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Sage Sessions X3 : Experience the Power of Cloud Technology for an Always-On Mode in your Business!
Sage, a leading provider of cloud business management solutions is all set to host Sage Sessions X3 in Scottsdale from September 4-5, 2019. It is a must attend event for Sage X3 (Sage Enterprise Management) Customers and Partners as the agenda is power packed with learning opportunities, networking and transformation. Sage has been in the… Read More »


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Facebook makes many uneasy, I know. Nature itself dislikes "curated" walled gardens, which smack of the sort of monoculture that evolutionary biologists warn us about. I'm not happy about it myself. I feel like a fogey grumbling about the dullness and fatuity of most social media. It feels like I'm moving from an elegant, quiet, appealing coffee house to a food court at the mall.
But the numbers are much larger and more consistent on Facebook, so I'm reluctantly making the switch. Ease of posting is another consideration -- I can fling posts much faster via Facebook.
One problem -- some of my readers aren't connected with me on Facebook. You read Carbon Based for its current news of floods, disasters, heat waves, climate modeling, risk, and other uproarious topics. You're not interested in puppy videos, unless the puppy has devised a new rescue device that firefighters can use, or a new method of no-till agriculture that halts nitrogen run-off. The puppy trying to fill a plastic pool with a garden hose just lacks the heft you've come to expect from Carbon Based.
If you'd like to keep abreast of the latest news in climate change adaptation, just hit the friend button. I may tire of Facebook and migrate back to Blogger, which has served me well for more than nine years. But for now, it's social media or bust. I hope you join me.

subset: commoncrawl


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Accidental Space Tourist - SocialSpaceWA
Posted by cafuego on Saturday 20 February 2016.Like many people, I love the beautiful images we receive from space telescopes and spacecraft that orbit other worlds in the solar system. Also like many other people, I expect, I never really stop to think how we get those images, just assuming they get sent to earth via some magic space internet.
However, there is no internet (magic or otherwise, yet) in space and getting the data to create these pretty images (and to do science) is rather involved.
Quite by accident I got a chance to learn a lot more about that process.


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Select this license type when you are developing an app for iOS, Android, or Windows Phone, and you will be embedding the font file in your mobile application's code.
by PintassilgoPrints- Aa Glyphs
Best ValueFamily Packages
- Individual Styles
- Tech Specs
- Licensing
Per style:
Pack of 4 styles:
About Cuadrifonte Font Family
Cuadrifonte was freely inspired by the lettering from a 1917 poster – the only recorded poster designed by the architect and furniture designer Gerrit Rietveld. It is a hand-drawn bold and boxy typeface, available in 3 handcrafted styles. The family also comes with a very nice picture font, loaded with illustrations that match the typeface look and feel.
Designers: Erica Jung, Ricardo Marcin
Publisher: PintassilgoPrints
Foundry: PintassilgoPrints
Design Owner: PintassilgoPrints
MyFonts debut: Aug 11, 2010
About PintassilgoPrints
Their first commercial font is from 2009. And it didn't take long for PintassilgoPrints typefaces to be picked by creatives to speak for brands such as McDonald's, Starbucks, Cartoon Network, Jamie Oliver, Hasbro, Mattel, Gap, Taschen, Rovio and others. Check out examples of the foundry's fonts in use here. With a strong background in hand printing techniques, PintassilgoPrints has been developing a consistent and original library, with fonts ranking to our best-selling list and Rising Star issues. Their work was also featured in printed magazines and books such as Computer Arts, Page Magazine, Slanted, PicNic, Typolyrics, Typodarium, The Yearbook of Type. The foundry was interviewed for our Creative Characters newsletter as well as for the prestigious 8 Faces Magazine. PintassilgoPrints fonts are often packed with many alternative glyphs and a clever touch of OpenType programming. Their typefaces mostly reflect a vigorous handcrafted feel, seasoned with some 'je ne sais quoi' that decidedly works. Horst was their first Best Seller and Rising Star font, the same route taken by Monstro and Populaire. This ubiquitous one also made it to the Most Popular Fonts of 2011 list. Now established in Florianópolis, an island city in Brazil, the foundry is run by Ricardo Marcin and Erica Jung, who also share life, kids and a long time love of typography, graphic arts, music and sun. By the time of their interview for Creative Characters they were based in Vitória, curiously also an island. Definitely many more sunshiny fonts are yet to come from PintassilgoPrints. Stay tuned!The premium foundry page can be viewed Here.
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Please check your email Bulk/Spam folder after sending the form below if you can't find automatic reply email from us directly to your inbox folder. And after that please white list our email so the next email from us will be directly goes into your inbox email account. Thank you.
Book A Stand
please fill in the form below to book a stand


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So maybe wearing this particular shirt to court was not the best decision Jennifer LaPenta, 19, of Round Lake Park, Illinois ever made. But did it warrant two days in jail? As reported by the Lake County News-Sun:
Associate Judge Helen Rozenburg charged LaPenta with contempt of court for wearing the garment in her courtroom Monday. LaPenta was sitting in the gallery waiting for a friend's case to be called when the judge called her forward.
What did the shirt say?
"I own the [pussy], so I make the rules."
So what happened?
Rozenburg asked LaPenta if she thought her shirt was appropriate.
LaPenta said she told the judge that it would have been inapprorpriate had she been the defendant.
Rozenburg immediately sentenced her to 48 hours in jail and had her cuffed, LaPenta said.
Why wear that shirt?
LaPenta said that she had been at a gym Monday when her friend asked her for a ride to the courthouse. She was wearing sweat pants and that T-shirt when she was cuffed and jailed.
LaPenta said she bought the shirt in the gay section of Spencer's. She said she is openly homosexual and said the judge was a "homophobe" for putting her in custody for wearing the shirt.
"I'm shocked that the judge took the actions she did. She could have asked her to remove her shirt or leave the courtroom," said Peter Kalagis, LaPenta's attorney. "To me, that was an extreme action."
LaPenta said the judge did not give her an opportunity to turn her shirt inside out or exit the courtroom.


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MONTGOMERY, Ala. — (AP) — A company has installed computerized vending machines to sell ammunition in grocery stores in Alabama, Oklahoma and Texas, allowing patrons to pick up bullets along with a gallon of milk.
American Rounds said their machines use an identification scanner and facial recognition software to verify the purchaser's age and are as "quick and easy" to use as a computer tablet. But advocates worry that selling bullets out of vending machines will lead to more shootings in the U.S., where gun violence killed at least 33 people on Independence Day alone.
The company maintains the age-verification technology means that the transactions are as secure, or more secure, than online sales, which may not require the purchaser to submit proof of age, or at retail stores, where there is a risk of shoplifting.
"I'm very thankful for those who are taking the time to get to know us and not just making assumptions about what we're about," CEO Grant Magers said. "We are very pro-Second Amendment, but we are for responsible gun ownership, and we hope we're improving the environment for the community."
There have been 15 mass killings involving a firearm so far in 2024, compared to 39 in 2023, according to a database maintained in a partnership of The Associated Press, USA Today and Northeastern University.
"Innovations that make ammunition sales more secure via facial recognition, age verification, and the tracking of serial sales are promising safety measures that belong in gun stores, not in the place where you buy your kids milk," said Nick Suplina, senior vice president for law and policy at Everytown for Gun Safety. "In a country awash in guns and ammo, where guns are the leading cause of deaths for kids, we don't need to further normalize the sale and promotion of these products."
Magers said grocery stores and others approached the Texas-based company, which began in 2023, about the idea of selling ammunition through automated technology. The company has one machine in Alabama, four in Oklahoma and one in Texas, with plans for another in Texas and one in Colorado in the coming weeks, he said.
"People I think got shocked when they thought about the idea of selling ammo at a grocery store," Magers said. "But as we explained, how is that any different than Walmart?"
Federal law requires a person to be 18 to buy shotgun and rifle ammunition and 21 to buy handgun ammunition. Magers said their machines require a purchaser to be at least 21.
The machine works by requiring a customer to scan their driver's license to validate that they are age 21 or older. The scan also checks that it is a valid license, he said. That is followed by a facial recognition scan to verify "you are who you are saying you are as a consumer," he said.
"At that point you can complete your transaction of your product and you're off and going," he said. "The whole experience takes a minute and a half once you are familiar with the machine."
The vending machine is another method of sale, joining retail stores and online retailers. A March report by Everytown for Gun Safety found that several major online ammunition retailers did not appear to verify their customers' ages, despite requirements.
Last year, an online retailer settled a lawsuit brought by families of those killed and injured in a 2018 Texas high school shooting. The families said the 17-year-old shooter was able to buy ammunition from the retailer who failed to verify his age.
Vending machines for bullets or other age-restricted materials is not an entirely new idea. Companies have developed similar technology to sell alcoholic beverages. A company has marketed automated kiosks to sell cannabis products in dispensaries in states where marijuana is legal.
A Pennsylvania police officer created a company about 12 years ago that places bullet-vending machines in private gun clubs and ranges as a convenience for patrons. Those machines do not have the age verification mechanism but are only placed in locations with an age requirement to enter, Master Ammo owner Sam Piccinini said.
Piccinini spoke with a company years ago about incorporating the artificial intelligence technology to verify a purchaser's age and identity, but at the time it was cost-prohibitive, he said. For American Rounds, one machine had to be removed from a site in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, because of disappointing sales, Magers said.
Magers said much of the early interest for the machines has been in rural communities where there may be few retailers that sell ammunition. The American Rounds machines are in Super C Mart and Fresh Value grocery stores in small cities, including Pell City, Alabama, which has a population over 13,600, and Noble, Oklahoma, where nearly 7,600 people live.
"Someone in that community might have to drive an hour or an hour and a half to get supplied if they want to go hunting, for instance," Margers said. "Our grocery stores, they wanted to be able to offer their customer another category that they felt like would be popular."
Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.


