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If you have already created an account please log in below with your username and password.
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Slot machines have been established for many years now, you can walk into any casino around society and you will find a slot machined calling your name. In today's world of technology you can now play online slot games. You much more have a lever to pull, just point the mouse to where men and women and it will act as the lever. There still a lot the fun and excitement play online slot games; it's just easier and one will not have to fight all the people standing around waiting for your slot machine. Anyone slot games online may offer better payback percentages, thus bringing those old slot machine games into the 21st century.
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This article summarizes 10 popular online slot machines, including Currently being the Reels Turn, Cleopatra's Gold, Enchanted Garden, Ladies Nite, Pay Particles!, Princess Jewels, Red White and Win, The Reel Deal, Tomb Raider, and Thunderstruck.
The idea is getting together the gaming enthusiasts and providing them a platform for social interaction on a topic of interest, here virtual slot machine games. As the product is in the like-minded people from different corners in the world, gaming perspectives that emerge and transfer among gaming enthusiasts are unending.
Gear sets are often control the car's acceleration and speed capacity. Standard gears can be upgraded at a later time so as to increase the car's performance level. Magnets are placed in the front and rear of the automobile for downforce. Some racing car enthusiasts choose to race cars without magnets because magnets add on the weight of your car.

subset: commoncrawl


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Yamaha YZF R7 99-02
Not in stock, 2-6 week lead time
Shatter Resistance: Zero Gravity windscreens are made of acrylic plastic, a material that is NOT shatterproof. This screen can crack if impacted by a road hazard such as, but not limited to, a rock or a bird. By installing this product onto his or her motorcycle, the purchaser and user of the product acknowledge the potential injury that could result from human contact with a shattered windscreen and assume all risk and liability associated therewith. Zero Gravity Windscreens are not DOT certified unless specifically designated as such on the windscreen.
Colored Plastic: The color pigments (especially fluorescents) used in the manufacture of the plastic sheet from which these windscreens are made may fade if left exposed to the sun for prolonged periods.
Motorcycle Dashboards: In certain rare instances the material used by motorcycle manufacturers in the construction of dashboards and gauges is made from plastics that have an inherently low melting point. Zero Gravity assumes no liability for any melting or deforming of the dashboard or its components due to heat from the sun or for any other reason. Please make sure to cover your dashboard if you plan to leave your bike exposed to the sun for any length of time.
Optical Clarity: If the purchaser of this product is dependent on the ability to see through the windscreen while riding on his or her motorcycle, the purchaser is urged to test the windscreen for optical clarity and light transmission prior to installing it on a motorcycle.
Opaque Windscreens: The purchaser of this product acknowledges that if such product is an opaque windscreen that the plastic material from which it is made is not transparent and the user cannot see through such windscreen.
Care: For performance and clarity Zero Gravity® windscreens should be maintained using superior plastic cleaners like Zero Gravity's One Step Cleaner & Polisher™ and Novus No.2 for it's optimum crystal clarity. One Step Cleaner & Polisher™ is used by the Zero Gravity® production line to prep every Zero Gravity® windscreen. The Zero Gravity® production line also uses Novus No.2 on some screens to remove fine scratches before packaging. One Step Cleaner & Polisher™ cleans quickly without leaving a film and buffs to a brilliant shine. It provides an antistatic property, which resists finger marks, dust, and abrasions. It is offered in a 32oz. Carafe bottle or a convenient 8oz spray bottle. Finally Zero Gravity® supplies Novus #2 in an 8oz bottle. It removes fine scratches, haziness, and abrasions from acrylic windscreens.
Zero Gravity Black Nylon Wellnut Fastener Kit #32-120 | |
Zero Gravity White Nylon Wellnut Fastener Kit #32-130 | |
Zero Gravity Fastener Kits are designed to provide a vibration resistant attachment to the fairing. Zero Gravity recommends replacing factory wellnuts after 3 years of use or if a wellnut looks deformed like the pictured here. |


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Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)
What is Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)?
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a type of spinal fusion procedure in which bone graft is placed between the affected vertebrae in the lower back (lumbar) region through an incision on the patient's back.
Indications for Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)
Based on your spinal condition, age, activity level, and medical history, your surgeon may recommend TLIF as a treatment option in the following spinal instability conditions:
- Degenerative disc disease (damaged disc)
- Spondylolisthesis (slippage of one vertebra on another)
- Spinal stenosis
The common symptoms associated with lumbar spinal instability are pain, numbness, and muscle weakness in the lower back, hips, and legs.
Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) Procedure
A small incision is made in the skin on your back over the affected vertebrae. Muscles encircling the affected spine are retracted to gain accessibility to the spine. The lamina covering the vertebra is removed to gain access to the nerve roots. Facet joints (structures that connect the vertebrae to one another) may be undercut or trimmed to provide more space for the nerve roots. The nerve roots are moved away to remove the disc material from the spine. A bone graft is inserted between the vertebrae. Screws and rods are fixed to stabilize the spine. Soft tissues are re-approximated and the incision is closed.
Recovery following Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)
You will usually be discharged on the same day of the operation, but in some cases, your hospital stay may be extended. You will mostly observe immediate improvement of some or all of the symptoms, but sometimes the improvement of the symptoms may be gradual.
Your surgeon may recommend a few specific postoperative instructions for a fast and better recovery. Generally, you may be able to return to your routine activities within weeks after surgery.
Risks and Complications of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)
The primary risk of TLIF is the failure of fusion of vertebral bone and bone graft which may require additional surgery. The other possible complications associated with TLIF include:
- Infection
- Nerve damage
- Blood clots
- Blood loss
- Bowel or bladder problems


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Artist: 50 Cent Ft. Olivia Album: The Massacre Song: I Don't Need 'Em
[Intro] Yeah It is what it is man Uh huh
[Verse 1] Sirens flashin', you know the routine, the crime scene taped off It started off a robbery, they blew half his face off They seen him shinin', course full of diamonds he bought Grindin', his foot slipped off the ladder of success he was climbin' The D's came through, asked the niggas if they knew what happened Somehow my name end up in anything that involves clappin' Detectives at my mama crib, they say they wanna question me They put me in a line up last time and they arrested me When it come to cookin' coke, they know I got the recipe I turn a quarter to a half, thats why they mess with me I'm the neighborhood pusher, I move packs to make stacks A little weed, a little X, a little H, a little crack Figure, I push it to the limit, take this shit to the max Navy blue vest on, navy blue Yankee hat Calm, in my palm, fully loaded fire arm First to let off, last to run, everytime its on
[Chorus] I tell niggas to suck my dick Get the fuck out my face Cause I don't need 'em Cause they're never around When I'm down Shot and I'm bleedin'
[50 Cent] What, niggas yeah Is there a mothafuckin' problem nigga Oh yeah That's what I thought so, pussy
[Verse 2] niggas be talkin' about me, they always callin' me crazy Fuck them O.G. niggas, they stuck in the eighties Sayin' they gonna do me somethin', now you know thats a lie nigga you look at me wrong, I'll let that hammer fly I'm rich, I still wake up with crime on my mind Queens nigga put it down like Pappy Mason in his prime When I say move, nigga move or get caught in the cross fire Up a fence runnin, cut my fuckin' hand on a barb wire Shits crazy, just a different day, its the same shit Hollow tip part in ya head, leave ya whole fuckin' brain split They sit, they see me in the Ashton Martin What's the matter, they can't get that Hoopty started Thought they was grindin', well goddamn where that money at Thought you was fucked, cause you was lettin' paper stack You ain't a hustler, matter of fact, you's a busta I don't trust ya, I shoulda sent niggas to touch ya
[Outro] What? Who said they gonna do somethin' to me You must be out your rabbid ass mind Fuck around and kill one of these niggas


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Find Our Latest Video Reviews on YouTube!
If you want to stay on top of all of our video reviews of the latest tech, be sure to check out and subscribe to the Gear Live YouTube channel, hosted by Andru Edwards! It's free!
Friday December 21, 2007 12:30 pm
Who Needs TV?
A new survey conducted by Harris Interactive with 2,455 U.S. adults concluded that about 65% of them have watched a video on YouTube, compared to only 42% last year. Forty two percent of viewers said that they visit the site frequently, a rise of 33% from last year. Forty three percent say they have seen videos on a TV network while less view them on news sites and search engines. Frankly, we are wondering why they even bothered to conduct the survey, and instead should realize that, as the survey also determined, there will be more TV and movie watching online when the networks and studios get a clue.
Read More | stuff
Latest Gear Live Videos
© Gear Live Inc. {year} – User-posted content, unless source is quoted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Public Domain License. Gear Live graphics, logos, designs, page headers, button icons, videos, articles, blogs, forums, scripts and other service names are the trademarks of Gear Live Inc.


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Apple iPhone 4
We provide iPhone 4 Repair
iProdigy provides on the spot repairs for iPhone 4.
On average repair is 20 minutes. Walk ins Welcome.
Open 7 days a week, located one block south of sunrise highway in Bellmore Long Island.
What makes us great
- Limited lifetime warranty on parts and labor.
- Competitive pricing, we offer price match guarantee.
- Full line of accessories to protect your device.


