text:
C++ Memory and Resource Management
- Failure to Distinguish Scalar and Array Allocation
- Checking for Allocation Failure
- Replacing Global New and Delete
- Confusing Scope and Activation of Member new and delete
- Throwing String Literals
- Improper Exception Mechanics
- Abusing Local Addresses
- Failure to Employ Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
- Improper Use of auto_ptr
C++ offers tremendous flexibility in managing memory, but few C++ programmers fully understand the available mechanisms. In this area of the language, overloading, name hiding, constructors and destructors, exceptions, static and virtual functions, operator and non-operator functions all come together to provide great flexibility and customizability of memory management. Unfortunately, and perhaps unavoidably, things can also get a bit complex.
In this chapter, we'll look at how the various features of C++ are used together in memory management, how they sometimes interact in surprising ways, and how to simplify their interactions.
Inasmuch as memory is just one of many resources a program manages, we'll also look at how to bind other resources to memory so we can use C++'s sophisticated memory management facilities to manage other resources as well.
Gotcha #60: Failure to Distinguish Scalar and Array Allocation
Is a Widget the same thing as an array of Widgets? Of course not. Then why are so many C++ programmers surprised to find that different operators are used to allocate and free arrays and scalars?
We know how to allocate and free a single Widget. We use the new and delete operators:
Widget *w = new Widget( arg ); // . . . delete w;
Unlike most operators in C++, the behavior of the new operator can't be modified by overloading. The new operator always calls a function named operator new to (presumably) obtain some storage, then may initialize that storage. In the case of Widget, above, use of the new operator will cause a call to an operator new function that takes a single argument of type size_t, then will invoke a Widget constructor on the uninitialized storage returned by operator new to produce a Widget object.
The delete operator invokes a destructor on the Widget and then calls a function named operator delete to (presumably) deallocate the storage formerly occupied by the now deceased Widget object.
Variation in behavior of memory allocation and deallocation is obtained by overloading, replacing, or hiding the functions operator new and operator delete, not by modifying the behavior of the new and delete operators.
We also know how to allocate and free arrays of Widgets. But we don't use the new and delete operators:
w = new Widget[n]; // . . . delete [] w;
We instead use the new [] and delete [] operators (pronounced "array new" and "array delete"). Like new and delete, the behavior of the array new and array delete operators cannot be modified. Array new first invokes a function called operator new[] to obtain some storage, then (if necessary) performs a default initialization of each allocated array element from the first element to the last. Array delete destroys each element of the array in the reverse order of its initialization, then invokes a function called operator delete[] to reclaim the storage.
As an aside, note that it's often better design to use a standard library vector rather than an array. A vector is nearly as efficient as an array and is typically safer and more flexible. A vector can generally be considered a "smart" array, with similar semantics. However, when a vector is destroyed, its elements are destroyed from first to last: the opposite order in which they would be destroyed in an array.
Memory management functions must be properly paired. If new is used to obtain storage, delete should be used to free it. If malloc is used to obtain storage, free should be used to free it. Sometimes, using free with new or malloc with delete will "work" for a limited set of types on a particular platform, but there is no guarantee the code will continue to work:
int *ip = new int(12); // . . . free( ip ); // wrong! ip = static_cast<int *>(malloc( sizeof(int) )); *ip = 12; // . . . delete ip; // wrong!
The same requirement holds for array allocation and deletion. A common error is to allocate an array with array new and free it with scalar delete. As with mismatched new and free, this code may work by chance in a particular situation but is nevertheless incorrect and is likely to fail in the future:
double *dp = new double[1]; // . . . delete dp; // wrong!
Note that the compiler can't warn of an incorrect scalar deletion of an array, since it can't distinguish between a pointer to an array and a pointer to a single element. Typically, array new will insert information adjacent to the memory allocated for an array that indicates not only the size of the block of storage but also the number of elements in the allocated array. This information is examined and acted upon by array delete when the array is deleted.
The format of this information is probably different from that of the information stored with a block of storage obtained through scalar new. If scalar delete is invoked upon storage allocated by array new, the information about size and element countwhich are intended to be interpreted by an array deletewill probably be misinterpreted by the scalar delete, with undefined results. It's also possible that scalar and array allocation employ different memory pools. Use of a scalar deletion to return array storage allocated from the array pool to the scalar pool is likely to end in disaster.
delete [] dp; // correct
This imprecision regarding the concepts of array and scalar allocation also show up in the design of member memory-management functions:
class Widget { public: void *operator new( size_t ); void operator delete( void *, size_t ); // . . . };
The author of the Widget class has decided to customize memory management of Widgets but has failed to take into account that array operator new and delete functions have different names from their scalar counterparts and are therefore not hidden by the member versions:
Widget *w = new Widget( arg ); // OK // . . . delete w; // OK w = new Widget[n]; // oops! // . . . delete [] w; // oops!
Because the Widget class declares no operator new[] or operator delete[] functions, memory management of arrays of Widgets will use the global versions of these functions. This is probably incorrect behavior, and the author of the Widget class should provide member versions of the array new and delete functions.
If, to the contrary, this is correct behavior, the author of the class should clearly indicate that fact to future maintainers of the Widget class, since otherwise they're likely to "fix" the problem by providing the "missing" functions. The best way to document this design decision is not with a comment but with code:
class Widget { public: void *operator new( size_t ); void operator delete( void *, size_t ); void *operator new[]( size_t n ) { return ::operator new[](n); } void operator delete[]( void *p, size_t ) { ::operator delete[](p); } // . . . };
The inline member versions of these functions cost nothing at runtime and should convince even the most inattentive maintainer not to second-guess the author's decision to invoke the global versions of array new and delete functions for Widgets.


text:
Harborfront Single Bath Vanity in White Ceramic Top
Bell and Modern products carry a 1-year manufacturer's limited warranty. Proof of purchase, such as a receipt from the original retailer, will be required for all warranty claims. This warranty covers products that were properly installed by a licensed professional and used properly. This includes a full replacement of the product if necessary, solely at the manufacturer's discretion. If an item is defective upon receipt, do not install and contact Lexora immediately. Defective items that are knowingly installed will not qualify for free replacements.
Damage due to installation error, product abuse or misuse, or use of cleaners containing abrasives, alcohol or other organic solvents — whether performed by a contractor, service company or the customer — are excluded from this warranty. Additionally, defects or damage caused by non-Lexora parts will void this warranty in its entirety.
Bell and Modern will not be held responsible for labor charges and/or damage incurred during the installation, repair, or replacement of any Lexora product. Furthermore, the manufacturer shall not be held responsible for any incidental or consequential damages, losses and/or injury relating to the item(s). Except as provided by law, this warranty is in lieu of and excludes all other warranties, conditions and guarantees — whether expressed or implied, statutory or otherwise — including without restriction those of merchantability or of fitness for use.
Depending on jurisdiction, some states, provinces, and countries do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages. In such cases, the aforementioned limitations or exclusions may not apply. This warranty affords you specific legal rights; you may have other rights which vary from state to state, province to province, and country to country.
All Bell and Modern products (with the exception of our outdoor firepits) are designed for indoor use only. All warranties are non-transferable. Bell and Modern will supply proper instructions for making warranty claims. Please contact us to start the warranty process

