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Network Working Group B. Aboba Request for Comments: 4436 Microsoft Corporation Category: Standards Track J. Carlson Sun Microsystems S. Cheshire Apple Computer March 2006 Detecting Network Attachment in IPv4 (DNAv4) Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract The time required to detect movement between networks and to obtain (or to continue to use) an IPv4 configuration may be significant as a fraction of the total handover latency in moving between points of attachment. This document synthesizes, from experience in the deployment of hosts supporting ARP, DHCP, and IPv4 Link-Local addresses, a set of steps known as Detecting Network Attachment for IPv4 (DNAv4), in order to decrease the handover latency in moving between points of attachment. Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................2 1.1. Applicability ..............................................2 1.2. Requirements ...............................................5 1.3. Terminology ................................................5 2. Overview ........................................................6 2.1. Reachability Test ..........................................8 2.1.1. Packet Format .......................................9 2.2. IPv4 Address Acquisition ..................................10 2.3. IPv4 Link-Local Addresses .................................11 2.4. Manually Assigned Addresses ...............................12 3. Security Considerations ........................................12 4. References .....................................................13 4.1. Normative References ......................................13 4.2. Informative References ....................................13 5. Acknowledgements ...............................................14 1. Introduction The time required to detect movement between networks and to obtain (or to continue to use) an operable IPv4 configuration may be significant as a fraction of the total handover latency in moving between points of attachment. This document synthesizes, from experience in the deployment of hosts supporting ARP [RFC826], DHCP [RFC2131], and IPv4 Link-Local addresses [RFC3927], a set of steps known as Detecting Network Attachment for IPv4 (DNAv4). DNAv4 optimizes the (common) case of re-attachment to a network that one has been connected to previously by attempting to re-use a previous (but still valid) configuration, reducing the re-attachment time on LANs to a few milliseconds. Since this procedure is dependent on the ARP protocol, it is not suitable for use on media that do not support ARP. 1.1. Applicability DHCP is an effective and widely adopted mechanism for a host to obtain an IP address for use on a particular network link, or to re-validate a previously obtained address via DHCP's INIT-REBOOT mechanism [RFC2131]. When obtaining a new address, DHCP specifies that the client SHOULD use ARP to verify that the offered address is not already in use. The process of address conflict detection [ACD] can take as much as seven seconds. In principle, this time interval could be shortened, Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 with the obvious trade-off: the less time a host spends waiting to see if another host is already using its intended address, the greater the risk of inadvertent address conflicts. Where the client successfully re-validates a previously obtained address using the INIT-REBOOT mechanism, the DHCP specification does not require the client to perform address conflict detection, so this seven-second delay does not apply. However, the DHCP server may be slow to respond or may be down and not responding at all, so hosts could benefit from having an alternative way to quickly determine that a previously obtained address is valid for use on this particular link. When the client moves between networks, the address re-validation attempt may be unsuccessful; a DHCPNAK may be received in response to a DHCPREQUEST, causing the client to restart the configuration process by moving to the INIT state. If an address previously obtained on the new network is still operable, DNAv4 enables the host to confirm the new configuration quickly, bypassing restart of the configuration process and conflict detection. The alternative mechanism specified by this document applies when a host has a previously allocated DHCP address, which was not returned to the DHCP server via a DHCPRELEASE message, and which still has time remaining on its lease. In this case, the host may determine whether it has re-attached to the logical link where this address is valid for use, by sending a unicast ARP Request packet to a router previously known for that link (or, in the case of a link with more than one router, by sending one or more unicast ARP Request packets to one or more of those routers). The use of unicast ARP has a number of benefits. One benefit is that unicast packets impose less burden on the network than broadcast packets, particularly on 802.11 networks where broadcast packets may be sent at rates as low as 1 Mb/sec. Another benefit is that if the host is not on the link it hoped to find itself on, a broadcast ARP Request could pollute the ARP caches of peers on that link. When using private addresses [RFC1918], another device could be legitimately using the same address, and a broadcast ARP Request could disrupt its communications, causing TCP connections to be broken, and similar problems. Also, using a unicast ARP packet addressed to the MAC address of the router the host is expecting to find means that if the host is not on the expected link there will be no device with that MAC address, and the ARP packet will harmlessly disappear into the void without doing any damage. Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 These issues that define the applicability of DNAv4 lead us to a number of conclusions: o DNAv4 is a performance optimization. Its purpose is to speed up a process that may require as much as a few hundred milliseconds (DHCP INIT-REBOOT), as well as to reduce multi- second conflict detection delays when a host changes networks. o As a performance optimization, it must not sacrifice correctness. In other words, false positives are not acceptable. DNAv4 must not conclude that a host has returned to a previously visited link where it has an operable IP address if this is not in fact the case. o As a performance optimization, false negatives are acceptable. It is not an absolute requirement that this optimization correctly recognize a previously visited link in all possible cases. For example, if a router ignores unicast ARP Requests, then DNAv4 will not be able to detect that it has returned to the same link in the future. This is acceptable because the host still operates correctly as it did without DNAv4, just without the performance benefit. Users and network operators who desire the performance improvement offered by DNAv4 can upgrade their routers to support DNAv4. o As a performance optimization, where DNAv4 fails to provide a benefit, it should add little or no delay compared to today's DHCP processing. In practice, this implies that DHCP processing needs to proceed in parallel. Waiting for DNAv4 to fail before beginning DHCP processing can greatly increase total processing time, the opposite of the desired effect. o Trials are inexpensive. DNAv4 performs its checks using small unicast packets. An IPv4 ARP packet on Ethernet is just 42 octets, including the Ethernet header. This means that the cost of an unsuccessful attempt is small, whereas the cost of a missed opportunity (having the right address available as a candidate and choosing not to try it for some reason) is large. As a result, the best strategy is often to try all available candidate configurations, rather than try to determine which candidates, if any, may be correct for this link, based on heuristics or hints. For a heuristic to offer the prospect of being a potentially useful way to eliminate inappropriate configurations from the candidate list, that heuristic has to (a) be fast and inexpensive to compute, as compared to sending a 42-octet unicast packet, and (b) have high probability of not falsely eliminating a candidate configuration that could be found to be the correct one. Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 o Time is limited. If DNAv4 is to be effective in enabling low latency handoffs, it needs to complete in less than 10 ms. This implies that any heuristic used to eliminate candidate configurations needs to take at most a few milliseconds to compute. This does not leave much room for heuristics based on observation of link-layer or Internet-layer traffic. 1.2. Requirements In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements of the specification. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119]. 1.3. Terminology This document uses the following terms: ar$sha ARP packet field: Sender Hardware Address [RFC826]. The hardware (MAC) address of the originator of an ARP packet. ar$spa ARP packet field: Sender Protocol Address [RFC826]. For IP Address Resolution, this is the IPv4 address of the sender of the ARP packet. ar$tha ARP packet field: Target Hardware Address [RFC826]. The hardware (MAC) address of the target of an ARP packet. ar$tpa ARP packet field: Target Protocol Address [RFC826]. For IPv4 Address Resolution, the IPv4 address for which one desires to know the hardware address. DHCP client A DHCP client or "client" is an Internet host using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) [RFC2131] to obtain configuration parameters, such as a network address. DHCP server A DHCP server or "server" is an Internet host that returns configuration parameters to DHCP clients. Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 Link A communication facility or medium over which network nodes can communicate. Each link is associated with a minimum of two endpoints. Each link endpoint has a unique link-layer identifier. Link Down An event provided by the link layer that signifies a state change associated with the interface's no longer being capable of communicating data frames; transient periods of high frame loss are not sufficient. DNAv4 does not utilize "Link Down" indications. Link Layer Conceptual layer of control or processing logic that is responsible for maintaining control of the data link. The data link layer functions provide an interface between the higher-layer logic and the data link. The link layer is the layer immediately below IP. Link Up An event provided by the link layer that signifies a state change associated with the interface's becoming capable of communicating data frames. Point of Attachment The link endpoint on the link to which the host is currently connected. Routable address In this specification, the term "routable address" refers to any unicast IPv4 address other than an IPv4 Link-Local address. This includes private addresses as specified in "Address Allocation for Private Internets" [RFC1918]. Operable address In this specification, the term "operable address" refers either to a static IPv4 address, or an address assigned via DHCPv4 that has not been returned to the DHCP server via a DHCP RELEASE message, and whose lease has not yet expired. 2. Overview On connecting to a new point of attachment, the host responds to a "Link Up" indication from the link layer by carrying out the DNAv4 procedure. For each network that it connects to, it is assumed that the host saves the following parameters to stable storage: Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 [1] The IPv4 and MAC address of one or more test nodes on the network. [2] The IPv4 configuration parameters, including the DHCP client identifier, assigned address, and lease expiration time. From the set of networks that have operable IPv4 addresses associated with them, the host selects a subset and attempts to confirm the configuration for each network, using the reachability test described in Section 2.1. For a particular network, the host SHOULD use the addresses of local routers (preferably default gateways) as its test nodes. If more than one address is known, those addresses may be tested in parallel. In order to ensure configuration validity, the host SHOULD only configure routes for which the next hop address passes the reachability test. Other routes SHOULD be re-learned. DNAv4 does not significantly increase the likelihood of an address conflict. The reachability test is only carried out for a network when the host has previously completed conflict detection as recommended in Section 2.2 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131] and obtained an operable IPv4 configuration on that network. Restrictions on sending ARP Requests and Responses are described in Section 2.1.1. One case where DNAv4 does increase the likelihood of an address conflict is when: o a DHCP server hands out an address lease, o the host with that lease leaves the network, o the DHCP server is power-cycled or crashes and is rebooted, o the DHCP server, having failed to save leases to stable storage, assigns that same address to another host, and o the first host returns and, having a still-valid lease with time remaining, proceeds to use its assigned address, conflicting with the new host that is now using that same address. While Section 4 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131] assumes that DHCP servers save their leases in persistent storage, almost no consumer- grade NAT gateway does so. Short DHCP lease lifetimes can mitigate this risk, though this also limits the operable candidate configurations available for DNAv4 to try. Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 2.1. Reachability Test The host skips the reachability test for a network if any of the following conditions are true: [a] The host does not have an operable routable IPv4 address on that network. In this case, the reachability test cannot confirm that the host has an operable routable IPv4 address, so completing the reachability test would serve no purpose. [b] The host does not know the addresses of any test nodes on that network. In this case, insufficient information is available to carry out the reachability test. [c] If DHCP authentication [RFC3118] is configured. The reachability test utilizes ARP, which is insecure. Hosts that have been configured to attempt DHCP authentication SHOULD NOT utilize the reachability test. Security issues are discussed in Section 4. [d] The contents of the DHCP Client Identifier option that the client used to obtain the candidate configuration is different from the DHCP Client Identifier option the client intends to present on the interface in question. In this case, it is anticipated that a DHCP server would NAK any request made by the client to acquire or extend the candidate configuration, since the two interfaces are presenting differing identities. If the reachability test is successful, the host SHOULD continue to use the operable routable IPv4 address associated with the confirmed network, without needing to re-acquire it. Once a valid reachability test response is received, validation is complete, and additional responses should be discarded. If a DHCPv4 client is operational, it is RECOMMENDED that the host attempt to obtain IPv4 configuration via DHCPv4 in parallel with the reachability tests, with the host using the first answer returned. This ensures that the DNAv4 procedure will not result in additional delay in the case where reachability tests fail, or where sending a DHCPREQUEST from the INIT-REBOOT state, as described in Section 3.2 and 4.3.2 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131], completes more quickly than the reachability tests. In situations where both DNAv4 and DHCP are used on the same link, it is possible that the reachability test will complete successfully, and then DHCP will complete later with a different result. If this happens, the implementation SHOULD abandon the reachability test Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 results and use the DHCP result instead, unless the address confirmed via the reachability test has been manually assigned (see Section 2.4). Where the reachability test does not return an answer, this is typically because the host is not attached to the network whose configuration is being tested. In such circumstances, there is typically little value in aggressively retransmitting reachability tests that do not elicit a response. Where DNAv4 and DHCP are tried in parallel, one strategy is to forsake reachability test retransmissions and to allow only the DHCP client to retransmit. In order to reduce competition between DNAv4 and DHCP retransmissions, a DNAv4 implementation that retransmits may utilize the retransmission strategy described in Section 4.1 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131], scheduling DNAv4 retransmissions between DHCP retransmissions. If a response is received to any reachability test or DHCP message, pending retransmissions are canceled. It is RECOMMENDED that a DNAv4 implementation retransmit no more than twice. To provide damping in the case of spurious "Link Up" indications, it is RECOMMENDED that the DNAv4 procedure be carried out no more than once a second. 2.1.1. Packet Format The reachability test is performed by sending a unicast ARP Request. The host MUST set the target protocol address (ar$tpa) to the IPv4 address of the node being tested, and the sender protocol address field (ar$spa) to its own candidate IPv4 address. The ARP Request MUST use the host MAC address as the source, and the test node MAC address as the destination. The host includes its MAC address in the sender hardware address field (ar$sha) and sets the target hardware address field (ar$tha) to 0. If a valid ARP Reply is received, the MAC address in the sender hardware address field (ar$sha) in the ARP Reply is matched against the target hardware address field (ar$tpa) in the ARP Request, and the IPv4 address in the sender protocol address field (ar$spa) of the ARP Reply is matched against the target protocol address field (ar$tpa) in the ARP Request. If a match is found, then the host continues to use that IPv4 address, subject to the lease re- acquisition and expiration behavior described in Section 4.4.5 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131]. The risk of an address conflict is greatest when the host moves between private networks, since in this case the completion of conflict detection on the former network does not provide assurance Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 against an address conflict on the new network. Until a host has confirmed the operability of its IPv4 configuration by receipt of a response to the reachability test, it SHOULD NOT respond to ARP Requests and SHOULD NOT broadcast ARP Requests containing its address within the sender protocol address field (ar$spa). Sending an ICMP Echo Request [RFC792] would not be an acceptable way of testing a candidate configuration, since sending any IP packet generally requires an ARP Request/Reply exchange and, as explained above, ARP packets may not be broadcast safely until after the candidate configuration has been confirmed. Also, where a host moves from one private network to another, an ICMP Echo Request can result in an ICMP Echo Response even when the MAC address has changed, as long as the IPv4 address remains the same. This can occur, for example, where a host moves from one home network using prefix 192.168/16 to another one. In addition, if the ping is sent with TTL > 1, then an ICMP Echo Response can be received from an off-link router. As a result, if the MAC address of the test node is not checked, the host can mistakenly confirm attachment, potentially resulting in an address conflict. As a result, sending an ICMP Echo Request SHOULD NOT be used as a substitute for the reachability test. 2.2. IPv4 Address Acquisition If the host has an operable routable IPv4 address on one or more networks, and if DHCPv4 is enabled on the interface, the host SHOULD attempt to acquire an IPv4 configuration using DHCPv4, in parallel with one or more reachability tests. This is accomplished by entering the INIT-REBOOT state and sending a DHCPREQUEST to the broadcast address, as specified in Section 4.4.2 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131]. If the host does not have an operable routable IPv4 address on any network, the host enters the INIT state and sends a DHCPDISCOVER packet to the broadcast address, as described in Section 4.4.1 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131]. If the host supports the Rapid Commit Option [RFC4039], it is possible that the exchange can be shortened from a 4-message exchange to a 2-message exchange. If the host does not receive a response to a DHCPREQUEST or DHCPDISCOVER, then it retransmits as specified in Section 4.1 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131]. As discussed in Section 4.4.4 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131], a host in INIT or REBOOTING state that knows the address of a DHCP server may use that address in the DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST rather than the IPv4 broadcast address. In the INIT-REBOOT state, a DHCPREQUEST is sent to the broadcast address so that the host will Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 receive a response regardless of whether the previously configured IPv4 address is correct for the network to which it has connected. Sending a DHCPREQUEST to the unicast address in INIT-REBOOT state is not appropriate, since if the DHCP client has moved to another subnet, a DHCP server response cannot be routed back to the client since the DHCPREQUEST will bypass the DHCP relay and will contain an invalid source address. 2.3. IPv4 Link-Local Addresses DNAv4 applies only to previously configured addresses that had some lease lifetime associated with them, during which lifetime the address may be legitimately regarded as being reserved for exclusive use by the assigned host. DHCP-assigned addresses fit this description, but IPv4 Link-Local address [RFC3927] do not, since IPv4 Link-Local addresses are not handed out by an authoritative server and do not come with any guaranteed usable lifetime. A host's claim on an IPv4 Link-Local address is valid only as long as that host remains connected to the link, actively defending against probes for its chosen address. As soon as a host shuts down, sleeps, or otherwise disconnects from a link, it immediately relinquishes any claim it may have had on any IPv4 Link-Local address on that link. A host wishing to reclaim a previously used IPv4 Link-Local address MUST perform the full probing and announcement process required by "Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses" [RFC3927] and MUST NOT attempt to use DNAv4 as a shortcut to bypass that process. Where the host does not have an operable routable IPv4 address on any network, the host MAY configure an IPv4 Link-Local address prior to entering the INIT state and sending a DHCPDISCOVER packet, as described in Section 2.3 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131]. Where a host can confirm that it remains connected to a network on which it possesses an operable routable IPv4 address, that address should be used, and the IPv4 Link-Local address is deprecated, as noted in Section 1.9 of the IPv4 Link-Local specification [RFC3927]. Where a host has an operable routable IPv4 address on one or more networks but the reachability test cannot confirm the configuration and the DHCPv4 client does not receive a response after employing the retransmission algorithm, Section 3.2 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131] states that the client MAY choose to use the previously allocated network address and configuration parameters for the remainder of the unexpired lease. Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 2.4. Manually Assigned Addresses An implementation may use DNAv4 to confirm the configuration of manually assigned addresses. However, special consideration is required for this to produce reliable results, so it SHOULD NOT be enabled by default. For the purposes of DNAv4, manually assigned addresses may be treated as equivalent to DHCP-assigned addresses with an infinite lifetime. This does not significantly increase the probability of an address conflict as long as the manually assigned address is reserved by the DHCP server or is outside the scope of addresses assigned by a DHCP server. However, where the manually assigned address is within an address scope utilized by a DHCP server, it is possible that the host will be unavailable when the DHCP server checks for a conflict prior to assigning the conflicting address. In this case, a host utilizing DNAv4 could confirm an address that had been assigned to another host. Typically, an address is manually assigned on a network because a dynamically assigned address was not suitable for some reason. Therefore, where DNAv4 and DHCP are run in parallel and DNAv4 confirms a manual configuration, it may be undesirable to allow this configuration to be overridden by DHCP, as described in Section 2.1. However, packet loss may cause the reachability test to fail while DHCP completes successfully, resulting in the host obtaining a dynamic address where a static address is desired. In order to provide for reliable reconfirmation of manually assigned addresses, reachability tests for manual configurations require a more aggressive retransmission strategy than that detailed in Section 4.1 of the DHCP specification [RFC2131]. For example, shorter retransmission intervals and more persistent retransmissions may be required. 3. Security Considerations Detecting Network Attachment for IPv4 (DNAv4) is based on ARP and DHCP and inherits the security vulnerabilities of these two protocols. ARP [RFC826] traffic is not secured, so an attacker gaining access to the network can spoof a response to the reachability test described in Section 2.1, leading the querier to conclude falsely that it is attached to a network that it is not connected to. Similarly, where DHCPv4 traffic is not secured, an attacker could masquerade as a DHCPv4 server, in order to convince the host that it was attached to a particular network. This and other threats Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 relating to DHCPv4 are described in "Authentication for DHCP Messages" [RFC3118]. The effect of these attacks will typically be limited to denial of service, unless the host utilizes its IP configuration for other purposes, such as security configuration or location determination. For example, a host that disables its personal firewall based on evidence that it had attached to a home network could be compromised by spoofing of the DNAv4 reachability test. In general, adjustment of the security configuration based on DNAv4 is NOT RECOMMENDED. Hosts that depend on secure IP configuration SHOULD NOT use DNAv4 but SHOULD instead utilize DHCP authentication [RFC3118], possibly in combination with the Rapid Commit Option [RFC4039]. 4. References 4.1. Normative References [RFC826] Plummer, D., "Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol: Or converting network protocol addresses to 48.bit Ethernet address for transmission on Ethernet hardware", STD 37, RFC 826, November 1982. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131, March 1997. 4.2. Informative References [ACD] Cheshire, S., "IPv4 Address Conflict Detection", Work in Progress, July 2005. [RFC792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5, RFC 792, September 1981. [RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996. [RFC3118] Droms, R. and W. Arbaugh, "Authentication for DHCP Messages", RFC 3118, June 2001. [RFC3927] Cheshire, S., Aboba, B., and E. Guttman, "Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses", RFC 3927, May 2005. Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 [RFC4039] Park, S., Kim, P., and B. Volz, "Rapid Commit Option for the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 4 (DHCPv4)", RFC 4039, March 2005. 5. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Greg Daley of Monash University, Erik Guttman and Erik Nordmark of Sun Microsystems, Ralph Droms of Cisco Systems, Ted Lemon of Nominum, John Loughney of Nokia, Thomas Narten of IBM and David Hankins of ISC for contributions to this document. Authors' Addresses Bernard Aboba Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 Phone: +1 425 818 4011 Fax: +1 425 936 7329 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com James Carlson Sun Microsystems, Inc 1 Network Drive Burlington, MA 01803-2757 USA Phone: +1 781 442 2084 Fax: +1 781 442 1677 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Stuart Cheshire Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, California 95014, USA Phone: +1 408 974 3207 EMail: email@example.com Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 4436 DNAv4 March 2006 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intellectual Property The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at firstname.lastname@example.com. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA). Aboba, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]


