire Canadian economy was at stake.
Toronto builders joined the fray, calling out the federal government for rules it maintains have a lot to do with the cooling market in the city that saw sales in October dip 14% below their long-term average.
But Finance Minister Jim Flaherty has given no indication he his ready to reverse course on his tightened restrictions. There's also the argument that it wasn't the rules that have sabotaged the market, but rather an overall fatigue from consumers when it comes to real estate.
"I think the government is not responsible, remember the housing market was slowing already when the government introduced these [latest] measures," said Benjamin Tal, deputy chief economist at CIBC World Markets. "In a slowing market, it is that much more effective. It was a prudent move."
Among the changes instituted by the government was a lowering of allowable amortization from 30 years to 25 years for consumers borrowing with mortgage default insurance which is backed by the federal government. A longer amortization allows consumers to lower their monthly payment and qualify for a larger loan at the expense of paying more interest over their mortgage period.
Mr. Tal said there is something to be said for a "natural slowing" of the market which was probably accelerated by the latest changes. "It might mean a little bit of over shooting but that's the risk that you took," he said, adding the real question is what happens when interest rates rise or other factors impact the market.
It's not impossible the government could switch gears and stimulate the market. It's hardly unprecedented. In the past, Ottawa allowed amortization lengths to stretch to 40 years and, significantly, it lowered the minimum down payment needed by consumers to avoid costly mortgage default insurance from 25% to 20% — something that remains in effect. And, to this day, consumers still only need 5% down to qualify for a mortgage if they buy such insurance.
All of this will probably do very little to satisfy the critics who maintain Ottawa stepped in at the wrong time. CAAMP, among others, suggests the latest rule modifications have squeezed the first-time buyer out of the market. CAAMP said 17% of the high-ratio mortgages funded in 2010 would not qualify today, including 11% of prospective high-ratio homebuyers who wouldn't qualify under the new 25-year amortization rule.
"The government in general is walking a tightrope here. On the one hand they are concerned about household debt and all these insured mortgages. But on the other side, housing is an important contributor to the overall economy," said Jim Murphy, chief executive of CAAMP, which noted in a previous report that 18% of all jobs in Canada created between 2006 and 2011 were related directly or indirectly to housing.
Some, like CIBC's Mr. Tal, suggest maybe it's time the economy stopped being so dependent on the housing market for growth.
One executive who says he's changed his tune on the government's crackdown is Phil Soper, chief executive of Royal LePage Real Estate services. When the latest regulations came out in July, he was one of the first to suggest the time was wrong, but he's gone full circle since then.
"At the time, I thought it didn't make sense," said Mr. Soper. "I'm being contrary again. I think the impact of mortgage regulation is being blamed far too often these days in what is clearly just a natural cyclical slowdown in the market driven by overpriced homes. We were due for a slowdown. The timing was unfortunate but it's not a major event. I think chances of it being reversed are close to zero."


text:
Bridport, UK
Follow instagram @thearchivelondon. The Archive London is a curated premium vintage collection by Emily...
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The persistent allegation about eating healthily is that it means a boring diet filled with tasteless rabbit food, and no fun ever again. This has been the cause of many a broken diet, and will no doubt continue to dissuade people from healthier lifestyles. And the worst thing about it is that it really is not true. Eating healthily and enjoying it depends on looking a little beyond the obvious options. At your local supermarket, it is not that hard to spot the unhealthy options, as they are usually packaged excitingly, with pictures designed to make you think that the food inside the packet will be delicious and enthralling. Meanwhile, the healthy options are packaged as you would expect them to be – plain packets and a sober typeface on the label. But eating healthily is not about just picking out the stuff that is labelled in a boring way. It is about considering what makes a food healthy. Being prepared to be a little more ambitious in the kitchen helps. Many of us don't have much time for cooking, so putting a ready meal in the microwave becomes the easy option. If you cook from natural ingredients you can lose weight and feel better, so making the time to cook is a good idea. You don't need to stand over a hot stove for hours in order to make a healthy meal. You can make a good sandwich with wholemeal bread, tuna and some salad which, if seasoned correctly, can taste better than anything you'll buy at the deli counter. What's more, it will only take a few minutes to do. Comments are closed.
March 2018
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Showing Collections: 1 - 1 of 1
Edwin R. Havens papers
Identifier: 00016
Scope and Contents
The Edwin Havens papers consist of letters and diaries written by Havens while serving in the Seventh Michigan Cavalry during the Civil War. The letters of 1862 concern the training period of the regiment at Camp Kellogg, Grand Rapids, Michigan. In February of 1863, the regiment was sent to Washington, D.C., and was later involved in campaigns at Gettysburg, Richmond, Petersburg, and the Shenandoah Valley. Havens' letters contain details of important battles, as well as the...
1838 - 1926