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bottom line, we know how to find the finance and accounting professionals you need.
Your controller needs help with the end of year audit. You need a financial analyst that can dive deep into the numbers. From Payables and Receivables clerks to data entry specialists to controllers and analysts, Snelling can help.
Snelling has the credentials, business acumen, industry intelligence and connections to deliver exceptionally qualified professionals—fast. We've been matching great talent with great companies for more than 65 years.
At Snelling, we understand every business is unique, that's why we offer custom workforce solutions to meet your finance and accounting staffing needs.
Direct Hire Staffing
Finding talented, well-qualified employees who are the best long-term fit for your company requires considerable time and financial investment. Free up your internal resources and leave the search to us. Snelling has the knowledge, resources and expertise to quickly identify the best-fit candidates for your company. By engaging us, you and your colleagues can focus on other aspects of your business. Want to know more? Read: Meeting Direct Hiring Needs with a Staffing Firm.
Temp to Hire Staffing
Snelling actively recruits candidates who are seeking direct hire positions with our clients. When it's time to expand your workforce, Snelling makes it easy to evaluate promising candidates in a temporary capacity before making a final hiring decision. To learn more about the benefits of this approach, read Why You Should Follow a Temp to Hire Model.
Temporary Staffing
Today, there can be many strategic benefits to leveraging temporary rather than full-time employees—most notably, significant cost savings. To learn more about flexible staffing, read The Cost of Temporary Staffing vs. The Cost of Full-Time Employees.
Whether you need one person or an entire team of star performers, additional manpower at one location or multiple locations in several states, Snelling is your trusted resource for candidates who can hit the ground running. We can even manage your flexible staffing plan to save you time and money.


text:
Jocelyn Laidlaw is the anchor of Calgary's CTV News at Noon and 5pm. A journalist since 1994, Jocelyn has been a reporter, producer and anchor. Over the years she has covered the case of serial killer Robert Pickton, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Canadian Tour, and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. She has interviewed celebrities, politicians, community leaders and many regular folks who have their stories and perspectives.
For more than 15 years, she has donated her time to work with the Janus Academy (school for children with Autism) and other charitable causes in our community.
Jocelyn's hometown is Vancouver, B.C., where she earned a degree in Communications and graduated from broadcast journalism school. Jocelyn speaks English, Spanish and French. She loves to travel and cook.
Jocelyn and her husband spend their free time with their young son, skiing, travelling, and visiting family around the world.
CTV News Calgary is southern Alberta's trusted source for local breaking news and weather and our legacy of news innovation and community involvement continues as we celebrate nearly 60 years in broadcasting.
On September 9, 1960, CTV News Calgary (CFCN) went on the air for the first time and was the first independent television station in Canada.
The first broadcast was a 30-minute news program, followed by two movies, bringing then owner H. Gordon Love's life-long dream to reality.
CFCN became a member of the Canadian Television Network (CTV) in October 1961 and one of the station's longest running shows, The Buck Shot Show, started in 1967.
CTV News Calgary, created a number of firsts in Canadian television, as an owned and operated local of CTV News.
Canada's largest telecommunications company, Bell Canada Enterprises, has owned CTV News Calgary since 2000.
CTV News Calgary's trusted team of top-notch videojournalists and producers are dedicated to providing the best in local news programming to southern Alberta online, on-the-air and in the community.
Join us each weekday for CTV Morning Live Calgary, News at Noon, News at 5, News at 6 and News at 11:30 and on weekends for the News at 6.
Keep up with the news when it happens and subscribe to our Breaking News email alerts HERE.
Watch the newscasts you missed online HERE.


text:
Azure Standard SSDs in preview
Published date: June 13, 2018
Azure Standard SSDs, now in preview, provide a low-cost managed disk solution optimized for test and entry-level production workloads requiring consistent latency.
Standard SSDs can:
- Deliver lower latency compared to Standard HDDs.
- Be used for big-data workloads that require high throughput.
- Improve reliability and scalability for your applications.
- Offer the same industry-leading durability and availability you expect from Azure Disk Storage.
- Be upgraded to Premium SSDs for more demanding and latency-sensitive workloads.


text:
- use Locale::Country;
- $country = code2country('jp'); # $country gets 'Japan'
- $code = country2code('Norway'); # $code gets 'no'
- @codes = all_country_codes();
- @names = all_country_names();
- # semi-private routines
- Locale::Country::alias_code('uk' => 'gb');
- Locale::Country::rename_country('gb' => 'Great Britain');
The Locale::Country
module provides access to the ISO
codes for identifying countries, as defined in ISO 3166-1.
You can either access the codes via the conversion routines
(described below), or with the two functions which return lists
of all country codes or all country names.
There are three different code sets you can use for identifying countries:
Two letter codes, such as 'tv' for Tuvalu.
This code set is identified with the symbol LOCALE_CODE_ALPHA_2
Three letter codes, such as 'brb' for Barbados.
This code set is identified with the symbol LOCALE_CODE_ALPHA_3
Numeric codes, such as 064 for Bhutan.
This code set is identified with the symbol LOCALE_CODE_NUMERIC
All of the routines take an optional additional argument which specifies the code set to use. If not specified, it defaults to the two-letter codes. This is partly for backwards compatibility (previous versions of this module only supported the alpha-2 codes), and partly because they are the most widely used codes.
The alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes are not case-dependent, so you can use 'BO', 'Bo', 'bO' or 'bo' for Bolivia. When a code is returned by one of the functions in this module, it will always be lower-case.
As of version 2.00, Locale::Country supports variant names for countries. So, for example, the country code for "United States" is "us", so country2code('United States') returns 'us'. Now the following will also return 'us':
- country2code('United States of America')
- country2code('USA')
There are three conversion routines: code2country()
, country2code()
and country_code2code()
This function takes a country code and returns a string
which contains the name of the country identified.
If the code is not a valid country code, as defined by ISO 3166,
then undef
will be returned:
- $country = code2country('fi');
This function takes a country name and returns the corresponding
country code, if such exists.
If the argument could not be identified as a country name,
then undef
will be returned:
- $code = country2code('Norway', LOCALE_CODE_ALPHA_3);
- # $code will now be 'nor'
The case of the country name is not important. See the section KNOWN BUGS AND LIMITATIONS below.
This function takes a country code from one code set, and returns the corresponding code from another code set.
- $alpha2 = country_code2code('fin',
- # $alpha2 will now be 'fi'
If the code passed is not a valid country code in
the first code set, or if there isn't a code for the
corresponding country in the second code set,
then undef
will be returned.
There are two function which can be used to obtain a list of all codes, or all country names:
all_country_codes( [ CODESET ] )
Returns a list of all two-letter country codes. The codes are guaranteed to be all lower-case, and not in any particular order.
all_country_names( [ CODESET ] )
Returns a list of all country names for which there is a corresponding country code in the specified code set. The names are capitalised, and not returned in any particular order.
Not all countries have alpha-3 and numeric codes - some just have an alpha-2 code, so you'll get a different number of countries depending on which code set you specify.
Locale::Country provides two semi-private routines for modifying the internal data. Given their status, they aren't exported by default, and so need to be called by prefixing the function name with the package name.
Define a new code as an alias for an existing code:
- Locale::Country::alias_code( ALIAS => CODE [, CODESET ] )
This feature was added as a mechanism for handling a "uk" code. The ISO standard says that the two-letter code for "United Kingdom" is "gb", whereas domain names are all .uk.
By default the module does not understand "uk", since it is implementing an ISO standard. If you would like 'uk' to work as the two-letter code for United Kingdom, use the following:
- Locale::Country::alias_code('uk' => 'gb');
With this code, both "uk" and "gb" are valid codes for United Kingdom, with the reverse lookup returning "uk" rather than the usual "gb".
Note: this function was previously called _alias_code, but the leading underscore has been dropped. The old name will be supported for all 2.X releases for backwards compatibility.
If the official country name just isn't good enough for you, you can rename a country. For example, the official country name for code 'gb' is 'United Kingdom'. If you want to change that, you might call:
- Locale::Country::rename_country('gb' => 'Great Britain');
This means that calling code2country('gb') will now return 'Great Britain' instead of 'United Kingdom'. The original country name is retained as an alias, so for the above example, country2code('United Kingdom') will still return 'gb'.
The following example illustrates use of the code2country()
The user is prompted for a country code, and then told the corresponding
country name:
Most top-level domain names are based on these codes, but there are certain codes which aren't. If you are using this module to identify country from hostname, your best bet is to preprocess the country code.
For example, edu, com, gov and friends would map to us; uk would map to gb. Any others?
When using country2code()
, the country name must currently appear
exactly as it does in the source of the module. The module now supports
a small number of variants.
Possible extensions to this are: an interface for getting at the list of variant names, and regular expression matches.
In the current implementation, all data is read in when the module is loaded, and then held in memory. A lazy implementation would be more memory friendly.
Support for country names in different languages.
ISO two letter codes for identification of language (ISO 639).
ISO codes for identification of scripts (ISO 15924).
ISO three letter codes for identification of currencies and funds (ISO 4217).
ISO codes for country sub-divisions (states, counties, provinces, etc), as defined in ISO 3166-2. This module is not part of the Locale-Codes distribution, but is available from CPAN in CPAN/modules/by-module/Locale/
The ISO standard which defines these codes.
Official home page for the ISO 3166 maintenance agency.
Another useful, but not official, home page.
An appendix in the CIA world fact book which lists country codes as defined by ISO 3166, FIPS 10-4, and internet domain names.
Neil Bowers <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Copyright (C) 2002-2004, Neil Bowers.
Copyright (c) 1997-2001 Canon Research Centre Europe (CRE).
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.


