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Gates Vaccine Spreads Polio Across Africa
By F. William Engdahl
28 September 2020
Image Credit: Louie Rosencrans/CDC License: licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license under certain conditions https://bit.ly/3l8JSKL/em>
Microsoft founder Bill Gates has made himself the global vaccine czar as his foundation spends billions on spreading new vaccines globally. While much attention has been given to the role of Gates behind the corrupt WHO in promoting radical untested coronavirus vaccines, the record of the Gates Foundation pushing an oral polio vaccine across Africa gives more sobering evidence that all Gates says and does is not genuine human charity. The UN has just recently admitted that new cases of infantile paralysis or polio have resulted in Africa from an oral polio vaccine developed with strong support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. It mirrors what happened in the USA in the 1950s. This is worth a closer look.
Vaccines that cause polio
The vaccine industry loves to cite development of vaccines in the 1950s as solely responsible for eradicating what was a severe paralytic illness that reached a peak in the USA after World War II and as well, in England, Germany and other European countries. Now, despite the fact that no new cases of "wild polio" virus have been detected in all Africa since 2016, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and their allies in the WHO proclaimed that Gates' $4 billion ten-year African vaccination campaign using an oral polio vaccine had finally eliminated the dreaded polio. That was at the end of August.
One week later on September 2, WHO was forced to backtrack and admit that new polio outbreaks in Sudan were linked to an ongoing series of new polio cases in Chad and Cameroon. According to the WHO, further polio cases have been registered in more than a dozen African countries including Angola, Congo, Nigeria and Zambia. But the shocking thing is that the outbreaks are all reportedly caused by the Gates- backed oral polio vaccine.
In a revealing comment, a CDC virologist involved with WHO and Gates Foundation in the Africa mass polio vaccination campaign, part of something called the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, admits the vaccine is creating significantly more cases of polio paralysis than the deceptively named "wild polio" disease. "We have now created more new emergences of the virus than we have stopped," virologist Mark Pallansch of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention admitted. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is a combined effort of the WHO, UNICEF, the U.S. CDC, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Rotary International.
Bill Gates was reportedly responsible for driving the campaign to develop the liquid oral polio vaccine and massively administer it to the populations of Africa and Asia despite the near absence of any cases of "wild polio." According to one of the partners in the Gates polio initiative, from Rotary International, "Gates personally drove the development of a new polio vaccine that is now in the final stages of testing. When the idea was put forward, about the time of the last case of polio to happen in India, many were thinking the vaccine would play no important role in eradication, but Gates insisted." When someone asked him, why polio, which had all but vanished worldwide, Gates replied, "Polio is a terrible disease."
That reply seems curious, as there are far more pervasive deadly diseases out there including malaria or chronic diarrhoea due to unsafe water, and poor sanitation across Africa that causes death by dehydration, poor absorption of nutrients or infectious complications. I would argue that both those are also "terrible." In 2016 chronic diarrhoea was listed by the WHO as the second leading cause of death in children below five worldwide. In Africa it was cause of almost 653,000 deaths, yet Mr. Gates and friends seem to be interested in other things.
The insistence of Gates on pushing massive vaccination of a new oral polio vaccine his foundation backed at a time polio even in poor countries of Asia and Africa is virtually non-existent, should ring alarm bells loudly. If his goal is to help more African children lead healthy lives, simple water treatment projects would save far more lives. Or is there something in the polio vaccine we are not being told of? Is there aluminum as adjuvant that is documented to be a central nervous system paralytic? Or other toxins?
The Gates Foundation spent almost $ 4 billion to develop and administer the oral polio vaccine throughout the poorest countries in the world as of 2018. This despite that WHO stated that the cases of polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan went from about 350,000 per year to 33 in 2018. There hasn't been a case in the Americas or Western Europe since before the Gates polio project was launched years ago.
Define it away?
Here it gets into some very suspicious linguistic games on the part of WHO, Gates and company. They are trying to cover their deeds by claiming that most of the polio cases are actually something they decided to call acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). That is a debilitating condition with a clinical picture virtually identical to polio. But it keeps the "polio" numbers down. According to the US CDC, there were over 31,500 documented cases of acute flaccid paralysis from just 18 countries in 2017. This is in addition to what they call vaccine-associated polio paralysis (VAPP). Yet from the point of clinical symptoms, vaccine-derived polio, wild polio and acute flaccid paralysis are identical, as is acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a subtype of AFP. With this proliferation of serious medical-sounding names to describe what produces the same medical symptoms, we have huge ground for manipulation.
A paper written by Neetu Vashishi and Jacob Puliyel published in the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics in 2012 wrote about the Gates-CDC-WHO mass oral polio vaccine effort there: "… while India has been polio-free for a year, there has been a huge increase in non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP). In 2011, there were an extra 47,500 new cases of NPAFP. Clinically indistinguishable from polio paralysis but twice as deadly, the incidence of NPAFP was directly proportional to doses of oral polio received. Though this data was collected within the polio surveillance system, it was not investigated…"
The 1950s
Defining away cases of poliomyelitis or Infantile Paralysis as it was called during the epidemic in the USA after World War II, went back to the 1950s, and to since-suppressed deadly scandals involving the first purported polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk. Regarded today as a medical hero, the truth of Salk was anything but heroic.
The upsurge in cases of what were then labelled poliomyelitis or infantile paralysis in the United States began to literally explode around 1946. Relevant to note is that a highly dangerous cumulative toxin, a now-banned insecticide known as DDT, was being promoted by the US government as a "safe" control of mosquitoes and flies said to be the "carriers" of polio virus. What has since been all but erased from the government record is the precise match of the number of cases of children with symptoms of acute polio with the degree of acute DDT spraying, and the equally precise mirrored decline of human polio cases from the late 1940s into the 1950s, after a sharp decline in DDT use. In 1953, Connecticut physician, Morton S. Biskind argued in public that, "the most obvious explanation for the polio epidemic: central nervous system diseases… such as polio are actually the physiological and symptomatic manifestations of the ongoing government- and industry-sponsored inundation of the world's populace with central nervous system poisons."
The Salk polio vaccine was first deployed in 1955, that is two years after the dramatic decline in registered polio cases. That fact was conveniently forgotten as the narrative was promoted that the new vaccine alone was eradicating the feared polio.
Serious evidence was presented by doctors and others to the US Congress that there was a clear connection between the summer polio epidemics to summer-used heavy metal pesticides such as DDT. They were ignored. The promotion of DDT as a harmless insecticide was so pervasive that kids followed behind trucks spraying the streets and swimming pools were sprayed with DDT, believing it harmless. Highly emotional advertising campaigns proclaimed that deadly polio was mysteriously transmitted by insects and that DDT would protect. Farmers were told to repeatedly spray their dairy cows with DDT to ward of the dangerous insects. DDT thus contaminated the milk supply. Use of DDT exploded by the end of the 1940s across the USA. As one person described it, "Concerned parents went further to protect their children. They feared the invisible virus as if it were hunting their children. They turned their homes into sterile zones by constantly spraying insecticides and washing down the walls with disinfectants." That sounds familiar.
Salk and Rockefeller
The vaccine research of Jonas Salk as well as of his rival, Albert Sabin, was funded by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, later known as the March of Dimes. Salk convinced the US health authorities in 1954 that his polio vaccine contained only inactive virus (IPV), and was absolutely safe. He was able to convince the regulatory authorities that the "expensive and difficult procedures which had been suggested for the detection of possible residual live virus" in his vaccine should be dispensed with. Field trials of the Salk vaccine in 1954 were exposed by the Journal of the American Statistical Association: "…59 per cent of the trial was worthless because of the lack of adequate controls…" That report was ignored by the US Department of Health and the National Foundation proclaimed the Salk vaccine ready to mass distribute in spring of 1955.
Already in 1955 alarming results from the Salk vaccine had emerged. His vaccine, manufactured by Cutter Laboratories, was administered to over four hundred thousand people, mostly school children. Within days, reports of paralysis began surfacing. Within a month, the mass vaccination program against polio had to be suspended. In June of 1956, polio cases began to increase sharply in Chicago in children who had received the Salk vaccine. The National Foundation sent an urgent letter to its members urging them to, "give reassurance that the present Salk vaccine is safe and effective to patients, parents and others in your community who still needlessly doubt it…"
Salk's vaccine had caused seventy thousand cases of muscle weakness, one hundred and sixty-four cases of severe paralysis and ten deaths. Three fourths of the victims remained permanently paralyzed. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare stepped down and the director of the NIH, resigned. The Cutter incident was quickly downplayed by the Government and vaccinations resumed after 21 days pause, using vaccines from Wyeth Labs. Those too produced cases of paralysis.
