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Playing-card Museums
Last modified : 16 Dec 2014
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The entries are grouped in countries as follows:
- Austria
- Belgium
- Cuba
- France
- Germany
- Hungary
- Japan
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
Albertina graphische Sammlung(Austrian state collection of graphic arts)
Augustinerstr. 1
A-1010 Vienna
This collection contains many sheets from the 16th century and a rich variety of cards of the 17th-20th centuries. It is documented in the exhibition catalogue Koreny, Fritz "Spielkarten, ihre Kunst und Geschichte in Mitteleuropa", Wien 1974 (see Playing-card bibliography). No cards on display, visits are by appointment only. No reading room available yet.
Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien(Museum of the history of Vienna)
A-1040 Vienna
A collection of 19th century playing-cards from Viennese makers. No cards on display, visits by appointment only.
MAK - Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst(Austrian museum for applied arts)
Stubenring 5
A-1010 Vienna
A small but fine collection of 19th century playing-cards from Austrian makers. This collection is documented in the exhibition catalogue: Dornik-Eger, Hanna "Spielkarten und Kartenspiele", Wien 1973, (see bibliography section).
Stadtmuseum Linz(Townmuseum)
Bethlehemstr. 7
The collection of Mr. Pachinger who collected local cards (from Upper Austria) during the second half of the 19th century. This collection is documented in: Kroppenstedt, Erika und Detlef Hoffmann: "Inventar-Katalog der Spielkarten-Sammlung des Stadtmuseums Linz", Bielefeld 1969 (see bibliography section).
Nationaal Museum van de SpeelkaartDruivenstraat 18
B-2300 Turnhout
Tel: +32-(0)14-41 56 21
Curator: Filip Cremers
The museum was inaugurated in 1969, just before the amalgamation of the surviving factories of Brepols, Van Genechten et al. as Carta Mundi (1970). The collection includes mush archive material from these makers, including examples of their old machinery, which are now on permanent display along with a small historical exhibition on the ground floor of premises which formerly belonged to the card-maker Mesmaekers. The remaining area provides ample space for mounting temporary exhibitions, two or three times a year, on various occasional themes. The collection has continued to grow, and though still dominated by Turnhout and other Belgian products, has interesting material from other countries and is currently being doucmented on a computerised database. The museum is open on Sundays and several afternoon (more often in summer months) and there is a museum shop. In conjunction with the society "Turnhout Wereldcentrum van de Speelkaart" the museum publishes a quarterly magazine (mainly written in Dutch, with some articles in French) "Kontaktblad van het Nationaal Museum van de Speelkaart".
Museo de Naipes Marqués de Prado Ameno Muralla No 101 Habana ViejaEn la muestra sobresale documentos de la fabricación de naipes que datan de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, así como un valioso ejemplar de naipes cubanos de principios de siglo XX, fabricado en Alemania, con dibujos standar de estilo español, que en su reverso anuncia a la cervecería La Tropical.
Bibliothèque Nationale de FranceDépartement des Estampes et de la Photographie
58 rue de Richelieu
F-75084 Paris Cedex 02
One of the world's finest collections. About 4,000 items (packs, sheets, single cards, wrappers, woodblocks, etc.) and many books. The "old stock" goes back to Roger de Gaignières who bequeathed his collection of tarot cards (among which the celebrated so-called Charles VI Tarot) in 1711 to the then Royal Library. Additions were made during the 19th century, but major accessions came with three donations in the 20th century from Georges Marteau (1916), Henry-René D'Allemagne (1950), and Paul Marteau (1966) (the Marteaus had owned the firm of B.-P. Grimaud). The collection is international in scope but French in emphasis. The choicest material is housed in the Réserve room which can be visited on Tuesday and Thursday mornings. Poorly documented.
Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer16 rue Auguste-Gervais
F-92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux
Tel: +33 (0)1 4642 3376
Fax: +33 (0)1 4645 3136
Curator: Agnès Barbier
Web: www.issy.com/musee/
This collection has as its foundation the donation in 1930 of the collector Louis Chardonneret and has much interesting material. From 1986 the collection has grown, particularly by acquiring the collection of mainly modern cards formed by the late Robert Thissen and some rare early cards. A new building now houses the museum, which stages both permanent and temporary exhibitions, as well as talks and demonstrations. The museum is open to the public from 10h to 19h on Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays.
Musée National des Arts et Traditions PopulairesIconothèque
6 avenue du Mahatma-Gandhi
F-75116 Paris
Curator: Frédéric Maguet
The Musée des Arts et Traditions Populaires (National Museum of Folk Arts), open since 1972, has an interesting collection of playing cards mainly focused on French cards. It is housed in the Iconothèque (Picture Department). A computer catalogue is in progress. The MNATP is in the course of moving to Marseilles.
Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen3 rue Jacques-Villon
F-76000 Rouen
Tel: +33 (0)2 3571 2882
The Rouen City Library houses the Leber Collection, a large collection of books, prints, broadsheets, and playing cards, which were acquired in 1838. The playing cards are kept in three portfolios ("cartons"), with separate additions, and they can be consulted in the reading room (call number: Leber 1351 (portfolios), Leber 1352, Leber 1353). Admission to the library is free (Tuesdays to Saturdays, with closing time from 12 to 14), but an identification is needed. There is an old printed catalogue (published by Leber himself) and an updated short list by Thierry Depaulis.
Musée du Vieux-MarseilleMaison Diamantée
2 rue de la Prison
F-13002 Marseille
Tel: +33 (0)4 9155 1019
Lodged in a Renaissance palace (Maison Diamantée) in the old Marseilles, the museum is devoted to local arts and crafts. When the firm of Camoin ceased activities in 1970 they presented their old stocks, blocks, plates, tools, and an impressive display furniture to the museum. Most of the cards and printing blocks are exhibited in the Camoin room upstairs. At present (2004) the museum is closed for renovation and will re-open in the near future.
Deutsches Spielkarten Museum(location)
Schonbuchstrasse 32
D-70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen (postal address)
Postfach 10 03 51
D-70747 Leinfelden-Echterdingen
Tel: +49-(0)711-7560 120
Fax: +49-(0)711-7560 121
Curator: Dr. Annette Köger
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.spielkartenmuseum.de
This museum was originally that of the A.S.S. playing-card company, formed after World War II from the remnants of the pre-war Altenburger und Stralsunder Spielkartenfabriken (V.A.S.S.) company (see entry for Stadtverwaltung, Altenburg below). The company relocated in Leinfelden, near Stuttgart, and began again to form a museum collection in 1950 by acquiring the collection of 15th and 16th century cards formed by Martin von Hase over a period of almost 30 years. in 1972 the A.S.S. museum purchased the collection of the Bielefeld Spielkartenfabrik. This assemblage had a distinguished history of its own: it was founded in 1950 and augmented by the acquisition of the collection belonging to the art historian Werner Jakstein. Other private collections came to the Bielefelder museum in later years—for example, in 1956, the collection of Indian cards formed by Rudolf von Leyden—until it could count in 1965 approximately 3,500 packs, many blocks and plates, and a playing-card reference library numbering 970 volumes. The purchase of the Bielefelder collection by A.S.S. was followed in 1974 by the official inauguration of the Deutsches Spielkarten Museum in Leinfelden; the museum is now a branch of the Wurttemburgisches Landesmuseum (in Stuttgart). The collection is an important resource for the study of playing-cards of all periods and places, particularly 16th century cards and sheets, 17th century French-suited cards made in Germany, cards of East Asia and India, and 20th century German standard cards. The DSM has staged a series of exhibitions, roughly one per year, usually on a particular aspect of the collection, taking the opportunity to publish a catalogue of that part (see bibliography section). A recent acquisition has been the collection of the distinguished collector and historian Erwin Kohlmann. A catalogue of the complete collection is under preparation.
Stadtverwaltung, Altenburg, Schloss- und Spielkarten-museum AltenburgSchloss 2/4
D-04600 Altenburg
Tel: +49-(0)3447-31 51 93 / 31 40 80
Fax: +49-(0)3447-50 28 39
The Vereinigte Altenburger und Stralsunder Spielkartenfabriken (V.A.S.S.) firm of playing-card makers established a playing-card museum in 1923 in Altenburg, Thuringia; however, its extensive holdings—including over six thousand packs and hundreds of blocks and plates—were seized by the Russians in 1946 and shipped to Russia. The fate of the collection is still unknown. The factory survived as the VEB Altenburger Spielkartenfabrik, Altenburg; it is now known as Altenburger Spielkarten, and is owned by F.X. Schmidt of Munich. The post-war collection which has been housed in the castle since its inception in 1950 is the property of the town. The collection material is predominantly German, and includes many fine examples of the Saxon pattern. The material on permanent display has suffered from too much exposure to strong sunlight and many items have faded badly; a new permanent exhibition has been mounted in 1995.
Szorakatenusz JatekmuzeumH-6000 Kecskemet
Gaspar A.U.11
Curator: Dr. Jozsef Kriston Vizi
This is the major toy museum in Hungary, but has some playing-cards. It recently staged an exhibition of Hungarian playing-cards which toured all over Hungary.