text:
The armed rangers set off at dusk in pursuit of poachers. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a new alertness, and a new fear.
With tourists gone and their money, too, protecting endangered wildlife like black rhinos has become that much more challenging. And the poachers, like many desperate to make a living, might become more daring.
Rhinos have long been under threat from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal trade fueled by the mistaken belief that the horns have medicinal value.
Now there are concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic may increase such poaching, said John Tekeles, a patrol guide and head of the dog unit at Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya.
"We are more alert because maybe more poachers will use this time to come in to poach," Tekeles said.
The number of black rhinos in Africa has been slowly increasing though the species remains "critically endangered," according to a report in March by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, or IUCN. It credits, in part, effective law enforcement.
Ol Pejeta is home to more than 130 black rhinos, the single largest population in East and Central Africa, said Richard Vigne, the conservancy's managing director.
Protecting them is expensive. Ol Pejeta spends about $10,000 per year per rhino on that protection, Vigne said.
"In our case that comes to close to $2 million a year," he said. "In the time of COVID, when tourism has completely stopped, where most of our revenue comes from tourism, the revenue we need to earn to protect the rhino comes from tourism, it's a complete disaster."
The conservancy expects to see $3 million to $4 million in lost revenue this year. Therefore, Vigne said, "our ability to look after the rhinos is compromised."
Conservationists across Africa are now monitoring to see how poachers might try to take advantage, and whether more rare wildlife will be killed.
Africa's various rhino species had been seeing a downward trend in poaching, according to the IUCN, with 892 poached in 2018, a drop from a peak of 1,349 in 2015.
And the population of black rhinos had been growing by an annual rate of 2.5% between 2012 and 2018 to more than 5,600.
That growth was projected to continue over the next five years, the IUCN has said.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Chinese Veg Hakka Noodles
- Chinese Vegetable Fried rice
- Chilli Tofu /Chinese Style Tofu Fry
- Chilli Paneer (Dry Version)
- Sprouts Fried Rice | Moong Sprouts Chinese style Fried Rice
- Schezwan Veg Fried Rice
- Schezwan Dosa - Mumbai Fusion recipes
Schezwan Sauce Recipe:
- Remove the stems of red chillies and soak them in warm water for half an hour. You can even remove the seeds if you cannot bear the heat.
- Grind the soaked red chillies with garlic pods to a fine paste.
- Grind chopped tomatoes to a smooth puree.
- Heat oil in a pan/kadai and add finely chopped garlic and sauté it nicely for a minute. Add finely chopped ginger and celery and sauté nicely until the raw smell of all the ingredients go away.
- Add pureed tomatoes and let it simmer for a while and then add ground red chili- garlic paste and fry nicely until the raw smell of tomatoes and red chili- garlic paste goes away and it leaves the oil in the edges
- Add tomato sauce(if using), vinegar, soya sauce, sugar, white(or black) pepper powder and salt and mix nicely and let it simmer for another 2-3 minutes. The sauces do have certain amount of salt, so add salt accordingly.
- If the sauce is very thick you can add some water and simmer again to get a thick sauce consistency of your requirement. I usually keep it thick so that it can be stored well for sometime.
- Cool the sauce and store it in an air tight container in refrigerator. You can easily keep it for a week in refrigerated when no water is added to it.
- You can avoid tomatoes in the recipe and increase the tomato sauce to 3-4 tbsp. I usually do not like to add more tomato sauce as it makes the sauce very sweet and hence I prefer adding pureed tomatoes and just a dash of tomato sauce for added taste.
- Make sure you fry all the ingredients well until their raw smell disappears which makes the sauce taste better.
- You can use Schezwan sauce in various recipes like Schezwan fried rice, Noodles, Vegetables, Schezwan Tofu, Schezwan Paneer, Dosa and various snack varieties.
- If you do not have celery in hand use finely chopped thick stems of coriander leaves(only stems, not leaves) instead. It works nice.
- If you like you can add 1/2 tsp Ajinamoto in the recipe. I usually do not add it for health reasons.
- Byadige chillies are less spicy and hence I prefer to add it. If you are using regular red chillies reduce the number of red chillies to 5-6 based on the spiciness of chillies. If you are not confident about the spiciness you can even remove the seeds and use, it will reduce the spiciness to a greater extent.
Try out these recipes with the Schezwan Sauce:
- Schezwan Veg Fried Rice
- Schezwan Dosa - Mumbai Fusion recipes