Between 1923 and 1953, before the Salk vaccine's introduction, the polio death rate in the US had declined on its own by 47 percent; England had observed a similar pattern. Following the use of Salk's vaccine between 1955 and 1963, cases of polio in the US increased—by 50 percent from 1957 to 1958, and by 80 percent between 1958 and 1959. This was concealed by a US Government change in defining polio, much as the WHO and CDC do today in Africa. Diseases that had previously been grouped together under the umbrella of "polio" began to be reported as separate diseases. One of these was aseptic or viral meningitis, an infectious disease that is difficult to distinguish from poliovirus, or transverse myelitis—a rare spinal cord inflammation, or the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Were all these a result of widespread toxins used in the vaccine? The Government and vaccine industry was not interested in knowing or telling.
Finally in 1963 the US Government replaced Salk's IPV vaccine with an attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin. As a live virus vaccine, it, too, was and is capable of giving its recipients polio or polio symptoms. Salk testified before a Senate subcommittee in 1977 that the Sabin oral polio vaccine had caused most of the polio cases in the US since the early 1960s.
Rockefeller eugenics?
The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which funded both Salk and his rival Sabin in development of polio vaccines in the 1950's, was run by two doctors from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research– Dr. Henry Kumm who had spent 23 years with the Rockefeller Institute, and Dr. Thomas Rivers.
Henry Kumm went over to the National Foundation in 1951 at the peak of the polio epidemic. In May 1953, Kumm became Director of Polio Research at NFIP. Notably, during World War II Kumm had served as civilian consultant to the Surgeon General of the US Army in Italy, directing field studies for the use of DDT against malarial mosquitoes.
Thomas Rivers was from 1922 head of the infectious disease ward at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, becoming the institute's director in 1937. As chairman of committees on research and vaccine advisory for the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, he oversaw the clinical trials of Jonas Salk's vaccine by Dr Kumm's group. It could be said that the National Foundation was a mask for a massive Rockefeller polio vaccine project.
Polio researcher David Oshisky stated, "In truth, polio was never the raging epidemic portrayed in the media, not even at its height in the 1940s and 1950s. Ten times as many children would die in accidents in those years, and three times as many would die of cancer. Polio's special status was due, in large part, to the efforts of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, better known as the March of Dimes, which employed the latest techniques in advertising, fund raising and motivational research to turn a horrific but relatively uncommon disease in to the most feared affliction of its time. The genius of the National Polio Foundation lay in its ability to single out polio for special attention, making it seem more ominous than other diseases." That National Foundation was run by Rockefeller doctors. This is very much what the Gates Foundation is doing with its turbo-charged oral polio vaccine in Africa where polio had almost vanished before the mass vaccine campaign of WHO and Gates.
Here the bond of dedication to eugenics and to dangerous vaccines seems to unite both the Rockefellers and Bill Gates, who in many ways is merely the heir and continuation of the deadly eugenics work of the Rockefellers. All this should give pause before regarding the pronouncements of Bill Gates on coronavirus and his favored vaccines as the scientific good truth.
F. William Engdahl is strategic risk consultant and lecturer, he holds a degree in politics from Princeton University and is a best-selling author on oil and geopolitics, exclusively for the online magazine "New Eastern Outlook"


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'American Idol' Finishes Up Auditions: Two Country Hopefuls Make it Through
Things are heating up in reality vocal show land! March 25 marked the last night of American Idol 2018 auditions, and a couple of standout performers did the country genre proud.
Pittsburgh's Gabby Barnett was one of these, a self-proclaimed "Daddy's girl" who explained that her father, a maintenance man/custodian, always said he wanted to make sure he'd given her everything he could to make her dreams come true. "You're my whole life," agreed her father.
The 17-year-old Barnett made no bones about the fact that she's a massive Carrie Underwood fan, and true to that, she busted out with "Good Girl" by her idol. A few handclaps in, judge Katy Perry stopped her, saying "I want to hear you do something that maybe helps you dig in, and belt."
Barnett said okay, and announced she'd try "Church Bells" by...Underwood.
When asked if she had anything in her repertoire that wasn't Carrie, Barnett offered up "Redneck Woman" by Gretchen Wilson. "Don't do that," hastily advised judge Luke Bryan.
The judges threw about some terms that weren't too friendly, such as "jukebox" and "gimmmicky," but in the end voted in favor of Barnett's vocals due to her purity belting out a non-secular number from church. They added a little twist, punking Barnett's dad to believe she didn't make it, just for a few seconds...but that girl is headed to Hollywood.
The other big country contestant of the evening was 19-year-old Drake Milligan, a massive Elvis fan who decided to try out with a different King, namely that of country, George Strait. He belted out "You Look So Good in Love," and Bryan was relieved. "I was just praying you didn't sound like Elvis," he noted, adding that the performance got him "fired up." Judge Lionel Richie agreed, calling Milligan's deal a "package."
Perry had a few words of vocal instruction, but in all, the three judges voted to send this royal wannabe to Hollywood.
American Idol airs Sundays and Monday at 8PM ET/PT, and we'll be keeping an eye on all the as standout performances.
Forgotten American Idol Auditions of the Stars
Sure, You Know About Carrie But What Happened to These Idol Stars?

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The ideal timing for planning an exit strategy is at least 5-10 years beforehand. But unfortunately, that kind of diligent approach is not always applicable. So how does a CEO or an owner can perform a quicker exit?
Last week, I addressed a group of 100 business owners on exit planning strategy. The first question that they asked me was the one I get from owners every single time. It's "What's the most optimal timing to start the process of exit planning?" I gave the questioner the conventional, "It depends" answer. Each owner and business has unique needs and end goals that need to be taken into consideration. Despite multiple misc situations on the table, let me offer a plausible timeline and a checklist . Now is really when the process should begin, but this checklist will help narrow the range a bit. "Now" is really when the process should begin, but this checklist will help narrow the range a bit.
At Least 10 Years Beforehand. To truly leverage the opportunities available to owners, exit planning should begin many years in advance.
In a perfect world, a business owner who has converted from C Corp to S Corp filing status must be waiting at least 10 years before selling his share. After the S Corp election has been in effect for 10 years, the built-in gains tax is no longer applicable.
If the business is designed to be a family legacy, planning needs to start well beforehand.
First, since there usually is no profitable event for the owner (e.g. a sale) the owner needs additional time to generate other sources of retirement income. Second, if owner's kids succeed at managing the business, they obviously need a fair amount of time to practice up appropriate management and leadership skills.
At Least 5 Years Beforehand
– There are few exit planning strategies which can max out the amount of income an owner can get from a business. Still, a majority of these strategies require an extra time to work.
Every exit is an entry somewhere else. Tom Stoppard
Sometimes, non-qualified compensation plans are used as tools for providing retirement income to the departing business owner. For example, instead of getting leverage from an owner's stock through $2 million in non-deductible payment by installments, the owner would rather offer his or her shares to the business for a defensible $1.5 million. It will also enable them to receive $500,000 in deferred compensation payments. With such a pathway at least 25% of the payments for an exiting owner fall under a deductible category to the company as deferred wages. In order to be legally recognized as a deferred compensation plan, this way needs to be created beforehand for a sufficient period of time. All the while owner was an employee.
In a similar way, some practices work with a defined benefit pension program as part of an exit strategy to leverage the retirement capital. When the case is that there's an old owner and a young owner, the bulk of payments going into the defined benefit plan would be converted to the old owner's benefit. Such transfers of capital to the old owner on a tax deductible basis is effectively the best possible solution.
Still, in order for the qualified plan to build up a big enough benefit, a defined benefit strategy needs to be funded for at least five years beforehand.
At Least 3 Years Beforehand – While on one hand 3 years might seem like a good deal of time ahead, with our fast rhythm of living three years can pass like a day in a planning regard…
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS: In case a family owned business consists of gifts of shares in the firm, it is crucial to place a fair value on the shares and begin the clock running with the IRS. It might be a bit challenging to assign a value to a closely-held business, so the sooner the value is agreed upon and filed on a gift tax return, the sooner the family can proceed with all the planning.
CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS: Selling a business is sometimes similar to selling a home. With some capital growth and staging, the seller can achieve a ceiling high best price. The improvement in price will only take effect when a business structure and internal processes are revamped as well…
EARNINGS IMPROVEMENT: People ask me all the time on one, universal solution for all types of property and business, in regard to a price hike. My answer always is: show better earnings. Especially after the Great Recession, buyers became quite skeptical about companies showing weak earnings. So, if your strategy has been to suppress the earnings in order to save on taxes, an exit strategy may suggest you start reporting improved earnings. What is lost to taxes is more than made up in the sale price.


