text:
Mason Neck VA Locksmiths Key Duplication Services
A Few Key Facts:
The Fine Art of Key Duplication starts with a well trained Baldinos Mason Neck VA locksmith. It takes a minimum of six to twelve months to train a Baldinos Mason Neck VA locksmith key duplication specialist; that is, a person who duplicates keys that work each and every time. A Baldinos Mason Neck VA locksmith must master twelve types of machines, and learn how to machine keys from codes or without codes. To become a locksmith apprentice, or how to become a locksmith, takes a minimum of four years of training to include all aspects of the locksmith trade. With the introduction of new products and newer electronic access control systems, our Mason Neck VA locksmith training is continuous. Our Mason Neck VA locksmiths must learn the key specifications for over 1,000 key blanks and be able to select, without hesitation, the correct key blank to use for each specific key duplication request. Additionally, modern automobiles are now using transponder keys which require programming after the key is duplicated mechanically. Baldinos Mason Neck VA locksmiths are able to properly identify, cut, and program transponder keys so they will operate your vehicle.
All key blanks are not the same !
All key blanks are NOT the same! The strength and quality of the key blank is critical, ensuring resistance to bending or cracking at stress points. The metal alloys that are used to create key blanks vary greatly from one key blank manufacturer to another. A good quality key blank is necessary for accurate key duplication, and will often cost more than a key cut at big box stores or home centers. Baldinos Mason Neck VA Locksmiths know this and a return visit to correct problems with your duplicate key(s) won't be necessary because the job is done right the first time. Home centers and hardware stores are able to charge less for key duplication simply because the key blanks they use are often created from cheaper metal alloys, often thinner, and therefore susceptible to bending and/or breaking. Additionally, most big box stores, home centers and hardware stores in Mason Neck VA hire employees who simply do not have the specific knowledge of door locking mechanisms or the experience to know exactly why a key you got copied won't work your lock. If you ever revisit one of our Baldinos Mason Neck VA Locksmiths for a key that fails to work, we will do what is necessary to find out why your key doesn't work and replace it free of charge.
In order to save money on brass and machinery to mill key blanks with exacting tolerances, many key manufacturers mill the key blank outside of specifications. Due to thinner construction, the key blanks will insert into the lock, but wobble in the keyway, causing the duplicated key to turn hard, hang up or get stuck, resulting in breakage. Modern automotive keys are especially critical, using tight tolerances and exacting key specifications. Locking mechanisms in many modern automobiles can be damaged by keys that are improperly cut, or cut on the wrong blank. Vehicles that incorporate the latest in transmitter-responder (transponder) key systems require that the keys be programmed properly with equipment that prevents thieves from stealing vehicles using transponder key systems. The keys absolutely must be cut properly before attempting transponder key programming. Our Mason Neck VA Locksmiths are trained in the latest transponder key programming methods being used by different manufacturers and are qualified to cut and program a duplicate transponder key for nearly any vehicle on the road today.
Quality Key Cutting Equipment:
A properly cut key starts with the key cutting equipment and key machines Baldinos Mason Neck VA Locksmith uses. Key machines with accurate adjustment mechanisms and strong, powerful motors using high quality cutting wheels ensure the smooth milling of new key blanks. Baldinos Mason Neck VA locksmiths, in order to provide the highest quality of service, adjust the tolerance of every key machine or key cutting machine we use on a weekly basis. Baldinos Mason Neck VA Locksmiths are trained to verify each key cutting machine while using the proper key cutting equipment for specific key duplication jobs.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Participating Organization(s) |
National Institutes of Health (NIH) |
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) |
Funding Opportunity Title |
Function of Type 1 Diabetes Genes (DP3) |
Activity Code |
DP3 Type 1 Diabetes Targeted Research Award |
Announcement Type |
New |
Related Notices |
None |
Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) Number |
Companion FOA |
None |
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number(s) |
93.847 |
FOA Purpose |
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, encourages Research Project Grant (DP3) applications from institutions/organizations for projects to determine the function of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes. In addition there are many human T1D regions for which there is no compelling functional candidate gene and thus additional work to identify causal genes and potential causal variants and elucidate the mechanisms whereby changes in the function or regulation of these genes are likely to provide crucial new insights into disease pathogenesis are also encouraged. |
Posted Date |
October 3, 2011 |
Open Date (Earliest Submission Date) |
January 29, 2012 |
Letter of Intent Due Date |
February 1, 2012 |
Application Due Date(s) |
February 29, 2012, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. |
AIDS Application Due Date(s) |
Not Applicable |
Scientific Merit Review |
June/July 2012 |
Advisory Council Review |
October 2012 |
Earliest Start Date(s) |
December 1, 2012 |
Expiration Date |
March 1, 2012 |
Due Dates for E.O. 12372 |
Not Applicable |
Required Application Instructions
It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide except where instructed to do otherwise (in this FOA or in a Notice from the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts). Conformance to all requirements (both in the Application Guide and the FOA) is required and strictly enforced. Applicants must read and follow all application instructions in the Application Guide as well as any program-specific instructions noted in Section IV. When the program-specific instructions deviate from those in the Application Guide, follow the program-specific instructions. Applications that do not comply with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.
Part 1. Overview Information
Part 2. Full Text of the Announcement
Section I. Funding Opportunity Description
Section II. Award Information
Section III. Eligibility Information
Section IV. Application and Submission
Section V. Application Review Information
Section VI. Award Administration Information
Section VII. Agency Contacts
Section VIII. Other Information
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. It has a strong genetic basis that is modified by environmental factors. T1D is a polygenic disease; it arises from the interaction of variations in multiple genes. Many studies have been conducted to identify genes for T1D. Just a few years ago, only five genes involved in the disease were known. Now approximately 50 genes or gene regions have been identified.
Genetic, functional, structural, and animal model studies all indicate that the highly polymorphic HLA class II molecules, namely the DR and DQ α-β heterodimers, are central to susceptibility to T1D. In addition to the class II genes HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1, independent effects of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DPB1 were also recently observed as contributing to the overall risk for T1D. It is estimated that HLA contributes 40-50% of the risk. Other, non-HLA, T1D loci have comparatively small effects on disease risk relative to HLA but comparable effect sizes to risk loci identified in other common disorders. These include the INS locus, where variation is thought to impact the transcription and expression of insulin, modulating thymic selection of T cells specific for this autoantigen. Variants at the CTLA4 locus are implicated in T1D risk, potentially by altering the production of differentially spliced products from the locus which affects T cell activation. SNPs in the IL2RA region, that encodes one chain of the heterodimeric IL-2 cytokine receptor, are associated with T1D. Finally, a non-synonymous coding region SNP in the PTPN22 gene has been associated with T1D as well as a number of other autoimmune disorders. This SNP, which predicts an Arg to Trp substitution at position 620, increases the activity of the PTPN22 encoded phosphatase, Lyp, resulting in hyporesponsiveness of T cells.
Recently, the application of genome-wide SNP typing technology to large sample sets by The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) and its collaborators and other investigators, and comparisons with results from other immune-mediated diseases, have provided convincing support for approximately 50 genes or gene regions that significantly affect the risk T1D. Although more than 70% of heritability has been identified, work is already underway to identify the missing heritability. The remaining missing heritability for T1D is likely to be explained by as yet unmapped common variants, rare variants, structural polymorphisms, and gene-gene and/or gene-environmental interactions, in which we can expect epigenetic effects to play a role. Thus additional work is needed to identify causal genes and potential causal variants for further differentiation in allele-specific expression and genotype-to-phenotype studies. The examination of the T1D genes and their pathways may reveal the earliest pathogenic mechanisms that result in the engagement of the innate and adaptive immune systems to produce massive β-cell destruction and clinical disease and provide leads for new therapeutic targets.
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) utilizing the DP3 mechanism solicits applications from integrative teams and individual investigators for projects to determine the function of HLA and non-HLA T1D risk genes. Although it is known that the HLA region plays a major role in the development of T1D and that particular polymorphic peptide-binding pockets of HLA class II molecules are involved in susceptibility and resistance to the disease process, the exact mechanism(s) by which the HLA molecules confer susceptibility to immune-mediated destruction of the pancreatic islets is still not known in its entirety. It is known that the binding of key peptides from autoantigens (preproinsulin, GAD, insulinoma-associated 2 antigen, and zinc transporter, ZnT8) so far identified to HLA class II molecules in the thymus and in the periphery is likely to play an important role. We now know that certain HLA Class I molecules can be over-represented in people with T1D, but exactly how HLA alleles impact susceptibility and protection needs to be better studied, as CD8 T cells are thought to be very important in disease pathogenesis. It is still not known which specific peptides bind to the most predisposing or protective DQ trans-heterodimers. In addition, the T cell receptors that bind disease-promoting or protective HLA/peptide complex are poorly understood, as are the mechanisms that confer susceptibility or resistance to disease. Thus, one of the objectives of this initiative is to determine the function of HLA molecules in the disease process.
