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UVM(9) NetBSD Kernel Developer's Manual UVM(9)Powered by man-cgi (2024-03-20). Maintained for NetBSD by Kimmo Suominen. Based on man-cgi by Panagiotis Christias.
uvm -- virtual memory system external interface
#include <sys/param.h> #include <uvm/uvm.h>
The UVM virtual memory system manages access to the computer's memory resources. User processes and the kernel access these resources through UVM's external interface. UVM's external interface includes functions that: - initialize UVM sub-systems - manage virtual address spaces - resolve page faults - memory map files and devices - perform uio-based I/O to virtual memory - allocate and free kernel virtual memory - allocate and free physical memory In addition to exporting these services, UVM has two kernel-level pro- cesses: pagedaemon and swapper. The pagedaemon process sleeps until physical memory becomes scarce. When that happens, pagedaemon is awoken. It scans physical memory, paging out and freeing memory that has not been recently used. The swapper process swaps in runnable processes that are currently swapped out, if there is room. There are also several miscellaneous functions.
void uvm_init(void); void uvm_init_limits(struct lwp *l); void uvm_setpagesize(void); void uvm_swap_init(void); uvm_init() sets up the UVM system at system boot time, after the console has been setup. It initializes global state, the page, map, kernel vir- tual memory state, machine-dependent physical map, kernel memory alloca- tor, pager and anonymous memory sub-systems, and then enables paging of kernel objects. uvm_init_limits() initializes process limits for the named process. This is for use by the system startup for process zero, before any other pro- cesses are created. uvm_setpagesize() initializes the uvmexp members pagesize (if not already done by machine-dependent code), pageshift and pagemask. It should be called by machine-dependent code early in the pmap_init() call (see pmap(9)). uvm_swap_init() initializes the swap sub-system.
int uvm_map(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t *startp, vsize_t size, struct uvm_object *uobj, voff_t uoffset, vsize_t align, uvm_flag_t flags); void uvm_unmap(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t start, vaddr_t end); int uvm_map_pageable(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t start, vaddr_t end, bool new_pageable, int lockflags); bool uvm_map_checkprot(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t start, vaddr_t end, vm_prot_t protection); int uvm_map_protect(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t start, vaddr_t end, vm_prot_t new_prot, bool set_max); int uvm_deallocate(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t start, vsize_t size); struct vmspace * uvmspace_alloc(vaddr_t min, vaddr_t max, int pageable); void uvmspace_exec(struct lwp *l, vaddr_t start, vaddr_t end); struct vmspace * uvmspace_fork(struct vmspace *vm); void uvmspace_free(struct vmspace *vm1); void uvmspace_share(struct proc *p1, struct proc *p2); void uvmspace_unshare(struct lwp *l); bool uvm_uarea_alloc(vaddr_t *uaddrp); void uvm_uarea_free(vaddr_t uaddr); uvm_map() establishes a valid mapping in map map, which must be unlocked. The new mapping has size size, which must be a multiple of PAGE_SIZE. The uobj and uoffset arguments can have four meanings. When uobj is NULL and uoffset is UVM_UNKNOWN_OFFSET, uvm_map() does not use the machine- dependent PMAP_PREFER function. If uoffset is any other value, it is used as the hint to PMAP_PREFER. When uobj is not NULL and uoffset is UVM_UNKNOWN_OFFSET, uvm_map() finds the offset based upon the virtual address, passed as startp. If uoffset is any other value, we are doing a normal mapping at this offset. The start address of the map will be returned in startp. align specifies alignment of mapping unless UVM_FLAG_FIXED is specified in flags. align must be a power of 2. flags passed to uvm_map() are typically created using the UVM_MAPFLAG(vm_prot_t prot, vm_prot_t maxprot, vm_inherit_t inh, int advice, int flags) macro, which uses the following values. The prot and maxprot can take are: #define UVM_PROT_MASK 0x07 /* protection mask */ #define UVM_PROT_NONE 0x00 /* protection none */ #define UVM_PROT_ALL 0x07 /* everything */ #define UVM_PROT_READ 0x01 /* read */ #define UVM_PROT_WRITE 0x02 /* write */ #define UVM_PROT_EXEC 0x04 /* exec */ #define UVM_PROT_R 0x01 /* read */ #define UVM_PROT_W 0x02 /* write */ #define UVM_PROT_RW 0x03 /* read-write */ #define UVM_PROT_X 0x04 /* exec */ #define UVM_PROT_RX 0x05 /* read-exec */ #define UVM_PROT_WX 0x06 /* write-exec */ #define UVM_PROT_RWX 0x07 /* read-write-exec */ The values that inh can take are: #define UVM_INH_MASK 0x30 /* inherit mask */ #define UVM_INH_SHARE 0x00 /* "share" */ #define UVM_INH_COPY 0x10 /* "copy" */ #define UVM_INH_NONE 0x20 /* "none" */ #define UVM_INH_DONATE 0x30 /* "donate" << not used */ The values that advice can take are: #define UVM_ADV_NORMAL 0x0 /* 'normal' */ #define UVM_ADV_RANDOM 0x1 /* 'random' */ #define UVM_ADV_SEQUENTIAL 0x2 /* 'sequential' */ #define UVM_ADV_MASK 0x7 /* mask */ The values that flags can take are: #define UVM_FLAG_FIXED 0x010000 /* find space */ #define UVM_FLAG_OVERLAY 0x020000 /* establish overlay */ #define UVM_FLAG_NOMERGE 0x040000 /* don't merge map entries */ #define UVM_FLAG_COPYONW 0x080000 /* set copy_on_write flag */ #define UVM_FLAG_AMAPPAD 0x100000 /* for bss: pad amap to reduce malloc() */ #define UVM_FLAG_TRYLOCK 0x200000 /* fail if we can not lock map */ The UVM_MAPFLAG macro arguments can be combined with an or operator. There are several special purpose macros for checking protection combina- tions, e.g., the UVM_PROT_WX macro. There are also some additional macros to extract bits from the flags. The UVM_PROTECTION, UVM_INHERIT, UVM_MAXPROTECTION and UVM_ADVICE macros return the protection, inheri- tance, maximum protection and advice, respectively. uvm_map() returns a standard UVM return value. uvm_unmap() removes a valid mapping, from start to end, in map map, which must be unlocked. uvm_map_pageable() changes the pageability of the pages in the range from start to end in map map to new_pageable. uvm_map_pageable() returns a standard UVM return value. uvm_map_checkprot() checks the protection of the range from start to end in map map against protection. This returns either true or false. uvm_map_protect() changes the protection start to end in map map to new_prot, also setting the maximum protection to the region to new_prot if set_max is true. This function returns a standard UVM return value. uvm_deallocate() deallocates kernel memory in map map from address start to start + size. uvmspace_alloc() allocates and returns a new address space, with ranges from min to max, setting the pageability of the address space to pageable. uvmspace_exec() either reuses the address space of lwp l if there are no other references to it, or creates a new one with uvmspace_alloc(). The range of valid addresses in the address space is reset to start through end. uvmspace_fork() creates and returns a new address space based upon the vm1 address space, typically used when allocating an address space for a child process. uvmspace_free() lowers the reference count on the address space vm, free- ing the data structures if there are no other references. uvmspace_share() causes process p2 to share the address space of p1. uvmspace_unshare() ensures that lwp l has its own, unshared address space, by creating a new one if necessary by calling uvmspace_fork(). uvm_uarea_alloc() allocates virtual space for a u-area (i.e., a kernel stack) and stores its virtual address in *uaddrp. The return value is true if the u-area is already backed by wired physical memory, otherwise false. uvm_uarea_free() frees a u-area allocated with uvm_uarea_alloc(), freeing both the virtual space and any physical pages which may have been allo- cated to back that virtual space later.
int uvm_fault(struct vm_map *orig_map, vaddr_t vaddr, vm_prot_t access_type); uvm_fault() is the main entry point for faults. It takes orig_map as the map the fault originated in, a vaddr offset into the map the fault occurred, and access_type describing the type of access requested. uvm_fault() returns a standard UVM return value.
void uvm_vnp_setsize(struct vnode *vp, voff_t newsize); void * ubc_alloc(struct uvm_object *uobj, voff_t offset, vsize_t *lenp, int advice, int flags); void ubc_release(void *va, int flags); int ubc_uiomove(struct uvm_object *uobj, struct uio *uio, vsize_t todo, int advice, int flags); uvm_vnp_setsize() sets the size of vnode vp to newsize. Caller must hold a reference to the vnode. If the vnode shrinks, pages no longer used are discarded. ubc_alloc() creates a kernel mapping of uobj starting at offset offset. The desired length of the mapping is pointed to by lenp, but the actual mapping may be smaller than this. lenp is updated to contain the actual length mapped. advice is the access pattern hint, which must be one of UVM_ADV_NORMAL No hint UVM_ADV_RANDOM Random access hint UVM_ADV_SEQUENTIAL Sequential access hint (from lower offset to higher offset) The possible flags are UBC_READ Mapping will be accessed for read. UBC_WRITE Mapping will be accessed for write. UBC_FAULTBUSY Fault in window's pages already during mapping operation. Makes sense only for write. Once the mapping is created, it must be accessed only by methods that can handle faults, such as uiomove() or kcopy(). Page faults on the mapping will result in the object's pager method being called to resolve the fault. ubc_release() frees the mapping at va for reuse. The mapping may be cached to speed future accesses to the same region of the object. The flags can be any of UBC_UNMAP Do not cache mapping. ubc_uiomove() allocates an UBC memory window, performs I/O on it and unmaps the window. The advice parameter takes the same values as the respective parameter in ubc_alloc() and the flags parameter takes the same arguments as ubc_alloc() and ubc_unmap(). Additionally, the flag UBC_PARTIALOK can be provided to indicate that it is acceptable to return if an error occurs mid-transfer.
int uvm_io(struct vm_map *map, struct uio *uio); uvm_io() performs the I/O described in uio on the memory described in map.
vaddr_t uvm_km_alloc(struct vm_map *map, vsize_t size, vsize_t align, uvm_flag_t flags); void uvm_km_free(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t addr, vsize_t size, uvm_flag_t flags); struct vm_map * uvm_km_suballoc(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t *min, vaddr_t *max, vsize_t size, bool pageable, bool fixed, struct vm_map *submap); uvm_km_alloc() allocates size bytes of kernel memory in map map. The first address of the allocated memory range will be aligned according to the align argument (specify 0 if no alignment is necessary). The align- ment must be a multiple of page size. The flags is a bitwise inclusive OR of the allocation type and operation flags. The allocation type should be one of: UVM_KMF_WIRED Wired memory. UVM_KMF_PAGEABLE Demand-paged zero-filled memory. UVM_KMF_VAONLY Virtual address only. No physical pages are mapped in the allocated region. If necessary, it's the caller's responsibility to enter page mappings. It's also the caller's responsibility to clean up the mappings before freeing the address range. The following operation flags are available: UVM_KMF_CANFAIL Can fail even if UVM_KMF_NOWAIT is not specified and UVM_KMF_WAITVA is specified. UVM_KMF_ZERO Request zero-filled memory. Only supported for UVM_KMF_WIRED. Shouldn't be used with other types. UVM_KMF_TRYLOCK Fail if we can't lock the map. UVM_KMF_NOWAIT Fail immediately if no memory is available. UVM_KMF_WAITVA Sleep to wait for the virtual address resources if needed. (If neither UVM_KMF_NOWAIT nor UVM_KMF_CANFAIL are specified and UVM_KMF_WAITVA is specified, uvm_km_alloc() will never fail, but rather sleep indefinitely until the allocation succeeds.) Pageability of the pages allocated with UVM_KMF_PAGEABLE can be changed by uvm_map_pageable(). In that case, the entire range must be changed atomically. Changing a part of the range is not supported. uvm_km_free() frees the memory range allocated by uvm_km_alloc(). addr must be an address returned by uvm_km_alloc(). map and size must be the same as the ones used for the corresponding uvm_km_alloc(). flags must be the allocation type used for the corresponding uvm_km_alloc(). uvm_km_free() is the only way to free memory ranges allocated by uvm_km_alloc(). uvm_unmap() must not be used. uvm_km_suballoc() allocates submap from map, creating a new map if submap is NULL. The addresses of the submap can be specified exactly by setting the fixed argument to true, which causes the min argument to specify the beginning of the address in the submap. If fixed is false, any address of size size will be allocated from map and the start and end addresses returned in min and max. If pageable is true, entries in the map may be paged out.