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Gunnery School Fort Meyers Large Letter 1945
Regular price
Florida Views and Designs – Gunnery School Fort Meyers Florida Large Letter 1945.
Create your own Greeting Cards, Home Décor Prints, Quilt Blocks, Scrapbooking Illustrations, and other DIY projects. Print on paper and cloth. If you have any questions or need more information on how you can use our images contact us or see INFO - F.A.Q.
This is the largest and most comprehensive collection of vintage New York City images on the internet. Download and print on your personal printer. The full-size image files you download will not have watermarks. The images have all been professionally adjusted for high-quality reproduction.
Standard print sizes are 4x6, 6x9 and 8x12 inches. The size of the image files are 720 pixels x 1080 pixels. The ratio of the image files is 2:3. We have links on how to make your own greeting cards and how to print on cloth on the INFO - F.A.Q. page. Let us know if you have any questions or need more information. We will be glad to help you however we can.
We have been in the fine art printing business for more than 20 years. You can order any of the images on our web site as 8-color fine art giclee prints. Contact us for details. Satisfaction is guaranteed.
NOTE: You are authorized to use this image file for your personal use only. All of the digital image files on this website are © 2022 Susan and Jack Davis - iVintageImages - All Rights Reserved. See Terms and Conditions. THANK YOU!


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Traffic Safety Warehouse is a single source online safety store that covers ALL your traffic equipment, crowd control and general safety supply needs. From traffic cones and barricades to speed bumps, delineators and bollards, we carry it all. We work to bring you the best quality safety products at the best possible prices and to provide you with an easy shopping experience.
All Your Favorite Traffic Control and Safety Products in One Place
Give us a try and let us be your 'go to' traffic supply and safety store for everything from traffic and construction safety to school and industrial safety. We carry a huge supply of products by category so you can find exactly what you are looking for fast. If you can't find it give us a call and our knowledgeable safety staff will help you. Our mission is to bring you the most professional quality safety products, priced right and backed by outstanding customer service. When you buy from Traffic Safety Warehouse, you are buying from a distributor who has access to all the major safety supply manufacturers and can get those products to you at low pricing. We have the resources to ensure that you get what you want while staying in budget.


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10W Bay Trail-D Coming To Market from GIGABYTE and Biostar
by Ian Cutress on February 4, 2014 10:36 AM EST- Posted in
- Motherboards
- CPUs
- Biostar
- Gigabyte
- Fanless
- Silvermont
- SoCs
- Bay Trail
News on the grapevine is filtering down for Bay Trail-D. We have had the 20W Avoton server equivalent processor in our offices for a little while now, but alongside this Intel have 10W consumer based Celerons to market. With the chips being a ball-grid-array arrangement it is up to the motherboard manufacturers to provide the base on which these processors sit. Alongside some display from MSI at CES, GIGABYTE and Biostar are coming to market with their versions.
From GIGABYTE, this is the J1800N-D2H, using the 10W Intel Celeron J1800 Bay Trail-D SoC, a dual core Silvermont CPU starting at 2.41 GHz with turbo up to 2.58 GHz. N in the name indicates mini-ITX, and D2H positions the motherboard at the lower end in terms of specifications. The board itself uses a passive heatsink to cool the CPU (more than understandable for 10W), two DDR3L SO-DIMM 1333 MHz slots (1.35V memory only), a D-sub and HDMI audio output, two PS/2 ports, USB 3.0, a USB 2.0 hub, two SATA 3 Gbps ports, a PCIe 2.0 x1 slot, a mini-PCIe slot, Realtek ALC887 audio and Realtek NIC, all in a 17cm square form factor.
The Biostar J1800NH is a similar product with the Celeron J1800 SoC, using instead a single DDR3L SO-DIMM slot, fewer USB 2.0 ports and a Realtek ALC662 audio codec instead.
What is perhaps more surprising is the pricing. The Biostar motherboard is currently available for $56 with a $60 MSRP – the GIGABYTE motherboard, and the MSI one at CES, should be around $60 as well. However this SoC, sold by Intel, is listed as $72 tray price (i.e. in batches of 1000). This means either that these manufacturers are getting them at a discount, or selling them at a loss.
The purpose for Bay Trail-D is tablet like performance in a desktop form factor, with perhaps the added advantage of expandability and connectors. Users wanting quad core solutions will have to keep eyes peeled for J1850/J1900 versions, or jump to Pentium J2850/J2900. We saw that ECS was going to release a line of these motherboards last year. As mentioned, we have Avoton in to test, specifically Intel's 8-core Silvermont solution for IPC/servers. Keep your eyes peeled for that review.
Sources: Fanless Tech via Liliputing via Tech Report.
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DARBYOTHRULL - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
I wonder how well this would work as a Steam streaming box. It can't run SteamOS due to a 64 bit requirement, but it can run Linux/Windows. -
Vepsa - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
I'm more thinking the Gigabyte as a small storage server. Cut the end of the PCIe slot out & populate it with a SATA/SAS card (from the pics it looks like it will have no problem with at least an 8x card fitting in) and put a mini-PCIe SATA card in for more storage. Then add 8GB of RAM,some HDDS & boot FreeNAS off a thumb drive and it should do fairly well. -
The_Assimilator - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
Rather get a PCIe x1 extender and cut the end off that, that way you don't void the warranty on the board.
This CPU/board is looking very promising for a fileserver. I'd like to see some performance numbers though, especially against the current cream of the low-end crop, the G465. I have one of the latter and it's slow as molasses (probably mostly due to the single physical core) so anything that feels more responsive is better in my books. -
ddriver - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
With 2 S-ATA - very unlikely, plus there are atom boards dedicated to such workloads, like this one: http://www.asrock.com/server/overview.asp?Model=C2...
Octa core atom, 12 S-ATA, dual gigabit lan, 64 gigs of ram max and even a x8 PCI-E slot. This is a server board, those boards in the article are good for living room media boxes and nothing else. -
BMNify - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
thats true ,i found them to be around £300 +VAT for the octacore but its a shame Intel do not include their generic AVX/2 blocks in all their cores today so there's no incentive to actually optimize all the apps you would run there for far better SIMD data throughput or id try them today, at least Linaro are optimizing all the apps one by one for NEON SIMD as standard, we shall see what happens this year with their 64bit cores -
ddriver - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
I think atom still has SIMD, just not as wide and capable as those of the desktop and laptop cores, but that's the price you pay for better power efficiency. Something comparable to the previous (current market) generation of NEON.
And at any rate, at a data server, you'd rarely need to crunch that much data, especially considering hardware on-board encryption/decryption, hashing, packet offloading and such are usually present. Obviously this is a narrow market, much more narrow than 1 or 2 CPU servers and workstations, which come with all AVX bells and whistles and even possibly multiple phi. -
BMNify - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
i would hold much potential in the phi just yet even if you have a need for
32x 8 bit integer
16x 16 bit integer
8x 32 bit integer
4x 64 bit integer
plain 256 bit as per current AVX2 and its assumed they will double these for their 512bit AVX3.1
the generic current CoreLink CCN-508 NOC can deliver up to 1.6 terabits of sustained usable system bandwidth per second with a peak bandwidth of 2 terabits per second (256 GigaBytes/s) at processor speeds scaling all the way up to 32 processor cores total..... at least on paper
Intel's Knights Landing Xeon Phi due in 2015 with its antiquated QPI interconnect and its expected ultra short-reach (USR) interconnection only up to 500MB/s data throughput seems a little/lot short on real data throughput by then, Intel seem to need to go to Wide IO/HMC and a far better ultra short-reach interconnect to their GDDR5 high latency ultra short-reach (USR) ram ASAP it seems....
"Intel is not saying precisely what processor socket the future Knights Landing chip will slip into, but the most obvious one is the socket shared by the Xeon E5 of the time. All that Hazra would confirm was that the idea is to deploy 14-nanometer processes to cram more transistors onto the Knights Landing chip and to get around some of the bottlenecks with the PCI-Express 3.0 bus that current coprocessors of any kind are adversely affected by."
"He would not discuss if memory for the future Xeon Phi would link in over the QuickPath Interconnect or by some other means, but he did say that Intel would be stacking the memory onto the processor package and that Knights Landing would have "leadership compute and memory bandwidth".
so again that would probably be HMC style 2.5D -
DanNeely - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
QPI is not an antiquated bus just because it was only used in a single generation of consumer parts prior to bringing the north bridge onto the CPU itself. It's still used on Xeon's released this year as the multi-socket interconnect bus. -
BMNify - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
in your opinion, sure, however calling http://www.chiphell.com/data/attachment/forum/2012...
2 QPI interconects giving a max total throughput of just 51.2 GB/s, and Intel restructuring the platform in such a way that the on board network interface controllers will now be wired to the PCI-Express so called by PR "root complexes" of the processors, rather than the chipset so as to try and remove some of that traffic from interfering with the core antiquated interconnects. -
BMNify - Tuesday, February 4, 2014 - link
calling 2 QPI interconects giving a max total throughput of just 51.2 GB/s not antiquated in 2014 for the best Intel have in generic x86 server land (never mind retail) seems odd when you consider that LSI Axxia® 4500 Family of ARM SOC NOC (network On Chip) gives you upto 256 GigaBytes/s