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Though our adult teeth are meant to last a lifetime, sometimes, for the health of the entire mouth, a tooth simply must go! Some situations that warrant a tooth extraction include: impacted teeth, or teeth that are positioned incorrectly in the mouth or jaw; a tooth that is causing overcrowding in the mouth; a severely decayed tooth; a broken tooth that cannot be repaired; periodontal (gum) disease; and in preparation for orthodontic treatments.
Bringing Smiles to the Seattle Community
Simple Vs. Surgical Extractions
There are two basic categories of tooth extraction: simple and surgical.
Simple extractions are performed when a tooth is showing above the gum line and can be removed simply with forceps. The process and healing time for simple extractions are both quite quick.
Surgical extractions are for more complex cases, in which the dentist must remove gum tissue or even bone in order to remove the tooth. Some cases in which this type of extraction are necessary if a tooth has broken below the gum line, or quite commonly, for impacted wisdom teeth. Patients who undergo a surgical extraction will be usually be prescribed a painkiller and experience some swelling in the face near the site of extraction for a few days.
After a tooth extraction, the remaining teeth will inevitably shift and bone loss in the jaw will also occur. Though it is generally not an issue with the removal of wisdom teeth, our dentists might recommend a dental implant or other tooth replacement to be installed in the missing tooth's place in order to prevent further complications and oral health issues.


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A home is a personal space that showcases the uniqueness of its dwellers. In a home, a wardrobe isn't just a place to store clothes; it's an embodiment of taste, style, and personal statement. At Fox Wardrobes, we understand that sentiment deeply, curating collections that resonate with diverse tastes.
Why Hinged Wardrobes?
When it comes to choosing wardrobes, there's something timelessly elegant about hinged built in wardrobe hinged doors. Offering a complete view of one's collection, the classic touch of hinged wardrobes is undeniably appealing. Moreover, with options to integrate mirrored panels, they not only amplify space but also enhance utility.
- Versatile Styles: From the charm of the traditional Shaker and cosy cottage style doors to contemporary scoop and groove styles, our hinged door range has a touch of everything. Blended with an array of decors, there's a combination waiting to fit seamlessly into every bedroom or home office.
- Customised Finishes: Our made-to-measure hinged wardrobes redefine personalisation. Whether you're drawn to classic shaker styles, want to incorporate LED lights, or are envisioning mirrored panels for added depth – the world of Fox Wardrobes offers boundless possibilities.
- Utility Beyond Design: What's behind the door matters as much as the door itself. With options to add a full-length mirror or extra hanging hooks, hinged wardrobe doors can double up as space savers.
- Accessories Galore: No design is complete without the finishing touches. Dive into our rich collection of over 50 handles, 17 door & drawer styles, and a myriad of door & carcass colours. Additionally, our customisable accessories, from pull out tie rails to shoe drawers, add an elegant touch of organisation.
Fox Wardrobes: Where Craftsmanship Meets Trust
For over 15 years, Fox Wardrobes has been synonymous with quality and trust. Our journey is enriched by over 1200 projects every year, each echoing our commitment to excellence. Our family-driven ethos means that we're not just crafting wardrobes; we're creating experiences.
As a beacon of made-to-measure excellence, our emphasis is not just on the product, but also on the journey. Our design meetings are holistic experiences, where we delve deep into your visions, ensuring every wardrobe we create is a testament to your taste.
Are you ready to infuse your home with the elegance of hinged wardrobes? Discover our collection and embark on a journey of craftsmanship with Fox Wardrobes. After all, as we always say, "WE LOVE WHAT WE DO & YOU WILL TOO!"


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I S L E of D O G S
ISLE OF DOGS tells the story of ATARI KOBAYASHI, 12-year-old ward to corrupt Mayor Kobayashi. When, by Executive Decree, all the canine pets of Megasaki City are exiled to a vast garbage-dump called Trash Island, Atari sets off alone in a miniature Junior-Turbo Prop and flies across the river in search of his bodyguard-dog, Spots. There, with the assistance of a pack of newly-found mongrel friends, he begins an epic journey that will decide the fate and future of the entire Prefecture.
In theaters March 30, 2018


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New Hope Environmental Services
{{#badges: Climate change | CoalSwarm }}New Hope Environmental Services describes itself as "an advocacy science consulting firm". The firm was founded in 1994 by global warming skeptic, Patrick J. Michaels, who is the editor of the firm's blog, World Climate Report.[1]. In an affidavit in a Vermont court case, Michaels described the "mission" of the firm as being to "publicize findings on climate change and scientific and social perspectives that may not otherwise appear in the popular literature or media. This entails both response research and public commentary."[2] In effect, New Hope Environmental Services is a PR firm.
On its website, New Hope Environmental Services states that it "produces cutting-edge research and informed commentary on the nature of climate, including patterns of climate change, U.S. and international environmental policy, seasonal and long-range forecasting targeted to user needs, and the relation between the earth's atmosphere and biology. The company also consults on legal matters related to weather and climate. Since 1994, New Hope's international team of research scientists, data analysts, editors, and web publishers have devised, conducted, prepared, and published important research for both the public good and for private clients."[1]
It also states that "New Hope's scientists are accomplished public speakers who present testimony before Congress on many occasions and provide keynote food for thought at conferences and annual meetings around the world. They are also popular interview subjects, appearing on such television shows as the Brit Hume Show, Lou Dobbs, and BBC's Newsnight, and in print in publications such as the Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, Washington Times, the Chicago Tribune, and many others."[1]
Secrecy About Funders
In 2007 Michaels was retained by Green Mountain Chrysler Plymouth Dodge Jeep, Green Mountain Ford Mercury, Joe Tornabene's GMC, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the DaimlerChyrsler Corporation and General Motors Corporation as an "expert witness" in a case where the auto manufacturers and dealers were suing George Crombie, the Secretary of the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources and others in a bid to prevent the state regulating greenhouse gases. In the process of the discovery of documents and during his deposition Michaels provided details of "New Hope's funding sources and the amount of their funding." However, this information was not publicly available but treated as confidential information. However, in late 2006 Greenpeace filed a motion seeking access to the details of details of the funders of Michaels firm.[2]
In an affidavit Michaels stated that "as the case moved closer to trial, I learned in conversations with plaintiff's counsel that New Hope's confidential information might not remain confidential if I testified at trial. Consequently, on or around April 7, 2007, I informed plaintiffs counsel that I would not testify at trial. My sole reason in doing so was concern that my trial testimony would result in the loss of confidentiality for the New Hope information."[2]
Michaels affidavit stated that "large companies are understandably adverse to negative publicity. Thus, the global warming controversy has created an environment in which companies who wish to support New Hope's research and advocacy about global warming science are increasingly willing to do so only if their support remains confidential."[2]
Michaels complained that "public disclosure of a company's funding of New Hope and its employees has already caused considerable financial loss to New Hope. For example, in 2006 Tri-State Generation & Transmission Association, Inc., an electric utility, had requested that its support of $50,000 to New Hope be held confidential. After this support was inadvertently made public by another New Hope client, Tri-State informed me that it would no longer support New Hope because of adverse publicity. Also, in 2006, when a $100,000 contract between New Hope and electric utility Intermountain Rural Electric Association to synthesize and research new findings on global warming became public knowledge, a public campaign was initiated to change the composition of the board of directors so that there would be no additional funding. That campaign was successful, as Intermountain has not provided further funding."[2]
Michaels argued that the Greenpeace motion seeking disclosure should be rejected as it would "result in New Hope losing clients. I am doubtful that New Hope will continue to stay in business as an effective consultancy ... This is precisely why I did not testify at trial. Although this resulted in a short-term loss of income to me, it assured the long-term viability of New Hope. Besides modest speaking fees, New Hope is my sole source of income beyond a negotiated retirement package from the University of Virginia. Thus, the Greenpeace motion, if granted, would imnperil my livelihood. Hew Hope also employs the services of other scientists who receive all or a substantial part of their incomes from New Hope. Their livelihoods are also threatened by the Greenpeace motion."[2]
On its website, New Hope Environmental Services does not list its staff. However, the World Climate Report blog lists its staff, as of March 2005, [3] as:
- Patrick J. Michaels, Chief Editor
- Robert C. Balling, Jr., Contributing Editor
- Robert E. Davis, Contributing Editor
- Paul C. Knappenberger, Administrator
Contact Details
New Hope Environmental Services, Inc.
536 Pantops Center, #402
Charlottesville, VA 22911 USA
Telephone: (520) 742-1018
Facsimile: (520) 742-1018
Email: info AT nhes.com
Website: http://www.nhes.com/
Articles and resources
Related SourceWatch articles
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "New Hope Environmental Services", New Hope Environmental Services website, accessed May 2009.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Dr. Patrick J. Michaels, "Affidavit of Dr. Patrick J. Michaels", United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Green Mountain Chrysler et al. v. Crombie et al., Docket No. 02:05-CV-302, July 6, 2007.(Pdf)
- ↑ "Staff", World Climate Report (blog), March 15, 2005.
- "Motion to Intervene of Dr. Patrick J. Michaels", Green Mountain Chrysler et al. v. Crombie et al., Docket No. 02:05-CV-302, July 6, 2007. (Pdf)
- Dr. Patrick J. Michaels, "Memorandum in Support of His Motion to Intervene", Green Mountain Chrysler et al. v. Crombie et al., Docket No. 02:05-CV-302, July 6, 2007. (Pdf)
- Dr. Patrick J. Michaels, "Affidavit of Dr. Patrick J. Michaels", United States District Court for the District of Vermont, Green Mountain Chrysler et al. v. Crombie et al., Docket No. 02:05-CV-302, July 6, 2007.(Pdf)
External articles
This article is a stub. You can help by expanding it. |