struct vm_page * uvm_pagealloc(struct uvm_object *uobj, voff_t off, struct vm_anon *anon, int flags); void uvm_pagerealloc(struct vm_page *pg, struct uvm_object *newobj, voff_t newoff); void uvm_pagefree(struct vm_page *pg); int uvm_pglistalloc(psize_t size, paddr_t low, paddr_t high, paddr_t alignment, paddr_t boundary, struct pglist *rlist, int nsegs, int waitok); void uvm_pglistfree(struct pglist *list); void uvm_page_physload(vaddr_t start, vaddr_t end, vaddr_t avail_start, vaddr_t avail_end, int free_list); uvm_pagealloc() allocates a page of memory at virtual address off in either the object uobj or the anonymous memory anon, which must be locked by the caller. Only one of uobj and anon can be non NULL. Returns NULL when no page can be found. The flags can be any of #define UVM_PGA_USERESERVE 0x0001 /* ok to use reserve pages */ #define UVM_PGA_ZERO 0x0002 /* returned page must be zero'd */ UVM_PGA_USERESERVE means to allocate a page even if that will result in the number of free pages being lower than uvmexp.reserve_pagedaemon (if the current thread is the pagedaemon) or uvmexp.reserve_kernel (if the current thread is not the pagedaemon). UVM_PGA_ZERO causes the returned page to be filled with zeroes, either by allocating it from a pool of pre-zeroed pages or by zeroing it in-line as necessary. uvm_pagerealloc() reallocates page pg to a new object newobj, at a new offset newoff. uvm_pagefree() frees the physical page pg. If the content of the page is known to be zero-filled, caller should set PG_ZERO in pg->flags so that the page allocator will use the page to serve future UVM_PGA_ZERO requests efficiently. uvm_pglistalloc() allocates a list of pages for size size byte under var- ious constraints. low and high describe the lowest and highest addresses acceptable for the list. If alignment is non-zero, it describes the required alignment of the list, in power-of-two notation. If boundary is non-zero, no segment of the list may cross this power-of-two boundary, relative to zero. nsegs is the maximum number of physically contiguous segments. If waitok is non-zero, the function may sleep until enough memory is available. (It also may give up in some situations, so a non- zero waitok does not imply that uvm_pglistalloc() cannot return an error.) The allocated memory is returned in the rlist list; the caller has to provide storage only, the list is initialized by uvm_pglistalloc(). uvm_pglistfree() frees the list of pages pointed to by list. If the con- tent of the page is known to be zero-filled, caller should set PG_ZERO in pg->flags so that the page allocator will use the page to serve future UVM_PGA_ZERO requests efficiently. uvm_page_physload() loads physical memory segments into VM space on the specified free_list. It must be called at system boot time to set up physical memory management pages. The arguments describe the start and end of the physical addresses of the segment, and the available start and end addresses of pages not already in use.
void uvm_pageout(void); void uvm_scheduler(void); void uvm_swapin(struct lwp *l); uvm_pageout() is the main loop for the page daemon. uvm_scheduler() is the process zero main loop, which is to be called after the system has finished starting other processes. It handles the swapping in of runnable, swapped out processes in priority order. uvm_swapin() swaps in the named lwp.
int uvm_loan(struct vm_map *map, vaddr_t start, vsize_t len, void *v, int flags); void uvm_unloan(void *v, int npages, int flags); uvm_loan() loans pages in a map out to anons or to the kernel. map should be unlocked, start and len should be multiples of PAGE_SIZE. Argument flags should be one of #define UVM_LOAN_TOANON 0x01 /* loan to anons */ #define UVM_LOAN_TOPAGE 0x02 /* loan to kernel */ v should be pointer to array of pointers to struct anon or struct vm_page, as appropriate. The caller has to allocate memory for the array and ensure it's big enough to hold len / PAGE_SIZE pointers. Returns 0 for success, or appropriate error number otherwise. Note that wired pages can't be loaned out and uvm_loan() will fail in that case. uvm_unloan() kills loans on pages or anons. The v must point to the array of pointers initialized by previous call to uvm_loan(). npages should match number of pages allocated for loan, this also matches number of items in the array. Argument flags should be one of #define UVM_LOAN_TOANON 0x01 /* loan to anons */ #define UVM_LOAN_TOPAGE 0x02 /* loan to kernel */ and should match what was used for previous call to uvm_loan().
struct uvm_object * uao_create(vsize_t size, int flags); void uao_detach(struct uvm_object *uobj); void uao_reference(struct uvm_object *uobj); bool uvm_chgkprot(void *addr, size_t len, int rw); void uvm_kernacc(void *addr, size_t len, int rw); int uvm_vslock(struct vmspace *vs, void *addr, size_t len, vm_prot_t prot); void uvm_vsunlock(struct vmspace *vs, void *addr, size_t len); void uvm_meter(void); void uvm_fork(struct lwp *l1, struct lwp *l2, bool shared); int uvm_grow(struct proc *p, vaddr_t sp); void uvn_findpages(struct uvm_object *uobj, voff_t offset, int *npagesp, struct vm_page **pps, int flags); void uvm_swap_stats(int cmd, struct swapent *sep, int sec, register_t *retval); The uao_create(), uao_detach(), and uao_reference() functions operate on anonymous memory objects, such as those used to support System V shared memory. uao_create() returns an object of size size with flags: #define UAO_FLAG_KERNOBJ 0x1 /* create kernel object */ #define UAO_FLAG_KERNSWAP 0x2 /* enable kernel swap */ which can only be used once each at system boot time. uao_reference() creates an additional reference to the named anonymous memory object. uao_detach() removes a reference from the named anonymous memory object, destroying it if removing the last reference. uvm_chgkprot() changes the protection of kernel memory from addr to addr + len to the value of rw. This is primarily useful for debuggers, for setting breakpoints. This function is only available with options KGDB. uvm_kernacc() checks the access at address addr to addr + len for rw access in the kernel address space. uvm_vslock() and uvm_vsunlock() control the wiring and unwiring of pages for process p from addr to addr + len. These functions are normally used to wire memory for I/O. uvm_meter() calculates the load average and wakes up the swapper if nec- essary. uvm_fork() forks a virtual address space for process' (old) p1 and (new) p2. If the shared argument is non zero, p1 shares its address space with p2, otherwise a new address space is created. This function currently has no return value, and thus cannot fail. In the future, this function will be changed to allow it to fail in low memory conditions. uvm_grow() increases the stack segment of process p to include sp. uvn_findpages() looks up or creates pages in uobj at offset offset, marks them busy and returns them in the pps array. Currently uobj must be a vnode object. The number of pages requested is pointed to by npagesp, and this value is updated with the actual number of pages returned. The flags can be #define UFP_ALL 0x00 /* return all pages requested */ #define UFP_NOWAIT 0x01 /* don't sleep */ #define UFP_NOALLOC 0x02 /* don't allocate new pages */ #define UFP_NOCACHE 0x04 /* don't return pages which already exist */ #define UFP_NORDONLY 0x08 /* don't return PG_READONLY pages */ UFP_ALL is a pseudo-flag meaning all requested pages should be returned. UFP_NOWAIT means that we must not sleep. UFP_NOALLOC causes any pages which do not already exist to be skipped. UFP_NOCACHE causes any pages which do already exist to be skipped. UFP_NORDONLY causes any pages which are marked PG_READONLY to be skipped. uvm_swap_stats() implements the SWAP_STATS and SWAP_OSTATS operation of the swapctl(2) system call. cmd is the requested command, SWAP_STATS or SWAP_OSTATS. The function will copy no more than sec entries in the array pointed by sep. On return, retval holds the actual number of entries copied in the array.
UVM provides support for the CTL_VM domain of the sysctl(3) hierarchy. It handles the VM_LOADAVG, VM_METER, VM_UVMEXP, and VM_UVMEXP2 nodes, which return the current load averages, calculates current VM totals, returns the uvmexp structure, and a kernel version independent view of the uvmexp structure, respectively. It also exports a number of tunables that control how much VM space is allowed to be consumed by various tasks. The load averages are typically accessed from userland using the getloadavg(3) function. The uvmexp structure has all global state of the UVM system, and has the following members: /* vm_page constants */ int pagesize; /* size of a page (PAGE_SIZE): must be power of 2 */ int pagemask; /* page mask */ int pageshift; /* page shift */ /* vm_page counters */ int npages; /* number of pages we manage */ int free; /* number of free pages */ int active; /* number of active pages */ int inactive; /* number of pages that we free'd but may want back */ int paging; /* number of pages in the process of being paged out */ int wired; /* number of wired pages */ int reserve_pagedaemon; /* number of pages reserved for pagedaemon */ int reserve_kernel; /* number of pages reserved for kernel */ /* pageout params */ int freemin; /* min number of free pages */ int freetarg; /* target number of free pages */ int inactarg; /* target number of inactive pages */ int wiredmax; /* max number of wired pages */ /* swap */ int nswapdev; /* number of configured swap devices in system */ int swpages; /* number of PAGE_SIZE'ed swap pages */ int swpginuse; /* number of swap pages in use */ int nswget; /* number of times fault calls uvm_swap_get() */ int nanon; /* number total of anon's in system */ int nfreeanon; /* number of free anon's */ /* stat counters */ int faults; /* page fault count */ int traps; /* trap count */ int intrs; /* interrupt count */ int swtch; /* context switch count */ int softs; /* software interrupt count */ int syscalls; /* system calls */ int pageins; /* pagein operation count */ /* pageouts are in pdpageouts below */ int swapins; /* swapins */ int swapouts; /* swapouts */ int pgswapin; /* pages swapped in */ int pgswapout; /* pages swapped out */ int forks; /* forks */ int forks_ppwait; /* forks where parent waits */ int forks_sharevm; /* forks where vmspace is shared */ /* fault subcounters */ int fltnoram; /* number of times fault was out of ram */ int fltnoanon; /* number of times fault was out of anons */ int fltpgwait; /* number of times fault had to wait on a page */ int fltpgrele; /* number of times fault found a released page */ int fltrelck; /* number of times fault relock called */ int fltrelckok; /* number of times fault relock is a success */ int fltanget; /* number of times fault gets anon page */ int fltanretry; /* number of times fault retrys an anon get */ int fltamcopy; /* number of times fault clears "needs copy" */ int fltnamap; /* number of times fault maps a neighbor anon page */ int fltnomap; /* number of times fault maps a neighbor obj page */ int fltlget; /* number of times fault does a locked pgo_get */ int fltget; /* number of times fault does an unlocked get */ int flt_anon; /* number of times fault anon (case 1a) */ int flt_acow; /* number of times fault anon cow (case 1b) */ int flt_obj; /* number of times fault is on object page (2a) */ int flt_prcopy; /* number of times fault promotes with copy (2b) */ int flt_przero; /* number of times fault promotes with zerofill (2b) */ /* daemon counters */ int pdwoke; /* number of times daemon woke up */ int pdrevs; /* number of times daemon rev'd clock hand */ int pdswout; /* number of times daemon called for swapout */ int pdfreed; /* number of pages daemon freed since boot */ int pdscans; /* number of pages daemon scanned since boot */ int pdanscan; /* number of anonymous pages scanned by daemon */ int pdobscan; /* number of object pages scanned by daemon */ int pdreact; /* number of pages daemon reactivated since boot */ int pdbusy; /* number of times daemon found a busy page */ int pdpageouts; /* number of times daemon started a pageout */ int pdpending; /* number of times daemon got a pending pageout */ int pddeact; /* number of pages daemon deactivates */
uvm_chgkprot() is only available if the kernel has been compiled with options KGDB. All structure and types whose names begin with ``vm_'' will be renamed to ``uvm_''.
swapctl(2), getloadavg(3), kvm(3), sysctl(3), ddb(4), options(4), memoryallocators(9), pmap(9)
UVM is a new VM system developed at Washington University in St. Louis (Missouri). UVM's roots lie partly in the Mach-based 4.4BSD VM system, the FreeBSD VM system, and the SunOS 4 VM system. UVM's basic structure is based on the 4.4BSD VM system. UVM's new anonymous memory system is based on the anonymous memory system found in the SunOS 4 VM (as described in papers published by Sun Microsystems, Inc.). UVM also includes a number of features new to BSD including page loanout, map entry passing, simplified copy-on-write, and clustered anonymous memory pageout. UVM is also further documented in an August 1998 dissertation by Charles D. Cranor. UVM appeared in NetBSD 1.4.
Charles D. Cranor <firstname.lastname@example.com> designed and implemented UVM. Matthew Green <email@example.com> wrote the swap-space management code and handled the logistical issues involved with merging UVM into the NetBSD source tree. Chuck Silvers <email@example.com> implemented the aobj pager, thus allowing UVM to support System V shared memory and process swapping. He also designed and implemented the UBC part of UVM, which uses UVM pages to cache vnode data rather than the traditional buffer cache buffers. NetBSD 5.0 August 6, 2008 NetBSD 5.0


