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ASP.NET Integration with IIS 7
Since its release, ASP.NET has been the platform of choice for developing Web applications on the Windows / IIS platform. ASP.NET 2.0 took Web application development to a new level, allowing developers to build more powerful applications faster than ever before.
IIS 7 and above takes ASP.NET further by integrating the ASP.NET runtime extensibility model with the core server. This allows developers to fully extend IIS server with the richness of ASP.NET 2.0 and the .NET Framework, instead of using the less capable IIS C++ APIs. Existing ASP.NET applications also immediately benefit from tighter integration by using existing ASP.NET features like Forms authentication, roles, and output caching for all content.
While IIS provides the improved ASP.NET integration by default, there is a choice: IIS supports both the new and the old ASP.NET integration modes that can be used side by side on the same server.
This article discusses the improvements that are introduced by the ASP.NET integration mode, the architecture of the two modes, and describes how to select and configure the integration modes for ASP.NET applications.
ASP.NET Enhancements on IIS 7 and Above
Better ASP.NET integration in IIS enhances existing applications and also allows new applications to take advantage of ASP.NET features in the following ways:
- ASP.NET services can be used for all content types. In the past, ASP.NET functionality such as Forms authentication, roles, URL authorization, and output caching were only available to ASP.NET content types like ASPX pages. Static files, ASP pages, and other content types could not benefit from these services.
In IIS, all ASP.NET services are provided uniformly to all content. For example, you can protect all of your Web content, including images and ASP pages, with your existing ASP.NET 2.0 access control solution built on ASP.NET Forms authentication, membership and login controls.
- Fully extend IIS with ASP.NET. Previous versions of IIS frequently required server extensibility to be developed by using the native ISAPI filter or extension extensibility mode, due to the runtime limitations of ASP.NET.
IIS allows ASP.NET modules to plug in directly into the server pipeline, with the same runtime fidelity as modules developed with the native (C++) server API. ASP.NET modules can execute in all runtime stages of the request-processing pipeline, and can be executed in any order with respect to native modules. The ASP.NET API is also expanded to allow more control over request processing than was previously possible.
- Unified server runtime. Tighter ASP.NET integration also unifies many of the features between IIS and ASP.NET.
IIS provides a unified configuration for IIS and ASP.NET modules and handlers. Many other features, including custom errors and tracing, have been unified to allow better management and cohesive application design.
ASP.NET Integration Architecture
In IIS 6.0 and previous releases, ASP.NET was implemented as an IIS ISAPI extension.
In these earlier releases, IIS processed a request to an ASP.NET content type and then forwarded that request to the ASP.NET ISAPI DLL, which hosted the ASP.NET request pipeline and page framework. Requests to non-ASP.NET content, such as ASP pages or static files, were processed by IIS or other ISAPI extensions and were not visible to ASP.NET.
The major limitation of this model was that services provided by ASP.NET modules and custom ASP.NET application code were not available to non-ASP.NET requests. In addition, ASP.NET modules were unable to affect certain parts of the IIS request processing that occurred before and after the ASP.NET execution path.
Figure 1: IIS 6.0 & ASP.NET Pipelines
In IIS, the ASP.NET request-processing pipeline overlays the IIS pipeline directly, essentially providing a wrapper over it instead of plugging into it.
IIS processes requests that arrive for any content type, with both native IIS modules and ASP.NET modules providing request processing in all stages. This enables services that are provided by ASP.NET modules, such as Forms authentication or output cache, to be used for requests to ASP pages, PHP pages, static files, and so on.
The ability to plug in directly into the server pipeline allows ASP.NET modules to replace, run before, or run after any IIS functionality. This enables, for example, a custom ASP.NET Basic authentication module that is written to use the Membership service and SQL Server user database to replace the built-in IIS Basic authentication feature that works only with Windows accounts.
In addition, the expanded ASP.NET APIs use direct integration to enable more request-processing tasks. For example, ASP.NET modules can modify request headers before other components process the request, by inserting an Accept-Language header before ASP applications execute, which forces localized content to be sent back to the client based on user preference.
Figure 2: IIS 7 and Above Integrated Mode
Because of the runtime integration, IIS and ASP.NET can use the same configuration to enable and order server modules, and to configure handler mappings. Other unified functionality includes tracing, custom errors, and output caching.
Most notably, the architecture maintains the ASP.NET runtime architecture and APIs, which allows existing ASP.NET applications and services to work upon installation. With a few modifications, the existing ASP.NET applications and services can take advantage of the new ASP.NET capabilities.
Likewise, developers can continue to write new applications to familiar ASP.NET APIs while they harness the benefits of the runtime integration.
IIS continues to provide the Classic ASP.NET mode for ASP.NET applications that have specific compatibility requirements that are not met by the Integrated mode. Administrators can select the desired integration mode per application pool, which lets applications that use both the new and the Classic ASP.NET modes to function side-by-side on the same server.
Migrating ASP.NET Applications to IIS 7 and Above Integrated Mode
On IIS, ASP.NET is configured to operate in the new Integrated mode by default. This lets your application take advantage of Integrated mode enhancements with minimal modifications.
Because of the configuration unification, some applications may require migration to operate properly in Integrated mode. By default, the server provides assistance with migration. It detects applications that require migration, and returns an error message requesting that you migrate the application.
The following configuration causes the migration error:
- The application Web.config file defines <httpModules> configuration.
The application loads new ASP.NET modules or removes existing ones.
In Integrated mode, ASP.NET modules are specified with native modules in the unified <system.webServer>/<modules> configuration section.
The ASP.NET modules that are specified in the <system.web>/<httpModules> configuration section must be moved to the new configuration section to take effect. Subsequently, new ASP.NET modules must be added directly to the unified<modules>
section. - The application Web.config file defines
The application uses custom handler mappings for some content types.
In Integrated mode, ASP.NET handler mappings must be specified in the unified <system.webServer>/<handlers> configuration section to take effect. Subsequently, new ASP.NET handler mappings must be added directly to the unified<handlers>
This section replaces both the ASP.NET<httpHandlers>
configuration and the IIS scriptmaps configuration, both of which previously had to be configured to set up an ASP.NET handler mapping. - The application Web.config file defines <identity impersonate="true" /> configuration.
The application impersonates client credentials, which is most common with intranet applications. In Integrated mode, client impersonation is not available in some early request-processing stages. In the majority of cases, this is not a problem and you can turn off the migration error. Otherwise, you must configure this application to run by using the Classic ASP.NET mode.
When the migration error is generated, it can generally either migrate the application configuration (recommended in cases 1 and 2, above), or move the application to use Classic ASP.NET mode (in case 3).
Migrating the Application Configuration
IIS migrates the application by using the AppCmd.exe command line tool to perform the migration. The migration error message contains the command that is executed in the command line window, which you must run with administrator user rights, to instantly migrate your application to Integrated mode.
The basic format of the migration command is as follows:
%windir%\system32\inetsrv\APPCMD.EXE migrate config <Application Path>
Where <Application Path> is the virtual path of the application that contains the site name, such as "Default Web Site/app1".
When the migration is complete, your application will run in both Integrated and Classic modes without any problems.
If you change the configuration after migration, the server will not prompt you to migrate again. After the initial migration, you must make sure that your configuration remains in sync between the two modes. You can manually migrate the application again by using the AppCmd.exe command line tool.
Moving Back to Classic ASP.NET Integration Mode
If you would rather return to the Classic ASP.NET mode, move your application to an application pool that is configured to run in Classic mode. Other applications continue to run in the new Integrated mode side-by-side with the Classic mode application.
For more information about how to move an application to the Classic ASP.NET mode, see Changing ASP.NET Modes for an Application.
Disabling the Migration Error Message
If you have manually migrated your configuration or want to remain in Integrated mode without migrating your configuration (not recommended), you can disable the migration error message by adding the following to the application's Web.config file:
<validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false" />
The server automatically disables the error message after migrating the configuration with the AppCmd.exe command line tool.
If you manually disable the migration error message, you must make sure that your application works properly in Integrated mode, because the server will no longer provide any warnings about the unsupported configuration.
Changing ASP.NET Modes for an Application
If your application does not work properly in Integrated ASP.NET mode, you can move it to the Classic ASP.NET mode by moving it to another application pool. Each application pool is individually configured to use the desired ASP.NET integration mode. This lets you run groups of applications that use different ASP.NET integration modes side-by-side on the same server.
To change the ASP.NET integration mode for an application:
- Find or create an application pool that is configured to use the desired mode.
By default, all new application pools run in Integrated mode.
The ASP.NET set up provides an application pool named "Classic .NET AppPool" that runs in the classic ASP.NET integration mode. You can use this application pool for applications that should not run in Integrated mode.
You can also change the ASP.NET mode of the existing application pool by using the IIS Administration Tool or the AppCmd.exe command line tool, or by manually editing the application pool configuration. - Set the application to use that application pool.
Each application is configured to use a particular application pool. By default, all applications use the default application pool named "DefaultAppPool", which runs in Integrated mode.
You can change the application pool of an application by using the IIS Administration Tool or the AppCmd.exe command line tool, or by manually editing the application configuration.
Selecting an ASP.NET Version for an Application
Historically, IIS has supported multiple versions of ASP.NET / CLR side-by-side. For example, IIS allows the same server to run ASP.NET applications by using .NET Framework v1.1 and v2.0. This support was provided by mapping a corresponding version of ASPNET_isapi.dll to serve requests for the ASP.NET content by using the IIS scriptmaps configuration.