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Donald Trump's First Year: How Rockers Have Reacted
It's been one year since Donald Trump was inaugurated as President of the United States. Many rockers were upset with Trump's election, while others remained steadfastly by his side.
Much of the criticism leveled at Trump from musicians centered on his immigration policies – especially his plan to build a wall on the border between the U.S. and Mexico – and/or an alleged embrace of white supremacist groups. And it hasn't all come from typically liberal voices. The former has resulted in traditionally apolitical rockers from Metallica's Lars Ulrich to Billy Joel to express their concerns, while the latter caused Dee Snider (who had developed a friendship with Trump on Celebrity Apprentice) to publicly break with the president.
Elsewhere, Trump could count on staunch support. Ted Nugent, rock's most outspokenly staunch conservative, backed Trump early in his campaign and then made a visit to the White House. Meat Loaf remained a fan. Jonathan Cain's wife is a televangelist who serves as the chair of Trump's evangelical advisory board; he and two other members of Journey also met with the president, causing a very public rift in the band.
At the same time, decisions to roll back environmental regulations and pull out of the Paris climate accord earned the wrath of Kirk Hammett and Nikki Sixx, while Roger Waters and Axl Rose have taken exception to the overall tone coming out of the White House. Meanwhile, Todd Rundgren and Donald Fagen of Steely Dan collaborated on an anti-Trump song that wound up on Rundgren's most recent album.
Here's a look back.


text: What does God expect of us? It's in the Bible, Deuteronomy 10:12-13, NIV. "And now, O Israel, what does the Lord your God ask of you but to fear the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, to love Him, to serve the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul, and to observe the Lord's commands and decrees that I am giving you today for your own good?"


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Britain Slides Into Double-Dip Recession
Europe's financial woes have spread across the English Channel as the United Kingdom slid into its first double-dip recession since the 1970s. Britain's GDP fell 0.2 percent from the 4th quarter of 2011, when it declined 0.3 percent, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS).
As anti-austerity backlash grows on the Continent, Prime Minister David Cameron said the data was "disappointing" and promised to shore up growth without backtracking on the UK's biggest fiscal squeeze since World War II. "I don't seek to excuse them, I don't seek to try to explain them away," Cameron said. "There is no complacency at all in this government in dealing with what is a very tough situation, which frankly has just got tougher." Cameron said "We have got to rebalance our economy. We need a bigger private sector. We need more exports, more investment. This is painstaking, difficult work but we will stick to our plans, stick with low interest rates and do everything we can to boost growth, competitiveness and jobs in our country."
Opposition leader Ed Miliband said the figures are "catastrophic" and asked Cameron why this had happened. "This is a recession made by him and the chancellor in Downing Street. It is his catastrophic economic policy that has landed us back in recession," Miliband said.
The Bank of England is in the last month of economic stimulus and the fall-off in output comes as prospects dim in the Eurozone, Britain's biggest export market. "This isn't supportive of the fiscal consolidation program, so the government is likely to be concerned about that," said Philip Rush, an economist at Nomura International in London. "The data were bad, and that supports the view that the Bank of England will do a final £25 billion of quantitative easing in May."
According to ONS, output in the production industries decreased by 0.4 percent; construction fell by three percent. Output of the services sector, which includes retail, increased by 0.1 percent. The decline in government spending contributed to the particularly large fall in the construction sector. "The huge cuts to public spending – 25 percent in public sector housing and 24 percent in public non-housing and further 10 percent cuts to both anticipated for 2013 — have left a hole too big for other sectors to fill," said Judy Lowe, deputy chairman of industry body CITB-ConstructionSkills, said.
The UK's last double-dip recession, defined as consecutive quarterly drops in GDP, was in 1975. At that time, Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson was in office and Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the opposition Conservatives. UK Treasury forecasters and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) believe the economy will grow 0.8 percent this year, the same as last year. According to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, the UK's economic situation is "very tough" and the government should stick to its plans of eliminating a majority of the deficit by 2017. "The one thing that would make the situation even worse would be to abandon our credible plan and deliberately add more borrowing and even more debt. It's taking longer than anyone hoped to recover from the biggest debt crisis of our lifetime," Osborne said. "The one thing that would make the situation even worse would be to abandon our credible plan and deliberately add more borrowing and even more debt."
Chris Williamson, chief economist at Markit, said: "The underlying strength of the economy is probably much more robust than these data suggest. The danger is that these gloomy data deliver a fatal blow to the fragile revival of consumer and business confidence seen so far this year, harming the recovery and even sending the country back into a real recession."
Not everyone agrees that the data indicates a double-dip recession. Writing in the Telegraph, Philip Aldrick says that "Economists have been questioning the reliability of the ONS numbers for a while now, but the latest data drew the debate sharply into focus. At -0.2 percent, the GDP reading was considerably worse than the consensus of 0.1 percent growth. The 'discrepancy', as Goldman Sachs' Kevin Daly described it, was 'unbelievable' because much of the recent survey data – from the Bank of England's agents' reports to the purchasing managers' indices – have been encouraging. Andrew Goodwin of the Ernst & Young ITEM Club agreed. 'Our reaction is one of disbelief,' he said. 'The divergence is virtually unprecedented and must raise significant question marks over the quality of the data.' They are not alone. No lesser institution than the Bank of England has queried the ONS data. Last week, minutes to the Monetary Policy Committee meeting damningly noted: 'The sharp falls in construction output in December and January were perplexing, and the Committee was minded not to place much weight on them."


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Subscribe to Cases that cite 102 U. S. 167U.S. Supreme Court
Mining Company v. Consolidated Mining Company, 102 U.S. 167 (1880)
Mining Company v. Consolidated Mining Company
1. The grant of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of public land to the State of California for school purposes, made by the Act of March 3, 1853, 10 Stat. 246, was not intended to cover mineral lands. Such lands were, by the settled policy of the general government, excluded from all grants.
2. A settlement within the meaning of sec. 7 of that act is not required, either in regard to the acts to be done or the qualifications of the settler, to be precisely the same as that whereby a preemption right can be secured under the Act of Sept. 4, 1841. 5 Stat. 453.
3. Whenever, at the time the government surveys of section 16 or 36 of public land in California are made, there is, by the erection of a dwelling house or by cultivation, a settlement on any portion thereof whereon someone resides who asserts claim thereto, the title to such portion does not vest in the state, but she has the right to other land in lieu thereof. Sherman v. Buick, 93 U. S. 209, and Water & Mining Company v. Bugbey, 96 U. S. 185, commented on and explained.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
MR. JUSTICE MILLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
The action in this case was brought originally in the state court of California by Daniel W. Gillette against the Keystone Consolidated Mining Company, the present defendant in error, to recover possession of the east half of section 36 in township 7 north, range 10 east of Mount Diablo meridian, and in the progress of the case it was transferred to the circuit court of chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
the United States, where judgment was rendered in favor of the defendant. The Ivanhoe Mining Company, the plaintiff in error, having been substituted for Gillette as his successor in interest, a jury was waived by the parties and the case submitted to the court.
The plaintiff asserted title to the land in controversy under a patent from the State of California, and the defendant under patents from the United States. The title of California rests upon the act of Congress granting that state the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of every township for school purposes, and that of defendant on the acts of Congress concerning the possession and sale of the mineral lands.
As the question to be decided necessarily involves the title to much other mineral land in California, in which the authorities of the State of California and the officers of the Land Department of the United States entertain and act upon conflicting views of the rights of the state and the general government, the State of California by her counsel, and the United States by the Attorney General, have been permitted to take part in the argument.
The defendant only claims part of the land embraced in plaintiff's patent, and denies possession of that for which no title is asserted, and, as no possession is proved beyond that for which the defendant defends, only that is in controversy.
The court below finds that this is mineral land, and that the patent of the United States was issued to defendant for three several mining claims, to-wit the Spring Hill, the Geneva, and the Keystone. That the Spring Hill was located in May, 1851, the Keystone in 1853, and the Geneva in October, 1863, and that the original locators of said claims and their grantees have held undisturbed possession thereof ever since, and by such possession and the working of said mines the possessory title was vested in defendant at the time it filed its application for said patent in the land office of the United States at Sacramento, Jan. 6, 1871, unless the State of California had acquired title to section 36 by grant from the United States. It also appears that on the land thus claimed by plaintiff a mining town, called Amador City, exists, of about four hundred or five hundred people, which began in 1850 and reached the chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
number mentioned in 1853, with many dwelling houses and some forty acres cultivated by the owners of the Keystone mining claim.
On the 18th of June, 1870, one Henry Casey applied to the state authorities to purchase the half-section of land on which this town and these mining claims were located, and a state patent was issued to his vendee, Gillette, Oct. 3, 1872.