text:
K & K Kustomz
Braced Kit S-2-6 Starboard
Braced Kit S-2-6 Starboard
Regular price
Regular price
Sale price
Unit price
This side-mounted adapter plate kit attaches to the side of the jack plate and allows for a custom configuration and easy installation of Power-Pole Shallow Water Anchors depending on the shape of the boat's transom. The adapter plate is designed for starboard mounting and positions the anchor with a 2-inch setback and 6-inch rise. This plate has an additional brace for added rigidity when mounting larger anchors. All adapter plates are made from aircraft-grade aluminum and feature four layers of JL Marine powder coating, including the gloss black top coat, to resist corrosion and increase durability.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Charles Lotton
October 21st, 1935 - September 17th, 2021
Charles Lotton was born in a little town in Southern Illinois, after high school he joined the Air Force, working on bombing & navigational equipment. In 1961, Charles and his wife, Mary, began a successful hair salon which sparked his artistic endeavors. In May of 1970, Charles went to The Art Institute and spent the day there watching artists blow glass. He came home and told his wife that he was going to be a glass blower and began building a furnace in their backyard. In November of 1970 he started what would become a 51-year career in the world of glass blowing and would become a world renowned artist with examples of his work in all the major museums.
By January of 1972, Charles was introduced to the Tiffany Glass expert Lillian Nassau. Lillian bought all of Charles' glass for the first five years of his career, enabling him to transition from the hair salon into a full-time glass artist. Little did anyone else realize fifty years later, Charles would still be creating beautiful, one of a kind works of glass art. Throughout the years, Charles' glass continued to evolve from simple paperweights to Vases, Bowls, Flower Forms, Persian Water Sprinklers, Pendant Lighting, Lamps, and Chandeliers. His designs have also evolved, from molten blobs of melted pop bottles, to some of the most beautiful glass art creations in the world today. Charles was completely self-taught, down to his own formulas that create the colors in his glass.
Charles had a strong determination to succeed, yet had one of the most humble natures of anyone that you would ever meet. He was a true man of God and attributed his success to his strong faith. He always prayed that the Lord would continue to bless him and his family with making beautiful glass each day. Today, Charles is world-renowned for some of the most beautiful designs in art glass, like the 'Multi Flora' and 'Cypriot' styles. These trademark designs have put him into hundreds of major museums and private collections around the world.


