text:
PEP 339 – Design of the CPython Compiler
- Author:
- Brett Cannon <brett at python.org>
- Status:
- Withdrawn
- Type:
- Informational
- Created:
- 02-Feb-2005
- Post-History:
This PEP has been withdrawn and moved to the Python developer's guide.
Historically (through 2.4), compilation from source code to bytecode involved two steps:
- Parse the source code into a parse tree (Parser/pgen.c)
- Emit bytecode based on the parse tree (Python/compile.c)
Historically, this is not how a standard compiler works. The usual steps for compilation are:
- Parse source code into a parse tree (Parser/pgen.c)
- Transform parse tree into an Abstract Syntax Tree (Python/ast.c)
- Transform AST into a Control Flow Graph (Python/compile.c)
- Emit bytecode based on the Control Flow Graph (Python/compile.c)
Starting with Python 2.5, the above steps are now used. This change was done to simplify compilation by breaking it into three steps. The purpose of this document is to outline how the latter three steps of the process works.
This document does not touch on how parsing works beyond what is needed to explain what is needed for compilation. It is also not exhaustive in terms of the how the entire system works. You will most likely need to read some source to have an exact understanding of all details.
Parse Trees
Python's parser is an LL(1) parser mostly based on the implementation laid out in the Dragon Book [Aho86].
The grammar file for Python can be found in Grammar/Grammar with the
numeric value of grammar rules are stored in Include/graminit.h. The
numeric values for types of tokens (literal tokens, such as :
numbers, etc.) are kept in Include/token.h). The parse tree made up of
node *
structs (as defined in Include/node.h).
Querying data from the node structs can be done with the following macros (which are all defined in Include/token.h):
CHILD(node *, int)
- Returns the nth child of the node using zero-offset indexing
RCHILD(node *, int)
- Returns the nth child of the node from the right side; use negative numbers!
NCH(node *)
- Number of children the node has
STR(node *)
- String representation of the node; e.g., will return
for a COLON token
TYPE(node *)
- The type of node as specified in
REQ(node *, TYPE)
- Assert that the node is the type that is expected
LINENO(node *)
- retrieve the line number of the source code that led to the creation of the parse rule; defined in Python/ast.c
To tie all of this example, consider the rule for 'while':
while_stmt: 'while' test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
The node representing this will have TYPE(node) == while_stmt
the number of children can be 4 or 7 depending on if there is an 'else'
statement. To access what should be the first ':' and require it be an
actual ':' token, (REQ(CHILD(node, 2), COLON)
Abstract Syntax Trees (AST)
The abstract syntax tree (AST) is a high-level representation of the program structure without the necessity of containing the source code; it can be thought of as an abstract representation of the source code. The specification of the AST nodes is specified using the Zephyr Abstract Syntax Definition Language (ASDL) [Wang97].
The definition of the AST nodes for Python is found in the file Parser/Python.asdl .
Each AST node (representing statements, expressions, and several specialized types, like list comprehensions and exception handlers) is defined by the ASDL. Most definitions in the AST correspond to a particular source construct, such as an 'if' statement or an attribute lookup. The definition is independent of its realization in any particular programming language.
The following fragment of the Python ASDL construct demonstrates the approach and syntax:
module Python
stmt = FunctionDef(identifier name, arguments args, stmt* body,
expr* decorators)
| Return(expr? value) | Yield(expr value)
attributes (int lineno)
The preceding example describes three different kinds of statements; function definitions, return statements, and yield statements. All three kinds are considered of type stmt as shown by '|' separating the various kinds. They all take arguments of various kinds and amounts.
Modifiers on the argument type specify the number of values needed; '?' means it is optional, '*' means 0 or more, no modifier means only one value for the argument and it is required. FunctionDef, for instance, takes an identifier for the name, 'arguments' for args, zero or more stmt arguments for 'body', and zero or more expr arguments for 'decorators'.
Do notice that something like 'arguments', which is a node type, is represented as a single AST node and not as a sequence of nodes as with stmt as one might expect.
All three kinds also have an 'attributes' argument; this is shown by the fact that 'attributes' lacks a '|' before it.
The statement definitions above generate the following C structure type:
typedef struct _stmt *stmt_ty;
struct _stmt {
enum { FunctionDef_kind=1, Return_kind=2, Yield_kind=3 } kind;
union {
struct {
identifier name;
arguments_ty args;
asdl_seq *body;
} FunctionDef;
struct {
expr_ty value;
} Return;
struct {
expr_ty value;
} Yield;
} v;
int lineno;
Also generated are a series of constructor functions that allocate (in this case) a stmt_ty struct with the appropriate initialization. The 'kind' field specifies which component of the union is initialized. The FunctionDef() constructor function sets 'kind' to FunctionDef_kind and initializes the 'name', 'args', 'body', and 'attributes' fields.
Memory Management
Before discussing the actual implementation of the compiler, a discussion of how memory is handled is in order. To make memory management simple, an arena is used. This means that a memory is pooled in a single location for easy allocation and removal. What this gives us is the removal of explicit memory deallocation. Because memory allocation for all needed memory in the compiler registers that memory with the arena, a single call to free the arena is all that is needed to completely free all memory used by the compiler.