A second objective is to understand the contribution of many genes that have been identified through the combination of high-density SNP coverage and large sample sizes. It has been observed that some of the genes that predispose to T1D are common with other autoimmune diseases (e.g. PTPN22) and these could lead to generalized autoimmunity whereas others may be specific to T1D. Unraveling of the mechanisms whereby changes in the function or regulation of these genes alter T1D risk is likely to provide crucial new insights into disease pathogenesis. In addition, there are many human T1D regions for which there is no compelling functional candidate gene (www.t1dbase.org) and thus additional work is also needed to identify causal genes and potential causal variants and elucidate the mechanisms whereby changes in the function or regulation of these genes are likely to provide crucial new insights into disease pathogenesis. The discovery of the genes would be relevant to developing a predictive strategy for individuals who may develop diabetes as well as new targets for therapy. In the future, genetic testing may lead to personalized treatment regimens by identifying the most appropriate class of drugs for particular patients.
Potential Research Areas, include but not limited to:
1) Human Studies: Functional validation studies should preferably use human DNA samples from phenotypically well-characterized individuals to correlate a gene variant with a particular phenotype and/or endophenotype.
2) Comparison of wild type and gene variant functions: The molecular alteration associated with a gene variant frequently does not reveal whether the function of a particular gene is increased, decreased, or leads to unexpected functional consequences. Most genes have different levels of expression in different tissues. It is important to evaluate genetic changes in multiple cell types relevant to T1D. Approaches that can address these issues will help to identify the most promising molecular targets for therapeutic interventions to treat T1D.
3) Identification of causal genes/genetic variants: Studies exploiting genetic methodologies in concert with other methods, such as functional genomics, in silico mapping data, gene expression profiling, to identify causative genes or epigenetic/genetic variants and then unravel mechanisms of these genes are appropriate for this program announcement.
4) Non-coding RNAs and regulatory elements: Studies to identify non-coding RNAs relevant to diabetes and relate function to genes/variants in non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, gene regulatory elements, gene copy number, or other putative non-protein coding regions of the genome are appropriate.
5) Epigenetics and Epigenomics: Identification of cell type-specific epigenomic features associated with diabetes as well as functional validation of epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation in the context of diabetes are relevant.
6) Systems-level approaches: Bioinformatic resources (i.e., interactome, gene expression, epigenomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and anatomical databases) can be mined to generate testable hypotheses concerning the function of candidate genes and groups of genes.
Funding Instrument |
Grant |
Application Types Allowed |
New The OER Glossary and the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide provide details on these application types. |
Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards |
This FOA is supported under a Special Statutory Program for Type 1 Diabetes Research. Total funding available for this five year program is $15 million in FY 2012 to fund 3-5 applications, contingent on the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. |
Award Budget |
Maximum direct costs are $5 million to be used over a project period of up to 5 years. NIDDK expects that the requested direct costs will range from $1.25 to $5 million based on the scope of the research, plus applicable Facilities and Administrative costs to be determined at the time of the award. |
Award Project Period |
The scope of the proposed project should determine the project period. The maximum period is 5 years. |
NIH grants policies as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.
Higher Education Institutions
The following types of Higher Education Institutions are always encouraged to apply for NIH support as Public or Private Institutions of Higher Education:
Nonprofits Other Than Institutions of Higher Education
For-Profit Organizations
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions) are eligible to apply.
Non-domestic (non-U.S.) components of U.S. Organizations are eligible to apply.
Foreign components, as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, are allowed.
Applicant organizations must complete the following registrations
as described in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide to be eligible to apply
for or receive an award. Applicants must have a valid Dun and Bradstreet
Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number in order to begin each of the following
All Program Director(s)/Principal Investigator(s) (PD(s)/PI(s))
must also work with their institutional officials to register with the eRA
Commons or ensure their existing eRA Commons account is affiliated with the eRA
Commons account of the applicant organization.
All registrations must be completed by the application due date. Applicant
organizations are strongly encouraged to start the registration process at
least four (4) weeks prior to the application due date.
Any individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources
necessary to carry out the proposed research as the Program Director(s)/Principal
Investigator(s) (PD(s)/PI(s)) is invited to work with his/her organization to
develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial
and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always
encouraged to apply for NIH support.
For institutions/organizations proposing multiple PD(s)/PI(s), visit the Multiple
Program Director(s)/Principal Investigator(s) Policy and submission details in
the Senior/Key Person Profile (Expanded) Component of the SF 424 (R&R)
Application Guide.
This FOA does not require cost sharing as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
Applicant organizations may submit more than one application, provided that each application is scientifically distinct.
NIH will not accept any application in response to this FOA that is essentially the same as one currently pending initial peer review unless the applicant withdraws the pending application. NIH will not accept any application that is essentially the same as one already reviewed.
Applicants must download the SF424 (R&R) application package associated with this funding opportunity using the Apply for Grant Electronically button in this FOA or following the directions provided at Grants.gov.
It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, except where instructed in this funding opportunity announcement to do otherwise. Conformance to the requirements in the Application Guide is required and strictly enforced. Applications that are out of compliance with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.
For information on Application Submission and Receipt, visit Frequently Asked Questions Application Guide, Electronic Submission of Grant Applications.
Although a letter of intent is not required, is not binding, and does not enter into the review of a subsequent application, the information that it contains allows IC staff to estimate the potential review workload and plan the review.
By the date listed in Part 1. Overview Information, prospective applicants are asked to submit a letter of intent that includes the following information:
The letter of intent should be sent to:
Francisco O. Calvo, Ph.D.
Chief, Review Branch
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
6707 Democracy Boulevard, Room 752
Bethesda, MD 20892-5452
(for express/courier service use Bethesda, MD 20817)
Telephone: (301) 594-8897
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
The forms package associated with this FOA includes all applicable components, mandatory and optional. Please note that some components marked optional in the application package are required for submission of applications for this FOA. Follow all instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide to ensure you complete all appropriate optional components.
All page limitations described in the SF424 Application Guide and the Table of Page Limits must be followed.
All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed, with the following additional instructions:
Organize the 12-page Research Strategy as a single document in the specified order using the instructions provided below. Start each section with the appropriate heading (ie, Significance and Impact; Project Description; Investigator Qualifications; Suitability for T1D-Impact Award Program).
Significance and Impact Statement (up to 200 words): What is the major problem or obstacle being addressed? If successful, how will the outcomes significantly advance our understanding or alter the current course of T1D research? What features of the proposal reflect an exceptional, unique or particularly creative strategy that has not been applied to the problem before (e.g, an innovative investigative team, original approach, novel technologies or tools, unique resources)? The writing should be at a level that conveys the significance and impact of the application to a broadly knowledgeable scientist who may not be an expert in the specific topic area of the application.
Project Description: What is the major problem or obstacle being addressed? What new ideas and/or innovative combinations of approaches will be used to tackle the problem? What novel experimental designs will be employed? How will your rationale and/or approach overcome existing challenges or barriers in the field? What objective measures can be used to determine progress and success in the aims, and what is the timeline for accomplishing major goals?
Investigator(s) Qualifications (limit, one-half page): What prior work by the PD(s)/PI(s) and/or investigative team was considered to be particularly creative? What are examples of prior scientific contribution(s) that have had a major impact on your field of expertise? For projects involving multiple key personnel, how will the scientific team combine the expertise of individual investigators to build novel synergies?
Suitability for T1D-Impact award program (limit, one-half page): Why are the planned research objectives and approaches uniquely suited to the goals of the T1D-Impact award program, rather than a more traditional grant mechanism? What aspects of the application might be considered high risk, exceptionally original, or against prevailing dogma? How does the proposed research diverge from your currently funded research program?
Special Instructions for Other Project Information (Section 4.4 of SF424 (R&R) Application)
Bibliography and Literature Cited (SF424 R&R Item 4.4.9): Limited to one page.
Continue with the instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Special Instructions for Senior/Key Person Profile (Expanded) Component (Section 4.5 of SF424 (R&R) Application)
Resource Sharing Plan
Individuals are required to comply with the instructions for the Resource Sharing Plans (Data Sharing Plan, Sharing Model Organisms, and Genome Wide Association Studies; GWAS) as provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Do not use the appendix to circumvent page limits. Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Foreign (non-US) institutions must follow policies described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, and procedures for foreign institutions described throughout the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
Part I. Overview Information contains information about Key Dates. Applicants are encouraged to submit in advance of the deadline to ensure they have time to make any application corrections that might be necessary for successful submission.
Organizations must submit applications via Grants.gov, the online portal to find and apply for grants across all Federal agencies. Applicants must then complete the submission process by tracking the status of the application in the eRA Commons, NIH's electronic system for grants administration.
Applicants are responsible for viewing their application in the eRA Commons to ensure accurate and successful submission.
Information on the submission process and a definition of on-time submission are provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
This initiative is not subject to intergovernmental review.
All NIH awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
Pre-award costs are allowable only as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
Applications must be submitted electronically following the instructions described in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide. Paper applications will not be accepted.
Applicants must complete all required registrations before the application due date. Section III. Eligibility Information contains information about registration.
For assistance with your electronic application or for more information on the electronic submission process, visit Applying Electronically.
All PD(s)/PI(s) must include their eRA Commons ID in the
Credential field of the Senior/Key Person Profile Component of the SF
424(R&R) Application Package. Failure to register in the Commons and
to include a valid PD(s)/PI(s) Commons ID in the credential field will prevent
the successful submission of an electronic application to NIH.