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I listened to this colloquy last night betwixt Ingraham and Logan. It supports the statements made just now by the governor of Minnesota and the mayors of Minneapolis and St. Paul that the rioters the last few nights increasingly are organized, led and coordinated by people from "out of state" and dressed in black.
Someone pays for the equipping, training, transporting of these anarchist cadres. Who? pl


text:
The certifications issued by Ecocert guarantee and highlight the best environmentally friendly and socially conscious practices.
Are you a player in the agri-food, forestry, textiles, cosmetics or ecoproducts sectors? Do you wish to adopt better practices and have your actions recognised?
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Product Description
Chronos Adapter for BIOPAC STP100C. Send E-Prime markers to BIOPAC and receive BIOPAC markers in E-Prime with millisecond accuracy.
Includes 25-pin adapter and DB-25 to DB-25 cable to directly connect Chronos digital inputs and outputs to BIOPAC STP100C.
Chronos Adapters provide a quick, plug-and-play solution. No parallel port or wiring necessary.


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What can I say to help you see the man I know?
That he is funny and smart and loving?
Yes, that's all true.
That he is opinionated and sometimes volatile, gestures wildly while watching sporting events and has been known to yell at the screen (and also at passing drivers when they cut him off)?
Yes, that's all true, too.
But how do I find words to describe how tender he can be? How deeply he adores his children and grandchildren – and me, too?
How do I tell you how goofy he can be? Wearing silly hats and too-small-butterfly-wings just to make a 2-year-old giggle?
How can I describe his thoughtful wondering about the future, his careful allocation of resources so that we and our kids and our church and our missionary friends and the worthy people and projects that God sends our way can all be tended to, with love and care?
How can I possibly describe to you what a privilege it has been for me to mother his children, fold his laundry (most of the time!), admire his handiwork in the yard and at the kitchen sink and to see how kind he is, how very, very kind?
Is there any way to put into words how grateful I am to God for each and every day – even the horrible, terrible, very-bad ones – we've had together? Is there any way for me to describe to you the inexpressible joy it gives me to wish him a happy birthday this week? This marks number 49 that I've shared with him, 47 of those as his wife.
And this one?
Well, this one is number 70.
He has survived pleurisy, a kidney stone that had to be surgically removed, a major blood clot in his lung and prostate cancer. And he plays tennis – singles tennis! – once or twice a week with our son.
And there is no way that any one of you would ever guess his age without my putting it out here in black and white for you to marvel at.
No, there is just no way to tell you. There are no words.
Well.. maybe just one:
He is a gift to this world, a gift to our family and most especially a gift to me. Easily the best earthly one I've ever been given.
And I thank God for this gift every day that I breathe.
Joining Lisa-Jo for the first time in several weeks. (This daily devotional posting has been so much fun for me – but wow! It's tough sledding trying to add anything to that.) This, however, was one I just could not pass up. Join the ever-increasing crew over there and check out what others are saying in 5 minutes flat. I will gladly admit that this one took a few extra minutes.


text: Since RIM first began dabbling with the now ubiquitous touchscreen, BlackBerry users have been clamoring for a smartphone with a candy bar form factor that positions a landscape touchscreen above RIM's famous BlackBerry keyboard. If Motorola and Samsung can both do it, why can't RIM? Thanks to an exclusive BGR report, we learned last month that RIM is indeed working on a touch-and-type Bold smartphone. Now, for the first time, images of the smartphone codenamed Dakota (GSM) and Montana (CDMA) have surfaced. The images reveal that the size of the handset is closer to the original Bold 9000 than newer, more compact Bold models, but the added size will hardly be a deterrent to the countless BlackBerry fans who have been waiting years for this device. The rest of this sexy smartphone's specs can be found in our earlier report. Hit the jump for more images.


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1.890 kr.
1 á lager
New: A brand-new, unused, unopened and undamaged item in original retail packaging (where packaging is applicable). If the item comes direct from a manufacturer, it may be delivered in non-retail packaging, such as a plain or unprinted box or plastic bag. See the seller's listing for full


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For the first time in Disney movie history, the highly-anticipated "Beauty and the Beast" will include an openly gay character.
Actor Josh Gad, who voicedthe lovable snowman Olaf in Disney's "Frozen," plays LeFou.
LeFou is bullied by his friend Gaston, yet has a crush on the film's pompous ladies' man.
"LeFou is somebody who on one day wants to be Gaston and on another day wants to kiss Gaston," Director Bill Condon tells Attitude Magazine,
"He's confused about what he wants. It's somebody who's just realizing that he has these feelings. And Josh makes something really subtle and delicious out of it. And that's what has its payoff at the end, which I don't want to give away. But it is a nice, exclusively gay moment in a Disney movie," Condon says.
Many are praising Disney for its LGBTQ inclusivity, hoping it paves the way for gay characters in other mega-movies, such as Star Wars or Marvel films, but some are threatening to boycott the movie giant.
Others are unhappy about the character the entertainment conglomerate chose to represent the gay community, whose name, LeFou, translates from French to "the crazy one."
The Daily Dot writer Gavia Baker-Whitelaw points out, "LeFou is a clownish figure. Gaston is a parody of heterosexual masculinity, and LeFou is his craven sidekick with an unrequited crush. His name roughly translates as "the fool" or "the madman," and his role is to bolster Gaston's confidence and help him take down the heroes. You can interpret this as a tragic story for LeFou, but it's hardly a high point for positive LGBT representation in 2017: a dweeb who hopelessly pines after a muscular straight guy," Baker-Whitelaw writes.
The live-action remake of the 1991 animated film hits theaters March 17th and also stars Emma Watson as Belle and Dan Stevens as The Beast.


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1.855.204.7177 | | English Espanol
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Features of our TABC certification course:
If your job includes selling or serving alcoholic beverages, most employers will require you to be TABC certified before you begin working.
Our online TABC certification course will teach you how to responsibly sell and serve alcohol. You will learn important skills, such as how to identify minors, correctly check IDs, and refuse service to intoxicated customers.
If you need both your TABC certification and your Texas food handler card, we have a discounted training package for only $16.95 using the discount code COMBO16. Both courses are completely online and self-paced.
Corporate accounts, pre-paid codes, and custom learning portals are available for companies with employees that need their TABC certification and/or food handler card. No matter the size of the business, if you have multiple employees to train and certify, we have a solution.
Our corporate clients receive:
We have been an approved online TABC Provider since 2006. We pride ourselves in providing efficient TABC training, while still giving you the knowledge you need to be a responsible seller/server of alcoholic beverages. That's why over 900,000 people have chosen TABCpermit.com for their online TABC & Texas Food Handler training!
Call us at 1.855.204.7177 or send a message. Or view our frequently asked questions to get more information about our online TABC and TX food safety courses.


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American Saddlery and Big Horn does not sell to the general public. Please use our Dealer Search feature to find an authorized American Saddlery dealer near you. Individual saddle makers, craftsmen, repair shops etc can order leather, supplies and tools from Shotan Leather.
Welcome to ShoTan Leather. All leather items can be purchased by craftsmen, saddle builders etc. You don not have to be an authorized American or Big Horn Saddlery dealer. Please call for current prices and inventory. Note: Due to the tanning process and variations in the printing process and computer monitors colors are for sample only. Colors will vary.


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The TRUST Award is divided into five sections
- Tending Your Faith
- Respecting the Beliefs of Others
- Understanding other Cultures
- Serving your Community
- Transforming Our Society
Tending your Faith
Tend: To have the care of; to apply one's attention toward
Complete the following:
- Earn the Religious and Community Life Bronze Award
- Receive the religious emblem appropriate to your age and religious affiliation. This requirement is option No. 1 among the requirements for the Religious and Community Life Bronze Award. If completed for that award, it counts here, too. If your religion does not offer a religious emblem program such as those in the Duty to God brochure, No. 05-879D, then you may complete a similar program of religious discovery suitable to both your Advisor and your religious leader.
- Visit with your religious leader and discuss your beliefs and why you accept those beliefs. Compare your personal beliefs with those formally accepted by your religion. Following this discussion, write an essay explaining your beliefs and review it with your religious leader and your crew Advisor. Make a 15- to 20-minute presentation (discussion, video, slideshow, etc.) to your crew or another youth group explaining your beliefs.
- Explain the Venturing Oath and the Venturing Code in your own words. Explain how they have an effect on your daily life, your life goals, and how you live your life as a part of your community.
Respecting the Beliefs of Others
Respect: To feel or show deferential regard for;
to avoid violation of or interference with.
Complete the following:
- Talk with a history/social studies teacher, attorney or other legal professional, or other knowledgeable adult about the US. Bill of Rights, and especially about the concept of freedom of religion. What did this concept mean to our founding fathers? What does this concept mean today? What limitations have been imposed on this freedom? What happens when freedom of religion and freedom of speech clash with each other? Hold a discussion (not debate) about freedom of religion with members of your crew.
- Find out what religious groups are worshipping in your community, and whether they have been there for generations or whether they are relatively new to the community. Talk to at least five adults in your community about the impact various religions have on your community. Report your findings to your crew.
And one of the following:
- Pick one of the religions listed on page 21 (other than your own). After extensive research on the selected religion, present a report to your crew or other youth group (such as a troop, crew, religious group, or school group). The report should detail the history of the religion, its modern application as a religion, and important historical events. Also include information about where and how the religion is commonly practiced.
- Attend a religious service/gathering/festival of one of the religions listed on page 21 (other than your own religion). Attend with a parent, Advisor, or religious professional. Write about your experience and how it relates to the thoughts and practices of the religion. Compare the basic tenets expressed in the religious service/gathering/ festival with those of your own religion.
- Meet with two youth working on a religious emblem approved by the BSA (not your own religion). These young people can be members of the Boy Scouts of America, Girl Scouts of the USA, or any other youth organization. Discuss with them their current religious journey.
- Contact an official in an inter-religious organization (interfaith coalition, council of churches, etc.). Discuss how religious tolerance is important in both local and global issues.
- Attend an inter-religious festival and talk with two people from another religion (from the list on page 21) about the similarities and differences between your religion and theirs. Report your findings to your religious leader.
Understanding Other Cultures
Understand: To perceive and comprehend the nature and significance of.
Complete the following:
- Learn about the culture you most identify with. Talk to relatives or other knowledgeable individuals to learn about your family history, cultural identity, and family identity.
- Attend two cultural events (each of these events should represent a different culture and should highlight the history and uniqueness of that culture). Supplement the information you learned at the events with research on the culture in today's global society. Compare these two events and their cultures with your own culture. Report on your findings to your crew or another youth organization.
- Invite an adult and a youth from another culture to speak to your crew
about their culture. Alternately, interview two people who were born outside
the United States who have immigrated to your community or a nearby one
(foreign exchange students may also fulfill this role). In either case,
discuss with them why they decided to come to the United States and to your
community. Discuss the differences in community between where they live
now and where they lived before they emigrated.
(For Venturers living outside the United States, modify this requirement for the country in which you reside. For example, a Venturer living in Japan would interview someone not of Japanese origins who immigrated to Japan.)
And one of the following:
- Take (and successfully pass) a course that includes study of cultural diversity.
- Research and present your findings about an inter-religious/ intercultural conflict affecting the world in historical or current times. Include how the conflict started and ended (if not an ongoing conflict). Explore both causes and effects of the conflict, including those in the current day. Include general information about all the cultures and religions involved in the conflict.
- Research a cultural group (other than your own) that has had an impact on the U.S. melting pot. When did they begin to arrive? In what ways have they had an influence on the United States? On your community? Where have they settled (primarily); why? Report on your findings to your crew or youth group.
- Meet with your council Scoutreach/urban/rural executive to learn which Scoutreach programs are being used in your area and why. Learn about BSA resources designed for specific, cultural groups, and how they may differ from the resources you are familiar with.
Serving Your Community
Serve: To be of assistance to or promote the interests
to give homage and obedience to.
Complete the following:
- Plan and carry out a service project to better your local community. This project should be carried out in conjunction with an established community service agency, such as those listed on pages 34-36 (and cannot be the same project used for option No. 5 of the Religious and Community Life Bronze Award). Involve at least five other Venturers or youth in carrying out the project. The project should be well thought out and lasting in its effects. Use the Eagle or Quartermaster Service Project booklet as a guideline (available free from your local council office). Be sure this project is reported to your council as part of the Good Turn for America campaign.
- Meet with a member of your local government. Discuss how the community governs itself on matters such as zoning, taxes, education, religion, and acceptable behavior. Report your findings to your crew or another youth group. Lead or participate in a discussion on ideas to change your community for the better.
And one of the following:
- Organize a community safety program. Options include a community watch program, a latchkey program, or other program to encourage safety in your community. This cannot be the same project used for requirement No. 1 above.
- Work with your local chapter of the Alpha Phi Omega service fraternity. Participate in a significant percentage of service opportunities for one semester. Discuss with the fraternity adviser how to increase cooperation between the group and the local BSA council, and between the group and other student organizations at your college.
- Serve as an active member in a high school or college community service organization. Participate in a significant percentage of service projects for a six-month period. Explore ways to increase the participation of your organization in service opportunities, as well as ways to increase the membership of the organization. Report on how the group benefits the community.
- Become a volunteer first aid or swimming instructor or swimming aide with the American Red Cross or a similar organization. Teach first aid or swimming at least four times in a six-month period. Explore other volunteer opportunities with that organization. Report on your experiences at the end of this time, especially how the community benefits from the organization and from your volunteerism.
- Participate for six months as an active volunteer with any other community service agency approved by your Advisor. Examples are therapy or guide dogs, food pantries, hospital aides, etc. Report on your experiences at the end of this time, especially how the community benefits from the organization and from your volunteerism.
Transforming Our Society
Transform: To change markedly the appearance of;
to change the nature, function, and condition of.
Complete the following:
- Take part in a counseling skills training session of at least eight total hours. Examples include peer counseling, suicide or abuse hotlines, and first-contact training programs, and may be provided by local service agencies/hotlines or by local government divisions. Tell your crew what you learned and how you plan to put your knowledge into action.
- Discover (through research, discussions with teachers or community leaders) what addictions are having a negative effect on your local community (such as alcohol, drugs, tobacco, gambling, pornography, etc.). Pick one of these and find out what local resources are available to deal with the problem. Talk to a counselor who deals with this issue, and tell your crew how this issue is affecting the community in which you live.
- Lead or actively participate in at least four Ethical Controversies within a six-month period. These may be at the unit, district, or council level within Venturing, or at a youth event attended by members of several churches or religious institutions. These controversies cannot be the same as those used for the Religious and Community Life Bronze Award requirement No. 10.
And one of the following:
- Attend a meeting of your local board of education or city/ community council, or a session of court (any level open to public observation). Find one issue that has generated dissent or conflict, and observe how this conflict is dealt with. Follow the issue to its resolution, even if this means attending more meetings. Give a presentation to your crew or other youth group on how conflict was resolved in this case.
- Visit and tour a correctional facility. Talk to a correctional facility chaplain about his/her responsibilities and experiences. Ask the chaplain for stories of success/transformation that have helped former inmates become contributing members of society.
- Compare counseling degree programs at four different colleges or universities. Include one large public university and one small religiously based college. Look at both the types of degrees offered and the course work required for those degrees. Compare especially the religious components of such degrees.
- Study the document "Scouts and Peace" prepared by the World Organization of the Scout Movement (Click Here for the document). Lead a discussion with your crew about the document and how Scouts can be involved in world peace. Then prepare a 10-minute presentation on the document and give it to a Boy Scout or Girl Scout troop.
Religions listed on Page 21 of the TRUST Award Handbook:
Community Organizations listed on Pages 34-36 of the TRUST Award Handbook:
Youth-Serving Agencies
Community Service Organizations
Conservation Organizations
Conservation Organizations (continued)
Fraternal Organizations
Veterans Service Organizations