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Agreement between Tohoku University and Elsevier
Elsevier and Tohoku University have established an agreement to support authors in Japan who wish to publish open access. The cost of publishing open access is covered under the terms of this agreement. When publishing open access in selected core hybrid journals, eligible corresponding authors do not have to pay an article publishing charge (APC) or receive a discount on the APC. When publishing in fully gold open access journals, authors will receive a discount on the APC.
How does the process work?
The process of publishing under the agreement is straightforward:
Step 1 – Once the journal accepts your article, you will receive an email containing a link to the "post acceptance author journey".
Step 2 – You will be asked to review your affiliation and funder details. Based on this information, you will see personalised publishing options including the option to publish under the agreement.
Step 3 – You will confirm your publishing choices and complete the post acceptance journey.
Step 4 – Your institution will validate your eligibility for the agreement
Step 5 – You and your co-authors will receive an email to confirm that the APC will be covered by the agreement. Please note that the number of APCs included under the agreement is fixed and will be allocated based on date of acceptance.
During the submission process, the system will present you with personalised publishing options including any agreement or offer that you may be eligible for. You can indicate your publishing choice during submission, but you are not required to finalize your choice until after acceptance.
Which institutions are covered by this agreement?
This agreement supports corresponding authors (see FAQ at the bottom of this page) affiliated with a participating Tohoku University.
Which journals are included in this agreement?
Authors can publish eligible articles (see FAQ at the bottom of this page) in a wide variety of participating Elsevier journals across a range of disciplines.
What are the author benefits of publishing open access with Elsevier?
When you publish open access with Elsevier, you get the attention you deserve. We offer authors:
Choice — we have open access journals across every scientific discipline
Support — receive expert support throughout submission, during peer review and post-acceptance
Visibility — your final published article will be published on ScienceDirect, the number one research platform in the world
To learn more about the benefits of publishing open access with Elsevier, please visit our open access author hubopens in new tab/window.
Are there other publishing options?
Authors can continue to choose to publish under the subscription model which includes the option to self-archive their manuscript (Green Open Access) in line with Elsevier's sharing policyopens in new tab/window.
Eligibility FAQs
The JUSTICE framework can cover articles with an original acceptance datebetween 1 January 2024 and 31 March 2027.
The corresponding author is the person who submits the manuscript and other related documentation to the journal and is the primary contact between the journal and all other authors. If the paper is published, the corresponding author is also the first point of contact for readers.
The corresponding author's responsibilities include:
Ensuring that all authors have complied with the journal's policies, including reviewing and approving the final version of the manuscript prior to submission
Distributing and responding to communications from the journal (e.g., decision letters, reviewers' reports)
Completing the post publication author journey including the Journal Publishing Agreement, Rights and Access information form and selection of open access options on behalf of, and with the agreement of, the co-authors
Dealing with any post-publication correspondence (e.g., providing information regarding research data, methods and resources)
For the purposes of the agreement, there is only one corresponding author. All other authors that are not corresponding authors, are called 'co-authors'.
With this agreement, authors have a choice between a commercial (CC BY) or non-commercial (CC BY-NC-ND) license. The licence choice is dependent on the journal selected. Please refer to the journal's homepage for specific details.
The following article types are part of this agreement:
Case reports
Data in Briefs
Full-length articles
Original software publication
Practice guidelines
Review articles
Replication studies
Short communications
Short surveys
Video articles


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CPI 2011: What's in a number?
Since 1995, the Corruption Perceptions Index has scored and ranked countries from all around the world according to perceptions of the extent of corruption in the public sector. The simplicity of giving each country a single score has enabled the index to be a powerful awareness raising tool with global reach. The index provides a valuable insight in terms of how the extent of corruption can vary around the world. It also generates data which can be mapped and modeled to enhance our understanding of the relationship between corruption and other important outcomes. And as a single number cannot describe the full complexities and dynamics of corruption and its actors, it also paves the way for further and deeper analysis.
A measure of perceptions: As an individual, you might know of an incidence of a bribe being paid to a policeman for example, and exactly how much that bribe cost.
Or you may have read in the papers news of corruption in a particular government procurement contract. But cases of corruption, that we know or have evidence of, make up just a fraction of the full extent of corruption across society.
Corruption is by its very nature deliberately hidden, and being able to obtain information about particular cases depends on freedom of information, the quality of anti-corruption legislation and the effectiveness of the laws and institutions in terms of holding guilty parties to account.
Given the fundamental challenges of gathering evidence based data on corruption, the Corruption Perception's Index takes a different approach. This index brings together a number of different data sources (in 2011 we use 17 separate surveys and assessments), which capture perceptions of the extent of corruption in the public sector of a country/territory. With this approach, in 2011 we are able to score and rank 183 countries/territories from around the world on the same scale.
Perceptions data has been shown to correlate very well with other indicators that use a more evidence based approach. For example, Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer 2010 asked people from 86 countries whether they had paid a bribe for public services.
When these results were plotted against the index scores for each country, we can clearly see that ordinary people are more likely to have to pay a bribe to access basic public services where corruption is perceived to be more prevalent.
What the data can tell us: The CPI 2011 allows us to compare 183 of these countries against each other. We can highlight at the global and regional level where countries and territories have been successful in controlling corruption. Looking at South America, Chile and Uruguay clearly stand out as having public sectors that are perceived as less corrupt than their neighbouring countries.
In Africa, we can point to Botswana, which is ranked as the cleanest country on the continent. Highlighting these differences and drawing attention to good country examples can be a powerful incentive for other countries to actively fight corruption and improve their relative position.
In contrast, at the bottom of the index, we find Somalia, a country ravaged by war and famine, and North Korea, a country with one of the worst human rights records in the world. Governments, businesses, and civil society in countries towards the bottom of the index should do all they can to fight corruption and pull them up and away from the bottom of the Corruption Perceptions Index.
At a macro level, the index can also be used to illustrate the relationship between the extent of corruption and other important outcomes. We can plot the Corruption Perceptions Index against the UN's Human Development Index, and find that where there is perceived to be more corruption, human development outcomes tend to be lower.
Transparency International's Bribe Payers Index (BPI) captures perceptions of the likelihood of companies to pay bribes when doing business overseas and the 2011 edition finds that in countries where the Corruption Perceptions Index scores are low (highly corrupt) companies from these countries are seen as more likely to pay bribes when doing business overseas.
Quantitative data is a great tool. We can paint maps and plot graphs of relationships, but it is also important not to stop at the score in the Corruption Perceptions Index when assessing corruption, but rather see it as a starting point for a more detailed exploration for a given country, sector or institution.
Understanding how corruption manifests itself in its many forms and as perpetrated by various actors, both those on the demand and the supply side require a much more detailed analysis and a host of diagnosis and assessment tools.
For any press inquiries please contact [email protected]