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4 Million Pixels of Resolution, 3x Optical Zoom, 19 Automatic Scene Modes and
"One Touch" Button Design
Melville, New York, February 17, 2005 - The Olympus D-545 Zoom provides first-time digital camera users with all the tools they need to get off and running: a 4.0-megapixel CCD for vibrant images, a 3x optical zoom to bring them close to the action, 19 automatic scene modes for consistently sharp, vivid pictures in a variety of situations, and even a built-in help guide that users can access on the go. Operating the camera is incredibly easy, due in part to its "One Touch" design with separate buttons for shooting, playing back and erasing digital images.
"Ease of use is paramount in the design of our D-series digital cameras," said Naoki Tai, product manager, Olympus Imaging America Inc. "But ease-of-use alone isn't enough - we want to empower first-time digital camera users to do more than they imagined possible with their digital camera. The D-545's 3x optical zoom brings subjects closer, 4.0-megapixel image resolution provides crisp, colorful images at large print sizes, and 19 pre-programmed scene modes enable great results in hard-to-capture lighting."
Designed to Do More
The 3x optical zoom lens (38-114mm equivalent in 35mm photography f2.8 - f4.9) combines with a 4x digital zoom to deliver a total 12x zoom so virtually no photo opportunity is out of reach. Super macro mode makes it possible to focus in on details as tiny as the date on the back of a penny, from as close as 0.8 inches.
The camera's 4.0-megapixel CCD image sensor combined with Olympus' exclusive TruePic TURBO(tm) Image Processor significantly enhances image quality and delivers faster overall processing speeds for rapid startup, shutter release and playback. TruePic TURBO allows the D-545 Zoom to capture information from all 4-million pixels with pixel "micro-smoothing" that delivers clearer and more color-accurate photos. This results in high quality prints that can be cropped and enlarged to 11 x 14 inches and larger.
The inclusion of 19 shooting modes, accessed via a rotating dial and menu button on the back of the camera, makes it easy to capture great images in a variety of lighting situations, such as Sunset, Portrait, and Night Scene. A QuickTime® Movie mode enables users to create short movies of events that can be emailed to family and friends. And a new frame integration function enables users to select various colorful, decorative borders for favorite pictures to print or email to friends.
Designed to be Approachable
The D-545 Zoom features an easy-to-use "One Touch" design with individual buttons for shooting, reviewing and deleting images conveniently located on the body of the camera so that frequently used functions can be easily accessed. Macro mode, Flash mode and a self-timer are located on an arrow pad at your fingertips for quick use while setting up the perfect composition. The camera's simple menu incorporates a new help guide with images and brief descriptions of each function and shooting mode to help users determine the settings that best suit their shooting situation and purpose. And for added convenience, the D-545 Zoom accepts readily available AA-size alkaline batteries. A battery-saving sleep mode helps users maximize battery life.
OLYMPUS Master software provides the ultimate in digital imaging management. An intuitive user interface makes downloading to your computer quick and simple, and images are searchable by date or keyword in the Calendar View. With one-click editing tools, such as red-eye reduction, images can be touched up before printing or emailing. Online support, templates and other user services are just a mouse-click away.
Connecting the D-545 Zoom to a computer is easy with the USB Auto Connect feature, which connects the camera directly via USB 2.0 cable to a computer and requires no software. And with tthe power of PictBridge technology, photos can be printed directly from the camera to any PictBridge-enabled printer, such as the Olympus P-10 Digital Photo Printer, without using a computer. Printing and sharing images has never been easier, and the P-10's photo lab-quality dye-sublimation printing produces archival-quality prints in rich color.
Delivering Style
The D-545 has a sleek, durable, lightweight body and a built-in lens barrier. With its smooth edges and compact size of just 4.2"(W) x 2.2" (H) x 1.4" (D) and light weight (4.9 ounces), the D-545 fits comfortably in your hand and in your pocket.
The D-545 Zoom will be available in March 2005. It includes: (2) AA Alkaline Batteries, USB Cable (Win/Mac), Wrist Strap, Quick Start Guide, Quick Reference Guide, Basic Instruction Manual, CD-ROM with OLYMPUS Master Software and Advanced Instruction Manual, Warranty Card.
U.S. Pricing
D-545 Zoom Estimated Street Price: $199.99 (U.S.)
For more information, please visit http://www.olympusamerica.com/


