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Humidity Counts—In the Right Amounts
Planning ahead for humidity control can save facilities from a number of IAQ problems
With the increasing focus on keeping processes, equipment and people healthy, indoor-air quality (IAQ) has become a big issue in schools, offices and factories. In this latest installment of our M/E Roundtable, a group of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC)-design experts rates the importance of relative humidity (RH) in IAQ issues and discusses the best practices for mitigating its negative effects.
M/E Roundtable Participants
Dennis F. Rudko , P.E., principal, mechanical engineering, HarleyEllis, Detroit, Mich.
Robb Stone , P.E., HVAC engineer, Arnold O'Sheridan, Madison, Wis.
Brian Goebel , P.E., principal, Goetting and Associates, San Antonio, Texas
Philip Leader , P.E., technical director, mechanical engineering, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., Detroit, Mich.
Jeromie Winsor , moderator
Consulting-Specifying Engineer (CSE): How important is RH in relation to IAQ? Have you seen any recent research into humidity's effect on people and the workplace?
RUDKO: RH is one of the critical factors determining IAQ. For example, if humidity content is too low, dust mites and other bacteria are present, creating an environment that promotes allergies and other irritations. On the contrary, if humidity content is too high, mold spores and other microbiological life-forms have the opportunity to breed, again creating potential health hazards. Typically, we categorize 'ideal humidity' within the controlled range of 30 to 60 percent.
STONE: As a trend during the last five years, humidity control, as it relates to IAQ, has become more important to owners. By this, we are referring to minimum humidity levels, generally during the heating season. Owners have come to expect dehumidification by mechanical cooling, while humidification has generally been considered more of a luxury. Research is finding that not only people's health and comfort are improving with good IAQ, but that productivity also increases. Most owners will agree that an increase in production and a decrease in missed work due to illness will quickly offset the cost of a humidification system.
GOEBEL: It is a generally accepted fact that a 10-percent increase in RH will make the air feel 1°F warmer.
LEADER: RH is a term I feel has been misapplied to some extent. It's only truly meaningful if it's tied to a dry-bulb temperature. It has a big bearing on what we perceive as a comfortable ambient temperature, affects our respiratory tract and skin, and either helps control or promote growth of mold, fungi and bacteria. It's thus a very important ingredient in the equation but alone cannot guarantee IAQ if adequate filtration, air motion and ventilation are not provided.
Building owners aware
CSE: How many owners are aware of humidity control and IAQ? Are they concerned over health-and perhaps legal-ramifications? Should it be more of a concern than it currently is?
GOEBEL: We have found that only the most sophisticated of clients are concerned with humidity control and IAQ. Typical projects for which we provide humidity control are schools, libraries, art museums, high-tech manufacturing and corporate-office headquarters. Typical developer-type office buildings almost never receive humidity control for first-cost and operating-cost reasons.
RUDKO: To generalize, I would safely say virtually all facility managers are aware of IAQ, but not to the extent we are discussing. The mechanical systems installed today generally control humidity levels in the cooling season; it is during the heating season, particularly in northern climates, that ideal humidity levels are difficult to obtain. It is during this period that we find only 30 percent of facility managers re-adjust humidity levels close to the ideal range. Unfortunately, in older buildings during the coldest days of the year, air-quality issues increase when ideal humidity levels are maintained.
STONE: Not only the owners, but also employees and the general public are more educated on the subject of IAQ due to the increasing publicity it receives. Sadly, most of the publicity is given when poor IAQ exists. Everyone is becoming more sensitive to environmental concerns inside a facility, which requires owners to take action to provide a safe, comfortable workplace.
LEADER: From my perspective, it depends primarily on what industry or market the owner represents. In the health-care arena, they're obviously very aware. Elsewhere, it seems to be a matter of dollars and cents. Unfortunately, the owners' financial wizards too often have taken over the engineering decision process and unless we can demonstrate an adequate internal rate of return on an optional investment, they won't buy it.
Showing a return on a humidifier is easier said than done. It's not a straightforward energy-savings calculation like a more efficient chiller. That's where [more] research would come in handy. We're talking about increases in productivity, decreases in absenteeism, reductions in maintenance costs, etc.
STONE: Many times IAQ problems quickly become associated with lawsuits. What owner wouldn't be concerned? As design professionals, we need to be concerned as well. It is our responsibility to educate our clients on the importance of IAQ.
CSE: What considerations for humidity control do you take into account before designing a facility's HVAC system?
STONE: The greatest considerations center on informing and educating an owner to the options they have and the resultant effects of those options. Discussing the effects that humidity control and IAQ offer to a facility is critical when the building program is being written. It is also important to manage client, owner and user expectation levels, that is, what can be controlled and how accurately a system can be controlled. This is important due to the increasing sensitivity of processes and equipment within the facilities.
LEADER: We utilize a questionnaire/survey form on most projects-that we call a 'space-design guide'-that asks the owners' representatives questions about the intended use of the space, ambient temperature and relative humidity requirements, control accuracy, etc. Depending on the type of facility, minimum outdoor-air requirements vary considerably, and tend to dictate the type of airside system to use and whether special considerations must be made to pretreat outdoor air with a dual-path air-handling unit or whether energy recovery is appropriate. For humidification, the amount of outdoor air, 100-percent outdoor-air economizer cycles, water quality, steam availability, air-handling unit type and air-filtration type all have a bearing on the type of humidifier selected and the design of the facility's HVAC system.
RUDKO: The main consideration is whether humidity control is person- or process-related. For instance, printing and research environments often require a higher humidity level due to the work contained within. Another consideration is whether the maintenance staff has the competency to properly maintain a humidification system. Ultimately, the above considerations are matched with an appropriate cost.
High-tech requirements
CSE: What design concerns go along with the increasing amount of high-tech equipment in facilities? Can these machines actually work to cause air-quality problems?
GOEBEL: High-tech equipment usually increases the sensible heat rejection in the space, but not latent heat. High-tech equipment is also very sensitive to static electricity, which can occur in a low-humidity environment. Therefore, these machines usually need environments with humidity ratios from 50 to 60 percent.
Areas with large quantities of high-tech equipment and the corresponding high sensible heat loads can have indoor RH conditions that are unacceptably low. This can be uncomfortable for the occupants and result in static electricity problems.
STONE: New technology and sensitive electronic equipment require tighter control of both temperature and humidity levels. This requires the engineer to consider spaces containing such equipment on an individual basis to insure that environmental requirements are met. This may require separate HVAC systems, year-round cooling or tight humidity control.
RUDKO: While it causes no direct problems regarding humidity, the remittance of chemicals into the air-through the use of high-tech office equipment such as printers and copiers-can decrease air quality.
STONE: Some new digital technologies eliminate some of the emissions found in older technology equipment. This reduces some concerns.
CSE: How do you design a system for a facility that may have a number of rooms with varying IAQ requirements?
RUDKO: In order to accommodate the different requirements of each area, you would either install special terminal filtration or, if the requirements are severe enough, design a dedicated system.
STONE: Humidity differences can be handled by subzoning the humidification system. A minimum RH level can be introduced at the system level, and additional humidification can be introduced at a zone or room level. The system RH can be controlled by an averaging sensor in a return-air duct, whereas the zone-level humidity level would be controlled by a space humidity sensor. Filtering can be done in a similar method. Generally, in all but extreme cases, the worst case is considered when determining a filtering method.
LEADER: The variation in density of people in a multiple-room facility and the effect on the delivery of outdoor ventilation air is the biggest IAQ challenge. I have the impression that too few engineers are using the [American Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers] ASHRAE Standard 62-99, 'Multiple Space Equation,' to estimate the minimum outdoor-air requirement for systems serving multiple spaces. Putting the controls in place to measure and document the amount of outdoor air being delivered and optimizing controls to reduce the amount of outdoor air delivered at part load are also key ingredients I see lacking.
Local or point-of-use air filtration/treatment and dedicated exhaust equipment are often used for morgues and isolation rooms in hospitals. Duct-mounted booster humidifiers are another solution for special rooms like an operating room which requires 50 to 60 percent RH, whereas the rest of the health-care facility may be maintained at 30 to 40 percent.
Optimizing operation
CSE: What is the best means of monitoring and controlling humidity in a building once the HVAC system is operating?
RUDKO: A facility-management team must have a significant understanding of the mechanical equipment running in their facility. The system itself must include high-quality humidity sensors, adequate air changes and good modulating devices. Quite often humidity systems are not properly maintained and consequently are shut off.
GOEBEL: Today's sophisticated microprocessor-based energy-management and control systems do an excellent job of monitoring space RH. The majority of owners that commit the up-front resources to install these systems also commit the operating resources to keep these systems running adequately.
STONE: In many cases, smaller buildings do not have the resources necessary to keep a system running. Large companies, such as hospitals and county buildings, are more likely to have a staff dedicated to maintaining their facilities. However, the systems are becoming consistently more sophisticated, and owners are requiring more and more assistance with their buildings and systems.
LEADER: A humidity sensor/transmitter in the controlled space with a high-limit sensor in the supply duct is the most accurate means of RH control, but [it is] not practical. Therefore, usually the RH of the return air is sensed to provide an overall average reading for the entire facility. The type of humidifier used also has a bearing, as does whether its turndown capability is in line with the sensor/controller capability. Humidifier control ranges from simple on/off to highly sophisticated, tight-tolerance systems capable of a 100:1 turndown.
CSE: When should the designer consider a desiccant solution? What are the advantages and drawbacks to desiccant systems?
RUDKO: A desiccant system proposes an ideal solution for extreme environments, either high humidity or unusually dry conditions. The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages if the system is planned for an extended life cycle. In such a case, the solution is extremely energy and cost efficient. However, within a short-term utilization, the up-front installation cost and increased maintenance concerns can be drawbacks.