In general, unless you are working on the critical core of the compiler, memory management can be completely ignored. But if you are working at either the very beginning of the compiler or the end, you need to care about how the arena works. All code relating to the arena is in either Include/pyarena.h or Python/pyarena.c .
PyArena_New() will create a new arena. The returned PyArena structure will store pointers to all memory given to it. This does the bookkeeping of what memory needs to be freed when the compiler is finished with the memory it used. That freeing is done with PyArena_Free(). This needs to only be called in strategic areas where the compiler exits.
As stated above, in general you should not have to worry about memory management when working on the compiler. The technical details have been designed to be hidden from you for most cases.
The only exception comes about when managing a PyObject. Since the rest of Python uses reference counting, there is extra support added to the arena to cleanup each PyObject that was allocated. These cases are very rare. However, if you've allocated a PyObject, you must tell the arena about it by calling PyArena_AddPyObject().
Parse Tree to AST
The AST is generated from the parse tree (see Python/ast.c) using the
function PyAST_FromNode()
The function begins a tree walk of the parse tree, creating various AST nodes as it goes along. It does this by allocating all new nodes it needs, calling the proper AST node creation functions for any required supporting functions, and connecting them as needed.
Do realize that there is no automated nor symbolic connection between the grammar specification and the nodes in the parse tree. No help is directly provided by the parse tree as in yacc.
For instance, one must keep track of which node in the parse tree one is working with (e.g., if you are working with an 'if' statement you need to watch out for the ':' token to find the end of the conditional).
The functions called to generate AST nodes from the parse tree all have the name ast_for_xx where xx is what the grammar rule that the function handles (alias_for_import_name is the exception to this). These in turn call the constructor functions as defined by the ASDL grammar and contained in Python/Python-ast.c (which was generated by Parser/asdl_c.py) to create the nodes of the AST. This all leads to a sequence of AST nodes stored in asdl_seq structs.
Function and macros for creating and using asdl_seq *
types as found
in Python/asdl.c and Include/asdl.h:
- Allocate memory for an asdl_seq for the specified length
- Get item held at a specific position in an asdl_seq
- Set a specific index in an asdl_seq to the specified value
asdl_seq_LEN(asdl_seq *)
- Return the length of an asdl_seq
If you are working with statements, you must also worry about keeping track of what line number generated the statement. Currently the line number is passed as the last parameter to each stmt_ty function.
Control Flow Graphs
A control flow graph (often referenced by its acronym, CFG) is a directed graph that models the flow of a program using basic blocks that contain the intermediate representation (abbreviated "IR", and in this case is Python bytecode) within the blocks. Basic blocks themselves are a block of IR that has a single entry point but possibly multiple exit points. The single entry point is the key to basic blocks; it all has to do with jumps. An entry point is the target of something that changes control flow (such as a function call or a jump) while exit points are instructions that would change the flow of the program (such as jumps and 'return' statements). What this means is that a basic block is a chunk of code that starts at the entry point and runs to an exit point or the end of the block.
As an example, consider an 'if' statement with an 'else' block. The guard on the 'if' is a basic block which is pointed to by the basic block containing the code leading to the 'if' statement. The 'if' statement block contains jumps (which are exit points) to the true body of the 'if' and the 'else' body (which may be NULL), each of which are their own basic blocks. Both of those blocks in turn point to the basic block representing the code following the entire 'if' statement.
CFGs are usually one step away from final code output. Code is directly generated from the basic blocks (with jump targets adjusted based on the output order) by doing a post-order depth-first search on the CFG following the edges.
AST to CFG to Bytecode
With the AST created, the next step is to create the CFG. The first step is to convert the AST to Python bytecode without having jump targets resolved to specific offsets (this is calculated when the CFG goes to final bytecode). Essentially, this transforms the AST into Python bytecode with control flow represented by the edges of the CFG.
Conversion is done in two passes. The first creates the namespace (variables can be classified as local, free/cell for closures, or global). With that done, the second pass essentially flattens the CFG into a list and calculates jump offsets for final output of bytecode.
The conversion process is initiated by a call to the function
in Python/compile.c . This function does both the
conversion of the AST to a CFG and
outputting final bytecode from the CFG. The AST to CFG step is handled
mostly by two functions called by PyAST_Compile(); PySymtable_Build() and
compiler_mod() . The former is in Python/symtable.c while the latter is in
Python/compile.c .
PySymtable_Build() begins by entering the starting code block for the AST (passed-in) and then calling the proper symtable_visit_xx function (with xx being the AST node type). Next, the AST tree is walked with the various code blocks that delineate the reach of a local variable as blocks are entered and exited using symtable_enter_block() and symtable_exit_block(), respectively.
Once the symbol table is created, it is time for CFG creation, whose
code is in Python/compile.c . This is handled by several functions
that break the task down by various AST node types. The functions are
all named compiler_visit_xx where xx is the name of the node type (such
as stmt, expr, etc.). Each function receives a struct compiler *
and xx_ty where xx is the AST node type. Typically these functions
consist of a large 'switch' statement, branching based on the kind of
node type passed to it. Simple things are handled inline in the
'switch' statement with more complex transformations farmed out to other
functions named compiler_xx with xx being a descriptive name of what is
being handled.