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Two Little Shifts & Big Returns
There's something about the last month of the year. For all it's magic, December always passes by in a blur. Still, as I looked through our numbers for November and thought about the month ahead, I realized that we're making progress. And two little tweaks I made a few months back have been paying off … [Read more…]


text:
Landlocked one leg, one leg seaborne;
halved by double consciousness; native
of no man's land; son of the wild honey hunter
who shops syrup at Smith's; untranslation-
haunted; I write of mother in my not-mother
In my dream, Apa appears alive:
"Siddhartha left the palace to be reborn
under the bodhi. Lotus is mud, moon, rain.
Breathed lip to lip, every story is nomadic."
Do we all : pass into a new condition?
Are we all natives—nativus: born in bondage—
walking toward no-border?
A bird of passage,
a pilgrim—a peregrine—I will fly, nostalgic
for root—nostos: return home, algos: pain.
no fly
no worm
but a beetle
in the backyard
of my Salt Lake City apartment
his phosphorous
to the wrong audience
they stole
fire from Agni
Ama pointed from the window
at the nomadic
open opening
in the juniper grove
Agni's wrath
holds their mother his captive third eye
now they wander
the dark
looking for her
I whispered
the secret
to my fourth-grade hive
they queened me
then Science Sir laughed
they're looking
for their wives
that night
I caught
the fire-thieves
in my fist
crushed their drunken lamps
my palms
a faux flame
for the moths
twice I was
once her no-water song
stilled me
on her lap
once Apa's fury backhand
bolted no-home for her
her own mother left her at ten
an heirloom
I can't pass on
she'll leave me
morse code
of cold light
you know
between cupid and nyctibiid
a dit
yet no one
descends upon you
in this light-soiled
in the stone house window
alone counts
the dirt stars
that are forsaking her
even now
I'm the one
who left
you flawless
machinery of lumen
fly far
fly fire
fly prodigal
in new moon you won't be here
on the ryegrass blade
every breath
here here


text:
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KNURR Rack Air filter 3.038.103.0 Size: 410mm x 200mm (When fold) 030381030 NEW
1 New, KNURR Rack Air filter 410mm x 200mm (When fold)
P/N: 3.038.103.0 - The actual item is shown in the picture. - We guarantee our sales: If we have missed something or the item is not as we described, let us know within 14 days after you receive it and send it back to us in the same condition you received it for a full refund. - Sales Tax: A 9.0% sales tax is applied to all orders shipped to California. - International buyers are responsible for any duties/customs fees charged in their countries. Contact Info & Customer Service 911Components is a subsidiary of the AMIRON Group which was founded in 1984 |


text:
A motif emerges in friends' reminiscences of the alternately brilliant and maddening Christopher Hitchens. At some point they all have to note that they didn't agree with Hitchens on everything. In fact his barbed-wire views were so various, so untethered from standard ideological allegiances, that it is mathematically impossible to agree with all of them.
Many of the tributes mull the question of whether Hitchens was, in the end, a man of the left or right. If you go by the degree of discomfort eulogists of both factions display toward him, he winds up on the left. His liberal friends may have a tough time accepting his unrepentant touting of the Iraq conflict, but that pales compared to conservative distaste for his atheism and general loathing for hierarchy. Lots of young Trotskyites wound up as neoconservatives. Hitchens didn't so much discard one for the other as fuse the impulses together, with ferocity of judgment the bonding agent.
Admiring individual contrarians, as opposed to contrarianism itself, can be a fraught business. When summoning a pithy Mencken quote one has to keep in mind his pro-German sentiments in the lead-up to WWII. In late career, the contrarian may reveal himself not as an all-around puncturer of fuzzy thinking, but a much less interesting creature, the hedonistic Tory.
Still, one can look to figures like Hitchens and Mencken for the aspiration to question assumed truths, and to pursue logical propositions to their pitiless conclusions. To defend itself, even a culture of empathy needs the ability to construct an argument. Relying on cant or empty pieties leaves you only able to sputter when challenged. What does not kill your argument makes it stronger.
No matter how intense a detractor one might be of one Hitchens stance or another, the techniques he uses are transferable to the support of any position based on facts and reason.
If you look at him as a practitioner of the vanishing art of debate, his weak arguments become as informative as his strong ones. There you see the dodges you might skewer when deployed against you. In neocon mode, Hitchens cheats wildly, engaging his opponents' worst arguments or resorting to untestable counterfactual assertions. This is where you see his twin passions, his hatred of tyranny and religion, combining to overwhelm the skepticism that anchors his best polemical writing.
I certainly envy the legendary Hitchens recall—virtually everything he read went straight to the memory bank and stayed there. As someone who makes his living as a writer, I can only gasp at his mammoth output, mysteriously squeezed into days given over to the voracious pursuit of Johnny Walker-fueled conversation. One account clocks him at a hard-to-credit 10,000 words per day—all the more staggering when you consider time spent on reading and other research.
With his prodigious intake of Scotch and cigarette smoke, Christopher Hitchens embodied the romantic image of the hard-drinking, hard-typing man of letters. I'm happy to identify with that so long as I don't have to do it. His early death from esophageal cancer illustrates the real-life hazards of that image. As any contrarian knows, being a romantic figure is a dangerous business.