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6 In some cases, a profile has not been produced for every region. This is usually because there is insufficient data for that region. For example, there have been no profiles produced for Other Territories (Jervis Bay, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands). 7 Some values in the NRP have been randomly adjusted or suppressed to avoid the release of confidential data. Care should be taken when interpreting cells with small numbers. In some cases small cells have been randomly altered to zero. Caution should be exercised in deducing that there are no people or units with particular characteristics in a given area. 8 These Explanatory Notes have been presented using the ABS Topic Framework. Data are also presented using the Topic Framework within the National Regional Profile. The topics are: Economy (paragraphs 9 to 61), Population/People (paragraphs 62 to 102), Industry (paragraphs 103 to 125) and Environment/Energy (paragraphs 126 to 129). ECONOMY Estimates of Unemployment 9 Unemployment estimates for small areas are produced by the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) using the Structure Preserving Estimation (SPREE) methodology. The series used in the National Regional Profile is a four quarter smoothed series, at June quarter of each year. 10 SPREE uses statistics from the Australian Government agency Centrelink of persons in receipt of Newstart and Youth Allowance and ABS Population Census and Labour Force Survey estimates by Labour Force Regions to estimate unemployment levels. Sampling and non-sampling errors in these collections will flow into the DEEWR estimates. 11 This methodology produces original, unadjusted estimates which can exhibit considerable variability. The data shown in the National Regional Profile have been 'smoothed' by averaging the original estimates over the four quarters to June for each year. Particular care should be taken when interpreting estimates for regions where the estimated labour force is smaller than 1000 persons. 12 DEEWR produced the unemployment estimates on geographic boundaries (ASGC 2001), so a geographic correspondence process has been used to present the data based on 2008 geographic boundaries (ASGC 2008) in the National Regional Profile . Further information on Geographic Correspondences and the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) can be found in paragraphs 132 to 136. 13 A detailed description of the methodology used in deriving the estimates is presented in the DEEWR quarterly publication 'Small Area Labour Markets, Australia' which can be accessed through the DEEWR web site at www.deewr.gov.au. Selected Government Pensions and Allowances 14 Data on the number of individuals receiving selected Government pensions and allowances has been provided by Centrelink, the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), and the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA). Data has been provided to the ABS on an aggregate basis, for Statistical Local Areas.
15 Age pension is a payment for persons who have reached Age Pension age. Age Pension age depends on the individual's date of birth: For men:
For women:
For men and women:
16 The majority of Age Pensions are paid by Centrelink. Age pensioners who also receive a Disability Pension from the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) have the choice of having their Age Pension paid by either the DVA or Centrelink. People who choose to receive the Age Pension through the DVA are not included in Centrelink data and therefore two separate data items - Age Pension (Centrelink) and Age Pension (DVA) - are published in the National Regional Profile.The Centrelink Age Pension data has been provided by FaHCSIA and includes overseas pension recipients in the total for Australia. Both Age Pension totals for Australia include persons whose address could not be coded to a specific region. 17 The purpose of Disability Support Pension (DSP) is to provide income support for people who have a permanent physical, intellectual or psychiatric impairment. DSP is designed to give people an adequate means of support if they are unable to work for at least 15 hours per week at or above the relevant minimum wage, independent of a program or support. DSP data has been provided by FaHCSIA and includes overseas pension recipients and persons whose address could not be coded to a specific region in the total for Australia. 18 Carer Payment is for people who are unable to support themselves through participation in the workforce while caring for someone with a disability, severe medical condition, or who is frail and aged. Carer Payment data has been provided by FaHCSIA and includes persons whose address could not be coded to a specific region in the total for Australia. 19 Newstart Allowance is a payment for people who are looking for work and allows them to participate in activities designed to increase their chances of finding work. Persons must be aged 21 to 64 to qualify. Newstart Allowance data has been provided by Centrelink. 20 Youth Allowance is a payment for young people who are studying, undertaking training or an Australian Apprenticeship, looking for work, or sick. Persons must be aged 15 to 24 to qualify. Youth Allowance data has been provided by Centrelink. 21 Parenting Payment is a payment for persons who are primary carers of children. Parenting Payment data has been provided by Centrelink. 22 All Government Pensions and allowances data refer to a point in time (i.e. the number of persons receiving payment as at the pay period closest to 30 June each year) and therefore do not represent all the customers in receipt of payments during the entire financial year. Customers who have been suspended or not paid at that point of time are not included in these data. 23 Centrelink and FaHCSIA data was provided for Statistical Local Areas using 2006 geographic boundaries (ASGC 2006). All regions that have a value of less than 20, including zero, have been confidentialised for privacy reasons. Given that this edition of the National Regional Profile presents all data based on 2008 geographic boundaries, where the boundary has changed between 2006 and 2008, data has not been included in these profiles for those regions. 24 Data has been provided by DVA for Statistical Local Areas and confidentialised where there were less than 4 persons in a region. 25 Where a person could not be allocated to a region within a state/territory, they have been shown in the totals for the state/territory. 26 More information about specific Centrelink payments can be accessed through the Centrelink website at www.centrelink.gov.au. Taxation Statistics 27 Taxable income data are sourced from the Australian Taxation Office's (ATO) Individual Income Tax Return Database and provided to the ABS by the ATO in aggregated form only, at the Statistical Local Area level. Information about individual taxpayers has not been released to the ABS. The statistics are based on individual income tax returns lodged for the financial year ended 30 June, and processed within sixteen months of the financial year to which they relate. 28 The main functions and responsibilities of the ATO are to administer taxation legislation and to collect a wide variety of taxes. The ATO therefore collects data from its reporting population as part of its processes to calculate income tax liability for those persons who are required to lodge an income tax return. 29 Individuals who submit an individual income tax return (Taxable Individuals) report their total income from various sources over a financial year. Their taxable income is the amount remaining after deducting from assessable income all deductions allowed under the Income Tax Assessment Act and is the amount to which tax rates are applied. Non-taxable Individuals are those individuals who submit a tax return, but for whom no tax is payable. 30 Data items include:
For further information, refer to 'Taxation Statistics' 2006-07 at www.ato.gov.au. 31 Averages presented are calculated by dividing the total reported for an area by the total number of taxable taxpayers. For example, average taxable income is the total taxable income reported for an area divided by the total number of taxable individuals in that area. 32 The statistics are based on individual income tax returns lodged for the financial year ended 30 June, regardless of the year in which they were processed. 33 A geographic correspondence has been used by the Australian Taxation Office in order to present the original data on Australian Standard Geographical Classification 2008 boundaries. Further general information on Geographic Correspondences can be found in paragraphs 132 to 136. Estimates of Personal Income 34 Estimates of Personal Income data are compiled from the Australian Taxation Office's (ATO) Individual Income Tax Return Database and provided to the ABS by the ATO in aggregated form only, at the Statistical Local Area level. Information about individual taxpayers has not been released to the ABS. Prior to being provided to the ABS, the statistics have been subjected to a confidentiality process that randomly adjusts table cells with small values. This includes altering some small cells to zero. The statistics are based on individual income tax returns lodged for the financial year ended 30 June, and processed within sixteen months of the financial year to which they relate. 35 The ATO database covers all individuals who submit an individual income tax return and includes persons with income from one or more of a range of sources such as wages and salaries, own business, investment, superannuation and annuity, and other income. 36 Wages and salaries are the main forms of payments made to employees for their work or services. Wage and salary income, as reported on the income tax return, includes:
37 Own unincorporated business income includes the following data items on the individual income tax return:
38 The data for Own unincorporated business income excludes distributions from trusts for non-primary production activities as this mainly includes income from a range of other activities (mainly investments). It also excludes the income of working directors/owners of incorporated businesses who are classified as employees and consequently their income is included under wage and salary income. 39 Investment income includes:
40 Superannuation and annuity income includes superannuation and similar pensions and annuities paid by an Australian superannuation fund, a retirement saving account provider, a registered organisation or life assurance company and pensions paid by a fund established for the benefit of Commonwealth, state or territory employees and their dependants. Also included in this category are bonuses from life insurance companies and friendly societies. 41 Other income (excluding Government pensions and allowances) is made up of selected sources of other income reported on the individual income tax return that were not allocated to one of the above categories. In the main these include attributed foreign income and all other income as reported in question 22 (supplementary section) of the 2006-07 income tax return. 42 Averages presented are calculated by dividing the total income reported for each income source by the total number of taxable taxpayers for that income source. For example, average Wage and salary income is the total Wage and salary income reported for an area divided by the total number of Wage and salary earners in that area. 43 A geographic correspondence has been used by the Australian Taxation Office in order to present the original data on Australian Standard Geographical Classification 2008 boundaries. Further general information on Geographic Correspondences can be found in paragraphs 132 to 136. 44 Further information on these statistics can be found in Estimates of Personal Income for Small Areas, Time Series, 2003-04 to 2007-08 (cat. no. 6524.0.55.002). Wage and Salary Earners 45 Wage and salary earner data provides more detail on the Wage and salary earners in 'Estimates of Personal Income' series (paragraphs 34 to 44). The statistics are based on individual income tax returns lodged for the financial year ended 30 June, and processed within sixteen months of the financial year to which they relate. 46 Occupations are coded using the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO) (cat. no. 1220.0). Estimates of Household Wealth 48 These estimates of household wealth for Statistical Local Areas (SLA) have been developed by the Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (BITRE) by using synthetic estimation methods to disaggregate ABS survey estimates of household wealth. These estimates at SLA level can be found in the BITRE 2008 publication 'Household Wealth', Information Paper 63 and associated database (www.bitre.gov.au). As these statistics have been produced using estimation methods, users should note the assumptions in the methods and limitations of the data used. 49 Estimates of household wealth from the ABS Survey of Income and Housing (see Household Income and Income Distribution, Australia, 2003-04 (cat. no. 6523.0) and Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution, Australia, 2005-06 (cat. no. 6554.0)) are produced from a sample of the population and are available for broad areas such as capital city/balance of state, but are not available for small areas (see paragraph 53 for further details of the scope and coverage of the survey). BITRE have developed estimates of household wealth for small areas by applying small area estimation techniques to disaggregate components of wealth from the ABS Survey of Income and Housing (SIH) at capital city/balance of state level, to Statistical Local Area level. 50 BITRE have used two Broad Area Ratio Estimator (BARE) estimation methods to produce these estimates:
51 BITRE estimated fifteen components of wealth, of which thirteen had some auxiliary data. Examples of auxiliary data used in these estimates include: house prices, taxation statistics and 2001 Census data. BITRE have provided information on the auxiliary data used in the estimation process, and to which components of wealth they were applied in Chapter 3 of the Information Paper 63. 52 Of the components of wealth estimated by BITRE, the following summary data items are presented in these profiles. Further information about these data items can be found in the BITRE Information Paper 63 (www.bitre.gov.au):
53 The scope of the ABS Survey of Income and Housing, and limitations of the auxiliary data available, have limited the SLAs for which an estimate of wealth could be produced by BITRE. The SIH collects information from usual residents of private dwellings in urban and rural areas of Australia, covering about 98% of the people living in Australia. The survey excludes residents of non-private dwellings, households which contain members of non-Australian defence forces stationed in Australia, households which contain diplomatic personnel of overseas governments, and households in collection districts in the Northern Territory defined as very remote or Indigenous Communities (which account for about 23% of the territory's population). 54 BITRE have produced data on 2001 geographical boundaries. In 2001, there were around 1350 SLAs, however, data was not produced for very remote SLAs, discrete indigenous communities, or regions with less than 500 households. BITRE have produced estimates for 1135 Statistical Local Areas (SLA), on the Australian Standard Geographical Classification boundaries for 2001. The National Regional Profile presents data for 984 SLAs where boundaries have not changed significantly between 2001 and 2008. Detailed data for all 1135 SLAs are available from the BITRE Household Wealth Database (www.bitre.gov.au). Counts of Businesses, Entries and Exits 55 Counts of businesses, entries and exits data are based on snapshots of actively trading businesses as at June in each reference year, from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Business Register. 56 Most businesses in Australia need to obtain an Australian Business Number (ABN). These businesses are then included on the whole-of government register of businesses, the Australian Business Register (ABR), which is maintained by the Australian Taxation Office. The ABS uses information from the ABR to populate its internal register of businesses, the Australian Bureau of Statistics Business Register (ABSBR), which is used as a source for business survey frames and business counts. 57 Counts of businesses produced from the ABSBR comprise actively trading businesses in the Australian economy. The population includes employing and non-employing, single location and multiple location businesses. It should be noted that it is not currently possible to account for those businesses which operate out of multiple locations, other than at their main location. This is particularly relevant for larger businesses, which commonly establish outlets in numerous states and regions across Australia. The reason for this is that data pertaining to individual business locations are not currently available from the ABSBR. Users should therefore be aware of this limitation when using counts of businesses. 58 Excluded from these counts are entities which are not considered to be actively trading in the market sector, such as social and sporting clubs, charitable institutions, and government entities. Businesses which have not submitted a Business Activity Statement and/or have reported zero dollar amounts over five consecutive quarters have been excluded. 59 The data published has been confidentialised using random rounding so as not to release the identity of any business units. The confidentialising process used in this release also means that data presented at these detailed levels will not always be additive. That is, opening stock from the beginning of the financial year, plus entries, minus exits, may not equal the closing stock for the end of the financial year. 60 These data have been produced on 2006 geographic boundaries (ASGC 2006). Given that this edition of the National Regional Profile presents all data based on 2008 geographic boundaries, where the boundary has changed between 2006 and 2008, data has not been included in these profiles for those regions. 61 Further information can be found in Counts of Australian Businesses, including Entries and Exits, Jun 2003 to Jun 2007 (cat. no. 8165.0). POPULATION/PEOPLE Estimated Resident Population 62 Population data in the profiles, unless otherwise stated, are the estimated resident population (ERP) counts for the selected region as at 30 June for the year shown. Data are shown to the nearest whole number without rounding, but accuracy to the last digit is not claimed and should not be assumed. Data for 2008 are preliminary estimates. 63 The concept of ERP links people to a place of usual residence within Australia. Usual residence is defined as that place where each person has lived or intends to live for six months or more in the reference year. 64 In Census years the ERP as at 30 June for a region is based on usual residence census counts, with an allowance for net census undercount and the number of residents temporarily overseas at the census date. Overseas visitors in Australia are excluded from this calculation. As the Census is held at a date other than 30 June (8 August in 2006), further adjustments taking into account births, deaths and net migration for the intervening period are made to obtain the ERP at 30 June. 65 For post-censal years, estimates at the Australian level take into account natural increase and net overseas migration, while estimates for states and territories also use estimated interstate movements involving a change of usual residence. 66 The absence of migration data at the Statistical Local Area (SLA) level means that it is not possible to estimate SLA populations by taking into account natural increase and net migration. Instead, ERP for most areas are calculated using a mathematical model, where a relationship is established between changes in population and changes in other indicators between the two most recent censuses. The choice of indicators varies across the states and territories, depending on indicative ability, and includes dwelling approvals, Medicare enrolments and Australian electoral roll counts. Changes in these indicators are then used to estimate changes in the population of each area since the last census. Local knowledge, including that advised by local governments, may be used to adjust the outcome of the model for a particular SLA. 67 More information about population concepts and the ERP methodology as adopted by the ABS for official population estimates, is in Information Paper: Population Concepts, 2008 (cat. no. 3107.0.55.006), Demographic Estimates and Projections: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 3228.0) and Methods and Procedures for Estimating Small Area Populations in Australia (cat. no. 3121.0). 68 Further information on regional ERP data can be found in Regional Population Growth, Australia (cat. no. 3218.0) and Population by Age and Sex, Australia (cat. no. 3235.0). Indigenous Estimated Resident Population 69 Indigenous Estimated Resident Population estimates are based on 2006 Census of Population and Housing Counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians adjusted for net undercount as measured by the Census Post Enumeration Survey. 70 These data have been produced on 2006 geographic boundaries (ASGC 2006). Given that all data in this edition of the NRP is presented on 2008 geographic boundaries (see paragraphs 130 - 136), where the boundary has changed between 2006 and 2008, data have not been included in these profiles. 71 Further information on these estimates can be found in Experimental Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, 2006 (cat. no. 3238.0.55.001). Population Density (Estimated Resident Population) 72 The population density for a region is calculated by dividing the Estimated Resident Population (paragraphs 62 to 68) by the Land Area (paragraph 126) to obtain the number of persons per square kilometre. Census 2006 (2006 Census of Population and Housing) 73 The National Regional Profile presents a summary of population characteristics from the 2006 Census of Population and Housing. More detailed data are available from the Census page on the ABS website. All Census data in the National Regional Profile are presented on a usual residence basis. The data relates to where the persons usually are resident, rather than where they were counted on Census night (8 August 2006). 74 For more information about the Census, see How Australia Takes a Census (cat. no. 2903.0) and 2006 Census of Population and Housing: Nature and Content (cat. no. 2008.0). For information about Census data items see Census Dictionary, 2006 (cat. no. 2901.0). 75 The Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC) (cat. no 1269.0) was used to classify responses for birthplace of individuals. This classification used the current names of countries, so if a person uses a former name the current name is coded. For example, Siam would be coded to Thailand. If an individual's birthplace was not stated on the Census form, an attempt was made to derive it from other answers. 76 The data shown exclude overseas visitors, persons at sea at the time of the Census, and persons whose responses on the Census form inadequately described their country of birth or for whom the birthplace was not stated (and could not be derived). Census 2006 - Speaks language other than English 77 These data identify the language spoken at home, and are coded using the Australian Standard Classification of Languages (ASCL) (cat. no. 1267.0). Only one language is coded for each person. Census 2006 - Post School Qualifications 78 These data show the level of education based on the highest completed non-school qualification of persons (eg. bachelor degree, diploma). 79 The full classification for levels of education and fields of study, together with an explanation of the conceptual basis of the classification, can be found in the publication Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED), 2001 (cat. no. 1272.0). Census 2006 - Occupation 80 These data include all employed people aged 15 years and over. Two occupation questions are used in the Census. The first of these asks for occupation title, while the second asks for the main tasks usually performed by the person in their occupation. Collecting both occupation title and task information ensures more accurate coding of occupations. 81 Occupations are coded using the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) (cat. no. 1220.0). The Occupation code assigned is based on the main job held during the week prior to Census Night. Census 2006 - Households 82 These data describe the type of household within a dwelling. Family households can contain non-family members (unrelated persons and visitors). A maximum of three families can be coded to a household. Lone person households can contain visitors. Census 2006 - Families 83 Families have been classified in terms of the relationships that exist between a single family reference person and each other member of that family. Different types of families are distinguished based on the presence or absence of couple relationships, parent-child relationships, child dependency relationships or other blood relationships, in that order of preference. 84 The family type is derived from people enumerated in the household who usually reside there and who share a familial relationship. Partners and dependent children usually present but temporarily absent are also included in this derivation. Boarders and other non-family members are excluded. Census 2006 - Internal Migration 85 Internal migration is the movement of people from one defined area to another within a country. The Census asked if the person had a different address one year ago, and five years ago. 86 The percentage of persons in a region who lived at a different address within Australia (one year ago, five years ago) is calculated as a proportion of the persons usually resident in the region. 87 Data collected in the Census only reflect movements which coincide with these particular points in time (i.e. one year ago and five years ago) in the intercensal period, even though there may have been multiple movements during this period. 88 Persons temporarily absent, visitors, and households containing only visitors, are excluded from these data. Census 2006 - Proportion of Population in Remoteness Area 89 The Remoteness Structure of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification provides a standard geographical structure describing Australia in terms of a measurement of remoteness or distance from services. It is designed to classify Census Collection Districts which share common characteristics or remoteness into broad geographic regions called Remoteness Areas (RA). 90 The Remoteness Structure is based upon the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) which was developed for the former Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care (now the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing) by the National Key Centre for Social Applications of Geographical Information Systems, now known as the National Centre for Social Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GISCA). ARIA measures the remoteness of a point based on the road distances to the nearest town (service centre) in each of five population size classes. The basic premises of ARIA are that there are more services available in larger towns than small towns and that remoteness is a factor of the relative distance one must travel to access a full range of services. 91 With a state/territory, each RA represents an aggregation of non-contiguous geographical areas which share common characteristics of remoteness. The Remoteness Structure contains the following categories which provide a measurement of whether geographic distances impose restrictions on the accessibility to the widest range of goods, services and opportunities for social interaction:
92 The percentages shown are the proportion of persons counted in the 2006 Census of Population and Housing, by each category of Remoteness for the selected region. The proportions are based on where people usually resided as at the 2006 Census (8 August 2006). 93 Further information about the Remoteness Structure can be found in Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) (cat. no. 1216.0). A map illustrating the 2006 Remoteness Structure can be found under 'Remoteness Structure' in the Geography portal of the ABS website. Census 2006 - Proportion of Population by Section of State 94 The Section of State (SOS) structure uses population counts from the Census of Population and Housing to class Census Collection Districts as urban or rural. 95 Within a state or territory, each SOS represents an aggregation of non-contiguous geographical areas of a particular urban/rural type. The categories are:
96 The percentages shown are the proportion of persons counted in the 2006 Census, by each category of the Section of State Structure for the selected regions. The proportions are based on where people usually resided as at the 2006 Census (8 August 2006). 97 Further information about the Section of State structure can be found in Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) (cat. no. 1216.0) Census 2006 - Unpaid Work 98 Data on unpaid work show the proportion of persons usually resident in the region who did any voluntary work in the last twelve months, or any unpaid work (caring for own children, caring for other children, caring for family members or others) in the last two weeks. Census 2006 - Access to Internet at Home 99 These data show the proportion of occupied private dwellings in the region that have access to the internet. 100 The categories of access are: 'broadband', 'dial-up' and 'other'. Broadband access includes ADSL, cable, wireless and satellite connections. Dial-up includes analog modem and ISDN connections. Other includes access through mobile phones, set-top boxes, games machines, or connections other than dial-up and broadband. Births 101 Data on births are presented on the basis of the usual residence of the mother regardless of where in Australia the birth occurred or was registered. The data refer to live births registered during the calendar year shown, and are supplied to the Australian Bureau of Statistics by each state/territory Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages for compilation into the aggregate statistics in this publication. For more information refer to Births, Australia (cat. no. 3301.0). Deaths 102 Data on deaths are presented on the basis of the usual residence of the deceased regardless of where in Australia the death occurred or was registered. The data refer to deaths registered during the calendar year shown, and are supplied to the Australian Bureau of Statistics by each state/territory Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages for compilation into the aggregate statistics in this publication. For more information refer to Deaths, Australia (cat. no 3302.0). INDUSTRY Building Approvals 103 Data for building work approvals are compiled from:
104 The data included in this profile relate to all residential building approvals valued at $10,000 or more and all approved non-residential building jobs valued at $50,000 or more. 105 Construction activity not defined as building (eg. construction of roads, bridges, railways etc) is excluded from building statistics. 106 The data are as at the January 2010 issue of Building Approvals, Australia, and refer to each financial year ended 30 June. For further information see Building Approvals, Australia (cat. no. 8731.0). Motor Vehicle Census 107 Motor Vehicle Census data refer to vehicles registered with a motor vehicle registration authority at 31 March in the reference year. 108 The Motor Vehicle Census includes all vehicles registered with a state, territory or other government motor vehicle registry for unrestricted use on public roads with the following exceptions:
109 Vehicles on register are those vehicles registered at the date of the census, or had registration expire less than one month before that date. 110 Motor Vehicle Census data are presented by region of owner, and based on the postcode of the owner. A geographic correspondence has been used in order to present the postcode data on Australian Standard Geographical Classification 2008 boundaries. Due to rounding, the sum of the individual components of vehicles will not necessarily add up to total registered motor vehicles. Further information on Geographic Correspondences can be found in paragraphs 132 to 136. 111 Note: The Australia total includes records that could not be allocated to a state or territory. Therefore aggregating state and territory totals will not equal the Australia total. 112 Further information can be found in Motor Vehicle Census, Australia (cat. no. 9309.0). Note that data in that release are by state of registration, and so state/territory totals will not be the same as in this National Regional Profile (which is presented by state of owner). Agricultural Commodities 113 Agricultural Commodities data are estimates obtained from the 2005-06 Agricultural Census. Data were collected from agricultural businesses on the ABS' Business Register, which is based on the Australian Business Register maintained by the Australian Tax Office. The size cut-off for the collection was all businesses with an Estimated Value of Agricultural Operations over $5,000, or a derived value based on Business Activity Statement turnover over $5,000. 114 During the processing phase of the collection, data checking was undertaken to ensure key priority outputs were produced to high quality standards. As a result, some estimates will have been checked more comprehensively than others. It is not feasible to check every item reported by every business, and therefore some anomalies may arise, particularly for small area estimates (i.e. Statistical Local Area (SLA) and below). To present these items geographically, agricultural businesses are allocated to a mesh block based on where the business reports the location of their 'main agricultural property'. Anomalies can occur if location details for agricultural businesses are not reported precisely enough to accurately code their geographic location. In addition, some businesses operate more than one property, and some large farms may operate across mesh block and SLA boundaries, but are coded to a single location. As a result, in some cases, a particular activity may not necessarily occur in the area specified and the Area of Holding and other estimates of agricultural activity may exceed or not account for all activities within that area. For these reasons, the quality of estimates may be lower for some SLAs and other small area geographies. 115 The estimates are subject to sampling variability because not all selected units responded to the Census; that is, the estimates may differ from the figures that would have been produced if all agricultural businesses had responded. One measure of the likely difference is given by the Standard Error (SE). There are about two chances in three that a sample estimate will differ by less than one SE from the figure that would have been obtained if all farms had responded, and about nineteen chances in twenty that the difference will be less than two SEs. 116 In Agriculture data, sampling variability of the estimates is measured by the Relative Standard Error (RSE) which is obtained by expressing the Standard Error as a percentage of the estimate to which it refers. In the National Regional Profile, Agriculture data with an RSE greater than 50% are not presented. Information on RSEs can be found in Agricultural Commodities, Small Area Data (cat. no. 7125.0). 117 Agriculture Census data have been produced on 2006 geographic boundaries (ASGC 2006). Given that all data in this edition of the NRP is presented on 2008 geographic boundaries (see paragraphs 130 - 136), where the boundary has changed between 2006 and 2008, data have not been included in these profiles. 118 For further information see Agricultural Commodities, Australia (cat. no. 7121.0) and Agricultural Commodities, Small Area Data, Australia (cat. no. 7125.0). Value of Agricultural Production 119 The value of agricultural production estimates are derived by the multiplication of price and quantity of individual agricultural commodities. Quantity data for commodities were collected in the 2005-06 Agricultural Census, other ABS collections and non-ABS sources. Price information used is the average unit value of a given commodity realised in the market place. Price information is obtained from a wide range of both ABS and non-ABS sources, including marketing authorities and industry sources. 120 The values used here are "gross value of agricultural commodities produced" and represent the value placed on recorded production at the wholesale prices realised in the market place. Market place, in general, is the metropolitan market in each state. In cases where commodities are consumed locally, or where they become raw material for a secondary industry, these points are presumed to be the market place. 121 The method of collection of relevant prices for agricultural commodities and the costs of marketing these commodities vary considerably between states and between commodities. Where a statutory authority handles marketing of the whole or a portion of a product, price data are usually obtained from this source. Price information is also obtained from marketing reports, wholesalers, brokers and auctioneers. For all commodities, values are in respect of production during the year (or season) irrespective of when payments are made. 122 Estimates for small areas such as Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) and Local Government Areas (LGAs) are only available for years in which an Agricultural Census is conducted. The most recent Agricultural Census was conducted in respect of 2005-06. 123 Value of agricultural production estimates are subject to standard error. In the National Regional Profile, Agriculture data with a relative standard error (RSE) greater than 50% are not presented. 124 Agriculture Census data have been produced on 2006 geographic boundaries (ASGC 2006). Given that this edition of the National Regional Profile presents all data presented on 2008 geographic boundaries, where the boundary has changed between 2006 and 2008, data has not been included in these profiles for those regions. 125 Further information on Value of Agricultural Production can be obtained in the ABS publication Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced, Australia (cat. no 7503.0). ENVIRONMENT/ENERGY Land Area 126 The land area data are based upon the boundaries of the Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) in the 2008 edition of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The areas of the SLAs were calculated using ABS standard Geographic Information Systems software from the digital boundaries of the SLAs. Higher level spatial unit area figures are aggregations of the SLA areas. Water Use on Australian Farms 127 Water use data are collected in the Agricultural Resource Management Survey. Data was collected from agricultural businesses on the ABS' Business Register with an Estimated Value of Agricultural Operations over $5,000. 128 The estimates are based on responses to the Agricultural Resource Management Survey and are subject to sampling variability. That is, estimates may differ from figures that would be produced if all agricultural businesses had been included in the survey. Errors other than those due to sampling may occur because of the deficiencies in the lists of businesses from which the sample was selected, non-response, and errors in reporting by providers. 129 For further information see Water Use on Australian Farms, 2005-06 (cat. no. 4618.0). STATISTICAL GEOGRAPHY 130 The Australian Standard Geographic Classification (ASGC) is used by the ABS for the collection and dissemination of geographically classified statistics. It is an essential reference for understanding and interpreting the geographic context of statistics published, not only by the ABS but also by other organisations, and its use enables comparability across datasets. 131 This edition of the National Regional Profile uses ASGC 2008. Some data based on postcodes or earlier editions of the ASGC have been converted to data for Local Government Areas (LGA) and Statistical Local Areas (SLA) as defined by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) 2008 (cat. no. 1216.0). Geographic correspondences 132 The use of geographic correspondences enables the conversion of data from one type of geographic region to another. These geographic correspondences are generally used to convert data for 'non-standard areas' to data for standard areas used by the ABS. Geographic correspondences (or conversions) are expressed as conversion factors based on population. 133 The correspondences process:
134 When analysing data produced by correspondences, the following limitations of this methodology need to be taken into account:
135 While care was taken in producing the correspondences the ABS will not guarantee the accuracy of data produced by correspondences. 136 In some series data is not presented for all Local Government Areas. Where data has been provided at Statistical Local Area level and can be matched or aggregated to Local Government Areas, it has been presented in the profiles. Geographic regions 137 The statistics in this electronic release and accompanying data cubes are presented according to the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), 2008. Under this classification, statistical areas below Australia and state/territory level are defined as follows:
Transformed Data Sets 139 As explained above all data presented in this edition of the NRP has been presented on the same geographic basis, using 2008 geographic boundaries. In order to achieve this some data sets have been transformed to match the 2008 boundaries, and this transformation process can introduce error (see paragraph 134). In some cases, a decision has been made not to transform data sets, but rather to suppress data where the boundaries have changed. In other cases, data had been produced on 2008 boundaries and no transformation was required. The following table summarises how each data set has been supplied and, where applicable, transformed to 2008 boundaries. Table 1. Supply and Treatment of Data
140 Where data was originally produced on an earlier geographical boundary, and the data has not been transformed to 2008 boundaries, data is not presented where the earlier boundaries differ significantly from the 2008 geographic boundaries (that is, the boundary changes involve populations being in different regions, not just the land area encompassed by the boundary changes). The following table provides a summary of the number of Statistical Local Areas and Local Government Areas in 2001, 2006 and 2008, and the number of Statistical Local Areas that were deemed to have boundary changes so significant that data was not able to be transformed for those regions. Table 2. Number of Statistical Local Areas and Local Government Areas 2001, 2006 and 2008
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Arts writer John Daly-Peoples of New Zealand's National Business Review writes:
Harvey Benge invents a new history of photography.
Most artists are copiers, inspired and guided by other artists. In many cases this stylistic appropriation is obvious as with work by Michael Parekowhai in his borrowings from McMahon, Walters and Moore. However for most artists the borrowing is not intentional and not immediately obvious with influences continually refined and redefined.
Appropriation in its various forms is the history of art. No artist is really free from the ideas, processes and styles of the past.
In his latest book of photographs A Short History of Photography, Harvey Benge has acknowledged his connections to other photographers and the history of photography.
Initially he noticed that one of his pictures reminded him of a Friedlander, another of someone else. Picking out his Friedlander and his Parr and his Baltz he embarked on a collection of contemporary photography featuring some of its biggest names.
So the book lists the names of these photographers on the cover of his own version of the history of photography.
Its generally easy to see the connections although sometimes as with his industrial tower work it is really just a witty reference to the Bechers work.
It is a nice conceit, the idea that one person can embody the history of an art form and Benge pulls it off partly because his own approach and style are still obvious.
In many of the examples where he has seen connections between his and other photographers work the similarity only alerts the viewer to the fact that there are other connections.
So when he uses one of his seascapes to show the similarity to the work of Sugimoto the work could equally well be a nod to the seascapes of Laurence Aberhart.
Similarly when he links his shot of a high flying plane to the work of Tillmans there is as much a connection with a similar work by Peter Peryer.
And his beach scene by Vitale looks like the famous Brian Brake image.
One could probably go through his appropriated works expanding the linkages and connections with a host of other photographers.
The introduction to the book by Gerry Badger makes some perceptive comments about photographic style noting that Susan Sontag believed that "Style in photography… is a function of subject matter. In short it is usually a matter of the style for the job."
Badger also makes the point that "It is also important that the pictures here did not arise from a conscious stylistic exercise where Harvey Benge set out deliberately to make a Shore or Koudelka. These images emerged from his normal practice as a street photographer."
While the book is interesting from the point of view of guessing the photographer they real pleasure with this book is that it is another set of the photographers work in which he takes an idiosyncratic look at the world, seeing humour, drama, eroticism, dysfunction and unity in the world about him.
Saturday, June 14, 2008
Thursday, June 12, 2008
Rome - Posters and Pines
There is something that always hits you in any city and becomes a sort of visual leitmotif. In Rome's case two recurring visual elements would have to be the endless variations of the torn posters that grab you at almost every step. I had to photograph these, even at the risk of producing Aaron Siskind me too, look alike cliches. The variations roll on in their tattered beauty and are a great way of taking the current political temperature, which in the case of Italy is often bubbling if not boiling. Then there are the pine trees, impossible to miss and a constant reminder that Rome is a southern Mediterranean city. They are tall and ragged reaching for the sky and light between the apartment blocks and down the median strips of endless avenues. And what a beautiful green against the ochre yellow earth colours of the buildings. And the smell hits you too, a waft here and there. Here are three torn posters and pine trees with a cross thrown in. A cross because they too are impossible to avoid in this ecclesiastical city.
Wednesday, June 11, 2008
Rome - Time passing
I can think of no other place where the sense of time past and time passing is so evident. In the streets, in the trees, in the landscape. In the air. Time is on my mind when in Rome.
Rome - polarities
Rome, a city of incredible extremes. Polarities that make this place so special. So profound. The ancient and the modern, the sacred and profane, substance and trivia, the real and unreal. To illustrate, here are three confessionals and a green shed with old stump.
Monday, June 9, 2008
Polish people (are wonderful!)
The wonderful Poles....charming, friendly, delightful, smiling and hospitable. Here are three people I photographed; a guy at the train station, a young woman from Warsaw in Lodz to see the festival, and a gentleman whom I took to be the mayor of a little town outside of Lodz where photography students were showing work in an abandoned prison.
Polish style
My May European travels took me to Poland, mostly in Lodz for the Photography Festival -http://www.fotofestiwal.com/2008/ and with a few days in Krakow with time to take in their month of photography - http://www.photomonth.com.
Although today very much a part of greater Europe there seems to be evident a particular sense of Polish style, a particular visual look in their design. A sort of modernist thing it seemed to me. Here are two photographs that have that look.
Wednesday, June 4, 2008
A Short History of Photography - Launch in Auckland
Next Tuesday night June 10th between 5 - 7pm at John Leech Gallery in Auckland I will launch my latest book A Short History of Photography.This is published in New Zealand by Random House as a co-edition with my British publisher Dewi Lewis. Gerry Badger, British photography critic and writer in his introductory essay writes: "While looking through his contact sheets, Harvey Benge noticed that one of his pictures reminded him of a 'Friedlander', another someone else. All photographers do this, and if the photograph in question apes another photographer too closely, it's usually a cause for rejection. But Benge did the opposite. Picking out his 'Friedlander' and his 'Parr' and his 'Baltz' he decided to make an 'anthology' of contemporary photography featuring some of its biggest names. Yet they are all genuine, original Benges. They are also all good pictures, not mere pastiches of the 'originals' of which they gently but insistently remind one. This may be a game, but games can be very serious, and this fascinating book is both a serious and light-hearted exploration of photographic style."
Monday, June 2, 2008
Satellite Gallery - They Were Young Once
In the company of Bruce Connew, Marti Friedlander and Gil Hanly I will show at the Satellite gallery in Auckland, this image,
BL Medici, made in 2003. The show opens on Tuesday June 3. Also opening same night is a group show at The John Leech Gallery where I will show images from my new book A Short History of Photography. Work from this book is also showing in Paris at SPREE, 16 rue la vieuville in the 18th.
Paris - Small Anarchies
Back from Paris, just. Here are some preliminary images from random wanderings in the street. No real idea in mind. Chance and circumstance. Looking through what I shot, Paris life seems to have taken on a sub human quality, where humanity, has become secondary to the constructed, the ephemeral, the unreal. A Baudrillard simulacrum, where the hyperreal has become truth in its own right. There are many readings, many pictures and many edits too. What to make of this?
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Advanced composite products have a wide range of uses in many different industries.
Trelleborg Sealing Solutions is a world leader in the design and manufacture of advanced composite products and automation equipment for composite part production.
We design and manufacture composite parts to fit your needs. We offer a wide variety of shapes and sizes, including cylinders, cones, box beams, I-beams, coils, flat laminates, and complex geometries up to 40 ft. long (12.192 m) with ODs from 0.020 in. (0.508 mm) to 60 in. (152.4 cm).
We build right-sized, automated fiber placement (AFP) and automated tape laying (ATL) equipment for thermoset and thermoplastic applications.