For example, you can use the following scriptmap configuration to enable side-by-side support:
- ASP.NET v1.1 application on /app1:
*.aspx -> d:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v1.1.4322\aspnet_isapi.dll - ASP.NET v2.0 application on /app2:
*.aspx -> d:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\aspnet_isapi.dll
When the application receives a *.aspx request, IIS loads the specified aspnet_isapi.dll, which loads the correct CLR version into the worker process, and processes the request.
ASP.NET also provides the following ways to configure side-by-side scriptmaps:
- ASP.NET MMC extension. When you pick the version of ASP.NET to use, the extension automatically configures the scriptmaps for the application to point to the correct version of aspnet_isapi.dll.
- ASP.NET aspnet_regiis.exe. Use the –i and –r options to install the scriptmaps that point to the corresponding ASP.NET version.
Unfortunately, due to the limitation of the ability to load only one CLR version into a single worker process, you must make sure that two applications that use different versions of ASP.NET are never configured to exist within the same application pool. When this common mistake is made, the first request loads the CLR of the corresponding aspnet_isapi.dll, and subsequent requests to the other version within the same application pool will fail.
IIS recognizes that the application pool is the ASP.NET version that you select to run an application under. As such, the version of the CLR / ASP.NET that is loaded in the application pool is explicitly configured in the application pool configuration. By default, IIS pre-loads the CLR that is specified by this setting when loading the worker process (unless the version is configured to be empty).
Because application pools are the .NET Framework versioning boundary, you can change the version of an ASP.NET application by doing the following:
- Move the application to an application pool that uses the desired ASP.NET version.
By default, applications use the default application pool named "DefaultAppPool," which runs ASP.NET v2.1 in Integrated mode. Move the application to the "Classic .NET AppPool" to run in ASP.NET v2.1 Classic mode, or another application pool of your choice. - Configure the application pool within which the application is running to use the desired ASP.NET version.
By default, all new application pools are configured to run ASP.NET v2.1 in Integrated mode.
Do not use aspnet_regiis /i or /r options to configure the version of ASP.NET for a particular application, or globally.
IIS uses pre-conditioned handler mappings to automatically select the correct set of handler mappings (to ASPNET_isapi.dll in Classic mode or directly to managed handler types in Integrated mode) depending on the configured CLR version and managed integration mode of the application pool. The ASP.NET 2.0 setup installs these handler mappings at the server level.
Taking Advantage of Integrated ASP.NET Mode
On IIS, ASP.NET applications run in Integrated mode by default. However, to take advantage of the benefits that are provided by tighter integration, you must make some modifications to the application configuration. You can also develop new ASP.NET components that take advantage of the Integrated mode to provide powerful functionality to your application.
Enabling ASP.NET Services for All Types of Content
In Integrated mode, services that are provided by ASP.NET modules are available to requests for all content types. However, by default, ASP.NET modules are configured to execute only for requests to ASP.NET content for backward compatibility.
To do this, attach a managedHandler precondition to each ASP.NET module in the configuration section at the server level:
<add name="FormsAuthentication" type="System.Web.Security.FormsAuthenticationModule"
preCondition="managedHandler" />
<add name="UrlAuthorization" type="System.Web.Security.UrlAuthorizationModule"
preCondition="managedHandler" />
The precondition is a rule that the server evaluates on every request to determine whether a module will be executed. The managedHandler precondition is only true for requests to content types that are mapped to ASP.NET handlers.
To apply functionality that is provided by an ASP.NET module to all requests, remove the module entry, and then re-add it without the precondition in the application's root Web.config file.
To enable ASP.NET Forms authentication for the entire application, modify your Web.config file as follows:
<remove name="FormsAuthentication" />
<add name="FormsAuthentication" type="System.Web.Security.FormsAuthenticationModule" />
With this change, the FormsAuthentication module executes for all requests in your application. This lets you protect all of the application content with Forms authentication. For more information about how to leverage the Integrated mode to provide Forms authentication for all application content, see Taking Advantage of Integrated Pipeline Mode walkthrough.
You can also use a shortcut to enable all managed (ASP.NET) modules to run for all requests in your application, regardless of the "managedHandler" precondition. To enable all managed modules to run for all requests without configuring each module entry to remove the "managedHandler" precondition, use the runAllManagedModulesForAllRequests property in the <modules>
<modules runAllManagedModulesForAllRequests="true" />
When you use this, the "managedHandler" precondition has no effect and all managed modules will run for all requests.
Experiment with enabling other ASP.NET modules to apply to your entire application. For example, use the ASP.NET Output Cache module to output cache ASP pages, or use URL Authorization and Role Manager to configure access control rules for your photos. Or, develop your own module to bring the power of ASP.NET to your entire Web site.
Building More Powerful ASP.NET Services
In Integrated mode, ASP.NET modules apply their services to all content. In addition, because ASP.NET modules execute in the unified request-processing pipeline in Integrated mode, they subscribe to the same request-processing stages and perform the same tasks as native server modules. At the same time, ASP.NET APIs remain largely the same, with a few key additions that unlock previously unavailable functionality.
Runtime Fidelity
In Integrated mode, the ASP.NET request-processing stages that are exposed to modules are directly connected to the corresponding stages of the IIS pipeline. The complete pipeline contains the following stages, which are exposed as HttpApplication events in ASP.NET:
- BeginRequest. The request processing starts.
- AuthenticateRequest. The request is authenticated. IIS and ASP.NET authentication modules subscribe to this stage to perform authentication.
- PostAuthenticateRequest.
- AuthorizeRequest. The request is authorized. IIS and ASP.NET authorization modules check whether the authenticated user has access to the resource requested.
- PostAuthorizeRequest.
- ResolveRequestCache. Cache modules check whether the response to this request exists in the cache, and return it instead of proceeding with the rest of the execution path. Both ASP.NET Output Cache and IIS Output Cache features execute.
- PostResolveRequestCache.
- MapRequestHandler. This stage is internal in ASP.NET and is used to determine the request handler.
- PostMapRequestHandler.
- AcquireRequestState. The state necessary for the request execution is retrieved. ASP.NET Session State and Profile modules obtain their data.
- PostAcquireRequestState.
- PreExecuteRequestHandler. Any tasks before the execution of the handler are performed.
- ExecuteRequestHandler. The request handler executes. ASPX pages, ASP pages, CGI programs, and static files are served.
- PostExecuteRequestHandler
- ReleaseRequestState. The request state changes are saved, and the state is cleaned up here. ASP.NET Session State and Profile modules use this stage for cleanup.
- PostReleaseRequestState.
- UpdateRequestCache. The response is stored in the cache for future use. The ASP.NET Output Cache and IIS Output Cache modules execute to save the response to their caches.
- PostUpdateRequestCache.
- LogRequest. This stage logs the results of the request, and is guaranteed to execute even if errors occur.
- PostLogRequest.
- EndRequest. This stage performs any final request cleanup, and is guaranteed to execute even if errors occur.
By using the familiar ASP.NET APIs, the ability to execute in the same stages as IIS modules makes tasks that were only previously accessible in native ISAPI filters and extensions now possible in managed code.
For example, you can now write modules that do the following:
- Intercept the request before any processing has taken place, for example rewriting URLs or performing security filtering.
- Replace built-in authentication modes.
- Modify the incoming request contents, such as request headers.
- Filter outgoing responses for all content types.
See Developing an IIS 7 and Above Module with .NET for a good example of how to extend IIS with a custom ASP.NET authentication module.
Expanded ASP.NET APIs
The ASP.NET APIs remain backward compatible with previous releases, which allows existing modules to work in IIS 7 and above without modification, and to apply to all application content without code changes.
However, modules that are written for IIS Integrated mode can take advantage of a few additional APIs to enable key request-processing scenarios that were not previously available.
The new HttpResponse.Headers collection allows modules to inspect and manipulate response headers that other application components generate. For example, you can change the Content-Type header that is generated by an ASP page to prompt a download dialog box in the browser. The Cookies collection on the HttpResponse class is also enhanced to allow modification of cookies that are generated as part of the request processing, even if they were created outside of ASP.NET.
The HttpRequest.Headers collection is write-enabled, which allows modules to manipulate the incoming request headers. Use this to change the behavior of other server components – for example, you can force a localized application to respond to the client in a different language by dynamically changing the value of the Accept-Language header.
Finally, the HttpRequest.ServerVariables collection is now writeable, which allows IIS server variables to be set. ASP.NET modules use this functionality to change values that are provided by IIS, and to create new server variables that are visible to other application frameworks, like PHP.
Runtime Integration
In addition to the new APIs, Integrated mode enables existing ASP.NET functionality to provide more value to your application.
The tracing facilities that are provided by ASP.NET, including the System.Diagnostics.Trace class and the ASP.NET page tracing feature, now emit trace information into the IIS trace system. This enables the trace information that is generated during request processing by both IIS and ASP.NET components to be placed in a single log file, facilitating better diagnostics of server issues.
The ASP.NET response-filtering feature, which allows responses to be changed by using a Stream interface before it goes to the client, is enhanced to allow filtering of non-ASP.NET content. Therefore, you can use ASP.NET filtering on all server content, or selectively install the filter only for requests to content that you want to process. With this capability, you can write filtering features that inject or censor certain content in the site's responses, regardless of whether this content comes from an ASPX page or a static file.
ASP.NET Integration in IIS 7 and above unlocks the full potential of ASP.NET, enabling developers to create powerful server components with the ease and richness of ASP.NET and the .NET Framework. To learn more about how to leverage ASP.NET Integrated mode for existing applications, see Taking Advantage of the Integrated Pipeline Mode. For information about how to build new ASP.NET components to extend the server, see Developing an IIS 7 and Above Module with .NET.
Coming soon: Throughout 2024 we will be phasing out GitHub Issues as the feedback mechanism for content and replacing it with a new feedback system. For more information see:Submit and view feedback for


