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In this prepublication excerpt from his 2014 book Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict, TNR senior editor John Judis related the little-known story of President Harry Truman's opposition to the creation of a Jewish state. The United States ended up recognizing Israel in May 1948, but Truman did so reluctantly, preferring instead an Arab-Jewish federation or binational state. After Truman relented and recognized Israel, he expressed private frustration with "the manner in which the Jews are handling the refugee problem." This buried history was highly relevant to Middle East unrest in 2014 and even more so to the war unfolding in Gaza today.
—Michael Tomasky, editor, The New Republic
In November 1953, after he had left the presidency, Harry Truman traveled to New York to be feted at the Jewish Theological Seminary. When his old friend Eddie Jacobson introduced him as "the man who helped create the state of Israel," Truman responded, "What do you mean 'helped to create'? I am Cyrus." Truman was referring to the Persian King who overthrew the Babylonians in 593 B.C.E. and helped the Jews, who had been held captive in Babylon, return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple.
In his Memoirs, published in 1956, Truman cast himself as a consistent proponent of the Jewish state, and some of his noted biographers have followed suit. In Truman, David McCullough writes that when Truman recognized the new state of Israel in May 1948, he had "no regrets" about what "he achieved." Truman's reputed devotion to Israel has become the standard by which subsequent president's commitment is measured. In 1982, Richard Nixon described Ronald Reagan as the "most pro-Israel president since Truman." A Boston Globe editorial in 1998 described Bill Clinton as "the most pro-Israel president since Harry Truman." In 2009, Charles Krauthammer described George W. Bush as "the most pro-Israel president since Harry Truman." And Vice President Joseph Biden declared in 2012 that "no president since Harry Truman has done more for Israel's security than Barack Obama."
To be sure, Truman had no regrets about Israel after he left office. Israeli Prime Minister Ben Gurion recounted how when, during a meeting in New York in 1961, he praised the former president for his "constant sympathy with our aims in Israel … tears suddenly sprang to his eyes." But in the years leading up to, and in the months following, American recognition of Israel in May 1948, Truman was filled with doubt and regret about his role. The rosy portrayal of Truman's unquestioning commitment to and constant sympathy with Israel, which is often linked to a picture of the younger Truman as a Christian Zionist, is dead wrong.
As president, Truman initially opposed the creation of a Jewish state. Instead, he tried to promote an Arab-Jewish federation or binational state. He finally gave up in 1947 and endorsed the partition of Palestine into separate states, but he continued to express regret in private that he had not achieved his original objective, which he blamed most often on the "unwarranted interference" of American Zionists. After he had recognized the new state, he pressed the Israeli government to negotiate with the Arabs over borders and refugees; and expressed his disgust with "the manner in which the Jews are handling the refugee problem."
Of course, there were good reasons why Truman failed to achieve a federated or binational Palestine, and I don't intend by recounting Truman's qualms to suggest that he was wrong to recognize Israel. But Truman's misgivings about a Jewish state and later about the Israeli stance on borders and refugees were not baseless. Truman was guided by moral precepts and political principles and concerns about America's role in the Middle East that remain highly relevant today. Understanding his qualms is not just a matter of setting the historical record straight. It's also about understanding why resolving the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians needs to be high on America's diplomatic agenda.
Some of the same people who portray Truman as a dependable supporter of a Jewish state also describe him as having been a proto-Zionist or a Christian Zionist along the lines of Britain's Arthur Balfour or David Lloyd George, who in 1917 got the British government to champion a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Truman biography Michael T. Benson says that Truman's support for Israel was an "outgrowth of the president's religious upbringing and his familiarity with the Bible." But Truman's love for the Bible was partly based on his flawed eyesight. The family Bible, with its extra large print, was one of the few books at home the young Truman could read. By his teens, Truman's favorite author was the irreverent Mark Twain, and like Twain, he would come to have no patience with religious piety.
Truman was not a philo-Semite like Balfour or Lloyd George. He was skeptical of the idea that Jews were a chosen people. ("I never thought God picked any favorites," he wrote in his diary in 1945.) He had the ethnic prejudices of a small town Protestant Midwesterner from Independence, Missouri. He referred to New York City as "kike town" and complained about Jews being "very very` selfish." But Truman's prejudice was not exclusive to Jews (he contrasted "wops" as well as "Jews" with "white people") and did not infect his political views or his friendships with people like Eddie Jacobson, his original business partner in Kansas City. He was, his biographer Alonzo Hamby has written, "the American democrat, insistent on social equality, but suspicious of those who were unlike him."
There were two aspects of Truman's upbringing and early political outlook that shaped his view of a Jewish state. Truman grew up in a border state community that had been torn apart by the Civil War. That, undoubtedly, contributed to his skepticism about any arrangement that he thought could lead to civil war. And Truman, like his father, was an old-fashioned Democrat. His political heroes were Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, and he shared Jefferson's insistence on the separation of church and state. He blamed Europe's centuries of war on religious disputes, which, he said, "have caused more wars and feuds than money." That, too, contributed to his skepticism about a Jewish state.
When Truman assumed office in April 1945 after Franklin Roosevelt's death, he had little knowledge of Palestine and even less of what Roosevelt's policies in the region had been. What immediately concerned him was what to do about the Jewish refugees, the survivors of the Nazi's final solution, most of whom were stranded in ramshackle displaced person camps in Central Europe, and some of whom wanted to migrate to Palestine. Truman was deeply sympathetic to the Jews' plight and defied the British, who still controlled Palestine and were worried about the Arab reaction, by calling for 100,000 Jewish refugees to be let in.
Truman was first lobbied to back a Jewish state in September 1945 by Rabbis Abba Hillel Silver and Stephen Wise, the leaders of the American Zionist Emergency Council (AZEC), a coalition of Zionist groups. They urged him to support turning all of Palestine, which was about thirty percent Jewish, over to the Jews. Truman told them that he objected to a religious state, whether Catholic or Jewish. He also expressed fear that trying to establish one would lead to war. In November, Truman repeated his opposition to a Jewish state to a meeting of American diplomats in the Middle East. Proponents of a Jewish commonwealth, Truman said, "didn't give consideration to the international political situation in that area." In a December meeting with Jewish representatives, Truman said that "the government of Palestine should be a government of the people of Palestine irrespective of race, creed, or color."
That fall, Truman had agreed to a British proposal for an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry that would recommend solutions to the refugee crisis and the future of Palestine. The committee handed down its findings in the spring of 1946. It called on Britain to permit 100,000 refugees to enter Palestine, but also recommended that Palestine not become either a Jewish or an Arab state. It proposed instead that it continue under a United Nations trusteeship, administered presumably by Britain. That part of the proposal infuriated the Zionists who successfully lobbied Truman to withhold his endorsement of the plan, but Truman, who favored the idea, sent a State Department official Henry Grady to Britain to devise with British representative Herbert Morrison a specific plan for Palestine's future.
San Francisco Call Bulletin/University of California BerkeleyHarry Truman and Henry Grady at a dinner honoring the President.
Truman conferred regularly with Grady and in late July approved what was called the "Morrison-Grady Plan." It would establish a federated Palestine with autonomous Jewish and Arab regions. The British, or whoever the United Nations appointed, would retain control of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and the Negev until the Arabs and Jews, who would enjoy equal representation in a national legislature, were ready to rule all of Palestine without going to war with each other. Truman and State Department were eager to publicly endorse the plan, but Silver and the Zionist lobby mounted a furious campaign against the proposal.
The Zionist lobby, which itself could call on thousands of activists around the country, was joined by Democratic officials and White House aides who were worried that without the Jewish vote in New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Ohio, the Democrats could lose Congress that November. (At that time, New York was the important political prize, and the Jewish vote had proven decisive in New York elections.) At a cabinet meeting on July 30, Truman held up a stack of telegrams protesting Morrison-Grady that, according to Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace, was "four inches think." Speaking of the Zionists, Truman exclaimed, "Jesus Christ couldn't please them when he was here on earth, so how could anyone expect that I would have any luck?" Truman, who was sensitive to criticism from the British, insisted that he was immune to political pressure on Palestine, but he gave in, and failed to endorse the proposal he had helped to design.
Truman's defeat on the Morrison-Grady plan marked the end of his active involvement in trying to shape Palestine's future. From then on, Truman followed a pattern of fleeting involvement and resentful withdrawal. After agreeing under political pressure to take the Zionists' side, he would withdraw from the issue, leaving it to the State Department, which generally opposed the Zionists. The State Department would then take a position unfriendly to AZEC, and the Zionist lobby would begin pressuring Truman, using the threat of electoral defeat. With the 1948 presidential election looming, this threat was even more credible than in 1946. Truman and the Democrats had to worry not just about the Jewish vote, but also about fundraising from wealthy Jewish contributors. And they had to worry, too, not just about the Republican opponent, but about Progressive Party candidate Henry Wallace, who charged that a vote for Truman was a "vote to rebuild Nazi Germany." The political pressure would finally get to Truman, and the pattern would recur.
Thus, after having given in on Morrison-Grady in August 1946, Truman withdrew and turned his attention elsewhere. When the Jewish Agency in Paris issued a new proposal for partitioning Palestine—a breakthrough that occurred over AZEC's opposition—Truman initially refused to take a public stand, and assured a visiting diplomat that he still could only support "some local autonomy arrangement." But after visits from Democratic officials worried about Jewish support, lobbying from a major Jewish contributor, and the threat of a Zionist ad campaign against the Democrats, Truman gave in and issued a statement of support. Afterwards, however, a disgusted Truman washed his hands of the issue, writing to a Democratic National Committee official that "the situation is insoluble in my opinion."
When the British gave up and ceded Palestine's future to the U.N. in the winter of 1947, Truman and Secretary of State George Marshall initially attempted to take no position whatsoever. Finally, with the 1948 election only a year away, and telegrams, calls, and visits mounting, Truman, after tentatively backing a plan that would divide Palestine into parts roughly proportionate to the Jewish and Arab populations, agreed to help win support for a partition proposal that gave the Arabs only 40 percent of the lands. "I don't think I've ever had as much pressure put on the White House," Truman wrote in a letter. But after the U.N. passed the proposal in November 1947 and the Arabs took up arms, as the State Department had warned, Truman, resentful toward the "pressure boys," withdrew and let the State Department handle the repercussions.