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Audi takes lead in automated driving, but others wary to follow
German carmaker Audi is taking a lead in bringing more automated driving to roads, but rivals seem in no rush to follow while legal and regulatory uncertainties still cloud the technology.
At the Frankfurt car show, Audi paraded the A8 which can drive itself under certain conditions, help the driver to change lanes and does not require drivers to monitor the road – though they must be ready to intervene at the sound of an alarm.
On a scale where zero is a fully manual car and five a fully autonomous one, the A8 is a level three, putting it ahead of level two features offered by Tesla and General Motors (GM).
Struggling to emerge from the shadow of parent Volkswagen's diesel emissions scandal, Audi is badly in need of a new prestige model and a marketing coup.
"It's gratifying that we are able to set a positive sign for real 'Vorsprung durch Technik'," said research and development chief Peter Mertens, referring to Audi's advertising slogan meaning "advancement through technology".
But with special approval still required almost everywhere to drive such a car, and question marks over how quickly the driver has to take back control – and who is responsible during handover – some rivals are sceptical the market is ready.
"Who will accept to pay for something that they can use only in extremely limited conditions?" asked Didier Leroy, European chairman of Japanese carmaker Toyota.
"The fact that Audi is introducing this one now doesn't mean that we will rush in the coming months to say that we are able to do it too. That is not our logic," he told Reuters at the car show.
Among the A8's new features is the "traffic jam pilot", which can completely control driving at up to 60 kilometres (37 miles) per hour on a divided highway.
The German company expects customers will be able to use all the model's self-driving functions next year or in 2019. It is applying for approval country by country, starting with Germany, a spokesman said during the show.
Audi thus hopes to leapfrog Tesla, whose Autopilot technology suffered a major blow when a driver using it was killed in a crash, and GM, whose Super Cruise feature to be offered this autumn will allow limited hands-off driving at highway speeds on limited access roads like dual carriageways.
In the wake of the crash, Tesla said the driver was using Autopilot in conditions for which it was not intended, and U.S. regulators said automakers should take steps to make sure semi-autonomous systems are not misused.
Regulatory regimes vary widely across the world and, in the United States, even from state to state, creating a headache for manufacturers. Some authorities would rather they held back.
"We're very concerned about the idea that drivers will be encouraged to pay even less attention than they already are and that manufacturers are rolling out these systems without existing federal standards," Linda Bailey, executive director of the U.S. National Association of City Transportation Officials, told Reuters.
Florida, seen as the least restrictive state, has essentially legalised all forms of autonomous driving without the need for a permit or insurance requirements. New York, at the other end of the spectrum, has a law that demands drivers always have at least one hand on the wheel.
Michael Jellen, president of Velodyne, which develops lidar sensing technology that is used in autonomous cars, said the industry still had a long way to go.
"When they truly launch a hands-free, driver disengagement system, that's when we think (the industry) will have evolved," he said in an interview. "Today, when someone has their hands on the wheel and their foot ready to brake, I call that driving."
In Europe, Germany is the pioneer, having passed a law in May that legalises autonomous driving in principle as long as a licensed driver is behind the wheel – although approval still has to be sought for individual models.
German politicians hope to persuade the European Union to adopt common regulations to speed adoption of autonomous driving and prevent self-driving systems from having to switch themselves off or change parameters when they encounter national borders – so-called geofencing.
German Transport Minister Alexander Dobrindt hosted ministers from France and Luxembourg at the Frankfurt show on Thursday to establish a cross-border testing ground.
In an attempt to address one area of uncertainty, Audi says it will assume liability for any accidents that happen when its automated driving technology is in use.
But it will come at a price.
While Audi has not yet fixed premiums for level three technology, the base price for the A8 without optional extra technology is already 90,600 euros ($108,000).
Though level three, unlike level two, means theoretically the driver need no longer monitor the road while the car is in charge, the need to potentially jump in to take control limits the activities the driver can do when not in charge.
A risk is that drivers relax their guard too much.
"It sets an expectation to the driver that the computer is in control – that's what level three means. It means I can sit back and read a book," said Gartner analyst Mike Ramsey.
Autopilot features have long been used in aeroplanes, but the situation is very different there, where a pilot typically has plenty of time to react.
"It's very, very rare to face another plane coming just in front of you and just to react in two seconds to avoid a crash. In the car, it's possible," Toyota's Leroy said.
Even then, the hand-off from computer to pilot can be bungled, resulting in crashes such as an Asiana flight into San Francisco in 2013 that killed three people and injured scores.
Some question the worth of introducing level three at all at this stage.
German automotive supplier Continental, with 1.2 billion euros in assisted driving component sales last year, said industry experts were questioning whether the grey zone in which neither the driver nor the car was clearly in control could be overcome.
"There is a discussion going on at the moment as to whether one shouldn't skip level three after implementing level two," Chief Executive Elmar Degenhart told Reuters at the show.
Bosch, the world's biggest automotive supplier, said it was seeing great demand for level three technology.
Yet at its presentation at the show, it did not talk about autonomous driving in general, but rather only particular applications to solve particular problems, such as an automated valet parking garage it has built with Mercedes maker Daimler in Stuttgart, which should go into service next year.
"Everything we do in driver assistance has a mass-market use," Bosch mobility chief Rolf Bulander said. "We're not interested in inventing things that will become reality only in a decade."
France's PSA Group, which is developing autonomous driving technology with partners for its future Peugeot, Citroen, Opel and DS vehicles, said there was still value in technology that needed human oversight and regular intervention – with the right framework of rules.
"It still allows you to send and receive emails or read, even while staying on the alert," programmes and strategy chief Patrice Lucas told Reuters. "The biggest hurdles are regulatory."