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I had the pleasure this last weekend of
getting an impromptu tour of her
serene home.
The table is set.
Ready for a yummy meal.
Everything was neat and tidy.
But I'm so glad she did!
Aren't you?
Me too.
What pretty colors!
who knows?
But they sure look better than
the piles at my house.
Oh my! How beautiful!
What a restful home.
Don't you think they add fun and whimsy?
What pretty colors!
that sits on the end of her bed.
This is the quilt I made for her last year.
A thank you gift for all she does for the
many college students that she
gives to every year!
One of them is my daughter!
Red and white kind of fits in her house....
don't you think?
Whoo! Hoo!
In the next post I'd like to share with you
the large collection of crossstitch
and redwork that Nancy has created!
You'll love it.

subset: commoncrawl


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MBA | mais » |
Economia de Negócios |
The University of Leeds was founded in 1904, but its origins go back to the nineteenth century with the founding of the Leeds School of Medicine in 1831 and then the Yorkshire College of Science in 1874.
In 1831 a group of young men established the Leeds School of Medicine which meant that medical students no longer had to go to Scotland, London or overseas to study.
The Yorkshire College of Science was founded around 40 years later largely as a result of concerns by the wool and textile industries that the rapid development of new technologies in Europe posed a threat to the local cloth trade.
For the sons of local families, it was one of the first colleges for students of all faiths and backgrounds. The College supported the values of the recently established University College, London and Owens College in Manchester. These had been set up to challenge the exclusivity of Oxford and Cambridge universities, which were predominantly for the Anglican aristocracy and gentry.
By contrast, this new generation of learning institutions welcomed all religions, including Dissenters, Catholics, Jews and agnostics. In addition, they placed particular emphasis on meeting the technological demands of the fast-changing Victorian era. From the outset, the College, particularly, put its full weight behind scientific studies.
After a few years, classics, modern literature and history were added to the science subjects being offered and the Yorkshire College of Science became simply the Yorkshire College.
In 1884, the College combined with the School of Medicine and three years later the two Leeds-based institutions joined forces with Owens College Manchester, and University College Liverpool, to become the federal Victoria University.
It wasn't long, however, before each of the cities started to consider the benefits of forming their own universities. After Manchester and Liverpool had taken the decision to establish universities, Leeds also took the leap and in 1904, King Edward VII granted the University its own Charter as an independent institution.
Within three or four years the number of students began to increase rapidly and changes to state education meant that students were arriving with a better educational foundation. The ten years to the outbreak of war in 1914 were ones of growth and consolidation. Most importantly, the new University started to develop a strong tradition of research.
Unlike Owens College Manchester, the Yorkshire College had always permitted women as students. However, they did not enrol in significant numbers until special facilities were provided at the Day Training College in 1896. The first women graduated from the University of Leeds in 1905.
At the time that the Yorkshire College received its Royal Charter, seven out of eight students came from Yorkshire. Now, the University of Leeds not only welcomes students from all over the United Kingdom, its reputation worldwide makes it a truly multi-cultural and international institution with students and staff from over 100 countries studying and working on campus.


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NiSi PRO Nano HUC UV ultra-thin filters adopt a double-sided, multi-coating lens technology that employs high quality Japanese ultraviolet absorption optical glass. It assures high transmittance and a highly smooth surface that avoids unnecessary reflection. The frame is constructed from Brass using highly accurate brass milling. The NiSi PRO Nano HUC UV has an exclusive creative "U" type Nano coating and a hardened waterproof coating.
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This NiSi Nano IR Neutral Density Filter ND1000 (3.0) 10 Stop is a neutral density (ND) filter uniformly reduces the amount of light entering the lens by 10 stops. The ND filter is helpful when the contrast between the highlights and shadows is too high to get a quality exposure. The ND Filter also can enable greater motion blurring and image detail by allowing a large aperture and a slow shutter speed. The ND1000 10 Stop is commonly used for long exposures to create the effect of cloud movement or misty water.
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The United Nations Climate Change conference wrapped up last week in Egypt with dire warnings about warmer temperatures and higher seas. Here in the U.S., one institution taking the threat seriously is the military, for very practical reasons. Bases near the water's edge could soon be under it. NPR's Quil Lawrence sent this report from Hampton Roads, Va.
QUIL LAWRENCE, BYLINE: This fall on the Virginia coast, there was a king tide, one of the highest tides of the year. Outside an apartment building in Norfolk, members of a group called Wetlands Watch were handing out pamphlets.
VIRGINIA: Why are you putting those on the car?
MARY-CARSON STIFF: I'm putting them on the car to tell people about the flooding that's going to happen.
LAWRENCE: Mary-Carson Stiff and her daughter stuck pamphlets on the windshields of parked cars.
STIFF: OK. Virginia (ph), can you help me? Can you hand me one? OK, hand me this one. Oh, thank you very much.
LAWRENCE: The locals know this lot will most likely flood. It's maybe more recent arrivals who park here.
STIFF: See all the license plates that are out of state.
LAWRENCE: There's an easy fix. People can move to the lot on the other side of the building, which is a foot or two higher. Stiff says she does the same thing at her house when there's a storm surge.
STIFF: So during flood events, our driveway is angled up. You pull your car up next to your house. And the street is wet. And you can't get out. But at least your home is dry, and your cars aren't ruined. So that's adaptation here in the wet part of Norfolk, Va.
LAWRENCE: Also out here with the pamphlets is Skip Stiles, director of Wetlands Watch.
SKIP STILES: This section of the road just floods all the time.
LAWRENCE: He formerly spent decades working these issues in Washington. Now he gets visitors from Washington tours of all the streets in Norfolk that will turn into lakes during high tide. There's one just across the parking lot. Building codes have been playing catch up with the rising flood levels. Stiles points to some of the houses built up on cinder blocks, 3 feet or 6 feet or 11 feet off the ground, depending on the estimate of storm surge the year they were built.
STILES: So these houses were safe when they were elevated in 2003. And then those houses over there that are maybe 9 feet up were safe when they were elevated in 2011. And these houses that are way up in the air were the most recent ones to be elevated. That's 11 foot. These are safe now in 2022.
LAWRENCE: It's an odd sight, uneven rows of houses that look like a game of Tetris. And it's the same thing on many of the half-dozen military bases around Norfolk. Colonel Lisa Mabbutt drove me around Langley Air Force Base on the other side of the river.
LISA MABBUTT: So we've just passed a new hospital facility here. And so new construction, we're required to put that new construction on essentially a platform at the 11-foot level.
LAWRENCE: In her 22 years with the Air Force, Mabbutt has seen climate change and sea level rise become accepted facts in the military despite shifting political tides. On Langley Air Force Base, it happened with a hurricane in 2006.
MABBUTT: Hurricane Isabel caused a 7- to 8-foot flood surge on the base. Operations - normal operations on the base were down for about a week. The airfield was shut down for about four days. The great thing about Isabel is that it gave us a lot of lessons learned.
LAWRENCE: Like the community outside the gates, Langley has made some adaptations - steel flood gates around some building doorways and small sea walls, putting the electricity grid above the flood level. They've also done some things the community can't. At 1 of 6 pump stations on the base, a hatch opens over a 30-foot deep, 162,000-gallon tank. Tunnels big enough to drive a car in connect it to drains near the airfield.
MABBUTT: Pump stations like this to gather the water and give it a holding area while the ambient water level goes down and then get it off the base as fast as we can. Those actually - had we had those in place for Isabel, we would have been able to get the mission back online quicker, and we definitely would have been able to mitigate some of the financial damage.
LAWRENCE: With all four pumps, it can clear 7 million gallons an hour. They give me a little demonstration pumping out the past week's rainwater.
LAWRENCE: Mabbutt's message is this - sea levels are rising faster than ever, but that still gives the military decades to adapt. And it is adapting.
MABBUTT: This base is here to stay, as it has been here for a long time, particularly and perhaps because we have spent so much time trying to live with the water and find ways to absorb the unique environment that we're in.
JOHN CONGER: Norfolk and the Norfolk areas have been at the forefront of climate resilience efforts for the Department of Defense for a long time.
LAWRENCE: John Conger is a former senior Pentagon official. He mentions the sea wall that's nearly complete around Norfolk Naval Shipyard. It's an achievement, he says, but it will have taken 10 years from being proposed to its completion in 2023.
CONGER: That kind of lead time is necessary. And so the projects that are developed are going to have to be able to persevere across administrations and across Congresses and have broad support.
LAWRENCE: Conger worries that the projects the military needs 10 years from now are not already in the pipeline. There's a huge backlog of base maintenance, he says. And the DOD still hasn't completed resilience plans for many installations, which is just the first step on that decade-long journey. Some of the main roads connecting the base to town flooded during the king tide. Skip Stiles with Wetlands Watch in Norfolk says, with the military's backlog of climate resilience projects, the surrounding communities could be left behind.
STILES: After I fix my base, then I'll take care of you, because it all comes out of MilCon - out of the military construction appropriations. So all of this civilian stuff is in the same pot of money as all the on-base defense stuff. So if you think the uniformed services are going to give up their nickels and dimes so you can raise a road outside the wire - right? - I don't think that's going to happen.
LAWRENCE: And these bases are not islands. Many troops live off base in the community, as does a huge workforce of civilians that support the bases. How far out of the gate does the military have to pay for raising the road? Military and civilian officials say they haven't worked that out yet, but they both know the water is coming. Quil Lawrence, NPR News, Norfolk, Va. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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We depend upon records to reveal the "truth" about our pasts.
Yet sometimes records have anomalies.
Some are amusing or humorous.
Some are interesting or weird.
Some are peculiar or suspicious.
Some are infuriating, even downright laughable.
Yes, "Records are the Darnedest Things."
Records Are the Darnedest Things: Lazy Census Enumerators
Reader TomVote wrote to point out a darned record. He "thought [we] might get a kick out of it." In the 1870 US Census, search for Busti, Chautauqua, New York. Here's what you'll get:
And there's a lot more where that came from.
By the way, don't bother trying to find this example on FamilySearch.org. If you get the same results I do, FamilySearch will block you at every avenue.
Don't bother searching for Busti or Chautauqua. As nearly as I can tell, FamilySearch doesn't know about these places in their 1870 census index. Strange, because they are present in the browse hierarchy.
Don't bother searching for "Swedes Cant Talk." Or "Swedes, Cant Talk." Or "Cant Talk, Swedes." Or any other combination of wildcards or permutations. Did they remove these entries? I hope not. I consider it arrogant whenever a genealogical publisher thinks they know more than all the genealogists in the world. (Remember Ancestry.com removing census images without names?)
Thank you, TomVote, for pointing out this example of records saying the darnedest things.