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Wallets, luxury accessories created by Louis Vuitton.
Louis Vuitton founded the eponymous brand in 1854. That was the date he opened his trunk-making workshop. Once the brand had revolutionised the world of luggage and its very image, it developed abroad and created the LV monogram, symbol of the famous brand. Louis Vuitton is always on the lookout for innovation in terms of the shape of its products and also the materials it uses. From the moment Bernard Arnault came onto the scene in 1989, the brand's image changed, helping to make it one of the leading French luxury brands. Louis Vuitton's collections of leather goods and luggage are safe bets, as are the brand's wallets.
Wallets, high-end accessories.
Today, Louis Vuitton is a brand synonymous with luxury, but with a modern twist, always on the cutting edge of the latest trends in the fashion world. A wallet is an accessory used by everyone every day of the week. As such, it deserves to be just as refined as the bag transporting it. That is why the wallets Louis Vuitton creates are every bit as lustworthy as the brand's leading models of bags. They are crafted with the same exacting standards, with meticulous attention to detail and excellence, in superior quality materials.
Louis Vuitton wallets can be found on Vestiaire Collective.
Vestiaire Collective proposes a wide selection of wallets from collections by Louis Vuitton, including the instantly recognisable models bearing the characteristic colours and motifs of the House. A now-or-never opportunity to acquire smaller items of high-quality leather goods.
Wallets are among the stand-out pieces of the French House of Louis Vuitton. Their shapes, sizes and closing mechanisms are many and varied but here are a few that the fashion-loving community particularly likes :


