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[stextbox id="info"]Note: This was first posted on December 12, 2008. On review in 2016, it became apparent that a great many of the links were dead. Considering the choice between keeping the outgoing links to worthy blogs still in being and maximizing available content without the painstaking effort of checking the viability of each and every link, I chose the latter. So the post has been essentially "restored" from the version archived on the Wayback Machine. I also changed the spelling of the holiday to Hannukah, which is the standard transliteration, as opposed to the way I had spelled it when the post was first published. — RDC[/stextbox]
LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION® is privileged to host the Blawg Review of Lights on this festive night!
That is, Happy Hannukah! Yes, the fundamental narrative of Hannukah is black–letter:
Hannukah celebrates the victory of the Maccabees, a small band of Jewish patriots, over the mighty armies of Syrian King Antiochus. When they restored the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, the Maccabees found one jar of pure oil, enough to keep the menorah burning for just one day. But a miracle happened, and the oil burned for eight days.
A classic question, and one that lawyers, the people who blog about their work and the people who (God help them!) read those blogs will appreciate regardless of creed, for it is as steeped in legalistic dialectic as any greasy Hannukah donut:
The miracle of Hannukah is celebrated for eight nights. But as the story goes, when the Temple was liberated, enough uncontaminated oil was found there to light the menorah for a day, so the miraculous light evidently only lasted for seven days, not eight. Why, then, do we celebrate eight days of Hannukah?
The question is nearly as old as Hannukah itself (and that's old!), as are many of the answers. Recently Rabbi Reuven Subar collected, not inappropriately, eight of those ancient answers, and we will do our best to jam — like the jelly in one of those donuts — our Blawg Review links and commentary into the topical concepts represented by his selection and thereby enlighten your winter solstice too (the explanatory links are ours):
They divided one night's oil into eight portions. Miraculously, each portion lasted an entire night.
This practical approach, by which the miraculous appears in flaming relief, comes to us via the great codifier of Jewish law, Rabbi Yosef Karo. His definitive work on this vast body of regulation, the Shulchan Aruch, or "the Set Table," is a perfect table-setting for our broad consideration of the vastness of, may we be forgiven the comparison, the secular world of law, legislation and policy.
Thus first we visit the law blogs whose portion we can only envy for the brilliance by which their efforts illuminate a juridicial darkness that so many others can merely only curse for what is, to the blinkered among us, its dim bleakness:
- Cathy Gellis delivers a summary of an recent decision from Montana pitting public access to natural resources against private property rights in the matter of fish and water (actually a Hannukah-connected theme as well!)
- It's a dirty job, but somebody's got to make a fortune doing it: Michael Doan continues a worthwhile series explaining the ins and outs of California foreclosures.
- Eugene Volokh s not a big fan of the work being done by the Monaghan-backed Thomas More Legal Center. Whatever your view of the AIG bailout (see more below), a "First Amendment" argument that the bill favors Islam over other faiths doesn't sound like a winner.
- Brian Kalt at Concurring Opinions considers whether a President can pardon himself. President Bush might want to get a second opinion.
- Scott Henson writes that cops, crimes, and courts aren't the solution to every problem. Perhaps a world government, then?
Wanting the oil to last, they made the wicks one-eighth of the normal thickness. Nevertheless, the flames burned just as brightly as if the wicks had been the normal thickness.
A similar approach approach is championed by the founder of the dynasty of Gerrer Hasidim, a group known for their unique commitment among hasidim for their widespread rigorous talmudic legal mastery and adherence to halachic (regulatory) norms, and his spiritual ancestor, Rav Achai Gaon, centuries earlier. Not surprisingly, then, the Rebbe posits an entirely rational, forward-looking Hebrew leadership that had, it would seem, already solved the conundrum of how to make one day's typical supply of pure, ritually uncontaminated oil last the eight days needed to secure and deliver a new supply. To this, he teaches us, it is as if God asks, "By virtue of your dedication and sacrifice, both on the battlefield and in your mental exertion to fulfill My Law, should the light in My Sanctuary burn dimmer?," and answers by delivering the miracle of full illumination.