That winter, the State Department, worried about the raging war, won Truman's tacit support for abandoning partition and reviving the idea of a U.N. trusteeship. But when America's U.N. representative introduced the proposal, the Zionist movement reacted sharply. The movement planned hundreds of nationwide rallies to take place on the evening of May 14, when the new state of Israel was supposed to be announced. Truman's political advisors warned that the rallies would be used to denounce the president. Truman once again gave in and agreed to recognize the new state that evening.
Yet throughout this period, Truman continued to admit privately that he preferred the Morrison-Grady plan for a federated Palestine and to blame AZEC and also (at various times), the British, the Jews in Palestine, and the Arabs for its abandonment. What's most remarkable is that he continued to insist Morrison-Grady was the right choice in the months before and after his having recognized the new state of Israel.
In February 1948, Truman told an American diplomat that in 1946 he had "found a sound approach … Grady had gone to London to get implemented but had failed because of British bullheadedness and the fanaticism of our New York Jews." On May 6, Truman told Rabbi Judah Magnes, the president of the Hebrew University, that it "was a thousand pities" that the Morrison-Grady plan "had not been carried out." "You Jews and your Arabs are spoiling things," he complained.
On May 15—the day after he recognized Israel—Truman wrote leftwing editor Bartley Crum, a supporter of the new state, that he thought "the report of the British-American Commission [sic] on Palestine was the correct solution, and, I think, eventually we are going to get it worked out just that way." On May 18, he told Dean Acheson, who was between jobs at the State Department, that in 1946 "we had the problem solved, but the emotional Jews of the United States and the equally emotional Arabs in Egypt and Syria prevented that settlement from taking place."
Months later, Truman was still at it. In early September, a delegation of Jewish War Veterans led by Brigadier Julius Klein visited the White House. Truman expected a handshake, a few photos, and a request to appear at the war veterans' next event, but what he got instead was strenuous lobbying by Klein for arms to Israel. An irritated Truman told the war veterans that he and the British "had agreed on the best possible solution for Palestine, and it was the Zionists who killed that plan by their opposition."
Was Truman right that Morrison-Grady was the "best possible solution" all along? Certainly, as an American, one has to believe that the best possible solution is one where peoples of different religions and nationalities get along in one country. And it remains, perhaps, an ideal solution, but it was not going to happen in those years after World War II. Even if one sets aside the fierce political opposition in the United States to the proposal, there were ample reasons why the plan for a federated or bi-national Palestine was not feasible.
The Arabs and Jews in Palestine both rejected the plan. The Arabs, who, in Rashid Khalidi's words, had been "envenomed" by their failed rebellion against Zionism and the British, saw the arrival of more Jewish immigrants as a harbinger to a Jewish-controlled Palestine, while the Jews saw any restriction on their sovereignty (or the size of their state within Palestine) as a threat to their survival in the wake of the Holocaust. Still, in the year before Britain gave up trying to mediate between the contending forces, there were hints of compromise from the Arabs and the Jews. What was finally lacking, however, was an outside power capable of imposing and then enforcing a compromise.
Britain was crippled by its war debts after World War II. It could no longer support an overseas military, and in February 1947 announced the withdrawal of its troops from Greece and Turkey. It threw the future of Palestine into the lap of the U.N. in the hope of being able to remove its troops from there, where it was in the midst of war with Zionist forces. The British believed they could only oversee Palestine if the United States contributed money and troops. They could have believed, with some justification, that they could intimidate the Arabs and that the Americans could intimidate the Jews into co-existing with each other. Truman, however, was willing to contribute money but not troops. The United States had undergone rapid demobilization after World War II, but the Cold War had begun. By 1947, Truman and the State Department were preoccupied with having enough troops to defend Europe against Soviet communism. As the final debate over partition was occurring in the United Nations, the U.S. was in the midst of the Berlin crisis with the Soviet Union. There was no support in the American government, or in the public, for sending troops to Palestine.
Truman rejected sending troops to enforce Morrison-Grady and later to enforce the original U.N. partition plan. Without American troops, the British and then the U.N. were powerless to prevent a civil war and to alter the final results, which left the Jews with almost 80 percent of Palestine, and the Palestinian Arabs stateless and dispersed as refugees throughout the region. Even with an American-led intervention force, the U.N. might still have been unable to prevent a civil war from breaking out or the subsequent war between Israel and the Arab states, but without such a force, there was simply no chance of realizing the Morrison-Grady plan or the original U.N. plan of November 1947. Truman's nostalgia for the Morrison-Grady plan was based on a fantasy.
United NationsProposed partition of Israel/Palestine in 1947
But the considerations that led Truman to favor a bi-national or federated Palestine were not fantastic, and remain relevant today. There was always a strong moral streak in Truman's foreign policy. He thought of the world divided between underdogs and bullies and good and evil. He genuinely hated Nazis and sympathized with Jews as their victims. His support for the right of the refugees to emigrate to Palestine reflected his moral conviction rather than any concern about electoral support. And in Palestine, he wanted a solution that was fair to the Arabs as well as to the Jews.
Truman didn't know all the details of the history of Palestine, but he knew that the Jews had come to Palestine a half century before to establish a Jewish state where another people had lived, and had made up the overwhelming majority for the prior 1,400 years. He was offended by the proposal, pressed by Silver and American Zionists, that a minority should be allowed to rule a majority. He wanted an arrangement that would respect the just claims of both Jews and the Arabs.
After he dropped his public opposition to a Jewish state, and supported some form of partition, Truman continued to be guided by moral considerations. In October 1947, he had endorsed a partition that would more accurately reflect the size of the existing populations. After Israel was established, and had defeated the Arabs, he supported a peace agreement that would allow some of the 700,000 Arab refugees from the war to return to their homes. (The Israeli ambassador to the United States complained that Truman was "sentimentally sympathetic" to the refugees.) In each case, however, Truman backed down under pressure from the Zionist lobby. In August 1949, Truman and the State Department finally gave up trying to influence the Israelis.
Today, of course, the Arab-Israeli conflict remains a moral issue. The Jews got their state in 1948, but the Palestinians did not. After the 1948 war, Jordan annexed the West Bank and Egypt Gaza, and the term "Palestine" was banned from Jordanian textbooks. After the Six Day War, Israel annexed East Jerusalem and took over the West Bank and Gaza. It evacuated its settlers from Gaza after 2006, but continues to control its outer access and air space. The Israeli government has allowed over 500,000 Jews to settle in Palestinian areas of Jerusalem and in the West Bank. The "underdogs," as Truman once put it in a letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, are now acting like the "top dogs."
Truman and the State Department were also worried that the attempt to create a Jewish state in an Arab-dominated region would lead to war and continued strife. Many of their concerns have become outdated. They were worried originally that the Arabs would slaughter the Jews and that the United States would have to prevent a second Holocaust. They worried for decades that American support for Israel would drive the Arabs into the arms of the Soviet Union. But their underlying concern—that a Jewish state, established against the opposition of its neighbors, would prove destabilizing and a threat to America's standing in the region—has been proven correct.
That's been even more the case in the wake of Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, a Muslim holy site, and its occupation of the West Bank. Opposition to the Israeli occupation was central to the growth of Islamic nationalism in the Middle East in the 1970s and to the rise of international terrorist groups. Osama bin Laden's 1996 Fatwa was directed at the "Zionist-Crusader alliance." America's continued support for Israel—measured in military aid and in its tilt to Israel in negotiations with the Palestinians—has fueled anti-Americanism. In his testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee in March 2010, General David Petraeus, then in charge of operations in Afghanistan said publicly what many American officials privately believe:
The enduring hostilities between Israel and some of its neighbors present distinct challenges to our ability to advance our interests in the AOR [Area of Operations]. Israeli-Palestinian tensions often flare into violence and large-scale armed confrontations. The conflict foments anti-American sentiment, due to a perception of U.S. favoritism for Israel. Arab anger over the Palestinian question limits the strength and depth of U.S. partnerships with governments and peoples in the AOR and weakens the legitimacy of moderate regimes in the Arab world. Meanwhile, al-Qaeda and other militant groups exploit that anger to mobilize support.
Resolving the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians would not necessarily calm the turbulent Middle East, but at a time when Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria and even Lebanon are in chaos and could become havens for international terrorism, it would remove an important source of unrest and allow the United States to act as an honest broker rather than a partisan in the region.
Truman's solution to the conflict was, of course, a federated or binational Palestine. If that was out of the question in 1946, it is even more so almost 70 years later. If there is a "one-state solution" in Israel/Palestine, it is likely to be an authoritarian Jewish state compromising all of British Palestine. What remains possible, although enormously difficult to achieve, is the creation of a Palestinian state alongside Israel. That is what the last three American Presidents, sometimes facing opposition from Israel's lobby in Washington as well as from the Israeli government and the Palestinian Hamas organization, have tried unsuccessfully to promote, and what Secretary of State John Kerry is currently trying to negotiate.
If Truman were still around, he would wish Kerry well. The same moral and strategic imperatives that led Truman to favor the Morrison-Grady plan for Palestine now argue in favor of creating a geographically and economically viable Palestinian state. And if it is going to happen, America, the leading outside power in the region, has to play a major role. It has to be "Cyrus"--not just for the Israelis, but for the Palestinians.


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I'm planning to replace my mouse entirely with the Apple Magic Trackpad on my desktop Mac. My work involves lots of typing (both code and prose). I also use Aperture quite a bit for processing photos. I don't play games; other than chess (Yes, it's that sad.)
Is the Apple Magic Trackpad capable of totally replacing the mouse? How does its ergonomics compare to let's say the Apple Magic Mouse? Better or worse for the wrist. Is it accurate enough for touching up photos with Aperture? Thanks.