The township in which this land lies was surveyed in the field in March, 1870, the survey approved Sept. 3, 1870, and the plat filed in the United States land office at Sacramento, Oct. 7, 1870. Within three months after this latter date, the application of the defendant was made for patents for the three mining claims, and the patents were issued July 14, 1873.
The right to these patents and the claim of the Town of Amador City were contested before the register and receiver, the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and the Secretary of the Interior, by the State of California, and the parties claiming under her, and the decision was adverse to the title of the state.
The question, and the only question, presented for our consideration is very sharply presented by this statement of facts and by the acts of Congress pertinent to the subject, and it is whether, under these acts, the title of the land in question became fixed and vested absolutely in the State of California on the ascertainment by the survey of 1870 that it was part of the thirty-sixth section of the township in which it lies.
The Act of March 3, 1853, 10 Stat. 244, under which the right of the State of California to the school lands arises, has been the subject of construction in this Court more than once heretofore, and the decision of the question before us requires a further critical examination of its provisions. The first five sections of it provide for the establishment of the offices of surveyor general, two land offices, with registers and receivers, and for the organization of the general land system of the United States, including surveys, and it then proceeds to lay down the rules by which rights to the public lands may be acquired. The granting clause of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of the public lands as thus surveyed to the State of California is as follows: chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
"SEC. 6. And be it further enacted that all the public lands in the State of California, whether surveyed or unsurveyed, with the exceptions of sections sixteen and thirty-six, which shall be, and hereby are, granted to the state for the purposes of public schools in each township, and with the exception of lands appropriated under the authority of this act or reserved by competent authority, and excepting also the lands claimed under any foreign grant or title, and the mineral lands, shall be subject to the preemption laws of fourth September, eighteen hundred and forty-one, with all the exceptions, conditions, and limitations therein, except as is herein otherwise provided, and shall, after the plats thereof are returned to the office of the register, be offered for sale, after six months' public notice in the state of the time and place of sale, under the laws, rules, and regulations now governing such sales, or such as may be hereafter prescribed."
Sec. 7 of the act may as well be read here, as it is important to a true solution of the question under consideration.
"SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, that where any settlement, by the erection of a dwelling house or the cultivation of any portion of the land, shall be made upon the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, before the same shall be surveyed, or where such sections may be reserved for public uses or taken by private claims, other lands shall be selected by the proper authorities of the state in lien thereof, agreeably to the provisions of the Act of Congress approved on the twentieth of May, eighteen hundred and twenty-six, entitled 'An Act to appropriate lands for the support of schools in certain townships and fractional townships, not before provided for,' and which shall be subject to approval by the Secretary of the Interior. And no person shall make a settlement or location upon any tract or parcel of land selected for a military post, or within one mile of such post, or on any other lands reserved by competent authority; nor shall any person obtain the benefits of this act by a settlement or location on mineral lands."
The twelfth section grants to the state seventy-two sections for the use of a seminary of learning, to be selected by the governor or some one appointed by him, in legal subdivisions of not less than a quarter-section, of any unsold, unoccupied, and unappropriated public lands:
"Provided, however, that no mineral lands, or lands reserved for any public purpose whatever,
or lands to which any setter may be entitled under the provisions of this act, shall be subject to such selection."
The thirteenth section also grants the state ten sections of land for the purpose of erecting the public buildings of the state, with the same proviso as the one to sec. 12.
The proviso to the third section is also relied upon as indicative of the purpose of Congress in regard to the mineral lands of California. That section contains the authority under which the surveyor general is to act in surveying the public lands in that state, and after investing him with the powers conferred on other surveyors general, and prescribing some specific directions for the survey of private land claims, it is
"Provided that none other than township lines shall be surveyed where the lands are mineral or are deemed unfit for cultivation, and no allowance shall be made for such lines as are not actually run and marked in the field and were actually necessary to be run."
It is strongly urged by plaintiff's counsel that the language of the granting clause imports a grant in praesenti, and that wherever by any survey of the government thereafter made the location of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of a township is ascertained, it establishes the title in the state from the date of the statute, namely, march 3, 1853.
It is quite unnecessary to enter upon this question, which has been before us in so many shapes, for if it be conceded that such would be the effect of the statute if there were no words of exception in the grant, Congress has, in nearly every case where the question has arisen, made such specific exceptions to the operation of the grant as to decide the matter without resort to the rule of construction asserted by plaintiffs.
Take, for instance, railroad grants. Besides the more general reservations from the grant, there is almost always found a provision that where, by the location of the road, the sections on each side of it, which would pass by the general terms of the grant, are ascertained, those which have been preempted, sold, or otherwise disposed of shall not so pass, but the grantee may select other lands in lieu of those, which may be said in this manner to be excepted out of the grant.
This is true of the statute under consideration, and we may chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
pass this branch of the argument by conceding that if the land in controversy is subject to the grant the title relates to the date of the act of Congress.
Defendants allege that it is not so subject to the grant, for two reasons:
1. That it is mineral land, and that the grant of school lands to the state does not cover any mineral land.
2. That by virtue of the seventh section, such settlement and cultivation had been made on the land before the survey was made as to take it out of the grant and remit the state to the selection of other public land in lieu of this.
We will consider these in their order.
Very soon after the conquest of California and its cession to the United States by Mexico, it was found to be rich in the precious metals, and such was the rapid influx of immigrants from the Eastern states that the California population at the time it was organized as a state in 1850 was largely composed of mining camps and settlements engaged in mining these metals. As nearly all those mines were discovered on land the title of which was vested by the treaty in the government of the United States, it became important to determine what course the government would take with regard to this new source of untold wealth. The Spanish government, to which this territory and much other rich in precious metals had once belonged, had instituted a system of laws concerning her mines by which private enterprise was invited to develop them and a revenue secured at the same time to the crown which made Spain for a time the richest of the civilized governments of the world. This system Mexico had inherited and perpetuated, and there were many American statesmen who believed that with the territory we had acquired the laws which governed the production of gold from the earth. Others believed that whether this were so or not, it would be a wise policy for the government to secure to itself a fair proportion of the metal produced from its own ground. But while Congress delayed and hesitated to act, the swarm of enterprising and industrious citizens filled the country, and, before a state could be organized, had become its dominating element, with wealth and numbers and claims which demanded consideration. chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
Matters remained in this condition, with slight exception, until July 26, 1866, when Congress passed a law by which title to mineral land might be acquired from the government at nominal prices, and by which the idea of a royalty on the product of the mines was forever relinquished. 14 Stat. 251.
During this period, however, from 1849 to 1866, the system of the disposition of the public lands in general had to be introduced into California, and grants of land were made to the state for various purposes, also to railroad companies; and in all this, the attention of Congress was necessarily turned to the distinction between mineral lands and the ordinary agricultural lands of the other Western states to which similar laws had applied. This distinction is nowhere more plainly manifested than in this act of 1853. As we said in Sherman v. Buick, 93 U. S. 209, the main purpose of that act was to provide for the survey and sale of the public lands and for the right of preemption to the settler on them, and there was embraced in this clause of preemption the grant of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections to the state for school purposes. In the very sentence which contains this grant in parenthesis, and while introducing the new principle that the public lands should be subject to the right of preemption, whether surveyed or unsurveyed, the mineral lands are excepted, in express terms, from this right and from public sale.
We say that this introduced a new principle in preemption law -- for, except in a very few cases, no right of preemption had before existed until the lands were surveyed, so that the preemptor could designate by the description of the congressional survey the precise land to which his preemption attached.
But this right of preemption on unsurveyed lands was by this statute to last but one year, and so careful was Congress to protect mineral lands from sale and preemption that, as we have already shown by the proviso to sec. 3 of the act, the surveyors were forbidden to extend their surveys over them.
The effect of this was as Congress intended it should be -- that, as no surveys could be made of mineral lands until further order of Congress, there could be no sale, preemption, or other chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
title acquired in mineral lands until Congress had provided by law for their disposition. The purpose of these provisions was undoubtedly to reserve these lands, so much more valuable than ordinary public lands, and the nature of which suggested a policy different from other lands in their disposal, for such measures in this respect as the more matured wisdom of that body, which by the Constitution is authorized to dispose of the territory or other property of the United States, should afterwards devise.
It is a strong corroboration of this view that Congress, in sec. 12 of this same statute giving the state seventy-two sections for a seminary of learning, declares that no mineral lands shall be taken under the grant and makes the same reservation of its mineral lands in the grant for the erection of public buildings in the state.
We find a similar provision in the grant to the Pacific Railroad Companies, whose road it was known would pass through some of these mineral regions. By the fourth section of the Act of 1864, 13 Stat. 356, it is declared that neither that act nor the act of 1862 shall be held to include in the grant "any government reservation or mineral lands or the improvements of any bona fide settler on any lands returned or denominated as mineral lands."