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When your refrigerator needs repair service in Springfield, our appliance repair technicians in Springfield can perform all appliance repairs, whether your dryer needs a simple drum baffle repair or adjustment or if your washer needs an center main bearing replacement, we have it covered. Everything from switch replacements to washer motors or transmissions, refrigerator defrost systems, sealed systems, or a new garbage disposer installation.
In some cases, repairing your appliance just does not make good financial sense. Our Springfield appliance repair technicians can and will respond to your inquiry regarding the cost effectiveness of your appliance repair vs. replacement. Just ask our appliance repair technicians and you will get their honest and expert professional opinion.
Once we establish a diagnosis, our clean, professional and courteous Springfield appliance repair technician will provide you with up-front pricing prior to starting any appliance repair. All repair work performed by us is 100% fully guaranteed.
Dryer maintenance is a home safety essential. Lint and dust build up inside your home dryer as well as the vent system ductwork throughout your Springfield home. Fact: dirty dryer vents cause more than 15,000 dryer fires each year in the United States.
Our SubZero refrigerator repair technicians are the pros. We successfully repair sub-zero refrigerators in Springfield with the quality and professionalism you expect throughout the entire Springfield & surrounding region.
As an authorized dealer in for Santa Fe Dehumidifiers, we have the expertise you need when it comes to dehumidifier repair in Springfield & surrounding suburbs. From big to small, we do it all.
Appliance Doctor provides expert refrigerator repair and appliance repair services to residential and commercial customers in Springfield & Philadelphia Metro region. Proudly owned by the Guckin Family, Paul W. Guckin founded our appliance repair company from his home in Northeast Philadelphia in 1964. His son, Eric P. Guckin, assumed the leadership role in 1997 and continues today to serve the needs of our Springfield residents & customers.
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When your appliance needs repair service in Springfield, our professional appliance repair technicians at Appliance Doctor can perform all your repair needs. Everything from switch replacements to washer motors or transmissions, refrigerator defrost systems, sealed systems, or a new garbage disposer installation we do it all.
Once we establish a diagnosis, our appliance repair technicians in Springfield will provide you with up-front pricing prior to starting any repair. All repair work performed by us is 100% fully guaranteed. Call Appliance Doctor today !
Are you a business owner, or a facility manager/supervisor who depends on refrigeration equipment to conduct your business? Do you have commercial or industrial refrigeration in your Springfield establishment? Appliance Doctor understands "Down Time" is not in your vocabulary. Commercial refrigerators are necessary in the foodservice industry as well as many other industries.
Our EPA certified commercial refrigerator repair technicians provide commercial refrigeration service and repair in Springfield & surrounding communities. Our Springfield commercial appliance repair technicians will service & repair your commercial refrigerator no matter the type.
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up front pricingAt Appliance Doctor we always provide you with up-front pricing prior to starting any repair. All appliance repair work is 100% fully guaranteed. |
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Your cart is empty
Shipping can take anywhere from 2-3 weeks to arrive from the time of purchase. Please take this into consideration when planning your outfit for your next event. Once the item is shipped, you will receive an email with the tracking number and you can check the status of your package on our tracking page. If your order contains multiple items, they may arrive in separate packages and on separate dates. So rest easy if not all of your rave goodies arrive in your first package :)
Refunds and returns are granted if you are unsatisfied with the product and contact us within 14 days of the delivery date of the item. Items arriving after a planned rave date will not be considered a valid reason for refund so it is important you order with enough time for shipping. Please contact us at email@example.com with your order ID, feedback, and photos of the item as to why you are unsatisfied with your purchase.
If you have a question or if you see an item that is sold out you can simply contact us and we will see about quickly restocking the item for you.


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A forum for the discussion of eBay issues, animal and environmental issues, to exchange information and ideas, to learn, to grow, to work towards solutions and still have some fun
animals, environmental, animal, issues, ebay, legislation, welfare, environment, #wildlife, forum, hunting, rights, help, mentoring, policies
Welcome to Wildlife Paradise's new Forum! Hosted by Free forum.
forum, #wildlife, paradise, myadopts.com, adoptables, where, real, action, takes, place, we'll, host, competitions, give, secret, promos, allow, discuss, random, stuff
Free forum : forum for anglers, young & old, who take an interst in junior angling, wildlife & conservation
HeartsHub is a comprehensive guide to helplines & information for victims of violence in all forms. Also passionate #Blackfish supporters and wildlife conservators.
heartshub, comprehensive, guide, information, victims, violence, forms, also, passionate, #blackfish, supporters, #wildlife, conservators
Free forum : Hi there. This forum has been sen up due to BCL being closed down. The main topic is Africa, and its wildlife.
Welcome. Welcome. Wildlife. Welcome. Wildlife. Welcome
This site is dedicated to the promotion of native wildlife in and around your community. Join the forum to participate in a growing network of wildlife enthusiasts!
house, sparrow, english, trap, trapping, purple, martin, bluebird, control, invasive, nesting, starling, pest, nuisance, #wildlife, nature, birds, back, yard, lawn, habit
Free forum : Open place to discuss sugar glider's health needs and other off topic
pets, exotic, laurie's, glider, gazette, sugar, gliders, bears, #wildlife, rescue
A Forum for people interested in all Wild Animals from the Big Cats, Leopards, Cheetahs, Elephants and Rhinos of Africa. The Tigers and Wild Life of India. Plus all Wild Life from around the World and their conservation.
free, forum, wildaboutanimals, wild, animals, cats, elephants, leopards, cheetahs, rhinos, tigers, gorillas, birds, prey, endangered, species, conservation, africa, reptiles, masai, mara, asia, arctic, #wildlife


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Newest video release regarding Coronavirus. Watch this "Global coronavirus cases surpassed 400,000 – BBC News" video below:
Global coronavirus cases surpassed 400,000, according to data collated by Johns Hopkins University. Almost 17,000 people have now died, while more than 100,000 have recovered
Italy reported a jump of 743 deaths in the past day – 141 more than Monday
While the number of deaths has risen, the number of new infections appears to be slowing down
India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi has imposed a…..(read more)


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It has been a crazy week or two over here. First order of business: looks like I am finally hacker free. What a pain in the arse! They basically used a virus to disable my antivirus program (but make it look like it was still working), then went into my computer and changed all of my passwords and security questions on my email, etc. They then sent an email out to my contacts saying I was stranded in Scotland and needing money. I was able to get back into my email eventually, having Yahoo revert to older security questions, but all of my inbox emails and contacts had been deleted. So the past week has been spent taking in the computer for a thorough virus cleaning, then trying to set up some new emails and transfer over whatever I could.
The week prior to that, my credit card number had been stolen, so I had to cancel that and call a million places to update...you know that song and dance. I was a bit worried that the two might be related, but it seems like things are all stable now. Throw a wicked ear infection into the mix that lasted 2 weeks and made me deaf and caused the whole right side of my face to go numb so that I thought I was having a stroke, and add a few "extra" work days on top of THAT....well, can you see the kind of crazy I have been experiencing? If I wasn't on so many antibiotics I would have downed a whole lotta wine, let me tell you! But all seems on the mend now, yippee! Let's hope that is the last of the sh*t for awhile!
So, my new email has been updated on the contact page, but just so y'all know, you can now reach me at:
Anyways. On to the crafty stuff!
Well, as you can imagine, not a whole lot of crafting done these past few weeks. I am picking my way through some long term larger projects, so here is my progress.
Far far away twin quilt top for The Middle Child. For those who asked, I am using the Fussycut Fairytales pattern by Kate, modified to twin sized. I am done 22 of the 30 blocks I need for the top:
Granny squares. Now up to 14 blocks, these being my newest ones. I am entertaining the idea of a double bed size quilt here.....if I don't lose interest along the way.
The epic sweater. Started this puppy in November, restarted it in January after a big oops, and now have the body done and am working away on sleeves. It actually appears to fit and may even end up being wearable! Stay tuned. On a related note, we are getting an early spring here and all of the snow is melting, so by the time I finish this it will be time to pack it up for summer!
Lastly, just wanted to share what gobbled up much of my last weekend....The Hunger Games trilogy. Have you read these books? I loved them. Devoured them all in 3 days, bi-passed sleep and fully neglected my family to do so. They don't call me OCD for nothing! Can't wait to see the movie later this month!
Well, that should have you all caught up on me. How are you doing?