Miike Playing-Card Memorial Museum2-2-3 Takarazakamachi
Omuta, Fukuoka
Tel: +81 (0)944 53 8780
Fax: +81 (0)944 43 1167
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
This public museum opened in 1991. It is located in Omuta city, where the first Japanese playing cards (Portuguese style) were produced in the end of the 16th century. The collection contains about 10,000 packs; circa 6,000 foreign ones (including Tarot, Ganjifa, Chinese cards, etc.) and circa 4,000 Japanese (of various kinds: Tensho, Unsun, Iroha, Hanafuda, etc.). As a matter of course, the collection of Japanese cards is definitely outstanding. It includes very old & valuable cards, some of which were illustrated by famous artists (Hokusai, Hiroshige, etc.). And in addition, several old cardmaking tools are also exhibited. Part of the collection can be seen in the catalogue "KARUTA NO SEKAI" ("The World of Playing Cards"). Open 9:30 - 17:00. Closed Monday (or Tuesday instead if Monday is a holiday), the last Thursday of the month (Friday instead if Thursday is a holiday) and 29th December - 3rd January.
Musée du jeu de cartes Jean Dieudonné / Spielkartenmuseum Jean DieudonnéMaacher Kulturhuef
54 route de Trèves
L - 6793 Grevenmacher
(postal address)
L - 6701 Grevenmacher
Tel: +35 26 74 641
Fax: +35 26 74 5271
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.kulturhuef.lu
Curators: Jean Welter, Monika Jakob
The museum is dedicated to the memory of the Dieudonnés who were cardmakers in Grevenmacher during the 18th and 19th centuries. Jean Dieudonné, who came from Metz, settled there in 1752. (Members of the family later emigrated to France where they set up cardmaking firms in Orléans and in Angers until 1952.) The museum holds many sheets and printing plates together with a great number of tools. This has allowed the city of Grevenmacher to display a reconstructed workshop as it was in the early 19th century, with its presses, stencils, plates and other tools used to make playing cards.
Amsterdams Historisch MuseumNieuwezijds Voorburgwal 359
NL-1012 RM Amsterdam
This has a small but interesting collection and no permanent display of playing-cards.
BelastingmuseumParklaan 14
NL-3016 BB Rotterdam
This has interesting collection of cards mainly in the realm of taxation. The collection was catalogued in the publication "De Speelkaarten collectie van het Belastingmuseum" (see bibliography section) when a temporary exhibtion was held. No permanent display.
Museo "Fournier" de Naipes de AlavaPalacio de Bendaña
calle Cuchillería 54
E-01001 Vitoria-Gasteiz
Tel: +34-45-181920 / 203700 / 203707
Fax: +34-45-181921
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.alava.net
Curator: Itziar Ruiz de Erentxun
The collection of playing-cards, xylographic and lithographic plates, contemporary tools, wrappers plus a specialised library which form the Fournier collection was amassed by don Felix Alfaro Fournier, the grandson of the firm's founder, beginning with two decks found in his grandfather's writing desk after his death in 1916. It was greatly enhanced by the purchase of the De La Rue collection when it came up for auction at Sotheby's in London in 1970. It has also been enlarged by public donation, both by private individuals and by other playing-card manufacturers. In 1984 the Fournier collection was sold to the Provincial Council of Alava, and in 1994 was relocated in the specially renovated and more spacious quarters in the Palacio de Bendaña, a Renaissance palace of the sixteenth century. It contains about 20,000 packs of cards, among other items.
Museo de la Baraja (museo del tarot)Calle Hermosilla 95 Local sotano LA ORDEN DE AYALA.
(Metro: Goya)
E-28006 Madrid
Tel: +34-91431559, 915776145, 915359147
Web: www.museodelabaraja.com
President: Victoria Braojos Nieves
Their main motive is to promote collecting and art on the cards,
El Museo de la Baraja nace siendo uno de los únicos museos en España que unen la historia de los naipes y los diferentes tarots mundiales desde el siglo XVIII hasta la actualidad.
Este espacio, dedicado al mundo de las barajas, además de pretender ser una referencia para los amantes y curiosos de los naipes, es también un lugar donde los coleccionistas pueden adquirir verdaderas joyas, algunas ya descatalogadas.
Este Museo ubicado en el centro neurálgico de Madrid, nace de la ilusión de Victoria Braojos Nieves y Francisco Javier Gómez Marín por acercar el mundo de las barajas a los ciudadanos que deseen visitar tanto nuestra exposición permanente como las temáticas que se irán sucediendo a lo largo del año.
El Museo de la Baraja es un espacio multidisciplinar que abarca desde la historia del naipe pasando por el coleccionismo, intercambio, peritaje, venta y compra hasta exposiciones temporales de barajas, naipes y tarots.
Historisches Museum BaselSteinenberg 4
CH-4051 Basel
Museum with a department interested in history of Swiss cards, and owns a collection.
Historisches Museum BlumensteinBlumensteinweg 12
CH-4500 Solothurn
Study of Solothurn cards in progress; museum also concerned with Swiss cards generally.
Museum "zu Allerheiligen" SchaffhausenBaumgartenstrasse 6
CH - 8200 Schaffhausen
Tel: 052 633 07 77
Fax: 052 633 07 88
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.allerheiligen.ch/
The Museum "zu Allerheiligen" (of All Saints) owns some 8,000 different packs and fragments, from around 1500 until now. There is a specialised library with over 300 titles. The local production, particularly that of Schaffhausen from 1760 on, is particularly well represented. One of the museum's highlights is the Kümpel collection which was acquired in 1999 and contains playing cards mainly from the 18th and early 19th centuries. The playing cards are not on permanent view, but there are special exhibitions from time to time. However, they can be seen on appointment.
United Kingdom
The Bodleian LibraryBroad Street
Some of the collections which make up this "collection of collections" are:
- The Library of the Antiquary Francis Douce
- Among the c. 17,000 pieces which are mainly printed books is a small collection of playing-cards which ranges extensively and includes Indian cards painted on ivory, Chinese cards, and cards from most Western European countries including some very early fine examples of engraved and woodcut German cards. The catalogue of this collection was published in 1840. In addition the Bodleian Library commemorated the bequest with an exhibition: see "The Douce Legacy: an exhibition to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the bequest of Francis Douce (1757-1834)", Oxford 1984.
- The John Johnson Collection
- This consists of 20,000 books and one of the largest collections of ephemera in existance. Johnson was Printer to the University of Oxford, 1925-1946. The collection was transferred to the Bodleian in 1968. Playing-cards are to be found in the section on games and pastimes. See "The John Johnson collection: catalogue of an exhibition", Oxford, Bodleian Library 1971.
- The Collection of Frederic Jessel
- This was bequeathed in 1934 and consists of c. 3,500 items rich in works relating to the history and use of playing-cards and card games. The collection covers all periods. See "The Jessel Collection." Bodleian Library Record, 1 (no. 7), 1939, p. 116-118.
Anyone wishing to use the Bodleian Library must first become a member of the Library. Reader's tickets may be obtained from the Admissions Office, Clarendon Building, Broad Street. Full information from the Admissions Officer, tel: +44-(0)1865 277179 / 277180.
British MuseumDept. Prints and Drawings
Gt. Russell St.
The old collection of some 300 items was brought together and catalogued in 1876 by W. Hughes Willshire. It contains many early examples of playing-cards from the hands of print-makers, but is especially strong in the series of cards issued in London in the late 17th and early 18th century, dealing with current events and fashions, which are described at length in Willshire's catalogue (see bibliography section). Some more recent acquisitions have been interpolated in this collection. In 1875, the museum acquired the collection of Lady Charlotte Schreiber, but returned to her executors the duplicate material; the items retained were catalogued (rather tersely) by F.M. O'Donoghue in 1901. They have not been added to, and are kept apart from the old collection. This colection contains a remarkable selection of German material, as well as cards from other countries. The collection is rich in `standard' cards of the 18th and 19th centuries, though not catalogued in such terminology. Because each variety of standard card is exemplified by packs and sheets produced by different manufacturers in varied geographical locations, the collection offers a wealth of comparative material. There is no permanent display, but individul items can be inspected on application to the Print Students Room. The oriental items have been transferred to the appropriate Oriental departments.
Guildhall LibraryAldermanbury
Librarian (Prints and Maps): John K. Fisher
The collection was founded in 1907 by the donation of the private collection of 600 items (including some books and other materials) by Past Master of the Worshipful Company of the Maker of Playing Cards, H.D. Phillips. It was deposited at Guildhall Library in 1908. International in scope, the collection was particularly rich in English pictorial cards of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, but also boasted some very fine and rare Japanese items, as well as interesting Spanish and German cards. Since 1926, the collection has been augmented by other material acquired by the Worshipful Company and now has c. 1,100 packs of cards. Besides over 300 examples of the packs issued annually by the Company, the collection has c. 300 other English packs and some 450 packs from other countries. All the cards have recently been catalogued by John Berry. There is no permanent display, but items can be inspected at Guildhall Library with the approval of the Clerk of the Company. The Library has also recently become the depository of the collection of historic cards formed by the former playing-card makers John Waddington, which is in the process of being catalogued.