As we have already said, Congress, after keeping this matter in abeyance about sixteen years, enacted in 1866 a complete system for the sale and other regulation of its mineral lands so totally different from that which governs other public lands as to show that it could never have been intended to submit them to the ordinary laws for disposing of the territory of the United States.
Taking into consideration what is well known to have been the hesitation and difficulty in the minds of Congressmen in dealing with these mineral lands, the manner in which the question was suddenly forced upon them, the uniform reservation of them from survey, from sale, from preemption, and above all from grants, whether for railroads, public buildings, or other purposes, and looking to the fact that from all the grants made in this act they are reserved, one of which is for school purposes besides the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
we are forced to the conclusion that Congress did not intend to depart from its uniform policy in this respect in the grant of those sections to the state.
It follows from the finding of the court and the undisputed facts of the case that the land in controversy, being mineral land and well known to be so when the surveys of it were made, did not pass to the state under the school section grant.
It seems equally clear to us that the land is excepted from the grant by the terms of the seventh section of the act of 1853.
In the case of Sherman v. Buick, supra, we have said in reference to this section that it was unnecessary to decide whether the improvements found on the land when the survey was made and the character of the person owning them should be in all respects those which are prescribed by the general preemption law. We are now satisfied that this section prescribes its own rules on that subject, and that whenever, at the time these sections are ascertained by the government survey, there is either a dwelling house of the cultivation of any portion of the land, on which some one is residing and is asserting claim to it, the title of the state does not vest, but the alternative right to other land as indemnity does. It is only necessary to look to what we have said in Sherman v. Buick, of the fact that Congress had in view the rapid settlement of the country and the long time which might elapse before it could be known by actual survey where these school sections would be found, to see that a liberal construction must be given to the language by which Congress expresses its purpose to protect these settlements, buildings, and cultivations, and that we have no right to add other qualifying incidents to the exercise of this right than those found in the statute. These are not the same required under the general preemption law, and we have no authority to import the latter into the new statute.
Some of the expressions found in Sherman v. Buick and in Water & Mining Company v. Bugbey, 96 U. S. 165, are supposed by counsel to convey a different meaning; but in the use of the words "preemption" and "preemptor" in reference to this section of the statute, it was not designed to imply all that was meant by those terms in the act of 1841 and its amendatory chanrobles.com-redchanrobles.com-red
adjuncts, but to convey the idea of a settlement and a settler according to the terms of the statute under consideration. Nor is there anything in the principle announced in the latter case that where a settler abandons his claim to hold the land against the state by virtue of such settlement or improvement, and acknowledges the title of the state by purchase, that his improvement or settlement cannot be set up by a third person to defeat the title of the state recognized by the United States which conflicts with what we have just said or with the defendants' rights in the present case. Here, the settlement, building, and cultivation have been continuous for twenty years, with constant assertion of claim. The same parties or their privies are still claiming it. None of them has accepted title under the state or acknowledged its right to the land. The government of the United States has given them a patent founded on this very possession, use, and occupation. Nothing in that opinion justifies the construction placed upon it by counsel, and the case is clearly inapplicable to the one before us.
We are of opinion that the settlement, building, and cultivation found as facts by the circuit court bring the case within the provisions of the seventh section of the act of 1853 and necessarily render void the title asserted under the state by plaintiff.
It follows that the judgment of the Circuit Court is right, and it is accordingly
MR. JUSTICE FIELD did not take any part in deciding this case.


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- Diversity in activities (videos, texts, quiz, face-to-face methods) will allow more people to learn in their preferred styles. This makes it attractive to participate.
- Stimulating people to work in different ways makes sure that learning is solid (think of the brain principles).
- By making the programme interactive and more geared to actual practice we want to have more impact on practice.
Getting started with three design models
After thinking about the added value and an introduction to blended learning we went into sub- groups to redesign using three different models (3P's Jukebox, SamR see video below). This worked very well. I had not asked who the original owner of this training was and from the interaction I could not detect who was the lead of this training. The models invite everyone to become a designer in a new way and really made it a creative process. It was remarkable that people without much explanation, just a handout about the model could work intuitively. Furthermore, a different model really stimulated a different design.
Using the three creative designs, we started looking for the similarities between the designs but also the unique ideas that impress the other groups. A similarity was that everyone proposed an online start. The three training days were brought back to 1.5 or 2 days, with online activities in between. It became clear that everyone used online to activate learners. A number of face-to-face elements such as an informal lunch with management was considered very important to keep as a face-to-face element. Truly innovative was the idea to steer away from instruction and ask people for feedback instead of educating them. This called was the "teach-back".
How did the models help? The 3P model definitely helped to surface these kind of ideas. I think the Jukebox model stimulated that group to think about a mentor-buddy system. This was the point where I correctly identified the owners of this training - because of ownership of how things have been done. However, this lead to an extensive discussion and comparison of activities with the original plan, all ideas were scrutinized in detail by the team. The discussions led to a reformulation of the goals. The original formulation was knowledge- oriented, currently the focus is more on networking and knowing who to ask questions. Another innovation was thinking about a cohort group helping each other beyond the course. I think that the models helped everyone to think more out of the box.
Facilitating online raised a number of challenges which still need to tackled by the team. The first is the inclusion of management and subject matter experts in this new way of training. A second one is choosing a suitable platform. There are some platforms in the organization available but not a clear LMS. This will be the next step for this team - discussions in the organization and in search of the right tool.


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The weather in Gran Canaria is sunnier than where you live. That's all you need to know.
We're only kidding. Did you know that it snows in Gran Canaria? Ok, it doesn't happen very often and only right at the very top of the island but we do get a dusting of white stuff ever few years. You wouldn't know about it on the beaches as the sun shines right through the year in Gran Canaria's resorts. For winter sun and calm conditions, the south of the island is your best bet in Europe.
In fact, Gran Canaria is one of the sunniest places on earth with over 3000 hours of sunshine per year. That's eight hours per day on average. In the resorts it's often sunny for weeks on end.
It's not just the resorts that get the sunshine. The capital Las Palmas is officially the city with the "most pleasant" weather in the world. A study by Syracuse University found that it's combination of warm temperatures and year-round sun was a world-beater.
Canarians go on holiday just to experience bad weather! They buy big coats and fly north to look at frost and snow and splash around in puddles. They the come back home and go to the beach to recover.
The temperatures at sea level in Gran Canaria vary from an absolute low of 14ºC at night up to well over 40ºC during the hottest days of summer. Most of the time the temperature is in the 20s: Pretty much perfect. The sea temperature goes from 19ºC during the winter up to 23ºC in late summer.
Want to know more about Gran Canaria's weather right now. See our detailed Gran Canaria weather forecast.
If you're in Gran Canaria and it isn't sunny (it happens), then see this post about what to do.
We publish a new Gran Canaria weather forecast twice a week. Our forecast is based on information from the Spanish and Canary Islands weather services plus satellite and radar data. We try and be as accurate as possible but also admit to any mistakes (it's a small island and sometimes, weather just misses it) and try to explain them. Check here if you are coming on holiday to Gran Canaria and want to know what weather to expect.
For detailed information about the weather and climate in Gran Canaria, including a monthly guide to what temperatures and weather to expect, see our Gran Canaria weather guide.
To see the Gran Canaria weather live at any time of day, see our webcam page.
Here's a useful guide to what to do on those rare rainy days in Gran Canaria. And a few hints about the weather in Gran Canaria's main resorts
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Take Action to Prevent Puppy Mills in Texas!
SIGN OUR PETITION: Tell Texas Legislators NOT to Eliminate Important Animal Protections!
The Problem.
The Texas legislature is preparing to gut the state program that prevents unregulated puppy mills. Since 2011, the Texas Dog & Cat Breeder Act has given the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) the right to regulate the conditions in large-scale animal breeding facilities. Without this Act, unregulated, large scale breeding facilities could likely become inhumane puppy mills producing dogs for profit in the cruelest conditions.
In 2011, THLN helped pass the Texas Dog & Cat Breeder Act to regulate the conditions in large-scale dog and cat breeding facilities. The law, the first of its kind in Texas, has prevented inhumane puppy mills with requirements and inspections of these facilities.
By law, Texas requires a "Sunset Review" of each state agency every 12 years to determine whether that agency should continue to exist. The state agency that oversees this Program, TDLR is currently under its "Sunset Review" and must be reauthorized by the Texas Legislature during the 2021 Session. Last month, the preliminary Sunset Review report recommended that this Program is eliminated.
How YOU Can Make a Difference!
We must remind Texas legislators of the importance of this Program.