LEADER: The desiccant solution is relatively straightforward and can easily produce dewpoint temperatures from -20 to -40°F. The initial cost of desiccants and the energy cost of regeneration of the desiccant wheel are considerable, and because the wheel is hot from the regeneration energy, recooling is necessary for most applications. This makes the desiccant solution usually quite costly and complex. A desiccant dehumidifier solution is dictated generally by psychrometrics and the limitations of mechanical refrigeration once you get water or refrigerant coils operating at a temperature that causes frost or ice build-up. This leads to the need to have defrost cycles that put the system out of commission for a while or a stand-by unit to operate while the primary unit defrosts. Neither of these are usually acceptable solutions for a comfort HVAC system. For comfort applications, mechanical refrigeration usually loses out once the room temperature design falls to the mid-60s and RH must be kept below 50 percent. It can be done by mechanical refrigeration, but it takes a careful selection of components; and in low temperature ranges the reliability of refrigeration equipment is compromised.
Design examples
CSE: What types of facilities have you worked on recently that posed special humidity and IAQ challenges?
RUDKO: Currently, we are designing a class-100,000 clean-room facility requiring a 10-percent humidity level year-round.
GOEBEL: We are currently working on the design of a gaming casino to be located on the shores of Lake Michigan. These facilities have large human occupancies, the majority of which smoke. Therefore, the HVAC system will be required to not only remove large amounts of humidity from the air, but also cigarette smoke. The air-handling systems will be designed to bring in large amounts of outside air for dilution. The systems will also have heating coils in the reheat position for humidity control. In addition, each system will have 30-percent prefilters and 95-percent final filters for removal of smoke particulate.
LEADER: Hospitals are an obvious choice. Another is the type of low-temperature (-40°F) environmental wind-tunnel test facility our firm has designed over the last 10 years. In that case, it was the challenge of keeping ice from building on a 24-row deep cooling coil and keeping the wind tunnel in operation. Our work is mostly in the northern states and the focus is more on humidification than dehumidification, which overall I feel is less challenging than the problems posed by excess humidity.
Commissioned for Greatness
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) design is a complicated process that requires a great deal of fine-tuning and calculating for the design engineer, especially when facilities require tight indoor-air quality (IAQ) and relative-humidity (RH) controls.
It is understandably frustrating, then, when HVAC systems designed for perfection face haphazard installation and operational practices. Enter commissioning.
'You just can't flip the switch and walk away, although-unfortunately-more and more today, that's what's happening on jobs,' explains Philip Leader, P.E., a principal at Albert Kahn Associates in Detroit. 'I'd say at least 95 percent of the time I'm called in to do 'damage control' on a project … the problem is due to workmanship issues or incomplete start-up, testing and debugging of the mechanical systems.'
In HVAC applications, commissioning should be the natural step between installation and operation. All of the participants from this month's M/E Roundtable agree on its importance on many levels.
The engineers say that the best way for a system to meet its design potential is through commissioning, where an expert can document the design, construction, installation, system startup and staff training involved with a new building.
There are, however, other important reasons for commissioning a system. One of these, according to Robb Stone, P.E., from Arnold O'Sheridan, Madison, Wis., is that commissioning a system when it is installed provides the building owner and system operator with a benchmark to measure future system performance against. Stone also mentions that it is very helpful for operational staff to be involved in commissioning, as it offers a chance to get trained on proper operation, maintenance and inspection.
Unfortunately, however, commissioning for many projects is done very poorly or not at all. This can be a result of improper planning or simply what happens when budget squeezes happen, as Brian Goebel, P.E., of Goetting and Associates explains.
'Separate commissioning services are outside the scope of many budgets and, therefore, the proper startup of systems is left to the mechanical contractor or his test-and-balance subcontractor,' he says.
The solution to these problems, of course, is better education and a greater emphasis on getting systems commissioned before they go operational. As it stands now, a number of engineers contend that problems are quite often a symptom of poor installation and maintenance.
'Typically, the majority of air-quality issues are installation or field issues, rather than design oriented,' suggests Dennis Rudko, P.E., a principal with HarleyEllis in Detroit. 'Proper commissioning coupled with continued monitoring and maintenance can provide an effective system.'
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Jesuit Historiography: A History, Robert A. Maryks
A: Africa and Asia
B: Americas
C. Australia and Oceania
D. Europe and Levant
Robert Aleksander Maryks, Ph.D. (2006) in History, Fordham University, has published on various aspects of the history of the Jesuits, including Saint Cicero and the Jesuits (Ashgate, 2008), The Jesuit Order as a Synagogue of Jews (Brill, 2009), Pouring Jewish Water into Fascist Wine (Brill, 2011), and A Companion to Ignatius of Loyola (Brill, 2014). He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Jesuit Studies and the book series Jesuit Studies.
Savio Abreu is director of Xavier Centre of Historical Research (XCHR), Goa. His PhD from Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai was a sociological study on New Christian movements in contemporary Goa. He has published articles in various journals such as Indian Church History Review, Seminar, Social Action, and Jnanadeepa. He has jointly edited a book, Goa 2011: Reviewing and Recovering Fifty Years (Concept, 2014). He has presented papers at several local, national, and international seminars and has published papers in several edited volumes in the fields of sociology of religion, cultural studies, and social movements. He is visiting faculty for Master's in spirituality and Master's in pastoral management at Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth (JDV), the Pontifical Athenaeum in Pune, since 2012. As director of XCHR he has organized several regional and national seminars.
Themes and Trends in the Historiography of the Restored Society of Jesus in India, from 1834 until the Present
Dominique Avon is professor of Modern history at the Université du Maine (Le Mans-France). His scientific and teaching profile comprises: Religious phenomenon (Christianity and Islam); intellectuals; history of ideas. His books include a biography of a Jesuit, Paul Doncoeur (1880-1961). Un croisé dans le siècle (2001); Les Jésuites et la société française aux XIXe-XXe siècles (co-edited with Philippe Rocher) (2001); Les Frères prêcheurs en Orient. Les dominicains du Caire (2005); Hezbollah. A history of the "Party of God" (co-edited with Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian) (2010), Sujet, fidèle, citoyen. Espace européen (XIe-XXIe siècles) (2014). With John Tolan, Dominique Avon is co-director of the Institute of Religious Pluralism and Atheism (www.irpa.eu).
Historiography of the Society of Jesus: The Case of France after the Order's Restoration in 1814
Robert Batchelor is professor of history and director of digital humanities at Georgia Southern University. He received his PhD in history from UCLA. He is the author of London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689 (Chicago, 2014) and the forthcoming Ocean History (Routledge, 2020). He has published a number of articles on the history of cartography as well as more broadly early modern globalization. This piece was produced as a companion to the special issue on Jesuit cartography in the Journal of Jesuit Studies 6, no. 1 (Brill, 2019).
Historiography of Jesuit Cartography
Moreno Bonda is associate professor at Kaunas Technological University and lecturer at Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania. M. Bonda earned his master's degree in history of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation at Turin University, Italy, and received his Ph.D. in history at Vytautas Magnus University specializing in Jesuit historiography. M. Bonda teaches History of historiography and History of the Mediterranean region and devotes his researches to the philosophy of language in early modern Europe. His most recent publications focus on Jesuit historiography and their mathematical approach to historical studies. M. Bonda has recently authored a History of Lithuanian Historiography and edited the collective monography From Apostles to Martyrs. Self-Representation Models of the Society of Jesus (in Lithuanian).
History-Writing and the Philosophy of Language: A Proposal for the Periodization of Early Modern Jesuit Historiography
Cristiano Casalini has been teaching history of education at the University of Parma since 2006. His field of research is mainly sixteenth-century education and especially Jesuit education. He has worked on texts and commentaries of early modern classics of education. Among others, he published Cursus Conimbricensis (Rome: Anicia, 2012; Portuguese edition, Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2015; English edition, New York: Routledge, 2017), the first comprehensive philosophical textbook published by the Jesuits of Coimbra at the end of the sixteenth century. He also edited with Claude Pavur Jesuit Pedagogy, 1540–1616: A Reader (Chestnut Hill, MA: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2016). Cristiano is currently a research scholar at the Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies of Boston College, where he is working on early Jesuit pedagogy.
Historiography of Jesuit Post-Restoration Philosophy
Ivo Cerman (b.1976) teaches modern history at the University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic. His academic interests lie in the field of ethics, natural law, and education in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. His publications include Habsburgischer Adel und Aufklärung (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010) and two edited volumes: Casanova: Enlightenment Philosopher (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2016) and The Enlightenment in Bohemia: Religion, morality and multiculturalism (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2011).
Jesuit Historiography in Bohemia
Robert John Clines (PhD Syracuse University) is assistant professor of history at Western Carolina University. His research has been funded by the Fondazione Lemmermann, a J. William Fulbright Scholarship, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Early Modern Conversions Project, and the American Academy in Rome. He has contributed to journals such as The Mediterranean Historical Review, Renaissance Studies, and The Sixteenth Century Journal. His current book project is an exploration of the life of Giovanni Battista Eliano (1530–89), the only Jewish-born member of the Society of Jesus we know of. The book uses Eliano's experiences and interactions while serving as a missionary to Eastern Christians in order to challenge preconceived notions of the nature of religious conversion in the early modern Mediterranean.
The Society of Jesus and the Early Modern Christian Orient
Luca Codignola, FRSC, is a senior fellow of the Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism of the University of Notre Dame and an adjunct professor at the Department of History of Saint Mary's University. He is best known for his work on the the Roman Catholic Church in the North Atlantic area in the early modern era, and has also written on the history of early European expansion in the Atlantic region. Among his latest books are Le Saint-Siège, le Canada et le Québec (2011), Little Do We Know: History and Historians of the North Atlantic, 1492–2010 (2011), and Blurred Nationalities Across the North Atlantic: Traders, Priests, and Their Kin Travelling Between North America and the Italian Peninsula, 1763–1846 (2019).
The Historiography on the Jesuits of New France
Alexandre Coello de la Rosa earned his PhD at SUNY at Stony Brook (EUA). He is senior professor of history in the Department of Humanities and ICREA Academia researcher at the University Pompeu Fabra (UPF, Barcelona). He is co-editor of the journal Illes i Imperis / Islands and Empires and he is currently coordinating the Master in Asian-Pacific Studies in a Global Context at the UPF. His last publications include (with Josep Lluis Mateo-Dieste), In Praise of Historical Anthropology: Perspectives, Methods, and Applications to the Study of Power and Colonialism (Routledge, 2019), and (with Linda G. Jones), Saints and Sanctity in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: Striving for remembrance (Routledge, 2020). He is currently completing a book on the cathedral chapters of 17th century Manila, Philippines.