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In this post I describe the process and requirements that eventually led to the MetaLex Document Server, a server that hosts all versions of Dutch national statutes and regulations published since May 2011, both as CEN MetaLex, and as Linked Data. Before I set out to do so, however, I would like to emphasize that, although the development of the server and its contents was a one-man-job, the road to make it possible surely was not solitary. A couple of people I'd like to mention here are Alexander Boer, Radboud Winkels, and Tom van Engers of the Leibniz Center for Law, together with whom I have worked over the past ten years to develop, test, and publish the ideas that underlie CEN MetaLex. Also, the team around legislation.gov.uk clearly has done a lot of great and inspiring work in this area.
So, what happened? Over the course of last spring, I was involved in several small-scale projects that shared a specific need: version-aware identifiers for all parts of legislative texts. The first of these was a report for the Swiss Federal Chancellery on possible technological solutions for a regulation drafting system to be used by the Swiss government. Second to arrive on my desk was a project for the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration (Belastingdienst), in which we were asked to develop a concept-extraction toolkit that would allow them to make explicit where concepts are defined, where they are reused, and how they relate to other concepts (e.g., from an external thesaurus). The purpose of this project was to investigate whether we could replace with technology what is currently a manual process of turning legislation into business processes that fuel citizen- and business-oriented services. The Belastingdienst needs this to better cope with the yearly changes to tax regulation issued by the Ministry of Finance. The Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) faces exactly the same problem: of discovering what part of their business processes is affected by each legislative modification. Updates to legislation require continuous, significant investment in IT re-engineering.
The root of the problem
But don't modern European governments already have elaborate facilities for supporting this workflow? I'm afraid not.
Currently, regulation drafting is a process of sending around Word documents, copy-and-pasting from older texts, "version hell," signing by a Minister, and sending the enacted regulations off to a publisher, who will then turn it into some XML format to feed a publishing platform to generate HTML, PDF, and paper versions of the texts. This process is not designed with a content management perspective, and most if not all metadata is thrown away in the process.
Part of the problem is one of organisational change: convincing legislative drafters to use a more structured approach in their daily work. The Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice is currently developing a legislative editing environment (similar to the MetaVex editor developed at the University of Amsterdam), but it will take awhile before this is adopted in practice.
To develop a chain of tools for managing legal information, both as text and as knowledge models, we need to address a number of key requirements:
- An integrated legislative drafting and editing environment that supports advanced version and provenance tracking (e.g., version tracking of successive changes to draft texts). Provenance information is very important for eliciting the procedure that led to an official version (both pre- and post-publication), as well as its underlying motivation.
- A format in which these texts are stored that is flexible enough to allow both editing and publication to various formats (such as PDF and HTML).
- The ability to persistently identify every element of a legal text. Versioning of texts, references, and metadata requires identifiers that reflect the different versions of these resources. The various parts of a text should be versioned independently, allowing for transitory regimes.
A versioning mechanism should distinguish between a regulation text as it exists at a particular time, and the final regulation. The IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) (Saur, '98) makes the following distinctions: the work as a "distinguishable intellectual or artistic creation" (e.g., the constitution); the expression as the "intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is realised" (e.g., "The Constitution of July 15th, 2008"); the manifestation as the "physical embodiment of an expression of a work" (e.g., a PDF version of "The Constitution of July 15th, 2008"); and the item as a "single exemplar of a manifestation" (e.g., the PDF version of "The Constitution of July 15th, 2008" residing on my USB stick).
- These identifiers should be dereferenceable to the element they describe, or a description of the element's metadata.
- Metadata and annotations should be traceable to the most detailed part of a text, as well as to its version, when needed. The same requirement holds for references between texts, allowing for fine-grained analysis of interdependencies between texts.
- It is furthermore a requirement that these identifiers be transparent and follow a prescribed naming convention. This allows third parties to construct valid identifiers without having to first query a name service.
- The metadata itself should be made accessible in a standard format as well.
Making do with what we've got
As we don't have any time to waste, and have neither the organisational infrastructure, nor the funds, to use or develop any other (richer) information source, we need to make do with what's currently available. How hard is it to build a chain of tools that meets at least part of these requirements? And, what information does the Dutch government already provide on which we can build the services that it itself so dearly needs?
Wetten.overheid.nl is the de facto source for legislative information in The Netherlands. Users can perform a full text search through the titles and text of all statutes and regulations of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. They can search for a specific article, as well as for the version of a text as it stood at a specified date. Wetten.overheid.nl also provides an API for retrieving XML manifestations of statutes and regulations.
What about identifiers? Wetten.nl supports deeplinks to particular versions of statutes and regulations, but is not very consistent about it. For example:
both point to article 6 of the Municipal law, as it was in effect on January 14th, 2005. A third mechanism for identifying regulations is the Juriconnect standard for referring to parts of statutes and regulations. XML documents hosted by Wetten.nl use these identifiers to specify citations between statutes and regulations. For instance, the Juriconnect identifier for article 6 of the Municipal law is:
But… the standard does not prescribe a mechanism for dereferenecing an identifier to the actual text of (part of) a statute or regulation.
The BWB XML service and format
XML manifestations of statutes and regulations are retrievable through an API on top of the "Basiswettenbestand" (BWB) content management system. This REST Web service only provides the latest version of an entire statute or regulation. The BWB XML document returned is stripped of all version history: it does not even contain the version date of the text itself.
An index of all BWB identifiers, with basic attributes such as official and abbreviated titles, enactment and publication dates, retroactivity, etc. is available as a zipped XML dump or a SOAP service. Unfortunately, the XML file is corrupt, and the date of the latest change to a statute or regulation reported in the index is not really the date of the latest modification, but of the latest update of the statute or regulation in the CMS. See the picture above.
The BWB uses its own XML schema for storing statutes and regulations; this schema does not allow for intermixing with any third-party elements or attributes, ruling out obvious extensions for rich annotations such as RDFa. And, BWB XML elements do not carry any identifiers.
A more general XML format: CEN MetaLex
CEN MetaLex is a jurisdiction-independent XML format for representing, publishing, and interchanging legal texts. It was developed to allow traceability of legal knowledge representations to their original source. MetaLex elements are purely structural. Syntactic elements (structure) are strictly distinct from the meaning of elements by specifying for each element a name and its content model. What this essentially does is to pave the way for a semantic description of the types of content of elements in an XML document. The standard prescribes the existence of a naming convention for minting URI-based identifiers for all structural elements of a legal document. MetaLex explicitly encourages the use of RDFa attributes on its elements, and provides special metadata-elements for serialising additional RDF triples that cannot be expressed on structural elements themselves. MetaLex includes an ontology, which defines an event model for legislative modifications. The legislation.gov.uk portal has adopted the MetaLex event model for representing modifications.
Getting from BWB to CEN MetaLex
The MetaLex schema is designed to be independent of jurisdiction, which means that it should be possible to map each legacy XML element to a MetaLex element in an unambiguous fashion. Fortunately, we were able to define a straightforward 1:n mapping between BWB and MetaLex (see below) by a semi-automatic conversion of the BWB XML DTD.
The transformation of legacy XML to MetaLex and RDF is implemented in the MetaLex converter, an open source Python script available from GitHub. Conversion occurs in four stages:
- mapping legacy elements to MetaLex elements,
- minting identifiers for newly created elements,
- producing metadata for these elements, and
- serialising to appropriate formats.
Step 1: Mapping
For the transformation of BWB XML files, the converter is sequentially fed with all BWB XML files and identifiers listed in the BWB ID index. Based on the mapping table, the converter traverses the DOM tree of the source document, and synchronously builds a DOM tree for the target document. In cases where the MetaLex schema doesn't quite "fit," the converter has to make additional repairs.
We evaluated the ability of MetaLex to map onto the BWB XML by running the converter on 300 randomly selected BWB identifiers. The artikel
element accounts for 72% of all corrections, and corresponds to 68% of all htitle
substitutions (5 % of total). This means that only a very small part of BWB XML does not directly fit onto the MetaLex schema. The main cause for incompatibility is the restriction in MetaLex that hcontainer
elements are not allowed to contain block
elements (and that's perhaps something to consider for the MetaLex workshop).
Because of the limitations of the API, version information, citation titles, and other metadata are retrieved through a custom-built scraper of the information pages on the wetten.nl Website.
Step 2: Minting Identifiers
For every element in the document we create transparent URL-like URIs for the work, expression and manifestation levels, and two opaque URIs for the expression and item levels in the FRBR specification.
For transparent URIs, we use a naming scheme that is based on the URIs used at legislation.gov.uk, with slight adaptations to allow for the Dutch situation. In short, work level identifiers are based on the standard BWB identifier, followed by a hierarchical path to an element in the source, e.g., "chapter/1/article/1". These URIs are extended to expression URIs by appending version and language information. Similarly, manifestation URIs are extensions of expression URIs that specify format information such as XML, RDF, etc. Juriconnect references in the source BWB XML are automatically translated to this naming scheme.
The opaque version URI is needed to distinguish different versions of a text. The current Webservice does not provide access to all versions of statutes and regulations (only to the latest), let alone at a level of granularity lower than entire statutes or regulations. We therefore need some way of constructing a version history by regularly checking for new versions, and comparing them to those we looked at before. By including in the opaque URI a unique SHA1 hash of the textual content of an XML element, and simultaneously maintaining a link between the opaque URI and the transparent identifier, different expressions of a work can be automatically distinguished through time. This is needed to work around issues with identifiers based on numbers: the insertion of a new element can change the position (and therefore the identifier) of other elements without a change in the content of the elements.
By this method, globally persistent URIs of every element in a legal text can be consistently generated for both current and future versions of the text. By simultaneously generating an opaque and a transparent expression level URI, identification of these text versions does not have to rely on numbering.
Step 3: Producing Metadata
The MetaLex converter produces three types of metadata. First, legacy metadata from attributes in the source XML is directly translated to RDF triples. Second, metadata describing the structural and identity relations between elements is created. This includes typing resources according to the MetaLex ontology, e.g., as ml:BibliographicExpression
; creating ml:realizes
relations between expressions and works; and creating owl:sameAs
relations between opaque and transparent expression URIs. The official title, abbreviation, and publication date of statutes and regulations are represented using the dcterms:title
, dcterms:alternative
and dct:valid
Events and Processes
Event information plays a central role in determining what version of a regulation was valid when. Making explicit which events and modifying processes contributed to an expression of a regulation provides for a flexible and extensible model. The MDS uses the MetaLex ontology for legislative modification events, the Simple Event Model (SEM) and the W3C Time Ontology for an abstract description of events and event types, and the Open Provenance Model Vocabulary (OPMV) for describing processes and provenance information. These vocabularies can be combined in a compatible fashion, allowing for maximal reuse of event and process descriptions by third parties that may not necessarily commit to the MetaLex ontology.
Step 4: Serialization
The MetaLex converter supports three formats for serialising a legal text to a manifestation: the MetaLex format itself, viewable in a browser by linking a CSS stylesheet; RDFa, Turtle and RDF/XML serializations of the RDF metadata; and a citation graph. The converter can automatically upload RDF to a triple store through either the Sesame API, or SPARQL updates. The citation graph is exported as a '"net" network file, for further analysis in social network software tools such as Pajek and Gephi. We are exploring ways to use these networks for determining the importance of articles (in degree) and the dependency of legislation on certain articles (betweenness centrality), and for analysing the correlation between legislation and case law.
The results of this procedure are published through the MetaLex Document Server (MDS). The server follows the Cool URIs specification, and implements HTTP-based redirects for work- and expression-level URIs to corresponding manifestations based on the HTTP accept header. Requests for an HTML mime-type are redirected to a Marbles HTML rendering of a Symmetric Concise Bounded Description (SCBD) of the RDF resource. Similarly, requests for RDF content return the SCBD itself; supported formats are RDF/XML and Turtle. A request for XML will return a snippet of MetaLex for the specified part of a statute or regulation.
The MDS provides two convenient methods for retrieving manifestations of a statute or regulation. Appending "/latest" to a work URI will redirect to the latest expression present in the triple store. Appending an arbitrary ISO date will return the last expression published before that date if no direct match is available. Lastly, the MDS offers a simple search interface for finding statutes and regulations based on the title and version date.
Results and Take Up
We have been running the converter on a daily basis, on all versions of statutes and regulations made available through the wetten.nl portal since May 2011. This has resulted in a current total of 29,120 document versions: 28 thousand versions in the first run, the rest accumulated through time. For these document versions, we now store 119 million triples of RDF metadata in a 4Store triple store. Compared to the size of legislation.gov.uk (1.9 billion triples, since the 1200s), this is a modest number, but at the current growth rate we will soon need to look for alternative (more professional) solutions. Check the http://doc.metalex.eu Website for the latest numbers.
I am happy to say, also, that this work has not gone unnoticed. The IND was particularly enthused by the versioning mechanism, and is in the process of adopting the MDS approach as their internal content management system. Similarly, the ability to link concept descriptions to reliably versioned parts of legislation has been an eye opener for the Belastingdienst. We are also in touch with several people at ICTU, the organisation behind Wetten.nl, to help them improve their services.
Dr. Rinke Hoekstra is a postdoctoral researcher at the Leibniz Center for Law at the University of Amsterdam. He is the developer of the MetaLex Document Server, the principal author of the LKIF Core ontology of basic legal concepts, and one of the initial developers of the MetaLex XML format for legal sources.
VoxPopuLII is edited by Judith Pratt. Editor-in-Chief is Robert Richards, to whom queries should be directed. The statements above are not legal advice or legal representation. If you require legal advice, consult a lawyer. Find a lawyer in the Cornell LII Lawyer Directory.