Elimination of the Program means zero regulations for those profiting off puppies. The absence of even the most basic minimum care standards will lead to horrific puppy mills, causing thousands of dogs and cats will suffer a lifetime of neglect.
THLN's goals are first to protect this incredibly important Program and then fix the existing loopholes to strengthen it.
NOW is the time for action. Please help us change the fate of thousands of animals in commercial breeding facilities by signing and sharing our Petition today. When you sign our Petition, your state representative and state senator will know you support the regulation of large-scale animal breeding facilities.
To ensure the Petition's validity and efficiency, please include your full address so we can notify your state senator and representative of your support.
Texas residents only.
Thank you for signing!


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Tuesday, April 15, 2014
The American Imperium, the Last of the Great Western Empires, May be About to Come Down
On our TV talk shows and op-ed pages, and in our think tanks here, there is rising alarm over events abroad. And President Obama is widely blamed for the perceived decline in worldwide respect for the United States.
Yet, still, one hears no clamor from Middle America for "Action This Day!" to alter the perception that America is in retreat.
If a single sentence could express the seeming indifference of the silent majority of Americans to what is going on abroad, it might be
the simple question: "Why is this our problem?"
If a Russian or Ukrainian flag flies over Simferopol, why should that be of such concern to us that we send U.S. warships, guns or troops? If Japan and China fight over islets 10,000 miles away, islets that few Americans can find on a map, why should we get into it?
And, truth be told, the answers of our elites are unconvincing.
One explanation for America's turning away from these wars is that we see no vital interest in these conflicts — from Syria to Crimea, Afghanistan to Iraq, the South China Sea to the Senkaku Islands.
Moreover, the prime motivator of a half-century of sacrifice in a Cold War that cost us trillions and 90,000 dead in Korea and Vietnam — the belief we were leading the forces of light in a struggle against the forces of darkness that ruled the Sino-Soviet Empire — is gone.
The great ideological struggle of the 20th century between totalitarianism and freedom, communism and capitalism, militant atheism and Christianity is over.
The Communist empire collapsed. Only the remnants remain in backwaters like Cuba. Marxism-Leninism as an ideology guiding great powers is a dead faith. The Communist party may rule China, but state capitalism has produced Chinese billionaires who do not wave around Little Red Books.
Lenin's remains may lie in Red Square, and Mao's in Tiananmen Square, but these are tourist sites, not shrines to secular saviors who remain objects of worship.
The one region where religion or ideology drives men to fight and die to create a world based on the tenets of the faith is in the Islamic world. Yet, as CIA Director Richard Helms observed, the three nations that had adopted Islamist ideology — the Afghanistan of the Taliban, the Ayatollah's Iran and Sudan — all became failed states.
Yet, when the faith or ideology of a civilization or nation dies, something must replace it. And around the world what peoples and regimes seem to be turning to is nationalism.
Vladimir Putin has taken back Crimea and declared himself the protector of Russians in the former republics of the Soviet Union.
China's claims against Japan in the East China Sea are rooted in 19th-century maps and 21st-century nationalism, propelled by a hatred born of Japan's brutality in the conquest of China from 1931 to 1945.
Japan's response is not to reassert the divinity of the emperor. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is invoking nationalism, seeking to break out from under the pacifist constitution imposed after World War II.
America, too, seems to be searching for a substitute for anti-communism, to justify global commitments that seem to have less and less to do with vital national interests.
Bush I spoke of building a "New World Order." The phrase is now an epithet. George W. Bush declared America's mission to be "ending tyranny in our world." The new deity to which America seemed to want to convert mankind was the golden calf of democracy.
But when democracy — one man, one vote — produced Hamas in Palestine and the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo, second thoughts and sudden apostasies began.
At the end of the Cold War Francis Fukuyama predicted that we were approaching the "End of History," where liberal democracy would prove the final form of governance, embraced by all mankind.
Yet not only in Russia and China, but also in much of Europe and the Third World, democracy seems to be not so much an end in itself for peoples, but a means to advance a greater cause.
The call of tribe and nation appears more compelling. And the Western gospel that all religions, races, nations, and tribes are equal and should be treated equally, while paid lip service, is disbelieved.
Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan has called democracy a bus you get off of when it reaches your stop. His stop was a moderate Islamist state that conformed to his own and his party's principles.
Understandably, countries all over the world want America to come fight their wars. But while that may be in their interest, is it any longer in ours?
The American imperium, the last of the great Western empires, may be about to come down with the suddenness of the other empires of the 20th century.
Patrick J. Buchanan is the author of Suicide of a Superpower: Will America Survive to 2025?
3 comments:
Democracy is a bus you get off of when it reaches your stop.
that really shined some light. Micheal Bloomberg comes to mind. Obama's pen and phone approach. The use of federal agencies to disadvantage your political opponents. Going to the courts to overturn measures that were passed by popular vote. There are a lot of examples of that here in the US.In a social(ist) democracy, you are either at the table or on the menu. I love that phrase.
In a social(ist) multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-language democracy, the largest group wins the election, "owns" the entire socialized economy and everyone and everything is on the menu. This is the essence of what US foreign policy is trying to spread and this is what the conservative Republicans want us to fight, spend and die for. Swell.


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I was very fortunate to represent iProspect at the Cannes Lions Festival of Creativity this year and bring back insights from the event for both my clients and colleagues. I was initially skeptical about how much of the festival's creative-focused content would directly apply to the very data-driven work we do for our clients on a day-in and day-out basis; but I figured out pretty quickly that most of the creative and brand advertisers there were asking the same question, only in the opposite direction. They wanted to know how data might be limiting creativity, and how we can best work together so that data improves creativity instead of compromising it.
To understand both viewpoints, we need to explore why anyone would view creativity and data as potentially opposing forces in the first place. We have all seen firsthand how data can help transform business outcomes by enabling us to optimize our campaigns in real time and measure the impact. Creativity, on the other hand, is a piece of the puzzle that is much more about unstructured play and spontaneity. There's an element of magic to good creative – it's hard to define, but easy to spot. The best creative work rests on a simple, underlying truth to which the audience can relate and which engages them in your story. While data can surely help us find that truth, too much formalized process and over-analyzed data can also spoil the magic. At the core of the debate is a simple question: how do we successfully blend the art and science of creative and data, and how much data is enough versus too much to fuel creative thinking?
iProspect hosted a panel titled "You're Speaking My Language" on this very topic featuring industry experts from Carat, Google, Tumblr, Facebook, and Mattel and moderated by our President of Americas Misty Locke (@mistylocke_iP). While there was plenty of spirited debate, overall the panelists agreed that data is a valuable part of the creative process that can inspire your storytelling. The amount of data needed differs based on who you ask, but often a simple insight or data point from your own research can suffice as the foundation for good storytelling. On the flip side, too much data can cause "analysis paralysis" and prevent you from getting creative, so a healthy balance is in order.
Regardless of how much or how little data informs your initial creative strategy, the panelists agreed that it's important to have a continuous data loop between data and creative once your ideas go to market so you can continuously refine and test your original concept. There was also unanimous agreement that creative can – and should – impact data strategy. Knowing how and what to measure is in part defined by the story you're trying to tell and the medium and stage you're using to tell it. Maintaining the data loop is challenging. Sometimes it breaks down, meaning you can't accurately correlate creative impact to performance in your data output. This usually happens when you fall into common measurement pitfalls like relying on last-click attribution in digital or working with attribution models that lack in-store or offline data.
At iProspect, we like to say that the rate of change in advertising is always getting faster, so the rate of change is at its slowest point now compared to anytime in the future. The one constant is that good advertising comes down to knowing your consumer, knowing your business, and being a good storyteller. Data can help us learn more about the consumer, understand our impact on the business more clearly, and improve our storytelling potential. At the same time, crafting stories is a creative process, so we must respect the craft and nurture an environment of creativity by occasionally taking a step back, allowing ourselves to think big, and challenging ourselves by asking why we're doing what we're doing in the first place. Ultimately, Cannes Lions was a reminder to everyone that data and creativity aren't just related to each other, they depend on each other.


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Mannhardt, Wilhelm (1831-1880)
Johann Wilhelm Emmanuel Mannhardt, known as Wilhelm: scholar and church lay leader; born 26 March 1831 in Friedrichstadt in Schleswig, the son of Jakob Mannhardt and Adriana Margaretha (Thomsen) Mannhardt. He died in Danzig on 25 December 1880.
Wilhelm was the first German Mennonite to earn a doctorate and an influential researcher of German folklore and mythology. He wrote the definitive 19th-century history of Prussian Mennonites and emerged in the late 1860s as a strong proponent of Mennonite acceptance of military service.