When transforming an arbitrary AST node, use the VISIT() macro.
The appropriate compiler_visit_xx function is called, based on the value
passed in for <node type> (so VISIT(c, expr, node)
compiler_visit_expr(c, node)
). The VISIT_SEQ macro is very similar,
but is called on AST node sequences (those values that were created as
arguments to a node that used the '*' modifier). There is also
VISIT_SLICE() just for handling slices.
Emission of bytecode is handled by the following macros:
- add a specified opcode
- add an opcode that takes an argument
ADDOP_O(struct compiler *c, int op, PyObject *type, PyObject *obj)
- add an opcode with the proper argument based on the position of the specified PyObject in PyObject sequence object, but with no handling of mangled names; used for when you need to do named lookups of objects such as globals, consts, or parameters where name mangling is not possible and the scope of the name is known
- just like ADDOP_O, but name mangling is also handled; used for attribute loading or importing based on name
- create an absolute jump to a basic block
- create a relative jump to a basic block
Several helper functions that will emit bytecode and are named compiler_xx() where xx is what the function helps with (list, boolop, etc.). A rather useful one is compiler_nameop(). This function looks up the scope of a variable and, based on the expression context, emits the proper opcode to load, store, or delete the variable.
As for handling the line number on which a statement is defined, is handled by compiler_visit_stmt() and thus is not a worry.
In addition to emitting bytecode based on the AST node, handling the creation of basic blocks must be done. Below are the macros and functions used for managing basic blocks:
- create block and set it as current
- basically NEW_BLOCK() plus jump from current block
- create a block but don't use it (used for generating jumps)
Once the CFG is created, it must be flattened and then final emission of bytecode occurs. Flattening is handled using a post-order depth-first search. Once flattened, jump offsets are backpatched based on the flattening and then a PyCodeObject file is created. All of this is handled by calling assemble() .
Introducing New Bytecode
Sometimes a new feature requires a new opcode. But adding new bytecode is not as simple as just suddenly introducing new bytecode in the AST -> bytecode step of the compiler. Several pieces of code throughout Python depend on having correct information about what bytecode exists.
First, you must choose a name and a unique identifier number. The official
list of bytecode can be found in Include/opcode.h . If the opcode is to take
an argument, it must be given a unique number greater than that assigned to
(as found in Include/opcode.h).
Once the name/number pair has been chosen and entered in Include/opcode.h, you must also enter it into Lib/opcode.py and Doc/library/dis.rst .
With a new bytecode you must also change what is called the magic number for
.pyc files. The variable MAGIC
in Python/import.c contains the number.
Changing this number will lead to all .pyc files with the old MAGIC
to be recompiled by the interpreter on import.
Finally, you need to introduce the use of the new bytecode. Altering Python/compile.c and Python/ceval.c will be the primary places to change. But you will also need to change the 'compiler' package. The key files to do that are Lib/compiler/pyassem.py and Lib/compiler/pycodegen.py .
If you make a change here that can affect the output of bytecode that
is already in existence and you do not change the magic number constantly, make
sure to delete your old .py(c|o) files! Even though you will end up changing
the magic number if you change the bytecode, while you are debugging your work
you will be changing the bytecode output without constantly bumping up the
magic number. This means you end up with stale .pyc files that will not be
recreated. Running
find . -name '*.py[co]' -exec rm -f {} ';'
should delete all .pyc files you
have, forcing new ones to be created and thus allow you test out your new
bytecode properly.
Code Objects
The result of PyAST_Compile()
is a PyCodeObject which is defined in
Include/code.h . And with that you now have executable Python bytecode!
The code objects (byte code) is executed in Python/ceval.c . This file will also need a new case statement for the new opcode in the big switch statement in PyEval_EvalFrameEx().
Important Files
- Parser/
- Python/
- Python-ast.c
- Creates C structs corresponding to the ASDL types. Also contains code for marshaling AST nodes (core ASDL types have marshaling code in asdl.c). "File automatically generated by Parser/asdl_c.py". This file must be committed separately after every grammar change is committed since the __version__ value is set to the latest grammar change revision number.
- asdl.c
- Contains code to handle the ASDL sequence type. Also has code to handle marshalling the core ASDL types, such as number and identifier. used by Python-ast.c for marshaling AST nodes.
- ast.c
- Converts Python's parse tree into the abstract syntax tree.
- ceval.c
- Executes byte code (aka, eval loop).
- compile.c
- Emits bytecode based on the AST.
- symtable.c
- Generates a symbol table from AST.
- pyarena.c
- Implementation of the arena memory manager.
- import.c
- Home of the magic number (named
) for bytecode versioning
- Include/
- Python-ast.h
- Contains the actual definitions of the C structs as generated by Python/Python-ast.c . "Automatically generated by Parser/asdl_c.py".
- asdl.h
- Header for the corresponding Python/ast.c .
- ast.h
- Declares PyAST_FromNode() external (from Python/ast.c).