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Qualifications of Signers
Signatories are approved for inclusion in the Petition Project list if they have obtained formal educational degrees at the level of Bachelor of Science or higher in appropriate scientific fields. The petition has been circulated only in the United States.
The current list of petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees. Most of the MD and DVM signers also have underlying degrees in basic science.
All of the listed signers have formal educations in fields of specialization that suitably qualify them to evaluate the research data related to the petition statement. Many of the signers currently work in climatological, meteorological, atmospheric, environmental, geophysical, astronomical, and biological fields directly involved in the climate change controversy.
The Petition Project classifies petition signers on the basis of their formal academic training, as summarized below. Scientists often pursue specialized fields of endeavor that are different from their formal education, but their underlying training can be applied to any scientific field in which they become interested.
Outlined below are the numbers of Petition Project signatories, subdivided by educational specialties. These have been combined, as indicated, into seven categories.
1. Atmospheric, environmental, and Earth sciences includes 3,805 scientists trained in specialties directly related to the physical environment of the Earth and the past and current phenomena that affect that environment.
2. Computer and mathematical sciences includes 935 scientists trained in computer and mathematical methods. Since the human-caused global warming hypothesis rests entirely upon mathematical computer projections and not upon experimental observations, these sciences are especially important in evaluating this hypothesis.
3. Physics and aerospace sciences include 5,812 scientists trained in the fundamental physical and molecular properties of gases, liquids, and solids, which are essential to understanding the physical properties of the atmosphere and Earth.
4. Chemistry includes 4,822 scientists trained in the molecular interactions and behaviors of the substances of which the atmosphere and Earth are composed.
5. Biology and agriculture includes 2,965 scientists trained in the functional and environmental requirements of living things on the Earth.
6. Medicine includes 3,046 scientists trained in the functional and environmental requirements of human beings on the Earth.
7. Engineering and general science includes 10,102 scientists trained primarily in the many engineering specialties required to maintain modern civilization and the prosperity required for all human actions, including environmental programs.
The following outline gives a more detailed analysis of the signers' educations.
Atmosphere, Earth, & Environment (3,805)
1. Atmosphere (579)
I) Atmospheric Science (112)
II) Climatology (39)
III) Meteorology (343)
IV) Astronomy (59)
V) Astrophysics (26)
2. Earth (2,240)
I) Earth Science (94)
II) Geochemistry (63)
III) Geology (1,684)
IV) Geophysics (341)
V) Geoscience (36)
VI) Hydrology (22)
3. Environment (986)
I) Environmental Engineering (487)
II) Environmental Science (253)
III) Forestry (163)
IV) Oceanography (83)
Computers & Math (935)
1. Computer Science (242)
2. Math (693)
I) Mathematics (581)
II) Statistics (112)
Physics & Aerospace (5,812)
1. Physics (5,225)
I) Physics (2,365)
II) Nuclear Engineering (223)
III) Mechanical Engineering (2,637)
2. Aerospace Engineering (587)
Chemistry (4,822)
1. Chemistry (3,129)
2. Chemical Engineering (1,693)
Biochemistry, Biology, & Agriculture (2,965)
1. Biochemistry (744)
I) Biochemistry (676)
II) Biophysics (68)
2. Biology (1,438)
I) Biology (1,049)
II) Ecology (76)
III) Entomology (59)
IV) Zoology (149)
V) Animal Science (105)
3. Agriculture (783)
I) Agricultural Science (296)
II) Agricultural Engineering (114)
III) Plant Science (292)
IV) Food Science (81)
Medicine (3,046)
1. Medical Science (719)
2. Medicine (2,327)
General Engineering & General Science (10,102)
1. General Engineering (9,833)
I) Engineering (7,280)
II) Electrical Engineering (2,169)
III) Metallurgy (384)
2. General Science (269)


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Feeling Hopeful, Are You?
Today I'm breathing, aware of this beautiful world around me, grateful for the life I've created for myself, for all the beloveds supporting it, even the hard challenges before us. The air touches my skin and I'm alive! I know I'm alive because — I feel it!
Believe me, I know what it feels to be almost dead. Been there, done that. Not exactly an NDE but very close to it. And each moment I have breath in my lungs, I deeply treasure. I try to use each moment I'm given here to stay positive and focus on the great possibilities before me and the entire planet at this time. There are so many wonderful opportunities constantly presenting, going on, I can't begin to list them here. You know. Just look around you and count your blessings. Why waste time being negative? I don't get it.
We're approaching a momentous day here in the States. Instead of being depressed, angry or filled with trepidation, I feel very strongly that each individual is being called upon — right here and NOW — to step up and DO something. Where? In your own heart. Your own community, your own interest group. Your participation in humankind's betterment is needed now, much more so had our presidential election gone the other way. That's right, folks! The positive outlook this planet, and our country specifically, has before it is up to each and every one of us. Personally, I think it's much better for individuals to be involved, rather than "let the government do all the work."
Instead of Washington, I'm thinking about how great places like Matchu Picchu are!
If we keep a positive outlook, and therefore keep our minds and hearts open to the next, and the next, and the next opportunity to better ourselves and our surroundings — instead of relying on the government to "do it for us" — we will continue to grow in our every upward spiral of good intentions, health and healing of all kinds, exactly what the entire world needs most right now. Give government controls their due. They are NOT our parents, our souls, our consciences. They govern. That means exactly that. They make rules.If you don't like the rules then go out and change them, peacefully.
When we're grown up, we don't allow (we're not supposed to) our parents' ways to rule the way we live. The same with government. Live your life. Don't let the government tell you how to live. If you don't like the rules, then get involved with the rule-making process and help make changes.
Don't waste any more time being mad or sad. Take a breath and feel how ALIVE you are! Be so very grateful for each breath you're allotted. There's too much to do to wallow in pity, either for yourself personally, or for what you might feel is not what's supposed "to be."
Acceptance is the beginning of healing.
The Divine Law of the Universe, the energy that connects us all, has brought us to this moment right here, right now. There is no "mistake." There is no "negative" about change. The positive fact is our very existence, individually and as a collective whole, a democratic nation. I cherish every moment of my life. I know how fragile it is, to be alive. Any moment I might be gone from this realm, on to the next. And … then what? At my last breath I'd like to relax, knowing I contributed a helpful little bit to keep the positive momentum of our human evolution ever upward and forward. The way I'm feeling today, I will. I am at peace. Ommmm
Sending my love and comfort to all everywhere,
OmmmmmPeace, LordFlea aka teZa Lord


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Researchers believe that blood type can have a real influence on your health. In fact, blood type may be linked to a risk of developing certain diseases. The American Red Cross notes that common blood types are A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- with the differences of the various blood types being the presence or absence of certain molecules called A or B antigens, as well as a protein called the Rh factor. These differing antigens make an effect beyond more than just your blood type.
So what determines your blood type? Heredity. One's natural parents determine the type of blood you have. Many combinations can be made from parents and in fact if both parents have the same blood type, this may not necessarily mean that their child will have the same type as them. Parents who both are type A may have a type A or type O child. And parents who both have type B may have a child with either type B or O. Yet parents that are both type O will probably have an O type child. If parents have a combination of type A and type B, a child may be A, B or O blood type.
Donating blood is a great way to learn your blood type if you do not know what blood type you are. It is reported that each year 4.5 million lives are saved with blood transfusions. Human blood cannot be manufactured, people are the only source of it and that is why it is important to donate blood to help those who need it. O negative blood can be used for any blood transfusion and there is always a demand for it.
Here are four ways your blood type and your health may be connected:
Heart Attack and Heart Disease
It seems clear that your blood type is related to your heart since the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body. Your blood type can increase the risk for conditions such as heart attack and heart disease. There is a gene called the ABO gene — a gene that is present in people with A, B, or AB blood types. The only blood type that doesn't have this gene is type O. If you have the ABO gene and especially if you live in an area with high pollution levels, you may be at a greater risk of heart attack than those who don't have the gene. This same gene can also raise your risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD develops when the arteries that supply blood to and from your heart harden and narrow, which can lead to a heart attack if they become blocked. Non-O blood types have 25 to 30 percent higher levels of blood-clotting proteins (known as von Willebrand factor and factor VIII). Those added blood clotting proteins means that people with A, B or AB blood types also have a 15 percent greater risk of dying from heart disease when compared to people with O blood types.
Brain Function and Memory Loss
The ABO gene also has an effect on brain function and memory loss. People who have A, B, and AB blood types are up to 80 percent more likely to develop cognition and memory problems (which can lead to dementia) compared to those with O blood type. Scientists believe the reason for this memory loss is the fact that the clotting proteins in the non-O blood type can lead to conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. These conditions can cause cognitive impairment and dementia. Blood type has been connected with strokes which can occur when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted.
There are many factors that have been connected with an increased risk of cancer. However, people with Type A blood have been found to have a higher risk of stomach cancer specifically, compared to those with other blood types. The ABO gene present in non-O blood types may play a role with this heightened cancer risk, as well. This gene has been linked to other cancers including lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, liver, and cervical cancers. This correlation has been researched for many years, and while studies continue to show a connection, there is no definitive explanation as to why the ABO gene might raise your risk for some cancers.
People with a blood type of A or B have an approximately 21 percent greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those with type O, according to a recent study. Those who were B positive had the highest odds. While scientists are not exactly sure why, one thought is that the blood type may influence the GI microbiome, which can affect glucose metabolism and inflammation.