text:
When I interview someone, I usually ask at least one bit-shifting question to
the candidate. It's not a dealbreaker if she fails to answer it, but it
certainly wins her a lot of points if she can, or at least discuss
it in convincing ways.
Interestingly, pretty much every single candidate that I have ever
interviewed who did well on the other questions that I asked (typically at a
higher-level, such as OO design or design pattern) also does well on the
bit-shifting question, so it's usually a pretty strong indicator of someone who
has a good computer science background overall.
There are three categories of bit-shifting questions that I usually pick
from, in increasing order of difficulty:
- How can you determine if a number is a power of two?
- How can you clear the rightmost bit?
- How can you count the number of 1 bits?
This last question is a classic, so I added my own personal twist to it (see
Let's take them in turn.
1. How can you determine if a number is a power of two?
The easiest way to answer this question is to notice that a power of two
has exactly one 1 followed by only zero's (except for 1, which is also covered by the following
solution). Therefore, the quickest way is probably:
return x != 0 && (x & (x-1)) == 0;
The idea is that subtracting one from such a number will flip all its bits:
the 1 becomes a 0 and all the zeros become 1. "and"ing these two numbers
will therefore equal to zero.
As far as I can tell, this only happens for powers of two: if the
number has any other 1 than the one we are interested in, it will not be flipped
by the subtraction and will therefore survive the &.
I will accept any variations thereof: at this point, I am just trying to see
if the candidate has any notion of binary coding.
2. How can you clear the rightmost bit?
There are several ways to answer this question and ideally, the candidate
will start by giving me the easiest one and then, the bit-oriented one when
pressed. You can simply observe that clearing the rightmost bit is a no-op
is the number is even and a decrement of the number if it is odd:
return (n % 2 == 0 ? n : (n - 1))
This is not very efficient so I will ask for a faster solutions. There are
a couple of options:
return n - (n & 1)
(n >> 1) << 1
This last solution is mine, and I prefer it over the others because shifting
is much faster than subtracting. If the candidate doesn't provide it, I
will usually suggest it and ask her to discuss the pros and cons of each.
3. How can you count the number of 1 bits?
And finally, we reach this timeless classic. If the candidate
has never heard of it, she's in for a tough time. And even if she does, I
have my own twist to it that guarantees me that I will get to take a close look
at the way she thinks.
Let's start with the naive solution: shift the number right and
increment a counter each time the rightmost bit is 1:
int counter = 0; while (n > 0) { if (n % 2 == 1) counter++; n >>= 1; }
Next comes the leap of faith: "This algorithm executes p times, where p is
the size in bits of n. Can you think of a solution that executes in b
times, where b is the number of 1 bits in n?".
Either she knows the answer or
she doesn't, and if she doesn't, she'll be stumped. At this point, I will
step in and I will give her a hint: "Can you describe to me what the
expression n & (n-1) does to n?".
If you've never seen this trick, it's impossible to answer right away:
you will need to apply the formula on the board on a few numbers before you put
the pieces together (which is already not very easy). The answer is:
"It clears the rightmost 1 bit in n".
With this in mind, the solution to the puzzle becomes:
int counter = 0; while (n != 0) { counter++; n = n & (n-1); }
If she gave me this answer without help, I will strongly suspect that she
already knew the trick, so I will throw in my own twist: "Can you
demonstrate that n & (n-1) clears the rightmost bit?".
And I will leave
this as an exercise to the reader for now. Answer in a few days.


text:
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text:
Organic Farming the Truth
Organic farming can yield up to three times as much food on individual farms in developing countries, as low-intensive methods on the same land - according to new findings which refute the long-standing claim that organic farming methods cannot produce enough food to feed the global population. Researchers from the University of Michigan found that in developed countries, yields were almost equal on organic and conventional farms. In developing countries, food production could double or triple using organic methods, said Ivette Perfecto, professor at U-M's School of Natural Resources and Environment, and one the study's principal investigators. Catherine Badgley, research scientist in the Museum of Paleontology, is a co-author of the paper along with several current and former graduate and undergraduate students from U-M. "My hope is that we can finally put a nail in the coffin of the idea that you can't produce enough food through organic agriculture," Perfecto said. In addition to equal or greater yields, the authors found that those yields could be accomplished using existing quantities of organic fertilizers, without putting more farmland into production. The idea to undertake an exhaustive review of existing data about yields and nitrogen availability was fuelled in a roundabout way, when Perfecto and Badgley were teaching a class about the global food system and visiting farms in Southern Michigan. "We were struck by how much food the organic farmers would produce," Perfecto said. The researchers set about compiling data from published literature to investigate the two chief objections to organic farming: low yields and lack of organically acceptable nitrogen sources. Their findings refute those key arguments, Perfecto said, and confirm that organic farming is less environmentally harmful yet can potentially produce more than enough food. This is especially good news for developing countries, where it's sometimes impossible to deliver food from outside, so farmers must supply their own. Yields in developing countries could increase dramatically by switching to organic farming, Perfecto said. While that seems counterintuitive, it makes sense because in developing countries, many farmers still do not have the access to the expensive fertilizers and pesticides that farmers use in developed countries to produce those high yields, she said. After comparing yields of organic and non-organic farms, the researchers looked at nitrogen availability. To do so, they multiplied the current farmland area by the average amount of nitrogen available for production crops if so-called "green manures" were planted between growing seasons. Green manures are cover crops that are plowed into the soil to provide natural soil amendments. They found that planting green manures between growing seasons provided enough nitrogen to replace synthetic fertilizers. Organic farming is important because conventional agriculture—which involves high-yielding plants, mechanized tillage, synthetic fertilizers and biocides—is so detrimental to the environment, Perfecto said. For instance, fertilizer runoff from conventional agriculture is the chief culprit in creating dead zones—low oxygen areas where marine life cannot survive. Proponents of organic farming argue that conventional farming also causes soil erosion, greenhouse gas emission, increased pest resistance and loss of biodiversity. For their analysis, researchers defined the term organic as: practices referred to as sustainable or ecological; that utilize non-synthetic nutrient cycling processes; that exclude or rarely use synthetic pesticides; and sustain or regenerate the soil quality. Perfecto said the idea that people would go hungry if farming went organic is "ridiculous." "Corporate interest in agriculture and the way agriculture research has been conducted in land grant institutions, with a lot of influence by the chemical companies and pesticide companies as well as fertilizer companies - all have been playing an important role in convincing the public that you need to have these inputs to produce food," she said. |