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« Prev | Chapter 37 | Next » |
Isa 37:1-38. Continuation of the Narrative in the Thirty-sixth Chapter.
1. sackcloth—(See on Isa 20:2).
house of the Lord—the sure resort of God's people in distress (Ps 73:16, 17; 77:13).
2. unto Isaiah—implying the importance of the prophet's position at the time; the chief officers of the court are deputed to wait on him (compare 2Ki 22:12-14).
3. rebuke—that is, the Lord's rebuke for His people's sins (Ps 149:7; Ho 5:9).
blasphemy—blasphemous railing of Rab-shakeh.
the children, &c.—a proverbial expression for, We are in the most extreme danger and have no power to avert it (compare Ho 13:13).
4. hear—take cognizance of (2Sa 16:12).
reprove—will punish him for the words, &c. (Ps 50:21).
remnant—the two tribes of the kingdom of Judah, Israel being already captive. Isaiah is entreated to act as intercessor with God.
6. servants—literally, "youths," mere lads, implying disparagement, not an embassy of venerable elders. The Hebrew is different from that for "servants" in Isa 37:5.
blasphemed me—(Isa 36:20).
7. blast—rather, "I will put a spirit (Isa 28:6; 1Ki 22:23) into him," that is, so influence his judgment that when he hears the report (Isa 37:9, concerning Tirhakah), he shall return [Gesenius]; the "report" also of the destruction of his army at Jerusalem, reaching Sennacherib, while he was in the southwest of Palestine on the borders of Egypt, led him to retreat.
by the sword—(Isa 37:38).
8. returned—to the camp of his master.
Libnah—meaning "whiteness," the Blanche-garde of the Crusaders [Stanley]. Eusebius and Jerome place it more south, in the district of Eleutheropolis, ten miles northwest of Lachish, which Sennacherib had captured (see on Isa 36:2). Libnah was in Judea and given to the priests (1Ch 6:54, 57).
9. Tirhakah—(See on Isa 17:12; Isa 18:6). Egypt was in part governed by three successive Ethiopian monarchs, for forty or fifty years: Sabacho, Sevechus, and Tirhakah. Sevechus retired from Lower Egypt owing to the resistance of the priests, whereupon Sethos, a prince-priest, obtained supreme power with Tanis (Zoan in Scripture), or Memphis, as his capital. The Ethiopians retained Upper Egypt under Tirhakah, with Thebes as the capital. Tirhakah's fame as a conqueror rivalled that of Sesostris; he, and one at least, of the Pharaohs of Lower Egypt, were Hezekiah's allies against Assyria. The tidings of his approach made Sennacherib the more anxious to get possession of Jerusalem before his arrival.
sent—2Ki 19:9 more fully expresses Sennacherib's eagerness by adding "again."
10. He tries to influence Hezekiah himself, as Rab-shakeh had addressed the people.
God … deceive—(Compare Nu 23:19).
11. all lands—(Isa 14:17). He does not dare to enumerate Egypt in the list.
12. Gozan—in Mesopotamia, on the Chabour (2Ki 17:6; 18:11). Gozan is the name of the district, Chabour of the river.
Haran—more to the west. Abraham removed to it from Ur (Ge 11:31); the Carroe of the Romans.
Rezeph—farther west, in Syria.
Eden—There is an ancient village, Adna, north of Baghdad. Some think Eden to be the name of a region (of Mesopotamia or its vicinity) in which was Paradise; Paradise was not Eden itself (Ge 2:8). "A garden in Eden."
Telassar—now Tel-afer, west of Mosul [Layard]. Tel means a "hill" in Arabic and Assyrian names.
13. Hena … Ivah—in Babylonia. From Ava colonists had been brought to Samaria (2Ki 17:24).
14. spread—unrolled the scroll of writing. God "knows our necessities before we ask Him," but He delights in our unfolding them to Him with filial confidence (2Ch 20:3, 11-13).
16. dwellest—the Shekinah, or fiery symbol of God's presence, dwelling in the temple with His people, is from shachan, "to dwell" (Ex 25:22; Ps 80:1; 99:1).
cherubim—derived by transposition from either a Hebrew root, rachab, to "ride"; or rather, barach, to "bless." They were formed out of the same mass of pure gold as the mercy seat itself (Ex 25:19, Margin). The phrase, "dwellest between the cherubim," arose from their position at each end of the mercy seat, while the Shekinah, and the awful name, Jehovah, in written letters, were in the intervening space. They are so inseparably associated with the manifestation of God's glory, that whether the Lord is at rest or in motion, they always are mentioned with Him (Nu 7:89; Ps 18:10). (1) They are first mentioned (Ge 3:24) "on the edge of" (as "on the east" may be translated) Eden; the Hebrew for "placed" is properly to "place in a tabernacle," which implies that this was a local tabernacle in which the symbols of God's presence were manifested suitably to the altered circumstances in which man, after the fall, came before God. It was here that Cain and Abel, and the patriarchs down to the flood, presented their offerings: and it is called "the presence of the Lord" (Ge 4:16). When those symbols were removed at the close of that early patriarchal dispensation, small models of them were made for domestic use, called, in Chaldee, "seraphim" or "teraphim." (2) The cherubim, in the Mosaic tabernacle and Solomon's temple, were the same in form as those at the outskirts of Eden: compound figures, combining the distinguishing properties of several creatures: the ox, chief among the tame and useful animals; the lion among the wild ones; the eagle among birds; and man, the head of all (the original headship of man over the animal kingdom, about to be restored in Jesus Christ, Ps 8:4-8, is also implied in this combination). They are, throughout Scripture, represented as distinct from God; they could not be likenesses of Him which He forbade in any shape. (3) They are introduced in the third or gospel dispensation (Re 4:6) as "living creatures" (not so well translated "beasts" in English Version), not angels, but beings closely connected with the redeemed Church. So also in Eze 1:5-25; 10:1-22. Thus, throughout the three dispensations, they seem to be symbols of those who in every age should officially study and proclaim the manifold wisdom of God.
thou alone—literally, "Thou art He who alone art God of all the kingdoms"; whereas Sennacherib had classed Jehovah with the heathen gods, he asserts the nothingness of the latter and the sole lordship of the former.
17. ear … eyes—singular, plural. When we wish to hear a thing we lend one ear; when we wish to see a thing we open both eyes.
18. have laid waste—conceding the truth of the Assyrian's allegation (Isa 36:18-20), but adding the reason, "For they were no gods."
19. cast … gods into … fire—The policy of the Assyrians in order to alienate the conquered peoples from their own countries was, both to deport them elsewhere, and to destroy the tutelary idols of their nation, the strongest tie which bound them to their native land. The Roman policy was just the reverse.
20. The strongest argument to plead before God in prayer, the honor of God (Ex 32:12-14; Ps 83:18; Da 9:18, 19).
21. Whereas thou hast prayed to me—that is, hast not relied on thy own strength but on Me (compare 2Ki 19:20). "That which thou hast prayed to Me against Sennacherib, I have heard" (Ps 65:2).
22. Transition to poetry: in parallelism.
virgin … daughter—honorable terms. "Virgin" implies that the city is, as yet, inviolate. "Daughter" is an abstract collective feminine personification of the population, the child of the place denoted (see on Isa 23:10; Isa 1:8). Zion and her inhabitants.
shaken … head—in scorn (Ps 22:7; 109:25; Mt 27:39). With us to shake the head is a sign of denial or displeasure; but gestures have different meanings in different countries (Isa 58:9; Eze 25:6; Zep 2:15).
24. said—virtually. Hast thou within thyself?
height—imagery from the Assyrian felling of trees in Lebanon (Isa 14:8; 33:9); figuratively for, "I have carried my victorious army through the regions most difficult of access, to the most remote lands."
sides—rather, "recesses" [G. V. Smith].
fir trees—not cypresses, as some translate; pine foliage and cedars are still found on the northwest side of Lebanon [Stanley].
height of … border—In 2Ki 19:23, "the lodgings of his borders." Perhaps on the ascent to the top there was a place of repose or caravansary, which bounded the usual attempts of persons to ascend [Barnes]. Here, simply, "its extreme height."
forest of … Carmel—rather, "its thickest forest." "Carmel" expresses thick luxuriance (see on Isa 10:18; Isa 29:17).
25. digged, and drunk water—In 2Ki 19:24, it is "strange waters." I have marched into foreign lands where I had to dig wells for the supply of my armies; even the natural destitution of water there did not impede my march.
rivers of … besieged places—rather, "the streams (artificial canals from the Nile) of Egypt." "With the sole of my foot," expresses that as soon as his vast armies marched into a region, the streams were drunk up by them; or rather, that the rivers proved no obstruction to the onward march of his armies. So Isa 19:4-6, referring to Egypt, "the river—brooks of defense—shall be dried up." Horsley, translates the Hebrew for "besieged places," "rocks."
26. Reply of God to Sennacherib.
long ago—join, rather, with "I have done it." Thou dost boast that it is all by thy counsel and might: but it is I who, long ago, have ordered it so (Isa 22:11); thou wert but the instrument in My hands (Isa 10:5, 15). This was the reason why "the inhabitants were of small power before thee" (Isa 37:27), namely, that I ordered it so; yet thou art in My hands, and I know thy ways (Isa 37:28), and I will check thee (Isa 37:29). Connect also, "I from ancient times have arranged ('formed') it." However, English Version is supported by Isa 33:13; 45:6, 21; 48:5.
27. Therefore—not because of thy power, but because I made them unable to withstand thee.
grass—which easily withers (Isa 40:6; Ps 37:2).
on … housetops—which having little earth to nourish it fades soonest (Ps 129:6-8).
corn blasted before it be grown up—Smith translates, "The cornfield (frail and tender), before the corn is grown."
28. abode—rather, "sitting down" (Ps 139:2). The expressions here describe a man's whole course of life (De 6:7; 28:6; 1Ki 3:7; Ps 121:8). There is also a special reference to Sennacherib's first being at home, then going forth against Judah and Egypt, and raging against Jehovah (Isa 37:4).
29. tumult—insolence.
hook in … nose—Like a wild beast led by a ring through the nose, he shall be forced back to his own country (compare Job 41:1, 2; Eze 19:4; 29:4; 38:4). In a bas-relief of Khorsabad, captives are led before the king by a cord attached to a hook, or ring, passing through the under lip or the upper lip, and nose.