Thus for this night we consider law blog writers who focus on the topic of our own LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION®, intellectual property, which while it neither corners the market on intellect nor even deals so much with property, nonetheless is devoted to protecting those rewards that may accrue to those who live a life of the mind, imagine what could be and, perhaps, merit that special extra intensity — that dial that goes to "eleven" — in their own ways:
- Robb Shecter does more than wave at a familiar refrain — the diminishing difference between infringing intellectual property and, well, just plain using it, a problem that we've also noticed seems to come to a head when it comes to the use of sports-oriented insignia.
- Susan Scafidi's Counterfeit Chic celebrates its third birthday, stylishly as ever.
- A person named — well, in this post it's a little difficult to say this, but the blogger's name is "Piggy" — roots out the never-ending head-banging insanity of whether you can ever be found legally liable for linking to a website. The post is a tad hard to take but the conceptual payoff is there… you'll have to, er, click the link to see what we mean.
- Two interesting developments related to parody and satire and UK law have caught the attention of Daithà Mac Sithigh at Lex Ferenda. Are we seeing some sort of transatlantic convergence here?
- In an ecumenical spirit that seems at first entirely contrary to that of this post — and yet, bless those chaps at the USPTO! — Tamera H. Bennett presents Merry CHRISTMAHANUKWANZMADAN Trademark at Current Trends in Copyright, Trademark & Entertainment Law.
- Paul Allen Levy explores the fascinating phenomenon of the use by trademark holders, who are usually on the receiving end of this business, of "misleading" keyword advertising to draw consumers away from actual complaint web sites. Good thing we don't believe in "diversion" here at LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION® — right?!
The golden Menorah was ritually impure. So were all the Jewish soldiers, having come in contact with death on the battlefield. Therefore, they were forced to make a temporary earthenware Menorah, because earthenware is more resistant to impurity. But earthenware is porous, and when it's new it absorbs a small but significant part of any oil put in it. Therefore, one night's oil for a gold Menorah was not sufficient for an earthenware menorah because some of the oil is lost to absorption.
Atzei Zayis
In one account, the text reads "and there wasn't enough (oil) it to burn even one day…"
The answer to the question posited by the author of Atzei Zayis (a latter-day commentator) also posits an ingenious solution, reminiscent of that suggested by the Chiddushei HaRim above, but with a totally unexpected, negative consequence. The result was that it was a miracle that the oil even lasted one day! Similarly, an ancient source, Rabbi Achai Gaon, focuses on this point, regardless of whether it was the result of the improvisation by the Jewish forces or otherwise. Thus the miracle is apparent nearly at the outset, like a star rising in the early evening sky!
Here are posts in a similar spirit, in which our bloggers seek no more and no less than to share their bright insights with otherwise benighted colleagues, and get right to the point about it:
- What could be more down to earth right now than the "simple" question of the classic slip-and-fall? Benjamin Clark walked through the icy parts of Iowa laws mandating prompt snow removal from residential sidewalks and lays it all out.
- Did you know how good law students could be at this? They're breathing right down our necks! Here, look: Blawgging early adopter Evan Schaeffer, who I think may technically still be a co-blogger of ours, runs down the latest law-student blawging at The Legal Underground.
- No one is in the dark for long regarding the views of Kevin O'Keefe and social networking for lawyers.
- Okay, it looks straightforward, but on the other hand — you tell us what the heck is going on here.
- What could be more simple!!?? KNOCK BEFORE YOU OPEN THE DOOR!
- Marty Schwimmer — yes, trademark law is IP, but for droll straightforwardness he truly is in a category of his own (see Dennis Kennedy item below).
The Greeks ransacked the Temple many days in search of oil to defile. Despite their strength and numbers, they overlooked one flask. A few weak, battle-weary Jews found it immediately.
Seven days commemorate the miracle of the oil, and one day commemorates the miracle that a few weak Jewish soldiers defeated the mighty Greek legions.
The Meiri's focus as well as that of the Kedushas Levi takes us entirely away from the question of "Why eight and not seven?" and focuses on a different Hannukah miracle together. Their interpretation of the matter must be read in the light of the question it is answering, for otherwise it sounds as if it were the very opposite of what it is: We do not celebrate the stronger, keener-sighted rebelling Hebrews for the superiority over the vanquished Syrian Greeks.
To the contrary, the supernatural aspect of the festival — and as we explain below, when we talk about the supernatural, we always talk about eights — is that the Jews, known neither for their physical strength nor their sharp eyesight, were nonetheless graced by God with a special illumination at the time of Hannukah. It was a grace of the sort which enables its recipients to see what previously had been hidden by virtue of having fought against great odds because it was the right thing to do.