text:
Vloggers and influencers rejoice, the Sony ZV-1 is a purpose-built compact camera blending the proven imaging capabilities of the RX100-series platform with an updated physical design for more efficient content creation.
Featuring a side flip-out 3.0″ touchscreen and a directional 3-capsule microphone that are perfect for front-facing recording, the ZV-1 also caters to this crowd with the Product Showcase Setting, Background Defocus function, Soft Skin Effect, and Face Priority Auto-Exposure.
Despite its sleek and lightweight design, the ZV-1 is also characterized by its large right-hand grip that is ideal for one-handed recording in conjunction with a front tally lamp, larger REC button on the top plate, and a Multi Interface Shoe for attaching accessories. An impressive ZEISS 24-70mm-equivalent standard zoom lens, with a bright f/1.8-2.8 maximum aperture range, is also featured and, suiting recording while walking, Active SteadyShot image stabilization helps to steady footage and reduce the appearance of camera shake for smoother takes.
Inside, the ZV-1 has some familiar imaging attributes in the form of a 20.1MP 1″-type Exmor RS stacked CMOS sensor and BIONZ X image processor, with front-end LSI, which contributes to impressively fast performance along with wide-ranging sensitivity to suit working in a variety of conditions. The processing capabilities avail Real-Time Eye AF and Real-Time Tracking for quick and precise focusing and subject tracking. In terms of video specs, UHD 4K recording at 30p is supported for extended takes and a micro-HDMI port can be used to conjunction with an external recorder or monitor if desired. Footage is also benefitted by Sony's S-Log2 and HLG picture profiles that match up with their professional cine cameras for refined color, dynamic range, and detail when recording.
Content Creator and Vlogging Features
- Rear 3.0″ 921.6k-dot LCD touchscreen features a side flip-out design that is ideal for filming yourself or taking selfies in a natural and intuitive manner.
- Since the screen flips out to the side, the top plate has been redesigned to incorporate a directional 3-capsule microphone that is specifically designed for forward-directional audio recording. Also, a dedicated wind screen for the built-in mic is included to help achieve cleaner audio when working outdoors.
- Both a 3.5mm microphone port and a Multi Interface Shoe are also featured for greater accessory compatibility.
- Compact and lightweight body design is complemented by an easy-to-hold right-hand grip that makes one-handed operation more comfortable and efficient. There is also a large REC button for quick recognition.
- Front tally lamp serves as a visual indicator for when recording is occurring.
- Product Showcase setting is ideal for vlogging and product showcases and allows for quick and smooth focus transitions between a subject's face and an object placed in front of the lens.
- Background Defocus lets you immediately switch to the maximum aperture setting (f/1.8-2.8), using a custom button function, for isolating your subject using shallow depth of field and bokeh. A built-in ND filter benefits using this mode in bright lighting conditions by controlling overexposure.
- Face-Priority AE detects the subject's face and adjusts the exposure to ensure the face is depicted in an ideal brightness, even if walking from a bright place into shade. The AE technology also suppresses abrupt changes in exposure if the subject quickly turns away from the frame to eliminate unexpected blown-out or extremely dark shots.
- Refined color science helps to optimize skin tones for any subject, in both still and video modes, in order to achieve a healthy and natural look that is inclusive of different ages, genders, and ethnicity.
- Soft Skin Effect can be used to soften and smooth wrinkles or blemishes on a subject's face to create a natural, smooth complexion. The default setting is Mid and can be adjusted to Off, Low, or Hi.
- For longer takes, extended continuous video recording is available when setting the Auto Power OFF Temp. function to High.
- Active SteadyShot is an advanced image stabilization mode that ensures steady video while moving, even when handheld shooting while walking. This mode combines optical and electronic stabilization methods for more effective results—when recording HD video with Active mode, camera shake is reduced by up to 11 times more than with standard SteadyShot; when recording 4K video with Active mode, camera shake is reduced by up to 8 times more than with standard SteadyShot.
20.1MP 1″ Exmor RS CMOS Sensor & BIONZ X Image Processor
Utilizing an advanced stacked structure with an integrated DRAM chip, the 20.1MP 1″ Exmor RS CMOS sensor is able to deliver outstanding image quality from ISO 100-12800 with incredibly fast performance. This sensor stacks the pixel area, a high-speed signal processing circuit, and memory in order to increase data throughput and deliver features such as Single Burst Shooting, an Anti-Distortion shutter, UHD 4K video, and more. This 1″ sensor also has 315 phase-detection AF points and 425 contrast detection areas for faster, more precise focusing.
This sensor is paired with a revised BIONZ X image processor and front-end LSI, which dramatically improve the speed and throughput of the entire imaging system, enabling blackout-free continuous shooting at up to 24 fps with continuous AF/AE calculations being performed at 60 times per second. The front-end LSI and enhanced sensor performance also improve overall image quality, especially at higher sensitivities, by reducing noise and offering higher perceived resolution and color definition.
ZEISS Vario-Sonnar T* 24-70mm Lens
Spanning a useful 24-70mm equivalent range, the integrated ZEISS Vario-Sonnar T* lens suits working in a wide range of situations. Despite its compact, retractable form factor, the lens still retains a bright f/1.8-2.8 maximum aperture range that benefits working in low-light conditions as well as isolating subject matter using shallow depth of field techniques. The optical design incorporates a series of specialized elements to reduce aberrations and distortions, in order to achieve high sharpness and accurate rendering, and a ZEISS T* anti-reflective coating has also been applied to suppress reflections and glare for improved contrast and color fidelity.
The flexible reach is complemented by Optical SteadyShot image stabilization, which minimizes the appearance of camera shake to suit handheld shooting in low-light conditions.
UHD 4K Video Recording
Able to record UHD 4K video at 30/24 fps, the ZV-1, is capable of producing movies with exceptional clarity. By using a full pixel readout without binning, the camera collects about 1.7x the information needed for 4K output. This oversampling helps to increase clarity while reducing the impact of moiré and jaggies. Benefitting sharper recording, an Active SteadyShot mode can be used for recording that prioritizes smoothness when reducing the appearance of camera shake. Fast Hybrid AF is available during movie shooting for ensuring accurate, fast tracking using phase-detection AF points. The camera also offers Sony's advanced XAVC S format for recording a high bit rates up to 100 Mb/s. In addition to high-resolution internal recording, uncompressed HDMI output also enables the use of an optional external recorder for clean 4K recording with 4:2:2 sampling.
Affording extensive customizable color and gamma controls, the ZV-1 allows users to adjust the gamma, black level, knee, color level, and more. Also, users can use the same S-Log2 Gamma Curve that is found on high-end Sony Cinema cameras that squeezes up to 1300% more dynamic range into the video signal then traditional REC709, for increased post-production flexibility. HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma) support is also available, along with the BT.2020 color space, for recording within a wide color gamut and, in addition to S-Log2, S-Log3 is also available for producing an effective 14-stop dynamic range with increased grading control in the shadow to mid-tone regions of the image.
Speed is also a huge advantage of the ZV-1, and, in video, users will benefit from advanced High Frame Rate shooting and super slow motion. In Full HD, shooters will have access to a standard 120 fps setting that will enable outstanding slow motion when placed in editing software. In addition to this, the camera also offers a dedicated HFR mode that boosts the camera's frame rate to up to 960 fps.
A Photo Capture function is built directly into the camera, allowing shooters to quickly save an 8.29MP still from their UHD 4K movies. Full HD can also benefit from this feature, where users will be able to pull a 2MP still. Additionally, the camera is NTSC/PAL switchable, making it usable around the world, vertical videos can be recorded with embedded metadata to correct for the vertical orientation during playback.
Fast Hybrid AF System with 315 Phase-Detection Points
The ZV-1 is equipped with an on-sensor phase-detection AF system that dramatically improves autofocus speed for both stills and video. The camera uses a hybrid system with 315 phase-detection points that cover approximately 65% of the frame along with a 425-area contrast-detection system to provide fast, accurate focusing in a range of situations. It is able to lock onto subjects quickly and can use Real-time Tracking for AI-based tracking on moving subjects. Real-time Eye AF, suitable for both humans and animals, also ensures critical sharpness when shooting portraits.
Wireless Connectivity
Built-in Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity enables instant transferring of imagery to mobile devices for direct sharing online to social networking, via email, and to cloud storage sites. Once connected, the linked mobile device can also display a live view image on its screen and, using Smart Remote Control, remotely control the camera's shutter release. Additionally, connection to a smartphone using a QR code is also possible and the ZV-1 is also compatible with the Movie Edit add-on from the Imaging Edge mobile app. Bluetooth connectivity also enables connecting to the optional GP-VPT2BT Wireless Shooting Grip for efficient camera control.
Other Camera Features
- Interval shooting mode is ideal for creating time-lapse movies with the aid of Imaging Edge software. Intervals can be selected between 1-60 seconds for recording up to 9999 sequential free. Also, in-camera battery charging is possible via the USB port using a portable battery to benefit long interval shooting sessions.
- Anti-Distortion electronic shutter can enable completely silent shooting as well as the ability to work at shutter speeds as fast as 1/32000 second. This shutter also keeps rolling shutter effects to an absolute minimum and enables photographers to work in bright light with wider apertures.
- The Fn menu can be accessed and edited immediately after continuous shooting, while data writing is still in progress.
- File name setting allows users to change the first three characters of the file name from DSC to three characters of their choice. Additionally, images shot in continuous mode can also be displayed, reviewed, and deleted in the groups they were shot for faster operation.
- Step Zoom lets you quickly change between five common focal lengths (24, 28, 35, 50, or 70mm) by rotating the control ring.
- Users can set a minimum shutter speed when using ISO AUTO to help minimize shutter blur.
- Creative Style settings: Standard, Vivid, Neutral, Clear, Deep, Light, Portrait, Landscape, Sunset, Night Scene, Autumn Leaves, Black & White, Sepia, and Style Box.
- Picture Effect modes: Toy Camera, Pop Color, Posterization, Retro Photo, Soft High-Key, Partial Color, High Contrast Mono, Soft Focus, HDR Painting, Richtone Monochrome, Miniature, Watercolor, and Illustration.
- Picture Profile parameters: Black Level, Gamma (Movie, Still, Cine1-2, ITU709, ITU709 [800%], S-Log2, S-Log3, HLG, HLG1, HLG2, HLG3), Black Gamma, Knee, Color Mode, Saturation, Color Depth, Color Phase, Detail, Copy and Reset.
Η συσκευασια περιλαμβανει:
- Sony ZV-1 Digital Camera
- Sony NP-BX1/M8 Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery Pack (3.6V, 1240mAh)
- Micro-USB Cable
- Wind Screen
- Wind Screen Adapter