The applicant organization must ensure that the DUNS number it provides on the
application is the same number used in the organization's profile in the eRA
Commons and for the Central Contractor Registration (CCR). Additional
information may be found in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
See more
tips for avoiding common errors.
Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the Center for Scientific Review and responsiveness by NIDDK, NIH. Applications that are incomplete and/or nonresponsive will not be reviewed.
In order to expedite review, applicants are requested to notify the DK Referral Office by email at email@example.com when the application has been submitted. Please include the FOA number and title, PD/PI name, and title of the application.
Applicants are required to follow the instructions for post-submission materials, as described in NOT-OD-10-115.
Only the review criteria described below will be considered in the review process. As part of the NIH mission, all applications submitted to the NIH in support of biomedical and behavioral research are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the NIH peer review system.
Reviewers will provide an overall impact/priority score to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for the project to exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following review criteria and additional review criteria (as applicable for the project proposed).
Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below in the determination of scientific merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.
Does the project address an important problem or a critical barrier to progress in the field? If the aims of the project are achieved, how will scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice be improved? How will successful completion of the aims change the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field?
Are the PD(s)/PI(s), collaborators, and other researchers well suited to the project? If Early Stage Investigators or New Investigators, or in the early stages of independent careers, do they have appropriate experience and training? If established, have they demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments that have advanced their field(s)? If the project is collaborative or multi-PD(s)/PI(s), do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise; are their leadership approach, governance and organizational structure appropriate for the project? Do the PD(s)/PI(s) provide evidence of a unique capacity for creativity? Does the track record of the PD(s)/PI(s) reflect a history of high impact research and publications? Do the PD(s)/PI(s) bring new perspectives or expertise to the field of T1D research?
Does the application challenge and seek to shift current research or clinical practice paradigms by utilizing novel theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions? Are the concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to one field of research or novel in a broad sense? Is a refinement, improvement, or new application of theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions proposed? Does the application reflect an exceptional, unique or particularly creative strategy that has not been applied to the problem before?
Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses
well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish the specific aims of the project?
Are potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success
presented? If the project is in the early stages of development, will the
strategy establish feasibility and will particularly risky aspects be
If the project involves clinical research, are the plans for 1) protection of
human subjects from research risks, and 2) inclusion of minorities and members
of both sexes/genders, as well as the inclusion of children, justified in terms
of the scientific goals and research strategy proposed? Are any high risk elements directed toward high reward outcomes?
Will the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Are the institutional support, equipment and other physical resources available to the investigators adequate for the project proposed? Will the project benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, subject populations, or collaborative arrangements?
As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will evaluate the following additional items while determining scientific and technical merit, and in providing an overall impact/priority score, but will not give separate scores for these items.
Protections for Human Subjects
For research that involves human subjects but does
not involve one of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR
Part 46, the committee will evaluate the justification for involvement of human
subjects and the proposed protections from research risk relating to their
participation according to the following five review criteria: 1) risk to
subjects, 2) adequacy of protection against risks, 3) potential benefits to the
subjects and others, 4) importance of the knowledge to be gained, and 5) data
and safety monitoring for clinical trials.
For research that involves human subjects and meets the criteria for one or
more of the six categories of research that are exempt under 45 CFR Part 46,
the committee will evaluate: 1) the justification for the exemption, 2) human
subjects involvement and characteristics, and 3) sources of materials. For
additional information on review of the Human Subjects section, please refer to
the Human
Subjects Protection and Inclusion Guidelines.
Inclusion of Women, Minorities, and Children
When the proposed project involves clinical research, the committee will evaluate the proposed plans for inclusion of minorities and members of both genders, as well as the inclusion of children. For additional information on review of the Inclusion section, please refer to the Human Subjects Protection and Inclusion Guidelines.
Vertebrate Animals
The committee will evaluate the involvement of live vertebrate animals as part of the scientific assessment according to the following five points: 1) proposed use of the animals, and species, strains, ages, sex, and numbers to be used; 2) justifications for the use of animals and for the appropriateness of the species and numbers proposed; 3) adequacy of veterinary care; 4) procedures for limiting discomfort, distress, pain and injury to that which is unavoidable in the conduct of scientifically sound research including the use of analgesic, anesthetic, and tranquilizing drugs and/or comfortable restraining devices; and 5) methods of euthanasia and reason for selection if not consistent with the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia. For additional information on review of the Vertebrate Animals section, please refer to the Worksheet for Review of the Vertebrate Animal Section.
Reviewers will assess whether materials or procedures proposed are potentially hazardous to research personnel and/or the environment, and if needed, determine whether adequate protection is proposed.
Not Applicable.
Not Applicable.
Not Applicable.
As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will consider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items, and should not consider them in providing an overall impact/priority score.
Applications from Foreign Organizations
Reviewers will assess whether the project presents special opportunities for furthering research programs through the use of unusual talent, resources, populations, or environmental conditions that exist in other countries and either are not readily available in the United States or augment existing U.S. resources.
Select Agent Research
Reviewers will assess the information provided in this section of the application, including 1) the Select Agent(s) to be used in the proposed research, 2) the registration status of all entities where Select Agent(s) will be used, 3) the procedures that will be used to monitor possession use and transfer of Select Agent(s), and 4) plans for appropriate biosafety, biocontainment, and security of the Select Agent(s).
Resource Sharing Plans
Reviewers will comment on whether the following Resource Sharing Plans, or the rationale for not sharing the following types of resources, are reasonable: 1) Data Sharing Plan; 2) Sharing Model Organisms; and 3) Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
Budget and Period of Support
Reviewers will consider whether the budget and the requested period of support are fully justified and reasonable in relation to the proposed research.
Applications will be evaluated for scientific and technical
merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group, convened by the National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, in
accordance with NIH peer
review policy and procedures, using the stated review
criteria. Review assignments will be shown in the eRA Commons.
As part of the scientific peer review, all applications:
Appeals of initial peer review will not be accepted for applications submitted in response to this FOA.
Applications will be assigned to the appropriate NIH Institute or Center. Applications will compete for available funds with all other recommended applications submitted in response to this FOA. Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of review by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NDDK) Advisory Council. The following will be considered in making funding decisions:
After the peer review of the application is completed, the PD(s)/PI(s) will be able to access his or her Summary Statement (written critique) via the eRA Commons.
Information regarding the disposition of applications is available in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
If the application is under consideration for funding, NIH
will request "just-in-time" information from the applicant as
described in the NIH
Grants Policy Statement.
A formal notification in the form of a Notice of Award (NoA) will be provided
to the applicant organization for successful applications. The NoA signed by
the grants management officer is the authorizing document and will be sent via
email to the grantee's business official.
Awardees must comply with any funding restrictions described in Section IV.5. Funding Restrictions. Selection
of an application for award is not an authorization to begin performance. Any
costs incurred before receipt of the NoA are at the recipient's risk. These
costs may be reimbursed only to the extent considered allowable pre-award costs.
Any application awarded in response to this FOA will be subject to the DUNS,
CCR Registration, and Transparency Act requirements as noted on the Award
Conditions and Information for NIH Grants website.
All NIH grant and cooperative agreement awards include the NIH Grants Policy Statement as part of the NoA. For these terms of award, see the NIH Grants Policy Statement Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart A: General and Part II: Terms and Conditions of NIH Grant Awards, Subpart B: Terms and Conditions for Specific Types of Grants, Grantees, and Activities. More information is provided at Award Conditions and Information for NIH Grants.
Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award
Not Applicable.
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A final progress report, invention statement, and the expenditure data portion of the Federal Financial Report are required for closeout of an award, as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
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text:
coap_pdu_setup - Man Page
Setting up CoAP PDUs
#include <coap3/coap.h>
coap_pdu_t *coap_new_pdu(coap_pdu_type_t type, coap_pdu_code_t code, coap_session_t *session);
coap_pdu_t *coap_pdu_init(coap_pdu_type_t type, coap_pdu_code_t code, coap_mid_t message_id, size_t max_size);
uint16_t coap_new_message_id(coap_session_t *session);
void coap_session_init_token(coap_session_t *session, size_t length, const uint8_t *token);
void coap_session_new_token(coap_session_t *session, size_t *length, uint8_t *token);
int coap_add_token(coap_pdu_t *pdu, size_t length, const uint8_t *data);
coap_optlist_t *coap_new_optlist(uint16_t number, size_t length, const uint8_t *data);
int coap_insert_optlist(coap_optlist_t **optlist_chain, coap_optlist_t *optlist);
void coap_delete_optlist(coap_optlist_t *optlist_chain);
unsigned int coap_encode_var_safe(uint8_t *buffer, size_t size, unsigned int value);
unsigned int coap_encode_var_safe8(uint8_t *buffer, size_t size, uint64_t value);
int coap_add_optlist_pdu(coap_pdu_t *pdu, coap_optlist_t **optlist_chain);
size_t coap_add_option(coap_pdu_t *pdu, uint16_t number, size_t length, const uint8_t *data);
int coap_add_data(coap_pdu_t *pdu, size_t length, const uint8_t *data);
void coap_add_data_blocked_response(const coap_pdu_t *request, coap_pdu_t *response, uint16_t media_type, int maxage, size_t length, const uint8_t *data);
coap_mid_t coap_send(coap_session_t *session, coap_pdu_t *pdu);
int coap_split_path(const uint8_t *path, size_t length, uint8_t *buffer, size_t *buflen);
int coap_split_query(const uint8_t *query, size_t length, uint8_t *buffer, size_t *buflen);
void coap_pdu_set_mid(coap_pdu_t *pdu, coap_mid_t mid);
void coap_pdu_set_code(coap_pdu_t *pdu, coap_pdu_code_t code);
void coap_pdu_set_type(coap_pdu_t *pdu, coap_pdu_type_t type);
For specific (D)TLS library support, link with -lcoap-3-notls, -lcoap-3-gnutls, -lcoap-3-openssl, -lcoap-3-mbedtls, -lcoap-3-wolfssl or -lcoap-3-tinydtls. Otherwise, link with -lcoap-3 to get the default (D)TLS library support.