subset: commoncrawl


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Science education is giving us an opportunity to rethink the state of professional development and preservice education for teachers. The specific opportunity creators are two complementary documents: the Framework for K-12 Science Education (released in 2011 by the National Research Council, of which Brian J. Reiser is a member and contributing author), which identifies key scientific and engineering practices that all students should master by the time they graduate from high school; and the voluntary Next Generation Science Standards, which will be released in early 2013. The framework rests on well-respected research about how children learn and the ways in which to develop supportive environments for coherent science learning. The standards will identify student-performance expectations aligned with the framework. When finalized, the Next Generation Science Standards will offer a set of science standards—like the English/language arts and math common core—that can be held in common across all states that elect to adopt them.
But how do we prepare teachers for instruction of the science standards?
Much has been learned generally about effective professional development, shifting both the narrative and vocabulary. Terms such as "teacher training" are being replaced by an understanding of teaching as a professional practice built on deep subject-matter knowledge, knowledge of students' progressive conceptual development, and the use of evidence to inform instructional judgments. Despite a deepening research base on professional practice, research-derived principles are still too often ignored.
Indeed, we know that one-shot, topic-oriented, technique-driven, one-size-fits-all professional "training" is not effective. Stephanie Hirsh, in an Education Week Commentary earlier this year, called it the "spray and pray" approach, which exposes everyone to the same material in the hope that some of it sticks. We must carry no illusions that the kind of teaching practices needed for the multidimensional and integrated framework (and, by extension, the science standards) can be cultivated in disconnected, one-shot learning experiences. New models are required to support teachers and preservice education students in developing the deep craft knowledge necessary to weave together the three dimensions the framework identifies: disciplinary core ideas, crosscutting concepts, and science and engineering practices.
Any new system-based model of professional learning for science educators will need to support a range of delivery configurations or learning pathways so that the experience is shareable, scalable, and sustainable."
The key elements for designing professional development and preservice courses supportive of the framework and the science standards are as follows:
First, teacher professional-development and preservice-learning experiences should start with what is new—supporting students' ability to build scientifically based explanatory ideas over time, making conceptual connections across scientific disciplines, and involving learners in science and engineering practices to construct and apply these ideas. Second, research on professional development and preservice education must be the sure foundation upon which new models of professional learning are built.
There are five research-based principles to consider for supporting productive and positive teacher-learning practices:
• Teacher-learning experiences should include what the framework and the standards are asking all students to learn. Student learning and teacher learning are inextricably linked; teachers cannot teach what they themselves cannot do.
• Teacher-learning experiences need to be close to the classroom. They must be relevant, recognizable, and realistic. Teachers should see, hear, and feel what this new vision of science looks like with students that compare to their own, over extended periods of time, in order to recognize the implications and adapt their practice.
• Teacher learning requires working with rich images of desired practice. These shifts in teaching and learning go beyond modifications of instruction. They call for an ability to engage students in building and refining scientific knowledge.
• Teacher-learning experiences should provide educators with models of expertise in different formats. Examples include videos of real classrooms, scientists' and engineers' perspectives on the role of particular practices such as modeling, and print and technology-based resources.
• Resources and teacher-learning experiences must be scalable, widely accessible, and interwoven into a well-coordinated system of expertise, resources, tasks, and tools adaptable to different learning contexts.
Any new genre of teacher professional development should bring together these principles in a highly specific, mutually reinforcing, coherent system of learning. The strength of a system-based model is twofold: to provide usable resources, tools, and classroom images in meaningful teacher-learning contexts; and to expose problems in practice within a classroom context and then to support teachers as they investigate those problems.
Specifically for science education, professional-learning systems can now be built around a library of video or digitized exemplars of teachers and students in diverse classrooms, working on weaving together core disciplinary ideas, scientific and engineering practices, and crosscutting ideas. These classroom exemplars are crucial not because they provide images of perfected teaching practice, but because they provide an important window on instruction and curriculum to support the sustained exploration and analysis of teaching practice and student learning.
With advances in network technologies, the Web can offer high-quality teacher-learning resources. For example, images of diverse classrooms with students progressing in their science learning and teachers developing their practice, used over time, could become critical anchor points in changing instructional patterns. Just as it is difficult to teach what one does not know, it is difficult to teach what one cannot even imagine.
More efforts are needed, however. While video can provoke, inspire, demonstrate, even challenge, it is unlikely to change practice for the long term. A reinforcing system of well-crafted and linked tools, tasks, and resources, including classroom images, should be the overall goal. Likewise, new professional-development and preservice models must recognize that professional-learning contexts are changing.
Today, educators from across the country and the world are self-organizing into asynchronous study groups. And national member organizations, like the National Science Teachers Association, are creating online professional-development experiences to meet member needs, in the midst of diminishing state and district budgets.
The point is that any new system-based model of professional learning for science educators will need to support a range of delivery configurations or learning pathways so that the experience is shareable, scalable, and sustainable. The power and reach of a networked world is now available to reinforce the integration of professional learning with professional practice, regardless of location, district resources, or expertise.
Changes needed in science education are not small tweaks. The NRC Framework for K-12 Science Education along with the Next Generation Science Standards set the bar quite high. The framework is a road map that could transform science teaching and learning. To increase the odds of a successful transformation in a reasonable time frame, professional development and preservice education in science should be taken seriously and prioritized. New models can be built on an infrastructure of proven research in support of professional practice, integrated with classroom exemplars and resource-rich learning systems, aligned to the framework's road map, and supportive of student-performance expectations found in the science standards.


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(written from a Production point of view)
The destruction of the Enterprise near a distortion in the space-time continuum causes a temporal causality loop to form, trapping the ship and crew in time and forcing them to relive the events that led to their deaths.
The USS Enterprise-D is in dire straits, with the starboard warp nacelle having suffered extreme damage from an impact. As casualty reports flood in and the ship's systems start failing, Commander Riker orders all hands to proceed to escape pods as La Forge tries desperately to shut down the warp engines. At that moment, the nacelle completely blows out, sending the Enterprise into a helpless spin. Data reports that the engine shutdown failed, ejection systems are off-line, and a warp core breach is imminent. As a fire engulfs the bridge, Captain Picard orders all hands to abandon ship. Alas, it is too late, as the Enterprise explodes, killing everybody aboard.
Act One[]
Despite its previously depicted destruction, the Enterprise, intact and undamaged, is traveling at impulse through space.
- "Captain's log, stardate 45652.1. The Enterprise has entered an area of space known as the Typhon Expanse. We are the first Starfleet vessel to chart this unexplored region."
Data, Riker, Worf, and Dr. Beverly Crusher are in the first officer's quarters to play a game of poker. Data shuffles the cards very fast, and because of his android nature, Riker and Worf question whether Data is truly randomizing the deck. Data deals the cards and Worf has the highest hand. The four officers play and eventually a standoff occurs between Riker and Crusher. Crusher calls Riker's bluff and wins the hand, somehow knowing that she would win. After winning, she is called to sickbay by Nurse Ogawa. Upon arriving at sickbay, La Forge tells her that he is feeling dizzy. Crusher finds that although he has the symptoms of an inner ear infection, there is nothing physical to suggest that he has such an infection. After examining him, she prepares a hypospray of vertazine when she has the odd feeling that she has already performed this examination. La Forge has no recollection of it and suggests that she was talking about another patient but Crusher is insistent that it was La Forge whom she treated. She shrugs off her déjà vu and administers the hypospray. Later that night, she gets ready to go to bed and shortly after she does, she starts to hear a voice and that voice soon becomes many voices, which are completely undecipherable. As Crusher puts the light on, the voices stop and she accidentally breaks her wineglass, which was next to her light switch.
The following morning, the senior staff (except for Worf) are briefing each other on the vast undertaking of charting the Typhon Expanse in the observation lounge. As they are about to return to duty, Dr. Crusher reports the voices that she heard the previous night. The other staff are curious about her report and they are interrupted when Worf reports from the bridge unusual sensor readings in the vicinity of the Enterprise.
The staff return to the bridge, where Worf reports that there is a localized distortion in the space-time continuum. Picard orders Ensign Ro to back the Enterprise away slowly but she can't as the maneuvering thrusters fail to respond. The distortion begins to fluctuate and power levels drop. Counselor Troi warns the captain that they must leave the area immediately.
Data reports that something is emerging from the distortion and an unidentified starship emerges. The ship is on a collision course with the Enterprise, just thirty-six seconds from impact and the helm still fails to respond. There is no response when the Enterprise hails the other ship. Picard asks for suggestions. Riker (standing closely to the left of Data) suggests decompressing the main shuttlebay allowing the explosive reaction to push them clear while Data alternatively suggests using the tractor beam to alter the other ship's trajectory; Picard opts for the latter. The Enterprise emits a tractor beam but it is insufficient as the ship collides with the Enterprise's starboard warp nacelle, causing it to explode. The events portrayed earlier repeat themselves and again the Enterprise is destroyed by a warp core breach.
Act Two[]
Once again intact, the Enterprise is traveling at impulse through a familiar region of space.
- "Captain's log, stardate 45652.1. The Enterprise has entered an area of space known as the Typhon Expanse. We are the first Starfleet vessel to chart this unexplored region."
Data, Riker, Worf, and Dr. Crusher are in Riker's quarters playing a game of poker. Data shuffles the cards very fast and because of his android nature and Riker and Worf question whether Data is truly randomizing the deck. Data deals the cards and after the second card Crusher has the highest hand. Each player bets and as Data is about to deal another round, Riker now feels déjà vu and eyes Crusher, having a strong feeling about the outcome of the game and he folds, telling her that she will call his bluff. Crusher eyes Riker back in surprise and asks him how he knew. Riker replies that he "just had a feeling", as did Dr. Crusher. Crusher is called to sickbay and, upon arriving there, La Forge tells her that he is feeling dizzy. Crusher finds that although he has the symptoms of an inner ear infection, there is no physical evidence of one. After examining him, she prepares a hypospray of vertazine, but she has the odd feeling that she has already performed this examination. When she asks La Forge if she did this examination before, La Forge says he too has the feeling that she has, but they cannot remember when it occurred. Crusher checks the medical logs on La Forge and finds that although La Forge recently had complaints about headaches with his VISOR, he had none regarding dizziness. La Forge suggests that it was déjà vu but it was unlikely, since both of them had the feeling.