Victoria and Albert MuseumCromwell Road
The V & A has a small collection of playing-cards, acquired over the years. Some of the cards have been bought, but most are the gifts of members of the public and other institutions. The collection continues to grow with examples of modern packs, and contains unique material such as designs by D.G. Rossetti, C.F.A. Voysey and W.S. Coleman, as well as printing blocks, duty wrappers, and other peripheral items. See "Playing Cards in the Victoria & Albert Museum" by Jean Hamilton, which catalogues 236 of the items (see bibliography section). The Indian cards in the collection were catalogued in 1982 (see "Ganjifa, the playing cards of India", bibliography section) and are housed in the appropriate department of the museum.
United States of America
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript LibraryP.O. Box 208240
New Haven CT 06520-8240
This library, located on Yale University's campus, houses the Cary Collection. The playing-cards, card sheets, wood blocks, metal plates, ephemera, and prints acquired by Melbert B. Cary, and bequeathed to the Yale University Library by his wife, form one of the world's distinguished collections of such materials. The Collection contains well over 1,000 complete or partial packs of standard playing-cards, approximately 200 sheets of standard cards, and about 30 blocks and plates used for the printing of standard cards. There is a holding of similar size for non-standard cards. The collection contains standard cards from 16 European countries and 6 countries in the Western Hemisphere, as well as non-standard cards from 23 European and 3 Westerm Hemisphere countries, and its content represents over 500 years of cardmaking.
The United States Playing Card CoPrivate Collection
4590 Beech Street
Cincinnati OH 54212-3497
Sadly, this museum closed its doors without warning on Tuesday, October 30 2001. There is no news yet as to what may happen to the museum's collection.
The USPC Co, the world's largest maker of playing cards, has maintained a collection since the 1890s. Its nucleus was acquired from George Clulow, a graphics designer in England. Catherine Perry Hargrave wrote "A History of Playing Cards" (1930), based primarily on the collection (which she catalogued). The artifacts span over 500 years and provide a global survey, especially strong in non-standard packs. A related library contains about 1000 books, some dating as early as the 1500s.


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Fiber Defined | High Fiber Foods | Health Benefits of Fiber
Fiber Defined
Fiber is a type of carbohydrate found in plant foods such as fruits, legumes, vegetables, and whole-grains, which cannot be fully digested. Commonly referred to as dietary fiber or roughage, fiber adds bulk to a diet, assisting digestion and bowel movement functions. Eating foods that are high in fiber tend to make you feel full, which helps people who are dieting to lower their consumption of food; therefore, their calorie intake is reduced resulting in weight loss. Since fiber cannot be absorbed by the body, it contains no calories. There are two types of fiber or roughage, as it is sometimes called: water soluble (i.e., gums, pectins, and mucilages) and water insoluble (i.e., cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignins). Each plays a role in providing health benefits. |
High Fiber Foods
Some of the Foods that are High in Fiber |
Health Benefits of Fiber
Various studies have shown that consuming a healthy amount of dietary fiber may lessen the risk of developing a number of diseases and conditions including the following: | |
Fiber binds to cholesterol and bacterial toxins in the intestinal tract, helping to rid the body of those substances. Consuming fiber in enormous amounts over a short period can result in gas, bloating, and cramps. These adverse affects are caused by the fermentation of fiber and indigestible sugars in the colon. Slowly adding dietary fiber to your diet and drinking plenty of fluids will help to eliminate these side effects. The daily recommendation of fiber intake is 20-35 grams a day. Sensitivity to fiber varies greatly from person to person. The goal is to consume enough fiber to create normal bowel movements. |

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Please copy and paste ' [[Category:Anemones]] ' into the end of your article to include it in this category.
Contents | Top · 0-9 · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
Sea anemones are a group of water dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria, they are named after the anemone, a terrestrial flower. As cnidarians, sea anemones are closely related to corals, jellyfish, tube-dwelling anemones and Hydra. They will sting and must be handled carefully.
A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8-3cm (0.7-1.2") in diameter, but anemones as small as 1.5cm (0.6") or as large as nearly 201cm (79.1") are known. They can have anything from a few tens of tentacles to a few hundred tentacles. A few species are pelagic, and are not attached to the bottom; instead they have a gas chamber within the pedal disc, allowing them to float upside down in the water.
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Donate to Marie Curie Cancer Care
In ancient Greece (469 – 399 BC), Socrates was widely lauded for his wisdom. One day the great philosopher came upon an acquaintance, who ran up to him excitedly and said, "Socrates, do you know what I just heard about one of your students…?"
"Wait a moment," Socrates replied. "Before you tell me, I'd like you to pass a little test. It's called the Test of Three."
"Test of Three?"
"That's correct," Socrates continued.
"Before you talk to me about my student let's take a moment to test what you're going to say. The first test is Truth. Have you made absolutely sure that what you are about to tell me is true?"
"No," the man replied, "actually I just heard about it."
"All right," said Socrates.
"So you don't really know if it's true or not. Now let's try the second test, the test of Goodness. Is what you are about to tell me about my student something good?"
"No, on the contrary…"
"So," Socrates continued, "you want to tell me something bad about him even though you're not certain it's true?"
The man shrugged, a little embarrassed. Socrates continued, "You may still pass though because there is a third test – the filter of Usefulness. Is what you want to tell me about my student going to be useful to me?"
"No, not really…"
"Well," concluded Socrates, "if what you want to tell me is neither True, nor Good nor even Useful, why tell it to me at all?"
The man was defeated and ashamed and said no more.


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Massive New Mexico blaze blamed on miscalculations, errors
Jun 21, 2022, 10:29 AM | Updated: 7:56 pm
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — U.S. Forest Service employees made multiple miscalculations, used inaccurate models and underestimated how dry conditions were in the Southwest, causing a planned burn to reduce the threat of wildfires to explode into the largest blaze in New Mexico's recorded history, the agency said Tuesday.
The agency quietly posted an 80-page review that details the planning missteps and the conditions on the ground as crews ignited the prescribed fire in early April. The report states officials who planned the operation underestimated the amount of timber and vegetation that was available to fuel the flames, the exceptional dry conditions and the rural villages and water supplies that would be threatened if things went awry.
Within hours of declaring the test fire a success that day, multiple spot fires were reported outside containment lines and there were not enough resources or water to rein them in.
"The devastating impact of this fire to the communities and livelihoods of those affected in New Mexico demanded this level of review to ensure we understand how this tragic event unfolded," U.S. Forest Chief Randy Moore wrote. "I cannot overstate how heartbreaking these impacts are on communities and individuals."
As of Tuesday, the blaze had charred more than 533 square miles (1,380 square kilometers), making it the largest fire to have burned this spring in the U.S. It comes during a particularly ferocious season in which fire danger in overgrown forests around the West has reached historic levels due to decades of drought and warmer weather brought on by climate change.
The number of acres burned so far this year is more than two and half times the national average for the past 10 years, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. So far, 31,000 wildfires have burned more than 5,000 square miles (12,950 square kilometers) in the United States.
Anger and frustration have been simmering among residents and elected officials in northern New Mexico, where hundreds of homes have been destroyed and thousands of residents were displaced.
Many mountainsides have been reduced to ash and once towering ponderosa pine trees have been turned into charred toothpicks. Spots considered sacred by the ranching and farming families who have called the region home for generations have been wiped out.
U.S. Rep. Teresa Leger Fernández called the Forest Service review incredibly disturbing, pointing to the use of outdated data to plan for the prescribed burn and the "cascade of errors" that followed.
She said the failures of the Forest Service destroyed many rich and proud New Mexico communities.
"These are complex issues. Starting a prescribed burn in an area where there are homes and watersheds and communities should be something that you take incredibly serious because those are high value assets," she said. "They did not value the resources, the communities, the historic nature of these communities and so they went forward allowing more risk than they should have."
Leger Fernández also said threats of a second disaster are looming with rainfall expected over the burn scars.
As a result of the fire, the Forest Service in May suspended prescribed burn operations across the U.S. pending its own nationwide review that will identify the need to update protocols, policies or procedures based on changing conditions due to drought and climate change.
The report on the New Mexico fire stated that the crew members believed they were within the approved limits for the planned burn and had a plan to construct a line where they could check the fire's progress and cease ignitions if the parameters were exceeded.
But the fire was burning in much drier conditions than the crew understood, according to the Forest Service's analysis of fuel and weather information.
"Persistent drought, limited snow and rain, fine fuel accumulation, and fuel loading from burn unit preparation all contributed to increasing the risk of escape," the report stated.
A mix of spot weather forecasts and on-site observations were the only methods of weather collection used. The days preceding the ignition of the prescribed fire were described as a "weather roller coaster," and the agency said more data should have been used to assess the conditions.
The report also said managers failed to accurately assess the complexity of the planned burn, providing a picture that indicated risks has been reduced when in fact that wasn't the case.
The prescribed burn was part of a plan first adopted in 2019 to reduce the risk of wildfire in the Gallinas Watershed. New Mexico Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham said she was frustrated that Forest Service planning documents related to the project were re-approved each year since then without adjustments being made to account for the worsening drought.