The CoAP PDU is of the form
--header--|--optional token--|--optional options--|--optional payload--
The terminology used is taken mainly from "RFC7252 1.2. Terminology".
The PDU must be built in the correct order, from left to right. In particular, the options need to be added in the correct numerical option order as they are stored in the PDU using relative numeric offsets from the previous option number.
There are option list functions available where options can be added to a chained list of options and then the chain list is sorted and then be added to the PDU.
Typically for clients, when creating a request, the PDU needs to be created before filling it with the appropriate information.
Typically with a server, the response PDU, with the optional token already added in, will already be created before the response handler is called, and the response PDU will need to be updated as appropriate starting with the optional options. Note that updating the response pdu's code variable will cause the response pdu to get transmitted. If code does not get updated, and the PDU is of type CONFIRMABLE, then the response PDU is transmitted as an empty ACK packet. The response pdu is always freed off by the underlying library.
For handling situations where the data to be transmitted does not fit into a single packet, see coap_block(3).
Pdu Create and Header Functions
Function: coap_new_pdu()
The coap_new_pdu() function returns a newly created PDU of type coap_pdu_t.
The type is one of the following
COAP_MESSAGE_CON Set the _PDU_ to be of type confirmable. COAP_MESSAGE_NON Set the _PDU_ to be of type non-confirmable. COAP_MESSAGE_ACK Set the _PDU_ to be of type acknowledge (for internal use). COAP_MESSAGE_RST Set the _PDU_ to be of type reset.
The code is one of the following
and session is used to set up other default values.
Function: coap_pdu_init()
The coap_pdu_init() function does the same work as coap_new_pdu() but gives the additional ability to define the default values for message_id and max_size that coap_new_pdu() creates.
The message_id must be unique per request (which is not the same as the token), and must not be reused within EXCHANGE_LIFETIME (usually 247 seconds). To automate this, the function coap_new_message_id(session) should be called.
At the CoAP protocol level, requests and responses are matched by message_id which is why it needs to be unique. At the application level, for "separate" responses, the initial empty ACK response matches the message_id of the request (handled by libcoap) but the actual response has the same token as the request and this must be used for the match. For "piggybacked" responses the token must still be used as the valid match for request and response. and the message_id just happens to match (but unsafe in case the server is sending back a "separate" response).
The max_size parameter defines the maximum size of a PDU and is usually determined by calling coap_session_max_pdu_size(session);
Function: coap_new_message_id()
The coap_new_message_id() function returns the next message id to use for sending a new request message.
NOTE: For reliable messages RFC8323, this will always return 0.
Function: coap_pdu_set_mid()
The coap_pdu_set_mid() function is used to set the message id mid in the PDU pdu.
Function: coap_pdu_set_code()
The coap_pdu_set_code() function is used to set the code code in the PDU pdu.
Function: coap_pdu_set_type()
The coap_pdu_set_type() function is used to set the type of the PDU pdu.
NOTE: A PDU does not need to be created by the server application to send back a response. The libcoap server logic creates the initial PDU with COAP_EMPTY_CODE, appropriate message_id, matching token and potentially some other options before calling the appropriate request handler (See coap_register_request_handler(3)).
Pdu Token Functions
Function: coap_session_init_token()
The coap_session_init_token() function is used to initialize the starting token of length for the session.
NOTE: this only takes the first 8 bytes of the token if extended tokens are being used (RFC8974).
Function: coap_session_new_token()
The coap_session_new_token() function is used to obtain the next available token of length for the session. Note that the same token must be used for doing an observe cancellation that was used for doing the observe registration. Otherwise tokens should be unique for each request/response so that they can be correctly matched.
NOTE: Only a token of up to 8 bytes is returned.
Function: coap_add_token()
The coap_add_token() function adds in the specified token's data of length length to the PDU pdu. The maximum (but impractical due to PDU sizes) length of the token is 65804 bytes. If anything more than 8, the remote peer needs to support extended tokens for this to work. Adding the token must be done before any options or data are added. This function must only be called once per pdu, and must not be called in the appropriate request handler as the token has already been added into the skeletal response PDU.
If a token is not added, then the token in the PDU is zero length, but still a valid token which is used for matching. The exception is an empty ACK packet.
NOTE: The token provided by the client application may not be the same as used internally by libcoap - for example when doing data transmission where the body of data is spread over multiple payloads (see coap_block(3)). However, when the data transfers complete, the application will receive the corrected token in the response PDU.
Pdu Options Functions
The following is the current list of options with their numeric value
/* * The C, U, and N flags indicate the properties * Critical, Unsafe, and NoCacheKey, respectively. * If U is set, then N has no meaning as per * https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7252#section-5.10 * and is set to a -. * Separately, R is for the options that can be repeated * * The least significant byte of the option is set as followed * as per https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7252#section-5.4.6 * * 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * --+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ * | NoCacheKey| U | C | * --+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ * * https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8613#section-4 goes on to define E, I and U * properties Encrypted and Integrity Protected, Integrity Protected Only and * Unprotected respectively. Integrity Protected Only is not currently used. * * An Option is tagged with CUNREIU with any of the letters replaced with _ if * not set, or - for N if U is set (see above) for aiding understanding of the * Option. */ COAP_OPTION_IF_MATCH 1 /* C__RE__, opaque, 0-8 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_URI_HOST 3 /* CU-___U, String, 1-255 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_ETAG 4 /* ___RE__, opaque, 1-8 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_IF_NONE_MATCH 5 /* C___E__, empty, 0 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_OBSERVE 6 /* _U-_E_U, empty/uint, 0 B/0-3 B, RFC7641 */ COAP_OPTION_URI_PORT 7 /* CU-___U, uint, 0-2 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_LOCATION_PATH 8 /* ___RE__, String, 0-255 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_OSCORE 9 /* C_____U, *, 0-255 B, RFC8613 */ COAP_OPTION_URI_PATH 11 /* CU-RE__, String, 0-255 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_CONTENT_FORMAT 12 /* ____E__, uint, 0-2 B, RFC7252 */ /* COAP_OPTION_MAXAGE default 60 seconds if not set */ COAP_OPTION_MAXAGE 14 /* _U-_E_U, uint, 0-4 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_URI_QUERY 15 /* CU-RE__, String, 1-255 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_HOP_LIMIT 16 /* ______U, uint, 1 B, RFC8768 */ COAP_OPTION_ACCEPT 17 /* C___E__, uint, 0-2 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_Q_BLOCK1 19 /* CU__E_U, uint, 0-3 B, RFC8177 */ COAP_OPTION_LOCATION_QUERY 20 /* ___RE__, String, 0-255 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_BLOCK2 23 /* CU-_E_U, uint, 0-3 B, RFC7959 */ COAP_OPTION_BLOCK1 27 /* CU-_E_U, uint, 0-3 B, RFC7959 */ COAP_OPTION_SIZE2 28 /* __N_E_U, uint, 0-4 B, RFC7959 */ COAP_OPTION_Q_BLOCK2 31 /* CU_RE_U, uint, 0-3 B, RFC9177 */ COAP_OPTION_PROXY_URI 35 /* CU-___U, String, 1-1034 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_PROXY_SCHEME 39 /* CU-___U, String, 1-255 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_SIZE1 60 /* __N_E_U, uint, 0-4 B, RFC7252 */ COAP_OPTION_ECHO 252 /* _N__E_U, opaque, 0-40 B, RFC9175 */ COAP_OPTION_NORESPONSE 258 /* _U-_E_U, uint, 0-1 B, RFC7967 */ COAP_OPTION_RTAG 292 /* ___RE_U, opaque, 0-8 B, RFC9175 */
See Further Information as to how to get the latest list.
Function: coap_new_optlist()
The coap_new_optlist() function returns a newly created optlist entry of type coap_optlist_t*. The number specifies which CoAP option is to be used, and is one of the COAP_OPTION_* definitions. The length is the length of the data of the option, and data points to the content of the option.
NOTE: Where possible, the option data needs to be stripped of leading zeros (big endian) to reduce the amount of data needed in the PDU, as well as in some cases the maximum data size of an option can be exceeded if not stripped and hence be illegal. This is done by using coap_encode_var_safe() or coap_encode_var_safe8().