- code.h
- Header file for Objects/codeobject.c; contains definition of PyCodeObject.
- symtable.h
- Header for Python/symtable.c . struct symtable and PySTEntryObject are defined here.
- pyarena.h
- Header file for the corresponding Python/pyarena.c .
- opcode.h
- Master list of bytecode; if this file is modified you must modify several other files accordingly (see "Introducing New Bytecode")
- Objects/
- codeobject.c
- Contains PyCodeObject-related code (originally in Python/compile.c).
- Lib/
- opcode.py
- One of the files that must be modified if Include/opcode.h is.
- compiler/
- pyassem.py
- One of the files that must be modified if Include/opcode.h is changed.
- pycodegen.py
- One of the files that must be modified if Include/opcode.h is changed.
Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0201100886/104-0162389-6419108Source: https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0339.rst
Last modified: 2023-09-09 17:39:29 GMT


text:
(CNN) -- After nearly a year, the motive behind last December's massacre at a Connecticut's Sandy Hook Elementary School remains unknown, state authorities reported Monday.
Connecticut officials have released a 44-page summary of the investigation into the second-deadliest shooting in U.S. history, outlining how the gunman, identified as 20-year-old Adam Lanza, killed his mother, then stormed the elementary school and killed himself as police arrived. But Lanza never gave anyone "any indication" of what he planned on December 14, 2012.
"The evidence clearly shows that the shooter planned his actions, including the taking of his own life, but there is no clear indication why he did so, or why he targeted Sandy Hook Elementary School," the report states.
Police arrived at the school less than four minutes after the first 911 call. One minute later, Lanza killed himself.
"In fewer than 11 minutes twenty first-grade pupils and six adults had lost their lives," the report states.
Victims' family members were informed of the report, said Mark Dupuis, a spokesman for Danbury State's Attorney Stephen Sedensky, whose office conducted the investigation.
Dupuis declined to provide details about when, where, and how the families were given the details of the report.
"We are sensitive to the needs of the families, and those needs are being addressed," Dupuis said.
The family of Victoria Soto, a teacher who shielded her students before being shot to death, said the release of the report is "yet another blow that our family has been dealt."
A statement from the family said, "While others search for the answer as to why this happened, we search for the how. How can we live without Vicki? How do we celebrate Christmas without Vicki? How do we go on every day missing a piece of our family? Those are the questions we seek the answers for. There is nothing in the report that will answer those for us."
The report, which is available on the Connecticut Division of Criminal Justice website, is separate from a much longer evidence file that Connecticut State Police will release at an unspecified date.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Designed to be moved around your grounds (5 mph max), not intended for use on any public roadway. Each transportable bleacher is fitted with a galvanized steel horizontal lifting brace, and has extra bracing to stabilize the bleacher during transport. Transportable bleachers come with ground sills and require the purchase of one transport kit which can move several bleachers, one at a time. Available in 5 rows or 10 rows with aluminum understructure. 10 row bleachers move in 2 stages, 5 rows at a time. Preferred Bleachers include double foot planks on all rows. Single seat plank. Riser closure on rows 4 & 5. Chain-link guardrail starting at row 3. Allow 3-4 weeks for delivery. 5 Row x 24'L, 80 Seats; Wt 1484 lbs.


text:
On the Way to Rages. 2When the young man left home, accompanied by the angel, the dog followed Tobiah out and went along with them. Both journeyed along, and when the first night came, they camped beside the Tigris River.* 3When the young man went down to wash his feet in the Tigris River, a large fish leaped out of the water and tried to swallow his foot. He shouted in alarm. 4But the angel said to the young man, "Grab the fish and hold on to it!" He seized the fish and hauled it up on dry land. 5The angel then told him: "Slit the fish open and take out its gall, heart, and liver, and keep them with you; but throw away the other entrails. Its gall, heart, and liver are useful for medicine."* 6After Tobiah had slit the fish open, he put aside the gall, heart, and liver. Then he roasted and ate part of the fish; the rest he salted and kept for the journey.
Raphael's Instructions. Afterward the two of them traveled on together till they drew near to Media. 7Then the young man asked the angel this question: "Brother Azariah, what medicine is in the fish's heart, liver, and gall?" 8He answered: "As for the fish's heart and liver, if you burn them to make smoke in the presence of a man or a woman who is afflicted by a demon or evil spirit, any affliction will flee and never return. 9As for the gall, if you apply it to the eyes of one who has white scales, blowing right into them, sight will be restored."
10When they had entered Media and were getting close to Ecbatana, 11Raphael said to the young man, "Brother Tobiah!" He answered, "Here I am!" Raphael continued, "Tonight we must stay in the house of Raguel, who is a relative of yours. He has a beautiful daughter named Sarah, 12but no other son or daughter apart from Sarah. Since you are Sarah's closest relative, you more than any other have the right to marry her. Moreover, her father's estate is rightfully yours to inherit. The girl is wise, courageous, and very beautiful; and her father is a good man who loves her dearly."a 13He continued: "You have the right to marry her. So listen to me, brother. Tonight I will speak to her father about the girl so that we may take her as your bride. When we return from Rages, we will have the wedding feast for her. I know that Raguel cannot keep her from you or promise her to another man; he would incur the death penalty as decreed in the Book of Moses.* For he knows that you, more than anyone else, have the right to marry his daughter. Now listen to me, brother; we will speak about this girl tonight, so that we may arrange her engagement to you. Then when we return from Rages, we will take her and bring her back with us to your house."