Later that night Crusher is in her quarters getting ready for bed and as she does, she hears whispers becoming louder and more frequent. She gets up and calls Captain Picard and at the same time, breaks her glass which was next to the light switch. In the captain's ready room, Picard and Crusher share their recent feelings of déjà vu; while reading, the captain started to feel as though he had read certain paragraphs before but dismissed it (assuming he must have read that same book years ago). Picard orders a ship-wide diagnostic with a report to be made in the morning. At 0700 hours, the senior staff (except for Worf) discusses the results and finds no anomalous readings in the diagnostic, although Crusher discovers that ten other people aboard the Enterprise heard voices at the same time of the night as she did. Worf interrupts from the bridge and reports that there is a distortion in the spacetime continuum in the vicinity of the Enterprise. The staff returns to the bridge. Picard orders Ro to have the Enterprise back off slowly but maneuvering thrusters fail to respond. The distortion begins to fluctuate as power levels on the ship drop.
Counselor Troi warns Picard that they have to leave now. Data says that something is emerging from the distortion and a starship appears. The ship is on a collision course with the Enterprise, just thirty-six seconds from impact and the helm still fails to respond. There is no response when the Enterprise hails the other ship. Picard asks for suggestions. Riker suggests decompressing the main shuttlebay allowing the explosive reaction to push them clear and Data suggests using the tractor beam to alter the ship's trajectory; Picard opts for the latter. The Enterprise emits a tractor beam but again it is too late – the ship collides with the Enterprise's starboard warp nacelle, causing it to explode. The previous events replay themselves once more and again the Enterprise is destroyed by a warp core breach.
Act Three[]
The Enterprise is traveling at impulse through space.
- "Captain's log, stardate 45652.1. The Enterprise has entered an area of space known as the Typhon Expanse. We are the first Starfleet vessel to chart this unexplored region."
Data, Riker, Worf, and Crusher are in Riker's quarters to play a game of poker. Data shuffles the cards very fast because of his android nature and Riker and Worf question whether Data is truly randomizing the deck. Data deals the first set of cards, face down, and Worf is agitated, having the feeling of having done this before, quoting nIb'poH, the Klingon equivalent of déjà vu. Riker says that they have done this before, last Tuesday for the previous poker night but Worf means déjà vu and Crusher has the same feeling. Data now deals the cards face up and Crusher predicts that she will get a queen; she does. She then predicts that Data will get a four; he does. She then tells Data to deal the cards and she, Riker and Worf are overcome with feelings of déjà vu, flawlessly recalling the order of the cards that would be dealt. They all wonder how they knew. Crusher interrupts the puzzlement and calls sickbay asking if La Forge is present but is told he isn't. La Forge soon arrives in sickbay and Crusher leaves. Picard arrives in sickbay seeing Crusher and La Forge – La Forge's VISOR is being examined with a diagnostic tool while a test is being done on his visual receptors. Crusher asks Picard if he has been experiencing déjà vu as of late; he has, as have many other people aboard the ship. Crusher has foregone running a standard test on La Forge in favor of running an optical diagnostic where the results came back positive for a phase shift in his visual receptors, which caused his dizziness as the phase shift was projecting images that didn't exist. Small distortions were found in the surrounding dekyon field and La Forge's VISOR was converting these distortions into the images that he was seeing, causing his dizziness.
Later that night, Crusher is getting ready for bed (dressed in her uniform) and puts her glass on a table rather than next to the light switch. As she goes to bed, she starts to hear voices again. She immediately gets up, prepared with a medical tricorder and records the voices. She calls La Forge, reporting the voices and La Forge reports that the ship's sensors had recorded something strange as well. As she goes out, her coat hits her glass which falls and breaks. Crusher joins La Forge and Data in main engineering. La Forge reports that there was a distortion in the dekyon field. They analyze Crusher's six-second recording, and Data discovers that there are over one thousand voices, all coming from the crew of the Enterprise.
Act Four[]
Crusher calls all of the senior staff (Worf is now present) to the observation lounge early in the morning with a suggestion as to what was causing all of the unusual events that happened recently on the Enterprise.
La Forge reports that the Enterprise has most likely been caught in a temporal causality loop, where they have been repeating events over and over again but they have no knowledge of how many times they have repeated events or how long they have been stuck in the loop. Crusher feels that if La Forge is correct, then the voices that she heard may be "echoes" from previous loops. Picard inquires how the Enterprise may have been caught in the loop. Data hypothesizes, from the recording, that the Enterprise had encountered a disaster so serious that the captain would order all hands to abandon ship and replays three segments of the recording – Worf's report of the distortion, Data's report on the collision course and Picard's call for all hands to abandon ship. The staff are clearly disturbed by what they just heard. La Forge suggests that if the distortion was a temporal distortion then the destruction of the Enterprise may have caused a rupture in the space-time continuum, catching them in the loop. Worf suggests that they reverse course to avoid the disaster, but Riker points out that reversing course could be what causes the disaster. Picard decides that they cannot start second-guessing themselves; he orders them to remain on course. La Forge warns that if the disaster is not averted they will forget everything that they learned in this loop. La Forge and Data suggest modulating a dekyon emission which, if done correctly, would set up a resonance in Data's positronic subprocessors, leaving a message. However the message would have to be very short (a few characters or a word at most) and Data would not know what the message is immediately; it would be more like a post-hypnotic suggestion. Picard orders that the steps be taken to find a way to send a message and dismisses the senior staff.
La Forge, Data, and Crusher are in main engineering where La Forge is making some modifications to the circuitry in Data's head, and he attaches an emitter to Data's right arm. Neither La Forge nor Crusher recall having done this before so they feel encouraged. La Forge tests the modifications and finds an active dekyon field. Red alert is called and the three officers return to the bridge. The distortion is present again and the same events happen like before but this time Data is able to input a message on the emitter on his arm just before the Enterprise is destroyed.
Act Five[]
The Enterprise is traveling at impulse through space.
- "Captain's log, stardate 45652.1. The Enterprise has entered an area of space known as the Typhon Expanse. We are the first Starfleet vessel to chart this unexplored region."
Data, Riker, Worf, and Crusher are in Riker's quarters playing a game of poker. Data shuffles the cards in his typically fast android fashion and Riker and Worf question whether Data is truly randomizing the deck. Data deals the first set of cards face down – however Worf is agitated – feeling as if he has done this before. Riker says that they did last Tuesday, but Worf means déjà vu – and Crusher reports having the same feeling. As Data is about to deal the next set of cards face up, Crusher attempts to predict the order of the cards (the way she did in the previous loop) but this time they are all threes. Crusher is surprised, as she was certain she knew which cards would be dealt. Worf shared the same surprise and the same conviction. Data deals three more rounds and this time all four officers are dealt three of a kind. They are all surprised with the improbability of what just happened. Crusher is then called to sickbay by Nurse Ogawa. When she arrives at sickbay, La Forge complains of dizziness and she performs an exam and the results came back negative. She then runs an optical scan and calls Captain Picard down (while he experiences his déjà vu while reading), reporting to him her findings as she did previously. La Forge then leaves and returns to engineering.
Data and La Forge are in main engineering and Data runs a diagnostic on the warp subsystems. When he finishes the diagnostic, the results come up entirely as threes. Data says that he has encountered the number three "an inordinate number of times" in the past two hours. La Forge receives an alarm of a distortion in the dekyon field on Deck 9. Crusher (from her quarters) calls La Forge and reports the voices while La Forge reports the dekyon distortion. Crusher leaves her quarters and heads for engineering. As she leaves, Data and La Forge hear a glass shatter, and after asking if everything is okay, Crusher reports that she is fine and continues on her way.
Some time later, the senior staff is in the observation lounge, half-way through discussing the theory of being caught in the causality loop. La Forge and Data report the many sightings of the number three occurring all over the Enterprise, knowing that it is more than a coincidence. Nothing was wrong with the ship, but a diagnostic revealed that there was a dekyon field modulation in Data's positronic subprocessors. They didn't know what caused it, but La Forge said that if he wanted to send a message, he'd do it in a similar fashion. The staff discuss the significance of the number three. Riker asks that La Forge perform a level 3 diagnostic when they are interrupted by Ensign Ro on the bridge. The staff return to the bridge and once again the distortion is present. As before, Picard orders the Enterprise to back off slowly but maneuvering thrusters fail to respond. The distortion begins to fluctuate and events begin to repeat themselves yet again as the unidentified starship emerges on a collision course. Also as before, Picard asks for suggestions and Riker suggests decompressing the main shuttlebay while Data suggests using the tractor beam. Picard opts for the latter but just before Worf engages the tractor beam, Data's gaze is caught by the sight of Riker's rank pips and the android is struck by a moment of realization. He deduces that using the tractor beam will not succeed and instead follows Riker's suggestion of decompressing the main shuttlebay. The bay door opens with gas violently rushing out, successfully pushing the Enterprise out of the path of the other ship and saving it.
Power is restored and Picard asks Data what happened. Data speculates that "three" referred to the number of rank insignia found on the collar of Riker's uniform, indicating that his suggestion would be the successful course of action. Red alert is canceled and Picard orders Worf to access a Federation time-base beacon to ascertain how long they have been in the causality loop. The beacon confirms that the Enterprise's chronometers are off by 17.4 days and Data has them reset accordingly. The Enterprise is then hailed by the other ship, which the Enterprise identifies as the USS Bozeman, a Soyuz-class starship, a class which had been out of service for more than eighty years. The Enterprise opens a channel and the Bozeman's Captain Morgan Bateson offers assistance while Picard was going to offer assistance as well.