text: When frightening events start to occur in their home, young couple Kelly (Ashley Greene) and Ben (Sebastian Stan) discover they are being haunted by a presence that was accidentally conjured during a university parapsychology experiment. The horrifying apparition feeds on their fear and torments them no matter where they try to run. Their last hope is an expert in the supernatural, Patrick (Tom Felton), but even with his help they may already be too late to save themselves from this terrifying force and death.


text:
Add New Project
A speculative design instrument that allows the user to feel the electromagnetic signals that are given off by power and wireless communications technology.
in Physical Computing
1 145 0 0
Learn how to control LEDs and other electrical output devices over the web with the Particle Argon platform
1 193 0 0
As our world becomes increasingly more technologized, could our food one day become embedded with technology such that it reads, analyzes, and reflects our biometric data?
1 360 0 0
The goal of this project will be to add some light into my friend's life. The light bulbs in our dorm are very old and not very bright, making it hard to see yourself in the mornings. This project will setup a micro controller with a light and an ultrasonic sensor above my friend's mirror. As they stand in front of the mirror, the light should turn on, giving a better view for makeup and clothing.
1 242 0 0
An interactive 3D drawing experience using Leap Motion, Unity, and Arduino.
1 669 0 0
The goal of this project was to simulate the empathetic effects of controlling the passing of time. Thus, we set up a clock interface that allows its user to scrub through a pre-recorded time lapse.
in Intelligent Environments
4 249 1 0
We were challenged to create a new form of interaction for the Lightwall installation at the Carnegie Library in Knoxville. Working with the Lightwall's existing API, we created and implemented a prototype using Processing and TouchOSC, and shared it with the library staff and kids. Then, the fun began!
2 257 0 0
Lumos is a responsive lighting system to be used in combination with medical devices in patient hospital rooms. Utilizing input from pulse sensors and the time of day, the lighting system adapts to the patient's physical needs. Lumos can unobtrusively create a calming light environment when the patient is stressed, or if the child wishes to engage with Lumos, it can interactively generate a dynamic light show to provide positive distraction for the child, helping to ease a stressful experience.
2 363 0 0
Emoto Pod is an interactive exhibit that allows users to sit down for 5 minutes under a projected "waterfall" of shapes that cascade down an overhead screen. With the aid of a Leap Motion device, the user can virtually run their hands under the projected waterfall. It is an immersive experience, which is experienced not only visually but also manually.
4 590 0 0
Make your mornings more pleasant. The device, detects people moving around in the living room to switch on the home audio system. A built in time function, ensures its only triggered in the mornings.
1 273 0 0
This robot was all about creating a learning-by-doing environment between the robot and the user. The intention was to create a robot that responded to a user's actions with some of it's own. Over the course of a few minute experience, the user could gain an understanding of how to control the robot using his or her actions. Alternatively, given the amount of variation in potential responses, the user may find themselves trying to teach the robot how they want it to respond.
2 217 0 0
To create a responsive origami tessellation to alter the tempo of natural light in an environment, thereby affording a slower walking pace for the occupants of that space. The presence of a person below the structure triggers a slow movement, so if someone is in a rush, then they will miss what is happening right above their heads. This structure prompts people to take the time to slow down, look up, and observe what is going on around them.
in Physical Computing Intelligent Environments
2 270 0 0
We wanted to create a machine that both explored the "organicness" (or lack thereof), movement, heaviness, and materiality of metal using chainmail while exposing the "inner workings" of the machine.
2 275 0 0
A sample project
2 260 1 4