The Historiography of the Jesuit Presence in Oceania
The Historiography of the Jesuit-Islam Interaction in Asia
Kathleen M. Comerford is professor of history at Georgia Southern University. She has received grants from the Renaissance Society of America, the American Historical Association, the Mellon Foundation, the Folger Shakespeare Library, the Newberry Library, and libraries at Yale and the University of Wisconsin. A frequent speaker at the Renaissance Society of America and Sixteenth Century Studies Conferences, she is the author of multiple articles and three monographs, including Jesuit Foundations and Medici Power, 1532–1621 (Brill, 2016), and has edited and/or contributed to three volumes of collected studies. She serves as the associate editor of the Journal of Jesuit Studies.
The Historiography of Jesuits in the Italian Peninsula and Islands before the Suppression
David Lebovitch Dahl, PhD in history (EUI, 2008), has focused in his research on attitudes of Catholics to Jews in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He is Edith Saurer Fellow at University of Copenhagen and works at Museum of Eastern Jutland. Among his publications are "Normalization of Antisemitism, 1880–1900: The Case of a Jesuit Community in Rome," in Patterns of Prejudice (2014) and "The Antisemitism of the Italian Catholics and Nationalism: 'the Jew' and 'the Honest Italy' in the Rhetoric of La Civiltà Cattolica during the Risorgimento," in Modern Italy (2012).
Historiography on the Jesuits in Italy after 1814
Wim Decock (b.1983) is professor of legal history at the Universities of Leuven and Liège in Belgium. He is affiliated as an associate researcher to the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History in Frankfurt and Emory University's Center for the Study of Law and Religion in Atlanta. His doctoral thesis on the theological origins of contract law (KU Leuven and Roma Tre, 2011), won several prizes, including the H.M. Leibnitz-Prize of the German Research Foundation.
Jesuits and Jurisprudence
Ralph Dekoninck is professor of early modern art history at the Université catholique de Louvain (Belgium), co-director of the Centre for Early Modern Cultural Analysis (GEMCA), and member of the Royal Academy of Belgium. His research focuses on early modern image theories and practices, specifically in their relation to spirituality, on Baroque festival culture, and on seventeenth-century Antwerp art, especially engraving. His monographs and edited volumes include: Ad Imaginem: Statuts, fonctions et usages de l'image dans la littérature spirituelle jésuite du xviii siècle (Geneva: Droz, 2005); L'idole dans l'imaginaire occidental, ed. with M. Watthee (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005); Emblemata sacra: The Rhetoric and Hermeneutics of Illustrated Sacred Discourse, ed. with A. Guiderdoni (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007). Ut pictura meditatio: The Meditative Image in Northern Art, 1500–1700, ed. with A. Guiderdoni and W. Melion (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012); Fictions sacrées: Esthétique et théologie durant le premier âge moderne, ed. A. Guiderdoni and E. Granjon (Leuven: Peeters, 2012); Machinae spirituales: Les retables baroques dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux et en Europe, ed. with B. d'Hainaut-Zveny (Brussels: KIKIRPA, 2014): La vision incarnante et l'image incarnée: Santi di Tito et Caravage (Paris: Editions 1:1, 2016).
Jesuit Emblematics between Theory and Practice
Jost Eickmeyer (b. 1979) studied German Language and Literature, Classics and Philosophy at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. He received his Ph.D. in 2010 and published his thesis on Jesuit Latin poetry in 2012. From 2009 to 2015, he was a research and teaching assistant at the German Department Heidelberg before moving to Berlin to work at the Institute for German and Dutch Philology of the Freie Universität. Today, he works as a research coordinator at Hamburg University. Main research interests: Early modern literature and culture, including neo-Latin poetry; the old Society of Jesus; intermediality and transcultural studies; German-Baltic cultural contacts.
Between Religious Instruction and theatrum mundi: The Historiography of Jesuit Drama (Seventeenth to Twenty-First Centuries)
Pierre-Antoine Fabre is directeur d'études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and co-director of the Centre for Social Studies of the Religious (CéSor). His work focuses on the first century of the Society of Jesus, the problem of Christian images in the aftermath of the Council of Trent, and the history of spiritual writing in the seventeenth century. He is the author of Ignace de Loyola: Le lieu de l'image (Paris: Vrin, 1992) (Spanish trans.: Ignacio de Loyola, el lugar de la imagen, with an unpublished preface [2013]); of a critical edition of the Journal des motions intérieures of Ignatius of Loyola (2007); as well as Jésuites dans l'Espagne du XVIe siècle of Marcel Bataillon (2009); Décréter l'image: La XXVe session du Concile de Trente (2013), Suppression et restauration de la Compagnie de Jésus (with Patrick Goujon) (2014), and Caravage: Hors-champ (with Giovanni Careri) (2017). He has also edited some thirty books, among the most recent of which are Corps saints, lieux sacrés: Le culte des reliques à l'époque moderne (in collaboration with P. Boutry and D. Julia) (2009); Echelles de pouvoir, rapports de genre: Jésuites, femmes et modèle ignatien dans le long XIXe siècle (in collaboration with Silvia Mostaccio et al.) (2014); and most recently (with Flavio Rurale), Claudio Acquaviva (1581–1615): A Jesuit Generalship at the Time of the Invention of Modern Catholicism (2018); and (with Ines G. Županov) Controversy on Rites (2018).
The Dynamics of Anti-Jesuitism in the History of the Society of Jesus
Rob Faesen, S.J. is professor at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven, Belgium), where he holds the Jesuitica Chair, and at the Tilburg School of Catholic Theology (Tilburg University, The Netherlands); he is a member of the Ruusbroec Institute (University of Antwerp, Belgium). He has published on the medieval mystical literature of the Low Countries and on the spirituality of the Society of Jesus.
Historiography of Jesuit Spirituality
Daniele V. Filippi (b.1975) is a musicologist. His publications on Jesuits and music include: "A Sound Doctrine: Early Modern Jesuits and the Singing of the Catechism" (Early Music History 34 [2015]) and "'Ask the Jesuits to send verses from Rome': The Society's Networks and the European Dissemination of Devotional Music" (in Exploring Jesuit Distinctiveness, ed. Robert A. Maryks [Brill, 2016]). In 2016, he edited a special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies, titled "'Their sound hath gone forth into all the earth': Music and Sounds in the Ministries of Early Modern Jesuits." For more information about his scholarship, visit http://www.selvarmonica.com.
Retrieving the Sounds of the Old Society: For a History of Historiography on Jesuits and Music
Carlos Fiolhais is professor of physics at the University of Coimbra, specializing in condensed matter physics and history of science, and the author of over fifty books, 160 research papers, and more than four hundred outreach articles. He was director of the Centre of Computational Physics at the University of Coimbra. He directs Rómulo–"Ciência Viva" Centre at the University of Coimbra. His recent books include Biblioteca Joanina (with Paulo Mendes) (Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2013) and História da ciência em Portugal (Lisboa, Arranha-Céus, 2013).
The Dynamics of Anti-Jesuitism in the History of the Society of Jesus
José Eduardo Franco is a research coordinator at the Universidade Aberta, director of the Invited Chair of the FCT/Infante Dom Henrique for Atlantic Island Studies and Globalization (FCT/Universidade Aberta/CLEPUL/APCA), and deputy director of CLEPUL—Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon. He holds his PhD from the EHESS of Paris. He has designed and coordinated several research projects, including the Historical Dictionary of Religious Orders. His major works include O Mito de Portugal, FMMVAD/Roma Editora, 2000; O Mito dos Jesuítas em Portugal e no Brasil, séculos XVI–XX, 2 vols. (Gradiva, 2006–7); Padre Antonio Vieira e le Donne: Il mito barocco dell'universo femminile (with Isabel Morán Cabanas) (Arachne, 2013).
The Dynamics of Anti-Jesuitism in the History of the Society of Jesus
Mayu Fujikawa is a Visiting Fellow at the European University Institute in Italy, currently writing a book on the visual representations of two Japanese embassies to Europe (one Jesuit and the other Franciscan) during the late 16th and early 17th century. After obtaining her PhD from Washington University in St. Louis, she taught at Ithaca College, Bucknell University, and Middlebury College as a Visiting Assistant Professor. Her research interest concerns East-West artistic relationships; she has recently written a study on the depiction of non-European figures within The Miracles of Francis Xavier, which Rubens painted for the Jesuits' church in Antwerp.
Studies on the Jesuit Japan Mission
Róisín Healy, Ph.D. (1999) in History at Georgetown University, is lecturer in modern European history and co-director of the Centre for the Investigation of Transnational Encounters at NUI Galway. Her research focuses on the religious and political history of Germany, Ireland and Poland. The recipient of awards from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Irish Research Council, her publications include the monographs, The Jesuit Specter in Imperial Germany (2003) and Poland in the Irish Nationalist Imagination: Anti-Colonialism within Europe (2017).
Jesuits in Germany - Post Restoration
Jieun Han is a PhD candidate in church history at Yonsei University and managing editor of the Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, Academy of East Asian Studies, Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, Korea.
The Society of Jesus and Korea: A Historiographical Essay
Brian Jackson, PhD in history (2007), University of Dublin (Trinity College) with the dissertation "The Role and Influence of the Irish Missions of the Society of Jesus on the Implementation of a Counter-Reformation among the Old English in Ireland, 1542–1633." Currently, head of postgraduate studies at Institute of Technology Carlow. He is working on a study of the life and work of the Jesuit controversialist, Henry Fitzsimon (1566–1643).
The Society of Jesus in Ireland Post 1814: A Historiographical Survey
Robert H. Jackson received his doctorate in 1988 from the University of California at Berkeley with a specialization in Latin American history. His research interests include 19fh century liberalism, the colonial caste system, evangelization and frontier missions, and historical demography. Brill will publish his next book titled Regional Conflict and Demographic Patterns on the Jesuit Missions among the Guarani in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in January of 2019. He lives in Mexico City.