This is surely appropriate considering the role of the second commentator in this section, the Kedushas Levi — better known as Rabbi Levi of Berditchev, the "defense attorney" before God for the downtrodden, exiled remainder of Israel. So here we consider posts implicating a favorite topic of this blog, i.e., the weak vanquishing the strong, the Davids slaying Goliaths– the legal Maccabees, if not of our day, of last week.
- Who exactly are the weak and the strong in, well, tobacco litigation? We're not so sure these days, and considering the mess the state legislatures, the plaintiffs' bar, the state courts, Congress, the Federal Tradem Commission and now the Supreme Court seems to have made of the jurisprudence of the thing, who can blame us? Leon Gettler keeps us up to speed just who is blowing what kind of litigation smoke these days over at his Sox Blog.
- For that matter, how about as between the United Auto Workers and Big Three execs? Is there any way to tell which one is Seleucid Greeks and which one is the Hebrews without a score card? For that matter, did President Bush have any legal right at all to throw $17 billion of our money at both of them? David Zaring and Randy Picker considered whether the TARP-based bailout of GM and Chrysler is, you know… legal. While we're at it, the Perfessers axe: How about the one over at AIG?
- JIMMY CHOO vs. KOOCHYCOO? Marc Randazza reports on more of the usual trademark overreaching, but once again, a wave of Internet suppost could help turn the back the choo-choo of Big IP.
- Jon Katz, the Underdog Blogger himself, writes about the loss of a treasured colleague, Mark Helm, who regarding himself as the last best chance for people charged with crimes with little other hope for justice.
Again, though, we started with a basic question: Hannukah, of course, is eight days long, and although there is neither an eight-day wait before or after this Blawg Review, that is because even we bloggers exist in the mundane world of the physical, the natural, the — well, the mundane. It is a theme well known to students of Jewish lore that the number eight is associated with transcendence beyond the natural, above the seven days of Creation — a bridge from the human to the Divine. Still, these last several answers seem to question: Even as we admit that the miracle itself may not be tied to the oil, and even if stipulate that miraculousness is associated with eightness (which in modern terms might perhaps be described as 140-ness?) — why eight days of Hannukah, in particular? Read on…
The commandment to light the [Temple] Menorah with pure oil is written in the Torah (Leviticus, chapters 23 and 24) immediately after the commandment to observe the Succos festival for 8 days . . . . The Sages saw this as a Divine hint that Hannukah should be for 8 days.
This approach from the mystical hasidic master, Rabbi Tzvi Elimelech of Dinov, almost suggests that the eight day outcome is merely a matter of statutory interpretation, depending entirely on the unique insight of the decisor to divine what is in this case a Divine intent from relatively obscure-seeming hints. But this master of Kabbalah hardly based his insights either on dry interpretations or personal hunches.
Mere law bloggers can only aspire, in the application of their own far narrower crafts, to the complete integration of the spiritual, the symbolic and the interpretive of the Bnei Yisaschar. But here we can at least list blog posts that demonstrate their authors' determined commitments to dig deep to the essence of a matter, plumb its depths and, again, shed light those who will seek it:
- From the sublime to the, well, less sublime, it cannot be gainsaid but that Dennis Kennedy seems to many to hold the whole world of legal blogging in his hands. He has just announced his Blawggie Awards and every bit as much as Dennis has never failed to mention any important legal or influential legal blogging developments or personalities, you won't want to miss that post.
- Evan Schaeffer has his list, too! Also Greg Lambert. It's that time of year, right? Yes, too bad these fellows couldn't wait a week and get the "making a list, checking it twice" lines, but that will not do in this post. OK, we have a hangup about those kind of lists, anyway. But this is the last time we'll link to this post. Consider the subject dropped. And thanks for the coal.
- On a more substantive note, Jacob Hacker makes the case, demonstrating more than a little command of the topic, if you don't mind, for public plan choice in national health reform.
- Similarly, you can't really fake a topic like "drug and device law," and Jim Beck and Mark Herrmann aren't faking anything. They argue that one of the touchiest subjects in drug and device – and indeed all – product liability litigation is whether defense counsel can discuss a plaintiff's medical condition informally with the plaintiff's doctors. They synopsize the current state of play, state by state, for every state in the nation. Every. State.