text:
August 15, 2013
By ANNE M. PETERSON
AP Sports Writer
Goodbye, Rose Garden. Hello, Moda Center.
The Portland Trail Blazers announced a 10-year agreement with insurance provider Moda Health on Tuesday to rename the Rose Garden.
Blazers President Chris McGowan said a new logo should be unveiled within about a month, and the team hopes much of the new signage will be up by the season's home opener on Nov. 2 against San Antonio.
At the request of team owner Paul Allen, the new logo will incorporate a rose as a tribute to the fans and the city. Allen originally named the arena the Rose Garden.
''The Rose Garden is not going away. It's going to be a part of our history and heritage,'' McGowan said. ''The Moda Center is going to take us into the future.''
Moda Health, founded in 1955 and based in Portland, offers medical, dental, pharmacy and vision plans to 2 million members in Oregon, Washington and Alaska. Formerly known as ODS, the company changed its name in May.
Williams Johnson, president of Moda Health, would not disclose terms of the deal. The partnership also will include other enhancements to the Rose Quarter district.
In April, Allen told reporters he was ''attached' to the Rose Garden, which was opened in 1995. The building is owned by Allen's company, Vulcan Inc.
''I understand people's investments in a particular name. I tried to pick a name, the Rose Garden, that was something like the Boston Garden or Madison Square Garden, there was something in those names that appealed to me as having some permanence,'' he said at the time. ''We'll see what happens.''
Asked what he would tell fans similarly attached to the Rose Garden name, McGowan said: ''Hopefully, they'll understand that this is what organizations do to go to another level.''