She said in a statement that it does not appear anyone involved in the burn was being held accountable for what she called "significant mistakes."
It was not immediately clear whether the Forest Service has taken any disciplinary actions, but the report includes proposed recommendations to improve policies and performance.
The report states that on several occasions before and after a test fire ahead of the prescribed burn was lit, some personnel felt that the dry conditions would result in higher risk but they accepted the assignment.
Leger Fernández said her request for an independent investigation has been approved. It will look at federal prescribed fire policies nationwide.
President Joe Biden recently flew over the fire and stopped briefly in New Mexico to assure residents the federal government would take responsibility for its role in causing the blaze.
Copyright © The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Big Trouble from Little Squirts
WHOI scientist investigates a troublesome invasive species
Sandwich Town Beach was empty at low tide on a winter afternoon when scientist Mary Carman yanked on hip boots and waded among the eel grass and barnacles, her brown eyes scanning the clear water. Spotting a butter-colored mass on a rock, she rolled up her jacket sleeve and plunged in her bare hand. Out came something resembling soggy scrambled eggs.
"Alien vomit, that's what kids call it," Carman said. In fact, the cold, rubbery animal was a troublesome species of sea squirt that likely invaded the New England coast from Asia or Europe in the early 1990s.
Lacking natural predators, it is now found along the coast from Connecticut to Maine, as well as offshore at valued fisheries on Georges Bank, where dense mats of sea squirts are found in a 40-square-mile area of seafloor. At an international conference April 21-22, 2005, sponsored in part by the Ocean Life Institute at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), scientists and natural resource managers will address how—and if—they can keep the invasive sea squirt population in check.
Worry for shellfish enthusiasts
"Nothing really wants to eat it. Nothing grows on it. And nothing seems to prevent it from spreading," said Dann Blackwood of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Woods Hole, who works with scientists photographing, videotaping, and mapping the spread of the sea squirts on Cape Cod and New England
While invasive sea squirts won't harm people, scientists worry about effects on marine life. Evidence shows that sea squirts smother scallops and mussels, push out native species of sea squirts, and coat the seafloor, possibly making areas uninhabitable to fish eggs and shellfish larvae.
"Anyone who likes to eat seafood should worry about this," Carman said.
Scientists suspect the sea squirt hitched a ride in water used as ballast on cargo ships, or on imported shellfish used in the aquaculture industry. Like green crabs, kudzu, gypsy moths, purple loosestrife, and tens of thousands of other non-native animals, plants, insects, and microbes that have settled in the United States over the last several centuries, the sea squirt invasion could have potential ecological and financial impacts, scientists fear.
The damages and control costs related to all invading species in the U.S. are estimated at $137 billion per year, according to a study by Cornell University ecology and agricultural sciences professor David Pimentel. Costs associated with sea squirts are not yet known, but among the more notorious examples of damages caused by an invasive species are zebra mussels, which have spread to nearly two dozen states since the 1980s. They often outcompete and overwhelm native species, and block water intake pipes that cost tens of millions per year to repair.
A "horror-movie" creature
Sea squirts are tunicates, a type of sea life with a firm, rubbery outer covering called a "tunic," from which the name derives. Of the nine types of sea squirts found on Cape Cod, six are invasive species. Carman focuses her research on a species of the genus Didemnum, which forms dense mats made from many small, linked individuals.
As each organism feeds on algae and bacteria, they push water in and out of tiny pipes. These bursts of water gave it the name "sea squirt."
At the Sandwich tide pool, Carman showed how it kills. Wiggling her finger into a sea squirt's wrinkly folds, she pointed out shellfish trapped within. Like a creature from a horror movie, the sea squirt had spread up and around a rock, smothering everything in its path, including shellfish.
Carman initially encountered the animal seven summers ago as a naturalist teaching youth education programs on Cape Cod.
"It was difficult to avoid them," she said. "Tons of them were on the docks, on pilings, in tide pools, looking like dead brain tissue." In tide pools and rocky sea beds, they often form wide, lumpy mats. On docks, lines, and boat hulls, they grow pale, stringy stands, like multi-armed octopi.
Kids peppered her with questions about this odd creature, and she quickly learned that scientists had no ready answers. She began work in the Geology & Geophysics Department at WHOI and acquired funding from USGS, WHOI, and WHOI Sea Grant.
"What started as a hobby has turned into a full-fledged research project," said Carman, who has a degree in paleontology and previously studied microscopic invertebrate fossils at The Field Museum in Chicago.
Into the field
In December 2003, she began working on field studies with research geologist Page Valentine of the USGS in Woods Hole. At least once each month, they venture to the Sandwich Town Beach for research.
Their experiments include snipping sea squirts and moving portions to isolated, contained areas of the tide pool to see how they reproduce and grow (they do—and quickly—the scientists have learned). The scientists also observe if predators feed on sea squirts (only periwinkle snails, and only if the sea squirts are dead).
"Invasive sea squirts do present a problem, but we're figuring out some things we could do," Valentine said. At Georges Bank, for example, strategies could involve keeping fishing gear away from the sea squirts, to avoid dragging them to unaffected areas.
On shore, a different approach may be needed. Sea squirts do not survive long when exposed to air, so Valentine and Carman are studying how mussel and oyster farmers may be able to stymie sea squirt growth by drying out equipment that could host the organism.
Preventing sea squirts from entering new areas may be the best solution, said Judy Pederson, manager of the MIT Sea Grant Center for Coastal Resources.
"Consider trying to remove every invasive marine larvae," said Pederson. "It's really, really tough. The best remedy is to not allow it there in the first place."
For April's international sea squirt conference at WHOI, Carman said she's expecting at least 40 speakers and 100 attendees, including scientists from the western United States, Canada, Brazil, New Zealand, India, Denmark, Spain, and the Netherlands. Coastal communities in these regions are also dealing with invasive sea squirts, she said.
"I'm glad to have these folks involved," she said. "We need to unite a lot of smart people to figure out the next steps for dealing with this creature."
Did you know . . .
- About 3,000 different species of sea squirts exist worldwide. Some are yellow in color and stretch many feet in length. Others are the size and color of plums. "They come in all shapes," said WHOI scientist Mary Carman "and in all colors of the rainbow."
- For all the headaches that invasive sea squirts can cause, native species are valuable. Some people use them for fishing baits. Scientists use them for genetics research and are exploring them for chemicals that could treat cancer. In nature, sea squirts filter water, keeping it clear. Sea squirt waste is a food source for other marine organisms.


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Want to Weigh Less? Eat More Often — Health Check
A new study finds those who've lost weight and kept it off tend to eat more often than heavier people — yet still took in fewer daily calories.
Lead researcher Jessica Bachman, assistant professor in the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at Marywood University in Scranton, PA, was part of a group that profiled 250 people who'd lost significant amounts of weight. The key was to learn how they maintain their weight loss in order to help others lose weight and keep it off.
They found that, on average, subjects with normal weights ate three meals and a little over two snacks each day, whereas the overweight group averaged three meals and just over one snack a day and tended to eat 200 more calories per day overall.
"If you eat more often, it stops you from getting too hungry," Bachman said. "If you wait 10 hours after you've last eaten, you end up eating a lot more food. If you sit down and you're really hungry, you also tend to eat more calories."
Unsurprisingly, researchers also learned "weight loss maintainers" are much more physically active, burning off about 2,200 more calories a week through exercise and other activities than their overweight counterparts.
"This is kind of research as a baseline, and from there we can develop some hypotheses," Bachman said. "Weight loss maintainers are a new group that really is starting to get a lot of attention. The idea is to find out what they are doing, and get other people to do the same thing."


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Please note, although every effort is made to photograph or depict items accurately, we cannot guarantee every computer monitor will accurately depict the actual color of the merchandise. Please contact us with any questions about the color or size of any item before purchasing firstname.lastname@example.com.


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New Haivision Connect DVR service brings together multi-site churches with time-shifted multi-screen broadcasts
MONTREAL, CANADA — July 22, 2014 — Haivision today announced its complete suite of streaming solutions that extend, unify, preserve and enhance the worship experience by connecting churches, ministries, congregations and people with the highest quality multi-site and online video streaming.
Haivision Solutions and Services Suite for Houses of Worship: Hundreds of church organizations, like Church of Champions, Church of the Highlands, Sugar Creek Baptist Church, Elevation Church and International House of Prayer, rely on Haivision's solutions and services to expand their ministries' reach to online audiences and connect their multi-site congregations with high-quality HD video for a shared worship experience. The full Haivision solutions and services suite for houses of worship includes:
Solutions for connected multi-site ministries:
- Haivision Connect DVR (announced today): An end-to-end service package for time delayed distribution of single or dual synchronized high-quality streams from the source venue to up to 25 remote venues over low-cost public Internet connections.
- Makito X with SRT: Single or dual stream low latency encoders and decoders for live, low latency video distribution over low-cost, public Internet connections.
Solutions for online ministries:
- KulaByte: The highest quality Internet streaming source encoder specifically designed for the challenges of the faith market.