- We could have put this in the IP section, but we've already mentioned Tamera, who blogs at this new place too, and plus the salient feature of Ask Before You Act is: These guys are good.
There's a lot of good out there, and a little light dispels a great deal of darkness.
Indeed, there is one more view of the question we've been dealing with here, which we'll add in before we sign off. It's a famous insight of the great ethical and religious figure of a century ago known as the Alter (Elder) of Kelm, and again, the question is, Why do we celebrate eight days despite the fact that most understandings of the Hannukah narrative suggest only seven days of miraculous events? His answer:
It is a "miracle" that oil burns in the first place.
It's a miracle that we are here today, in an age of greater miracles and wonders than ever. Thank you all for sharing this little bit of light in the darkness, and in doing so, bringing your own light, and a great light from a special place in which we all can share, too, to our Hannukah party.
Blawg Review has information about next week's host, and instructions how to get your blawg posts reviewed in upcoming issues.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Exterior Painters in Romeoville:
CertaPro Painters®
Exterior House Painters Who do it Right
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Baking is taught to the bride by giving them the special classes on baking. Cakes, chocolates, pastries etc all kind of dishes are taught to the bride. Weddingplz helps you find the best Cooking Classes that offer Baking in Western Suburbs.
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from the making-the-best-of-it dept.
"New video card launches from AMD and NVIDIA are almost always reviewed on hardware less than 12 months old. That's not an arbitrary decision — it helps reviewers make certain that GPU performance isn't held back by older CPUs and can be particularly important when evaluating the impact of new interfaces or bus designs. That said, an equally interesting perspective might be to compare the performance impact of upgrading a graphics card in an older system that doesn't have access to the substantial performance gains of integrated memory controllers, high speed DDR3 memory, deep multithreading or internal serial links. As it turns out, even using a midrange graphics card like a GeForce GTX 660, substantial gains up to 150 percent can be achieved without the need for a complete system overhaul."from the making-the-best-of-it dept.


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CA Consumers: Privacy Policy
Effective Date: January 1, 2022
This Privacy Notice for California Residents supplements the information contained in Ok Wow's Privacy Policy and applies solely to all visitors, users, and others who reside in the State of California. As a California resident ("you" or a "consumer"), the California Consumer Protection Act ("CCPA") provides you with specific rights regarding your personal information in addition to the rights listed within Ok Wow's Privacy Policy. Ok Wow provides you this information to comply with the CCPA and to let you know your rights and explains how to exercise those rights.
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Ok Wow collects personal information from you. Personal information is defined as information that relates to, describes, references, or is reasonably capable of being associated with a particular consumer, household or device, but does not include publicly available information from governmental records or deidentified or aggregated consumer information.
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- The categories of personal information we have collected about you
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- The specific pieces of personal information we collected about you (also called a data portability request)
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You have the right to request that Ok Wow delete any of your personal information that we collected from you and retained, subject to certain exceptions listed within the CCPA (for example, if we need to complete a transaction or detect security incidents). Once we receive and confirm your verifiable consumer request, we will delete (and direct our service providers to delete) your personal information from our records, unless an exception applies.
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Once you make an opt-out request, we will wait at least twelve (12) months before asking you to reauthorize personal information sales. However, you may change your mind and opt back into personal information sales at any time by registering with Ok Wow again. We will only use your personal information provided in an opt-out request to review and comply with the request.
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In order to make a verifiable consumer request for requesting access to personal information, deletion of personal information, or correction of personal information as described above, please submit a verifiable consumer request to Ok Wow by either:
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Only you, or someone legally authorized to act on your behalf, may make a verifiable consumer request related to your personal information. You may only make a verifiable consumer request for access or data portability twice within a 12-month period. In order for Ok Wow to properly process your request, please ensure that your verifiable consumer request:
- Contains sufficient information that allows Ok Wow to reasonably verify that you are the person about whom we collected personal information or an authorized representative.
- You will need to provide us with your e-mail address that you used to register with Ok Wow and your physical mailing address for Ok Wow to verify your identity.
- Describe your request with sufficient detail that allows Ok Wow to properly understand, evaluate, and respond to your request. We cannot respond to your request or provide you with personal information if we cannot verify your identity or authority to make the request and confirm the personal information relates to you. We will only use the personal information provided in a verifiable consumer request to verify the requestor's identity or authority to make the request.