Wilhelm's father Jakob was serving as pastor of the Mennonite congregation in Friedrichstadt when Wilhelm, the oldest of six surviving children, was born. A sickly child, by age seven a severe curvature of the spine made breathing and walking difficult. In addition to asthma and problems with his nerves, Wilhelm missed a lot of school while tied to a bed (Streckbett) to straighten his spine. In 1836 the family moved to Danzig when his father was called to the pastorate. Wilhelm was baptized by his father in the Danzig Mennonite Church on 21 June 1846, where he remained a member until his death.
Beginning in 1844 Wilhelm followed political developments in Schleswig with dismay as the Danish king attempted to integrate the territory into the Danish kingdom. When Denmark and the German Confederation briefly went to war over the issue in 1848, Wilhelm wrote a poem to express his sadness that his disability prevented him from fighting for Germany. This conflict set the course of his life as he was engaged at the time in polemics with a Danish friend who justified Danish claims to Schleswig with the glories of Nordic mythology. In order to beat back these assertions, Wilhelm read Jacob Grimm's German Mythology. Wilhelm finished high school in 1851.
Wilhelm studied at the universities of Berlin and then Tübingen where he was awarded a PhD for his dissertation that he dedicated to Jakob Grimm. From 1855 to 1859 he edited the Zeitschrift für Deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde. During this time he also finished his second doctorate (habilitirt) in Berlin. In 1857 he became a Privatdocent at the University in Berlin and offered classes in German Mythology and Gothic Grammar among other subjects. Due to limited enrollment and poor pay he also took a job as a private tutor for a family in Berlin and in 1861 moved to Silesia to tutor for a family there. In the autumn of 1861 he was back in Berlin but without any prospects for a job.
Discussions that year in the Prussian Parliament about revoking Mennonites' military exemption caused a petition and delegation from the rural congregations to be sent to the capital. The Danzig congregation refused to participate in this protest action and instead suggested that a document be created to explain the history and harmlessness of the Mennonite military exemption. All the congregations agreed to this step and Wilhelm Mannhardt was hired for 200 Taler to write this book. At Easter 1862 he moved back in with his parents and commenced writing. On 24 June 1862, a commission met at the parsonage to listen to the manuscript read out loud from 9 am to 8 pm. A second reading was ordered for a larger group in Nogathau near Elbing a few days later. This group decided to eliminate sections that dealt with the political and economic involvements of Mennonites. The remaining sections were published in 1863 as Die Wehrfreiheit der Altpreußischen Mennoniten. Three thousand copies were printed and distributed to help make the case for the historical nature of the exemption, with at least one copy ending up in the files of the Ministry of the Interior, which was responsible for administering the draft.
Wilhelm obliquely noted the awkwardness of defending a principle with which he did not agree in the introduction where he stated that Wehrfreiheit did not reflect his personal opinions. He ultimately argued that the exemption was a binding royal agreement or privilege that under the General Civil Code could not be legally revoked without compensation. Since there could be no compensation for the loss of religious freedom, the exemption could not be altered by either parliament or king but only by the consent of the Mennonites themselves. The State Ministry rejected this claim, noting in the year the book was published that the Mennonite exemption had the appearance, but not the standing of a genuine royal grant of privilege.
Once the Parliament of the North German Confederation in 1867 stripped the Mennonites of their exemption and appeals to the king resulted only in the creation for them of special noncombatant positions in the Prussian army, Wilhelm wrote extensively in Mennonitische Blätter to argue for the acceptance of military service. He noted that Menno was wrong to seek a pure church separated from the world, that the New Testament did not always condemn war as sin, that John 15:13, "Greater love has no one than this, to lay down his life for his friends," applied to military service, and that while Christians should not participate in wars of aggression, they could rely on the government to engage only in defensive wars. Mennonites on both sides of the issue credited his arguments with persuading many to accept military service.
His contributions to Mennonite historiography notwithstanding, Wilhelm is best known to posterity for his important work on German folklore. In addition to editing Wolf's journal, he published over a dozen books on the topic, mainly while working in the Danzig city library from 1863-73 or afterwards when he had a small stipend from the Ministry of Culture to enable him to work fulltime on his research. Early in his career he followed the lead of Grimm and sought to link current peasant traditions with ancient Germanic religion. In the 1860s, however, he became convinced this approach was too simplistic and speculative and turned instead to gathering and creating a broad sample of statistical data on peasant practices from across northern Europe. His work laid the foundation for the mammoth Atlas der deutschen Volkskunde, the final volume of which was not published until 1985. His work influenced Friedrich Nietzsche's conception of early human, and especially Greek, religion and is still cited in anthologies of folklore studies today.
Although focused on German folklore, Wilhelm was a regular and active participant in the Danzig Mennonite Church. He attended the Evangelical Alliance meeting in Berlin in 1857 with his father. In the 1870s, when his father's health was failing, he would read sermons in his stead at church services. He maintained the congregational chronicle from 1862-1873. Numerous accounts attest to his friendly and cheerful nature and his willingness to help others where possible, especially by composing poems tailor-made for festive occasions or advising students on courses of study.
Wilhelm Mannhardt left behind two important and influential historiographies, a small one on Mennonites and a much more substantial one on folklore. Scholars have treated them as completely distinct bodies of work. The massive commentary on Mannhardt the mythologist rarely even hints at his Mennonite background, which was in any case irrelevant to Mannhardt in his scientific studies. There is, however, some evidence that his scientific and nationalist views colored his work on Mennonite history. Hiebner's recent study on this question noted that his approach to writing Wehrfreiheit focused on history and examined Mennonite historical practices in ways analogous to his studies of other peasant groups. This more abstract approach perhaps made the task of writing a book with whose main goal he disagreed more palatable. It also highlights the extraordinary professional and academic capabilities of the man.
Beitl, Richard. "Wilhelm Mannhardt und der Atlas der deutschen Volkskunde." Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 42 (1933): 70-84.
Brock, Peter. Freedom from Violence: Sectarian Nonresistance from the Middle Ages to the Great War. Toronto 1991; Pacifism in Europe to 1914 Princeton, 1972.
Crous, Ernst. "Vom Pietismus bei den altpreußischen Mennoniten im Rahmen ihrer Gesamtgeschichte 1772-1945." Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter 11 (1954): 7-29.
Dundes, Alan, ed. International Folkloristics: Classic Contributions by the Founders of Folklore Lanham, MD, 1999.
Göttner, Erich. "Mannhardt." In Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols., edited by Christian Hege and Christian Neff. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. 3, 16-17.
Hermann Patzig, ed. Mythologische Forschungen aus dem Nachlasse von Wilhelm Mannhardt, Strassburg 1884.
Hiebner, Braden. "Wilhelm Mannhardt: German Mennonite Nationalist." Mennonite Historical Bulletin 68, no. 4 (October 2007): 10-15
Jantzen, Mark. German Mennonite Soldiers: Nation, Religion, and Family in the Prussian East, 1772-1880. Notre Dame, IN, 2010
Karl Scheuermann, "Wilhelm Mannhardt. Seine Bedeutung für die vergleichende Religionsforschung," Ph. D. dissertation, University of Gießen, 1933.
Mannhardt, G. J. W. E. Mannhardt. Danzig, 1881.
Mannhardt, H. G. "Zur Entstehung und Geschichte der Königliche Kabinettsordre vom 3. März 1868, betreffend den Heeresdienst der Mennoniten." Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender 28 (1919): 97-107.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. "Die praktischen Folgen des Aberglaubens, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Provinz Preußen." Deutsche Zeit- und Streitfragen 7 (1878): 1-88.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. "Zur Wehrfrage." Mennonitische Blätter 15, no. 9 (Dec. 1868): 74-6; 16, no. 1 (Jan. 1869): 5-8; no. 2 (Febr.): 12-5; no. 4 (May): 31-4; no. 5 (June): 37-41; no. 6 (Aug.): 48-50; 17, no. 1 (Jan. 1870): 3-4.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Die Götterwelt der deutschen und nordischen Völker. Berlin 1860.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Die Korndämonen, Berlin 1868.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Die Wehrfreiheit der Altpreußischen Mennoniten. Marienburg, 1863.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Gedichte. Danzig 1881.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Germanische Mythen: Forschungen. Berlin, 1858.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Klytia, Berlin 1875.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Roggenwolf und Roggenhund, Danzig 1865.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Wald- und Feldkulte. 2 vols Berlin 1875-77.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Zur Anthropologie der Germanen: Ein germanologischer Versuch (hand-written dissertation now located at the Staatsbibliothek Berlin, Haus 2, Wilhelm Mannhardt papers, box 17.
Scherer, Wilhelm. "Mannhardt, Wilhelm." Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 56 vols. Leipzig, 1875-1912: v. XX, 203-5
Williamson, George S. The Longing for Myth in Germany: Religion and Aesthetic Culture from Romanticism to Nietzsche Chicago, 2004.