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2018 Summer Music Festival Guide
The new year has barely begun, but already the major festivals are starting to announce their lineups. Below, you'll find our guide to the many destination festivals that will be taking place throughout the U.S. in 2018.
Festival season traditionally begins with Coachella, which takes place over two weekends (April 13-15, 20-22) at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, Calif. This year's installment will be headlined by the Weeknd, Beyonce and Eminem, with David Byrne, St. Vincent, Fleet Foxes, Chic, Haim, A Perfect Circle and Portugal, the Man also performing high-profile slots.
Once Coachella is done, it seems like there's a festival taking place in or near a major U.S. city almost every weekend (or, in the case of Memorial Day Weekend, multiple festivals). These include Columbus' Rock on the Range, Boston Calling, New York's Governors Ball and Manchester, Tenn.'s Bonnarroo, which rivals Coachella and Chicago's Lollapalooza for prestige.
However, this is also going to be the "final, full cross-country run" for the Vans Warped tour, which has helped break so many alternative and indie bands since its founding in the mid-'90s. In a statement on the tour's website, founder Kevin Lyman broke the news. But the Vans Warped tour isn't going away entirely. He said that he is preparing something special as a way of celebrating their 25th anniversary in 2019.
Read below to see the lineups for festivals that have already been announced, and we'll be updating it as more information becomes available. And be sure to check the festivals' websites for full information on ticketing.