Function: coap_insert_optlist()
The coap_insert_optlist() function adds the optlist entry onto the end of the optlist_chain. The initial optlist_chain entry needs to be set to NULL before this function is first called. The coap_delete_optlist() function has to be called to free off all the optlist_chain entries.
Function: coap_delete_optlist()
The coap_delete_optlist() function deletes and frees off all the optlist entries in the optlist_chain.
Function: coap_add_optlist_pdu()
The coap_add_optlist_pdu() function sorts all of the entries in optlist_chain into ascending option numeric order and adds all the entries to the pdu. This function does not free off the entries in optlist_chain. This function must be called after adding any token and before adding in the payload data.
Function: coap_add_option()
The coap_add_option() function adds in the specified option of type number with data of length length to the PDU pdu. It is important that options are added to the pdu with number either being the same or greater than the previous option number that was added.
NOTE: Where possible, the option data needs to be stripped of leading zeros (big endian) to reduce the amount of data needed in the PDU, as well as in some cases the maximum data size of an option can be exceeded if not stripped and hence be illegal. This is done by using coap_encode_var_safe() or coap_encode_var_safe8().
Function: coap_encode_var_safe()
The coap_encode_var_safe() function encodes value into buffer which has a size of size in bytes. Normally, the buffer size should be at least the sizeof(int) bytes unless you definitely know less space is required.
Function: coap_encode_var_safe8()
The coap_encode_var_safe8() function encodes 8 byte value into buffer which has a size of size in bytes. Normally, the buffer size should be at least 8 bytes unless you definitely know less space is required.
Function: coap_split_path()
The coap_split_path() function splits up path of length length and places the result in buffer which has a size of buflen with the nul character separating each path component. buflen needs to be preset with the size of buffer before the function call, and then buflen is updated with the actual size of buffer used. The return value indicates the number of components that individual COAP_OPTION_URI_PATH options need to be created for.
Function: coap_split_query()
The coap_split_query() function splits up query of length length and places the result in buffer which has a size of buflen with the nul character separating each path component. buflen needs to be preset with the size of buffer before the function call, and then buflen is updated with the actual size of buffer used. The return value indicates the number of components that individual COAP_OPTION_URI_QUERY options need to be created for.
Pdu Options - Libcoap Handling
Most of the options are under the control of the applications, but the following are primarily used internally by libcoap.
COAP_OPTION_BLOCK1 and COAP_OPTION_BLOCK2
These Block options are used when a large body needs to be split up into multiple payloads. Following the introduction of coap_context_set_block_mode(3), libcoap can internally handle the setting of these options (see coap_block(3)). Applications can continue to include these options to set hint block size values.
It is recommended that coap_context_set_block_mode(context, COAP_BLOCK_USE_LIBCOAP|COAP_BLOCK_SINGLE_BODY) is used to reduce the programming requirements for block handling within the applications.
This option can be set by the server application to indicate that the state of the client's freshness is confirmed. The libcoap client logic will detect the use of the Echo option by the server and reflect back the Echo value in the next request without involving the client application. The opaque option Echo may be seen by the client application.
This option is normally set by the server libcoap logic when sending back multiple payloads so that the (libcoap logic) client can re-assemble the correct body.
When using proxy logic, the value of the Hop-Limit option is decremented by one for each proxy hop. If the count decrements to zero, then a 5.08 (Hop Limit Reached) error code is returned to the sender. The initial count is 16, unless the client application sets its own limit using the Hop-Limit option.
This option is set by the libcoap client logic when transmitting multiple bodies with multiple payloads so that the (libcoap logic) server can differentiate and re-assemble the correct body.
COAP_OPTION_SIZE1 and COAP_OPTION_SIZE2
These options are added by the libcoap logic to provide a size (Size1 by libcoap client logic, Size2 by libcoap server logic) indication to the recipient of the size of the large body that is to be transferred. See coap_block(3).
This option is used during OSCORE enabled communications. It should not be set by any application, but is used internally. See coap_oscore(3) for further information on how to set up OSCORE.
Pdu Payload Functions
Function: coap_add_data()
The coap_add_data() function adds in the specified payload data of length length to the PDU pdu. Adding the payload data must be done after any token or options are added. This function must only be called once per pdu.
Function: coap_add_data_blocked_response()
The coap_add_data_blocked_response() function adds in the appropriate part of the payload data of length length to the PDU pdu. It should be used as a direct replacement for coap_add_data() if it is possible that the data will not fit into a single pdu. It also adds in the appropriate CoAP options to handle Block-Wise transfer. This function is usually used for a server's GET / FETCH response. The request and response are the same parameters for the registered GET / FETCH resource handler. The media_type is for the format of the data and maxage defines the lifetime of the response. If set to -1, then the Max-Age option does not get included. This function must only be called once per pdu. It is the responsibility of the client to recognize that it has only received a part of the data and request the next block (with the appropriate Block options) from the server. Returning the next requested block is handled by this function.
NOTE: This function has been superseded by coap_add_data_large_response(). See coap_block(3).
Pdu Transmit Functions
Function: coap_send()
The coap_send() function is used to initiate the transmission of the pdu associated with the session. The caller must not access or delete pdu after calling coap_send() - even if there is a return error.
NOTE: For request handlers, returning from the request handler will cause the response PDU to be transmitted as appropriate and there is no need to call coap_send() to do this.
Return Values
coap_new_pdu() and coap_pdu_init() return a newly created PDU or NULL if there is a malloc or parameter failure.
coap_new_optlist() returns a newly created optlist or NULL if there is a malloc failure.
coap_add_token(), coap_insert_optlist(), coap_add_optlist_pdu() and coap_add_data() return 0 on failure, 1 on success.
coap_encode_var_safe() returns either the length of bytes encoded (which can be 0 when encoding 0) or 0 on failure.
coap_encode_var_safe8() returns either the length of bytes encoded (which can be 0 when encoding 0) or 0 on failure.
coap_add_option() returns the size of option added, or 0 on failure.
coap_send() returns the CoAP message ID on success or COAP_INVALID_MID on failure.
coap_split_path() and coap_split_query() return the number of components found.
coap_new_message_id() returns the next CoAP message ID to use.
Setup PDU and Transmit
#include <coap3/coap.h> static int build_send_pdu(coap_context_t *context, coap_session_t *session, uint8_t msgtype, uint8_t request_code, const char *uri, const char *query, unsigned char *data, size_t length, int observe) { coap_pdu_t *pdu; uint8_t buf[1024]; size_t buflen; uint8_t *sbuf = buf; int res; coap_optlist_t *optlist_chain = NULL; /* Remove (void) definition if variable is used */ (void)context; /* Create the pdu with the appropriate options */ pdu = coap_pdu_init(msgtype, request_code, coap_new_message_id(session), coap_session_max_pdu_size(session)); if (!pdu) return 0; /* * Create unique token for this request for handling unsolicited / * delayed responses */ coap_session_new_token(session, &buflen, buf); if (!coap_add_token(pdu, buflen, buf)) { coap_log_debug("cannot add token to request\n"); goto error; } if (uri) { /* Add in the URI options */ buflen = sizeof(buf); res = coap_split_path((const uint8_t *)uri, strlen(uri), sbuf, &buflen); while (res--) { if (!coap_insert_optlist(&optlist_chain, coap_new_optlist(COAP_OPTION_URI_PATH, coap_opt_length(sbuf), coap_opt_value(sbuf)))) goto error; sbuf += coap_opt_size(sbuf); } } if (query) { /* Add in the QUERY options */ buflen = sizeof(buf); res = coap_split_query((const uint8_t *)query, strlen(query), sbuf, &buflen); while (res--) { if (!coap_insert_optlist(&optlist_chain, coap_new_optlist(COAP_OPTION_URI_QUERY, coap_opt_length(sbuf), coap_opt_value(sbuf)))) goto error; sbuf += coap_opt_size(sbuf); } } if (request_code == COAP_REQUEST_GET && observe) { /* Indicate that we want to observe this resource */ if (!coap_insert_optlist(&optlist_chain, coap_new_optlist(COAP_OPTION_OBSERVE, coap_encode_var_safe(buf, sizeof(buf), COAP_OBSERVE_ESTABLISH), buf) )) goto error; } /* ... Other code / options etc. ... */ /* Add in all the options (after internal sorting) to the pdu */ if (!coap_add_optlist_pdu(pdu, &optlist_chain)) goto error; if (data && length) { /* Add in the specified data */ if (!coap_add_data(pdu, length, data)) goto error; } if (coap_send(session, pdu) == COAP_INVALID_MID) goto error; return 1; error: if (pdu) coap_delete_pdu(pdu); return 0; }
Resource Request Handler Response PDU Update
#include <coap3/coap.h> #include <stdio.h> static void hnd_get_time(coap_resource_t *resource, coap_session_t *session, const coap_pdu_t *request, const coap_string_t *query, coap_pdu_t *response) { unsigned char buf[40]; size_t len; time_t now; /* ... Additional analysis code for resource, request pdu etc. ... */ /* After analysis, generate a suitable response */ now = time(NULL); if (query != NULL && coap_string_equal(query, coap_make_str_const("secs"))) { /* Output secs since Jan 1 1970 */ len = snprintf((char *)buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", now); } else { /* Output human-readable time */ struct tm *tmp; tmp = gmtime(&now); if (!tmp) { /* If 'now' is not valid */ coap_pdu_set_code(response, COAP_RESPONSE_CODE_NOT_FOUND); return; } len = strftime((char *)buf, sizeof(buf), "%b %d %H:%M:%S", tmp); } coap_pdu_set_code(response, COAP_RESPONSE_CODE_CONTENT); /* * Invoke coap_add_data_large_response() to do all the hard work. * * Define the format - COAP_MEDIATYPE_TEXT_PLAIN - to add in * Define how long this response is valid for (secs) - 1 - to add in. * Etag Option added internally with unique value as param set to 0 * * Observe Option added internally if needed within the function * Block2 Option added internally if output too large * Size2 Option added internally */ coap_add_data_large_response(resource, session, request, response, query, COAP_MEDIATYPE_TEXT_PLAIN, 1, 0, len, buf, NULL, NULL); /* * Returning from the request handler will cause the response to be * sent off (assuming coap_pdu_set_code() has been called), unless * the response is confirmable and the code is COAP_EMPTY_CODE which * will cause an empty ACK packet to be returned). */ }
See Also
coap_block(3), coap_observe(3), coap_oscore(3), coap_pdu_access(3) and coap_resource(3)
Further Information
"RFC7252: The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)"
"RFC7959: Block-Wise Transfers in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)"
"RFC8613: Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE)"
"RFC8974: Extended Tokens and Stateless Clients in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)"
for further information.