To Educate and Evangelize: The Historiography of the Society of Jesus in Colonial Spanish America
René B. Javellana, S.J., is an associate professor of the fine arts at the Ateneo de Manila University. There, he was director of the Fine Arts Program (2003–9) and coordinator of the Art Management (2012–15). He chairs the Board of Trustees of Jesuit Communications, the media organization of the Jesuits in the Philippines. He is also the archivist of the Philippine province of the Society of Jesus. He has written both scholarly and popular works on architecture, fine and popular arts, and heritage conservation. He is area editor (architecture) for the revised edition of the Cultural Center of the Philippines' Encyclopedia of Philippine Art.
Historiography of the Philippine Province
Sky Michael Johnston is a PhD candidate in the Department of History at the University of California, San Diego. He has previously published in the Journal of Jesuit Studies. His research focuses on religious ideas in early modern Germany, especially as they relate to perceptions of and interactions with the natural world, particularly with regard to weather.
Pre-Suppression Jesuits in German-Speaking Lands
Charles R. Keenan, PhD (Northwestern University, 2015) is the Assistant Director of the Core Curriculum at Boston College. He is a historian of early modern Catholicism and his research has appeared in Church History, the Royal Studies Journal, and the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits, and he recently published a translation of Gaspar Loarte's Exercise of the Christian Life with the Institute of Jesuit Sources. His book manuscript, in preparation, examines how papal diplomats responded to edicts of toleration in early modern Europe.
Jesuit Devotional Literature
Bernhard Knorn, S.J., PhD is a research scholar in systematic theology at Boston College and Frankfurt–Sankt Georgen. He works in the area of contemporary soteriology and ecclesiology as well as on Jesuit theologians of the sixteenth century. His doctoral thesis "Versöhnung und Kirche" (Reconciliation and the church) was published in 2016. His articles include studies on the colloquy in the Spiritual Exercises (2008), on Pierre Favre's theology of the cross (2014), and a German translation of Jerónimo Nadal's early autobiography, the Chronicon (2013).
Jesuits in Systematic Theology: A Historiographical Essay
Francisco Malta Romeiras, PhD (2014, University of Lisbon), is a postdoctoral researcher at the Interuniversity Center for the History of Science and Technology at the University of Lisbon. Recently, he published Ciência, prestígio e devoção: Os jesuítas e a ciência em Portugal (séculos XIX e XX) (Cascais: Lucerna, 2015). He also edited, together with Henrique Leitão, Obra selecta do Padre Luís Archer, S.J., 4 vols. (Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2015–16). He is a member of the editorial board of the Jesuit learned journal Brotéria since 2013.
Jesuit Historiography in Modern Portugal
Daniel MacLeod is director of the Jesuit Centre for Catholic Studies at St. Paul's College, University of Manitoba. He earned a PhD in History from the University of Guelph where he studied in the Centre for Scottish Studies. His research examines Christianity in early modern Scotland with a particular focus on Catholicism and the Society of Jesus. In 2014, he edited (with Stuart Macdonald) Keeping the Kirk: Scottish Religion at Home and in the Diaspora. He has published on Scottish conceptions of time in the Reformation era, Scottish Jesuit John Ogilvie, and lay religious experiences in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Glasgow. He lives in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada with his family. Missions, Martyrs, and "Chartless Seas": The Historiography of the Jesuits in Scotland
Patricia W. Manning is an associate professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Kansas. She has a wide range of research interests concerning early modern Spain, including literature, the Inquisition, and the Society of Jesus. Her book Voicing Dissent in Seventeenth-Century Spain: Inquisition, Social Criticism and Theology in the Case of El Criticón (Brill, 2009) examines the manner in which clerics like Baltasar Gracián negotiated inquisitorial strictures. Several of her articles analyze emblems, publication protocols, and leave-taking procedures in the Society of Jesus.
Writing in the Shadow of Past Polemics: Historiography about the Pre-Suppression Society of Jesus in Spain
Anne B. McGinness, PhD (University of Notre Dame, 2013) specializes in colonial Brazil and the Portuguese empire. Her research has been supported by the Fulbright Foundation, Max Weber postdoctoral fellowship at the European University Institute, Fundação Luso-Americana Development Grant, and the Institute for Advanced Catholic Study at USC. She has contributed to several journals, such as Journal of Jesuit Studies and Lusitania sacra, and to edited volumes, such as Routledge Handbook for History and Globalization (Routledge 2016) and Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Asia and the Americas (Brill, 2018). Anne teaches classes on Latin American history for the Immersion Program at John Carroll University. Her current book project centers on the massacre of fifty-two Jesuits in the Atlantic by the Huguenots in 1570 and 1571.
The Historiography of the Jesuits in Brazil Prior to the Suppression
John David Meehan, S.J., PhD (2000) in history, University of Toronto, is professor of history and president of Campion College (University of Regina), the only Jesuit undergraduate college in Canada. He has published widely on Jesuit history, Asia Pacific studies, and Canada's relations with Asia, including The Dominion and the Rising Sun (UBC, 2004), which won the Prime Minister's award (2006) for translation into Japanese, and Chasing the Dragon: Shanghai and Canada's Early Relations with China (UBC, 2011). He is assistant editor of the three-volume Jesuit History Series (Novalis, 2015, 2017) on the history of Jesuits in English Canada.
Historiography of Jesuits in Canada since 1842
João Vicente Melo is a Ramón y Cajal fellow at Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville. He has published widely on cross-cultural diplomacy, religious missions, and the diplomatic practices of the Portuguese Empire in Asia. The Historiography of the Jesuit-Islam Interaction in Asia
Béla Vilmos Mihalik, PhD (2014, Budapest, Eötvös Loránd University) is a research fellow at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Humanities, Institute of History (Budapest) and director of the Hungarian Jesuit Archive (Budapest). He specialized in the history of Hungary in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly in church history.
Centuries of Resumptions: The Historiography of the Jesuits in Hungary
Festo Mkenda, S.J., DPhil (2009) in history, University of Oxford, is director of the Jesuit Historical Institute in Africa (Nairobi, Kenya) and advisory editor of Archivum historicum Societatis Iesu. He lectures in the history of Christianity with a focus on Africa. Among his publications are Mission for Everyone: A Story of the Jesuits in Eastern Africa, 1555–2012 (2012), and a translation of and commentary on the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola in Kiswahili under the title Mazoezi ya Kiroho ya Mtakatifu Inyasi wa Loyola (2005). His research interests include identity and nationalism in Africa, the Kiswahili language, contextualized theology and spirituality, and Jesuit history.
Jesuit Historiography in Africa
Jeffrey Muller, Ph.D. (1977) in the History of Art, Yale University, is Professor of the History of Art and Architecture at Brown University. His publications focus on the history of early modern art, including Flemish art [St. Jacob's Antwerp Art and Counter Reformation in Rubens's Parish Church (Brill, 2016)], English art [edition of Edward Norgate, Miniatura or the Art of Limning (Yale, 1997)], and the art of the Jesuits ["The Jesuit Strategy of Accommodation," in Jesuit Image Theory, eds. Wietse de Boer, Karl A.E. Enenkel, Walter S. Melion (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2016, 461-492).]. Currently he is writing a book about the Jesuit strategy of accommodation in art.
Historiography of the Art and Architecture of the Jesuits
Luke Murray is a postdoctoral researcher of the Research Foundation of Flanders, Belgium. After studying systematic theology at Ave Maria University in Ave Maria, Florida, Dr. Murray obtained a second doctorate in historical theology at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, writing his dissertation on Jesuit biblical studies after Trent. Currently, he is studying the biblical hermeneutics of three influential Spanish Jesuits: Juan Maldonado, Francisco Ribera, and Alfonso Salmerón.
A History of Historiography on Jesuit Exegesis
Eric Nelson is professor of history at Missouri State University. His books include The Legacy of Iconoclasm: Religious War and the Relic Landscape of Tours, Blois and Vendôme (University of Saint Andrews Centre for French History and Culture, 2013) and The Jesuits and the Monarchy: Catholic Reform and Political Authority in France (1590–1620) (Ashgate, 2005).
The Historiography of the Pre-Suppression Jesuit Mission in France
Franz Obermeier studied Romance and Slavic languages in Germany and Italy. His dissertation from 1994 was on the French colonies in northern Brazil (1612–15). He is currently a librarian at the Central Library, Kiel University. He published numerous publications on travel literature to South America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, historical iconography, and the Jesuit printing presses in Paraguay. Among others, he edited Hans Staden's Warhaftige Historia (2007); Ulrich Schmidel/Ulrico Schmidl's Viaje al Río de la Plata / Reise in die La Plata-Gegend (2008); and Yves d'Évreux's Suitte de l'Histoire / Voyage au nord du Brésil (2012). He is also a co-editor of Deutschsprachige Brasilienliteratur: 1500–1900 / Publicações sobre o Brasil em língua alemã (2011).
Jesuits in Portuguese-Speaking America: A Historiographic Vacuum in Post-Restoration Period
Stanislaw Obirek, a culture anthropologist, is a professor at Warsaw University. He teaches in the American Studies Center. He was a visiting professor in Holly Cross College in Worcester MA (2000), and a fellow in St. Louis University (2004). His books include Catholicism as a Cultural Phenomenon in the time of Globalization: A Polish Perspective (2009); Winged Mind. Walter Ong's Anthropology of Word (2010); Liberated Mind. In Search of a Mature Catholicism (2011); with Zygmunt Bauman two books: Of God and Man (2015) and On the World and Ourselves (2015); Pole Catholic? (2015). He is interested in the place of religion in modern cultures, interreligious dialogue, and strategies for overcoming conflicts between different civilizations and cultures.
The Historiography on Early Modern Jesuits in Poland
Catherine O'Donnell is an associate professor of history at Arizona State University. She studies religion and culture in early America, and is the author of a biography of Saint Elizabeth Seton (forthcoming, Cornell University Press) as well as of Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forums of Citizenship (University of North Carolina Press, 2008).