We will make our best efforts to respond to a verifiable consumer request within forty-five (45) days of receipt. If we require more time to respond, we will let you know the reason and the extension period in writing. Any disclosures we provide will only cover the 12-month period preceding the verifiable consumer request's receipt. The response we provide will also explain the reasons we cannot comply with the request, if applicable. We will select a format to provide your personal information that is readily usable and should allow you to transmit the information from one entity to another entity without hindrance. We do not charge a fee to process or respond to your requests unless the requests are excessive, repetitive, or unfounded. If we determine that your request warrants a fee, we will tell you why we made that decision and provide you with a cost estimate before completing your request.
Sale of Personal Information of Minors Under 16 Years of Age
Ok Wow does not knowingly collect information from minors under the age of 16 through the Site. Ok Wow does not sell or share the personal information of consumers that we know are less than 16 years of age unless Ok Wow receives affirmative authorization from either the consumer who is between 13 and 16 years of age, or the parent or guardian of a Consumer less than 13 years of age. If Ok Wow learns that it has collected any personal information from minors under the age of 16, Ok Wow will promptly take steps to delete such personal information. If you have reason to believe that a minor under the age of 16 has provided Ok Wow with personal information, please contact us at [email protected] or email@example.com with sufficient detail to enable Ok Wow to delete that information.
Ok Wow will not discriminate against you for exercising your CCPA rights. Unless permitted by the CCPA, we will not: deny you goods or services, charge you a different price for goods or services, provide you with a different level or quality of goods or services, suggest that you may receive a different price for goods or services, or suggest that you may receive a different level or quality of goods or services.


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Platinum Contract
In the contracts table below you'll find the last price, change, high price, low price and volume for each Platinum Futures contract. Click on the links under Chart (Q/C/O) for quotes, charts, options and historical market data for each future contract. Price quotes for Platinum Futures are delayed by at least 10 minutes, as per exchange requirements.


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These historic reforms were passed by a Republican Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. They ended the entitlement to welfare and replaced it with a more fiscally-sound block grant to the states. Known as "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" (TANF), the grant program provided states with unprecedented control over welfare programs in exchange for meeting meaningful federal work standards.
That meant that people eligible for welfare were put on a path toward self-sufficiency through the dignity associated with work. A commitment to work is integral to helping people help themselves.
That was 16 years ago.
Now, fast forward to this past July when the Obama administration issued an "information memorandum" telling states that they could "waive" the work requirement for welfare recipients. That would allow states to reduce the number of welfare recipients expected to work, reduce hours of work, eliminate penalties for not working, or even expand what counts as work to include "activities" like bed rest, massage, or smoking cessation classes.
In the 16 years since the creation of TANF, no administration has concluded that they have the authority to waive these work requirements. Any changes to the 1996 welfare reform law have taken an act of Congress.
We knew President Obama was out of bounds, and so we asked the legal experts at the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to look into it. What'd they find? They confirmed that the administration had gone too far and must submit this change to Congress under the Congressional Review Act (CRA). The CRA ensures an administration cannot radically alter a law without Congressional input.
We believe in tough work requirements in welfare. That's why we recently introduced resolutions of disapproval in both the House and the Senate to prevent the administration from weakening the core element of welfare reform. In fact, the House will be voting on this resolution this week.
President Obama and his allies have been quick to paint any objections to their work reduction scheme as politically motivated, and they have labeled anyone who questions this action as merely pawns in an election year fight.
That couldn't be further from the truth.
Having authored and shepherded the law through Congress and to then-President Clinton's desk, we understand that this one action threatens a program that has resulted in record numbers of low-income parents going to work, an increase in earnings, and a record-level decrease in poverty.
Those are the success stories of welfare reform. Those successes are rooted in an agreement between states and the federal government: fixed federal funding and enormous flexibility in exchange for a requirement that they engage welfare recipients in work and related activities.
But through this power grab, which could weaken the work requirements in welfare, the Obama administration threatens future success stories. The work requirements should and must stand.


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A Georgia court has unsurprisingly dismissed a legal challenge to Barack Obama's name being on the state's 2012 presidential ballot, but it is the actions the court took in reaching that conclusion that has left a legal foundation working with one of the plaintiffs wondering in astonishment.