30. Addressed to Hezekiah.
sign—a token which, when fulfilled, would assure him of the truth of the whole prophecy as to the enemy's overthrow. The two years, in which they were sustained by the spontaneous growth of the earth, were the two in which Judea had been already ravaged by Sennacherib (Isa 32:10). Thus translate: "Ye did eat (the first year) such as groweth of itself, and in the second year that … but in this third year sow ye," &c., for in this year the land shall be delivered from the foe. The fact that Sennacherib moved his camp away immediately after shows that the first two years refer to the past, not to the future [Rosenmuller]. Others, referring the first two years to the future, get over the difficulty of Sennacherib's speedy departure, by supposing that year to have been the sabbatical year, and the second year the jubilee; no indication of this appears in the context.
31. remnant—Judah remained after the ten tribes were carried away; also those of Judah who should survive Sennacherib's invasion are meant.
33. with shields—He did come near it, but was not allowed to conduct a proper siege.
bank—a mound to defend the assailants in attacking the walls.
34. (See Isa 37:29, 37; Isa 29:5-8).
35. I will defend—Notwithstanding Hezekiah's measures of defense (2Ch 32:3-5), Jehovah was its true defender.
mine own sake—since Jehovah's name was blasphemed by Sennacherib (Isa 37:23).
David's sake—on account of His promise to David (Ps 132:17, 18), and to Messiah, the heir of David's throne (Isa 9:7; 11:1).
36. Some attribute the destruction to the agency of the plague (see on Isa 33:24), which may have caused Hezekiah's sickness, narrated immediately after; but Isa 33:1, 4, proves that the Jews spoiled the corpses, which they would not have dared to do, had there been on them infection of a plague. The secondary agency seems, from Isa 29:6; 30:30, to have been a storm of hail, thunder, and lightning (compare Ex 9:22-25). The simoon belongs rather to Africa and Arabia than Palestine, and ordinarily could not produce such a destructive effect. Some few of the army, as 2Ch 32:21 seems to imply, survived and accompanied Sennacherib home. Herodotus (2.141) gives an account confirming Scripture in so far as the sudden discomfiture of the Assyrian army is concerned. The Egyptian priests told him that Sennacherib was forced to retreat from Pelusium owing to a multitude of field mice, sent by one of their gods, having gnawed the Assyrians' bow-strings and shield-straps. Compare the language (Isa 37:33), "He shall not shoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shields," which the Egyptians corrupted into their version of the story. Sennacherib was as the time with a part of his army, not at Jerusalem, but on the Egyptian frontier, southwest of Palestine. The sudden destruction of the host near Jerusalem, a considerable part of his whole army, as well as the advance of the Ethiopian Tirhakah, induced him to retreat, which the Egyptians accounted for in a way honoring to their own gods. The mouse was the Egyptian emblem of destruction. The Greek Apollo was called Sminthian, from a Cretan word for "a mouse," as a tutelary god of agriculture, he was represented with one foot upon a mouse, since field mice hurt corn. The Assyrian inscriptions, of course, suppress their own defeat, but nowhere boast of having taken Jerusalem; and the only reason to be given for Sennacherib not having, amidst his many subsequent expeditions recorded in the monuments, returned to Judah, is the terrible calamity he had sustained there, which convinced him that Hezekiah was under the divine protection. Rawlinson says, In Sennacherib's account of his wars with Hezekiah, inscribed with cuneiform characters in the hall of the palace of Koyunjik, built by him (a hundred forty feet long by a hundred twenty broad), wherein even the Jewish physiognomy of the captives is portrayed, there occurs a remarkable passage; after his mentioning his taking two hundred thousand captive Jews, he adds, "Then I prayed unto God"; the only instance of an inscription wherein the name of God occurs without a heathen adjunct. The forty-sixth Psalm probably commemorates Judah's deliverance. It occurred in one "night," according to 2Ki 19:35, with which Isaiah's words, "when they arose early in the morning," &c., are in undesigned coincidence.
they … they—"the Jews … the Assyrians."
37. dwelt at Nineveh—for about twenty years after his disaster, according to the inscriptions. The word, "dwelt," is consistent with any indefinite length of time. "Nineveh," so called from Ninus, that is, Nimrod, its founder; his name means "exceedingly impious rebel"; he subverted the existing patriarchal order of society, by setting up a system of chieftainship, founded on conquest; the hunting field was his training school for war; he was of the race of Ham, and transgressed the limits marked by God (Ge 10:8-11, 25), encroaching on Shem's portion; he abandoned Babel for a time, after the miraculous confusion of tongues and went and founded Nineveh; he was, after death, worshipped as Orion, the constellation (see on Job 9:9; Job 38:31).
38. Nisroch—Nisr, in Semitic, means "eagle;" the termination och, means "great." The eagle-headed human figure in Assyrian sculptures is no doubt Nisroch, the same as Asshur, the chief Assyrian god; the corresponding goddess was Asheera, or Astarte; this means a "grove," or sacred tree, often found as the symbol of the heavenly hosts (Saba) in the sculptures, as Asshur the Eponymus hero of Assyria (Ge 10:11) answered to the sun or Baal, Belus, the title of office, "Lord." This explains "image of the grove" (2Ki 21:7). The eagle was worshipper by the ancient Persians and Arabs.
Esar-haddon—In Ezr 4:2 he is mentioned as having brought colonists into Samaria. He is also thought to have been the king who carried Manasseh captive to Babylon (2Ch 33:11). He built the palace on the mound Nebbiyunus, and that called the southwest palace of Nimroud. The latter was destroyed by fire, but his name and wars are recorded on the great bulls taken from the building. He obtained his building materials from the northwest palaces of the ancient dynasty, ending in Pul.
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text:
"Grandma's Bullet Proof Vest: Why Your Children Need You To Do Family History"
Janet Hovorka
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text: Windows Phone: Adding Mango features to a 7.0 WinPhone App 21 August 2011 morten Windows Phone Microsoft just announced what happens to your non-Mango app (WP7.0) if you publish a Mango app (WP7.1) to the marketplace. Basically if you upgrade your app to 7.1, you will no longer be able to maintain the 7.0 app for people who still haven't upgraded yet (and we know from the last update that that can take a while). However, it is possible to make a 7.0 app that uses Mango features if the user has upgraded to Mango. That way you can continue to build a 7.0 app, and the moment the user upgrades to Mango, he will get additional features available. All this using a little "reflection magic". The certification requirements does kind of hint at that this is not allowed, but some apps has already made it through certification, so this seems to be considered OK to do, and it also works great as well. So how is this done? We can use the method of the Type object to get identifiers of methods, events, constructors, properties etc. by using their names. This way we will never write a piece of code that explicitly uses one of these (which the compiler would reject), but instead at runtime will attempt to locate them, and if successful execute/access it But before we attempt doing that, we can perform a check for whether this is a mango device (or newer). Mango is v7.1, so it must be version 7.1 or newer: bool IsMangoDevice = (Environment.OSVersion.Version >= new Version(7, 1)); We can also get access to types we don't have yet in the 7.0 compiler but the 7.1 device has. For example, the StandardTileData class used to create secondary tiles for your app can be accessed using its full name and assembly: Type t = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Phone.Shell.StandardTileData, Microsoft.Phone"); If we continue down this path, we can actually create a secondary tile on a mango device, and still have the app be 7.0. That means you can TODAY submit an app to the marketplace that uses mango features, and people with developer devices will get mango features now! (again note that this might cause problems during marketplace certification, but some apps has already made it through and is available today!) Anyway… here's the code that creates a secondary tile: //get the constructor for the StandardTileData and create a new instance of it var newTileData = t.GetConstructor(new Type[] { }).Invoke(null); //Get the setter method for the title property var setMethod = newTileData.GetType().GetProperty("Title").GetSetMethod(); //Set the tile title setMethod.Invoke(newTileData, new object[] { "This is my new tile" }); //Get the create method for the shell tiles Type shellTileType = Type.GetType("Microsoft.Phone.Shell.ShellTile, Microsoft.Phone"); var createMethod = shellTileType.GetMethod("Create"); //Create the tile, with the uri and tile data Uri uri = new new Uri("/MainPage.xaml?Test=This_Came_From_A_Secondary_Tile", UriKind.Relative) createMethod.Invoke(null, new object[] { uri, newTileData}); Or how about setting the system tray color? typeof(Microsoft.Phone.Shell.SystemTray).GetProperty("BackgroundColor"). GetSetMethod().Invoke(null, new object[] { Colors.Red }); Of course you should only call these methods if the device is a mango device, so use the check shown first before executing this code. I created an extension class that neatly encapsulates this and only executes the code if it's supported. Examples: //Set tray color if supported MangoExtensions.SetTrayColor(Colors.Blue); //Add hold event handler to a control (onHold is of type RoutedEventHandler delegate): myControl.AddEventHandler_Hold(onHold); //Show "Create secondary tile" button if supported: createTileButton.Visibility = MangoExtensions.IsMangoDevice ? Visibility.Visible : Visibility.Collapsed; //Create/replace tile: MangoExtensions.CreateTile("My Tile", new Uri("/MainPage.xaml?parameter1=value1", UriKind.Relative)); You can download the entire extension class here: Download