Additional Information
This article is based on the original English essay that was written for the Mennonitisches Lexikon (MennLex) and has been made available to GAMEO with permission. The German version of this article is available at http://www.mennlex.de/doku.php?id=art:mannhardt_johann_wilhelm_emmanuel.
1957 Mennonite Encyclopedia Entry
Johann Wilhelm Mannhardt, a Germanistic specialist, the oldest child of Pastor Jakob Mannhardt and Adriana Margaretha (nee Thomsen), was born at Friedrichstadt on 26 March 1831. The stories of his great-grandmother and of his mother, who was reared by her, stirred the interest of the boy in folk tales and philology, and especially mythology and folk ways and Germanic legend. He studied at the universities of Tubingen and Berlin 1851-1854. In 1858 he settled in Berlin as a private lecturer at the university. In several larger works, Germanische Mythen (1858), Die Götter der deutschen und nordischen Völker (1860), and Weihnachtsblüte in Sitte und Sage (1864), Dr. Wilhelm Mannhardt contributed to the scholarly development of folklore. He was also an active co-worker on the Zeitschrijt für Mythologie und Sittenkunde. He continued his study along this line when his frail and misshapen body compelled him to return to his paternal home in Danzig, where he was city librarian. By sending out questionnaires, by private research in folk tradition, by visiting the internment camps in the wars of 1864, 1866, and 1870, he unceasingly gathered material for an Urkundenbuch der Volksüberlieferungen he was planning. He also published some smaller works as the fruit of his research: Roggenwolf und Roggenhund, Die Korndämonen, Wald- und Feldkulte.
To German Mennonitism Mannhardt rendered an essential service in the time when the final struggle of the Mennonites of East and West Prussia for the preservation of their freedom from military service was in progress. In 1863 he published the valuable book, Die Wehrfreiheit der Altpreussischen Mennoniten, in which he presented a reliable, authenticated understanding of the historical development of the Mennonite principle of nonresistance and of the effort to preserve freedom from military service.
Wilhelm Mannhardt also devoted a great deal of energy to the service of the Danzig Mennonite Church. After 1869 he was frequently asked by the church to take the place of his aged father and read a sermon. This congregation owes to him its chronicle covering the years 1862-1873, which he worked out with conscientious truthfulness and insight into the problems of the decisive period when nonresistance was dropped and mixed marriages were permitted. On 25 December 1880, a heart attack put a sudden end to the life of this humbly pious and modest scholar with his rich knowledge and clear vision and honest search for the truth.
Original entry published in 1957 from The Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 467-468 by Erich Göttner.
1957 Bibliography
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 56 vols. Leipzig, 1875-1912: v. XX, 203-205.
Mannhardt, H. G. Die Danziger Mennonitengemeinde. Ihre Entstehung und ihre Geschichte von 1569-1919. Danzig, 1919: 289-294.
Author(s) | Mark Jantzen |
Date Published | July 2011 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Jantzen, Mark. "Mannhardt, Wilhelm (1831-1880)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. July 2011. Web. 25 Jul 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mannhardt,_Wilhelm_(1831-1880)&oldid=162990.
APA style
Jantzen, Mark. (July 2011). Mannhardt, Wilhelm (1831-1880). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 25 July 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mannhardt,_Wilhelm_(1831-1880)&oldid=162990.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 467-468. All rights reserved.
©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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Last night this Toshiba&Intel branded film nabbed a One Show branded entertainment gold pencil, while it already has a silver in interactive, a bronze in social media, a silver in non-broadcast... And a few more assorted pencils like Gold for craft and silver for online.
In short, it's going to get a lion. You might as well bet on it at Ladbrokes.
In this branded entertainment user generated thingiemah-bob, a movie was made on a very intriguing idea.. A man wakes up every day as a different person. No, not inside, just outside. He's a tall lean black man, a shorter chunkier ginger bloke, a very old crooked gray lady, a young springy brunette... and so on. And then one day, he falls in love.
How do you have a relationship, when you are a different person every day?
This is where the viewers actually can get involved, they can play the poor character who changes, because s/he can literally look like anyone. How interesting! And it's all about what's inside, I'm sure Intel got so excited about this idea their silicone melted a little.
Picture your ice melting in your drinks in Cannes guys, because you're going there.
Now this is the sort of thing you need a proper press release for, when you want the trade press to take notice of your project as the campaign / interactive / user generated / branded entertainment experience thingie-mah-bob is active, you need a nice elevator pitch that explains the idea & what you're doing. You'd be surprised at how often we get emails with one link and nothing else. I'm a fellow creative, pitch me like you'd pitch your creative director, it ain't hard sweetie.
Once the campaign has run its course, you can edit together a spiffy little case study like this one, and we can all watch it.
Ad agency: Pereira O'dell, San Francisco
Art Director: Chaz Whitworth
Copywriter: Neil Ramanan


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They have more viscosity,coverage, and smooth application qualities, plus they do not separate on standing. Very High Pigment values allow brush or sponge application with ease and reliability of shade matching efficiency.
All the foundations are made with the same vegetable oils and waxes with only the color pigments varied. Although most commercial brands of liquid make-up contain only 18 to 23 percent of pigment to vehicle and theatrical brands are in the 35 to 40 percent range, the RCMA shades are made with nearly 50 percent pigment to vehicle, giving them a very high degree of coverage on the skin. So less product is needed for desired coverage. RCMA foundations contain much lower percentage of temperature-sensitive materials (oils and Waxes) and therefore a higher percentage of non-temperature-sensitive materials (dry pigment). So these products will produce a make-up application that will last longer and require less touch ups during the day then commercial, consumer grade foundations. For allergic reasons RCMA foundations contain no perfumes, animal extracts, mineral oils or lanolin.


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Update, June 24th
It occurred to me that it is possible some of you may be reading this post in the hopes of discovering how to configure Chrome to automatically resume your previous session. Fortunately, that's easy! Simply click on Configure (that's the wrench icon in the upper right), then click on "options" and make certain that "reopen the pages that were open last" is selected under on startup in the "basics" configuration category.
The crux of this post doesn't address what I have highlighted here; instead, it assumes that your browser is already resuming the last open session. Furthermore, the solution offered here 1) presumes that your typical use case includes having more than one browser window open with multiple tabs each and 2) is intended to recover your last session after you have inadvertently clobbered it, either by opening only one (1) window from your previous session–and then promptly closing it–or by closing so many tabs that Chrome's new tab session selection no longer shows your previous windows.
I should also mention that this solution may or may not work for those of you who do not have Chrome configured to reopen your last session. There is a possibility that this fix works only in the circumstance that you do.
Unclobbering your Session
I've been using Chrome for quite some time because it's markedly faster than Firefox. I still use Firefox regularly, but my tab addiction doesn't seem to play nicely anymore with any browser I use. Unfortunately, there's one glaring shortcoming with Chrome's UI that drives me nuts: If you have dozens of tabs spread out across two or three Windows, you can recover your last session from Chrome's default empty tab UI if and only if you haven't recently closed enough new tabs that would otherwise overwrite your session history. Worse, extensions like FreshStart don't always recover your previous browsing state–in fact, I've had very poor luck with FreshStart displaying empty sessions or not remembering all of my open windows! So what do you do?
Before you think "Crap, I just lost 200 tabs" and close Chrome again, don't. Do copy Chrome's user data (%APPDATA%/Local/Google/Chrome (Windows), ~/.config/chromium/Default (Chromium, Linux), ~/.config/google-chrome/Default/ (Chrome, Linux–thanks to Joe in the comments)) to a safe location before closing Chrome a second time. Or, optionally, copy Last Session and Last Tabs from %APPDATA%/Local/Google/Chrome to a safe location. Close Chrome once you've finished copying the appropriate files; if Windows complains that it can't copy Current Session and Current Tabs, ignore it. We'll be replacing these later. If you've already closed Chrome, be absolutely certain that you copy these files before you restart the browser. Upon restart, Chrome will wipe any and all chances you have to recover from this accident.
Next, examine the contents of %APPDATA%/Local/Google/Chrome/User Data/Default. Delete or rename the files Current Tabs and Current Session. Then, copy the Last Session and Last Tabs from the backup(s) you made, and rename those to Current Session and Current Tabs, but be mindful of the timestamps. They should match the date and time you last closed Chrome.
Restart Chrome, and it will magically be delivered back to the state it was in before you clobbered your previous session! The trick here, of course, is to not close Chrome a second time once you've realized your folly. Doing so will overwrite your previous session, giving you nothing to recover.
If you're a taboholic like me, this will help you recover what you've lost, and it should work for most incidentals! If not, post here with your problems or offer your own unique solutions.