- Haivision Video Cloud: The video content management system allows churches to automate the publishing of video assets and collections quickly to the web, reach all audiences on any device, syndicate across many portals, and measure audience response and system performance in real time.
Haivision Connect DVR: The new Haivision Connect DVR service enables multi-site ministries to deliver one or two high quality synchronized time-delayed streams from the source venue to up to 25 remote locations. Leveraging low-cost public Internet connections, Haivision Connect DVR is an end-to-end solution that includes a Haivision KulaByte source encoder, the cloud-based DVR streaming service and the new Haivision Display Engine DVR dual stream playout appliance for each remote site. The central location is given complete control of outbound video streaming and each remote location has independent control of on-site video playout. The service can be configured with full stream redundancy and high/low streaming so remote locations can accommodate for lower bandwidth.
"Haivision has been in the faith market for more than nine years, has hundreds of installations and serves some of the largest ministries anywhere," said Peter Maag, Haivision CMO. "We understand the specific challenges of the house of worship community and are committed to providing services and solutions that are easy to commission, offer consistency in operation and simplicity in use."
About Haivision Haivision delivers end-to-end solutions for streaming, encoding, recording, managing, and distributing secure video and interactive media within the enterprise, education, medical/healthcare, and federal/military industries. Haivision is a private company based in Montreal and Chicago with regional offices in Austin, Tx; Atlanta, Ga.; Portland, Or.; Washington D.C. and Hamburg, Germany. With a global sales and support organization, Haivision distributes its products through value-added resellers, system integrators, distributors, and OEMs worldwide.


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Coming Attractions: Shooters & Racing
Rubber bullets.
Tom writes: A lot of websites would have looked back at the last year's annual preview feature series and decided to recycle it. After all, it was a good format, provoked lots of debate and allowed us to be all aloof and pretentious and that.
But then you don't read Eurogamer because it's a lot of websites. You probably don't read Eurogamer because we spend four days arguing about whether to ditch Star Attractions (we have) or change the format entirely either (we haven't), but then you're here now so you might as well persevere.
Also, not a lot of websites would have looked back at the last year's annual preview and been able to recycle it, but thanks to a number of optimistic selections (I Am Alive! The Agency! Gran Turismo!) we probably could have.
Several of our picks for 2009 also feature in this 2010 list, but you will probably agree that they are essential. If you don't, of course, you can always let us know in the comments, and let everyone know what else they should be keeping their eyes on. Hopefully we won't be wrong about one slightly boring prediction: 2010 should be an interesting year for games and game technology.
2009 looked like offering slender pickings for racing fans even before half the year's most exciting offerings got delayed (although the magnificent Forza Motorsport 3 tried very hard to plug the gap all on its lonesome and - for 360 owners, anyway - pretty much succeeded). The flipside, however, is a mouth-watering slate for 2010, steering away from simulation and towards the atavistic thrill of the arcade. The exception to that rule, of course, will come when Gran Turismo 5, the Moby Dick of racing games, finally breaks the surface this year. Probably.
On: PC, PS3, Xbox 360 / Developer: Bizarre Creations / Publisher: Activision Blizzard / Release: 2010
"Activision Blizzard has bought its way straight into tarmac royalty," we wrote when including "Bizarre's mystery racer" in last year's Coming Attractions, but as it turned out, the Liverpool developer was fed up of ruling a small kingdom of racing elitists. Hands-on time with this fast and loose combat racer last spring suggested Bizarre hadn't quite perfected the pitch to its new mass-market constituency; the weapons lacked oomph, but that trademark, narcotic handling was in place and more than enough to keep our faith for now. The delay into 2010 and stated determination to perfect multiplayer can only be encouraging signs.
On: PC, PS3, Xbox 360 / Developer: Codemasters Racing Studio / Publisher: Codemasters / Release: 2010
Another delayed star of last year's list, in a sense, although F1 2009 did make it out on Wii courtesy of Sumo Digital and turned out to be a surprisingly worthy stop-gap. We can probably expect a similar blend of authenticity and arcade from the born-again populists at Racing Studio, but this time presented by the dependably spectacular Ego Engine. The recent DiRT and GRID games inspire nothing but confidence, and it looks like being a sensational year in the real-world sport, too.
Gran Turismo 5
On: PS3 / Developer: Polyphony Digital / Publisher: Sony / Release: March 2010 (Japan), some time after March 2010 (North America and Europe)
"Really? Yes, really," we said last year, but we should have known Kazunori Yamauchi better than that. We can only imagine what esoteric tinkering is taking Polyphony's perfectionists so long, but they should probably hurry up before Turn 10's increasingly brilliant Forza Motorsport series saunters away with the last of the V8 thunder. You just know GT5 will be nothing less than the most obsessively complete digital love letter to the automobile ever composed though, and quite possibly peerless with a good wheel.
ModNation Racers
On: PS3 / Developer: United Front / Publisher: Sony / Release: 2010
This create-your-own kart racer was perhaps E3 2009's most pleasant surprise, not to mention the first original entry in the genre since Super Mario Kart created and perfected it in one go some 18 years ago. Authoring racing tracks is easier to grasp (conceptually, at least) than building a great platform game - but LittleBigPlanet showed that it pays to have great content on the disc, too, and that's where United Front has yet to prove itself.
Need For Speed
On: Unknown - but expect PC, PS3, 360 / Developer: Criterion / Publisher: EA / Release: 2010
Not a year goes by without the rebirth of EA's road-racing workhorse being promised - and with the sim-style SHIFT, 2009 came closer to fulfilling that promise than most - but this is the one we've really been waiting for. We only know one fact about it, but it's crucial - Burnout developer Criterion is on the case, and that studio's pedigree with high-impact arcade racing is second-to-none. Plus, studio boss Alex Ward teasingly mentioned the original 3DO version on Twitter. It's almost too much to bear.
On: PC, PS3, Xbox 360 / Developer: Black Rock Studio / Publisher: Disney / Release: May 2010
Kicking off what could be a vintage year for arcade racing is this entry from Black Rock, which won our loyalty with 2008's terrific trickster Pure. Spectacular "powerplays" that bring the house (or aeroplane, or crane or cruise liner) down around you and your rivals' ears make an appealing Hollywood body-double for the usual mines and missiles. No surprise that Split/Second has proved a crowd favourite at recent public showings, including the Eurogamer Expo.
Also in 2010
The skilled hands at Sumo Digital should ensure SEGA & Sonic All-Stars Racing meets the mark for knockabout racing and silly fan-service; Avatars take to the wheel in both that game and Microsoft's micro-transaction driven XBLA outing, Joy Ride; TrackMania 2 is the long-awaited next step for the unique stunt-racing toyset, with Ubisoft backing this time; EA blends Most Wanted-style open-world racing with the Asian model for free-to-play massively multiplayer games in Need for Speed: World Online; serious rally fans disenchanted by DiRT can hold out hope for Black Bean's WRC; but first, Black Bean puts SBK X up against Capcom's MotoGP 09/10; and MX vs. ATV Reflex makes it to Europe in a few weeks' time.


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A.Terms of payments
All amounts are exclusive VAT (if applicable). Payments within 30 days.
Applicable law of this agreement between HPO Center and the client shall be solely subject to Dutch law. Terms and conditions of the HPO Center are disposed at Kamer van Koophandel (Chamber of Commerce), Gooi en Eemland, Hilversum. Any disputes arising from this agreement to which these General Terms and Conditions apply will in the first instance exclusively be submitted to the District Court in The Hague.
The parties will not turn to the courts until they have made every effort to resolve a dispute in constructive consultation.
- Official name: Center for Organizational Performance BV
- Bank number: 22 81 63 137; van Lanschot Bankiers
- VAT number: 818720864 B 01
- Chamber of Commerce number: 32128082
B. Procedure for annulment and displacement
The procedure around annulment and dissolution is defined in the general conditions of the Center for Organizational Performance BV deposit by the Chamber of Commerce in The Netherlands (number: 32128082).
For annulments one month before the start of a project out-of-pocket cost are charged. Annulments after the start of a part of the program will be charged 50% of the total investment amount. Annulment during the project, by circumstances which are out of the control of the HPO Center, will be charged the full amount.
Rescheduling of the activities, as described in this proposal, is possible through a written declaration up to one month before the start of a part of the program. The HPO Center charges no costs up to one month before the start of a part the project.
Rescheduling within the period from four weeks, up to two weeks for commencement, will be charged at displacement 50% of the total amount. At rescheduling within the period of two weeks for commencement, 100% of the total amount will be charged.


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PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti — An effort by Washington to build housing for Haitians in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake has fallen short and exceeded costs, a U.S. government report said Tuesday.
The audit by the Office of the Inspector General for the U.S. Agency for International Development said the project to build 4,000 houses outside Haiti's capital resulted in the construction of only 816.
The U.S. plan also sought to provide "home sites" on which others would pay for the construction of houses. This, too, fell short, with USAID completing engineering and design services for only 2,300 home sites out of a projected 11,000.
The project was part of a broader effort to develop infrastructure and build homes on four settlements outside Port-au-Prince to alleviate overcrowding in the capital, a metropolitan area of 3 million people.