text:
Rudolf Steiner, Dornach, Switzerland, September 9, 1924
The most important thing we must do here is to read the Apocalypse in the way it should be read today. Already for the reason that we must become fully conscious of what is guiding spiritual life today, since spiritual development is now taking place under the sign of the consciousness soul. Hence it will be a matter of orienting ourselves to what the Apocalypticer tells us and of absorbing it in a fully conscious way.
The communications of the Apocalypticer have meant nothing to ordinary priests so far, and at most they meant something to the highest initiates, although there have been ever fewer of them in recent times. Priests must now become aware of the real contents of the Apocalypse.
We pointed to the seven churches from a particular point of view, for the world is very complex and one can look at things from many different viewpoints; so that we can describe the community in Ephesus in the way that we did yesterday. We then find that the Christianity there developed out of certain heathen conditions.
However, we can also point out that much of the basic structure of the first post Atlantean epoch was contained in these impulses — in fact, to an even greater extent than it was contained in the later phases of Indian civilization. So that in a way one can look upon the Christianity which developed in Ephesus as a Christian continuation of the first world view and view of life after the Atlantean epoch, whereas the original Persian culture lived more in the second community — Smyrna — and passed over into Christianity.
Then again, Pergamos is described as a community which cultivated the third post Atlantean culture. If we let the message to Pergamos work upon us, we find a more or less clear reference to the words of Hermes, which lived in this cultural milieu.
Then in Thyatira we are referred to the fourth post Atlantean culture, in which the Mystery of Golgotha took place. If we let this important message work upon us, we are constantly reminded of the direct way in which the message of the Mystery of Golgotha worked.
And then comes the church in Sardis, which we discussed yesterday. I showed you that this church in Sardis was somewhat astrologically oriented, and that it was oriented towards astronomical work. Therewith this community bears a lot of the past in it — which of course every community does from a historical viewpoint. But precisely this community in Sardis also bears a lot of the future in it.
And now take what we're trying to bring into our spiritual view of the present. We are living in the fifth post-Atlantean epoch. If one looks at Sardis' past one sees that there was still something germinal there which hadn't been taken to completion at the time when John wrote the Apocalypse. The whole tone of this fifth epistle is different. It points to the future. The future to which he pointed at that time, which is as it were germinally contained in Sardis is our future; it is the time in which we're living.
So the development of the successive post Atlantean periods is hidden in the developing Christian churches, and the same thing is indicated from another side in the seven seals.
We have another indication, as it were, of what the secret of the seven churches is in the seven seals. We will describe the other meaning of the seven seals later, but when the fourth seal is opened, it corresponds to a secret of the fourth post Atlantean epoch, for a pale horse appears, and there is talk about the death which has come into the world. This touches upon one of the most important secrets of the Apocalypse — at least, it is very important for our time. In a way, death really entered into humanity during the fourth Post Atlantean epoch. You should make this clear to yourselves. One finds out what human nature is if one contemplates something like this; one can really get to know it quite well.
If we go back to the first, second and third post Atlantean epochs we find that the way man felt about himself, and his whole frame of mind was different in these early times than it became later. Man had a distinct inner feeling that he was growing into his earthly abode. Even though this consciousness had dimmed considerably by the time of the Mystery of Golgotha, men had a distinct memory in their ordinary consciousness that they had lived up in the spiritual world before their life on earth. In the first, second and third post Atlantean epochs, everyone knew that they had been a spiritual being before they had become a child. One doesn't find this, in external documents very much, but the fact is that people, took the continuation of their stay upon earth backwards into the spiritual world for granted. Human beings only began to feel that their life on earth was closed off by the two portals of conception or birth and death in the fourth post Atlantean epoch, which coincided with the Mystery of Golgotha.
This consciousness or attitude of soul first arose in the fourth post Atlantean epoch, so that this consciousness of being strictly enclosed by the boundaries of earthly life developed from about the eighth century before Christ up to the 15th century after the Mystery of Golgotha. A new consciousness is being prepared in the present epoch, but we're only at the beginning of it. Only about five centuries have elapsed since then, and this corresponds to about the third pre-Christian century with respect to the preparation of the fourth post Atlantean consciousness. The consciousness which they had then was quite different from the one they had when the fourth post Atlantean consciousness was fully developed. Likewise, most men today are not wearing the clothes of the new consciousness yet, but they are still wearing the consciousness of the fourth post Atlantean epoch. Our whole civilization tends to create this situation.
Just think of how much has been carried over from the fourth post Atlantean epoch and of how much people are living in the fourth post Atlantean epoch in a matter of fact or coquettish way. The fourth post Atlantean. epoch is still working on in our entire high school education. Scholars who use Latin are still back in the fourth post Atlantean epoch. People in public life still think in the way that they thought in the fourth post Atlantean epoch. We haven't arrived at full humanity with respect to the development of our consciousness soul, as it were, in the fifth post Atlantean epoch. And this is why men of the present still think that their earth life is closed off by the two portals of birth and death.
The consciousness soul is being developed, but this development only becomes evident in people who have a special talent for it. I have met quite a few talented people like this during my lifetime; but one usually doesn't notice them. There is an awareness that a man with this fifth post Atlantean consciousness doesn't completely fit into the period between birth and death, that death plays into earthly life, that one really dies a little bit every day, that we're dying continuously all the time and that death exists. Some people are very much afraid of death, because they feel that it is undermining their ability to be human on earth. On the other hand, I have also known people who loved death because it always accompanied them, and they were really longing for it.
This is something which will arise evermore during the fifth post Atlantean epoch, namely, people will see death walking alongside them. To put it even more concretely: men will perceive an intimate fire process in themselves which is connected with the development of the consciousness soul. They will experience this development of waking consciousness like a kind of fire process which consumes them, especially at the moments when they pass over from sleeping to waking consciousness. The consciousness soul is a very spiritual thing, and spiritual things always consume material ones. The consciousness soul consumes material and etheric things in human beings through a kind of intimate fire process or transformation process.
This is something which men will perceive more and more in the course of this fifth post Atlantean epoch. Except that you shouldn't think that it's like a burning candle flame; one shouldn't think of it in such a physical way. Rather he will incorporate this proximity of death into his moral soul.
The situation with most people today is as follows. If you see how the good resolves and firm intentions which they have disappear in the next moment, hour, day or month, then in accordance with the prevailing, materialistic world view, one considers this to be something which simply occurs. But one will gradually begin to feel differently about this. One will begin to feel that a good intention which one was too weak to carry out weakens one's life and reduces one's moral value, and one will see that one becomes morally lighter and less significant in the universe thereby.
People today generally feel that what is present here is a weakness in their soul, and not something which works on in the universe. But this will change. Likewise, there will be certain intellectual qualities which people will increasingly feel are weakening them, as if a fire in their soul were consuming them. These phenomena are already here, and some of them exist on a large scale. But they are not being felt in an honest way.
There is a way to find one's way into the spiritual world where one goes step by step and where one also takes what is given in How Does One Attain Knowledge of Higher Worlds? and in other books into account; thereby one arrives at a harmony between spirit, soul and body. But through the way in which most people cultivate a spiritual life today without these exercises, namely, through the way in which people in various confessions pursue a religious life, the latter is active in them in such a •manner that it reduces their moral value and makes them lighter.
These are things which people are becoming aware of more and more. People in this fifth post Atlantean epoch are changing a great deal. For it is a significant change if one feels that one's whole manhood is strengthened or weakened by what one is in one's soul. It's quite a change if one feels that destiny is not only a matter of circumstances which work upon one and which are present around one outside, but that it is something which makes one morally lighter or heavier. It's not as if one's physical body were protected against this, for one feels that one becomes lighter or heavier as a whole human being.
You see, this is the consciousness which is being prepared, and one can see externally and empirically that it is being prepared. The time is beginning today when the priesthood will have to think of these things, when the faithful are standing before them. For it's a question of dealing with what is rising in men's consciousness in such a way that a man is comforted and strengthened. These things are not fully conscious yet, and they are coming up together with all kinds of unrest, nervousness and disharmonious emotional contents.
You priests will find that it's becoming increasingly impossible to treat individual people in accordance with the general ideas which you have formed. Don't be offended by this, but in a certain sense clichés have been the decisive thing in the past and in many respects they still are today. If you ask what a priest did with someone who came to him with some kind of delusive ideas, one will hear that he tried to make him feel aware that he was a sinner, and that he did the same with a second case, and so on. Thus everything is pervaded by clichés.
I once went to three burials in one day, and I noticed that the same priest began each burial with the statement, "As high as the heavens are above the earth, so much higher are my thoughts than your thoughts." Here we have another cliché, which was relatively justified in the fourth post Atlantean epoch. Like the other things that I mentioned, this has reached over into the fifth and it rules our thinking, whereas a finer observation shows that all things must be transformed in our cultural epoch. Priests must begin to be able to look into the hearts of other human beings again.
Very few people can do this today. Human beings know terribly little about other human beings today. For you see, if one reads the passage about the white raiment which people who have fulfilled the task of the fifth cultural epoch will have to wear, and if one does this with a certain reverence — because one can't really read the Apocalypse without reverence — one gets the impression that here it's a question of looking deeply into the special kind of consciousness which each human being has with the eye of a priest. It's a question of their becoming acquainted with the people who appear before them in the fifth post Atlantean age. We are being admonished to become acquainted with each human being in his soul garment, and not just in the clothes which he wears through what he is in the outer world. This admonishment of the Apocalypticer is addressed to our present time through this letter.