Jesuits in the American Colonies and the United States, 1700–1899
Trent Pomplun (Ph.D., The University of Virginia, 2002) specializes in Catholic theology from the fourteenth through the twentieth centuries, with secondary interests in missions history, Indo-Tibetan philosophy, and the History of Religions. He is the author of Jesuit on the Roof of the World: Ippolito Desideri's Mission to Tibet (Oxford University Press, 2010) and co-editor (with James Buckley and Frederick Bauerschmidt) of The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism (Wiley-Blackwell, 2007). He is currently working on a critical edition of the Tibetan writings of the Italian Jesuit Ippolito Desideri (1684-1733).
From Missionaries to Zen Masters: The Society of Jesus and Buddhism
Claude N. Pavur, S.J., PhD (Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts, Emory), is an associate editor at the Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies at Boston College, and holds degrees in classical studies from Yale and in theology from Regis College (Toronto) and the Graduate Theological Union (Berkeley). From 1995 until 2012, he primarily taught Latin at Saint Louis University, where he continues to manage a website for Latin pedagogy. His publications include a study of Nietzsche and classical humanism, a translation of the Jesuit Ratio studiorum (2005), and a translation of Pedro de Ribadeneyra's Life of Ignatius of Loyola (2014).
The Historiography of Jesuit Pedagogy
Sheila J. Rabin, PhD (1987) in history, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, is professor of history at Saint Peter's University, Jersey City, New Jersey. She studies the history of science and has concentrated on the debate over astrology from the mid-fifteenth to the mid-seventeenth centuries. Notable publications include articles in Renaissance Quarterly (1997), Journal of the History of Astronomy (2005), and Pico della Mirandola: New Essays, ed. Michael Dougherty. She is currently looking at issues of science and religion in the astrology debate.
Jesuit Science before 1773: A Historiographical Essay
Franklin Rausch, PhD (2011) in Asian studies, is an assistant professor of history at Lander University, an assistant editor for the Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, and a host of the Christian Studies Channel of the New Books Network. He has published multiple works on Christianity, particularly Catholicism, in Korea, including "Suffering History: Comparative Theodicy in Korea in Acta Koreana (2016); "'All Man, All Priest'": Father Emil Kapaun, Religion, Masculinity, and the Korean War" in the Journal of Korean Religions (2015); and "Dying for Heaven: Persecution, Martyrdom, and Family in the Early Korean Catholic Church" in Death, Mourning, and the Afterlife in Korea (University of Hawai'i Press, 2014). He also provided material for Don Baker's Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Chosŏn Korea (University of Hawai'i Press, 2017).
The Society of Jesus and Korea: A Historiographical Essay
Manuel Revuelta González (Población de Campos, Palencia, Spain, 1936), PhD (1970) in history, Complutense University Madrid, is professor emeritus at the Pontifical University Comillas, Madrid. He has published numerous works on the nineteenth-century church in Spain, including Política religiosa de los liberales en el siglo XIX (1973), La exclaustración (1976, 2012) and El anticlericalismo español en sus documentos (1998). His main interest remains in Jesuit history—he published La Compañía de Jesús en la España contemporánea (1984, 1991, 2008), Los colegios de jesuitas y su tradición educativa (1998), Memorias del P. Luis Martín (1988), and El restablecimiento de la Compañía de Jesús (2014).
Historiography of the Post-Restoration Society of Jesus in Spain
Philippe Rocher is librarian. He is doctor in history of the Université du Maine (Le Mans-France) with a thesis on one jesuit college : « Un collège de la Compagnie de Jésus au 19e – 20e siècle : Notre-Dame de Mongré à Villefranche-sur-Saône (1851-1951) ». He published, with Dominique Avon, Les Jésuites et la société française aux XIXe-XXe siècles (2001), and he edited alone Le goût de l'excellence, Quatre siècles d'éducation jésuite en France (2011). He has written many articles on French and Canadian Jesuits.
Historiography of the Society of Jesus: The Case of France after the Order's Restoration in 1814
Paul Rule was born and educated in Melbourne, Australia. His doctoral thesis at the Australian National University was on the Jesuit interpretation of Confucianism. He taught Chinese history at the University of Melbourne and religious studies and history at La Trobe University. He is engaged in major projects for the Macau Ricci Institute (an annotated translation of the Acta Pekinensia of which the first volume appeared in 2015) and the Ricci Institute at the University of San Francisco (a history of the Chinese Rites Controversy). He has published articles and books on Chinese and aboriginal religion and especially on the Jesuit mission in China.
The Historiography of the Jesuits in China
Manuel Salas-Fernández (Ph.D., 2016) is a professor in the Department of History, Universidad de los Andes, Chile. His academic interests are in the field of the church and Jesuit history in Latin America in the nineteenth and twentienth centuries, with special emphasis on political and social matters. His books include La formación jesuita de Alberto Hurtado: De Chillán a Lovaina, 1923–1936 (Ediciones UAH, 2018), and his current project explores other aspects of the first Chilean Jesuit saint, including the influence of John Dewey in his ideas of social reforms. Salas is member of the editorial board of the Letras del Reino de Chile (http://estudiosindianos.org/colecciones/letras-del-reino-de-chile/) where the works of several colonial Chilean Jesuits will be published in the next years.
Historiography of the Post-Restoration Society of Jesus in Spanish America
Jacob Schmutz is associate professor of Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy at Sorbonne University in Paris. He is a former member of the French School of Hispanic Studies (Casa de Velázquez, Madrid, 2001–03) and has also headed the Department of Philosophy and Sociology at Paris-Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi (2010–14). His dissertation was dedicated to the modal metaphysics of the Jesuit tradition (La querelle des possibles, 2013) and he has extensively published on a wide spectrum of early-modern scholastic traditions, including Thomism and Scotism, and on specific themes such as metaphysics, theory of knowledge and logic.
The Historiography of pre-1773 Jesuit Philosophy: 1814–2018
Teodora Shek Brnardić (PhD Central European University) is senior research fellow at the Croatian Institute of History. Her main research interests include the history of political thought, early modern and modern intellectual and cultural history (with the emphasis on the Enlightenment), twentieth-century historiography and digital humanities. She is the author of Svijet Baltazara Adama Krčelića: obrazovanje na razmeđu Tridentskoga katolicizma i katoličkoga prosvjetiteljstva (2009) (The world of Baltazar Adam Krčelić: education between Tridentine Catholicism and the Catholic Enlightenment). There she reconstructed the childhood lifeworlds of an important Croatian eighteenth-century writer, who was among other institutions educated at the Jesuit colleges and universities.
From Acceptance to Animosity: Trajectories of Croatian Jesuit Historiography
Paul Shore has held teaching and research posts at Saint Louis University, Harvard Divinity School, Oxford University, the University of Wrocław, the University of Edinburgh, Trinity College Dublin, and Charles University Prague, and in 2013 was the Allan Richardson Fellow in Theology and Religion at Durham University. He is currently adjunct professor of religious studies at the University of Regina, Saskatchewan and adjunct professor of history at Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba.
The Historiography of the Society of Jesus during the Years of Its Suppression (1773–1814)
Moshe Sluhovsky is Paulette and Claude Kelman professor of French history and the chair of the Department of History and the School of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His latest books include "Believe not every spirit": Demonic Possession, Mysticism, and Discernment in Early Modern Catholicism (The University of Chicago Press, 2007), Becoming a New Self: Practices of Belief in Early Modern Catholicism (University of Chicago Press, 2016), and a series of Hebrew textbooks on early modern Europe, published in 2015 by the Open University of Israel.
A Biography of the Spiritual Exercises
Raquel Soaje-de-Elías(Ph.D., 2006), is a professor in the Department of History, Universidad de los Andes, Chile. Her academic interests are in the field of the theory and practices of education, especially in nineteenth-century Latin America where the Jesuit order played a major role. She recently co-authored Para una historia de la urbanidad: El Manual de Carreño americano en Chile del siglo XIX (UNCuyo ediciones, 2021). Her forthcoming work is on the influence of John Dewey on the ideas of social reforms of the Jesuit saint Alberto Hurtado.
Historiography of the Post-Restoration Society of Jesus in Spanish America
Karel Steenbrink (born in Breda, Netherlands 1942) is professor emeritus of intercultural theology at Utrecht University. He started his academic career with research and dissertation on the transformation of traditional Islamic education in Indonesia. Between 1981 and 1998, he was teaching at the State Academy of Islamic Studies of Jakarta and Yogyakarta. He wrote a history of nineteenth-century Islam in Indonesia and Dutch Colonialism and Indonesian Islam, Contacts and Conflicts, 1602–1950. Since the 1990s, he has also worked on the history of Christianity in Indonesia. He has special interest in Qur'anic Studies, and published on Muslim narratives of Adam, Jesus, as well on popular sections of the Qur'an.
Jesuits in Indonesia, 1546–2015
David Strong S.J., MA, BEd, PhD is an Australian Jesuit who has worked at all levels of education in Adelaide, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney in teaching, counseling, and administration. He is the author of Jesuits in Australia, The Australian Dictionary of Jesuit Biography, The College by the Harbour, the history of St Aloysius' College, Sydney, and Riverview: An Educational History, of St Ignatius' College, Sydney. A second edition of the Dictionary is currently with publishers, and a manuscript on the Jesuit missions in central China, 1842–1949, is in preparation.
Historiography of the Australian Province
Will Sweetman is associate professor in religion at the University of Otago. His research interests center on interactions between the religions of Asia and the West in the early modern period. He is author of Mapping Hinduism: 'Hinduism' and the Study of Indian Religions, 1600–1776 (Harrassowitz, 2003); and co-author (with R. Ilakkuvan) of Bibliotheca Malabarica: Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg's Tamil Library (Institut Francais De Pondichery, 2012). He is working on a book provisionally entitled Genealogies of Hinduism.