Bateson is unfamiliar with the configuration of the Enterprise and he explains that they found a temporal distortion inside the expanse, then the Enterprise suddenly appeared with the Bozeman stuck on a collision course with it. Picard tells Bateson that the Enterprise was caught in a temporal causality loop and suspects that something similar happened to the Bozeman. Bateson dismisses Picard's suggestion, claiming that the Bozeman left starbase only three weeks previously, but when Captain Picard asks Bateson what the year is, Bateson replies saying that it is 2278. Realizing the Bozeman has been thrust a full ninety years into the future, Picard suggests that Bateson should beam aboard the Enterprise as there is much to discuss.
Memorable quotes[]
"All hands abandon ship! Repeat: all hands abandon…"
- - Picard, every time just before the Enterprise explodes and the loop resets
"Still no help for the Klingon."
- - Data, dealing cards in one iteration of poker games
"My Aunt Adele cured a lot of sleepless nights with this steamed milk."
- - Picard, sharing a milk toddy with Crusher
"Sometimes I wonder if he's stacking the deck."
"I assure you, commander, the cards have been sufficiently randomized."
"I hope so."
- - Riker, Data, and Worf, starting poker (many times)
"I am experiencing nIb'poH, the feeling I have done this before."
"Yeah, last Tuesday night."
"That is not what I mean."
"I've been having the same feeling."
- - Worf, Riker, and Crusher
"How'd you know I was bluffing?"
"I just had a feeling."
"I guess it's better to be lucky than good."
"It's the way your left eyebrow raises when you're bluffing." (Riker looks shocked) "Just kidding, commander."
- - Riker and Crusher, playing poker
"I'd like to run an optical diagnostic."
"For an ear infection?"
- - Crusher and La Forge
"This is highly improbable."
- - Data, after Crusher, Worf, and Riker successfully predict ten successive deals
"This is going to sound pretty wild."
- - La Forge, before explaining what's causing the déjà vu
"Must be déjà vu."
"Both of us? About the same thing?"
- - La Forge and Crusher, believing she has treated him for dizziness from his VISOR before despite evidence to the contrary
"Back us off, ensign. Nice and slow."
- - Picard, to Ro (many times)
"Somehow we've entered what seems to be a temporal causality loop. We think we're stuck in a specific fragment in time and that we've been repeating that same fragment over and over."
"Is this what's causing our déjà vu?"
"Yes, but it's more than that. In déjà vu, you only think you're repeating events. We actually are."
"Our theory is this: every time the loop begins again, everything resets itself and starts all over. We don't remember anything that happened before, so each time we go through the loop, we think it's the first."
- - La Forge, Troi, and Crusher, as La Forge explains the nature of the temporal causality loop
"To date, we have encountered 2,085 conspicuous examples of the number three."
- - Data, on the odd occurrences of the number of three
"The tractor beam will not be successful. I am decompressing the main shuttlebay. "
- - Data, determining the significance of the number three by following Riker's suggestion
"Captain… do you know what year this is?"
"Of course I do – it's 2278."
"Perhaps you should beam aboard our ship. There's something we need to discuss."
- - Picard to Bateson
Background information[]
Production history[]
- Final draft script: 2 January 1992 [1]
- Production meeting: 7 January 1992
- Filmed: 15 January 1992 – 23 January 1992
- Second unit insert footage filmed: 14 February 1992
- More second unit insert footage filmed: 21 February 1992
- Premiere airdate: 23 March 1992
- First UK airdate: 19 April 1995
Story and script[]
- Writer Brannon Braga came up with the story of this episode while thinking of ways to avoid standard time travel cliches. "I love time travel stories and I don't know who doesn't. We wanted to do a time travel story that had never been done before," Braga recalled. "Being trapped in a time loop is one I've never seen before." (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 241)
- Braga noted that while time loops are often associated with the film Groundhog Day, the episode was written and aired before the movie. (Star Trek: The Next Generation 365, p. 249)
- The story was still missing some elements. According to Braga, "I came up with the poker game while I was eating pancakes and pouring syrup. I had no idea how it happened – because it was before the sugar rush. I knew then that the poker game would somehow be utilized for once, and lay it in so the viewer thinks it's just a poker game and it turns out to be the key to saving their entire existence." Ronald D. Moore added, "The poker games for a while was the cliche padding. If the show was short, it was time to write a poker game. Because we had written it so much, we stayed away from it and now it got used for a reason." (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 241)
- Initially, Riker was going to win the hand in the final loop with three aces, as an additional indicator that Riker's suggestion should be followed. Rick Berman nixed the idea, arguing that Data could program in "three", but not give Riker three aces. (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 241)
- Due to the nature of the episode, the production staff were careful to make each iteration of the loop unique. Braga commented, "In a way, doing the same scenes over was comforting; it was fun to come up with different takes and to think how I could get that glass to break each time. It wasn't until I got to the final draft that I thought to have the glass break over the intercom on that final loop through. So it was finding those little nuggets and pathways and weave through as we were structuring it. That was a terrific challenge." (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 241)
- Taking the decision to incorporate the Enterprise's destruction as the climax of each time loop enabled Braga to begin the show with, as he described it, "the ultimate teaser." (Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion, 2nd ed., p. 195)
- Herb Wright noted, "It's a helluva challenge because when the audience has seen it once and you show it to them the second time, the temptation for them is to jam the button on the remote. The challenge is how do you keep them excited, motivated and involved and wondering what the fuck is going on. And in the teaser you're starting off and you've destroyed the ship so if that isn't going to get you to tune back in, I don't know what will." (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 242)
- Director Jonathan Frakes recalled, "When I got the script to 'Cause and Effect', I thought it was joke from Brannon Braga. I read Act One. I read Act Two. I read Act Three. I read Act Four. I read Act Five. And I said, 'You guys are screwing with me! C'mon!'" (Star Trek: The Next Generation 365, p. 249)
- To ensure that the episode would not be misinterpreted as a clip show, Rick Berman instructed Frakes not to reuse any footage and ensure every loop was filmed in a different way. As such, some of the scenes in this episode were shot using multiple cameras in order to prevent having to shoot the same shot twice at different angles. (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 242) Frakes recalled that it was a great challenge, particularly for scenes set on the bridge. "I'd watched a lot of directors by then, and directed a few episodes, so I knew all the possible bridge angles – and I think I used all of them." (Star Trek: The Next Generation 365, p. 249)
- The TNG staff wanted Kirstie Alley, who played Kelsey Grammer's Cheers co-star Rebecca Howe, to reprise her role as Saavik as the female bridge officer standing next to Captain Bateson on the Bozeman, but scheduling conflicts prevented this from happening. (Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion, 2nd ed., p. 195)
- The production meeting for this episode took place on Tuesday 7 January 1992.
- "Cause and Effect" was filmed between Wednesday 15 January 1992 and Thursday 23 January 1992 on Paramount Stage 8 and Paramount Stage 9. Second unit inserts were filmed on Friday 14 February 1992 on Paramount Stage 8 and on Friday 21 February 1992 on Paramount Stage 9 and Paramount Stage 10.
Visual effects[]
- Originally, the USS Bozeman was going to be a Star Trek: The Original Series-era studio model of a Constitution II-class starship, and co-producer Ronald D. Moore, a fan of The Original Series, even went so far as suggesting constructing a TOS-era bridge set for it. (Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion, 3rd ed., pp. 218-219) These plans were abandoned due to the costs of creating the necessary ship, props, and costumes. The ship was changed to the Soyuz-class, a slight modification of the USS Reliant miniature, with sets and costumes reused from Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. (Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion, 3rd ed., p. 195; Star Trek: The Next Generation 365, p. 248) Therefore, the existing Miranda-class model was reused, with several add-ons to give it a different appearance. The modifications were designed by Greg Jein and Mike Okuda. The class was named for the Russian spacecraft. (Star Trek Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., p. 457) Okuda made use of the fan-produced Ships of the Star Fleet, Volume One (pp. 84-85) to make annotations on one of the blueprints for the adjustments, eventually seen on screen. Subsequent episodes of this and other series – "Relics", DS9's "Trials and Tribble-ations", VOY's "Flashback", and ENT's "In a Mirror, Darkly" – included recreations of sets and costumes from The Original Series-era.
- For this episode, it was felt that the special occasion of the Enterprise-D's destruction warranted a more realistic and impressive explosion. At the time, the standard technique was to superimpose footage of an explosion over stock footage of a physical studio model of the ship in post-production. In this case, four break-away models were filled up with pyrotechnics, and blown up while shooting from multiple angles. Typically, the debris of such models was discarded after use, but in this case the debris was gathered up on a hunch by Effects Supervisor Gary Hutzel. Hutzel recalled, "[W]e blew up a model for the Enterprise, by dropping it from the ceiling of the sound stage toward a high speed camera while timed charges went off to blow it up in mid-air. I went around with a cardboard box and picked up all the pieces of the model I could find, because I knew they would come in handy someday." The debris was later reused for the destruction of another Galaxy-class vessel, the USS Odyssey, in the DS9 episode "The Jem'Hadar". (Cinefantastique, Vol. 26, issue 6/Vol. 26, issue 1, p. 109)
- This is the only episode where the Galaxy-class main shuttlebay was featured. Ed Miarecki's company, Science Fiction Modelmaking Associates, was contracted to construct a maquette of the bay. "This set miniature, built in five days, featured a hangar door, which worked like a roll-top desk, and was powered by a cordless electric drill. The two Shuttlecraft in the scene were named for the shows producers, 'Berman' and 'Pillar' [sic]." [2] Miarecki also created three more tiny Type 6 shuttlecraft and one more Type 15 shuttlepod to go with his maquette. [3] Despite being a significant feature of the Galaxy-class, the maquette, built around a wooden frame, never made another appearance. The maquette, measuring 9×48×57 inches was eventually listed as Lot 6779 in the It's A Wrap! sale and auction where it sold for US$3,050 on 17 February 2008. [4]
- A large nacelle model was also created for the episode. (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 242; [5](X) )
- This is the third episode in which we see a Galaxy-class starship destroyed, namely, the Enterprise-D.
- Alyssa Ogawa's last name is first mentioned in this episode. Her first name was established in TNG: "Clues".