text:
Some options are "boolean" and control behavior
that can be turned on or off. For example, the
mysql client supports a
option that
determines whether or not to display a row of column names at
the beginning of query results. By default, this option is
enabled. However, you may want to disable it in some instances,
such as when sending the output of mysql into
another program that expects to see only data and not an initial
header line.
To disable column names, you can specify the option using any of these forms:
The --disable
and --skip
prefixes and the =0
suffix all have the same
effect: They turn the option off.
The "enabled" form of the option may be specified in any of these ways:
The values ON
, and FALSE
are also
recognized for boolean options (not case-sensitive).
If an option is prefixed by --loose
, a program
does not exit with an error if it does not recognize the option,
but instead issues only a warning:
$> mysql --loose-no-such-option
mysql: WARNING: unknown option '--loose-no-such-option'
The --loose
prefix can be useful when you run
programs from multiple installations of MySQL on the same
machine and list options in an option file. An option that may
not be recognized by all versions of a program can be given
using the --loose
prefix (or
in an option file). Versions of the
program that recognize the option process it normally, and
versions that do not recognize it issue a warning and ignore it.
The --maximum
prefix is available for
mysqld only and permits a limit to be placed
on how large client programs can set session system variables.
To do this, use a --maximum
prefix with the
variable name. For example,
prevents any
client from making the heap table size limit larger than 32M.
The --maximum
prefix is intended for use with
system variables that have a session value. If applied to a
system variable that has only a global value, an error occurs.
For example, with --maximum-back_log=200
, the
server produces this error:
Maximum value of 'back_log' cannot be set


text:
And, yes, even
a 17-time major champion such as Williams can lose in the early going
at the sport's biggest tournaments, as she has repeatedly in 2014.
putting behind a
poor-serving start, and showing absolutely no other
signs of the type of up-and-down play that has plagued her at Grand
Slams this season, Williams dismissed 81st-ranked American Vania King
6-1, 6-0 in 56 minutes to reach the third round.
never let me in," said King, who is 25. "She's played at such a high
level for so long, and I used to watch when I was a kid, growing up. So
it's kind of surreal to see the person that you've been watching on TV
in front of you and playing. It was difficult."
buzz around the tournament grounds built all day waiting for
15-year-old CiCi Bellis to play her second-round match at night — she
wound up losing — Williams ran her U.S. Open winning streak to 16
matches as she tries to become the first woman to win three consecutive
titles at Flushing Meadows since Chris Evert took four in a row from
For the moment, the
32-year-old Williams wants to stay focused on avoiding the sort of
problems she had at the Australian Open (where she lost in the fourth
round), French Open (second round) and Wimbledon (third round). Not
since 2006 has she failed to reach at least one major final in a year —
and she only entered two Slams that season.
So far this week, she's left the
trouble to others, and Williams could wind up being the beneficiary. A
pair of other past major champions, No. 8 Ana Ivanovic and No. 24 Sam
Stosur, lost Thursday, as did No. 23 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and No. 27
Madison Keys, bringing the total to 11 seeded women gone after only two
That included No. 12
Dominika Cibulkova, the Australian Open runner-up who was surprisingly
defeated Tuesday by Bellis, the youngest player to win a match at the
U.S. Open since Anna Kournikova in 1996. Bellis, a Californian ranked
1,208th and playing in her first tour-level event, lost Thursday in
three sets to 48th-ranked Zarina Diyas of Kazakhstan.
other action under the lights, 2012 U.S. Open champion Andy Murray won
in straight sets, before Wimbledon finalist Eugenie Bouchard edged
Sorana Cirstea 6-2, 6-7 (4), 6-4 in the day's last match.
could have faced Stosur — the woman who beat her in the 2011 U.S. Open
final — in the fourth round, and 2008 French Open winner Ivanovic in the
"You always
hear about who is winning, who is losing. You hear about upsets. But for
me, especially lately, I have to worry about my first round, my second
round, and my third round. I can't get too far ahead of myself,"
Williams said.
"I was a casualty before, so ...
I can't make anything of it," she said of the rash of seeded losers.
"At this point, I'm trying to stay alive."
her singles victory, Williams went out and paired with older sister
Venus for a first-round win in doubles. She last time Serena was seen
competing in doubles at a major, last month at Wimbledon, she looked
disoriented in warmups, then served four consecutive double-faults and
quit after three games, saying she was ill.
had seven double-faults among her whopping 29 unforced errors in a 7-5,
6-4 loss to 42nd-ranked Karolina Pliskova of the Czech Republic, who
occasionally plays doubles with her twin sister and never had been to
the third round at a major.
Ivanovic, a former No. 1, wraps up 2014 with only one major quarterfinal to her credit, at the Australian Open.
had great lead-ups to every Grand Slam. I played a lot of matches and
won lot of matches," she said. "At the Grand Slams I just haven't
performed that well."
Stosur, meanwhile, was edged 3-6, 6-3, 7-6 (8) by 50th-ranked Kaia Kanepi of Estonia.
have been fewer surprises among the men so far, and only one seeded
player was sent packing Thursday afternoon, when No. 28 Guillermo
Garcia-Lopez of Spain was defeated by Sam Querrey of the United States
6-3, 6-4, 6-4.
Querrey now faces an even tougher task: He takes on No. 1-ranked and No. 1-seeded Novak Djokovic.
the noteworthy results Thursday was the 7-6 (2), 4-6, 6-4, 6-2 win by
Victor Estrella Burgos of the Dominican Republic against Borna Coric of
Croatia. Playing in the U.S. Open for the first time at 34, Estrella
Burgos eliminated a player half as old in the 17-year-old Coric — the
biggest age difference in a U.S. Open match.
never thought that I have to beat him because he was younger than me,"
Estrella Burgos said, "or that he will just fail by just being younger."