Today's priests must penetrate the souls of human beings as they momentarily disregard all the external things into which men are placed. Priests must really begin to look at human beings in the way I described, namely, in the way one must look at them if one wants to investigate their karma. The day before yesterday I said that if one wants to investigate someone's karma one has to immerse oneself in his soul and in the qualities which can come to expression in any profession and basically in any capacity, and one shouldn't look at people from the viewpoint of their vocation, social ties, and ability or non-ability. For one has to look at what a human being was in his past earth life. Now priests don't have to go quite that far, but they must begin to see through external things and to look at man's inner life and his purely human side, and at what gives each inner human being an individual constitution. It's really the case that if we read up to this Book of Revelation we feel that what is written in it is like a direct exhortation to present-day humanity. And if we read on we can get an even deeper impression.
Just consider the following. We're going through the fifth post Atlantean epoch; during this fifth post Atlantean age man is changing his consciousness in such a way that he sees through the work and activity of death itself. He will understand it. He will not learn to see through it in such a way that he knows how much longer he has to live; but he will see the working of death itself; he will have it as a constant companion. Of course he will have to have a soul content which will make this standing next to him of death seem natural, and this is something which will have to be created in the various spheres of life. If one's soul forces are constantly alert one will be able to have death next to one as a good friend and a constant companion.
You should realize that when you look out into your environment today, you are still seeing things like a man of the fourth post Atlantean epoch. You're basically looking at life which has death in it in every plant and rock, but you don't see the death, because you still don't see it in yourself. People will soon begin to see death all the time. This is what one will increasingly have to say to present-day men. People's whole perception will change as they see death more and more.
If one sees death one sees many things which are completely hidden in the phenomena. We see nature in a rather stable way today because we don't look into certain fine, intimate things in nature at all. We walk through the countryside, and we see signs which say that there is a lot of foot and mouth disease in this area. However, in reality something happened in the more intimate things above such a place — if one can see it — which can be compared with an ocean which is roiled by a storm or with a volcanic eruption. This is what will approach mankind in the sixth post Atlantean epoch.
Today people can observe the eruption of a Vesuvius or a great earthquake by means of a seismograph, but because they don't see death yet they don't see the tensions in the etheric which become manifest in all kinds of things, such as when a significant genius lives somewhere or is born there. People can see the tremendous working and weaving of the spirit behind the planets and stars and their configurations just as little; the latter are just an external manifestation of the former.
People will see all of this in a certain way during the sixth post Atlantean epoch. The sun and the stars and planets in their present form will have fallen down from the heavens. One will see the working and weaving of spirit where the materially abstract stars shine today. Thus the way that men see themselves will change a great deal in the course of the fifth post Atlantean age and the way they see the whole world around them will change greatly in the course of the sixth. For example, don't think that an initiate sees the world like a non-initiate does. Something similar applies to successive stages of consciousness. Human beings see the world differently in successive epochs.
The fact that we are living at a time when man and the way the world looks are being transformed is indicated in a number of ways but also by the fact that there is a relative uniformity in the description of the first four letters. The first letter is unsealed and a horse appears, a white horse. The second letter is unsealed and a red horse appears, but it's a horse. The third letter is unsealed and a black horse appears, but it's a horse. The fourth letter is unsealed and a pale horse appears, but again it is a horse.
The fifth letter is unsealed and no horse appears; there is no mention of horses anymore. The decisive thing here is indicated in an entirely different way. If we go on reading the letters, we find that a very important transformation which is occurring during our age is pointed to in this way.
We can only say that we must prepare ourselves to become the new, transformed community of Sardis. This new and transformed community in Sardis must realize that it's rather trivial to know plants, animals and rocks, for one only really knows these things if one finds the activities of the stars and planets in every stone and in every plant. The stars must fall down from heaven in a spiritual way. One can already begin to perceive this.
I would just like to give a particular example of this. People accept the outer forms of such things. One doesn't pay much attention to the way in which something like this is present in the whole spiritual evolution of mankind. Each person can only do something at the place where he stands. Before I went on my last trip to England, the following thing happened. You may know that when I'm here I give the people who are working on our building one or two hours a week during their working time, where I talk to them about scientific and spiritual things. I let the workers give me the themes, and they really like to do this. The workers like it if they can choose the themes. Now they wanted to know about things which are possible in present-day spiritual life. This is one of the things which priests should really understand.
When I walked into the classroom before I went on my trip to England, a worker had a prepared question: Why is it that only certain rocks and plants have an odor? Where does the fragrance of flowers come from? Now these workers were educated by the lectures which have been given for years to such an extent that they're not particularly interested in chemical explanations, where one tells them that one has this or that substance which is giving off this or that aroma, along the lines of explanations which tell one that destitution comes from poverty. The workers want real explanations.
Now you see, I had to tell them the following. I will briefly repeat what I explained to them for about an hour. Things which smell refer us to our sense organs; we perceive the aroma through our organ of smell. But let's ask ourselves whether we have developed our organ of smell to the point where we can compete with a police dog. You will have to admit that we can't. On the contrary, you will have to admit that man has a rather crude organ of smell and that one runs into more sensitive organs of smell if one goes down to certain lower forms in nature.
One can see this from the following. Take a dog, which has this sensitive organ of smell, so that it can become a police, dog. You will see that it has a receded forehead which follows the olfactory nerves that bear smells into its system. All of this is puffed up into a forehead in us; our intellectual apparatus and especially our ability to recognize things is a transformed organ of. smell. This explains why we find more sensitive organs of perception when we descend to lower creatures.
Now spiritual science teaches us that the fragrant flowers of a large number of plants are really organs of smell; they're vegetable organs of smell which are extraordinarily sensitive. And what do they smell? They smell the omnipresent, world's aroma. The worldly smell which is emitted by Venus is different from the ones which are given off by Mars or Saturn. For instance, violet smells are the aromatic echo of the cosmic smell which violets perceive. Such pleasant smelling plants perceive the elements of the world's smell which. come from Venus, Mercury and Mars. Stinky asafetida smells Saturn odors and reproduces them.
Here one has to explain to people how the stars fall down, because they want to know this; for the things of the world are basically nothing else than what they give out or radiate down. If one wants to talk about things in a realistic way, one has to say that the stars are really falling down already, because they are in the plants. Plants are aromatic and they are also olfactory organs. This morning I let the workers give me some more questions. One of the questions was: If what was said about smells is correct and plants are sensitive organs of smell, where do plant colors come from?
I had to explain that although plant aromas come from the planets, plant colors come from the power of the sun. I gave an example to make this'seem plausible. However, one of the workers wasn't entirely satisfied with this answer, and he said: this doesn't explain why rocks have colors; I can understand' why plants have colors, for if there's a plant growing in the cellar where there's no sunlight, it has a form which has an aroma, because the world's aroma passes through the walls of the cellar; but the sun doesn't shine through the walls and so plants remain pale or even white; but how do rocks become colored? Then I had explain[ed] that we have the course of the day, with a revolution with respect to the sun in hours, and we have the course of the year which brings about the seasons during which the sun goes up towards the zenith and back down again; but we also have something else. I had to explain the Platonic year, and I explained that although the sun is now in Pisces at the vernal equinox it was previously in Aries, Taurus and Gemini, and that it takes 25.920 years for it to go all the way around. So that the sun is connected with the course of a day, the course of a year and the course of a world year; and whereas plants get their colors from the sun in the course of a year, rocks get their colors in the course of a world year.
The power which the sun develops in its movement through a Platonic year lives in the colors of green emeralds, wine yellow topaz and red rubies. And so you see that if one begins to speak about the spiritual world people are no longer satisfied if one explains their questions about earthly things with the trivialities which come out of our laboratories and dissecting rooms. They want to know things, and they feel very satisfied if they know them in a Sardisian way or in a way where one brings in the stars and planets and their activities. After all, by placing Sardis into the present time, one is doing the same thing that the Apocalypse is doing.
You see, this is an example, but on the other hand, one has to begin to carry this sensing of the stars and their beings into the present People will have to begin to see that the Christ is a sun being again. But this is what they fight most of all. But if I tell you such things, namely, if I tell you that our modern, fifth post Atlantean epoch must be the resurrected Sardis, in the way that this is concisely and wonderfully described in the fifth community and in the fifth seal, when these things are unsealed, if I say this to you, you will feel that one of our tasks is to develop this particular understanding of the Apocalypse today, namely, to be able to understand the tasks which are demanding our heartfelt attention every day. It doesn't do any good to merely interpret the Apocalypse today. We must put the Apocalypse into practice in everything we do, otherwise we might just as well forget about it. A desire to interpret it in order to satisfy one's curiosity doesn't have much value.
Thus I have tried to show you the second thing which belongs to a reading of the Apocalypse. Yesterday I tried to indicate the formal aspect to you; today I tried to indicate that it takes will power to read it. But this is only natural. For apocalypses have always arisen through inspirations of the will, and here we touch upon a really apocalyptic point, because it is an apocalyptic point which is full of life.
We already have people today who are being trained in an apocalyptic way; but they are being apocalyptically trained so that they receive their training of the will in a way which is oriented specifically towards the Roman catholic church; these are the Jesuits. There is something very apocalyptic about the Jesuits' training and exercises. The Jesuits' exercises involve a training of the will, which always underlies the perception of apocalyptic things. Hence anyone who takes a real priesthood in the sense of a Christian renewal seriously today has to keep this training of the Jesuits in mind.
He must understand the Apocalypse so that he can find the right impulse for his will in it, whereas although the impulse for the will which was given by Ignatius of Loyola was wonderful, it was very one-sided, and it has become Ahrimanically hardened today. For Ignatius of Loyola is a good example of how wrongly we can look at the world if we don't gain knowledge of it in a spiritual scientific way.
People ascribe the present development of the Jesuits to Ignatius of Loyola. But it no longer has anything to do with him. Ignatius of Loyola reincarnated a long time ago, and of course he has separated himself from the movement completely, for he lived as Emanuel Swedenborg; and so the Jesuitic movement has become completely Ahrimanic since then. It is no longer connected with Ignatius and it is active in an Ahrimanic way. Here you have a kind of shadowy counter image of what you must train yourself to do, when you take apocalyptic things into your ego in the way I mentioned, so that your ego becomes a sum of active forces which are also apocalyptic.