- Picard's Aunt Adele was previously mentioned in TNG: "Ensign Ro", where he gave Admiral Kennelly her prescription for the common cold: ginger tea with honey. Here, he gives Beverly Crusher her recipe for warm milk with nutmeg. Crusher passes on the recipe to Riker in the episode "Schisms" (although she must have re-learned it at another time, since Picard doesn't share it with her during the final loop).
- The Bozeman's "era" of 2278 would be set halfway between the events seen in Star Trek: The Motion Picture and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. The wardrobe of Captain Bateson also establishes that Starfleet had switched to the red jacket uniform at least seven years before the "first" time the uniform was seen in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
- The Bozeman was later referenced in the TNG series finale "All Good Things...", Star Trek Generations, and Star Trek: First Contact.
- Picard's line "We can't afford to start second guessing ourselves. We should stay on this course until we have reason to change it," is repeated almost verbatim by Deanna Troi in "All Good Things…". She specifically says, "I don't think we can start second guessing ourselves. I think we have to proceed normally and deal with each situation as it occurs."
- This is the first reference to ejecting the warp core; while it is mentioned many more times, the procedure was not seen on screen until VOY: "Cathexis", which marked the first of several times the USS Voyager ejected its warp core. The USS Enterprise-E ejected its core in Star Trek: Insurrection, as did the USS Enterprise in Star Trek, the USS Discovery in DIS: "That Hope Is You, Part 2" and the USS Cerritos in LD: "The Stars At Night".
- This is the first episode to feature Ensign Ro's new hairstyle.
- Brannon Braga commented that this episode is one of the most popular episodes he wrote personally. ("Departmental Briefing Year Five" ("Cause and Effect"), TNG Season 5 DVD special feature)
- Ronald D. Moore thought that it was a "neat episode" with an unbeatable teaser. He also praised director Jonathan Frakes. "Each time through the loop has a different feel, a different nuance, a different look. I think he did a wonderful job on making it an interesting show." (Captains' Logs: The Unauthorized Complete Trek Voyages, p. 241)
- During the episode's initial broadcast, many local affiliates were inundated with phone calls from viewers who believed that something was wrong with the broadcast, having not paid close attention and believing that footage was simply being repeated. Writer Brannon Braga noted that viewers at the time were much less comfortable with unorthodox structures. ("Requiem - A Remembrance of Star Trek: The Next Generation" ("Part 2: The Needs of the Few"), TNG Season 5 Blu-ray special feature)
- A mission report for this episode, by John Sayers, was published in The Official Star Trek: The Next Generation Magazine issue 21, pp. 6-8.
- Captain Bateson and the crew of the Bozeman go on to play a major role in the novel Ship of the Line.
- Kelsey Grammer also utters the year "2278" in the Cheers episode "Woody Interrupts," but peculiarly, this aired in December 1990.
Video and DVD releases[]
- Original UK VHS release (two-episode tapes, CIC Video): Volume 59, 15 February 1993
- In the UK video collection Star Trek: The Next Generation - 10th Anniversary Collector's Edition under the "Ensemble Cast" section, 29 September 1997
- UK re-release (three-episode tapes, Paramount Home Entertainment): Volume 5.6, 18 November 2002
- As part of the TNG Season 5 DVD collection
- As part of the Star Trek: Fan Collective - Time Travel collection
- As part of The Best of Star Trek: The Next Generation, Volume 2 DVD collection
Links and references[]
Also starring[]
- LeVar Burton as Lt. Cmdr. Geordi La Forge
- Michael Dorn as Lt. Worf
- Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher
- Marina Sirtis as Counselor Deanna Troi
- Brent Spiner as Lt. Commander Data
Guest stars[]
- And
Uncredited co-stars[]
- Rachen Assapiomonwait as Nelson
- Michael Braveheart as Martinez
- Debbie David as Russell
- Tracee Lee Cocco as Jae
- Ericson as Bozeman crewmember or Bozeman lieutenant
- Eben Ham as operations division ensign
- Michaels as Bozeman crewmember or Bozeman lieutenant
- Michael Moorehead as science division ensign
- Reed as Bozeman crewmember or Bozeman lieutenant
- Victor Sein as Bozeman crewmember
- John Tampoya as operations division ensign
- Mikki Val as operations division officer
- Christina Wegler Miles as command division ensign
Stand-ins and photo doubles[]
- David Keith Anderson – stand-in and photo double for LeVar Burton
- Patty Davis – stand-in for Michelle Forbes
- Melba Gonzalez – stand-in for Marina Sirtis
Joe – stand-in for Jonathan Frakes
- Nora Leonhardt – stand-in for Marina Sirtis
- Tim McCormack – stand-in for Brent Spiner and Kelsey Grammer
- Lorine Mendell – stand-in for Gates McFadden
- Richard Sarstedt – stand-in for Jonathan Frakes
- Dennis Tracy – stand-in for Patrick Stewart
- Guy Vardaman – stand-in and photo double for Brent Spiner
- James Washington – stand-in for Michael Dorn
2278; 2335; 2353; 2357; 47; ace; acoustic energy; Adele; African Confederation; Berman; Bozeman, USS; casualty report; catwalk; chronometer; collision course; common cold; damage report; dealer; deja vu; dekyon; dizziness; dozen; drive plasma; ear infection; escape pod; evasive maneuvers; explosive decompression; eyebrow; Federation; Fletcher; Galaxy class decks; gravitron polarimeter; headache; inertial damper; inner ear; insomnia; king; Klingon; Klingonese; level 2 diagnostic; level 3 diagnostic; main shuttlebay; Midsummer Night's Dream, A; milk toddy; Mogadishu; numeral; nutmeg; optical diagnostic; paragraph; particle accelerator; patient; phase shift; phenomenon; Piller; plasma; poker; positronic net; premonition; queen; rank insignia; red alert; senior officer; sensor log; Somalia; Soyuz-class; Starfleet Academy; stellar dynamics lab; subspace scan; temporal causality loop; time-base beacon; tricorder; Typhon Expanse; unnamed starbase; vertazine; VISOR; visual receptor; warp core breach; warp core ejection system; warp field generator; warp nacelle; warp subsystems
Library computer references[]
- Starship Mission Assignments: Ahwahnee, USS; Challenger, USS; Constellation, USS; Eagle, USS; Emden, USS; Endeavour, USS; Helin, USS; John Muir, USS; Kongo, USS; Korolev, USS; Lantree, USS; Oberth, USS; Potemkin, USS; Republic, USS; Scovill, USS; Springfield, USS; Starbase 24; Starship Mission Assignments; Whorfin, USS
External links[]
- "Cause and Effect" at Memory Beta, the wiki for licensed Star Trek works
- "Cause and Effect" at Wikipedia
- "Cause and Effect" at MissionLogPodcast.com
- "Cause and Effect" script at Star Trek Minutiae
- "Cause And Effect" at the Internet Movie Database
Previous episode: "The Outcast" |
Star Trek: The Next Generation Season 5 |
Next episode: "The First Duty" |


text:
I always love to buy these long green chillies when ever I see them but I don't make mirch bajjis often as I am scared of eating those high calorie deep fried food.I kept a rule for myself to limit deep frying stuff once a month(and there are exceptions sometimes of course..haha) and hence I always look out for the recipes to use those green chillies.I always end up making mirchi bajji or mirch ka salan or aloo stuffed mirch with those plumpy chillies.
When I tasted this stuffed mirch with peanuts and besan for the first time which was made by my M-I-L,I just loved it very much but I was scared to attempt it as she had liberally used oil for shallow frying it to reduce the spiciness of chillies.I have found a new way to make this with less oil yet very tasty and less spicy.Blanching the chillies helps in reducing the spiciness as well as it consumes less oil and time while shallow frying it.We all know besan and ajwain definitely complements these peppers(as they are the key ingredients used in making mirchi bajji),the addition of groundnuts made a whole difference in taste to these peppers giving a typical Andhra touch and they taste best with hot steaming rice.Take my words and try this and I am sure you will not be disappointed.
In the pics you can see that they are over fried with some burnt marks,its all because of my blunder.I was just reheating them for my photographs and I forgot to reduce the flame while I was arranging the set up and the result is this....you all can see it here,but I still say that they were very good in terms of taste and dont go by their looks.
12-15 long thick light green chillies/poblano peppers(bajji variety with less spice)
1/2 cup groundnuts,roasted and skinned
1/2 cup besan(chickpeas flour)
1 big onion, chopped
1 tsp ajwain/carom seeds
1/2 tsp red chili powder(optional)
2 tsp cumin seeds/jeera
salt to taste
2-3 tbsp oil(I used 2tsp oil)
- Wash and slit the green chillies and remove the veins and seeds of it.
- Bring water to a boil with some salt and add the green chillies and blanch for a minute and drain them.I really can't judge the spiciness of chillies even though they are light green in variety,some times they turn out very spicy for me.So I do blanch my green chillies to reduce the heat from chillies,if you like spicy food you can avoid this step.This process not only reduces the heat it also helps in consuming less oil while shallow frying.
- Dry roast besan until the raw smell goes away and gives its aroma and cool it completely.
- Heat a tsp of oil in a non-stick pan and add onions and slightly saute it for about a minute and remove them aside,no need to fry it completely.You can even avoid this step but I recommend this.
- In a mixer grind groundnuts with jeera, ajwain and salt to a coarse powder in whipper mode.Add onions and pulse it again,it should be slight wet mixture.Add roasted besan and red chili powder(if you are using)to it and mix well.
- Fill the chillies with this mixture tightly,it really takes lot of stuffing inside.Wet your hands and press on top of the stuffed mixture,you can even sprinkle few drops of oil on the top of the stuffing in the mirch.This helps in holding the mixture tight without spilling it when frying/roasting it.
- Heat the oil in a tawa and place these stuffed chillies with the stuffing facing down(always shallow fry the stuffed side first).Let it roast on low flame until it is fried,it takes 6-8 mins approximately,close it with lid while roasting.Now turn and roast on the other side for 3-4 mins.You can even deep fry them if you want,but make sure you press the mixture tight in the mirch so that it does not splutter in oil.