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Game Rule (PDF): Imperial Settlers
Settlers from four major powers of the world have discovered new lands, with new resources and opportunities. Romans, Barbarians, Egyptians and Japanese all at once move there to expand the boundaries of their empires. They build new buildings to strengthen their economy, they found mines and fields to gather resources, and they build barracks and training grounds to train soldiers. Soon after they discover that this land is far too small for everybody, then the war begins…
Imperial Settlers is a card game that lets players lead one of the four factions and build empires by placing buildings, then sending workers to those buildings to acquire new resources and abilities. The game is played over five rounds during which players take various actions in order to explore new lands, build buildings, trade resources, conquer enemies, and thus score victory points.
Available for play | 1 set for play, Yes |
Number of players | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Play duration | 90 |
Colour of sticker | Red |


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Beyond the Standard Model Working Group
The Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) Working Group focuses on physics beyond the Standard Model Lagrangian. It meets biweekly on Thursdays.
Mission statement
To model and constrain particle physics interactions that are not represented within the Standard Model (SM) Lagrangian, as well as conduct and interpret precision studies of SM processes that are sensitive to BSM physics.
Take advantage of the complementarity between different detection techniques and regimes, in particular those relevant to dark matter, inflation, and the evolution of the universe. Increase connections and facilitate the exchange of information between theoretical studies, model building, instrumentation, and data analysis work in order to fully utilize adjacent expertise to provide a broader scientific context to searches for new physics.
The Beyond Standard Model Working Group brings together both theorists and experimentalists working on diverse topics within particle and astroparticle physics, including dark matter searches and phenomenology, supersymmetry searches, and neutrino phenomenology. Within the field of dark matter, theorists at the OKC work on phenomenological interpretations of possible dark matter signals and theoretical predictions from models. Involvement in dark matter direct detection experiments includes XENON and a nucleic acid detector. Indirect detection, looking for the annihilation or decay products of WIMPs, includes searches performed with gamma-ray observations by the FERMI-LAT satellite, the HESS Cherenkov telescope, and soon CTA, and with the neutrino telescope IceCube. Experimentalists working with ATLAS at the Large Hadron Collider are searching for evidence of dark matter produced in the detector, and for other new particles and particle properties that are not predicted in the current Standard Model. Theorists working in neutrino phenomenology are studying the many ways in which neutrinos may reveal physics beyond the Standard Model, which is driving experimental efforts including by IceCube to measure or constrain these neutrino properties.
Slack channel: #okc-bsm
Upcoming meetings of the BSM Working Group
Christian Ohm
Tim Linden
Sara Strandberg
Chad Finley
Last updated: June 22, 2023
Source: Oskar Klein Centre


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The Deco Haus
1920's Flapper Fringe Gatsby Party Dress - The Roxy - Turquoise Gold
Every once in a while we come across a truly iconic Art Deco gown in a private collection. We had to reproduce this fabulous gown the moment we saw it!
Constructed on the highest quality mesh, this gown has a layer of graduated beaded fringe on the bodice and two decadent layers on the skirt. All of the fringe is individually attached to create a beautiful drape and movement. A classical floral pattern complements the fringe at the edge of the bodice and at the hip.
An exclusive design from the Deco Haus studio.
Matching slip included.
XS.....bust 33", waist 33", hips 36", length 42"
S.......bust 35", waist 35", hips 38", length 42"
M......bust 37", waist 37", hips 40", length 42"
L.......bust 39", waist 39", hips 42", length 42"
XL.....bust 41", waist 41", hips 44", length 42"
All of our mesh gowns are made by hand, so there will be some variation from piece to piece. We include individual measurements for each gown, but please refer to the above chart for general US sizing in inches.
The mesh gowns also have around 2 inches of extra stretch. For a classic, loose 1920's look....please size up. For a form-fitting look....please size down.
We are happy to accept returns for an exchange/gift card if items have not been worn and have been returned in new condition with all the tags and packaging. We request that all items be returned within 10 days of receipt. Please contact us for a return authorization (RA ) number within 3 days after receipt. We will not accept packages without an RA number.
Jewelry and headpieces are final sale.
Please ship returns to: Deco Haus Attn: Customer Service PO Box 1152 LCF, CA 91012
Final sale items cannot be returned.
Unfortunately, we can not offer refunds, as the nature of our product lends itself to special event use. As an alternative, there are many costume rental sites that feature our dresses if you are looking to wear the dress only once.
As size/fit can sometimes be an issue, please feel free to contact us for sizing advice. We can help figure out what best fits your needs and your measurements.
We want you to fall in love with your purchase from us so if you have a problem with any of our products, then please do drop us a line and we'll do whatever we can to make things right.
For our international customers: Many countries charge a customs fee on imported items. Please note, this fee is not included in your shipping charge or order total. Please contact your local government office for more information on rates and customs processing.
Packages returned due to refusal, non-payment of customs fees, or insufficient address will be treated as a standard return.
Please view Terms & Privacy Policy here.


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The aroma of freshly ground beans. The piping hot warmth that envelops you from first sip. The jolt of energy from a strong cold brew. Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world capable of producing a transformative experience for its consumers.
The origin of coffee and its first use has long been steeped in legend and mystery. One such tale reports that it wasn't humans, but rather goats who first came across this magic elixir. Sometime in the 10th century, a goat herder named Kaldi was said to have found that his goats were full of energy upon consumption of the red fruit from a coffee shrub in Ethiopia. Kaldi decided to experiment by trying the fruit for himself. After having a similar reaction, Kaldi shared his discovery with some local monks who supposedly made the fruit into a drink and from there, the happy caffeinated accident known as coffee was created.
Whether man or beast was the first to enjoy the benefits of this plant, coffee has stood the test of time. If you're a coffee connoisseur, these are the top spots in the world to find a great cup of joe:
Sinatra knew a thing or two when he sang "they've got an awful lot of coffee in Brazil." 40% of all the world's coffee is produced in this South American country. In the bustling city of São Paulo, you can find the perfect brew in an array of spots ranging from al fresco patios to local brewers. For a true farm to cup experience, I recommend Isso é Café, which serves patrons the shade-grown beans harvested right from owner Felipe Croce.
While most equate Seattle with the behemoth coffee chain that is Starbucks, Seattle has maintained and continued to foster the coffee scene in the U.S. This rainy city is filled with smaller independent shops as well as larger notable roasters like Tully's Coffee. And, if you happen to be a true Starbucks devotee, you can get your fix at the original location opened in 1971 at the iconic Pike Place Market.
Kangaroos and coffee – who knew? Melbourne is purported to be the unofficial coffee capital. With an emphasis on community, many of the cafes you'll find in this city are known for their long communal tables and friendly atmosphere. For one of the better cups, I recommend the Captains of Industry. Who knows, maybe you'll meet some mates!
If you're seeking authentic, Turkish coffee that's a true departure from standard American fare, make your way to Istanbul. Baristas in this Eurasian city grind their beans into a fine meal, then boil the coffee in a vessel called a cezve. If you like full-bodied, dark roasts, you'll be quite satisfied as you sip away. For a coffee experience with a view of some medieval architecture, venture to Galata Konak Café.
I hope our coffee clues will allow you to find your next perfect cup along with a little side of adventure!


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Today I'm kicking off the tour for Australian author Lucy Appadoo with her latest book in The Italian Family series! I have yet to read this series and I'm excited to have discovered this new-to-me author. Check out her new title (isn't that a great cover?) and then enter for a chance to win a $50 Amazon gift card.
a Rafflecopter giveaway