The audit is the latest by the U.S. government that has criticized efforts to provide housing or shelter for Haitians since the quake, which killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed about 105,000 homes.
At one time, as many as 1.5 million people lived in impromptu settlements in an around the capital following the disaster. But that number has since fallen to 137,500, the decline largely attributed to rental subsidies.
To compensate for the shortfall in the U.S. project, USAID increased funding from $55 million to $90 million and extended the completion date to October 2014, the audit said. But as of July 2013 the mission had approved construction contracts for only 906 houses and issued no contracts for providing basic services and infrastructure to the home sites. Current contracts provide only engineering services at 6,220 home sites.
Delays in construction were blamed on land tenure disputes, design changes, protests and an emphasis on using local labor and products.
USAID's mission director in Haiti, John Groarke, said the agency's efforts to house Haitians were "succeeding despite the many challenges of working in Haiti." More than 328,000 people have benefited from USAID housing support since the quake, he said.
The agency will now try to build homes through the use of mortgages, Groarke said.
Two USAID audits published last year documented similar shortcomings.
USAID said such audits are a "welcome standard practice" for its programs worldwide and they help improve performance.


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Food Is Freedom: How Washington's Food Subsidies Have Helped Make Americans Fat and Sick
Written by Sam Jacobs Subject: American HistoryFarm subsidies are perhaps the ultimate, but secret, third rail of American politics. While entitlements are discussed out in the open, farm subsidies are rarely talked about – even though they are the most expensive subsidy Washington doles out.
All told, the U.S. government spends $20 billion annually on farm subsidies, with approximately 39 percent of all farms receiving some sort of subsidy. For comparison, the oil industry gets about $4.6 billion annually and annual housing subsidies total another $15 billion. A significant portion of this $20 billion goes not to your local family farm, but to Big Aggie.
(Note that this $20 billion annual farm subsidy figure doesn't take into account the 30+ years of ethanol subsidies to the corn industry nor export subsidies to U.S. farmers issued by the USDA.)
The government never properly explains why this is. Certainly small farmers are growing their crops at enormous risk. However, it's not clear that agriculture is any different than other high-risk industries – especially because the United States is blessed with some of the most fertile farmland in the world, and a highly skilled labor force.
Subsidies don't just cost taxpayers, an expense that might properly be justified by showing a return on investment. Subsidies also provide powerful disincentives against innovation, as well as cost effectiveness and diversification of land use.
There is also a strong case to be made that farm subsidies are a major driver of the obesity and cancer epidemic in the United States. Every time Washington interferes in the private sector, they are picking winners and losers. The winners chosen are companies producing food that's high in calories and low in nutritional density – and that helps make Americans sick and fat, because it distorts what food is available at what price.
While President Trump has sometimes discussed reducing farm subsidies, the solution to the problem is much more radical – the total elimination of all farm subsidies from the federal budget.
Food Subsidies in the United States
There have long been federal programs in the United States propping up the agricultural sector. For example, the Morrill Act of 1862 established land-grant universities with a focus on agricultural education. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 similarly provided funding for agricultural education.
The first program similar to the farm subsidies of today was the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916. This still exists in the form of the Farm Credit System, which currently holds $280 billion in assets. This Act came out of a study done by progressive Republican President Theodore Roosevelt. At this time, rural Americans made up the bulk of the United States' population.
The Act allowed farmers to borrow 50 percent of the value of their land and 20 percent of the value of their improvements. Loans were available between $100 and $10,000 and amortized between five and 40 years. It was intended to provide poor farmers with an alternative source of credit from large banks. The successor of this Act, the Farm Credit System, currently provides approximately a third of the credit in rural America.
The Great Depression, the New Deal and Farm Subsidies
As with many other aspects of American economic life, farming changed with the advent of the Great Depression and the New Deal, which, at least it was argued, sought to minimize the impact of the worst parts of the Depression.
The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 was passed on the watch of Republican President Herbert Hoover, widely blamed for the Depression and maligned as having "done nothing" to protect Americans from it. This Act created the Federal Farm Board, which was itself a modification of the Federal Farm Loan Board.
Hoover believed that he could halt the collapse of agricultural prices by buying, selling and storing surplus grains. Another method to prevent the collapse was to lend to farmers on generous terms. Farmers used the loans to purchase seed and feed. This was particularly important in the South, where farmers were just getting over a drought.
This had a very predictable effect: Farmers began raising more crops than they knew they could sell. They knew the government would buy whatever they produced, and the bill contained no production limit. Deflation was not countered and the Depression worsened for American farmers. The federal government spent $500 million before the program was abolished in 1933.
The real expansion of federal subsidies for the American farmer began under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Programs enacted under FDR's New Deal included price supports for commodities, regulations on the supply of farm commodities, barriers to prevent importation of farm commodities, and crop insurance programs. These programs, while modified and greatly expanded, form the basis of current federal farm policy. There is no other way to describe this than central planning.
The first major program passed by FDR as part of the New Deal was the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. This was the somewhat infamous program that had the government paying farmers to not plant crops, to dump out milk and the like when people were going hungry in the streets. Not only did it look bad, it was also declared unconstitutional in 1936, in the United States v. Butler case, on the grounds that the Constitution made agricultural regulations a state matter. This was in the ancient days, when the Supreme Court declared acts unconstitutional when the Constitution did not authorize them to do so.
The first replacement was the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936. This paid farmers to plant fewer crops on the basis that it was preventing topsoil erosion. A more straightforward replacement, the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, preserved many of the earlier provisions of its 1933 cousin, and was passed at a time when the Supreme Court was more amenable to the wishes of President Roosevelt following his proposed threat to pack the court with up to 15 judges. This new version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act mandated price supports for broad sections of American agriculture. When challenged in court, the Supreme Court ultimately upheld it under (what else) the commerce clause.
Commodity price and income supports are now a staple in the federal budget. But what does the money go toward?
Where Do Farm Subsidies Go?
Farm subsidies are often painted as the last refuge of the American small farmer. But even a close examination of where farm subsidies go reveals that nothing could be further from the truth. The 10 largest recipients of aid receive between $14 million and $23.7 million, averaging $18.2 million, or approximately $1.8 million per year for what are giant agricultural combines. Part of this is a deliberate result of United States agricultural policy – after the Second World War, farmers were told to "get big or get out."
Let's look at some startling facts about U.S. farm subsidies:
Over 6,000 farming companies and combines received more than $1 million federal aid in the years between 2008 and 2018.
This constituted a total of over $11 billion in this 10-year period.
18 different farming entities received over $10 million.
Over $626 million went to urban areas – i.e., places with over 250,000 residents and precisely zero farms.
The five most populated cities in America (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and Philadelphia) received a collective $18 million in farm subsidies. 25 percent of all subsidies went to someone receiving over $250,000 in subsidies.
The 150 most affluent zip codes in America received $5 million in subsidies in 2017 alone.
What's more, the government is still paying farmers to not farm.
12 members of Congress received as much as $637,059 in farm subsidies in 2017.
All of this adds up to underscore the true nature of America's food subsidy system: It's a massive welfare program directed at the rich and affluent, which artificially distorts food prices for everyone.
Perhaps worst of all, the massive farm subsidies aren't keeping people out of debt. American farmer debt currently stands at $409 billion. Wheat is receiving $45.9 billion in subsidies while corn is getting $112 billion. Farmers received $12 billion in aid from the Trump Administration to help hedge against potential losses from the trade war with China. While it's difficult to say to what extent any of this is vote-buying, it is worth noting that Iowa is the second-largest recipient of USDA subsidies, only slightly behind Texas.
But if the story here were simply one of government largesse, this would be a very short article, indeed. The story is much deeper, and goes to the heart of health and wellness in the United States.
Earl Butz: Father of the Modern Food Subsidy System
The subsidy system might have had its problems, but the system really went off the rails with the advent of Earl Butz as Secretary of Agriculture under both President Richard Nixon and President Gerald Ford. He was the one who pioneered the fundamental change in farm subsidies. No longer would farmers be paid to take fields out of production. Instead they would be paid for producing absolutely insane amounts of corn.
He was the man who coined the term "get big or get out." He also urged farmers to use every available square inch of land – to plant "from fencepost to fencepost." This change in policy had a dramatic impact on the world of American agriculture. Small family farms were crushed and big agribusiness became the norm rather than the exception.
Part of the change was due to the high cost of food during the early 1970s. The Nixon Administration (and thus, Butz) were taking heat over soaring food prices. Thus, Butz decided to switch from paying people not to grow food to paying them to grow it. He brokered the sale of 30 million tons of grain to the Soviet Union to keep prices afloat. This was not simply to help farmers, but also to keep them in the Nixon fold – there was a strong fear that they would vote for 1972 Democratic Party candidate George McGovern.
Butz argues in the documentary King Corn that he provided a valuable service to both the American consumer and the American farmer: both the dramatic reduction of the cost per calorie of food and also the dramatic increase in the efficiency of farming techniques. Indeed, this generation spends less feeding itself than any other in human history.
Still, as we will discuss in greater detail below, one of the unintended side effects of the newly crowned "King Corn" was the development of high fructose corn syrup – the consequences of which have been a disaster for the American diet.