text:
Michigan Rattlers
- Thu Jul 25th @ 7PM
- Drake Underground
- 19+
- $15 Advance
Lifelong friends and deep-north natives, Michigan Rattlers play heavy-hearted folk-rock with an aching dose of Midwestern nice. Graham Young (guitar), Adam Reed (upright bass), and Christian Wilder (piano) began writing music and performing together in their Northern Michigan high school.
"Petoskey is a small place. Beautiful, but secluded. It's hard to start a musical career in a place where there are more deer than people."
Still, they regularly played every bar, cafe, and stage in town, developing a musical chemistry informed by the likes of AC/DC, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Bob Seger, and more.
After a few years apart, Reed and Young settled down in Los Angeles, recorded a short demo, and began playing locally. The demo found its way into the hands of super-producer Johnny K (Plain White T's, 3 Doors Down), and they cut the bulk of their first EP at NRG Studios in just one day.
"My favorite music is recorded that way," continues Reed. "You get in a room, plug in, and cut songs live. The energy of the recording comes directly from the physical performance, and it puts the listener into that specific time and place."
This self-titled Michigan Rattlers EP attracted glowing reviews from No Depression, Bluegrass Situation, B3 Science, and Rolling Stone, who named the band one of their "Ten New Country Artists You Need To Know" in 2016. They spent the rest of that year and much of the next touring in support of this release.
In September 2017, Pianist Christian Wilder was added to the band's lineup. Now a trio, the group headed into the studio to record their newest EP, Wasting the Meaning. Comprised of three cover songs, the project was conceived as a way to explore deeper into the recording process and pay homage to some of their favorite songwriters.
Currently, the group is hard at work recording their first full-length release. It is slated for release in the summer of 2018.
- Related:
- live music


text:
According to government figures, there were 47,515 drug-related killings in Mexico between late 2006 and late 2011, though many experts put the death toll much higher.
Almost every aspect of Mexican life is affected by organized crime and its endless battle to control the distribution of illicit drugs, most of which are destined for the United States and Canada.
In just one month, photographer Louie Palu documented more than 110 murders in Mexico.
There is no way of knowing how many of those deaths involved people who were just in the wrong place at the wrong time. As long as its justice system allows criminals to operate with impunity, Mexico will continue to be brutalized by the drug trade.
This is one photographer's view of the deadly US-Mexico frontier.


text:
Tipped workers invoke #MeToo in fight to raise minimum wage
As a waitress, Nadine Morsch was used to having to force an occasional smile for an unpleasant customer. But when a man she was serving made a reference to grabbing her butt, she warned him he better not try. And he made her pay.
For the rest of the hour he was in the diner, she says, he was "running me around as much as possible."
Morsch says she tolerated him, because she needed a good tip.
Experiences like that are one reason activists are invoking the #MeToo movement in the push for more states to adopt higher minimum wages for tipped workers. They say a wage structure that leaves workers dependent on tips often forces them to put up with harassing and abusive behavior from their customers or risk not being paid.
The effort has been around for years but has taken on new momentum lately with the increased reckoning and awareness of sexual misconduct. Democratic New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo has called for public hearings; there's a June ballot question in Washington, D.C., and an effort is underway to get the issue on the statewide ballot in Michigan.
A higher base wage, advocates say, could free tipped workers from the fear of speaking out.
"I wouldn't have needed to feel like my entire life was in his power," said Morsch, who now works at a pub in Rochester, New York.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are about 2 million people working as restaurant servers in the United States, about 70 percent of them women.
Currently, the federal government allows workers who get tipped, such as servers and bartenders, to be paid as little as $2.13 per hour if they make at least $7.25 per hour with tips included.
No state is talking about ending the practice of tipping. But seven states — Alaska, California, Minnesota, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and Wisconsin — mandate that tipped workers be paid at least the same minimum wage as everyone else. Another 26 states require employers to pay tipped workers a wage at least a little higher than the federal minimum.
Restaurant Opportunities Centers United, an advocacy group, says it has found that service employees in the states that require the same minimum wage for everyone, even tipped workers, reported lower levels of harassment than states that did not.
"This is about the power imbalance that women face on the job," said Restaurant Opportunities Centers United co-founder Saru Jayaraman.
Cuomo said late last year that he was open to the possibility of joining the states that have eliminated the subminimum tipped wage.
It's an issue that's come up in New York before and gone nowhere while lawmakers focused on raising the standard minimum wage, currently at $13 in New York City for companies with more than 11 employees and $8.65 for tipped workers. Minimum wages are lower in other parts of the state. Cuomo's administration could make the change itself through an order from the Department of Labor, if the legislature does not act.
Restaurant workers can be sharply divided over whether a higher base wage would help.
Maine created a level minimum wage for tipped workers in a voter referendum in 2017, but almost immediately reversed course. Servers said they were worried customers would stop tipping altogether.
Part-time New York City waitress Sarah March, 30, shares that concern.
"As soon as they hear that I'm already making enough money, I just don't feel like anyone's going to put forth the extra effort to compensate the servers," she said.
March agreed that sexual harassment on the job is a problem. But a higher minimum wage, she said, will not deter customers engaging in improper behavior.
"They would just not tip and continue to act the way they were inclined," she said.
Some wait staff said if they were less reliant on tips, it might change a workplace culture that is conducive of abuse, and not just from customers.
New York State Restaurant Association President Melissa Autilio Fleischut said a higher minimum wage for tipped workers would only saddle employers with expenses they can't afford and wouldn't help deal with sexual misconduct, either.
Harassment, she said, "cuts across numerous industries and has very little to do with what a woman makes or what a sexually harassed person makes," she said. "I don't see the correlation between the tip credit and sexual harassment."
Klepper reported from Albany, New York.
Deepti Hajela covers issues of race, ethnicity and immigration for The Associated Press. David Klepper covers New York state government and politics. Follow them at www.twitter.com/dhajela and www.twitter.com/davidklepper. For more of their work, search for their names at https://apnews.com


text:
Glitter Red, White, And Black Tumbler
Glitter Red, White, And Black Tumbler
All designs can be customized upon request. All tumblers are skinny straight stainless steel tumblers. They are all double wall vacuum insulated. All tumblers come in a box with a lid and straw. All tumblers are sublimation printed.
All of my cups are handmade so every cup will be unique and maybe slightly different from others. No one cup will be exactly like the other, even if the design is the same. As with all handmade crafts there may be slight imperfections. This in no way affects the use or quality of your tumbler. It just makes it very unique.
Care instructions:
-Wash the cup before use.
-Hand wash with warm water and mild soap.
-Do not soak.
-Not microwave safe.
-Not dishwasher safe.


text:
Book reviews Reviews of books related to BSD and computing in general. |
Thread Tools | Display Modes |
The Richard Stevens book Advanced programming in the UNIX environment as the title suggest is the Advanced system programming in Unix. After reading that book and let say "The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD Operating System" you should not have any problems to fiddle with OpenBSD or NetBSD kernels. For FreeBSD you probably want to read "The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System" instead. Late Richard Stevens is one of most prolific and best writers about Unix. I had a fortune to meet him in Tucson Arizona while I was Ph.D. student at the University of Arizona (Mathematics) in late 90s. He unfortunately died 1999 in early age of 48. Most of his books are written in early 90s so you can safely buy first editions as the editions differ slightly except for his 3 volume book on Network programming which was originally only one volume. You can get advanced programming on Amazon probably for $0.01 plus $3.99 for shipping. Cheers, OKO |
You can buy much newer ones than that. Network Programming is from 2004 and I think the Unix one is 2006. It's been kept up to date by someone who helped Stevens write the original text, I believe.
And, yes, the books are excellent and well worth the price. |
Actually, Unix Network Programming - Volume 1 - Third Edition was published in 2003, building on the legendary work of Richard Stevens and new topics have been added i.e. IPv6 API, etc.
The book is considered as a milestone for Unix network programming. Recently, while reading a tutorial for the Windows Sockets API, I was surprised to see a couple of references to this book. Imagine... Anyways, I too agree that it can be bought at a lower price. |
What's so surprising anemos? The Windows socket api was modeled on the sockets api from BSD, there are differences but it's /close enough/ in many ways.
You include winsock.h instead of a mish mash of headers, which is nice imho. s/errno/WSAGetLastError()/g and a few other related pains on error handling... but livable. The windows socket api and 'spawn.*()' family of functions are probably the high points of working with a windows machine. Sockets programming is basically sockets programming, but it's only part of what you can do on a unix box, the rest... well that's when it can really become a royal pain in the keester to port an app to windows IMHO, and still have fun in the process. ---- The 2nd edition of 'Advanced programming in the UNIX environment' is on amazon for about $50-$65 between used and new at the moment, but the list price is $80 !!! You can get a look at the table of contents and some previews here. This book looks like it's worth even $150 if you ask me. Also if you're not prepared to use manual pages, google, standards documents, and existing programs instead of buying this sucker, I think anyone is going to really want this book if they are learning to write programs on a unix box in C. Dang... now I wish I had it on my bookshelf, it would be a time saver lol. Looking at the foreward, it sounds like most of the changes are basically updates to do with the changing times, e.g. new(er) posix/sus, c99, also sounds like the 2nd edition might be a good idea if you work as a programmer (I don't, and I'm a cheap bastard too), dealing with linux or *bsd systems a lot. But the 1st edition would probably be fine for many people, if they can't or won't pay for the 2nd edition. If I had the cash to go spending on programming books, I'd deffo nab most of these books, then by a larger bookshelf....
My Journal Thou shalt check the array bounds of all strings (indeed, all arrays), for surely where thou typest ``foo'' someone someday shall type ``supercalifragilisticexpialidocious''. |
Just to nitpick but it's 2004.
Well, I don't know why that is but the cover of my book, sitting here on my lap, is different than that one, and the copyright inside says 2005.
EDIT: I just now noticed that, in the upper right hand corner, it shows the cover of that one in the link and says "Updated Classic!". I'll scan it later. Last edited by drhowarddrfine; 25th October 2008 at 08:54 PM. |
One could also give a look at the e-book(s).