14But Tobiah said to Raphael in reply, "Brother Azariah, I have heard that she has already been given in marriage to seven husbands, and that they have died in the bridal chamber. On the very night they approached her, they would die. I have also heard it said that it was a demon that killed them. 15So now I too am afraid of this demon, because it is in love with her and does not harm her; but it kills any man who wishes to come close to her. I am my father's only child. If I should die, I would bring the life of my father and mother down to their grave in sorrow over me; they have no other son to bury them!"b
16Raphael said to him: "Do you not remember your father's commands? He ordered you to marry a woman from your own ancestral family. Now listen to me, brother; do not worry about that demon. Take Sarah. I know that tonight she will be given to you as your wife! 17When you go into the bridal chamber, take some of the fish's liver and the heart, and place them on the embers intended for incense, and an odor will be given off. 18As soon as the demon smells the odor, it will flee and never again show itself near her. Then when you are about to have intercourse with her, both of you must first get up to pray.* Beg the Lord of heaven that mercy and protection be granted you. Do not be afraid, for she was set apart for you before the world existed. You will save her, and she will go with you. And I assume that you will have children by her, and they will be like brothers for you. So do not worry."
When Tobiah heard Raphael's words that she was his kinswoman, and of the lineage of his ancestral house, he loved her deeply, and his heart was truly set on her.
* [6:2] Tigris River: this river is actually west of Nineveh, so they would not have come to it on their way to Media. See note on 1:15 and the Introduction.
* [6:5] Its gall…medicine: belief in the healing power of these organs was common among the physicians of antiquity.
* [6:13] Raguel…Book of Moses: Nm 36:6–8 prescribed marriage within the ancestral tribe for daughters who had no brothers who might inherit the ancestral property, but no death penalty is mentioned.
* [6:18] Get up to pray: prayer, combined with ritual action, drives out the demon.
a. [6:12] Tb 4:12–13; Nm 36:8.
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text:
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A.10 Text Input-Output
Static Semantics
This clause describes the package Text_IO, which provides facilities for input and output in human-readable form. Each file is read or written sequentially, as a sequence of characters grouped into lines, and as a sequence of lines grouped into pages. The specification of the package is given below in subclause
The facilities for file management given above, in subclauses
, are available for text input-output. In place of Read and Write, however, there are procedures Get and Put that input values of suitable types from text files, and output values to them. These values are provided to the Put procedures, and returned by the Get procedures, in a parameter Item. Several overloaded procedures of these names exist, for different types of Item. These Get procedures analyze the input sequences of characters based on lexical elements (see Section 2) and return the corresponding values; the Put procedures output the given values as appropriate lexical elements. Procedures Get and Put are also available that input and output individual characters treated as character values rather than as lexical elements. Related to character input are procedures to look ahead at the next character without reading it, and to read a character "immediately" without waiting for an end-of-line to signal availability.
In addition to the procedures Get and Put for numeric and enumeration types of Item that operate on text files, analogous procedures are provided that read from and write to a parameter of type String. These procedures perform the same analysis and composition of character sequences as their counterparts which have a file parameter.
For all Get and Put procedures that operate on text files, and for many other subprograms, there are forms with and without a file parameter. Each such Get procedure operates on an input file, and each such Put procedure operates on an output file. If no file is specified, a default input file or a default output file is used.
At the beginning of program execution the default input and output files are the so-called standard input file and standard output file. These files are open, have respectively the current modes In_File and Out_File, and are associated with two implementation-defined external files. Procedures are provided to change the current default input file and the current default output file.
At the beginning of program execution a default file for program-dependent error-related text output is the so-called standard error file. This file is open, has the current mode Out_File, and is associated with an implementation-defined external file. A procedure is provided to change the current default error file.
From a logical point of view, a text file is a sequence of pages, a page is a sequence of lines, and a line is a sequence of characters; the end of a line is marked by a
line terminator
; the end of a page is marked by the combination of a line terminator immediately followed by a
page terminator
; and the end of a file is marked by the combination of a line terminator immediately followed by a page terminator and then a
file terminator
. Terminators are generated during output; either by calls of procedures provided expressly for that purpose; or implicitly as part of other operations, for example, when a bounded line length, a bounded page length, or both, have been specified for a file.
The actual nature of terminators is not defined by the language and hence depends on the implementation. Although terminators are recognized or generated by certain of the procedures that follow, they are not necessarily implemented as characters or as sequences of characters. Whether they are characters (and if so which ones) in any particular implementation need not concern a user who neither explicitly outputs nor explicitly inputs control characters. The effect of input (Get) or output (Put) of control characters (other than horizontal tabulation) is not specified by the language.