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All Coastline Kratom orders ship within a day and come with a full money back guarantee. Free domestic shipping on all U.S. orders over $75.
Thank you for shopping with Coastline Kratom, and please remember us for all your kratom needs!
Ingredients: mitryagyna speciosa powder.
All products contain less than 0.3% THC.
Sold exclusively as an ingredient for soap making or aromatherapy. Not intended for human consumption.


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With a lifetime of experience of riding and winning on trails and racecourses around the world, the Ritchey tradition of designing ideal handlebars continues with the introduction of the Comp 10D Rizer.
Taking inspiration from the original XC 10D flat bar, this 800mm-wide trail bar offers a generous 10° backsweep for perfect wrist alignment, 4° upsweep to reduce pressure on the outside of the hand, and 20mm rise for optimum positioning.
All of this combines to deliver a uniquely comfortable and controllable mountain bike experience. Whether ripping your favorite trails from Moab to Houffalize or your local runs, the Ritchey Comp 10D Rizer bar will help deliver a lifetime of great mountain bike experiences.
- Material: double-butted 6061 alloy
- Width: 800mm
- Rise: 20mm
- Backsweep: 10°
- Upsweep: 4°
- Clamp diameter: 31.8mm
- Bar-end compatible: yes
- Weight: 385g


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Precision Parabolic Reflectors are ideal for collimating a light source placed at the focal point of the mirror. The parabolic profile eliminates spherical aberration, allowing the light source to maintain its wavefront characteristics. These Precision Parabolic Reflectors feature very low f/#s, making them ideal for highly divergent light sources. The protected aluminum coating features broadband high reflection through the visible and IR spectra. The cold mirror coating reflects visible light while transmitting NIR, making it ideal for cold condensing applications.
Precision Parabolic Reflectors are precision polished, yielding exact aspheric profiles. These mirrors offer improved thermal stability and superior focusing efficiency versus commercially available press-molded reflectors. Typical applications include use as steppers for PCB, LCD, or PDP production, solar simulators, fiber optic illuminators, and projectors.


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The Library is continually accepting donations of books, DVD's, music CD's, etc. The library will preview the items to see if they are needed in the collection. Items not chosen for the collection go to the book sale. The funds raised from the book sale are generally used to purchase new library material.
We do not accept outdated text books, encyclopedia sets, or mail catalogs.
Financial Support
The library accepts monetary donations that provide support for collections, programming, and special purchases. Financial supporters may indicate an area of interest they would like to support.
You may choose to honor a loved one through a memorial donation to the library. You can indicate a particular area of the collection or the library for which the donation should go, such that it reflects the individual being honored.
Time & Skills
There are many ways to support the Library and community with a gift of your time and skills. Volunteer help is needed for a variety of projects throughout the year. Volunteering is a good way to gain experience and references. If you are interested in volunteering please talk to a staff members, call the Library at (920) 533 – 8534 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Ruled By: | Mars |
Likes: | Action, Challenges, Control, Winning, Ideas |
Dislikes: | Waiting, Boredom, Failure, Competition |
Color: | Red |
Planet Stone: | Jasper |
Birth Stone: | March: Aquamarine, April: Diamond |
Compatible With: | Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Leo, Sagittarius, Aquarius, Pisces |
Incompatible With: | Cancer, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Capricorn |
General Traits
Aries is the first sign of the zodiac and is connected with new beginnings in general. You tend to be very active, and are always looking for something new to do. You have an optimistic and enterprising mind, and strive constantly to come up with new ideas and better ways of doing things. Because you are the "first-born" of the zodiac, you are usually aware of your needs and desires first, regardless of what is going on around you. You tend to be concerned with self, both positively and negatively, and you can be self-reliant, but also self-centered and sometimes overly concerned with your own self-satisfaction or personal advancement. In most situations, you prefer to be the leader and not the follower, as you would rather give advice than listen to advice from others. Your competitive nature makes it hard for you to admit defeat, and you will always work towards finding new and better ways of achieving a goal. Because of your impatient nature, you can sometimes act impulsively before thinking of what you really need to do, and the order in which you need to do it. You are full of enthusiasm and creative energy, and you need an outlet in which to express yourself on this level.
The down side of your personality however, is that you can be narrow-minded and dogmatic in your thinking, not giving others a chance to express themselves. You don't do well with the complexities of emotion or in delicate situations where subtlety may need to be exercised. You tell it like it is, and are untouched by the reaction that may result. As far as you're concerned, you've answered the question honestly. You tend to have a temper as well, and get easily frustrated when you are not making progress, or if someone is holding you back. You have a very strong need to prove yourself, and you may sometimes speed towards the conclusion without ever having asked the question.
On the whole however, if you want the job done right, you are the person to do it. You have an uncanny ability to motivate people, and keep an optimistic view on a situation. If you have spent time on spiritual matters, you likely have great willpower and self-confidence.
In a relationship, you can be demanding and passionate. You enjoy initiating relationships, and the role of seducer comes naturally for you. You demand a partner who can challenge you on all levels, and keep you interested with new and inventive ways of satisfying your fervent needs. In your need to always get your own way however, you may put your needs before that of the relationship, and in this respect there may be conflicts, and possible separation. You need to learn this lesson in love, so that you can relate to your partner and reach out to them in consideration. You should look at the overall consequences of your actions, and figure out how they fit into the partnership. You love change and this could challenge your loyalty to one person, however, if you do find the right person you will flourish in love, and become a more sensuous and understanding soul.
You are liable to be a physical and fearless lover with a high sex drive. You'll enjoy making passionate love to anyone who is lucky enough to be seduced by your adventurous and flirtatious ways. Intensity and experience is what you are looking for, and you will do whatever it takes to get what you want. You love the game of seduction, as it gives you the chance to show off your talents. A person who can challenge you on a mental level is a great turn on to you, and some good oral intercourse could be just the thing needed as foreplay to a long night of physical communication. You need an equally adventurous partner to help fulfill some of your more outgoing fantasies.
Famous People Born Under Aries:
Rosie O'Donnell
Reba McIntyre
Paul Reiser
Lucy Lawless
Christopher Walken
Warren Beatty
Martin Short
William Shatner
Marlon Brando
Charlie Chaplan
Julie Christie
Joan Crawford
Bette Davis
Harry Houdini
Thomas Jefferson
Aretha Franklin
Sara Jessica Parker
Mariah Carey
Elton John
Eric Clapton
Eugene McCarthy
J.P. Morgan
Wayne Newton
Joseph Pulitzer
Gloria Swanson
Peter Ustinov
Vincent Van Gogh
Tennessee Williams
Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
FREE 6 Minute Reading! The very talented, professional psychics at PsychicAccess can help you to a happier road to travel in life. No problem is too big or small. Let the very best of the net become your personal advisors. Choose from telephone or live video/chat readings. Be sure to check this site out, you'll be glad you did.