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This collection contains Alvin M. Ferst's papers pertaining to his activities with Georgia Tech, particularly his involvement in the Georgia Tech Foundation as well as the Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Less well documented are his various civic activities in Atlanta. Ferst's personal life and his professional career at Rich's department store are not covered in the collection.
This collection contains materials from the twenty-fifth, fiftieth, seventy-fifth, and one-hundredth anniversaries of Georgia Tech.


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Develop Technical Documentation in Confluence
There are 3 macros that allow you to re-use content:
- The Excerpt macro to define a re-usable section, or 'excerpt', on a page – add content inside this macro, and you can reuse it on as many pages as you like.
- The Excerpt Include macro (
) to include the contents of an excerpt on another page. - The Include Page macro (
) to include the entire content of a page on another page.
For example, let's say you create release notes for each major release of your product, and you want to include the intro from each release notes page on a 'what's new' page. Place each release notes intro in an Excerpt macro, then add an Excerpt Include macro for each set of release notes to the what's new page. Your intros will magically appear on the what's new page, and if you update the release notes it'll automatically update the what's new.
- Excerpts: the intros to these pages are in excerpt macros.
- Excerpt include: these are excerpt include macros.
Another example is one of the ways we use the Include Page macro. Whenever the ellipsis (
Why do we do use an Include Page macro for one tiny image? Well, just in case that UI element is ever changed. If we attach the image to every page, there might be 50 pages we need to update when things change; if we use an Include Page macro, we update once and it's changed everywhere. Doing it this way also allows us to know how many pages we're using the image on. By going to
Create an inclusions library (optional)
You can include content from any Confluence page, but you may want to create an 'inclusions library' to hold content that's specifically for re-use. The inclusions library isn't a specific feature of Confluence; the pages in the inclusions library are just like any other Confluence page. This is just a technique you can use if you want a place to store content that's specifically for re-use.
To create your inclusions library:
- Choose Create and create a new page in your space
- Enter a suitable title. We use '_ConfluenceInclusions' (the underscore before the title helps to let people know this page is special)
- Enter some content and save the page
We enter text explaining the purpose of the inclusions library and how to re-use the content - Choose Space tools > Reorder pages and drag your new page above the space homepage
- Go to your new inclusions page and choose Create to add child pages containing your re-usable content
Because you've moved the pages to the root of the space, they won't appear in the page tree in the sidebar. The pages will be picked up by other searches though, as they're normal Confluence pages.
- Inclusions library location: drag your inclusions library here, above the rest of your documentation.
Use page templates
Creating one or more page templates can be a real time-saver if you're creating a lot of pages with the same layout. If you're constantly adding the same macros, like panels and table of contents, save yourself from RSI and put them into a template – you can start with one, but make as many as you need to maximize your efficiency.
To create a page template that's available in all spaces:
- Go to Administration > General Configuration
- Select Global Templates and Blueprints from the list on the left
- Choose the Add global page template button at the top-right
- Create your template page and choose Save
For detailed info on page templates, see Create a Template.
To get to Global Templates and Blueprints , or any other admin page quickly, hit /
on your keyboard and start typing the name of the admin page you're looking for.
Draft your work
When you're creating a new page in your documentation, you'll likely want to do it over time, saving as you go, and have a select few people review it to provide feedback. A loose description of this workflow is 'draft, review, publish'.
You don't want any half-finished pages being seen by your users, and most documentation needs to be reviewed before it's finalized, so here's a technique for drafting pages and allowing for review:
- Create a page and restrict its permissions
For example, you might restrict viewing to a group of people such as your team, or a few select individuals. On a public site, you might restrict viewing to staff members, so that the general public can't see the page. - Write your page content
- Share the page with your reviewers and ask them for feedback (make sure you haven't restricted them from seeing the page!)
The reviewers can add comments to the bottom of the page or highlight text to add a comment inline. If you give them permission, they can also edit the page content directly. - Publish the page when ready, by doing the following:
- Delete any comments on the page
- Remove page restrictions so that your audience can see it
You've now published your page. The space permissions and site permissions now determine who can see and/or update the page.
Use links and anchors
Add links
In any documentation site, it's essential to be able to link from one page to another, and often to specific sections on a page. You can add any URL to a Confluence page and Confluence will automatically detect it and turn it into a link.
If you paste the URL for another page in your Confluence site, Confluence will display the link text as the page name and turn it into a relative link, meaning if the name of the page changes, Confluence will adjust the link so it doesn't break.
Add and link to anchors
The anchor macro allows you to create anchors in your documentation, which can be linked to from anywhere. I've added an anchor at the top of this page so you can click to go back to the top.
To add a macro and link to it from the same page:
- Type
in the editor, select the anchor macro and give your anchor a name (top
in my example) - Select the text that'll link to the macro and hit
(Windows) orCmd+K
(Mac) (this opens the link dialog) - Choose Advanced from the options on the left and type
followed by your anchor name (#top
in my example)
Check out our documentation for links and anchors to get the full rundown on linking to anchors on other pages and other anchor goodness.
Useful macros
Confluence ships with a great range of macros, and there are a few that are particularly useful in technical documentation. Here's a few:
Table of contents macro
The Table of Contents macro helps people navigate lengthy pages by summarizing the content structure and providing links to headings used on the page. The best part is, you don't need to do anything except add the macro; once you've added it, it'll automatically detect headings and add them to the table of contents.
Tip, Note, Info, Warning, and Panel macros
Often when creating documentation, there are elements of a page that you want to highlight or draw the the viewers' attention to. Confluence ships with the Tip, Info, Warning, Note and Panel macros, which will help you focus a viewer's attention on a particular part of your content.
Tip of the day
Use the tip macro to give your readers handy hints!
Keep track of page updates
In Confluence, it's quite usual for a number of different people to update a single page. Technical writers need to know what happens to our documents, both during review and after publication.
Watch pages or the space
So that you know when changes are made, it's a good idea to watch pages or even the entire space. That way, when changes are made to pages you're watching, or someone comments on them, you'll get an email notification letting you know who changed what.
Whenever you're on a page in your documentation space, choose the Watch button at the top-right of the page. From there, you can choose to watch just that page, or all pages in the space.
View page history
Confluence creates a new version of the page every time someone edits the page. The page history shows all the versions, with date, author, and any comments made on the update.
To view page history, go to the page and choose
On the page history view, you can:
- View the content of a specific version of the page.
- Revert to (restore) a specific version.
- Select any two versions and ask for a comparison, to see what has changed between those two versions.
Take a look at Page History and Page Comparison Views for a detailed explanation.
Show a list of contributors
If you want to see at a glance who's updated a page or pages, you can add the contributors macro. This macro displays a customizable list of people who've contributed by creating, editing, or, optionally, commenting on the page.
Customize PDF export
If you're planning to provide a PDF version of your documentation – whether it be for email, download, print, or any other form of delivery – you can customize the look of the PDF by adding a title page, header, and footer.
The process you take depends on whether you're trying to customize the PDF export for one space or for your whole site, so, if you're keen to make these changes, take a look at our page on Customize Exports to PDF for more detailed instructions.
Other useful tools and apps
Confluence is already a great tool for technical documentation, but you can still add to it depending on your documentation and workflow needs. Here are some useful apps available on the Atlassian Marketplace, most of which we use ourselves, which can extend the functionality of Confluence.
New apps are hitting the marketplace all the time. This is by no means an exhaustive list!
Scroll Versions (supported by vendor)
Scroll Versions, by K15t, allows you to tie versions of your documentation to versions of your product, so that when a new version of your product ships you can publish that version of your documentation. Create as many versions of your documentation as you like, make the changes you need to, and keep them up your sleeve until release time. You can even publish different variations of your documentation – like if you have versions of your documentation for different operating systems – to different spaces or Confluence instances.
Copy Space (unsupported)
The Copy Space add-on, by Atlassian Labs, does what its name suggests; it allows a space administrator to copy a space, including the pages within the space. Great for when you want a space template that you can copy to create other spaces.
This app is also useful when you need to archive a copy of a current space at a particular point in time, like when you're moving from one version of your product to the next – copy the space, give it a new name, and keep it wherever you like, all without losing the existing space.
At this point this plugin won't copy page history, blog posts and email.
Scroll PDF Exporter (supported by vendor)
If you're going to produce a PDF of your documentation space, wouldn't you like it to be professionally formatted? The Scroll PDF Exporter, by K15t, lets you style single pages or whole spaces for export, using handy PDF templates.
Gliffy (supported by vendor)
Create diagrams, wireframes, flowcharts and more with Gliffy. Gliffy features a highly intuitive drag-and-drop interface, and allows you to export your diagrams in multiple formats, including: JPEG, PNG and SVG. Add Gliffy flowcharts, UI wireframes, and network diagrams directly to your Confluence pages to communicate your ideas visually, making them easy to understand and faster to spread through your team.
Lucidchart (supported by vendor)
Lucidchart is available in versions for Cloud and Server, and allows you to create and insert diagrams within your Confluence Cloud environment. Quickly draw flowcharts, wireframes, UML diagrams, mind maps, and more inside our feature-rich editor.
The server version also comes with a free Visio viewer, so you can view Microsoft Visio (.vsd) files, Visio stencils (.vss) and it also supports exporting back to Visio.
Documentation theme (discontinued)
Confluence historically provided a theme specifically for documentation. This theme was removed in Confluence 6.0.
A number of the original Documentation theme features, such as headers, footers and the ability to add custom content to the sidebar, are available in Confluence's more modern default theme, which make it a great choice for your documentation space.