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Great Party Ideas South Venice
Great Party Ideas South Venice contact Dance Heads to make any event fun. We make any party a night to remember. People of all ages are enthusiastic about taking part in Dance Heads. You enjoy watching peers do it too. This popular entertainment has been used at holiday parties, birthdays, weddings and dance parties.
Dance Heads superimposes the heads of up to 3 participants onto professional dancers bodies. The heads are enlarged, and you sing and dance to the most popular hits of all time. It's not just lip-syncing, not just karaoke, it's more! The outrageous effect is completed with animated backgrounds, professional choreography and creative costuming.
With Dance Heads a flat screen monitor or projection screens allow delighted viewers to join participants in their joy of becoming instant singing and dancing stars. Each participant receives a video of their performance sent via email. This way they can share the fun for years to come! In South Venice Dance Heads is the best idea for your party.
For Great Party Ideas South Venice contact Dance Heads. Dance Heads of South Florida serves Bradenton, Lakewood Ranch, Longboat Key, Lido Key, Anna Maria, Sarasota, Siesta Key, Osprey, Nokomis, North Port, Venice, South Venice and South Florida.


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GIBBON Workshop WCB 2018
Time: Saturday 7th of July, 9:30am-12:30pm
Location: PAC room, Basement level 2, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2.
Contact details: Dr. Kevin Moerman, MIT Media Lab, ([email protected])
Registration link: https://goo.gl/forms/3NUtYR15sM4F13bq1
Join this workshop to learn about GIBBON: a FREE and open-source MATLAB toolbox for segmentation, image-based modelling, visualization, meshing, and finite element analysis. GIBBON includes an array of image and geometry visualization and processing tools and is interfaced with free open source software such as TetGen, for robust tetrahedral meshing, and FEBio for finite element analysis. The combination provides a highly flexible image-based modelling environment and enables advanced inverse finite element analysis.
Learning objectives
Through this workshop you will be introduced to:
- Finding GIBBON documentation and running demos
- Obtaining surface geometry from 3D image data
- Optimizing surface meshes through smoothening and remeshing
- Performing tetrahedral meshing using GIBBON and TetGen
- Specifying finite element model boundary conditions in GIBBON
- Running GIBBON coded FEBio models from MATLAB
What to bring/install
1) Please bring your own laptop.
2) Have MATLAB installed (the latest preferred or at least R2016)
3) Have FEBio installed
4) Have GIBBON installed
5) Have a text editor installed which is able to view large XML files, e.g. Atom or NotePad++
Get started right now!
- Explore the GIBBON website
- Install GIBBON
- Check out the README and the getting started section.
- Find the project on GitHub and learn how you can contribute!


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Special edition Santa Hat three piece bath bomb mold press. This listing includes 3 pieces-(1) Santa hat shaped top mold, (1) Santa hat flat bottom mold, & (1) body/cylinder.
• Made to order in a random color
• Measurements:
• Specified in listing options
• Sized from the highest point at the top to the lowest point at the bottom (see picture for details)
• Measurements are always taken from the inside lip/edge
• Available to be 3D Printed with Standard.
Our standard materials are basic plastics, such as PLA. Standard is heat sensitive, must be hand washed in cool water, cannot soak in any liquids, and may need to be sanded smooth over time. You may need to add a mold release product (cyclomethicone, isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol, etc) to the mold to help cleanly remove your mixture.
• Available to be 3D Printed with Professional.
Professional materials are made from engineering grade materials, such as ABS, Polycarbonate, or other composites. Professional has a high heat resistance, can be washed in the top rack of your dishwasher, is very lightweight, and should not need any additional sanding. It is extremely rare to need to add a mold release product to cleanly remove your mixture from a Professional mold. This is a part of our Professional Series of products.
• The inner curve of the molds may need to be hand sanded, so may appear dull in order to make a smooth finish on your product. This does not alter the quality of the press.
• This is a manual, hand press and not recommended for a pneumatic/electric press. Please contact use the "Request a custom order" feature if you would like molds for a pneumatic/electric press.
• Do you have questions about how to use your mold? Please join us at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/TheMakerShoppe/
Would you like to order multiple mold presses?
Please contact TheMakerShoppe for a shipping quote. A bulk order may decrease the listed shipping price for international orders.
How are custom fees, taxes, or VAT handled for international orders?
Please note that international buyers are responsible for any customs fees, taxes, or VAT their country may impose; it is against Etsy policy for seller to pay for such fees. In accordance with import laws and regulations, all items shipped internationally cannot be marked as gifts. I have indicated shipping times to my best estimate, but please know they are only estimates, and not guarantees. Delays through customs are also beyond my control. Please contact your local customs office for further details.
Would you like this item in printed in a different material for various crafts such as pottery, ceramics, and candy making?
We are able to print in most colors currently available in ABS, HIPS, Nylon, PETG, PLA, Polycarbonate, PVA, and PVB, TPU in low/medium/high elasticity). We also stock wood, carbon fiber, glitter/sparkle, organic/natural fiber, glow in the dark, copper, stainless steel, bronze, and metallic composites. TPU in low, medium, and high elasticity and fiberglass loaded filament is also available for your print. We can also print with your spool with an additional shipping cost. Please use the "Request a custom order" feature at the top of this listing below the pictures to request a different material.
TheMakerShoppe works hard to ensure your order is correct. If there are any issues with your order, please let us know and give us the chance to make it right. Our goal is to make you happy with your order.
***Do you love your item from TheMakerShoppe? If we use your submitted picture in a TheMakerShoppe Etsy listing, we will send you a discount code for future purchases!***
Thank you for checking out our listing!


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Prostate stimulation so good it`s.......Bad! Bad-Boy is a new combined prostate and perineum stimulator. The design is based on the now famous Rude-Boy but has added contours to provide a more fulfilling sensation for the more experienced user. Produced using soft and flexible medical grade silicone Bad-Boy is comfortable to use and 100% hypoallergenic for your safe enjoyment. Bad-Boy includes the RO-80MM Power Bullet that can be removed allowing the silicone to be thoroughly cleaned after use.
All Items Ship within 1 Business Day


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Take WordPress and other BusinessHub projects to phones and tablets by developing Open Source mobile apps and the systems that power them. Work on future versions of WordPress, Simplenote, and other native apps for iOS and Android.
Were looking for an experienced web developer to work on a major new product line. As an early member of this team, you will play a key role in building out the architecture, developing the application and adding innovative data visualizations.You'll have the opportunity to work as a full stack developer, from the API services and database access layer, up through client side JavaScript.
The kinds of people we're looking for have:
- Strong programming skills in Objective-C, Java, or both, with deep knowledge of development for iOS and/or Android.
- Substantial mobile experience developing user interfaces, low-level systems (like storage and networking), or both.
- Experience developing and launching at least one high quality app.
- Familiarity with backend technologies and how to interface with them. Backend development experience is a plus.
- Opinionated about products, with good user experience instincts.
Does this sound interesting? If yes, please send a short email to jobs@thisdomain telling us about yourself and attach a résumé. Let us know what you can contribute to the team. Include the title of the position you're applying for and your name in the subject. Proofread! Make sure you spell and capitalize WordPress and Automattic correctly. We are lucky to receive hundreds of applications for every position, so try to make your application stand out. If you apply for multiple positions or send multiple emails there will be one reply.


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Spectacle has been observing and documenting the so called "regeneration" of London over the past 20 years, which has largely resulted in the displacement of local people, the break up of communities, the creation of gated communities and privatisation of public space. This process will lead to London becoming like Paris, where only the rich can afford to live in the city centre and the poor are pushed out to the suburban perimeter, with its associated rise in social tension and social segregation. The pursuit of profits by the privileged few is achieved at the cost of social cohesion, equality of opportunity and quality of life for the many. It is time our elected representatives, instead of being the midwife to such monstrous developments, took a stand to protect their less resourced citizens. But sadly most people in politics see it as a short cut to getting their legs under the boardroom tables and sharing the spoils. They are blind to more benign, alternative ways to really socially regenerate areas.
Peckham, London
We have been closely monitoring the developments surrounding the corporate plans for Peckham Rye Station and the surrounding area. Since January this year we have been filming and interviewing many of those affected by the Network Rail, Greater London Authority and Southwark Council plans.
In mid-May we will be submitting the first edition of our findings in a short, campaign film at a community awareness meeting in central Peckham. The meeting will aim to inform as many people as possible about the events unfolding in the area, as the level of consultation so far has been weak. The film will illustrate some of the devastating effects the redevelopment will have on independent businesses, the growing arts scene in Peckham and the vibrant cohesive community as a whole.
More generally, we are in the process of making a longer documentary dedicated to the story in Peckham, which will touch on corporate redevelopment of London, gentrification and the power of community.
If you would like to know more, are interested in sharing your experiences, or would like to contribute to our film about the Peckham Rye Station Redevelopment Project, just email: firstname.lastname@example.com
See Peckham for more blogs and information.
Or visit PlanA, our general blog on urbanism, planning and architecture.
Spectacle homepage
Like Spectacle Documentaries on Facebook
Follow SpectacleMedia on Twitter


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To add to My Foods: search for a food and click on 'Save to My Foods' from the food's page.
You must be logged in to view My Foods
Use the above search to find the nutritional data on thousands of food items.
You may search for simple food items, such as fruits and vegetables including apples, bananas and oranges, as well as more exotic items like gruyere cheese or octopus. Our database also contains nutritional information for many store-bought brands, such as Campbell's soups, Quaker or Kellogg's cereals and Lean Cuisine frozen meals. Also find nutritional data for some of your favorite items from fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Burger King and Taco Bell.
All data is taken from the United States Department of Agriculture's Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL). More information pertaining to the source of the data can be found at the NDL home page.
You can view the top 100 most searched food items at the top 100 page.
You can also browse our nutritional information with the food categories page.
Start using WeightChart.com today to record, visualize and track your weight quickly and privately.