Reading Jesuit Readings of Hinduism
Hannah Thomas is a qualified archivist and early modern historian, specializing in post-Reformation Catholicism in the British Isles. Her PhD (Swansea University, 2014) analyzed the extensive Welsh Jesuit missionary library in Hereford and beyond, and its links with the national and international Catholic community. Hannah is currently the holder of a post-doctoral fellowship at the Centre for Catholic Studies, Durham University, and is interested in death, dying, and burial in the exiled communities of English women religious; Welsh Catholicism in the post-Reformation era; and Catholic uses of libraries and collections of appropriate reading material.
Historiography of the Jesuits in England in the Early Modern Period
Fernando Torres-Londoño (PhD from both Javeriana University and USP, Brazi) is a professor in the Department of History of PUC.SP, Brazil. He academic interests are in the area of the history of the Americas and the history of religions, with a special focus on the relations between Indians and missionaries in the colonial Amazon.
Jesuits in Portuguese-Speaking America: A Historiographic Vacuum in Post-Restoration Period
Anh Q. Tran, S.J., is associate professor of historical and systematic theology at the Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University (Berkeley campus). He is the author of Gods, Heroes and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-century Vietnam (OUP, 2018) and co-editor and contributor of World Christianity: Insights and Prospects (Orbis, 2016). He is currently working on a monograph on the history of the Jesuits in Vietnam.
The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615-1773 and 1957-2007
Agustín Udías, S.J., was born in Santander, Spain in 1935. He obtained in 1964 his PhD degree in geophysics from Saint Louis University and, in 1971, the degree of "Doctor en Ciencias Físicas" from Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He did research and taught at the University of California, Berkeley; the Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main and at the Universidad de Barcelona. From 1977, he had been professor of geophysics and, from 2005, he has been professor emeritus at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He is member of the Academia Europaea and corresponding member of the Real Academia de Historia y Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona. He was the founding editor of the Journal of Seismology (Springer). He is the author, more recently, of Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories (Kluwer, 2003) and of Jesuit Contribution to Science: A History (Springer, 2014).
Jesuit Contribution to Science 1814–2000: A Historiographical Essay
Gerrit Vanden Bosch studied modern history in Brussels and Leuven and is archivist of the Archdiocese of Mechlin-Brussels. He published on several topics of the history of Catholicism in the Low Countries in premodern times, including the representation of the afterlife in seventeenth and eighteenth-century Catholic sermons (Hemel, hel en vagevuur. Preken over het hiernamaals in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden tijdens de 17de en 18de eeuw [Leuven: Davidsfonds, 1991]), religious congregations (Carmelites, Black Sisters), and the Jesuit mission in the Dutch Republic. He was co-editor of a history of the Archdiocese of Mechlin-Brussels (Het aartsbisdom Mechelen-Brussel. 450 jaar geschiedenis [Antwerp: Halewijn, 2009]) and is member of the board of the Centre for Religious Art and Culture (CRKC, Leuven) and member of the Advisory Board of Cultural Heritage of the Flemish Community.
Jesuits in the Low Countries (1542–1773): A Historiographical Essay
Chantal Verdeil is associate professor at the Department of « Arabic Studies » at Inalco (Institut national des langues et civilisation orientales / National Institute of oriental Languages and Civilizations), where she teaches modern history of the Arab world and the Middle East. Her researches deal with the history of the Society of Jesus and more generally Christian missions in the Middle East, and the history of education in the same area. Among her publications: C. Verdeil, La mission jésuite du Mont-Liban et de Syrie (1830-1864). Les Indes Savantes, 2011, Paris ; C. Verdeil (ed.), Missions chrétiennes en terre d'Islam, Moyen-Orient, Afrique du Nord (XVIIe-XXe siècles), anthologie de textes missionnaires, Turnhout, Brepols, 2013.
The Jesuits and the Middle East from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day: A Historiographical Essay
The Rev. Jeffrey von Arx, S.J., is visiting professor of the history of Christianity at the Boston College School of Theology and Ministry. Last year, he held the Thomas I. Gasson, S.J. Chair at Boston College. Fr. von Arx began his academic career in the History Department at Georgetown University where he served as department chair and was the founding director of the Center for Australian and New Zealand Studies. Subsequently, he was dean of Fordham College at Rose Hill at Fordham University and then president of Fairfield University. He is superior and director of John LaFarge House, the Jesuit house of studies in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
Historiography of the Jesuits in Britain in the Late Modern Period
Guillermo Wilde (PhD in social anthropology from the University of Buenos Aires) is a researcher at the National Scientific Council of Argentina (CONICET) and associate professor at the National University of San Martín (Buenos Aires, Argentina). He is the Author of Religion y poder en las misiones guaraníes (2009), which was awarded the Latin American Association Studies Premio Iberoamericano Award (Toronto, 2010). Wilde has written several articles on the Jesuit missions in South America, indigenous history and colonial music and art, and edited the collection Saberes de la conversion: Jesuitas, indígenas e imperios coloniales en las fronteras de la Cristiandad (2011).
Jesuits in Portuguese-Speaking America: A Historiographic Vacuum in Post-Restoration Period
Ines G. Županov is senior research fellow at the CNRS and the current director of the Centre d'études de l'Inde/l'Asie du Sud (CNRS/EHESS) in Paris. She is a social and cultural historian of Catholic missions in South Asia and has also worked on other topics related to the Portuguese empire. In addition to other two books, her latest monograph co-written with Ângela Barreto Xavier is Catholic Orientalism: Portuguese Empire, Indian Knowledge, 16th–18th centuries (New Delhi: OUP, 2015). She co-edited six books and her articles appeared in various journals (Annales, Representations, Journal of Early Modern History, Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, etc.).
The Historiography of the Jesuit Missions in India (1500–1800)
Otto Zwartjes has published on Hispano-Arabic poetry (the kharjas) (Brill 1997, and with Henk Heijkoop, Brill 2004). He was full professor of Spanish language and linguistics at the University of Oslo where he was leader of the "Oslo Project on Missionary Linguistics" (OsProMiL). He founded the research group Revitalising Older Linguistic Documentation (ROLD) at the University of Amsterdam. Currently he is full professor of historical linguistics of the Romance languages, the history of linguistics and typology at the Université de Paris (Laboratoire d'Histoire des Théories Linguistiques). He has published extensively on Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin missionary linguistics and coordinates since 2003 the International Conference on Missionary Linguistics (with six volumes published by John Benjamins).
The Jesuits' Contribution to the Study, Documentation, and Teaching of "Exotic" Languages
[Author's Name], ["Essay's Title,"] in Jesuit Historiography Online, ed. Robert A. Maryks (Leiden: Brill, 2016 [2017]), doi: [10.1163/2468-7723_jho_COM_######].

subset: commoncrawl


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How about we start this weekend off right, with a giveaway! Julie of The Intrepid Thread knows how much I love Erin McMorris's fabrics, so we thought it would be fun to give away a bit of her new line, La Dee Da!
So, would you like to win a Fat Quarter bundle of the Goldenrod colorway? :)
To enter just leave a comment!
For a second entry, head on over to The Intrepid Thread and let me know what your favorite item is! Come back here and leave a second comment!
My favorite item is the Floradots print in Saffron from La Dee Da (go figure!)! They are a fantastic basic and the color is the perfect mustard gold! I love the vintage, mid-century modern feel of her designs!
All entries are welcome! Giveaway will end Tuesday, July 3rd at 5pm CST. Winner will be chosen by Random.org.
Happy Weekend!


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The Part I and Part II articles gave the samples of using SFL in practice. Now, it's time to delve a bit into the topic and find out what is under the SFL's hood.
Two chains of class inheritance are present in SFL. The service class chain is:
CServiceProxyT<> -> CYourService -> CServiceBaseT<> -> CServiceRoot
The application class chain looks sufficiently more modest:
CYourApp -> CServiceAppT<>
See details regarding the mentioned classes below in corresponding sections.
As mentioned in Part I, the SFL expects that the console application type is used for building the service application. This is defined by the SFL_BEGIN_SERVICE_MAP macro that implements the _tmain function. The service application class instance is constructed statically before calling the main function—please remember this, it is implementing a customized application class.
Function _tmain
After _tmain gets called, the service class object is constructed. Any information about it is passed to the application object (to the CServiceAppT<>::Main member function) that finally calls StartServiceCtrlDispatcher internally.
The _tmain() function constructs the service map object (in factm it's an array of CServiceRoot* pointers) whose entries are initialized by values returned by one of the CServiceProxyT<>::Construct static member function versions.
Each map entry initialization call looks like a single SFL_SERVICE_ENTRY(2) macro within the SFL_BEGIN_SERVICE_MAP macro and SFL_END_SERVICE_MAP macro braces. The latter macro finishes the map with a NULL item.
Note: Developers familiar with Unicode programming already have recognized the well-known _tmain macro that eventually gets resolved to main or wmain, depending on the _UNICODE project definition.
Class CServiceRoot
All supplementary service functions are implemented by the CServiceRoot class. They provide information about the service (GetServiceName, GetCurrentStatus, or GetControlsAccepted) and set its status appropriately (SetServiceStatus, SetServiceStatusSpecific). The CheckPoint function serves to properly report a pending status.
Class CServiceBaseT<>
The CServiceBaseT<> class defines the service part of the framework structure and implements one vital part of service code: the ServiceMain member function.
The only additional task performed by the CServiceBaseT<> class is the registration of the proper _Handler(Ex) function according to a service style. The style of the service is defined by the serviceStyle enumeration declared within the SFL_BEGIN_CONTROL_MAP(_EX) macro. SFL_BEGIN_CONTROL_MAP defines the SFL_SERVICESTYLE_NT4 value and the SFL_BEGIN_CONTROL_MAP_EX macro defines SFL_SERVICESTYLE_NT5 appropriately.
Also, the CServiceBaseT<> class contains two void member functions, InitInstance and GetServiceContext. The first one is called inside ServiceMain, and its return value will be affected if the service instance will report to SCM a status SERVICE_RUNNING (in case of successful initialization) or SERVICE_STOPPED (in case of initialization failure).
The GetServiceContext function is called only in case of SFL_SERVICESTYLE_NT5 style, providing a context to a HandlerEx function. You may consider a context like some structure or interface that supplies all data required for proper service functioning. Although the service class itself may be used as service context structure, GetServiceContext provides an additional level of flexibility available to the developer.