The Emblem of USDA: The Food Pyramid
Everyone is familiar with the food pyramid, the alleged template for a healthy diet produced by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1992. The original Food Pyramid urged Americans to eat as many as 11 servings of carbs per day, in addition to another four servings of fruit (i.e., more carbs). Meat, poultry, eggs, fish, beans and nuts were to total only two to three servings per day between all of them.
Fats – even healthy ones like avocados and olive oil – were to be "used sparingly." They were lumped into the same group as sugars and sugary snacks. Healthy plant-based oils like olive or avocado oil were not separated from less healthy processed plant-based oils like canola or corn oil.
The USDA's latest version of the Food Pyramid is known as MyPlate, and some insight into how it was created and what purpose it serves can be found with the previous pyramid (the Eating Right Pyramid) and why it was discontinued. The Eating Right Pyramid, the original Food Pyramid, was replaced due to industry concerns from beef and poultry farmers that their product was not being presented properly.
An alternative to MyPlate is the Healthy Eating Plate from the Harvard School of Public Health. This stresses whole grains, healthy proteins and fats, drinking water and other sugar-free drinks, and adequate amounts of vegetables.
Harvard School of Public Health Department of Nutrition Chair Walter Willett claimed that, "like the earlier U.S. Department of Agriculture pyramids, MyPlate mixes science with the influence of powerful agricultural interests, which is not the recipe for healthy eating".
Dr. Marion Nestle, former chair of the Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health at New York University stated that, "There's a great deal of money at stake in what these guidelines say."
A lot of money is in the subsidies themselves, but there is also a trickle-down effect. Cheap corn, for example, has totally changed the world of agriculture and food. Cows never ate corn until farmers started getting money to grow it everywhere. This is what makes the 99-cent hamburger possible. Fish, likewise, are another animal that would never eat corn if left to its own devices, but humans have trained them to eat corn because it is arguably the world's cheapest and most plentiful food source – not due to naturally occuring market forces, but because of corn subsidies.
If you're horrified by factory farming – the penning in of tons of cows, pigs and other animals in tiny spaces – you can lay the blame right at the feet of farm subsidies. Such practices are simply not economically viable or sustainable without massive subsidies or corn. Ethanol is another creation of the agriculture-industrial complex.
The bottom line is that the USDA Food Pyramid and its antecedents and successors have more to do with feeding money into the agricultural system – where the subsidies are – than it does with teaching Americans proper nutrition.
Corn Subsidies Are a Killer
Corn subsidies are big business in the United States, and this can be seen in the explosion of a simple ingredient now found in everything from sodapop to hot dogs – high fructose corn syrup, also known as HFCS.
Between the development of HFCS in 1970 and 1990, the consumption of HFCS skyrocketed by 1,000 percent. It's not just that HFCS is in just about everything. It's also that HFCS makes a number of things possible that otherwise wouldn't be – think the now ubiquitous 99-cent three-liter bottle of sodapop available at every big-box supermarket around the country.
The New York Times reported that junk food is the largest source of calories in the United States. The top 10 calorie sources in the United States are, according to Harvard Medical School:
Grain desserts (everything from cake to granola bars)
Sodapop, energy drinks and sports drinks
Mexican food
Dairy-based desserts
This means that at least four out of the 10 top calorie sources in the American diet are junk food. Most of them are based on ingredients from highly subsidized food groups like corn, soybeans, wheat, and rice. Barely any subsidies exist for fruit and vegetables, the foods that Americans are ostensibly supposed to fill half of their plates with.
A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, published in JAMA Internal Medicine in August 2016, was able to document a connection between heavily subsidized food sources and obesity. The study found that those subsisting on a diet of heavily subsidized foods were 37 percent more likely to be obese than those who did not. Belly fat, abnormal cholesterol, and high blood sugar levels were likewise linked to a diet heavy in foods subsidized by the federal government.
Fruits and vegetables are called, in a typical act of government doublespeak, "specialty crops." They claim approximately 75 percent of all farmland in the United States, but net a scant 14 percent of all subsidies. These are primarily grown by small family farmers. Some subsidy bills stipulate that farms receiving subsidies for commodity crops like corn and wheat cannot grow "specialty crops."
The Coming Tax on Meat
Meat, in particular red meat, has long been maligned as a source of unhealthy calories. However, the paleo movement, the low-carb movement, and the extreme carnivore diet movement have all championed meat, in particular red meat, as the healthiest thing you can possibly eat. Most health conscious people these days are, at the very least, avoiding simple sugars and opting for healthy complex carbohydrates in their diet, if not drastically reducing the number of calories they get from carbs.
Whether or not carbs are good for you or not is a source of continued debate, and largely centers around which carbs and how much of them. Likewise, dairy is enjoying a renaissance among people who tout the health benefits of whole milk and raw milk.
Taxing meat in the manner of cigarettes and sugar, however, is becoming an increasingly mainstream idea. The proposal is linked not just to a desire to exert even more control over what Americans eat, but also with (of course) carbon emissions and saving the environment.
Beyond the simple fact that a tax on meat would be yet another example of government overreach, there are other problems with a meat tax. It is also based on a subjective and dubious interpretation of the effects of meat on both the environment and on personal health. Such a tax would, like existing taxes on sugar and tobacco products, disproportionately impact the poorest Americans.
Given the poor job that the United States Department of Agriculture has done with attempting to dictate what people eat with the Food Pyramid, it's unlikely that they're going to hit paydirt with a meat tax.
Subsidies Cause Cancer
The consequences of subsidies are far reaching when one considers the correlation with obesity. While tobacco use is responsible for one-third of all cancer cases, obesity is considered responsible for another third. Put more directly, there is a health epidemic in the United States similar to tobacco, but rather than a public campaign against it, it's subsidized by the federal government.
This is what led a presidential report commission on cancer to attack food subsidies in much the same way that it did tobacco.
There is another aspect to subsidizing unhealthy food, which will become increasingly expensive: healthcare. As the federal government creeps more into healthcare, the more you and other taxpayers will be subsidizing (again) by paying for treatments for those who are clinically obese, diabetic, or otherwise unhealthy from the nutrient-poor foods promoted by the United States government through its subsidies. This creates a maniac cycle, whereby the federal government subsidizes foods that make people sick and fat, then subsidizes the healthcare of sick and fat people. In all likelihood, this will all be paid for disproportionately by people who are neither sick nor fat.
It's important to point out that more government intervention, in the form of taxation or subsidizing "healthy" (according to some) foods, is not the answer – it's the problem. Subsidies and other government handouts are invariably shaped by those with the most political influence. The ultimate programs always bear little resemblance to how they are touting through what are effectively PR campaigns in the nominally independent media.
In the age of digital media, it has never been easier for the average person to learn what they need to know about feeding themselves and their family in the most healthy way possible. Government subsidies are not required for this and, as we have shown, have very much the opposite impact on public health. It is time for a revolution in the world of food subsidies – one of drastic reduction and ultimately the elimination of these wasteful and counterproductive programs.
Food Is Freedom: How Washington's Food Subsidies Have Helped Make Americans Fat and Sick originally appeared in The Resistance Library at Ammo.com.


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Mobile phones play an ever-increasing role in the operations of businesses. Not just for communication any more, smartphones are used to access data; to record video, audio, and still images and play them back; to help with meeting agendas and travel schedules; and to find everything from your client's jobsite to local restaurants while traveling. Smartphones are indispensable, but equipping every employee with his or her own phone can be expensive as well as bothersome in terms of wrangling separate devices for business and personal use, not to mention the learning curve of switching to a different OS. Many companies may decide to implement a "bring-your-own-device" policy to counteract these issues. However, if you allow or encourage your people to use their own devices, expect a lot of Android devices, and better learn how to make them secure.
Remember how Apple users always crowed that their Macs never got viruses like PCs? They seemed to think that Macs were somehow impervious, but it was really more of numbers game. Why would hackers bother going after the much smaller population of Mac users, with all those PC users out there providing such a tempting target? Android phones are in the same boat for pretty much the same reason–there are just so many more of them. Consider that there are over 500 different Android phones, as opposed to six different iPhone models.
With those facts at hand, it may seem like too daunting a task to try to incorporate Androids into your business, and yet it can be done, with necessary precautions. First off, enable encryption, so your data isn't sitting there like an open book left on a table at Starbucks. Google reports that the next iteration of its Android OS will encrypt data as a default, but most of the older ones have this as an option, anyway, so check your user settings and enable it. The oldest Androids, however, don't have it. Encryption started being a feature with the 2.3.4 version, so if you have an older version such as 2.1 or 2.2 (go to Settings and then About Phone to get this information), it's time to look for an update–or a newer phone, which will probably have more features that will be useful for your business, as well.
Second after enabling encryption is finding a good anti-malware program and installing that. Some packages protect your data with extra firewalls, and some contain anti-virus software, which is essential. Do a little research before you decide on any given program–people are more than happy to share pros and cons in online reviews, or trusted sources like Wired Magazine may have reviews. You may be pleasantly surprised to learn that anti-malware protection doesn't have to cost an arm and a leg–many very good security packages for Android are free, such as the highly-acclaimed TrustGo.