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New 13.3″ WXGA Wide LCD for Laptop LCD Screen With CCFL Backlight (NOT LED Backlight)
* Manufacturers: Sumsung, LG, AU Major LCD Manufacturers
* Model: Fully Compatible Replacement part
* Resolution: 1280 x 800 – WXGA
* Video Connector: 20 Pin
* Surface: Glossy
* Diagonal Size: 13.3″
* Backlight: Single CCFL
* Packag Include: 1x NEW LCD Panel display only, other accessories(such as inverter, video cable and tools etc.)not included
Please Make sure new screen has same SIZE, RESOLUTION, CONNECTOR and BACKLIGHT TYPE as your old one!Note:
Screen size is measured in inches, diagonally from visible glass corner to corner (1 inch=2.54 cm) as show in the main product picture. Before doing anything, give your laptop a full look-over and inspection to ensure the LCD/LED screen really needs replacement (instead of bad inverter/converter or video cable or even graphic card and motherboard).


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Click for larger version (PNG); click for PDF version. Click here for the list of dolls.
Welcome to day four of the Queens of the Sea series, part of the Random Magic Pirates book tour! Here is the mini-bio for today's pirate, provided again by Lyrika:
Anne Bonny: The Southern Spitfire
The illegitimate daughter of an Irish lawyer, who left Ireland for the colony of South Carolina (at the time, there was no United States of America, the settlements were all colonies of the British Empire) and became a merchant.
She married a small-time pirate but ran away with Jack 'Calico Jack' Rackham after they met on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas, a pirate lair of the time.
A comrade of pirate Mary Read, Anne Bonny was captured along with Mary Read and Jack Rackham in a pirate hunter raid but mysteriously vanished from historical records after being imprisoned, although Mary died in jail and Jack was executed.
You can read more about Anne Bonny at The Epic Rat on May 17th, as part of the Queens of the Sea series. (I'll update the link after it's been posted.)
Now, with Anne Bonny, one of the most famous female pirates, the outfits are getting a little more traditionally pirate-looking… You will have to imagine her carrying pistols, though, that's far out of my area of expertise! This whole series is a little out of my area of expertise, really — I've drawn more pants this month than I probably did all last year — but I'm enjoying it, and I hope you are too!
Don't forget to enter my contests! They're open until the end of the tour. Click here for the chance to win an original drawing, for those of you who can give me an address if you win, and click here for the chance to design a pirate outfit, open to everyone!
Check out the tour schedule here! And for more information about Random Magic, here's the trailer for the book.
Also, check out the Rum + Plunder treasure hunt for more pirate prizes!
Hm, let's have a poll, I haven't done one for a while… How about a nice long one?


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My nephew was folding laundry, and turning the occasional shirt right-side-out. I showed him a "trick" where I turned it right-side-out by pulling the whole thing through a sleeve instead of the bottom or collar of the shirt. He thought it was really cool (kids are easily amused, and so am I).
So he learned that you can turn a shirt or pants right-side-out by pulling the material through any hole, not just certain ones. I told him that even if there was a rip in the shirt, you could use that to turn it inside-out or right-side-out, and he was fascinated by this and asked "why?"
I don't really know the answer to this. Why is this the case? What if the sleeves of a long-sleeve shirt were sewn together at the cuff, creating a continuous tube from one sleeve to the other? Would you still be able to turn it right-side-out? Why? What properties must a garment have so that it can be turned inside-out and right-side-out?
Sorry if this is a lame question, but I've always wondered. I wouldn't even know what to google for, so that is why I am asking here.
If you know the answer to this, could you please put it into layman's terms?
Update: Wow, I really appreciate all the participation. This is a really pleasant community and I have learned a lot here. It seems that the answer is that you need at least one puncture in the garment through which to push or pull the fabric. It appears that you can have certain handles, although it's not usually practical with clothing due to necessary stretching.
Accepted (a while ago actually -- sorry for not updating sooner) Dan's answer because among the answers that I understand, it is the highest ranked by this community.


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Elago iPhone 11/11 Pro/11 Pro Max Sand Case Hello: Neon Yellow (Night Glow Green) / Coral Blue
Elago products ship to the U.S. only.
Make your iPhone 11 stylish with waterfall effects in a variety of vibrant colors made of sand and oil. Express your personality with a simple word and your favorite colors!
Hang a strap on the bottom so that you can decorate your iPhone using extra accessories. Guarantee the safety of your phone at the same time. (Strap is not included)
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Hard PC and soft TPU bumper will protect your iPhone XI safely. *ATTENTION* Once the case is broken, make sure to discontinue use.
Disclaimer: Product color on a computer screen may vary due to lighting, screen pixel quality, and color settings.


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Let me explain the question. I've been making a lot of HDR photos, most of them in places where the difference between darker and lighter zones is no to big, and the transition from one zone to other is slight. And I get quite fine HDR photos.
But when I take photos in night, where you have a very big range between lighter zones (lamps) and darker zones; and the transition is strong, I can't get good HDR photos.
I mean, the dark zones close to the light ones, get an ugly glow that can't be removed. Even in the source images that will later compose the HDR image.
Is that just "light nature" or something else?
What do you do in this cases?
In these cases, I tried 7 stops with +/- 1 EV., but I still can't have good HDR photos.


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World War II: The Tehran Conference
(December 1, 1943)
The Tehran Conference was a meeting between U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran, between November 28 and December 1, 1943, tocoordinate their military strategy against Germany and Japan.
We-The President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of the Soviet Union, have met these four days past, in this, the Capital of our Ally, Iran, and have shaped and confirmed our common policy.
We express our determination that our nations shall work together in war and in the peace that will follow.
As to war-our military staffs have joined in our round table discussions, and we have concerted our plans for the destruction of the German forces. We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations to be undertaken from the east, west and south.
The common understanding which we have here reached guarantees that victory will be ours.
And as to peace-we are sure that our concord will win an enduring Peace. We recognize fully the supreme responsibility resting upon us and all the United Nations to make a peace which will command the good will of the overwhelming mass of the peoples of the world and banish the scourge and terror of war for many generations.
With our Diplomatic advisors we have surveyed the problems of the future. We shall seek the cooperation and active participation of all nations, large and small, whose peoples in heart and mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance. We will welcome them, as they may choose to come, into a world family of Democratic Nations.
No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their U Boats by sea, and their war plants from the air.
Our attack will be relentless and increasing.
Emerging from these cordial conferences we look with confidence to the day when all peoples of the world may live free lives, untouched by tyranny, and according to their varying desires and their own consciences.
We came here with hope and determination. We leave here, friends in fact, in spirit and in purpose.
The President of the United States, the Premier of the U.S.S.R., and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, having consulted with each other and with the Prime Minister of Iran, desire to declare the mutual agreement of their three Governments regarding their relations with Iran.
The Governments of the United States, the U.S.S.R., and the United Kingdom recognize the assistance which Iran has given in the prosecution of the war against the common enemy, particularly by facilitating the transportation of supplies from overseas to the Soviet Union.
The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they are agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations and to the world-wide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption.
With respect to the post-war period, the Governments of the United States, the U.S.S.R., and the United Kingdom are in accord with the Government of Iran that any economic problems confronting Iran at the close of hostilities should receive full consideration, along with those of other members of the United Nations, by conferences or international agencies held or created to deal with international economic matters.
The Governments of the United States, the U.S.S.R., and the United Kingdom are at one with the Government of Iran in their desire for the maintenance of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran. They count upon the participation of Iran, together with all other peace-loving nations, in the establishment of international peace, security and prosperity after the war, in accordance with the principles of the Atlantic Charter, to which all four Governments have subscribed.
Sources: ibiblio