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PopGrip for MagSafe
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Easy on. Easy off. Easy charge. No adhesive required. For iPhone 12 and up.
Works with:
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PopSockets for Magsafe securely attaches to your MagSafe-compatible case for maximum grip and stand utility, while simply sliding off (when you want it to) for MagSafe charging.
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Bhagwan Parshwanath
(Samvat 1750-1806)
Bhudhardasji occupies an important place amongst the old Jain poets of spiritualism and detachment. His verses and lyrics are sung with great respect in the religious community.
He lived in Agra and was born in Khandelwal Jain community, as is clear from the last verses of his Jain Shatak.
He was a great scholar of Hindi and Sanskrit. Three of his writings are available at present, Jain Shatak, Parshwapuran and Pad-Sangraha. Jain Shatak includes one hundred verses which are very easy and conducive to detachment.
Parshwapuran can be included in the list of great epics of Hindi literature. It describes the life of the twenty-third Tirthankar Bhagwan Parshwanath. It is of great poetic value and has very interesting exposition of many principles of Jainism.
His spiritual lyrics which are dear to the public, easy to follow and full of poetic qualities regale the minds of the people even today.
The present lesson is based on his Parshwapuran.
Teacher – Ramesh, what do you know of Parshwanath ?
Ramesh – Sir, it is the name of a railway station.
Teacher – Stand up on your seat. You don't know how to reply. You should stand up first and then answer. Learn good manners. I asked you about Bhagwan Parshwanath, you point out to the name of a railway station.
Ramesh – Sir, I went to Calcutta. In the way I came across a railway station named Parshwanath. If I have made some mistake, I want to be excused.
Teacher – It is also the name of a station, but do you know why that station is named Parshwanath ? There is a hill named Sammedshikhar nearby, from where the twenty-third Jain Tirthankar Parshwanath obtained complete liberation. That is the reason why that station is named Parshwanath and the hill is also called Parshwanath Hill.
This is a great religious place of the Jains. Lacs of people come here on pilgrimage. This place is in the district of Hazaribagh in Bihar, near Isri. Besides Parshwanath, so many other Tirthankaras also attained complete liberation from this place.
Student – Where was Parshwanath born ?
Teacher – In Kashi, which is called Varanasi these days. About three thousand years back prince Parshwa was born at the palace of king Ashwasen of the Kashyapa clan of the Ekshwaku Kshatrjya family from the womb of his learned queen Wamadevi, on the eleventh day of the first fortnight of Paush. His auspicious birth was celebrated not only by his parents and subjects, but also by the heavenly beings and their lords, the Indras, with great dignity and pomp.
He was a genius, full of brilliance and having clairvoyance (Awadhi Jnan). In his boyhood he was possessed of many auspicious physical signs and vitality of a very high order and a very attractive personality.
Student – Since he was a prince, he must have been equipped with all worldly facilities.
Teacher – Undoubtedly so. Besides being a prince he had great merits to his credit and heavenly beings attended and served him. He did not feel the absence of any worldly possessions, but meritorius possessions and kingly pomp had no place in his heart. He did not have any desire for the pleasures of the senses. He remained unaffected with the worldly pleasures, like a lotus in water. When he attained youth, the parents tried to persuade him to marry, but they could not do so. He remained a celibate since boyhood.
Student – Why so ?
Teacher – He was conversant with the intricacies of the soul. He was indifferent towards the activities of this earthly existence. One day, an event touched his soul to the quick and he accepted the order of Digamber monkhood and engaged himself in the conquest of the self.
Student – What was that event ?
Teacher – One day, he was on a morning walk with his comrades. In the way he saw his maternal grandfather, a monk engaged in penance, surrounded by fires. The wood on fire had a pair of snakes burning inside. Parshwanath knew of their presence in the log of wood by his divine consciousness and requested the monk to extinguish the fire. Nobody believed in what he said, till everybody saw the half burnt pair of snakes in the log of wood.
Student – Were they completely burnt ? What afterwards ?
Teacher -Prince Parshwak addressed the snake, who breathed their last with auspicious feelings. They were born as Dharnendra and Padmawati in the heavens.
Student – It was good they attained a higher life phase.
Teacher – There was nothing good in having attained the life span of heavenly beings. The real good was that they were attracted towards the path of spiritual development.
This heart-melting event turned Parshwakumar into a detached person and he became a Digamber monk on the eleventh day of the first fortnight of Paush.
Student – Did he engage himself in hard penances ?
Teacher -Yes, he observed unbroken silence and absorbed himself in deep meditation. Once he was in the state of contemplation in the Ahichhetra wood. Samvar Deo, his enemy of some previous life, was going through the sky. Old passionate anger overpowered him and he began to torture monk Parshwanath in many ways. Showers, hail and tempest and stones fell on him, but he did not move from his meditation. The same day, the fourteenth day of the first fortnight of Chaitra, he attained omniscience. Samvar Deo became repentant and fell on his feet.
Student – We have been told that Dharnendra and Padmawati had offered protection to Parshwanath.
Teacher – How can ordinary heavenly beings protect the Lord of the three worlds ? He was completely protected with his pursuit of the self. The fact is that Dharnendra and Padmawati attempted to offer protection to the Lord, who did not need any such protection, out of feelings of compassion.
After that he moved from one place to another with the religious congregation called the Samavsharan, throughout the country and preached the principles of detachment to all for seventy years. He always emphasized self-attainment in his talks. He told his audience that this soul is full of eternal consciousness and bliss. Without knowing and having faith in it and without merging oneself with it, nobody can attain real happiness. Lacs of people got peace of the soul from his teachings. Poet Bhudhardas has given expression to this effect :-
"Many accepted the order of Digamber monkhood, many accepted the rules of conduct of the householders and many animals accepted lower abstinence rules. Women accepted the status of she-monks and left for the woods with their husbands. Right faith dawned upon many human, heavenly and animal beings. This way all the beings in the religious congregation of the Lord listened to the divine preachings of the Lord and got happiness."
Thus, propounding the gospel of non-violence, Parshwanath obtained complete liberation on the seventh day of the second fortnight of Shrawan, from Swarnbhadrakut top of the Sammedshikhar hill, at the age of a hundred years.
Dr. H.C. Bharill


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2 pieces of dry vermicelli/bee hoon – soak in warm water until soft
1 piece chicken breast – sliced thinly and marinate with a bit of soy sauce and pepper
2 cups of Napa cabbage or any veggie of your choice
1 small carrot – julienned
A small onion – slice thinly
2 eggs
3 cloves of garlic
4 tbsp of XO sauce
3 tbsp soy sauce
1 tsp sugar
Salt and pepper to taste
Some green onions for garnish
1. Heat up a wok with a tbsp of oil. Scramble the eggs and remove and set it aside. In the same wok, add in some oil. Stir fry onion and garlic until fragrant and lightly brown.
2. Add in chicken and stir fry until the chicken changes color. Add in the carrot and napa cabbage. Stir fry for a minute.
3. Add in the XO sauce, soy sauce, sugar, salt and pepper. Stir well; add in vermicelli stir until well combined. If it gets too dry, drizzle in some water. Mix well, add in the scramble eggs and continues to stir fry for a few minutes.
4. Dish out and garnish with some green onions. Serve warm.


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We take our clients' financial privacy very seriously. During the course of processing your application, we accumulate non-public personal financial information from you and from other sources about your income, your assets, and your credit history in order to allow a lender to make an informed decision about granting you credit. We restrict access to nonpublic personal information about you to those employees who need to know that information to provide products or services to you. We maintain physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards that comply with federal regulations to guard your nonpublic personal information.
We collect nonpublic information about you from the following sources: (i) information we receive from you on applications or other forms; (ii) information about your transactions with us; and (iii) information we receive from a consumer reporting agency.
We do not share any nonpublic information about our customers or former customers to any third party, except for everyday business purposes such as to process your transactions, maintain your account(s), to respond to court orders and legal investigations, or report to credit bureaus.