"Our system of government is based upon an assumption that the people placed in high office are honorable. This is an absolute requirement for the survival of our nation. The Founding Fathers understood that when dishonorable people begin to take high office, the system of government they set into motion would begin to fail. Unfortunately America's judicial system is proving this principle."
The statement comes from Liberty Legal Foundation's analysis of the case that was dismissed by the Georgia Superior Court.
The organization confirmed the decision now will be elevated to the Georgia Supreme Court.
A commentary at The Western Center for Journalism explained, "The Georgia Superior Court clerk's office did everything in its power to thwart the very filing of a legal appeal in Weldon v. Obama, the case in which Judge Michael Malihi ruled that Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and therefore eligible for the Georgia ballot."
Then the court itself dismissed Weldon's appeal.
The challenges to Obama had been raised by several individuals represented by different attorneys. They brought the arguments under a state law that allows any citizen to challenge the qualifications of a candidate.
The plaintiffs argued several points before Malihi, including Obama's alleged failure to qualify as a "natural-born citizen" as required by the U.S. Constitution for presidents. Obama has admitted in his writings his father never was a U.S. citizen, and attorneys argued that the understanding of the Founders, and a subsequent Supreme Court ruling, defines natural-born citizen as the offspring of two citizens of the country at the time of the birth.
Citizens raising concerns include David Farrar, Leah Lax, Thomas Malaren and Laurie Roth, represented by Orly Taitz; David Weldon represented by attorney Van R. Irion of Liberty Legal Foundation; and Carl Swensson and Kevin Richard Powell, represented by J. Mark Hatfield. Cody Judy is raising a challenge because he also wants to be on the ballot.
The Western Center noted that Irion claimed Malihi's court refused to forward his motion for contempt against Obama to the Georgia Superior Court despite state law providing the court no such discretion, and then the Superior Court refused to respond to the foundation.
On the foundation's website, under the headline "What We Reap When Honor Fails," was a listing of the conflicts that developed with the court.
For instance, "The Georgia Superior Court clerk initially refuses to file LLF's appeal document, then backs down after being instructed on the law." Then, "The Georgia Superior Court clerk refuses to file LLF's emergency motion for preliminary injunction because $1 was not included with our filing. Then, when LLF hand delivers $1 to the clerk, the clerk sits on the motion for 10 days and mails it back to LLF claiming that the correct staffer didn't get the $1. Our plaintiff gave the case number, name of the motion, and name of the staffer, who was literally pointed at in the room. Yet the clerk's office still claims that that staffer didn't get the $1. The motion had to be completely re-filed and was then delayed another two days before finally being filed."
The foundation also noted, "The chief judge of the Superior Court was made aware of all of the incidents occurring in her clerk's office, yet she did nothing to correct the situation."
When Obama's attorney filed a motion to dismiss, the court also waited three days to notify Irion's foundation and then it was with the message that the time to file an opposition had been shortened.
"Late that same day the chief judge signs an order denying LLF's motion to have Van Irion admitted as a visiting attorney in this case, preventing LLF from filing the opposition that the court had ordered us to file 6 hours earlier. (Note that I've been admitted as a visiting attorney in 5 states and at every level of court, both state and federal. I've never been denied admission before. Further, my local attorney sponsor was a sitting member of the state's legislature, making this denial even more shocking.) Even more outrageous is the timing of the denial, made just hours before a court-set deadline, after the court sat on our motion for more than two weeks," Irion said.
"Only 90 minutes after our plaintiff files an opposition himself (because LLF was denied the ability to file it for him), the chief judge issues a three-page opinion granting Obama's motion to dismiss our appeal. It seems obvious that the court's opinion was written before they asked us to file an opposition. Also, the dismissal was granted while the court had not even received the record of the hearing held by the lower court. In other words, it ruled without even reviewing the record or reading our plaintiff's opposition," the foundation said.
"The incidents cited here demonstrate the harassment, bias, and lack of honor in the administrative operation of our courts. This bias effectively prevents those on one side of an issue to have basic access to the courts. In other words, the courts are now barring specific viewpoints from entering the front doors of the court"
Following a hearing on Jan. 26, Malihi essentially tossed all of the information the plaintiffs and their attorneys presented.