text:
New York - The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) urged a federal court Wednesday to reject bogus copyright claims in a ringtone royalty battle that could raise costs for consumers, jeopardize consumer rights, and curtail new technological innovation.
Millions of Americans have bought musical ringtones, often clips from favorite popular songs, for their mobile phones. Mobile phone carriers pay royalties to song owners for the right to sell these snippets to their customers. But as part of a ploy to squeeze more money out of the mobile phone companies, the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) has told a federal court that each time a phone rings in a public place, the phone user has violated copyright law. Therefore, ASCAP argues, phone carriers must pay additional royalties or face legal liability for contributing to what they claim is cell phone users' copyright infringement. In an amicus brief filed Wednesday, EFF points out that copyright law does not reach public performances "without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage" -- clearly the case with cell phone ringtones. If phone users are not infringing copyright law, then mobile phone service providers are not contributing to any infringement.
"This is an outlandish argument from ASCAP," said EFF Senior Intellectual Property Attorney Fred von Lohmann. "Are the millions of people who have bought ringtones breaking the law if they forget to silence their phones in a restaurant? Under this reasoning from ASCAP, it would be a copyright violation for you to play your car radio with the window down!"
ASCAP has responded by saying that it does not plan to charge mobile phone users, just mobile phone service providers. But if ASCAP prevails, consumers could find themselves targeted by other copyright owners for "public performances." Worse, these wrongheaded legal claims cast a shadow over innovators who are building gadgets that help consumers get the most from their copyright privileges.
"Because it is legal for consumers to play music in public, it's also legal for my mobile phone carrier to sell me a ringtone and a phone to do it," said von Lohmann. "Otherwise it would be illegal to sell all kinds of technologies that help us enjoy our fair use, first sale, and other copyright privileges."
The Center for Democracy and Technology and Public Knowledge also joined the EFF brief.
For the full amicus brief:
For more on this case:
Rebecca Jeschke
Media Relations Director
Electronic Frontier Foundation


text:
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Knowledge is power.
Study programmesStudy programmes at ISSBS are focused on the acquisition of quality knowledge. We offer 3-year PhD in Knowledge Management programme in English. Study programme allows for the optimum balance of work and study commitments. Students acquire knowledge of management, business studies, learning and education. The PhD programme also enables research and international publication.
MakeLearn & TIIMISSBS organises scientific, professional and student conferences. For years, the well-established and highly successful international scientific conference MakeLearn & TIIM has been encouraging exchange of the latest achievements in management, economics, technology and education. Through the inclusion of experiences of young academics and practitioners from all continents, it stimulates the discussion and exchange of knowledge between academia and the business sector and offers a variety of options for publication.
All study programmes award internationally accredited deegres, while they are accredited by Slovene Quality Assurance Agency (SQAA). Your deegre is going to be recognized all around the world, while SQAA is a member of ENQA (European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education).
Higher education teachers use active teaching and learning methods. Students studying at ISSBS also benefits from an international environment and opportunities for career development. As a postgraduate student, you will also have the opportunity to have your work published by ToKnowPress, an international academic publishing house, and to participate at an annual international scientific conference MakeLearn.
ISSBS programmes are internationally accredited, which demonstrates our commitment to quality and maturity of our operations. This strengthens the employability of our graduates with both local and international employers.
At ISSBS, we create success stories. Amongst our graduates are highly successful individuals – innovative entrepreneurs, influential managers, reputable consultants, prominent journalists, popular principals and many others.
More about the facultyWe deliver national and European projects in economics, business sciences, administration and organisational sciences, and education. Results can be seen in scientific monographs, higher education textbooks, scientific articles and conference proceedings published by our own publishing house. Every year, we organise a high-profile international scientific conference MakeLearn. We also involve our students in research activities.
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