It not that hard to find W. Richard Stevens books on the net, but of course a real book with real pages is better than the e-book And also, I think that Richard Stevens books are a great resource of knowledge about programming and UNIX. P.S.: If someone needs the e-book - PM me, I think I can find some of them
"I never think of the future. It comes soon enough." - A.E Useful links: FreeBSD Handbook | FreeBSD Developer's Handbook | The Porter's Handbook | PF User's Guide | unix-heaven.org |
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text:
19He entered Jericho and was passing through it. 2A man was there named Zacchaeus; he was a chief tax-collector and was rich. 3He was trying to see who Jesus was, but on account of the crowd he could not, because he was short in stature. 4So he ran ahead and climbed a sycomore tree to see him, because he was going to pass that way. 5When Jesus came to the place, he looked up and said to him, Zacchaeus, hurry and come down; for I must stay at your house today. 6So he hurried down and was happy to welcome him. 7All who saw it began to grumble and said, He has gone to be the guest of one who is a sinner. 8Zacchaeus stood there and said to the Lord, Look, half of my possessions, Lord, I will give to the poor; and if I have defrauded anyone of anything, I will pay back four times as much. 9Then Jesus said to him, Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. 10For the Son of Man came to seek out and to save the lost.
11 As they were listening to this, he went on to tell a parable, because he was near Jerusalem, and because they supposed that the kingdom of God was to appear immediately. 12So he said, A nobleman went to a distant country to get royal power for himself and then return. 13He summoned ten of his slaves, and gave them ten pounds,* and said to them, Do business with these until I come back. 14But the citizens of his country hated him and sent a delegation after him, saying, We do not want this man to rule over us. 15When he returned, having received royal power, he ordered these slaves, to whom he had given the money, to be summoned so that he might find out what they had gained by trading. 16The first came forward and said, Lord, your pound has made ten more pounds. 17He said to him, Well done, good slave! Because you have been trustworthy in a very small thing, take charge of ten cities. 18Then the second came, saying, Lord, your pound has made five pounds. 19He said to him, And you, rule over five cities. 20Then the other came, saying, Lord, here is your pound. I wrapped it up in a piece of cloth, 21for I was afraid of you, because you are a harsh man; you take what you did not deposit, and reap what you did not sow. 22He said to him, I will judge you by your own words, you wicked slave! You knew, did you, that I was a harsh man, taking what I did not deposit and reaping what I did not sow? 23Why then did you not put my money into the bank? Then when I returned, I could have collected it with interest. 24He said to the bystanders, Take the pound from him and give it to the one who has ten pounds. 25(And they said to him, Lord, he has ten pounds!) 26I tell you, to all those who have, more will be given; but from those who have nothing, even what they have will be taken away. 27But as for these enemies of mine who did not want me to be king over thembring them here and slaughter them in my presence.
28 After he had said this, he went on ahead, going up to Jerusalem.
29 When he had come near Bethphage and Bethany, at the place called the Mount of Olives, he sent two of the disciples,
30saying, Go into the village ahead of you, and as you enter it you will find tied there a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it here.
31If anyone asks you, Why are you untying it? just say this: The Lord needs it.
32So those who were sent departed and found it as he had told them.
33As they were untying the colt, its owners asked them, Why are you untying the colt?
34They said, The Lord needs it.
35Then they brought it to Jesus; and after throwing their cloaks on the colt, they set Jesus on it.
36As he rode along, people kept spreading their cloaks on the road.
37As he was now approaching the path down from the Mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to praise God joyfully with a loud voice for all the deeds of power that they had seen,
Blessed is the king
who comes in the name of the Lord!
Peace in heaven,
and glory in the highest heaven!
39Some of the Pharisees in the crowd said to him, Teacher, order your disciples to stop.
40He answered, I tell you, if these were silent, the stones would shout out.
41 As he came near and saw the city, he wept over it, 42saying, If you, even you, had only recognized on this day the things that make for peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes. 43Indeed, the days will come upon you, when your enemies will set up ramparts around you and surround you, and hem you in on every side. 44They will crush you to the ground, you and your children within you, and they will not leave within you one stone upon another; because you did not recognize the time of your visitation from God.*
45 Then he entered the temple and began to drive out those who were selling things there;
46and he said, It is written,
My house shall be a house of prayer;
but you have made it a den of robbers.
47 Every day he was teaching in the temple. The chief priests, the scribes, and the leaders of the people kept looking for a way to kill him; 48but they did not find anything they could do, for all the people were spellbound by what they heard.
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New Revised Standard Version Bible: Anglicized Edition, copyright © 1989, 1995 National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. http://nrsvbibles.org
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text:
2.500 Points
Price per Point: 0,040 €
Reduction: 28 %
Related Products
In many countries (especially in the EC) you are allowed to sell some products (e.g. Alcohol, Cigarettes, etc.) to adults or defined agegroups only.
This module add a service to verify the age of your customers / visitors. See also Protection of Minors
This will be done based on either an ID-Card or Passport from every country worldwide.
- Agerverification for all German customers by ID-Cart (old and new) or Passport
- Agerverification for all other countries worldwide by ID-Cart or Passport
- Limit to Custonergroup(s) [optional]
- Limit to Geozone(s) [optional]
- All settings can be combined
- Custom URL if verification fails
- Custom texts for all steps
- Settings per store (Multistore)
- Display per Layout (also multiple)
- All verfications are stored and searchable
- Combined with customer data (if logged in)
- Check for all products or only defined (optional in combination with catgeories)
- Check of all categories or only defined (optional in combination with products)
- Verification of guests and logged in customes
- Storage of all verification in cookie (optional for guests)
Extension requires API-Points, per request 3 Points are charged.
If the account has no points anymore, no check is made.
After successful ordering and payment, the API-Key will be send seperate by email.
The API-Key is valid for the during the order process defined URL and only valid for this URL.
Beside the purchase of individual API-Points (purchase when you need it), no additional running fees are requestet. No installation fee.
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Price per Point: 0,050 €
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Price per Point: 0,038 €
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Price per Point: 0,028 €
Reduction: 49,13 %
100.000 Points
Price per Point: 0,026 €
Reduction: 52,75 %


text:
Photos / Video / Live Review: Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Jay Electronica @ Sonar (2009.09.16)
All photos: Josh Sisk
Full set here
I have always had a giant personal dilemma in regards to hip-hop. The genre is filled with landmines that derail my systematic approach to digesting and enjoying most other genres of music. In my mind, the most compelling genius of music happens in live performance. The convergence of visual, aural and atmospheric factors should make for a unique, vital and one-of-a-kind experience.
I tend to abhor live hip-hop shows (battles are a different story), as you tend to lose a large portion of the visual with the focus on one singular performer, often without any backup other than a backing track. This has led to the egoism of the hype-up approach in order to catalyze a feedback loop of energy from the crowd to performer, and it often ends up distasteful at its worst, laughable at its best and nearly always obnoxious. Things devolve into pep rallies reminiscent of adolescence more than should be allowed.
Jay Electronica fell into this trap horrifically. His 'tween song banter ranged from bad to insufferable, yet somehow the crowd seemed trained to eat it up. Maybe that's because when he put aside the ego and the role of hypeman, picking up the mic as a rapper, he delivered some of the best rhymes of the night. His style is wordy, dense and filled with vivid metaphors, yet his flow is smooth and steady, like raging waters smoothing over a rocky riverbed. Counting among his repertoire a number of cuts with J Dilla beats, his set excised from the B$ could have potentially outshined both headliners. As it stands, the set was marred by awkward silences and particularly momentum-killing moments where he was having mic feedback and when he had his backing DJ searching for a line to play back from some unknown track.
Talib Kweli, by contrast, flowed forth not only with his words but with the show itself. Rarely, if ever letting silence rule the space between songs, Kweli packed every second with agile turns of phrase or phenomenal scratching by his DJ. A master of crowd control, the charismatic Kweli had the perfect balance of crowd interaction and sensing when to stow it and drop knowledge on everyone in a set largely culled from his collaborative efforts with DJ Hi-Tek. His steady and rapid-fire rhythmic skills while rapping a capella were top-notch, and his energy and intensity were off-the-charts on cuts like "Get Em High" and "Get By." He even gave a birthday shout-out during a Marley sing-along that proved he's can be as gentle as he goes hard.
Mos Def most clearly recognizes the need to fill the energy gap as he has taken to becoming a more versatile, multi-instrumental performer. The visual energy from watching him play the drums while rapping is remarkable, and its contribution to the performance immeasurable. Unsurprisingly, Mos Def performed the majority of The Ecstatic in gripping fashion. The end of the night heralded the reunion of Kweli and Mos Def as Black Star, the union which originally thrust them into the spotlight. The power of that performance almost dwarfed the individuals, and makes you wonder whether either of them has truly stepped out from the shadow of their earliest, arguably finest works?
It turns out Music Without Labels had a camera crew in the house and got some great live footage of Talib Kweli, Mos Def and Soul Cannon. Check it out after the jump.
Read the rest…


text:
Arts and Crafts » Cork Trivets » CO0076
Cork Trivet with Rope / Hot Pot Stands / Tablemats
Stock: Check availability
17.45 $
These cork trivets with rope - bottle are the perfect way to protect your table and various surfaces from hot pots, pans and dishes in your kitchen and dining area. Cork trivets are non slip, heat resistant and designed to protect your surfaces. This product is naturally resistant to liquids and easy to wipe clean. Perfect for everyday use. Made of 100% fine grain cork this trivet is an essential part of the kitchen and dining collection for the eco-conscious!! These cork trivets can be easily stored away in any drawer or hung on the wall. A great gift idea for kitchen lovers. This product is not only functional but also decorative due to the natural characteristics of cork wich is a sustainable source. Serve your food in style with our Cork Trivets available in different shapes and sizes.
Material: Agglomerated Cork - Cork Grain
Dimensions: 315x190x25mm
Weight: Aprox. 250g
Made in: European Union (EU)
Care instructions: Wipe clean with a damp cloth