The characters of a line are numbered, starting from one; the number of a character is called its
column number
. For a line terminator, a column number is also defined: it is one more than the number of characters in the line. The lines of a page, and the pages of a file, are similarly numbered. The current column number is the column number of the next character or line terminator to be transferred. The current line number is the number of the current line. The current page number is the number of the current page. These numbers are values of the subtype Positive_Count of the type Count (by convention, the value zero of the type Count is used to indicate special conditions).
0 ..
1 .. Count'Last;
For an output file or an append file, a
maximum line length
can be specified and a
maximum page length
can be specified. If a value to be output cannot fit on the current line, for a specified maximum line length, then a new line is automatically started before the value is output; if, further, this new line cannot fit on the current page, for a specified maximum page length, then a new page is automatically started before the value is output. Functions are provided to determine the maximum line length and the maximum page length. When a file is opened with mode Out_File or Append_File, both values are zero: by convention, this means that the line lengths and page lengths are unbounded. (Consequently, output consists of a single line if the subprograms for explicit control of line and page structure are not used.) The constant Unbounded is provided for this purpose.
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text:
VAT for most work on houses and flats by builders and similar trades, like plumbers, plasterers and carpenters, is charged at the standard rate of 20%. However, there are a number of exceptions where special VAT rules apply and a reduced or zero rate of VAT may apply.
A builder may not have to charge VAT (zero rate) on some types of work if it meets certain conditions, including:
- building a new house or flat
- work for disabled people in their home
A builder may be able to charge the reduced rate of 5% for some types of work if it meets certain conditions, including:
- installing energy saving products and certain work for people over 60
- converting a building into a house or flats or from one residential use to another
- renovating an empty house or flat
- home improvements to a domestic property on the Isle of Man
There are also special VAT rules for work on certain types of buildings that are not houses or flats, including approved alterations and substantial reconstructions to protected buildings and converting a non-residential building into a house or communal residential building for a housing association.
In addition, there are certain other types of communal residential building that builders do not have to charge VAT. These include children's homes, residential care homes, hospices and student accommodation.
In all cases, it is the supplier's responsibility to charge VAT correctly and to ensure they hold proper evidence to support the fact that a customer is eligible for a supply at the reduced or zero VAT rate.


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Mobile Enhancement Industry Profile: Shaquille O'Neal's 1964 Chevrolet Impala
If you are a fan of the TV show "Overhaulin'," then you know that their style is to pick a worthy recipient and transform his or her automotive project into a work of art. In this case, the recipient was none other than the 7-foot-1, 325-pound NBA legend Shaquille O'Neal. Orchestrated by Shaq's best friend, Anthony "Chicago" Hall, the "Overhaulin'" team created another prank to Read more


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Informative Information for the Uninformed | ||||||||||||||
Engineering in Reverse
Subverting PatchGuard Version 2
Windows Vista x64 and recently hotfixed versions of the Windows Server 2003 x64 kernel contain an updated version of Microsoft's kernel-mode patch prevention technology known as PatchGuard. This new version of PatchGuard improves on the previous version in several ways, primarily dealing with attempts to increase the difficulty of bypassing PatchGuard from the perspective of an independent software vendor (ISV) deploying a driver that patches the kernel. The feature-set of PatchGuard version 2 is otherwise quite similar to PatchGuard version 1; the SSDT, IDT/GDT, various MSRs, and several kernel global function pointer variables (as well as kernel code) are guarded against unauthorized modification. This paper proposes several methods that can be used to bypass PatchGuard version 2 completely. Potential solutions to these bypass techniques are also suggested. Additionally, this paper describes a mechanism by which PatchGuard version 2 can be subverted to run custom code in place of PatchGuard's system integrity checking code, all while leaving no traces of any kernel patching or custom kernel drivers loaded in the system after PatchGuard has been subverted. This is particularly interesting from the perspective of using PatchGuard's defenses to hide kernel mode code, a goal that is (in many respects) completely contrary to what PatchGuard is designed to do.
Locreate: An Anagram for Relocate
This paper presents a proof of concept executable packer that does not use any custom code to unpack binaries at execution time. This is different from typical packers which generally rely on packed executables containing code that is used to perform the inverse of the packing operation at runtime. Instead of depending on custom code, the technique described in this paper uses documented behavior of the dynamic loader as a mechanism for performing the unpacking operation. This difference can make binaries packed using this technique more difficult to signature and analyze, but only when presented to an untrained eye. The description of this technique is meant to be an example of a fun thought exercise and not as some sort of revolutionary packer. In fact, it's been used in the virus world many years prior to this paper. Exploitation Technology
Exploiting 802.11 Wireless Driver Vulnerabilities on Windows
This paper describes the process of identifying and exploiting 802.11 wireless device driver vulnerabilities on Windows. This process is described in terms of two steps: pre-exploitation and exploitation. The pre-exploitation step provides a basic introduction to the 802.11 protocol along with a description of the tools and libraries the authors used to create a basic 802.11 protocol fuzzer. The exploitation step describes the common elements of an 802.11 wireless device driver exploit. These elements include things like the underlying payload architecture that is used when executing arbitrary code in kernel-mode on Windows, how this payload architecture has been integrated into the 3.0 version of the Metasploit Framework, and the interface that the Metasploit Framework exposes to make developing 802.11 wireless device driver exploits easy. Finally, three separate real world wireless device driver vulnerabilities are used as case studies to illustrate the application of this process. It is hoped that the description and illustration of this process can be used to show that kernel-mode vulnerabilities can be just as dangerous and just as easy to exploit as user-mode vulnerabilities. In so doing, awareness of the need for more robust kernel-mode exploit prevention technology can be raised. |


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Being ready no matter what happens
Thursday, January 10th, 2013When I sat down to write this post, I intended to write about what I see as the disconnect I see between the demands for firearms control and readiness and how so many people who demand such regulation are also the least prepared for when that regulation fails. Then, I realized to doesn't matter.