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Baltic Amber Teething Necklace (Cherry)
Baltic Amber For Africa's Cherry Teething Necklace naturally soothes the symptoms of teething and irritability.
- Carefully crafted using Dark Cherry rounded Amber beads
- Design feature to protect against choking if the necklace is pulled hard
- As an additional safety feature, there is a knot before and after each bead so that in the event of it being broken, there is no risk of choking on the beads
- Naturally soothes sore and swollen gums without the use of medication
- Reduces inflammation and clears red cheeks
- Reduces drooling and calms irritability
- Improves sleep and boosts immunity
How can an amber teething necklace help your teething baby?
Baltic amber has been used for thousands of years for its beauty and healing properties. Although the exact process of how Baltic Amber aids against inflammation and pain is unclear, it is thought that when Baltic amber warms against the skin, it creates an electromagnetic field and releases succinic acid, a natural healing oil that aids against inflammation and pain. This makes Baltic amber the perfect natural solution to help teething babies with sore and swollen gums, without the use of medication!
Ancient people believed that Baltic amber would give courage to the wearer, ward off evil spirits, protect against disease, strengthen the human spirit and purify the soul. To this day Baltic amber is believed to have spiritual properties that provide psychic protection and aid manifestations.
Baltic amber is also referred to as an Adaptogen, which aids in the body's ability to deal with changes in the environment and stress.
Directions for use
Baltic amber teething necklaces are suitable for babies from 8 weeks and older and are safe for use during the day or the night. You can start using an amber teething necklace even before your baby starts teething. This will help your baby to become comfortable with the necklace and the sooner your baby starts wearing the necklace, the less likely he or she will be to tug on it. Your baby will also be able to immediately benefit from the healing and protective properties of the amber.
The necklace is worn around your baby's neck and the beads are NOT for chewing and sucking! The healing and pain relieving process takes place when the amber beads warm against your baby's skin.
Do not use harsh detergents on your Baltic amber teething necklace. Simply rinse with warm water to clean and dry with a soft dry cloth. You can also rub the beads with a little olive oil to restore shine if needed.
Please note: Due to the nature of this product, each amber teething necklace is slightly different - no two are exactly the same!


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Mon, Aug 24
|Richmond Country Farms
11:00 am, Aug 24th - Richmond Sunflower Viewing
11:00 am entry for Sunflower Viewing at Richmond Country Farms. Please have your tickets ready to present on your phone for easy access along with a valid government ID or credit card made with purchase of tickets.
Ticket Details
Aug 24, 2020, 11:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
Richmond Country Farms, 12900 Steveston Hwy, Richmond, BC V6W 1A3, Canada
About the Event
We reccommend purchasing your tickets in advance to guarantee access to the fields. Limited Tickets are available for purchase at the door if capacity allows.
Richmond Sunflower Festival is brought to you by the family that brings you the Lower Mainland's favourite Pumpkin Patch.
Richmond Country Farms Ltd. has been family-owned and operated for over 40 years! The market is a unique and lively place to shop. The vibrant agricultural heritage of Richmond B.C., has helped make our Farm Market a popular attraction for local shoppers and visitors alike!
This year we have planted fields of sunflowers and dahlias for you to enjoy with social distancing measures in place.
Remember to be nice, be calm and be safe.
Please read our COVID-19 protocols before coming the sunflower fields. Our COVID-19 Protocols can be found here.
11:00 am August 24th - Adult
This ticket includes access to the fields and sunflower maze.
$12.00Tax: +$0.60 GSTSale ended11:00 am August 24th - Child
This ticket includes access to the fields and the sunflower maze.
$5.00Tax: +$0.25 GSTSale endedBabies- 3 and under are free.
$0.00Sale ended


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Box 38034.001
Contains 1 Collection or Record:
Group of Ku Klux Klan members during an Autherine Lucy enrollment protest, 1956 February 4
Item — Box: 38034.001, Folder: 2010.020.000023
Identifier: 2010.020.000023
Scope and Contents
From the Collection:
James William Oakley Jr. took these photographs during the week that Autherine Lucy, the first African American student at The University of Alabama, enrolled in February 1956. Photos do not show Lucy. Photos instead focus on crowds that gathered on campus an in downtown Tuscaloosa in protest of her enrollment.
Oakley was a student at the University at the time.
1956 February 4


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Adding Value Through Experience and Vast Market Knowledge
Cushman & Wakefield's Corporate Capital Markets professionals have experience in every facet of corporate real estate, including corporate finance, accounting, taxation, ownership, development and strategic planning. In an ever-changing industry, our team stays ahead of What's Next to create and execute solutions that maximize value, minimize costs and optimize accounting and tax implications of your real estate transactions.
Our approach is custom-tailored to the unique needs of your organization. We have the experience and a comprehensive knowledge of local and national markets to offer:
- Maximized value. We explore all options to develop the most innovative financing and control strategies available to achieve the maximum value for your real estate assets.
- Tax mitigation. We structure transactions to minimize tax cost or maximize tax benefits, including tax credits, depreciation, interest benefits and tax-exempt financing.
- Accounting expertise. We execute financial structures that enhance your credit profile.


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OnGuard Akita Cable (220cm x 10mm/7.13 feet x 0.39 inch)
Ever wish your cable was longer so that you could lock up your bike and accessories? The Akita Cable has loops on each end allowing it to act as an extension for any other lock. These cables are made from some of the thickest, toughest and most flexible steel in the industry, so you can lock up anything you want and walk away with peace of mind.
Part Numbers
UPC | MPN | Store SKU |
768661280437 | 8043 | 210000005313 |


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We can confirm that Gran Turismo 5 will not be available this November 2nd, but the game's release will be coming this holiday season.
We sincerely apologize to GT fans for the delay, however, creator Kazunori Yamauchi and the team at Polyphony Digital want to make certain they are creating the perfect racing experience, and we are confident that this ambitious game will exceed expectations when it launches.
We'll have more information for you in the near future.


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Looking for an app to give you great deals on food? That's what you find when you combine awesome art, great deals on food, and your smartphone: Scoutmob – the best mobile app on the planet. Sure, there are a bunch of apps out there that give you discounts on your grub but Scoutmob has perfected the recipe.
Latest Tweets
@jesseosher https://t.co/ZwlqIlG9QW
- Tuesday Dec 8 - 12:04pm
RT @nadiyashah: Nearly all the best things that came to me in life have been unexpected, unplanned by me. - Carl Sandburg #quote
- Sunday Dec 6 - 1:23am


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Catania Airport ➝ Palermo City – Private Transfer Service
If you are planning on travelling, especially internationally, there is always that level of stress and anxiety to be experienced with some key parts of the trip. One of them is definitely transportation, starting from getting from airport and other arrival points to your destination, to local and cross country transport.
Hiring a reliable private transfer service can reduce that stress and can make your trip more pleasant.
If you hate riding in a stressful public transportation, private transfer services are exactly what you need. You can save money and time by using private transfers!
How it works
- The driver will pick you up at your exact location at the agreed time.
- Enjoy comfortable ride during the transfer.
- Category
- ChauffeurItalian Speaking
- VehiclePrivate
- Pick-upCatania Airport
- Drop-offPalermo City
- Duration4 hours
- AvailableAll Year Round
- Km237