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So you're writing a Python script and you are launching some other external command.
To achieve that, you are using the subprocess.Popen command, right.
But the subprocess is very slow, and it outputs data during it runtime, so you would like to output this data to the user as well, so that the user does not wait for the end of the subprocess before getting the information?
Example of a slow subprocess:
#!/bin/bash for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6; do sleep 5 && echo "${i}th output" && echo "err output num ${i}" >&2; done
Well, that's fairly easy, just redirect the subprocess's stdout to your own stdout:
import sys from subprocess import Popen Popen("./slow_cmd_output.sh", stdout=sys.stdout, stderr=sys.stderr).communicate()
Although the catch here is the .communicate(). This will allow your program to wait for the end of the subprocess before executing the next line of code. So that your programm does not terminate execution before its subprocess, for instance.
Not that if you want to deamonize the script / zombify it, you can remove the .communicate() and the redirection of stdout and stderr will still work after your program's termination.


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By CHRIS MENIST
Techno wasn't the first music to utilise electronics. Drum machines and synths had been used by artists such as Sly Stone, Giorgio Moroder, Sun Ra and Miles Davis, as well as this emerging music's most obvious antecedents, Kraftwerk. But as technology shrunk and became more affordable, thus allowing home studios to flourish on a wider scale, the machines started to generate more music than ever before.
At the end of the 70s, high school graduate Juan Atkins attended Washtenaw County Community College to study music. A fan of Parliament/Funkadelic, as well as the electronic music emerging out of Europe, he had already started to fuse these key influences in early experimental recordings. The course would bring him into contact with his first musical partner Rick Davis and between them they would start to lay the roots of techno.
The first release from the duo, calling themselves Cybotron, was Alleys Of Your Mind, a kind of electronic tribute to paranoia, voiced by Atkins and written by Davis, which they put out themselves on the Deep Space label. Alleys... proved to be a local hit and ended up being picked up by the Fantasy label. The duo went on to record an album for the label, Enter, before separating, as well as a handful of singles which saw the music crossing over from stark song structures to extended grooves more focussed on the dance floor: Cosmic Cars, Techno City and, perhaps their best known track, Clear, also cited as one of the first 'electro' records. Despite similar music tastes, Davis, a huge fan of Hendrix, wanted to lace the tracks with long guitar solos (check Industrial Lies) and generally take the group in a more rock'n'roll direction. Atkins, however, wished to continue exploring the pure electronic route. "I used to read a lot of sci-fi, Alvin Toffler's Future Shock, The Third Way and uh music's just a natural progression for me, man."
After branching off on his own, Atkins pursued the imprint of Clear, taking the basic 4/4 drum pattern, layering it with intricate rhythmic programming and washes of synth. He was taking his concept of 'electronic funk' a stage further. No UFOs came next, and was released on Atkins' own label Metroplex.
Whilst still with Cybotron, Atkins had become friends, via his brother Aaron, with two people who would go on to be key figures in the Detroit techno scene: Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson. The track Let's Go, (the remixes of which are included on this compilation), was the former's first appearance on wax. He would go on to make seminal tunes such as Strings Of Life, Nude Photo and The Dance.
Twenty-five years later, parts of Cybotron's vision have aged better than others. That it laid the foundation for the many strands of techno the world over today is not in doubt


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24 Hours Lead Time On Most Items
All MaestroBath stocked inventory is located in Newport Beach and most items will be shipped within 24 hours
Flexible Return Policy
In case customer is not satisfied with the purchased product for any reason, as long as no installation attempts were done, within 21 days, customer can simply return it to us for full refund
MaestroBath Offers 3 years of warranty on all purchased sinks and faucets
Customer Reviews
We are proud to announce that we won Best of Houzz award for Customer Satisfaction. Here are what our customer had to say about our products and services
Lucent 63" luxury Mirror Murano glass bathroom vanity masterpiece brings royalty and Italian artisanship to your bathroom and inspires luxury and extravagance as well as tranquility and calmness. It is made of the highest grade wood and MDF material to provide longer durability and submit more quality. Lucent 63" high-end mirror Murano glass bathroom vanity has a soft-closing drawer, which provides automatic stop functionality and prevents accidental damage. Lucent 63" fancy mirror Murano bathroom vanity comes with one pre-drilled sink and faucet hole. Its mesmerizing mirror finish inspires a sense of prestige, sophistication, value, and elegance. A matching mirror for the vanity is also available. Lucent 63" unique mirror bathroom vanity comes in an optional Tempered Pre-Fabricated Reflective Glass countertop or Tempered Reflective Glass Integrated Sink. This particular SKU is for the flat glass top.
- Wallmount or Floating Installation
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- Soft Close Drawer
- Rear opening for ease of installation
- Long-lasting and highly durable, built to last a lifetime
Width: 18.5 inches
Height-depth: 18.1 inches
Material: Wood Covered in Murano Glass


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A remarkable observation by astronomers from the University of Southampton has been published in one of the world's foremost astrophysics research journals.
The research by Professor Phil Charles, Professor Malcolm Coe and postgraduate student Liz Bartlett has appeared in The Astrophysical Journal that is devoted to recent developments, discoveries, and theories in astronomy and astrophysics. The Southampton Physics and Astronomy team are part of a global collaboration – with colleagues in Taiwan, South Africa, Poland, Australia and Italy – that has revealed that bright X-ray flares in nearby galaxies, once assumed to indicate the presence of black holes, can in fact be produced by white dwarfs.
They made the discovery by detecting a dramatic, short-lived X-ray flare that was picked up by an X-ray telescope on the International Space Station.
Using optical telescopes in South Africa and Chile, the Southampton astronomers showed that the flare, called XRF111111 as it happened on 11 November, 2011, was located in the Small Magellanic Cloud. These Magellanic Clouds are between 160,000 and 200,000 light years away and are the nearest satellite galaxies to the Milky Way. They are visible to the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere.
The flare from XRF111111 was so luminous that astronomers initially thought it was likely to be a black hole producing X-rays but further research by Phil and his team revealed that its X-ray temperature was so low that it had to be a white dwarf instead.
White dwarfs are very common, burnt-out cinders of normal stars like the Sun that are typically about one solar mass but are contained in a volume no bigger than the Earth.
However, white dwarfs were not considered capable of producing such a huge X-ray flash but the optical observations in South Africa and Chile showed that the white dwarf was orbiting a hot B star – a normal star about 10 times the mass of our Sun that is much hotter and brighter. This was something that had only been seen twice previously and both times with much lower X-ray luminosities.
Research by Professor Charles and his team revealed that material was probably collecting on the surface of the white dwarf from the B star and eventually underwent runaway thermonuclear burning that was seen on Earth as a nova explosion.
Professor Charles says: "Our observations show that the thermonuclear burning probably caused a shell of matter to be ejected from around the white dwarf and when the shell hit the hot wind of the B star it produced a huge shock leading to the X-ray flash that was seen on the International Space Station.
"We think that this incredible X-ray flash was not due to accretion onto a black hole but was instead due to a nova explosion on a white dwarf that took place close to a hot massive star. This was something that we, as astronomers, have never seen before.
"This surprising result shows that, in the right circumstances, white dwarfs are capable of mimicking black holes, the most luminous objects we know of."
A paper led by Ray Li, from the National Tsing Hua University, in Taiwan, describing these new results will appear in the 20 December issue of The Astrophysical Journal.


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Discover how you can take advantage of this month's special offers on our Maserati models.
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Neanderthals more advanced than previously thought
For decades scientists believed Neanderthals developed `modern' tools and ornaments solely through contact with Homo sapiens, but new research from the University of Colorado Denver now shows these sturdy ancients could adapt, innovate and evolve technology on their own.
Source : http://www.physorg.com/news204308568.html
The findings by anthropologist Julien Riel-Salvatore challenge a half-century of conventional wisdom maintaining that Neanderthals were thick-skulled, primitive `cavemen' overrun and outcompeted by more advanced modern humans arriving in Europe from Africa.
"Basically, I am rehabilitating Neanderthals," said Riel-Salvatore, assistant professor of anthropology at UC Denver. "They were far more resourceful than we have given them credit for."
His research, to be published in December's Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, was based on seven years of studying Neanderthal sites throughout Italy, with special focus on the vanished Uluzzian culture.
About 42,000 years ago, the Aurignacian culture, attributed to modern Homo sapiens, appeared in northern Italy while central Italy continued to be occupied by Neanderthals of the Mousterian culture which had been around for at least 100,000 years. At this time a new culture arose in the south, one also thought to be created by Neanderthals. They were the Uluzzian and they were very different.
Riel-Salvatore identified projectile points, ochre, bone tools, ornaments and possible evidence of fishing and small game hunting at Uluzzian archeological sites throughout southern Italy. Such innovations are not traditionally associated with Neanderthals, strongly suggesting that they evolved independently, possibly due to dramatic changes in climate. More importantly, they emerged in an area geographically separated from modern humans.
"My conclusion is that if the Uluzzian is a Neanderthal culture it suggests that contacts with modern humans are not necessary to explain the origin of this new behavior. This stands in contrast to the ideas of the past 50 years that Neanderthals had to be acculturated to humans to come up with this technology," he said. "When we show Neanderthals could innovate on their own it casts them in a new light. It `humanizes' them if you will."
Thousands of years ago, southern Italy experienced a shift in climate, becoming increasingly open and arid, said Riel-Salvatore. Neanderthals living there faced a stark choice of adapting or dying out. The evidence suggests they began using darts or arrows to hunt smaller game to supplement the increasingly scarce larger mammals they traditionally hunted.
"The fact that Neanderthals could adapt to new conditions and innovate shows they are culturally similar to us," he said. "Biologically they are also similar. I believe they were a subspecies of human but not a different species."
The powerfully built Neanderthals were first discovered in Germany's Neander Valley in 1856. Exactly who they were, how they lived and why they vanished remains unclear.
Research shows they contributed between 1 and 4 percent of their genetic material to the people of Asia and Europe. Riel-Salvatore rejects the theory that they were exterminated by modern humans. Homo sapiens might simply have existed in larger groups and had slightly higher birthrates, he said.
"It is likely that Neanderthals were absorbed by modern humans," he said. "My research suggests that they were a different kind of human, but humans nonetheless. We are more brothers than distant cousins."
Provided by University of Colorado Denver.