The fact is that the people who are going to be ready are going to be ready irrespective of whether an overbearing government imposes firearms control or demands that people submit to any other kind of forced dependency. History is replete with examples of people being ready no matter how horrible the government restrictions levied against them might be. For some people, the instinct to survive and carry on is stronger than what any government or group can do. We owe our very existence to those kinds of people.
If you consider yourself one of those people, then I am talking to you.
It is very easy, in the face of the trials of our time, to lose focus on the one thing that drives being ready for whatever comes next: life goes on. Life will go on if the government takes all the guns. Life will go on if the government takes all of our money. Life will go on no matter what until the moment life ceases to exist altogether.
But if life is to go on, it requires certain things. For humans, that is, as a minimum: water, food, clothing, and shelter. Without those things, no other preparation matters.
That's why it's important for those of us who are ready no matter what happens to remember that we are ready no matter what happens. Eve if the government takes all the guns. Even if the government takes all of our money. We will be the ones who endure because we have dedicated ourselves to being the ones who endure.
I am not suggesting that we should not be concerned about what is happening around us. If we were not, we would have no cause to prepare. I am, however, saying that we should not lose sight of what we are preparing for.


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Created by Jijith Nadumuri at 29 Mar 2010 17:20 and updated at 02 Apr 2010 11:45
<<<< Previous Section | Current Parva | All Parvas | Next Section >>>> |
Section 213
CCXIII Markandeya said, When, O Yudhishthira, all this mystery of salvation was explained to that Brahmana, he was highly pleased and he said addressing the fowler, All this that thou hast explained, is rational, and it seems to me that there is nothing in connection with the mysteries of religion which thou dost not know' The fowler replied, O good and great Brahmana, thou shalt perceive with thine own eyes, all the virtue that I lay claim to, and by reason of which I have attained this blissful state.
Rise, worshipful sir, and quickly enter this inner apartment. O virtuous man, it is proper that thou shouldst see my father and my mother' Markandeya continued, Thus addressed the Brahmana went in, and beheld a fine beautiful mansion. It was a magnificent house divided in four suites of rooms, admired by gods and looking like one of their palaces; it was also furnished with seats and beds, and redolent of excellent perfumes. His revered parents clad in white robes, having finished their meals, were seated at ease. The fowler, beholding them, prostrated himself before them with his head at their feet. His aged parents then addressed him thus, Rise, O man of piety, rise, may righteousness shield thee; we are much pleased with thee for thy piety; mayst thou be blessed with a long life, and with knowledge, high intelligence, and fulfilment of thy desires. Thou art a good and dutiful son, for, we are constantly and reasonably looked after by thee, and even amongst the celestials thou hast not another divinity to worship. By constantly subduing thyself, thou hast become endowed with the self-restraining power of Brahmanas and all thy grandsires and ancestors are constantly pleased with thee for thy self-restraining virtues and for thy piety towards us. In thought, word or deed thy attention to us never flags, and it seems that at present thou hast no other thought in thy mind save as to how to please us.
As Rama, the son of Jamadagni, laboured to please his aged parents, so hast thou, O Son, done to please us, and even more. Then the fowler introduced the Brahmana to his parents and they received him with the usual salutation of welcome, and the Brahmana accepting their welcome, enquired if they, with their children and servants, were all right at home, and if they were always enjoying good health at that time of life. The aged couple replied, At home, O Brahmana, we are all right, with all our servants. Hast thou, adorable sir, reached this place without any difficulty' Markandeya continued, The Brahmana replied, Yes, I have' Then the fowler addressing himself to the Brahmana said to him, These my parents, worshipful sir, are the idols that I worship; whatever is due to the gods, I do unto them. As the thirty-three gods with Indra at their head are worshipped by men, so are these aged parents of mine worshipped by me. As Brahmanas exert themselves for the purpose of procuring offering for their gods, so do I act with diligence for these two idols of mine. These my father and mother, O Brahmana, are my supreme gods, and I seek to please them always with offering of flowers, fruits and gems. To me they are like the three sacred fires mentioned by the learned; and, O Brahmana, they seem to me to be as good as sacrifices or the four Vedas.