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During the past three years, the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) worked with law librarian volunteers around the country to build the first-ever National Inventory of Legal Materials, an inventory of print and electronic legal materials at all levels of government. Adding to the survey template developed by the Northern California Association of Law Libraries, AALL's Government Relations Office came up an expanded survey with questions related to cost, digital authentication, official status, preservation, permanent public access, copyright and other use restrictions. More than 350 volunteers have added nearly 8,000 legal titles to the inventory so far.
AALL's state working groups completed most of their work on the state, county and municipal titles by June 2011. Collecting this information about each legal resource was no easy task. Our volunteers found it was often difficult to determine from an agency or legislative website whether a resource was official, preserved, or made available for permanent public access. Sometimes there were disclaimers stating that the material was unofficial, but often not. Many states include a copyright notice on their websites, and it was frequently difficult to determine whether a notice applied to the entire website, all posted materials, or specific materials on the site. Volunteers often had to make a call (or several) to the right government office to find the answer.
AALL's Digital Access to Legal Information Committee (DALIC) and the Government Relations Office (GRO) analyzed 6 online primary legal materials in each state inventory (state constitution, administrative register, administrative code, statutes, and high court and appellate court opinions) and compared our findings to AALL's 2009-2010 state-by-state reports on digital authentication. We found that 24 states have designated at least one online primary legal resource as official (compared to 18 in 2009); 6 states have designated at least one as authentic (compared to 4 in 2009); 17 states are preserving; and 12 states are ensuring permanent public access.
The DALIC and GRO published a summary of the conclusions as a chart on AALLNET, with links to each state's inventory so that anyone can access the underlying information, as well as each state's report in the State-by-State Report on Authentication of Online Legal Resources and 2009-2010 state updates. In addition to tracking the progress states are making in addressing permanent public access to official, authentic online legal information, the chart also includes the status of universal citation and the Uniform Electronic Legal Material Act (UELMA) in the states. We continue to update the chart as we receive more or updated information from the states.
Using the Data
The New Jersey inventory provides a good example of the type of information that can be found in these state inventories. New Jersey makes a great deal of primary law available through online databases but none of this information is official; furthermore, none of the information has been authenticated. For example, the New Jersey legislature makes available the state's statutes though a database that can be found on the legislature's web site. Not only is this database not official but it also contains the following disclaimer: "This statutory database is unannotated and as such may include laws that have not become operable due to unmet conditions, have expired, have been ruled inoperable by a court, or have otherwise become inoperable. Effective dates are not typically included. Users should diligently read applicable statute source law and case law."
The New Jersey inventory also indicates that decisions of the Supreme Court of New Jersey and the Superior Court's Appellate Division can be found on the website of the Rutgers Law Library – Camden (at http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/index.shtml). These cases are made available by an agreement between the New Jersey Administrative Office of Courts and Rutgers University School of Law – Camden. This site cannot be considered official insofar as no provision of the state's statutes has declared the site official and there is no statement on the site itself or on the Web pages of the New Jersey Courts declaring the site official.
It should be noted that the Legislative Counsel's Office in New Jersey had begun considering whether to introduce a bill on UELMA in the state legislature so there are signs the status of online materials in the state may change in the near future.
The kind of data contained in the state inventories has been extremely useful to advocates of UELMA. UELMA requires that, when a state makes the online version of a publication official, it must also take steps to authenticate the material. The state inventories provide a picture of the status of a state's online materials. At a glance it can be determined the extent to which online materials are official or have been authenticated. For example, by indicating whether a state's online publications are official, the inventories indicate the extent to which the statute's authentication requirements would apply to online publications if the uniform act were enacted.
Another important piece of information about online publications indicated by state inventories is whether the jurisdiction has adopted a system of universal citation. This type of information is valuable to groups and organizations promoting universal citation systems by helping to track efforts in individual states to promote citation reform.
State working group coordinators have also shared data from state inventories with their judiciaries and legislatures to help expose the need for taking steps to protect state legal materials. Inventories may show that some states have eliminated print versions of legal publications altogether in favor of online versions without making any effort to authenticate the online versions of the materials. Inventories may also show that a state has not made any effort to ensure the permanent publication of an online legal database and that efforts are needed to ensure that the material is permanently available.
A final use of the data in the state inventories is by organizations considering the digitization of state legal materials. By indicating which publications are available online and the characteristics of such publications (e.g. official status, etc.), the inventories may help these organizations make decisions about which types of state legal materials may need to be digitized.
Next Steps
Volunteers are currently working to complete the federa l inventory, which includes information from all three branches of government such as decisions, reports and digests (Executive); court opinions, court rules, and Supreme Court briefs (Judicial); and bills and resolutions, the Constitution, and Statutes at Large (Legislative). AALL's Native Peoples Law Caucus is also working with the National Indian Law Library to collect information about tribal materials. Our volunteers will continue to update and add to their inventories and the Digital Access to Legal Information Committee will conduct regular analyses of the information. Please visit AALL's website for more information and updates about this project at http://www.aallnet.org/gro.


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The potential for serious accidents in the wind industry should never be underestimated. Wind turbines are massive, potentially highly dangerous structures and in an industry that boasts an enviable safety record, it is as important now as ever to ensure that safety remains our watchword. PES looks into what is going on in the industry to ensure it maintains its enviable safety record …
Grand Rapids Community College (GRCC) recently signed a licensing agreement with Spanish company Ynfiniti Engineering Services (YES) and the UK-based Safety Technology, authorizing it as the first US training center to offer the globally-recognized YES/Safety Technology (YST) certification program for the wind energy industry. GRCC will now serve as the North American training hub for YST program instructors and the Great Lakes hub for individuals seeking certification. So what are the salient issues involved in safety for our growing industry and why is efficient regulation and certification so important?
"Wind farms present unique safety concerns for the individuals who work there," said Steven Ender, GRCC's President. "Some individuals will work in confined spaces that are hundreds of feet off the ground near extreme amounts of electricity while others tie themselves to the hub of the turbine and repel down the exterior of the tower in order to make safety checks or repairs. We'll teach people the skills to do these activities safely."
GRCC's 80-hour certification program is due to start in May 2010. Students will learn fall about protection, OSHA rules regarding working in confined spaces and what they need to do to rescue themselves and others if they get in trouble on site. The certification is required by many wind farm developers, wind farm maintenance companies and insurance agencies that insure companies with individuals working on a wind farm site. GRCC expects 300 to 400 students to complete the safety program during its first year. A location for the training center – which will house training equipment that consists of scaffolding, lifts and simulations of the kinds of confined spaces found on wind farms – is to be finalized by GRCC in the coming weeks.