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GeoFunTrek Tours is different. For those looking for a high quality guided tour of the Black Hills, Badlands and beyond - GeoFunTrek Tours is the answer!
We specialize in day-long adventures in the Black Hills, Badlands region and the surrounding areas.
We will work with you to deliver the finest in traditional itineraries such as Mount Rushmore, Crazy Horse and Custer State Park - to unique and novel experiences - such as Sunset and Stargazing Tours of the Badlands, Dinosaur and Fossil Tours, Mining History Tours, Winery and Art Gallery Tours, Walking Tours and other specialty tours.


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Beaded Jewel Long Sleeve Collar Shirt Top
Beaded Jewel Long Sleeve Collar Shirt Top
- Vendor
- Indigo Arrowwood
Beaded Jewel Trim With Long Sleeve And Contrast Colored Collar Shirt Top In Georgeete
Model Height is 5'-8"
Model Size is 32-24-35
Model is wearing size Small
Processing time
1 business day
Customs and import taxes
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Payment Options
Please check bottom of Shipping & returns section for the secure payments or check bottom/footer section for the full Accepted payments
Returns & Exchanges
I gladly accept returns, exchanges and cancellations
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Post items back to me within: 21 days of delivery
Request a cancellation within: 24 hours of purchase
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
The following items can't be returned or exchanged
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
-Custom or personalised orders
-Perishable products (like food or flowers)
-Digital downloads
-Intimate items (for health/hygiene reasons)
Conditions of return
Buyers are responsible for return postage costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
Questions about your order?
Please contact me if you have any problems with your order.


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Fits Jeep JT Gladiator Premium Trail Doors, 2019 - Present, Front Door Kit, Military Beige. Made in the USA.
Product Overview
Make: Jeep
Model: Gladiator
Years: 2019-Present
Is there a better way to show your American pride other than an American flag on the side of your Jeep? The Steinjager line of premium trail doors are manufactured from 3/16" steel in house on our laser and CNC bender. They are then welded and powder coated in house as well (with the exception of the bare sets).
These premium kits come with all the upgrades previous offered as options on our tube doors. The kits include upgraded latch pins, door limit straps and even integrated arm rest.
Click HERE for installation video
Vehicle Fitment
Gladiator JT
Doors, Trail
2019 to Present
American Flag
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.


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First thing's first, DON'T GO OUT AND BUY A SKIRT PATTERN. Most of them are just rectangles! You don't need them! This is a great way to use those scrap pieces without investing too much of your time! What's more, if you use a coupon when buying your fabric you could make each skirt for somewhere around $5 or less depending on how much you spend per yard. Only one yard is needed.The tutorial will teach you how to make each of these skirts which are included in the giveaway as well.
I'm all about sewing the quick and dirty way! Fast is key. I have such a low attention span, if a project takes more than a couple hours I'm far more likely to abandon it. This little project will add to your wardrobe but only take 20 minutes or less....no lie....I promise!
The key is to have all your materials in front of you before you begin. Searching for items around the house is so time consuming AND frustrating! Having everything at hand makes a project seem twice as simple.
For this project you will need in front of you a: threaded sewing machine, scissors, safety pin, elastic and of course fabric (about 3/4 to one yard). And I like to include a seam ripper because I always seem to need this at some point in any given project.
Once you have all those things you can begin. The best part about this tutorial is that there is no measuring tape involved which really cuts down on time! To really make this go by fast I used one yard that I purchased at the fabric store (typically 45" wide). As with most cotton fabrics the sides are sealed so that they do not fray. This is key because you will not have to hem the bottom of the skirt when done.
First take your material and fold it in half so that the two sealed sides meet.
Second. Cut down the middle. Be sure to keep both pieces completely equal because when you sew them together later they will have to match up evenly.
Third. Sew the two pieces right sides together at one end so that you have one long (not wide) piece.
Fourth. Now to sew a casing. To do this all you have to do is fold over the top raw edge (not the sealed bottom) about 1". Sew along the top and be sure to make the casing as large or as small as your elastic. A casing too small will make the elastic roll and a casing too large with bunch up your fabric when the elastic is relaxed.
In my photo I sealed the raw edge with my serger. You don't have to do this but if you have a serger it will help to keep from fraying.
Fifth. Now measure the elastic by wrapping it around your waist. BE SURE TO DO IT UNDER YOUR CLOTHING. I am doing it over mine because I was wearing a dress and didn't want to show everyone my undies:) Subtract about 2-3 inches from the amount you used to wrap around your waist and cut the elastic.
Six. Now to thread it through the casing you just made. If you have one of those plastic casing tools then by all means use that but if you don't (or can't find yours like me) attach a safety pin to one end of the elastic.
Seven. Push the safety pin through the casing easing it down the tunnel by bunching the fabric then moving it down the elastic. When the end of the elastic reaches the hole where you started to thread the elastic attach a safety pin to keep the elastic from pulling through the casing any further.
Eight. When the end of elastic meets the end of the casing be sure to stitch the ends of the casing and elastic so that it won't be pulled through the tunnel. Do this on both ends.
Nine. Finally sew sides together with right sides facing each other. Since you didn't trim the fabric at the bottom you won't need to sew a hem at the bottom unless you want to. Normally a 45" fabric will be long enough to fall at your knees when you cut it in half.
Turn right side out.AND YOU'RE DONE! New skirt.
Optional. I made another skirt and added a red peaking pettiskirt by simply sewing the red material under the hem I made in step four. But you can also add it at the beginning and fold it over with the hem. If you want it to peak out at the bottom you will have to trim your top layer so that it is shorter than your bottom layer. The top layer will then have to be hemmed so that you don't have a raw edge. This might add an extra 5-7 minutes to the project.
And if any of you were interested the dress I'm wearing is from Forever 21 and it was only $13.80!!!!
Since these skirts are elastic I would say they would fit a size 2-8.As usual, if you would like a chance to win these skirts just link back to this post. If you have any questions see the "questions and answers" link to the right. If you use blogger just use the "create a link" link at the bottom of this post. If you don't use blogger, that's fine too. Just create a link on your page as you normally would and I will see it using Technorati.
Create a Link


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Dr. Jane Burka is a psychologist and psychoanalyst in private practice in Oakland, California. She is co-author with Dr. Lenora Yuen of "Procrastination: Why You Do It; What To Do About It NOW," updated in 2008. The original edition, published in 1983, sold over 150,000 copies. The book has been translated into French, Chinese, and Korean. Dr. Burka and Dr. Yuen have appeared on Oprah and 20/20 and were featured in The New York Times and Psychology Today.
Dr. Burka is a Personal and Supervising Analyst and a member of the Faculty at the Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California in San Francisco. She works with young adults, adults, and elders, specializing in procrastination, creative blocks, mood disorders, and trauma.


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REISHI | Organic and Local, 10-11% Beta Glucans
The Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), an edible type of medicinal fungus that has been used for various healing abilities for thousands of years, is a true "superfood." Also known as Ling Zhi in Chinese, these mushrooms are strongly anti-inflammatory and tied to longevity, better immune function and mental clarity — perhaps that's why they've adopted the nickname "king of mushrooms."
As described in the book "Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects," in Chinese the name for the reishi mushroom represents "a combination of spiritual potency and essence of immortality … it's tied to success, well-being, divine power, and longevity. Among cultivated mushrooms, G. lucidum is unique in that its pharmaceutical rather than nutritional value is paramount."
Throughout history in holistic medicine practices, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Reishi mushrooms have been considered to be adaptogen herb-like substances, meaning they help us deal with the negative effects of stress — such as increased inflammation, depleted energy levels, damaged blood vessels and various types of hormonal imbalances.*
For most of history, in Traditional Chinese Medicine fully grown Reishi mushroom was dried, cut into slices, boiled in hot water and then steeped to make a healing tea/soup. Today, manufacturers of Reishi products use a processing technique where Reishi is boiled multiple times at a high pressure, allowing the active ingredients to be extracted to form a tincture, or extract powder (Iike ours).
Over the past several decades, dozens of different studies conducted in Japan, China, the U.S. and the U.K. have demonstrated that Reishi mushrooms are capable of offering protection against numerous diseases or illnesses, including:
- inflammation*
- fatigue (including chronic fatigue syndrome)*
- frequent infections (urinary tract, bronchitis, respiratory infections, etc.)*
- liver disease*
- food allergies and asthma*
- digestive problems, stomach ulcers and leaky gut syndrome*
- tumor growth and cancer*
- skin disorders*
- autoimmune disorders*
- diabetes*
- viruses, including the flu, HIV/AIDS or hepatitis*
- heart disease, hypertension, high blood pressure and high cholesterol*
- sleep disorders and insomnia*
- anxiety and depression*
Because they work as an "immune modulator," Reishi mushrooms can help restore hormonal balance, bring the body back to homeostasis and regulate activity of the immune system, including fighting tumors and cancerous cells. Research shows that Reishi mushrooms act like a normalizing substance, regulating various cellular functions and systems, including the endocrine (hormonal), immune, cardiovascular, central nervous and digestive systems.
Product Assets:
- 100% Organically Grown
- Cell Wall Extracted (zero fillers or processors!)
- Steam extracted
- Contains 10% Beta Glucans
- Grown in Washington State
- Contains both fruiting body and mycelium
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any diseases.