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In an oil-addicted world, most pundits share the view that from now on things can only get worse.
Every day, headlines news talk about "all-time highs." You read a lot about scapegoats, too. Thus, high prices at the pump can reflect a weaker dollar, political unrest in Nigeria, economic growth in China and India, market speculation, greedy U.S. and Russian oil companies, shortages of drilling rigs in Venezuela, or all of the above.
The hard fact is that, according to the International Energy Agency, in five years global demand for oil will exceed 94 million barrels a day. Current production is somewhere between 82 million and 86 million barrels. Keeping up with demand will need something more drastic than just lifting the ban on hitherto off-limits U.S. areas.
On the other hand, food prices that have already doubled during the last two years, are very likely to keep moving upwards in the next decade. UN experts recently estimated that, in some cases, food prices might, in some cases, get to be 80 percent higher than in the 1998-2007 period.
The emerging biofuel industry, as well as the protectionist policies that rich countries have implemented in order to boost it, have been blamed by many economists for the unprecedented current food price hikes.
Indeed, prices for basic foods are soaring. To make matters worse the cost of planting some crops is rising just as fast as their prices. This curtails any incentives to increase production. The result is that many basic foods have remained in high demand the world over. It is truly a paradox that, in some countries, farmers are not cashing in on the price boom by planting corn, wheat, rice or soy beans.
I just read a report, recently run by The Los Angeles Times, stating that in the United States, "corn and rice, for example, require more fertilizer to grow and fuel for farmers to tend than other crops. As the prices of those supplies rise faster that the price of some commodities, farmers are shying away from some expensive crops."1
Quoting Wells Fargo & Co. estimates, the same article points out that, owing to fuel and fertilizers price hikes, the cost of farming an acre of corn has risen almost 47% over the last year. These cost hikes surpassed in speed the 35% increase in the price of corn during the last year.
Still, how about Latin American food production in the wake of a US $200 oil barrel world and non-stop food-prices hikes? Let us review the performance of some countries in the region.
Oil-rich Venezuela has long had a policy of fuel subsidies that probably makes a gallon of gasoline the cheapest fuel money can buy. At 30 US cents a gallon—much cheaper than a bottle of spring water!— it's no wonder that neighboring Colombian farmers see great incentives in buying Venezuelan smuggled gas.
Smuggling Venezuelan gasoline into Colombia involves some 800 million daily gallons, yielding upon US $300 million worth a year. Nevertheless, fertilizers are sold at international prices in Colombia, so the "advantage" of cheap fuel prices more often than not fades away. The interesting thing is that Colombian basic foods currently make for the second largest share in Venezuelan imports, verging on US $1,300 million dollars, an almost 125 percent rise from the same period last year. Venezuela's first commercial partner is, you guessed right, the United States, with 28.9% of the total.
Great-scale public spending, typical of a petrostate going through a windfall, has gone hand in hand with relentless harassment of a large private food-producing sector by way of snidely confiscatory "land-reforms." Thus Venezuela's economy has become terribly inflationary—26% percent, the highest in the continent. The paradox here is that while it is collecting huge oil-revenues, high global food demand has put Venezuela in deep trouble to import local staples such as black beans, corn, milk and eggs. According to recent polls, basic food scarcity is, along with growing crime-rates, the main public concern.
Argentina, a large farming exporter that last year sent abroad US $13.2 million in basic foods, is probably the one Latin American country where the tragedy of farmers who cannot cash in on soaring food prices is most pronounced. But in Argentina's case it is not just high fuel and fertilizer prices that keeps them from chasing the great global grain market, but a bullying government intent on pushing both large and small farmers into submission.
Last March, just as oil prices went over the US $100 fence, Argentina's president, Cristina Fernández, seeking to restore fiscal surplus caused by her predecessor's outlandish public expenditures, decreed a sliding scale of tax rates on most agricultural commodities.
Consider only the tax on soybean, the most telling example of how steep these taxes would be: It rose from 27 percent to nearly 50 percent just when soy bean global prices peaked. Soybean farmers argued that planting, harvest and transport would eat away another 50% leaving them with only 6 dollar cents in profits per ton while nearly 44% of the revenues from sales would end up in the government's coffers.
Feeling outrageously taxed in the middle of a price boom and with inflation eroding their profits, incensed Argentinian farmers started a protracted campaign of protests, thronging many provincial city halls and setting up roadblocks all across the country in a deadlock that ended only four months later when the tax scale was derogated in Congress. How about Brazil?
The subject of sugar-based ethanol's prospects in the global scene deserves a full Econlib article, but let us note, for the time being, that Brazil, where 90% of new car engines can now run on a mixture of gasoline and ethanol, hopes to profit from the high energy prices by exporting up to 3 billion barrels of sugar-based ethanol to the United States. Though sugar-based ethanol favorably compares with corn-based ethanol, Brazil's expectations will largely depend on U.S. corn prices being high enough as to make it profitable to pay the import tariff.
Probably the most striking Latin American phenomenon associated with both global oil and food price hikes is going on in Peru, where surging prices for synthetic fertilizers have turned guano into a commodity almost as promising as it was for Peruvians in the mid-19th century.
The dried excrement of seabirds, known in Quechua as huanu, is highly rich in unleached nitrogen and phosphorus which makes it the best natural fertilizer known to humankind. Centuries before Columbus, Peru Inca rulers assigned certain times when guano could be harvested from the Chincha Islands—the richest ones—and prohibited, under death penalty, disturbing the island's birds while nesting.
As early 19th century chemists re-discovered guano's fertilizing qualities and railroads stimulated commercial farming all over the world, guano came into great demand. Owing to the right mix of natural conditions in its Pacific coast, Peru then lived through a staggering guano boom in the years that went from 1840 through 1880. Peruvian island dung deposits could be as high as 150 feet and exports proceeds accounted for most of the national budget.
These 40 years became the legendary Peruvian "age of guano."
For the more on the 1865 Guano Recovery Act, see 48 USC Chapter 8 – Guano Islands.
Spread across the fields of England, France, or the southern United States, Peruvian bird droppings ignited one of the busiest global commodity trades recorded in history. The Guano Islands Act (1865), for instance, allowed American citizens to claim uninhabited guano-bearing islands as sovereign U.S. territory:
In 1865 and 1866 Chile, Peru and Spain fought an inconclusive war over a portion of the Andean coast that was rich in guan. In 1879 Chile defeated Bolivia in what came to be known as the Guano War (or War of the Pacific). The Bolivians are still sore about it. Official maps show the disputed Chilean coastline as Bolivian territory, and the country, though landlocked, maintains a navy, which is restricted to patrolling Bolivian half of Lake Titicaca.2
By the turn of the 20th century most large deposits of Peruvian guano have been stripped, only a few years before world's extensive farming system swiftly switched to inorganic sources of nitrate. The two definitive legacies of the "guano age" in Peru were an unpayable foreign debt of £s;40-50 million and a web of half-completed railways across the Andes.
Peruvian authorities are, nevertheless, quite vigilant about preserving the remaining guano deposits. Guano collection is restricted to only two islands a year and threats to the birds' natural ambiance are forcefully warded off. This has allowed Peruvian seabird populations to climb to 4 million from 3.2 million in the past two years. That figure seems tragic when compared to the 60 million birds at the height of the first guano rush. Seabirds can produce 15.000 tons of guano a year:
Guano in Peru sells for about US $250 a ton while fetching US $500 a ton when exported to France, Israel or the United Sates. While guano is less efficient than urea at releasing nitrates into the soil, its status as an organic fertilizer has increased demand, transforming it into a niche fertilizer sought around the world.3
For the more on the Guano Recovery Act, see "When guano imperialists ruled the earth", by Andrew Leonard. Salon, Feb. 29, 2008.
For an analysis of the early historical context, see "On Guano and Dependency Theory" by Ibsen Martinez. Econlib, November 6, 2006.
Peru's economy counts right now among one of the most promising in Latin America, owing to a strong surge in exports, foreign investment and private consumption growth. An ambitious natural-gas project underpins good forecasts: an average of growth of 6.1% in 2008-2012. Peru certainly does not need guano to stand on strong feet.
But once again in fashion as an organic fertilizer, guano looms as an apt reminder of Latin America's historical paradigm of "boom and bust" mono-export experience and of growth without development.
Jerry Hirsch, "Farmers can't cash in on soaring food prices",Los Angeles Times, May 13, 2008.
Frederic D, Schwarz, "Does Guano Drive History?" American Heritage, Spring, 2004, Vol 19, Issue 4.
Simón Romero, "Peru Guards Its Guano As Demand Soars Again",The New York Times, May 30, 2008.
For more articles by Ibsen Martinez, see the Archive.