"The court finds the testimony of the witnesses, as well as the exhibits tendered, to be of little, if any, probative value, and thus wholly insufficient to support plaintiffs' allegations," he said.
The ruling was made even though state law requires "every candidate for federal" office who is certified by the state executive committees of a political party or who files a notice of candidacy "shall meet the constitutional and statutory qualifications for holding the office being sought."
Obama and his attorney snubbed the hearing, refusing to show up.


text: Minnale is a drama serial on Sun TV. Medical students, Rajesh and Shalini fall in love with each other and get married secretly. As fate would have it, they are divorced, when they finish college. But their families are keen to reunite them. Will destiny extend them another chance in life.


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In my post on why the save 10% of your income for retirement rule is stupid I mentioned that expecting you'll need 80% (or 90% or any other %…) of your pre-retirement income in retirement is stupid as well. How much income you'll need in retirement is one of the major variables in calculating what you should save for retirement, so it's important to use the most accurate estimate you can. Relying on a percentage rule of thumb is likely to steer you in the wrong direction for several reasons. Here are a few.
Do you plan on downsizing in retirement? Or maybe you're thinking about upgrading. Planning to move? That's going to change more than just your housing costs. If you're going to be renting or still paying a mortgage in retirement, you'll need to figure that in as well.
Consider maintenance costs as well. If you're a handyman now and do most of your own repairs, how long will you be able to keep that up in retirement? Eventually, your physical abilities are likely to become limited and then you'll need to hire others to do those repairs.
You can't plan for every possible variable in your housing costs, but these are the kinds of things you need to consider when figuring out how much income you'll need in retirement. Housing is the highest cost for most people, so it's even more important you get this one as accurate as you can.
Have you thought about how your transportation and travel costs might change in retirement? I'm guessing they're probably not going to mirror your pre-retirement spending. The lack of a commute and the desire to travel more may offset each other for some people but not for most. This one might be difficult to figure out all at once, but if you take each aspect at a time you can come up with a reasonable estimate.
Will you be more likely to eat out in retirement, or do you want to improve your culinary skills and cook more at home? You'll have an excellent opportunity to lower your food costs in retirement by cooking more from scratch, but many retirees look to eating out as a way to engage in social life and get out of the house. Depending on your preferences, skills, and plans, this could be another area that you'll need to consider carefully.
During retirement, you're going to be shouldering more of your health insurance expenses. Your health will also be at a higher risk of declining as you age, so you'll have to expect more health costs overall. This is one area where many retirees experience a large increase in spending – especially as retirement goes on.
Income Taxes
Depending on your personal situation and how you decided to save for retirement, your taxes in retirement could look quite different than before retirement. This is especially true if the income you'll need in retirement is very different from your pre-retirement income. There are a number of variables that affect income taxes and they change from person to person. Assuming you can count on an average to help you might the right decision for your retirement is foolish.
This is at least one area where the percentage rules directly account for some changes in retirement. But there's still a problem. Maybe you waited until 10 years before retirement and had to save 30%, 40%, or 50% of your income to catch up. That's going to drastically change once you enter retirement, so you need to look at your unique circumstances. Or maybe you hit a windfall sometime in your life and haven't been saving anything for retirement. Following one of these rules of thumb won't work for your situation either.
It doesn't matter if you don't fit into one of the examples I shared above. The point is that your situation is different and unique to you, and you need to plan accordingly.
So How Should You Figure Out How Much Income You'll Need in Retirement?
I think it should be clear by now that the only prudent way to figure out your retirement income needs is to carefully consider your own situation by looking at your circumstances and expenses alongside your goals. When I was creating my free retirement calculator, I wrote an article specifically designed to help you start thinking about how much income you'll need in retirement based on your situation. It doesn't cover every possibility, but it will help you get started.
My goal in pointing out how stupid these rules of thumb are is not to make things difficult for you or to make fun of others who give this kind of advice. I want you to see that your financial decisions involve factors that are unique to you. You shouldn't risk making a wrong decision because you followed an easy rule of thumb. Take the time to really think about your situation, learn what you need to know so you can make a smart choice, and use that knowledge to manage your money well.
photo credit: (Hans Gerwitz on Flickr)
This article was included in the Best of Money Carnival.
This article was included in the Carnival of Financial Planning.