Please, refer to the MSDN HandlerEx article regarding service context additional details.
Note: Both these member functions can be overridden in your service class, if this is required.
Your Service Class
CYourService is your own class that implements the essence of your service—control code handling.
Your service class implements a control map and handler methods for corresponding control codes. In fact, a pair of SFL_BEGIN_CONTROL_MAP(_EX) and SFL_END_CONTROL_MAP(_EX) macros construct a non-static member function, Handler(Ex), where each SFL_HANDLE_CONTROL_XXX entry binds the certain control code to its handler.
Of course, all handlers must be implemented in your class. Depending on the service style, they must conform to the appropriate handler prototype.
// SFL_BEGIN_CONTROL_MAP() typedef DWORD (T::*t_handler)(DWORD&, DWORD&, BOOL&); typedef DWORD (T::*t_handler_range)(DWORD, DWORD&, DWORD&, BOOL&); // SFL_BEGIN_CONTROL_MAP_EX() typedef DWORD (T::*t_handler_ex)(DWORD&, DWORD&, DWORD&, BOOL&, DWORD, LPVOID, LPVOID); typedef DWORD (T::*t_handler_range_ex)(DWORD, DWORD&, DWORD&, DWORD&, BOOL&, DWORD, LPVOID, LPVOID);
Each prototype corresponds to the appropriate SFL_HANDLE_CONTROL_XXX macro:
SFL_HANDLE_CONTROL(code, handler) SFL_HANDLE_CONTROL_RANGE(codeMin, codeMax, handler) SFL_HANDLE_CONTROL_EX(code, handler) SFL_HANDLE_CONTROL_RANGE_EX(codeMin, codeMax, handler)
It's important to remember that non-extended control handler macros/prototypes are usable within the SFL_BEGIN_CONTROL_MAP_EX control map as well as their extended versions (see the demo project provided in Part II).
As mentioned above, your class may implement the GetServiceContext and InitInstance functions as well. Remember, an InitInstance call must return true to let your service start running.
Note: Please, do not use any initialization and resource allocation inside the class constructor because you will have an opportunity do this inside the InitInstance call (see the next section). In case your application runs in console user mode, your service class even cannot be used.
Note: Some of you might think a complementary ExitInstance may exist in the framework to let you de-initialize/de-allocate your service class data structures. Sorry, guys, you are wrong; any service de-initialization must be done in the SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP handler.


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This guide will walk you through our MLB public betting data: what it is, why it matters and how to potentially use it to make the most informed bets possible.
Public data tells you which side the general public is betting on. It measures the number of bet slips on both sides of a wager. On BetQL, this is signified by "Ticket %." To be clear, this should not be confused with total money or handle, but rather the percentage of total bets wagered on a particular outcome.
BetQL mobile app users view public data like this:
As you can see, 52% of public bets were wagered on the Seahawks (+4.5) while 48% were on the Packers (-4.5). This means that if 100 bettors were involved, 52 of them would have bet slips on the Seahawks (at any value) while 48 would have bet slips on the Packers (at any value).
There are several ways you can improve your betting ROI using public data.
Betting against the public is a commonly deployed strategy because novice bettors tend to overreact to news like injuries or suspensions. When do you fade the public? When 70% of public bets are wagered on one side of an outcome, betting on the other side is a proven long-term winning strategy. For example:
The Red Sox are playing host to the Rays and are listed as -210 favorites. Tampa Bay's starting pitcher gets ruled out and public bettors react. Heavy action results and 75% of public tickets back the Red Sox, who are now 320-point favorites since the line got driven up. The overreaction by the public as a result of the lineup change inflated the line, thus making the Rays a more valuable bet.
At times, there's no doubt that universally betting with the public can lead to short-term success. However, it's not a winning long-term strategy. Remember, sportsbooks are profitable for a reason. The lines that look too good to be true probably are. Therefore, taking a look at where the public is leaning and comparing it to our best bets and sharp data is highly suggested.
BetQL has proprietary relationships with sportsbook operators that provide this data in exchange for promotional value on the website.
The concept of betting with the public is as straightforward as it sounds. All you have to do is bet on the team that the majority of public bets is on. Pretty simple, right? There are a couple important distinctions to make when looking at public data, though.
Public data lumps in all kinds of bettors, from professionals to casuals to fans who have a rooting interest. Further, the public tends to back favorites, back the over and overreact to news like injuries or suspensions. That's why betting against the public on spread bets where the public is over 70% is a winning strategy over the long haul. That leads to the next potential strategy.
There's no doubt that betting with the public can lead to short-term success. However, it's not a winning long-term strategy. Remember, sportsbooks are profitable for a reason and understand that the public leans towards favorites, leans towards overs and reacts to breaking news in today's social media age. You know those lines that look too good to be true? They probably are. If it was as simple as betting with the majority, we'd see a lot of millionaires cashing all over the sports betting world.
Betting against the public shouldn't be a strategy employed on every single wager, but rather in pick-and-choose situations. After all, oddsmakers are very accurate across the industry. However, there are times to take advantage of bad point spreads, over-adjustments or under-adjustments made by oddsmakers. That's one situation when our model's best bets become a useful and valuable tool.
Identifying an edge is one of the most difficult aspects of sports betting. Luckily, BetQL subscribers have a full arsenal of tools to utilize on our mobile app interface. BetQL is every bettor's one-stop shop for live odds, a proven best bets algorithm and sharp picks in addition to public data. Which tools you use and how you do so is completely up to you.
For sport-by-sport sharp betting advice, click on the links below:
For sport-by-sport public betting advice, click on the links below:
Find out more about BetQL and feel free to contact our Help Center if you have any questions.


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As it heads toward a House vote, critics say the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA) would allow private internet companies like Google, Facebook and Microsoft to hand over troves of confidential customer records and communications to the National Security Agency, FBI and Department of Homeland Security, effectively legalizing a secret domestic surveillance program already run by the NSA. Backers say the measure is needed to help private firms crackdown on foreign entities — including the Chinese and Russian governments — committing online economic espionage. The bill has faced widespread opposition from online privacy advocates and even the Obama administration, which has threatened a veto. "CISPA … will create an exception to all existing privacy laws so that companies can share very sensitive and personal information directly with the government, including military agencies like the National Security Agency," says Michelle Richardson, legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union. "Once the government has it, they can repurpose it and use it for a number of things, including an undefined national security use." [includes rush transcript]
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: A legislative battle has erupted on Capitol Hill over a controversial House bill that critics say would allow private internet companies to hand over troves of confidential customer records and communications to the National Security Agency and other agencies. In a letter on Monday, 18 Democratic House members warned that unless specific limitations were put in place, the bill, quote, "would, for the first time, grant non-civilian federal agencies, such as the National Security Agency, unfettered access to information about Americans' internet activities and allow those agencies to use that information for virtually any purpose." The bill is titled the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act, or simply CISPA.
Backers of the legislation say it is needed to help private companies crack down on foreign entities—including the Chinese and Russian governments—committing online economic espionage that is stealing trade secrets from U.S. corporations and the government. But the bill has faced widespread criticism from online privacy advocates and even the Obama administration.
AMY GOODMAN: On Thursday, the White House threatened to veto the legislation, saying, quote, "The sharing of information must be conducted in a manner that preserves Americans' privacy, data confidentiality and civil liberties and recognizes the civilian nature of cyberspace. Cybersecurity and privacy are not mutually exclusive," they said. Critics also say the bill would essentially legalize a secret domestic surveillance program already being run by the National Security Agency.
Last week, a former top NSA official appeared on Democracy Now! to give his first TV interview. William Binney said domestic surveillance is already expanding under the Obama administration.
WILLIAM BINNEY: Actually, I think the surveillance has increased. In fact, I would suggest that they've assembled on the order of 20 trillion transactions about U.S. citizens with other U.S. citizens.
AMY GOODMAN: How many?
WILLIAM BINNEY: Twenty trillion.
AMY GOODMAN: Where do you get the number 20 trillion?
WILLIAM BINNEY: Just by the numbers of telecoms, it appears to me, from the questions that CNET posed to them in 2006, and they published the names and how—what the responses were. I looked at that and said that anybody that equivocated was participating, and then estimated from that the numbers of transactions. That, by the way, estimate only was involving phone calls and emails. It didn't involve any queries on the net or any assembles—other—any financial transactions or credit card stuff, if they're assembling that. I do not know that.
AMY GOODMAN: National Security Agency whistleblower William Binney. To see the full interview with him, you can go to our website at democracynow.org.
We're joined now by two guests. Michelle Richardson is with us in Washington, D.C., legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union. Jacob Appelbaum is back with us again here in Democracy Now!'s studios in New York, computer security researcher, developer and advocate for the Tor Project, a system that enables its users to communicate anonymously on the internet.
Michelle, let's begin with you. Talk about this legislation, this bill that is expected to be voted on this week, debates beginning today.
MICHELLE RICHARDSON: CISPA, the bill that will come up later today and probably be voted on tomorrow, will create an exception to all existing privacy laws so that companies can share very sensitive and personal information directly with the government, including military agencies like the National Security Agency. And then, once the government has it, they can repurpose it and use it for a number of things, including an undefined national security use. The violations of privacy are just amazing under this bill, and it's even invoked a veto threat from the Obama administration.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: And specifically in terms of the new powers that this grant, what does this do to existing laws that protect the privacy of American citizens and requires the government to get even FISA warrants when it wants to actually do surveillance in particular situations?
MICHELLE RICHARDSON: Right. Current law now creates a presumption of privacy in our phone calls, emails and internet records, and they say that companies have to keep them private unless there's an emergency or the government serves them with a subpoena or warrant. And in one fell swoop, this bill will say that these privacy laws simply no longer apply. So, all of the process afforded under those laws, the protections, the congressional reporting, the role of a judge, all of that is swept away in one bill and will allow companies to decide how much and what type of information they want to turn over to the government. And it can include incredibly sensitive information, like the content of emails or internet use history. There's no obligation on the companies to extract the personally identifiable information. And that's the important thing to remember here, that information sharing may be a good thing. There are ways that it could be done, where companies would share technical data with the government that wouldn't invade privacy. But that's not what we're talking about. This bill is incredibly broad and will allow the companies to turn over even the personally identifiable information.