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Sea Lamprey: A Great Lakes Invader
Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) are parasitic fish native to the Atlantic Ocean. Sea lampreys, which parasitize other fish by sucking their blood and other body fluids, have remained largely unchanged for more than 340 million years and have survived through at least four major extinction events.
Sea lampreys are unique from many other fishes in that they do not have jaws or other bony structures, and instead possess a skeleton made of cartilage. While sea lampreys resemble eels, they are not related and are set apart by their unique mouth: a large oral sucking disk filled with sharp, horn-shaped teeth surrounding a razor sharp rasping tongue.
How do sea lampreys kill fish?
Sea lampreys attach to fish with their suction cup mouth then dig their teeth into flesh for grip. Once securely attached, sea lampreys rasp through the fish's scales and skin with their sharp tongue. Sea lampreys feed on the fish's body fluids by secreting an enzyme that prevents blood from clotting, similar to how a leech feeds off its host.
In their native Atlantic Ocean, thanks to co-evolution with fish there, sea lampreys are parasites that typically do not kill their host. In the Great Lakes, where no such co-evolutionary link exists, sea lampreys act as predators, with each individual capable of killing up to 40 pounds (more than 20 kilograms) of fish over their 12-18 month feeding period.
Host fish in the Great Lakes are often unable to survive sea lamprey parasitism, either dying directly from an attack or from infections in the wound after an attack. Host fish that survive an attack often suffer from weight loss and a decline in health and condition.
Sea lampreys prey on most species of large Great Lakes fish such as lake trout, brown trout, lake sturgeon, lake whitefish, ciscoes, burbot, walleye, catfish, and Pacific salmonids including Chinook and coho salmon and rainbow trout/steelhead.
Where are sea lampreys found?
The first recorded observation of a sea lamprey in the Great Lakes was in 1835 in Lake Ontario. Niagara Falls served as a natural barrier, confining sea lampreys to Lake Ontario and preventing them from entering the remaining four Great Lakes. However, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, improvements to the Welland Canal, which bypasses Niagara Falls and provides a shipping connection between Lakes Ontario and Erie, allowed sea lampreys access to the rest of the Great Lakes.
Within just a short time, sea lampreys spread throughout the system: into Lake Erie by 1921, Lakes Michigan and Huron by 1936 and 1937, and Lake Superior by 1938. Sea lampreys were able to thrive once they invaded the Great Lakes because of the availability of excellent spawning and larval habitat, an abundance of host fish, a lack of predators, and their high reproductive potential—a single female can produce as many as 100,000 eggs!
What is the impact of the sea lamprey invasion?
Sea lampreys have had an enormous, negative impact on the Great Lakes fishery, inflicting considerable damage. Before the sea lamprey invasion, Canada and the United States harvested about 15 million pounds of lake trout in the upper Great Lakes each year. By the late 1940s, sea lamprey populations had exploded. They fed on large numbers of lake trout, lake whitefish, and ciscoes—fish that were the mainstays of a thriving Great Lakes fishery. By the early 1960s, the catch had dropped dramatically, to approximately 300,000 pounds, about 2% of the previous average. During the time of highest sea lamprey abundance, up to 85% of fish that were not killed by sea lampreys were marked with sea lamprey attack wounds. The once thriving fisheries were devastated, and along with them, the hundreds of thousands of jobs related to the region's economy.
What can be done about sea lampreys?
The sea lamprey control program, administered by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, relies on exploiting sea lamprey vulnerability when they are congregated in Great Lakes tributaries, at either the larval or adult stages of their life cycle. Lampricides—pesticides selective to lampreys and the primary sea lamprey control tactic—are deployed to kill larval sea lampreys in the tributaries, while a combination of barriers and traps are used to prevent the upstream migration and reproduction of adult sea lampreys. See Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes for more information on the various sea lamprey control techniques.


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Pakistan's weapon of mass distraction
The appointment of Pakistan's new foreign minister is dividing opinion across the conservative nation. Hina Rabbani Khar is the first woman to ever hold the position in that country and, at 34, she's also the youngest. While some argue her selection is a sign of hope for a new, more moderate direction for the hardline nation, others see the appointment of the wealthy businesswoman—and a member of a powerful Punjabi family—as business as usual. Some also consider her vastly inexperienced. Khar, who's held mostly junior portfolios, slipped into government after a 2002 ruling required politicians to have a college degree; she ran for office after the rule disqualified her veteran politician father. Pakistan's archrival India, meanwhile, is offering its own take on Khar: for the moment, it appears to have settled on style icon.
During her first official visit to Delhi last month, part of the new efforts to revive relations between the long-time foes, the press had little to say about Khar's political skills. Instead, the media gushed over her black Hermès Birkin bag, Roberto Cavalli sunglasses, and classic strand of pearls, comparing her to Michelle Obama, Carla Bruni, even Kate Middleton. One columnist referred to her as Pakistan's "weapon of mass distraction." It's not the first time the press has seized upon her image; pictures of her in trendy slim-fitting jeans have raised eyebrows throughout Pakistan, prompting traditionalists to question whether the co-owner of Polo Lounge, a trendy restaurant on downtown Lahore's polo grounds, is out of touch with the conservative—and poor—country. Regardless, she now helms one of the most volatile relationships in world politics.
Since 1947, the two countries have fought umpteen skirmishes and at least three wars. Another conflict nearly started after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, which killed more than 165, were linked to a Pakistani militant group. The triple bombing in Mumbai earlier this summer, which killed 26, threatened to sour relations again, but no direct link to Pakistan was made and the nascent peace talks—and Khar's visit to meet with her 79-year-old counterpart S.M. Krishna—went ahead.
Although the Delhi meeting failed to achieve any concrete breakthroughs, both sides agreed the talks were a positive step. Khar, calling it a "new era in bilateral co-operation," said "a new generation of Indians and Pakistanis will see a relationship that will hopefully be much different from the one that has been experienced in the last two decades." Suspicion, nonetheless, still underscored her visit: Khar's choice to meet with Kashmiri separatists before meeting with Krishna irritated Indian officials, and roused skeptics.
The controversy and conjecture over Khar may be largely irrelevant. In Pakistan, the military, not the foreign minister, controls foreign policy. Going forward, analysts will likely be less interested in Khar's purses and more focused on whether the mother of two intends, unlike her predecessors, to try and wrest power away from the army—a perilous undertaking. In Pakistan, where, since January, two reformist politicians have been assassinated, attempts at reform often end in violence.


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How do I create an assessment in Tests and Quizzes?
The Tests & Quizzes tool allows you to create online assessments (i.e., tests, quizzes, exams, and surveys) for your students or other groups. It was designed primarily to administer tests, but you may also create assessments to gather survey information or informal course feedback. Grading for most question types is done automatically, and grades can be posted automatically to an online gradebook.
This lesson will show you how to create a simple assessment and add a single question.
Go to Tests & Quizzes.
Select the Tests & Quizzes tool from the Tool Menu of your course.
Click Add.
Create a new assessment.
Give your new assessment a title and click the Create button. The "Create using assessment builder" option (shown selected) asks you to write questions one by one, with a simple example given below. For the other methods of creating an assessment, see How do I create an assessment from markup text or cut and paste? and How do I import and export assessments?
Note: You cannot have more than one assessment with the same title.
Add a question.
Select the type of question you would like to add from the Add Question drop-down menu.
Let's add one of the more common question types. Select Multiple Choice from the drop-down menu.
Set the general question options.
Most question types allow you to specify:
- Answer Point Value
- Display the point value while student is taking the exam
- Question Text
- Attachments (optional)
For these general parameters, see How do I add a new question (with the assessment builder)? Other options regarding the answer and configuration are specific to the question type.
Note: The Rich Text Editor is available for use in composing your questions and answers. Click on the Show All Rich-Text Editors link to display the editor.
Choose number of correct responses (for multiple choice).
You can choose to have a Single Correct response, Multiple Correct, Single Selection, or Multiple Correct, Multiple Selection.
If you select Single Correct (the default) you also have the option to Enable Negative Marking or Enable Partial Credit if desired. Negative marking deducts points from the student's score if the student selects the wrong answer. Partial credit allows you to specify a percentage of the question points to be awarded for selecting an incorrect but still partially acceptable answer.
Choose the radio button for the correct response option you would like to use. For this example, we will keep the default.
Enter the answer choices (for multiple choice).
Enter all of the possible answer choices for this question. (Remember that you may use the editor to format your answer choices or add images, links, etc. if desired.)
There are four answer choices provided by default. If you need more choices, use the Insert Additional Answers drop-down menu to indicate the number of additional answer choices needed.
Be sure to indicate the correct answer by selecting the radio button for the correct response.
Choose whether or not to randomize answers (for multiple choice).
The default setting is No for randomizing answers. If you would like the answer choices to appear in a random order each time a student takes the assessment, select Yes.
Tip: Remember that if you answer choices contain items like "all of the above" or "A and B are correct," randomizing the order could cause confusion with the answer key.
Choose whether or not to require rationale.
The default setting is No for requiring rationale. If you want students to write an explanation for why they chose a particular response, select Yes.
Assign to part. (Optional)
If you have multiple parts in your assessment, you may assign the question to a different part.
Assign to pool. (Optional)
If you have an existing question pool and would like to copy this question to the pool, select the pool name here.
Provide answer feedback. (Optional)
If you would like to provide feedback for students based on if they answer the question correctly or incorrectly, enter your feedback here.
Save your question.
Once you have entered all of your question information, click Save to return to the edit assessment screen.
Continue adding questions.
Repeat the steps above to add additional questions to your assessment. As you add questions, note the following:
- The total number of questions in the assessment as well as the total points will be displayed in the upper right corner of the content area.
- You may view your questions on the assessment editing screen, along with the answer key shown below each question.
- If you would like to delete a question, click the Remove link to the right of the question.
- If you need to make a change to an existing question, click the Edit link to the right of the question.
Tip: An assessment must have at least one question, and the question must be worth greater than zero points in order to add the assessment to the Gradebook.