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Tplus USB Driver helps you to connect your Tplus Smartphone, FeaturePhone and Tablets to the Windows Computer and transfer data between the Device and the computer.
It also helps you to Flash the Tplus Stock ROM on your Tplus Mobile Device. On this page, we have manage to share the official Tplus USB Driver for all Tplus Smartphone, FeaturePhone and Tablets.
Model: Tplus i6
Chipset: Spreadtrum
Driver Size: 9.21 MB + 8.28 MB
Model: Tplus J3 Pro
Chipset: Spreadtrum
Driver Size: 9.21 MB + 8.28 MB
Readme Once:
[*] The above listed Tplus USB Drivers are officially provided by Tplus Manufacturers. If in case any of the given drivers didn't worked for you, then you can complain to V-Tplus Manufacturers directly and leave a feedback using the comment box below.
[*] For Windows Computer Only: The above listed drivers allows you to connect Tplus Smartphones, FeaturePhone and Tablets to the Windows Computer only.
[*] Tplus Stock Firmware: You can download the original Stock Firmware from the Tplus Stock Firmware Page.
[*] Request Driver: If you are searching for any other driver that is not listed above, then you can request it through the comment box. Any request made via contact page will be disregarded.


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I have written a few times about disruption in online dating, heck its something which will be discussed at Mozilla Festival this year (tickets are available now).
But interestingly the EU's General Data Protection Regulation may get in there ahead of any setup/network disruption. In the Guardian I saw a piece called Getting your data out of Tinder is really hard – but it shouldn't be.
Its all about getting data back from Tinder (which remember is part of IAC/Match group)
…Duportail eventually got some of the rest of her data, but only on a voluntary basis, and only after she identified herself as a journalist. Her non-journalist friends who followed suit never got responses to similar requests.
Finally armed with the 800 pages she had clawed back from Tinder, Duportail wrote a story reflecting on her own relationship with her data, and the myopic view Tinder had of her love life. I feel her story helps bridge the chasm between those with information stored in the database and the architects behind it, providing much needed neutral common ground to democratically discuss power distributions in the digital economy.
Given the popularity of her story, and my overflowing inbox, I would say many agree. And indeed, you should expect more similar stories to be unearthed in the future because of the upcoming General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). From May 2018, the new European-level regulation will come into force, claiming wider applicability – including on US-based companies, such as Tinder, processing the personal data of Europeans – and harmonising data protection and enforcement by "levelling up" protections for all European residents.
I know there is a lot of push back from the big American internet corps, but this is coming and the there is no way they can wriggle out of it?
…beyond the much older right of access, the true revolution of GDPR will come in the form of a new right for all European citizens: the right to portability.
It seems like such a small thing but actually it has the potential to be extremely disruptive. Heck its one of the things I wanted back in early 2011. Imagine all those new services which could act like brokers and enable choice! It could be standard to have the ability to export and import rich data sets like Attention profile markup language (APML).
I just wish we were staying in Europe, although the UK has agreed to take GDPR, thankfully! There was no way, if they were left on their own, this would ever come about; like it looks like it might.


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FHYA curation of selected materials from the Traditional Collection at the Johannesburg Art Gallery
- Selection
- 2017 -
[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA, 2018, using materials provided by Nessa Leibhammer: Nessa Leibhammer was the curator of the Johannesburg Art Gallery Traditional Collections from 1994 to 1996, and 2005 to 2013. Leibhammer, for the FHYA, identified objects from the Traditional Collections that came from the FHYA target area of KwaZulu-Natal and immediately adjacent regions which she identified as probably dating to the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She selected a series of items from the Brenthurst Collection (assembled by Jonathan Lowen); the Horstmann Collection (assembled by Udo Horstmann); the Maritz Collection (assembled by Nicholas Maritz); the Brodie Collection (assembled by Mordechai Brodie); the Karner Collection (assembled by Ken Karner) as well as items owned by the Jaques family, purchased by JAG in 1987. The selection includes a range of genre: carved wooden objects, metal and beadwork items, staffs, snuff boxes, headrests, vessels, baskets, pots, etc. She also purposefully selected objects where she knew there were similar examples in other, older, collections as well as notable items where no secure information is known, so as to open the possibility that such items might accrue an information context through appearing on the FHYA exemplar.
The FHYA ordered this material into 'series' with each 'series' being named after the collector.]