AMY GOODMAN: The chief author of CISPA, Republican Congress Member Mike Rogers, the chair of the House Intelligence Committee and a former FBI agent, when he introduced the bill in November, predicted privacy advocates would oppose the legislation.
REP. MIKE ROGERS: I expect that some will allege that the bill creates a new wide-ranging government surveillance program. This is false. The bill has nothing to do with government surveillance. It simply provides clear authority to the private sector, not the government, to identify and share cyber threat information. And remember what the threat is: up to a trillion dollars a year in lost intellectual property. The one thing that has set America apart from every other nation is our innovation in our intellectual property. If we lose that game, we lose this fight.
Moreover, the bill only permits sharing of cybersecurity threat information when a company is engaged in the protection of its own systems or networks or those of the corporate customer. Our bill does not require anyone to provide information to the government. Any sharing of information with the government is completely voluntary every step of the way. A government surveillance program that doesn't require any information privileged to the government shouldn't be a very good surveillance program. Now, I couldn't believe it. As an old FBI guy, we would say that is an unworkable event.
AMY GOODMAN: House Intelligence chair, Michigan's Republican Congress Member Mike Rogers, unveiling the legislation at a meeting hosted by the National Cable and Telecommunications Association, a lobbying powerhouse. The association's president, Michael Powell, praised the legislation. Powell is the former chair of the Federal Communications Commission and the son of former secretary of state, General Colin Powell.
MICHAEL POWELL: It's not an exaggeration to say, when it comes to cybersecurity, what you don't know can hurt you. And one of the most valuable aspects of this legislation is it deals with the most critical problem when industries and government face a challenge like this: inadequate information flow. You can't fix what you don't know. You can't work in cooperation and coordination with others when you're not able to effectively share information. I think the legislation we'll hear about today takes a dramatic and important step.
AMY GOODMAN: That was Michael Powell, formerly chair of the FCC. Michelle Richardson, your response?
MICHELLE RICHARDSON: Well, the advocacy and civil liberties community is united in their opposition to this bill. We all believe that this is an unjustifiable infringement on privacy. And while the sponsors speak about limitations, they're just not in the bill. We're being asked to just trust the companies and the NSA to work in secret and protect our privacy. And we know from the warrantless wiretapping scandal after 9/11, when these groups are allowed to work in private like this, they're going to invade our privacy.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: Well, Michelle Richardson, there's been apparently a series of amendments proposed, some of them by liberal Democrats like John Lewis and others who are hoping to make portions of this legislation more palatable. Your sense of these attempts at soothing the rough edges of this legislation, but leaving it essentially intact?
MICHELLE RICHARDSON: Well, last night, the House Rules Committee decided which amendments would actually get a vote on the floor tomorrow, and they decided that amendments offered by Mr. Lewis or Jan Schakowsky or some of the other progressive members simply will not get a floor vote. And these were incredibly important amendments that would have squarely made Congress decide whether the military and the NSA would be able to collect internet records on innocent Americans. But Congress will not be able to vote on that this week, and instead they'll just have to vote no on the entire bill, to send the message that they don't want the military surveilling internet.
AMY GOODMAN: Interestingly, the legislation was co-sponsored by Democratic Congress Member Dutch Ruppersberger, the ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee. He has denied the bill would increase surveillance.
REP. DUTCH RUPPERSBERGER: What the bill basically does is—in 1947, there was a bill, the intelligence bill, that really created what the rules or regulations were for CIA, NSA and all of the intelligence agencies. And what this bill basically does is allow a government entity—in most situations, the NSA here—it allows them to give information to the private sector. The 1947 bill says, if it's classified information, you cannot give it to the other side. And how the bill really came together was this DIB pilot program. It's a pilot program that allowed the NSA, working with the providers, the—I believe it was AT&T, it was Verizon and Qwest—and allowed them to give that information over to the private companies to work to protect themselves. That worked extremely well. And as a result of that, we kind of—we kind of modeled our bill after that.
AMY GOODMAN: Now, interestingly, the Obama administration at this point says that they would veto this, but that's Democratic Congress Member Dutch Ruppersberger. And among those who are supporting the legislation are major companies, ones that have actually opposed SOPA, the Stop Online [Piracy] Act—for example, Google, and then there's Facebook and these other companies. What do they have to gain, and what are the companies that are supporting it?
MICHELLE RICHARDSON: Last I heard, all of the major corporations that are involved with the internet are supporting this CISPA, the Rogers bill. And frankly, they're going to make out like bandits. Under this bill, if they share our private information, they get complete protection from liability. Consumers will no longer be able to assert their privacy rights that exist under current law and hold them accountable in court. They can't be prosecuted by the government like they currently can for illegal wiretapping or sharing information. They're getting FOIA exemptions, so that no one will ever know about these breaches or the things that they share with the government. They're really walking away here with maximum flexibility to share our personal information with minimum accountability and no enforcement to make sure that they are not oversharing and infringing on our privacy.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: Well, Michelle Richardson, what are the prospects of this legislation passing, first in the House, and obviously then it would also have to pass in the Senate? And how would the White House react to its possible passage?
MICHELLE RICHARDSON: Well, we were very, very pleased to see that the Obama administration issued a veto threat yesterday and said, in very clear terms, that they believe that control of the internet needs to remain civilian, and the military shouldn't be routinely collecting information on innocent people. We expect the bill to probably pass tomorrow, but we expect a strong no vote. And even just a month ago, if this bill had been brought to the floor, it probably would have sailed through without much amendment at all. But the online organizing and the organizing by the advocacy community over the last month has really changed the game, and the members are more educated. And I think we're going to see a very strong no vote from both Democrats and Republicans tomorrow.
AMY GOODMAN: Michelle Richardson—
MICHELLE RICHARDSON: Now, the Senate has its own alternative and is slated to vote on their bill in May. And it does include more protections, so it will come down to a conference between the House and the Senate to see which bill prevails.
AMY GOODMAN: Michelle Richardson, legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union. When we come back, Jacob Appelbaum is back with us, computer security researcher. This is Democracy Now! Back in a minute.


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How These 16 Kiss Album Covers Could Have Looked Very Different
Some of Kiss' most famous album covers could have looked very different.
The gallery below shows how albums as early the band's 1973 self-titled debut through 1997's Carnival of Souls were changed or nearly changed during the creative process, and how records such as 1981's Music From "The Elder" and 1983's Lick It Up actually were released with different cover art in some countries.
Flipping through the covers of Kiss' 20 studio albums is a quick way to relive the roller-coaster ride full of ups, downs and sudden turns the band has undergone during its nearly five-decade career. But the narrative those images provide can't always be trusted.
For example, under label pressure and eager to display a strong and united front as they were splitting in half, Kiss kept Peter Criss' and Ace Frehley's faces on covers of albums they didn't actually play on in the '70s and '80s. You'll see how albums such as Dynasty, Unmasked and Creatures of the Night might have looked if the musicians who performed on the records matched up with who was on the covers.
We also dive into "What If?" territory below by imagining how differently the cover art of Kiss' '80s and '90s albums could have been designed in an alternate universe where band members group never took off their makeup.


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Did you know that the average person spends around 7 hours a day looking at a screen? The glare and reflections from computer, smartphone, and tablet screens can reduce blink rates by as much as 60%. When we concentrate intensely we tend to blink less, which can, in turn, lead to dry eye syndrome.
Symptoms of dry eye syndrome include red and dry eyes, irritated eyes, blurred vision, painful or stinging eyes, light sensitivity and mucus around the eyes.
Blinking helps keep our eyes healthy and comfortable. With every blink, the ocular surface is cleaned of debris and lubricated, so less blinking means more irritation and dryness.
Below are a few blinking exercises to help you ensure that your eyes remain lubricated and refreshed throughout the day.
Blinking Exercises
Blinking exercises are simple to do and can be seamlessly integrated into your daily routine. These exercises should be done a few times an hour. Try alternating between the 2 exercises below.
1. Close-Pause-Pause-Open-Relax
- Without squeezing, gently close your eyes.
- Pause and keep your eyes closed for 2 seconds.
- Gently open your eyes and relax them.
- Repeat 5 times
2. Close-Pause-Pause-Squeeze-Open-Relax
- Without squeezing, gently close your eyes.
- Pause and keep your eyes closed for 2 seconds.
- While keeping your eyes closed, squeeze your eyelids together slowly and gently.
- Gently open your eyes and relax them.
- Repeat 5 times
The Importance of Fully Blinking
It's important to fully blink to completely lubricate your eyes. If you're only partially blinking, it can render your dry eye symptoms worse.
To find out whether you are fully blinking, just look at your eyes in the mirror. If they feel dry or appear red, or if you see a horizontal stripe of red blood vessels across your eyes, then you have been partially blinking.
If you've incorporated blinking exercises into your routine but are still experiencing eye irritation, you may have dry eye syndrome. We can diagnose the underlying cause of your symptoms, and offer a variety of dry eye treatments to alleviate any discomfort. Schedule an eye exam with Eyes on Lincoln Dry Eye Center today to receive effective, long-lasting relief.
Eyes on Lincoln Dry Eye Center serves dry eye patients from Lincoln, Cranston, Woonsocket, and Cumberland Hill, Rhode Island and surrounding communities.
Q: What is dry eye syndrome?
- A: Dry eye syndrome is caused either by insufficient tears or poor tear quality. Every time you blink, you leave a thin film of tears over the surface of your eyes. This helps keep your vision clear and your eyes healthy. If your tears don't keep the surface of your eye moist enough, you will experience dry eye symptoms. Some medical conditions, certain medications, dysfunctional glands, allergies and environmental irritants can all cause dry eye symptoms.
Q: What are the symptoms of dry eyes?
- A: Symptoms of dry eye include irritation; a gritty, scratchy or burning sensation; blurred vision; excessive tearing; and/or a feeling of having something stuck in the eye.