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Quotations: Farewell & Bon Voyage
Until we meet again,
May God hold you in the palm of his hand.
- Irish Blessing
The road goes on forever and the party never ends.
- Robert Earl Keen
All farewells should be sudden.
- Lord Byron
Parting is such sweet sorrow
That I shall say good night till it be morrow
- William Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet


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Taming 100 nodes of number hungry processors is BIG job. Join Dan Stanzione as he guides you through the issues and challenges of a cluster administrator. And, yes, sleeping through he night as a cluster admin is possible.
- Details
- Written by Dan Stanzione
- Hits: 45565
Beyond NFS, but not to far
OK, OK, so there are plenty of File System articles on Cluster Monkey. But, from an administrators perspective, no good discussion of cluster administration can continue without coming to that thorniest of issues, file systems and I/O. In the long history of parallel computing, I/O in most cases could have stood for Ignored/Oops! instead of Input/Output. In the more recent history of Beowulf clusters, I/O has finally received some quality attention by some quality people, but there is still no "silver bullet" file system, and providing the right kind of storage for the right job remains one of the biggest headaches for cluster administrators.
- Details
- Written by Dan Stanzione
- Hits: 19534
We will even throw in a torque wrench for free
Over the last couple of columns, we've done a broad survey of the scope and history of resource management. In this column, we're going to dive a little more in depth into two of the leaders: PBS (aka Torque) and LSF.
PBS, LSF, and most of the other resource management packages described here over the last couple of months require jobs to be submitted via a shell script (even for the few that don't require it, you are probably better off if you do). This requirement can be a daunting task for users, particularly those who are not Linux savvy. However, it doesn't have to be.
- Details
- Written by Dan Stanzione
- Hits: 13972
A brief look at some current options
In our last column, we took a general look at the problem of resource management. This time around, we're going to take a quick stroll through the options for resource management on your cluster. There are a variety of possibilities available, which vary by capability, price, license, and platforms on which they work. Many of the resource management packages available have forked into multiple versions or changed names, leading to a somewhat confusing marketplace for the cluster administrator trying to decide what to do. In this column, we'll trace the origins and history of the popular players, to try and give you some insight into how we got to the state of things today, as the philosophical differences that led to the splits may have a big impact on the features you'll get.
- Details
- Written by Dan Stanzione
- Hits: 12471
A Primer of Queuing and Scheduling
After a few months of reading about clusters on Cluster Monkey, you've gotten your cluster hardware, assembled it, selected a distribution, installed it, checked to make sure your nodes are up and running, learned some parallel programming, and written the highest performance "Hello, World" the universe has ever seen. So, you figure you're ready to turn your machine loose to your users, and amazing jumps in productivity are about to be seen.
In the immortal words of ESPN's Lee Corso, Not so fast, my friend!
Unless you're fortunate enough to be your cluster's only user (the ever growing Beowulf-in-the-basement crowd), selecting and configuring the appropriate resource management software is an absolutely critical step in administering your cluster. Outside of your choice of hardware, few things you do will have as big an impact on the user experience and performance your cluster provides.
- Details
- Written by Douglas Eadline
- Hits: 11979
It's all about the Process
There are two predominant software approaches for to Linux clustering. The first is the "Classic Beowulf" where each system has a copy of a complete operating system (more or less). In this approach parallel processes are started remotely on worker nodes. The second method is based on a single system image (SSI) concept where worker nodes have a minimal amount of software installed and processes are migrated from the host node. There is a big difference.


text:
Polco Honda Jazz Car Cover with Mirror Pockets, Antenna Cover and 100% Water Repellent (N-Series)
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Honda Jazz Car Cover Waterproof with Antenna Cover and with Mirror Pockets
If you are looking for strong, effective and all weather car body cover for your vehicle, this is the right product. Polco Car Covers are Very tough and long lasting. Designed to protect your four-wheeler against harsh outdoor conditions Preserves vehicle's paint by ensuring safety from dents and dust Fit your vehicle. Non-Woven Fabric Known For its High Performance and Durability. Protects Your car body from Sun Damage, Rain, Dust.Polco Engineering Protection car body cover adopts 2 layers Non-woven fabric material. sun proof and anti-UV, keeps cool in the hot day.
Vehicle Compatibility:
Honda Jazz
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Brand | Honda |
Water Resistance | Waterproof |
Fitting Type | Custom Fitting |
Vehicle Compatibility | Honda Jazz |
Color | Blue |
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Q2.Is it good to cover the car with cover?
Ans.Using a car cover offers protection from weather elements, prevents scratches, provides a barrier against acidic substances from the road and is a good theft and vandalism deterrent.Your personal items are also concealed providing some level of privacy.
Q3.Can I use a car cover daily?
Ans.Using a car cover daily is a good way to protect your vehicle from exterior elements, dirt, scratches and potential damage from debris.However, you should choose a good quality cover from Polco or myTVS, and properly care for it so that it provides the required level of protection.
Q4.Do car covers attract thieves?
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Q5.Do car covers destroy paint?
Ans.Car covers usually do not damage the paint.Choose a high-quality cover, ensure a snug fit, and keep the car and cover clean.Get rid of any moisture trapped inside after the rains.Inspect your car cover regularly to avoid potential damage to your vehicle's paint.
Q6.How do I scare my car from burglars?
Ans.Burglars are more likely to avoid vehicles that are visibly secured.Use a car cover to keep valuables out of sight.A well-fitting car cover can deter thieves by concealing the interiors.Burglars will not target a car they cannot access easily.
Q7.Should you cover your car every night?
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Q8.Is using a car cover a good idea?
Ans.A car cover is important to protect against harsh weather elements and to shield against environmental hazards.There is less chance of scratches or dents and a car cover provides protection during long-term storage.
Q9.Which type of car cover is best?
Ans.All-weather car covers are the best because they provide protection from rain, snow, UV rays and other environmental factors.The fabric should be soft and flexible to prevent scratches and damage to the painted surface of your vehicle.
Q10.What are the types of car body cover?
Ans.The main types of body covers are universal fit and custom fit.Universal covers have a standard size and can fit most vehicles, but you should use a custom-fit car cover that is specifically designed for your car make and model.This will provide maximum protection and good aesthetics.
Q11.Which car cover colour is best?
Ans.Light-coloured car covers such as white or silver are perfect for hot and sunny climates, while dark colours such as black and blue are preferred for cooler climates.A neutral colour like grey is good for parking the vehicle outdoors where it won't be noticed.
Q12.Which car cover is best for outdoor parking?
Ans.Consider a car cover with a durable material such as heavy-duty polyester or propylene fabric.The material should be waterproof, UV resistant and allow air to pass through for good ventilation.Choose a good-fitting car cover so that it doesn't get blown away in the wind (you can secure it with straps or buckles).
Q13.Is car cover good in rainy season?
Ans.A car cover can keep your vehicle dry and clean, minimising water damage, rust and corrosion.Rainwater can create spots on your car's paint and render the finish dull and lacklustre.A car cover prevents mould and mildew formation.
Q14.Are Car Covers Rain Proof?
Ans.It depends on the type of material the car cover is made from.Materials such as polyester, nylon or other synthetic fabrics are often treated with waterproofing agents to prevent moisture from seeping through to the vehicle's exterior surface.
Q15.Why car covers are not waterproof?
Ans.Some materials used in car covers are not water resistant and allow moisture to pass through the fabric.Choose a material that is 100% waterproof if the car is parked in the rain often.Fabrics such as PVC, nylon and polyester prevent rainwater from reaching the vehicle's painted surface.
Q16.Can car covers damage paint?
Ans.If the car cover material is abrasive in nature and the fit is not perfect, there may be chances of paint damage.Car covers that do not provide protection from UV rays may allow sunlight to penetrate and fade the paint over time.If moisture can get through the car cover, the paint will surely start peeling away.
Q17.Are car covers good for hot weather?
Ans.Hot weather is mainly due to harsh sunlight and humidity.A good car cover can provide UV ray protection, heat reflection, dust and debris protection and give a cooling effect to the vehicle if the fabric is breathable.
Q18.Is it Ok to cover car in sun?
Ans.It is advisable to cover your car in the sun to prevent the sunlight from fading and damaging the painted surface.If the body gets heated in hot weather, there is a chance of the paint cracking and chipping off, which will prove expensive to fix.
Q19.Do car covers need to be washed?
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Q20.Is plastic cover good for car?
Ans.Avoid using a plastic cover for your car as it may cause damage to the vehicle's exterior.Plastic will trap moisture and mold underneath which can lead to paint corrosion and rusting over time.Additionally, plastic covers cannot protect from UV rays, dirt and debris effectively.
Q21.What are the disadvantages of plastic covers?
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Q22.Should I use a waterproof car cover?
Ans.It is recommended to use a waterproof car cover if you park your vehicle outdoors in rainy weather, during the monsoons or where there is a chance of moisture building up on your vehicle's exterior.This will prevent the paint from fading due to exposure to moisture.
Q23.Do car covers cause rust?
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Q24.Do car covers trap moisture?
Ans.Car cover fabrics do trap moisture under certain conditions.If the material does not allow air to circulate properly, or if the car cover is not secured properly, it can trap moisture underneath which can damage the paint, metal components, etc.
Q25.Should we remove plastic cover from new car?
Ans.Yes, this is referred to as the shipping film which acts as a protective layer during the transportation of new cars.It is not intended as a long-term protective measure and should be removed after delivery of the new vehicle.
Q26.Do car covers really protect your car?
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Q27.Which car cover material is waterproof?
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Q28.When should you put a cover on your car?
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Q29.Do car covers protect the engine?
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Q30.Do car covers reduce heat?
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Q31.Do car cover protect from rain?
Ans.Waterproof car covers can protect the vehicle from rain, moisture, snow and mist.Water-resistant materials will prevent moisture from seeping in so that your vehicle remains dry and clean when parked outdoors in wet weather.
Q32.Does car cover protect from sun?
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