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Some people have quipped that options gamblers have is losing. Would that going barefoot was that easy to understand. Solving problem gambling involves a lot merely finding a winning system or having a lucky streak, as a gambling problem is often a deep seated situation that involves a lot more than just losing a personal game or money. domino qq online Addictive gambling can rob you of anything you care about or hold dear locations isn't about winning and losing, it is about gambling and gameplay.
Progressive Slot s are a comparatively new connected with Slot machine that raises the odds of winning in brick and mortar on line casino. These are normally joined together within a digital network to slowly boost your workers jackpot beneath place gambling bets. So as people more bets in the network, the jackpot gradually increases. This creates sense of community, as gamblers place bets hoping of winning a life-changing amount cash. These types of games are fashionable and normally function because the main attraction at conventional casinos. These commonly locate a group ladies gambling together in order to boost their chances of winning.
GAME MENU – When you're select this menu, you'll be instantly taken to a listing of all for the game files, homebrew applications, etc. you've stored while having microSD message. You can use the controller pad on the NDS to decide the file you need to load. In case you are loading a game for the primary time, you'll prompted, after selecting the game, to ensure that get to develop a save declare the game. This is needed if you'd like to reduce game. Your game saves are stored on food with caffeine . microSD card as sport files themselves – diane puttman is hoping fantastic if you want to delete those games later, to switch with other files, because can copy your save game files back with a PC, for future use when you'd like to call or fold that game again.
Ludomania is regarded the impulse or itch to gamble even when you're conscious its' corresponding implications. Although is just a minor obstacles. Severe cases actually nod into the direction for this mental difficulty. It is called pathological Gambling. One is known as a pathological gambler you are preoccupied with Gambling continually and the actual reason mainly all he ponders. He tends to imagine when he'll be playing again in upcoming or thinks about the game he played yesterday.
The fact is that consistently predicting continues reading of the roll of two dice at will is out of the. Don't be fooled by fortunate moments at the height of excitement that players yell out numbers as well as the dice miraculously obey. Those moments become the exception and not even remotely the strategy. Do you know any professional golfers that hit a hole-in-one not less than once every 18 rips?
For people that wish to but one outside the U.S., could possibly use coins from 98% of our planet's countries. This really an issue for businessmen and world travelers, who happen to give back some spare cover anything from their last trip. They will not sort them, but you can at least stash them for later. Many slot machine banks have a place in a corner for to be able to empty does not really have when it's full.
One on the areas of slot car racing in which may be frustrating to a new guy to the hobby may be that the cars will go the track if they are driven too fast around the curves or too slow through many of the obstacles. This is something folks assume get the idea of pretty quickly.
And technically all of the Indian context it would not stand illegal seeing that the gambling is occurring parts of USA where gambling isn't illegal, which makes the entire deal very ethical. In case that little pocket of yours is running short of cash and you can't figure out obtaining money. Try this kind of! It might get you more than a fortune!


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Çois Cycling Club socks
Çois Cycling Legacy socks are made from PROLEN®YARN
Light: the lightest fibre ever created, 50% lighter than cotton. Thermoregulating: has the property to maintain the ideal temperature when in contact with the skin. Dry: the dry layer acts like a "second skin", it keeps the skin dry and odourless and assures a perfect equilibrium between temperature and relative humidity even in the most extreme conditions.Durable: our socks may go through bad weather, sun, sweat and humidity and maintain colour freshness and power even after multiple washing.Ecological: production of our socks doesn´t pollute the environment (water, air, nor soil). No toxic dyes are used. 100% recyclable.
Sock height: 20 cm


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Local Chapters
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
This page lists all sites and activities regarding OSGeo in other languages and with regional focus. Please check the Local Chapter Guidelines to find out how to become an official OSGeo Local Chapter. For a quick overview see Local_Chapters/Starting.
Find the full overview in our Category: Local Chapters.
Local Chapter Initiatives
Local Chapters are operated in their corresponding native language. Please also subscribe to the International Outreach mailing list.
- Africa: Mainly South Africa but with members from many other countries in Africa. Started formal process post FOSS4G 2008.
- Arabic Language
- Argentina Geoinquiet@s Argentina, local chapter
- Belgium
- Bolivia: For local GIS help
- Brasil: OSGeo Local Chapter
- Canada: Nation-wide effort brainstorming page
- China (OSGeo中国)
- Croatia
- Czech
- Danmark Covering Denmark (and potential connections to southern Sweden/Øresund region)
- Deutsch Language
- Europe
- Español Language: joining the Sudamerica and the Spanish effort
- There are several microchapters under the common name of Geoinquietos
- Finland
- Francophone Language: Not just a beginning anymore, a reality :)
- Greek
- Hungary and Hungarian Language
- India
- Indonesia
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italiano Language
- Japan (OSGeo日本支部)
- Korea Language (OSGeo 한국어)
- Lesotho
- Madagascar
- Nepal
- Netherlands The Dutch local chapter
- Nigeria
- Nordic An initiative to form a local OSGeo chapter for the all the Nordic countries.
- Oceania Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands regional chapter
- Pacific Islands Chapter: The Pacific Islands Chapter
- Pakistan:Local Chapter
- Perú Creado en Julio del 2013
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romanian
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- Sri Lanka
- Sudamerica
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- United Kingdom
- North America Regional
- OSGeoUS: US Chapter of OSGeo
- California
- San Francisco Bay Area: A subset of the California group.
- Cascadia
- New Mexico
- Oregon and SW Washington, PDX-OSGEO
- Philadelphia
- Southeast OSGEO Chapter
- Twin Cities, Minnesota
- Washington DC
- California
- Vietnam
- European Network: A page to define a common set of interests between all European Chapters


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Dwarka Courier Service is considered one of the best cargo and courier service because we provide secure & cheapest way to send a package parcel to Burton. We offer express courier service for Burton with overnight or next-day delivery.
How we send a parcel to Burton ?
Door to Door courier service to Burton: We will pickup a parcel to your door in Burton and will deliver it to any location in world.
Free parcel pickup to home in Burton : No worry if you don't have time or living far to our drop off location in Burton, we will provide you a free pickup to home service for your parcel in Burton to ship worldwide.
Free packaging material for your parcel before shipping to Burton : During the pickup to your Burton address we will make sure your parcel is proper packed, it's our responsibility to pack your parcel properly before shipping to Burton.
Proper documentations before shipping to Burton : If you are shipping to Burton, We need a proper instruction to your side before making shipment.
Multiple payment option for your courier fee to Burton: You have to make the payment in advance before making shipment to Burton, We have multiple payment option for getting paid to you for your shipment
Express delivery to Burton: Yes! That's our USP, We Deliver fast within 3-5 days to Burton. We provide overnight courier service to Burton
Money back guarantee for courier service to Burton : If we couldn't delivery your parcel within promised business hours than we will liable to make you full refund
Ship anything to Burton : We ship almost anything to Burton. However there are some limitations as per Burton government regulation authority, Check list of Restricted Items to ship to Burton.
Email alert for courier service to Burton : After your online request for courier service to Burton, We will send you pickup confirmation email including with order id and pickup agent info
SMS notification for courier service to Burton : You will get text/sms alert on your mobile as a live update until your product get successfully delivered to Burton.
Online tracking for courier service to Burton : We are a fully trackble courier service form Burton, you may check anytime or track your shipment location, or leave your feedback or instruction any time.
Cheap & affordable rates for courier service to Burton : We are chepaest courier service to Burton, We Offer some of the most competitive prices in the courier industry, in other word we can say we are price leader for courier form Burton
Ship Household Products to Burton | Ship Furniture to Burton | Ship Documents & Papers to Burton |
Ship Sports Equipment to Burton | Ship Electronics to Burton | Ship Overweight Baggage to Burton |
Ship Food Products to Burton | Ship Big Parcels to Burton | Ship Bulk Shipment to Burton |
Ship Small Parcels to Burton | Ship Artwork to Burton | Ship Medicines to Burton |
Our Cargo Service to Burton | Ship Apparels & Cloths to Burton | Ship Jwelry & Watches to Burton |
In addition to delivering parcels and documents to Burton, we also deliver specialty items such as condiments, pickles, sweets, groceries and other food products that would be hard to send through the other postal service.


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Remember Me
Chocolate covered blueberries are a timeless treat in any candy store. Try it in tea form for the same satisfaction but without all of the sugar.
Blueberry Black tea, a blue-berrilicious treat. It is also great for ice tea! Just brew normally, add sugar (if you prefer) and allow it to cool.