See https://www.iana.org/assignments/core-parameters/core-parameters.xhtml#option-numbers for the current set of defined CoAP Options.
Please raise an issue on GitHub at https://github.com/obgm/libcoap/issues to report any bugs.
Please raise a Pull Request at https://github.com/obgm/libcoap/pulls for any fixes.
The libcoap project <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Referenced By
coap(7), coap_block(3), coap_cache(3), coap_deprecated(3), coap_handler(3), coap_observe(3), coap_pdu_access(3), coap_persist(3), coap_session(3), coap_string(3), coap_uri(3).
The man pages coap_add_data(3), coap_add_data_blocked_response(3), coap_add_option(3), coap_add_optlist_pdu(3), coap_add_token(3), coap_delete_optlist(3), coap_encode_var_safe(3), coap_encode_var_safe8(3), coap_insert_optlist(3), coap_new_message_id(3), coap_new_optlist(3), coap_new_pdu(3), coap_pdu_init(3), coap_pdu_set_code(3), coap_pdu_set_mid(3), coap_pdu_set_type(3), coap_send(3), coap_session_init_token(3), coap_session_new_token(3), coap_split_path(3) and coap_split_query(3) are aliases of coap_pdu_setup(3).


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While most of us have spent the week researching ways to circumvent NBC's Olympics time delay and worrying about earthquake weather in LA, Apple and Samsung have been duking it out in court over a $2.5B patent dispute with grave implications for technological innovation in this country. From my understanding (read: I'm a product guy, not a lawyer), Apple is attempting to enforce a patent on rounded rectangles, and hence, the design of the iPhone, which Samsung (and countless others) have since emulated. The design patents at the center of the case are not only hilariously audacious (sorry, Charlie, your device can't have rounded corners, those are mine), they're also a serious and immediate threat to innovation in this country. For reasons that will become apparent, I want to make it clear upfront that I think Apple's patent claims are baloney, but that's not what I want to talk about in this post.
What I want to talk about is the central thesis that Apple is trying to prove in the case: that Samsung intentionally copied the design of the iPhone. Based on documents released this week, the answer seems to be, more or less, "yes", but what's fascinating to me as a product designer, is that despite their best efforts to copy the the iPhone, the user experience of Samsung's devices remains vastly inferior.Two documents in particular reveal that by early 2010, Samsung's senior management had realized that the iPhone was eating their lunch, and the reason was that the device was simply more enjoyable to use than anything Samsung had managed to produce.The first document revolves around a meeting in February 2010, in which the head of Samsung's mobile division characterized the difference in user experience between the iPhone and Samsung smartphones as "the difference between heaven and earth". The memo portrays a company in which design decisions are dictated from the top down, and hierarchy is strictly enforced. The problem is, no one, no matter how awe-inspiring their executive title is, can ever dictate how a product should be designed and expect it to have a great user experience. The best products evolve out of an iterative process of observing problems, solving them, and repeating. This can only be done when decisions are made by designers and engineers, not managers and memos, because only the people in the trenches, who interact with real users with real problems, have the observational evidence necessary to design meaningful solutions.When design decisions come from the top down, user experience always suffers, because the designers and engineers end up working for the approval of their superiors, rather than the optimal experience for the end user.The second document, dated a month after the first, and presumably a direct response to the management mandate to bring Samsung's smartphone UX up to par with the iPhone, details 126 differences between the iPhone and the Galaxy S1, and gives recommendations for improvement. I'd bet dimes to dollars that the document was prepared by non-designers, because it's a surface level analysis that fails to grasp the underlying principles behind the differences. For example, on the iPhone, the interface for the keypad of the phone is visually similar to the interface for actions only available during a call, so the designers employ an animated transition between the two in order to communicate to the user that the interface has changed. The need for such an animation is brought about by the decision not to display the keypad and in-call actions at the same time, which is the decision that actually adds to the simplicity and clarity of the interface. The authors of the Samsung comparison note only the absence of the transition on their device, not the more important difference between the elegant minimalism of the iPhone interface, and the cluttered Samsung interface. The result? A recommendation to add an animation to the screen, without addressing the underlying problem.Imagine the scene when this report was delivered to the designers and engineers responsible for executing the recommendations: 130 plus pages of instructions to replicate superficial design elements from another product without understanding the decisions that led to their implementation. A report that keeps a straight face while making recommendations like: "Need to develop dynamic effects to bring out fun factor to user." It must have been a soul-crushing experience to have such mandates handed down from on high; a double-edged sword of having no choice but to implement a bunch of foolishness, and being pulled away from doing things that might actually be well informed (gasp) or even innovative (oh, the humanity!).With the context that's come out in these documents, it's no surprise that even given the example of the iPhone, and a management directive to replicate the user experience, Samsung still fell short on UX. I'd go so far as to say that even given a team of the most talented designers in the world, and an explicit order to create an exact replica of the iPhone, Samsung would still fail to reproduce the user experience of iPhone.
Why? Because executives removed from the craft of product design could pop their heads in at any time, and say "Oh, that pocket knife works really well as a pocket knife, but what would really be cool is if that pocket knife also worked as a spoon. Oh, and a fork. Also a compass. And also it should be more fun to use." They would fail because producing a product with a user experience as elegant and polished as the iPhone requires a level of discipline and integrity that most companies simply cannot muster.
Great user experiences are transparent. They enable users to work through them while focusing on what they want to do, how they want to do it, not how the designer of the device thought they should. When you use the phone or e-mail on the iPhone, you're not "using the phone app", or "using the mail app", you're simply making a call or checking your email. You don't have to think about the tool, only the task at hand. Such experiences require tremendous courage and discipline in order to pare down an experience to its bare minimum, to its essence. Such experiences require putting design decisions in the hands of designers, not managers.


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Keep having fun playing!!
Your Molehill Empire-Team
System requirements
Operating system: Windows XP incl. Service Pack 2 or Windows Vista
Browser: Internet Explorer 7, Firefox 2.0 oder newer, Opera 9.5 or newer, Safari 3.1 or newer
Operating system: Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger or 10.5 Leopard
Browser: Safari 3, Firefox 2+ or compatible browser
Firefox 2+ or compatible browser
Molehill Empire ... ... is a fun economy simulation, revolving entirely around the microcosm garden. As free browser game it runs entirely in your web browser, without any additional downloads or software! Given the task of an industrious garden gnome, you'll be able to create your very own private Garden of Eden. Lettuce, carrots, strawberries, spinach or onions - it's up to you which plants you want to grow. Visit the friendly towns of Green Valley and Hedgerow Ville to trade with other players, purchase new plants and decorations to spice up your own garden, deliver your customer's orders and always make sure to be a good neighbour ... or you might wake up one day to find your garden infested by an army of moles...
Hello and welcome to my little garden of Eden! May I introduce myself, my name is William Willowbough, and I am a well-respected and experienced garden gnome. You might say I have been born with a green thumb. But even as a garden gnome you have to roll with the times, which is why I have only recently got myself a brand-new PC. While browsing through the internet, I just happened to stumble upon this amazing economy-simulation called Kapi Regnum. Well, ever since then I've hardly had time to grow vegetables or visit the market. Besides, there's this wonderful female gnome that I met at a user meeting and well - obviously I have to spend some time with her as well. So you see, if I don't find some help pretty soon, my beautiful garden will surely be completely infested by moles - not to forget all those ghastly weeds and tree stumps! When I saw you pass by my garden-door just now, I immediately thought: Now there's a person I can entrust my little oasis to. What are you saying, you have never tended a garden before? Well, that's no problem at all. Take this shovel and the watering can and just come on along, I'll show you everything you need to know to create you very own garden empire!