A great way to keep your personal life out of the business side of things is the ability, starting with Android version 4.2, an Android phone can have separate user accounts, which allows each user an individualized login with only that corresponding data available. This is handy for parents who let their kids use their phones, but just as handy for you to separate your work life from your civilian life so that your crazy friend George doesn't call in the middle of a meeting, or your client to whom you've passed your device doesn't accidentally wander past jobsite photos into shots of you and your partner at the beach.
Another excellent option is the "remote wipe". If your phone is lost or stolen, this enables you to use a texted password to either lock the phone remotely, or to wipe its contents completely, protecting your sensitive data.
Last but not least, be careful what you let in–most malware comes waltzing in the front door, disguised inside an app that you downloaded. Although it goes against your desire to do your own thing, it's most prudent to stick to the pre-screened apps from Google Play. It's not completely foolproof, but it gives you a much larger measure of protection than traipsing around the Wild West all by yourself.


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Structured Finance
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Take advantage of our risk mitigating tools and techniques to structure tailored short-, medium-, or long-term financing solutions for your business.
Present in more than 50 international markets, Scotiabank can provide corporate, project, or sovereign loans in local currency, U.S. dollars, or euros.
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Our years of industry experience have led us to form strong relationships with export credit agencies and multilateral agencies, helping us structure competitive financing solutions for our clients.
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Book: High Performance MySQL
As users come to depend on MySQL, they find that they have to deal with issues of reliability, scalability, and performance--issues that are not well documented but are critical to a smoothly functioning site. This book is an insider's guide to these little understood topics. Author Jeremy Zawodny has managed large numbers of MySQL servers for mission-critical work at Yahoo!, maintained years of contacts with the MySQL AB team, and presents regularly at conferences. Jeremy and Derek have spent months experimenting, interviewing major users of MySQL, talking to MySQL AB, benchmarking, and writing some of their own tools in order to produce the information in this book. In High Performance MySQL you will learn about MySQL indexing and optimization in depth so you can make better use of these key features. You will learn practical replication, backup, and load-balancing strategies with information that goes beyond available tools to discuss their effects in real-life environments. And you'll learn the supporting techniques you need to carry out these tasks, including advanced configuration, benchmarking, and investigating logs.
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PostgreSQL uses an internal heuristic parser for all date/time input support. Dates and times are input as strings, and are broken up into distinct fields with a preliminary determination of what kind of information may be in the field. Each field is interpreted and either assigned a numeric value, ignored, or rejected. The parser contains internal lookup tables for all textual fields, including months, days of the week, and time zones.
This appendix includes information on the content of these lookup tables and describes the steps used by the parser to decode dates and times.
The date/time types are all decoded using a common set of routines.
Date/Time Input Interpretation
Break the input string into tokens and categorize each token as a string, time, time zone, or number.
If the numeric token contains a colon (:), this is a time string. Include all subsequent digits and colons.
If the numeric token contains a dash (-), slash (/), or two or more dots (.), this is a date string which may have a text month.
If the token is numeric only, then it is either a single field or an ISO 8601 concatenated date (e.g., 19990113 for January 13, 1999) or time (e.g. 141516 for 14:15:16).
If the token starts with a plus (+) or minus (-), then it is either a time zone or a special field.
If the token is a text string, match up with possible strings.
Do a binary-search table lookup for the token as either a special string (e.g., today), day (e.g., Thursday), month (e.g., January), or noise word (e.g., at, on).
Set field values and bit mask for fields. For example, set year, month, day for today, and additionally hour, minute, second for now.
If not found, do a similar binary-search table lookup to match the token with a time zone.
If not found, throw an error.
The token is a number or number field.
If there are more than 4 digits, and if no other date fields have been previously read, then interpret as a "concatenated date" (e.g., 19990118). 8 and 6 digits are interpreted as year, month, and day, while 7 and 5 digits are interpreted as year, day of year, respectively.
If the token is three digits and a year has already been decoded, then interpret as day of year.
If four or six digits and a year has already been read, then interpret as a time.
If four or more digits, then interpret as a year.
If in European date mode, and if the day field has not yet been read, and if the value is less than or equal to 31, then interpret as a day.
If the month field has not yet been read, and if the value is less than or equal to 12, then interpret as a month.
If the day field has not yet been read, and if the value is less than or equal to 31, then interpret as a day.
If two digits or four or more digits, then interpret as a year.
Otherwise, throw an error.
If BC has been specified, negate the year and add one for internal storage. (There is no year zero in the Gregorian calendar, so numerically 1BC becomes year zero.)
If BC was not specified, and if the year field was two digits in length, then adjust the year to 4 digits. If the field was less than 70, then add 2000; otherwise, add 1900.
Tip: Gregorian years AD 1-99 may be entered by using 4 digits with leading zeros (e.g., 0099 is AD 99). Previous versions of PostgreSQL accepted years with three digits and with single digits, but as of version 7.0 the rules have been tightened up to reduce the possibility of ambiguity.


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Zeit 2XLP
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Lisa Marie Presley, a singer, songwriter and the daughter of Elvis Presley, was remembered during a funeral service Sunday as a loving mother and an "old soul" who endured tragedy but persevered as a dedicated protector of her father's legacy as a rock 'n' roll pioneer and pop icon.
More than a thousand people gathered on the front lawn of Graceland on a gray, chilly Memphis morning to mourn the death and remember the life of Lisa Marie Presley, who died Jan, 12 after she was taken to a hospital in California.
Some mourners held flowers as they waited for the service to begin under the tall trees on the lawn of Graceland, the home in Memphis where Lisa Marie lived as a child with her father. The mansion, which Lisa Marie Presley owned, has been turned into a museum and tourist attraction that hundreds of thousands of fans visit each year to celebrate the life and music of Elvis, who died in 1977 at age 42.
The property in south Memphis was a place of sadness and somber memories on Sunday. The service began with the singing of "Amazing Grace" by Jason Clark & The Tennessee Mass Choir.
"We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude for the love, compassion and support you have shown our family during this difficult time," said a message from the Presley family written on the program for the service. "We will always be grateful."
Among those who spoke during the service were Lisa Marie's mother, actress Priscilla Presley; Sarah Ferguson, the Duchess of York; Jerry Schilling, a close friend of Elvis; and former Memphis Mayor A C Wharton, who called Lisa Marie's parents Memphis' royal couple and a "conduit to the throne, the keeper of the flame."
In a soft voice, Priscilla Presley read a poem from one of Lisa Marie's three daughters, Harper Vivienne Ann Lockwood, entitled "The Old Soul," in which she calls her mother "an icon, a role model, a superhero to many people all over the world."
"In 1968, she entered our world, born tired, fragile, yet strong. She was delicate, but was filled with life," Priscilla Presley read. "She always knew she wouldn't be here too long. Childhood passes by, with a glimpse of her green eye. She then grew a family of her own."
After reading the poem, Priscilla Presley said: "Our heart is broken. Lisa, we all love you."
Music punctuated the service. Billy Corgan, lead singer of The Smashing Pumpkins, played acoustic guitar and sang "To Sheila;" Alanis Morissette sang "Rest;" Axl Rose, of Guns N' Roses, played piano and sang "November Rain;" and The Blackwood Brothers Quartet performed two songs.
After the service, mourners walked through Graceland's Meditation Garden, where she was laid to rest in an above-ground grave next to her son Benjamin Keough, who died in 2020, and alongside her grandparents and great grandmother.
Weaths and bouquets of red, white, yellow and pink flowers lined the walk up to the gravesite and the tomb itself. Fans, some teary-eyed, walked slowly by the tomb, pausing to pay their respects.
Jordan Clark, 25, traveled from Mobile, Alabama, to attend the service. She called the ceremony special and heartwarming. Clark said Lisa Marie "went through a lot" in her life and equated the service to the time when Elvis died, when "people came from all over."
"She was born into the public, born into fame. That's hard for some people," Clark said. "She handled it like a champ. I think."
Lisa Marie was 9 when her father died. She was staying at Graceland at the time and would recall him kissing her goodnight hours before he died. When she next saw him, the following day, he was lying face down in the bathroom.
After her father died, she became the sole heir of the Elvis Presley Trust, which — along with Elvis Presley Enterprises — managed Graceland and other assets until she sold her majority interest in 2005. She retained ownership of the mansion itself, the 13 acres around it and items inside the home.
A representative from Elvis Presley Enterprises has told The Associated Press that the mansion is in a trust that will go to the benefit of her children. Along with Harper, she is survived by two other daughters — Riley Keough and Finley Aaron Love Lockwood.
Riley Keough, an actress, did not speak at the service. Her husband, Ben Smith-Petersen, read a statement in which she remembers Lisa Marie taking her for ice cream, bringing her tea sets from Cracker Barrel, and leaving notes in her lunchbox.
"Thank you for giving me strength, my heart, my empathy, my courage, my sense of humor, my manners, my temper, my wildness, my tenacity," Riley Keough said in the statement. "I'm a product of your heart."
Adrian Sainz, The Associated Press
READ ALSO: Lisa Marie Presley, singer and daughter of Elvis, dies at 54