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Author : By Calvin B Knerr M.D
Dr Kavitha P C BHMS,MD(Hom)
Medical Officer,Dept. of Homoeopathy, Govt. of Kerala
"This belongs to the Puritan type of repertories, where the symptom of the patient is recorded without much change.
This repertory also belongs to the group of concordant repertories.
The word "concordance" means a state of being of the same heart and mind, a harmony, a harmonious arrangement of the symptoms.
This word was first used in Homeopathy by Boenninghausen in Therapeutic pocket book. The word concordance was replaced by " Relation ship of remedies" in later edition of Allen.
Other works of the author: Repertory of Headaches.
Published By : Jain Publishing Co .
Contents :
List of remedies .
Chapters :
1. Mind and disposition.
2. Sensorium.
3. Inner head
4. Outer head.
5. Eyes.
6. Ears.
7. Nose.
8. Upper face.
9. Lower face.
10. Teeth and gums.
11. Taste and tongue.
12. Inner mouth.
13. Throat.
14. Desires, aversions, appetite, thirst.
15. Eating and drinking.
16. Hiccough, belching, nausea and vomiting.
17. Scrobiculum and stomach.
18. Hypochondria.
19. Abdomen.
20. Stool and rectum.
21. Urinary organs.
22. Male sexual organs.
23. Female sexual organs.
24. Pregnancy, parturition, lactation.
25. Voice, larynx, trachea, bronchia.
26. Respiration.
27. Cough and expectoration.
28. Inner chest and lungs.
29. Heart, pulse and circulation.
30. Outer chest.
31. Neck and back.
32. Upper limbs.
33. Lower limbs.
34. Limbs in general.
35. Rest, position, motion.
36. Nerves.
37. Sleep.
38. Time.
39. Temperature and weather.
40. Fever.
41. Attacks, periodicity.
42. Locality and direction.
43. Sensations in general.
44. Tissues.
45. Touch, passive motion, injuries.
46. Skin.
47. Stages of life and constitution.
48. Drug relation ship.
Lastly — Index.
Total number of pages – 1232.
Preface :
The order of arrangement, followed in the compilation of this repertory is the one inaugurated by Hahnemann, developed, perfected and used by Hering through out his entire materia medica work viz.: the anatomical or regional division into 48 chapters.
Each chapter is alphabetically divided into sections and rubrics sufficient to allow full scope for analysis of the matter contained there in without destroying consistency as a whole.
The division of the page into double columns is deemed most convenient for the eye and is most advantageous to economy of space.
The section word is repeated down the column in preference to the customary —-, which like all marks of abbreviation, ciphers, signs etc are apt to become confusing and are not as space saving as might be supposed.
For eg : Chapter Nose – Coryza
Coryza Acrid
Coryza albuminous etc.
The words right and left, better and worse etc, to avoid possible error, is printed out in full.
The ' rubric word ' or heading to each paragraph, ( eg – Coryza Acrid : ) printed in somewhat bolder and blacker type and followed by a : ( colon ) applies to each symptom in the paragraph, that is the black letter word is to be mentally repeated for every sentence rounded with a semicolon. It will be observed that the symptoms under each rubric follow in alphabetic order.
Eg: Coryza Bloody : Act sp, 11 Ailan …… 1 sulp; when blowing
11 calad, carbo acid.
There are four marks of distinction: – 1, 11, 1 , 11 have the significance as set down in guiding symptoms.
1 — the lowest, a single light line, designating an occasionally confirmed symptom
11 — a double light line, a symptom more frequently confirmed, or if or but once confirmed strictly in character with the genius of the remedy.
1 — a single heavy line, symptom verified by cures.
11 — a double heavy line, symptom repeatedly verified
These degree marks tallies in the main with the four styles of type used by Boenninghausen in his repertory.
0 — the Greek "theta" standing between the cured symptom and the pathological condition, or the physiological general state, throughout the guiding symptom, is dispensed with there, mainly for the purpose of economizing space, by enclosing the pathological or physiological term in parenthesis; it is to be remembered that the presence of the term by no means shuts out the usefulness of the symptom in other forms of disease..
: — the perpendicular dotted line , marks observation taken from the old school such as harmonize with our law of cure.
t — toxicological extracts.
¶ — symptom observed on the sick only.
—– the hand direction cross reference to related symptoms, diseases and conditions .
The repertory is supplemented by a complete index of localities and terms.
As in the guiding symptoms, so in the repertory; original readings, the words of the prover and the clinician are preserved to the letter, it being thought preferable to retain the most delicate shades of meaning, occasionally even different wordings of the same symptoms, by taking refuge in an extra rubric or cross reference, fuse or commingle in a vague generalization at the sacrifice of individuality.
This repertory is a faithful reproduction of the guiding symptoms, its contents classified and indexed. But it can no way can take the place of the larger work.
In a repertory , we have separation by analysis for the purpose of classification and ready reference; in materia medica combination by synthesis to enable us to study drug effects in their grand unity and relationship.
Author also mentions his gratefulness to those who has helped him ti bring the work to completion. Especially to Dr, C Guernsey foe valuable assistance with proofs, to Dr. W. H. Phillip, Messrs, Douty,Ziegler,and Field, his son Bayard and others of his family foe clerical assistance; and lastly to his brother in law – Walter E Hering, under whose experienced and skillful management,aided by his old and reliable foreman Wm. Baetzel, the unusually difficult composition and press work have taken place.
Lastly — abbreviations of 408 drugs given.
From Abies Nigra to Zizia aurea.
Merits of The Book :
1. Useful as a book of reference, to find the desired symptom together with the indicated remedy.
2.The symptoms are given in their original form without much change.
3. Symptoms arranged in alphabetical order under each chapter.
4. About 408 medicines are dealt within the repertory.
5.There are four grading of symptoms, which helps us to understand the relative importance of drugs in the concerned symptom.
6. Since the cross-reference is given, one symptom can be referred to at more than one place.
7. Additional chapters are given in this book, which are not found in any other book.
For eg : Chapters – Pregnancy, parturition , lactation.
Heart, pulse and circulation.
Limbs in general.
Rest, position, motion.
Temperature and weather.
Attacks, periodicity.
Locality and direction.
Touch, passive motion , injuries.
Stages of life and constitution.
Demerits :
1. This repertory is not useful for systematic repertorisation of a case. .
2. The abbreviations given for the medicines are different from other books.
Differences :
William D Gentry C.B. Knerr
1. Consists of 6 volumes 1 volume ,
2. In 1890 In 1896.
3. 420 medicines 408 medicines .
4. All the medicines are of Four gradings used. The same grading. [ 1,11 , 1 , 11 ]
5. No such symbols. Additional symbols are used in this book such as – Ø , t , ¶ , :
6. The book is not based on any particular materia medica. It is Based on Hering's Guiding symptom of Materia Medica
collection of symptoms from all the important works at that time.
7. The number of medicines givenfor each symptom is less More number of drugs given for each symptom or rubric.
8. Total 30 chapters [ in 6 vols ] 48 chapters – from mind and disposition to drug relationship.
9. Abbreviations of drugs used is different. different .
Similarity of the two repertories :
1. Symptoms obtained in the prover are given as such with out much alteration.
2. Alphabetical arrangement of symptoms.


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Union of forward-craft thinking
We humbly admit that we were inspired to start brewing by other fantastic breweries and homebrewers. There are a whole lot of fellow craft brewers who we respect and admire, and who we've wanted to collaborate with. So instead of dreaming about it, in 2008 we created a new series of collaboration beers that allowed us to achieve our goal of working with different breweries and having some no-regards-for-boundaries fun in the process. Therefore, many of our collaborations don't conform to preconceived beer styles, include ridiculous amounts of decadent, unfamiliar ingredients and use brewing techniques that have never really been done before.


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Quince & Apple Tart with Virginia All-Spice
Those who have read my blog for a while know of the fondness I have for quince – that almost forgotten fruit. Most of the cultivars grown in our area (and they aren't that many, although they do exist) need to be cooked to bring out their surprisingly floral aroma.That's probably why it has fallen out of favor: you can't just bite into it. I have read though that there are cultivars tasty enough for that. But the quince we get here, you have to cook. And how well you will be rewarded.
It is lovely mixed with apples. But if you cannot find quince, use a good home-made or store- bought apple sauce, preferably unsweetened. Virginia allspice (also called spicebush) is a native understory shrub (Lindera benzoin) whose berries ripen to vermillion in late summer and early fall and taste very similar to the true tropical allspice, with a more peppery bite. I collect the berries in the fall and freeze them until needed. Omit them or use allspice if you do not have access to them.
Yes, the tart shell takes some planning. But the crust won't be soggy!
I prefer to mix apples for a variety of texture and taste, and prefer to avoid apples that remain really firm when cooked.
Recipe for the Quince & Apple Tart with Virginia All-Spice on the FoodShed magazine web site
Prior entries on quince:
— a compendium of recipes from other blogs
— a non-exhaustive list of what to do with quince + quince ice-cream recipe


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As someone who once was a student (and later a professor) in a foreign land, I can appreciate the excitement and apprehension you must feel about studying away from your home country and about deciding which law school to attend.
Here at the University of Georgia School of Law, you will find a community dedicated to helping you realize your professional and personal goals.
Many of your professors have taught, lived, or studied in other countries, and thus are keenly sensitive to your needs. They follow in the tradition of great professors like the late Dean Rusk, who served on our law faculty for many years following his service as U.S. Secretary of State, and Louis Sohn, one of the twentieth century's finest international law scholars.
Your classmates in Athens will share this global awareness. Many studied abroad before attending law school. They, and many others, take part in our overseas offering in Europe, as well as our Global Externships, in countries around the world.
As a proud graduate of the University of Georgia School of Law, you will join our diverse array of LL.M. alums in helping to shape a community of international lawyers that, for nearly a half-century, has been a crown jewel of this great institution.
Peter B. "Bo" Rutledge
Dean & Talmadge Chair of Law
Fulbright Professor, University of Vienna, Austria (2010-11)
Degrees include M.Litt., University of Aberdeen, Scotland
Author/co-author, Arbitration and the Constitution and International Civil Litigation in United States Courts