Planting, trading, planning and decorating: Fill your garden with beautiful bushes and blooming flowers; this browser-game lets you be master of your very own little garden of Eden! Kind gnomes will help you with your chores, so gardening will soon seem like a piece of cake - and you won't even have to get your hands dirty. With 44 available vegetables, fruits and flowers from A for apple to Z for zucchini, you will quickly turn your garden into a veritable oasis.
Trade with other players at the online market-place, purchase seeds for your virtual garden and send your friends presents! From chocolate gnome to marzipan rose, fancy decoration for your garden and new plants, you will find everything in Green Valley, that a gardeners's heart may desire. Looking for a flashy car, pretty flowers or a more efficient fertilizer? Then stop by at the neighboring Hedgerow Ville!
Rid your garden of weeds, rocks and molehills, hire watering helpers and marvel at your plants' different growth-stages. And always make sure to be a good neighbour... or you might wake up one day to find your garden infested by an army of moles, sent to you by fiendish Al Gardone...
You can go it alone - but it's just as much fun to work together! So join a guild or create your very own gardeners' society. At the regulars' table, you won't just be able to find lots of new trading-partners, but also build a wonder of the world together! You can display your medals und cups later on in your trophy-case.
Show your display-garden to your friends! They are surely going to be amazed at how colorful and fun economy simulations can be. In order to make your garden even prettier, you can purchase decorations: A pond, a few pavillons, a sandbox or a slide? Decorate your garden to your own liking!
Master countless quests on your way from Salad Spinner to Molehill Emperor or even Super Emperor! Bustling gnomes, flavorful vegetables and millions of other player are expecting you in this free browser-game - join in and create your very own Molehill Empire!
Of course, Molehilll Empire, as all browser games from upjers, can be played directly in your browser, without any downloads or installations. All you need to do is: Register and have fun playing! For further information on Molehill Empire, just have a look around the game-forum. Enjoy your stay on Molehill Empire!


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Use it All
$39.99This practical handbook is an invitation to reduce food waste while eating generously. It's a book for people juggling real life and trying to make better choices in their kitchens.
For years Alex Elliott-Howery and Jaimee Edwards, from boundary-breaking food community Cornersmith, experimented in their home kitchens to figure out how to feed their families efficiently, affordably and sustainably. The result is this invaluable guide to modern food wisdom.
Structured around weekly seasonal shopping baskets, it includes:
– More than 230 recipes with alternative flavour combinations so you can adapt a recipe to what you have on hand (and never get bored!)
– Clever ideas to make the most of the whole ingredient so that a little goes a long way
– Waste hacks for turning tired produce or offcuts into something special.
Use It All offers a simple, delicious way to cook and eat by buying less, wasting less and making more with what you've got.


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Hey guys, this is going to be the guide where you can get how to download LENSA for PC and I'm going to let you know about the thing is pretty simple ways. You need to go through the guide I'm sharing down here and within a few minutes, you'll be done with everything. Then you can start using this LENSA Android App at your computer.
The guide I'm sharing down here is going to work on any Windows and Mac computer and you don't need to worry about anything since it will be a complete step by step process. You simply need to go through whatever I'll be sharing with you and that's all will be done from my end.
I'll be sharing the features of LENSA PC first so that you can come to know exactly what it's all about and how it's going to benefit you in using it on your computer. You're aware of the fact that LENSA App isn't available officially for the PC platform but still, there is a way to do the same. If you find any trouble then just write it down in the comment section and I'll bring out the solution as soon as I can.
About LENSA App
Method 1: Procedure to Download LENSA for PC using Bluestacks Emulator
LENSA is an Android app and so you will require a nice Android emulator for using it on PC. Bluestacks is the most popular emulator which people use nowadays on their PC. Now, follow the below steps to download the LENSA PC version.
- First of all, you have to go to the website of Bluestacks and later tap on the button "Download Bluestacks 5 Latest Version".
- Now go to the download folder and double click on the setup file to start the installation.
- Then the installation process begins in some seconds.
- You will have to give some clicks until you get the "Next" option.
- The next step is to hit the "Install" button and the procedure will start in some seconds.
- Further, tap on the "Finish" button.
- The next step is to open Bluestacks and go in the search column and write "LENSA ".
- Further, you have to click on the option "Install" which appears in the right-hand corner.
- The next step is to click on the icon of the app and start using the LENSA app.
Method 2: How to install LENSA Apk PC With Bluestacks Emulator
- Once the file is downloaded, then you need to begin installing the process. Start going through the on-screen instructions and within a few minutes, the software will be ready to use.
- Also Download LENSA Apk from the download button above.
- Once Bluestacks is ready for use, start it and then go to the Home option which is available within its UI.
- Now You can see the personalized option just beside the option you will see 3 dots (see screenshot).
- Click on the install Apk option as shown in the image.
- Click on it and locate the LENSA Apk file which you have downloaded on your PC.
- It will take a few seconds to get installed.
Method 3: LENSA Download for PC using MEmuplay Emulator
- First download MEmuplay from its official website.
- Once it is downloaded then double click on the file to start the installation process.
- Now follow the installation process by clicking "Next"
- Once the installation process is finished open MEmuplay and go in the Search column and type "LENSA ".
- Further click on the "Install" button which appears on the screen of the MEmuplay emulator, once the installation process has been done you can now use LENSA on PC.
This is how you can download LENSA app for PC. If you want to download this app with some other Android emulator, you can also choose Andy, Nox Player and many others, just like Bluestacks all android emulator works same.


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Condiciones de Uso
A version of those terms of use is available in French.
Last Update on
30th of May 2016
The NAKARMAZ® services available at the address www.nakarmaz.com, are edited by NAKARMAZ® (registered trademark) and hosted by the 1&1 Internet AG company, Baeurstr.48, 76153 Karlsruhe, in GERMANY.
NAKARMAZ® is :
- an on-line publishing platform of literary, graphical and musical works;
- a distribution platform on-line under licences known as "Traditional" and under NC* "Creative Commons" licence;
- a distance selling platform of literary, graphical and musical works;
- a distance selling platform for by-products (goodies, T-shirts...);
- A representation and commercial distribution platform for professional partners in the fields of communication, design, printing and 3D (three dimensional) works;
NAKARMAZ® presents itself under an original platform under "traditional" licence and "Creative Commons" licence (CC hereafter), is not to provide where AUTHORS, who are selected by NAKARMAZ®, adherents to these TERMS, can exercice their copyright while authorizing certain uses of their WORK, so their creations are shared while being reserved for certain defined rights to choose.
A right issued by the NC type of Creative Commons licence can be used on works to be shared :
- NC : Means authorizing the on-line sharing while forbidding any commercial use, and any financial exploitation of the WORK. This licence, as a result, allows the secure and legal distribution of a work on the website www.nakarmaz.com, while aiming for ulterior process to become a "traditional" licence if the arrangement conditions are reached and agreed by both parties.
Please read carefully the present TERMS OF USE : by using NAKARMAZ® and by becoming member of NAKARMAZ®, you commit yourself to respect them. NAKARMAZ® can modify at any time those terms. Any modification will be updated and signaled in a visible way at the beginning of this page.
Article 1. definitions
- WORK : means strip, story-board, drawing boards, pages, graphisms, scenario, illustrated texts, photographs
collages, montages, plastic art representation or in 3D, titles, lyrics and musical arragements, and every support created by the AUTHOR whether he decides to share, with the consent of NAKARMAZ®, on the present website under the NC Creative Commons licence type determining the terms of use for the WORK. - AUTHOR : means the owner or agent of the copyright and/or neighbouring rights on the WORKS.
- MEMBER : means the AUTHOR and more generally, a or all the USERS, whose inscription to the Services offered has been validated and confirmed by NAKARMAZ®.
- TERMS OF USE : means the present conditions accepted by the AUTHOR and the MEMBER while registering, including any future modification.
- ILLEGAL CONTENT : content of any kind (text, voice, image, graphic, emblem, flag, photograph...) which is likely to affect any rights of a third party
(including individuals, legal persons, groups or community…) under the applicable law. Content will be also considered Illegal Content if it infringes on human rights and human dignity, rights of literary property, and any material that could constitute libel, a crime of incitement to racial hatred, an apologia for war crimes, crimes against persons, property, and the nation, defined and punished by the provisions of Books II, III and IV of the Penal Code and Articles L.335-1 and following, L.521-9 et seq, L.615-12 et seq, L.716-9 and following of the ICC. - NAKARMAZ® : means a set of Services offered free of charges to MEMBERS and available on the website www.nakarmaz.com.
- FREE DISTRIBUTION LICENCE : means the Creative Commons licence, described on the site:
http://creativecommons.org and approved by Creative Commons, and recalled in the preamble. - USER : means any person using NAKARMAZ® Services.
- MY PROFILE : means the member's personal web page containing extensive information concerning the MEMBER which can be completed progressively.
- SERVICES : means all the Services available to NAKARMAZ® USERS.
Article 2. Registration
2.1 Terms
A person who wants to access and use the services NAKARMAZ® offers, can register and being identified as MEMBER.
By ticking the box <Terms Of Use>, you recognize being informed of the content of these TERMS and commit yourself to abide with them.
In order to be properly registered to NAKARMAZ®, you have to fill in all fields requested in the registration form. This registration gives you access to your profile and all the NAKARMAZ® Services.
2.2 Use of the identifier and the password
This ID and password are srictly private and must not under any circumstance be shared or disclosed to third parties. This ID and password allow you to access the services offered by NAKARMAZ® as well as your personal profile. The identification elements are the responsibility of each MEMBER who will use them in accordance with these TERMS OF USE . Each member warrants NAKARMAZ® against any wrongful use and/or source of harm to their items of identification, whatever fraudulent or not, from his part or the one of others. NAKARMAZ® states it has not the obligation nor the technical skills to check the people's identity registering for its services . NAKARMAZ® should not be held as responsible in case of impersonation of identification elements and/or one of its member's identity. Moreover, the MEMBER commits himself no to create or use other accounts rather than the one initially created and assigned whether for his own identity or a third party . If a MEMBER becomes aware or suspects a fraudulent use, he shall promptly notify NAKARMAZ® by email to : Esta dirección de correo electrónico está siendo protegida contra los robots de spam. Necesita tener JavaScript habilitado para poder verlo..
Article 3. Use of the services
NAKARMAZ® provides access to several Services, while some can be reserved to MEMBERS only :
- On-line reading of WORKS ;
- Consultation of NAKARMAZ® MEMBERS profiles ;
- meeting with other NAKARMAZ® MEMBERS ;
- discussions on the forums ;
- ability to give your opinion about the WORKS ;
- possibility to become a partner thanks to our affiliation program, to obtain purchase vouchers to be used on the website, etc.
3.1 Technical information
The works are available on-line under three distinct formats :
- A format dedicated to PC/mac/laptops [wide screens] under the form of a "parallel-plane" book using double-spread page, readable using the Flash Player software distributed by Adobe Incorporated and which can be downloaded for free at the adress http://www.adobe.com/fr/products/flashplayer.
- A format dedicated to tablets/e-readers [medium screens] under the form of a "page per page" readable book which does not necessarily require the Flash Player software, giving this format the interoperability on all devices of this kind, existing already as well as the ones to come in the future.
- A format dedicated to old generation cellphones (WAp, i-mode) and new generation ones (smartphones) [small screens] under the form of a "panel per panel" readable book which also does not necessarily require the Flash Player software, giving this format the interoperability on all devices of this kind, existing already as well as the ones to come in the future.
NAKARMAZ® cannot guarantee that the website will still operate continuously and without error, or that the access to the Services will be guaranteed, more particularly in the following cases :
- misuse of the website due to inappropriate equipment ;
- failures caused by your ISP ;
- Internet jamming.
NAKARMAZ® may temporarily suspend the operation of the Services in order to improve them or to realize maintenance operations. If the situation allows, then NAKARMAZ® will do its best in order to inform you.
3.2 User's obligations
NAKARMAZ® is a distribution service of literary works, which offers you various Services including discussion forums. In order to use the NAKARMAZ® services, you have to accept the terms of use.
You cannot NAKARMAZ® services if you don't accept the Terms of use. You accept the Terms of use : Either when you register by ticking the < Terms Of Use >, you recognize being informed of the content of these TERMS and commit yourself to abide with them; or by using the NAKARMAZ® services.
3.2.1 Use of the Works
Each WORK is available for the USERS under a "traditional" licence or NC Creative Commons type.
You commit yourself to abide with the the terms of these licences and more generally not to infringe to the intellectual property rights of the Authors. If a WORK seems to be an imitation or an obvious forgery of another work, being disposed by NAKARMAZ® or not, you engage yourself to warn NAKARMAZ® by mail to Esta dirección de correo electrónico está siendo protegida contra los robots de spam. Necesita tener JavaScript habilitado para poder verlo..
3.2.2 Use of discussion forums
Generally speaking, you engage yourself to post moderate remarks and to behave in a loyal manner towards NAKARMAZ®, its partners, and all MEMBERS. You also engage yourself to respect the intellectual property rights of the WORKS and the content on the NAKARMAZ® website that you have access during the use of the Services. You accept that text, information, data, hypertext link, music, sound, photography, draw, video, message, tag or any other material transmitted in your Profile and/or during your exchanges on the forums or messaging are sent to other Members under your own responsibility.
On the forums and internal messaging Services of NAKARMAZ®, all subjects can be freely opened and discussed but the all exchanges are moderated. You engage yourself to have a moderate and respectful and more particularly :
- not to post, say, mime, give or distribute in any form whatsoever, information that may affect, directly or indirectly, to any third party (physical person, legal person or group of persons) ;
- not to issue, circulate or forward any speech, words and/or any content which is libellous, abusive, obscene, indecent, offensive, violent or inciting any form of violence (physical, verbal or mental), political, racist, sexist, homophobic or xenophobic and generally contrary to the laws ;
- not to disseminate information and/or content of any kind concerning a personal Member or any third party without his/her express consent ;
- not to post, transmit or relay any content either partially or fully, alone or in combination integrated with other content, in violation of intellectual property rights of their respective authors and/or legal beneficiaries and personality rights of any third party ;
- not to post, transmit or relay information or content, nor the use of technologies that reduce, disrupt, reduce and/or prevent the normal flow of Services such as software, virus, repeated messages sending, etc.
3.3 Links and content
The content available to you may include hypertext links to other websites than the website NAKARMAZ® or to other Internet sources. NAKARMAZ® can not control all of these websites and therefore can not be held responsible as to the nature and/or use of the contents of these websites. If you wish to use the contents of these websites, you should be aware of their terms of use.
Article 4. Intellectual Property
NAKARMAZ®, with the exception of items relating to intellectual property of the WORKS, is the sole owner of the intellectual property rights relating to trademarks, patents, software, logos, graphics, animations and photographs contained on the website. They may not be reproduced without the express permission of NAKARMAZ® and/or its partners.
NAKARMAZ® grants you a license to use, strictly limited to accessing, downloading, printing, and reproduction on all media, and for your own private and personal use, within and during the term of your registration for the Services.
Article 5. Responsibility
In case of breach of any obligations hereunder, NAKARMAZ® may close your account without warning and block access to your profile. NAKARMAZ® may also initiate legal action against you. In case of a claim, suit or proceeding because of the actions of MEMBERS offending directly or indirectly to these Terms Of Use, NAKARMAZ® may turn against the MEMBER who is at the origin. You are informed and are agreeing that the information and content that you post will be available to other MEMBERS who may use under these Terms Of Use.
If you feel that the information and/or content have been disseminated in a manner inconsistent with the Terms and Conditions, you cannot blame NAKARMAZ® not to have committed prosecution against the MEMBER and/or any person who would be at the origin of it.
Article 6. Provisions related to AUTHORS
By adhering to these Terms, and through acceptance by NAKARMAZ® and the AUTHOR for a temporary use of the work licensed under a Creative Commons NC type, AUTHOR declares to freely share his/her WORK on the website and agrees to accept the following publication terms of his/her WORK:
6.1 Adding or removing boards
The AUTHOR has the ability to add or remove boards or any other part of his/her WORK when it sees fit insofar as it aims to improve the publication of his/her WORK, and by previously warning NAKARMAZ® of the reasons for the changes.
6.2 Comments and notation of the WORK by USERS
The AUTHOR is aware and agrees that by revealing his/her WORK, and putting it on the website www.nakarmaz.com, he/she is, because of the notoriety that is aimed for, inviting the USERS to give their opinion about the WORK, to leave a comment and possibly a rating. This note (global note, scenario note, drawing note, colour note, etc.) is freely given by the USERS forming in their community the role of a Reading Committee fully independent, and responsible.
Thus, in no case shall the responsibility of NAKARMAZ® be sought by the AUTHOR or by anyone in case of dispute on the comments of USERS and their free notation. However, the AUTHOR remains free to report any abuse that NAKARMAZ® so that NAKARMAZ® makes every effort within the means at its disposal to stop the disorder if it is proved. The trouble will be deemed to exist if it falls to be Illegal content listed herein.
6.3 Transition to a "payable" licence type
The AUTHOR is aware that NAKARMAZ® is having meetings to decide on the transition of publishing WORKS from a Creative Commons NC type licence to a "payable" licence for digital publishing.
Also, the AUTHOR is informed that he has the possibility of contracting with preferential treatment with NAKARMAZ® as the distributor, for the publication of his/her digital WORK.
The contract to be signed then will comply with the provisions of Articles L.132-1 and following of ICC and will provide in exchange of royalties a copyright use for the entire world and for the duration of the literary and artistic property of the AUTHOR.
Article 7. Various
These terms of use are governed by French law. French courts alone shall have jurisdiction to hear the interpretation and enforcement of these terms.


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Welcome to Uniform Destination
Uniform Destination is your local source for scrubs and medical uniforms. We offer a large selection of brand name scrubs including: Sanibel Scrubs, Gem Scrubs, Cherokee, Barco, Heartsoul, Healing Hands, Urbane, Peaches, Landau, Wink, Koi, and many more.
When you shop at Uniform Destination, you are guaranteed low prices without sacrificing quality or range of style. We carry a wide variety of products catered to meet the needs of medical professionals including shoes, stethoscopes and surgical caps.
With over 50 locations nationwide, we are your Uniform Destination!