My five life-giving airs, my wife and children and friends are all for them dedicated to their service. And with my wife and children I always attend on them. O good Brahmana, with my own hands I assist them in bathing and also wash their feet and give them food and I say to them only what is agreeable, leaving out what is unpleasant. I consider it to be my highest duty to do what is agreeable to them even though it be not strictly justifiable. And, O Brahmana, I am always diligent in attending on them. The two parents, the sacred fire, the soul and the spiritual preceptor, these five, O good Brahmana, are worthy of the highest reverence from a person who seeks prosperity. By serving them properly, one acquires the merit of perpetually keeping up the sacred fire. And it is the eternal and invariable duty of all householders
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Shrimp / Rice Dressing Stuffed Turkey
Hebert's carefully removes all bones from the turkey except for the wing tip and the two small bones in the wing. The turkey is then stuffed with three pounds of a delicious combination of ingredients to produce a unique meal. Special seasonings are sprinkled over and into the entire product. The turkey is vacuum sealed forcing the seasonings into the product enhancing flavors and freshness.
Shrimp Etouffee & Rice
Etouffee means to smother. Start by sautéing onion, bell pepper, and that wonderful Cajun seasoning. Add shrimp and cook until tender. The finished product is combined with white rice.
DEFROST: Defrost in refrigeration for 4 days or six hours in cold tap water. Always follow safe handling instruction on product label.
COOKING: It's simple to cook. Just follow the instructions on the package. Defrost first. Remove plastic wrap. Bake at 375� F for 2.5 hr. covered and 1 hr. uncovered, breast down(stitching up) or until the internal temperature exceeds 165� F (the pork stuffed turkey cooks for 3.5 hr. covered and 1 hr. uncovered). Cooking time could vary.
OTHER: Weights 8 to 10 pounds. Feeds 12.


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With Bermuda having escaped relatively unscathed from the recent 40 metre tsunami waves, government has acted swiftly to devise a new national emergency plan.
Premier's Action National Incident Contingency (PANIC) Plan will be put into action in all disaster situations, whether natural or caused by malevolent guest workers.
The PANIC Plan will incorporate the Premier's Emergency Escape Plan (PEEP) to ensure that Bermuda's leadership is safely off-island in the event of hurricanes, floods or Canadian accountant uprisings.
"Typically, it is ensured that the leader is off-island in emergency situations, as we saw with last year's hurricane," said PANIC Plan overseer Corporal Barmy.
"Unfortunately, the tsunami emergency was unplanned and our leader was unable to escape the island. PANIC will improve our response in this situation."
The PANIC Plan will ensure that people are suitably informed and aware of what to do in an emergency. It covers emergency services response, communications and evacuation situations.
PANIC prioritises rescue and evacuation to ensure minimal losses. The optimum evacuation point has been determined to be Gibbs Hill, with plans to relocate the Goslings warehouse there immediately to a purpose-built underground bunker.
Gibbs Hill is to be marked with colour coded lines so people will know their place. Top of the hill will be Government Ministers (gold line), then Born Bermudians (blue line), with subsequent sections for Other Bermudians (white line), Spouses of Bermudians (yellow), People Who Look Like Bermudians (purple – see definitions to be posted on scooters and bus stops around the island), tourists (pink line) and then guest workers (red line).
The PANIC Plan can be activated by any Bermudian encountering a national emergency, simply by following the CHAOS steps:
CELLPHONE – call or text everyone you know to ensure that Digihell's capacity is used to the max.
HAIR – ensure your style is ready for all those media interviews.
AUNTIE – make sure you inform your aunties, it would be rude not to.
OFFICIALS – inform the appropriate emergency services such as police, fire services and VSB.
STAMPEDE – get to your assigned position at Gibbs Hill.
"It is never too soon to invoke PANIC or CHAOS," said Corporal Barmy. "The sooner we start PANIC, the sooner we can get the Premier on the BA flight and avoid unnecessary loss of life and frequent flyer points."
While he put no limit on the type of situations where PANIC would be appropriate, he singled out hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes, avalanches, terrorist sous-chefs and rioting Philippino nannies as especially PANIC-worthy incidents.
Phase 2 of PANIC preparedness will include acquisition of $36 million of Louis Vuitton gas masks for those entitled to survive higher level attacks. It will also incorporate compulsory conscription of expats to work camps to build escape tunnels from the Cabinet Building to the airport and Gibbs Hill.
When PANIC has been launched, warns Corporal Barmy, to avoid road congestion, only government workers will be entitled to use cars. Bermudians will be entitled to use mopeds, SoBs will be entitled to catch a pink bus (coupons only, no cash allowed) and foreigners should travel on foot or just wait to be rescued.
In emergencies, regular updates will be posted by Bermuda's bloggers.
The full PANIC plan can be found posted at government buildings and will be on the government website when someone can figure out how.
* So we made it up… better than not having a plan, isn't it?


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There's no imagination in the blues
Most people pegged the Leafs to be 12th in the East and they're certainly playing down to expectations.
That said, the two biggest and most common question before the Leafs' season started - is Bozak ready to be a #1C and who is going to score for this team - have turned out to have rather ugly answers so far (No; nobody).
It's hard to believe that the Leafs scored more goals (16) in their first four games than they have in their last ten (15). The team is now on pace to score fewer goals this season than any team since the lockout.
One win in their last nine, shut-out three times in their past six. The trend lines are all pointing in the wrong direction.
The worst part is, lots of people saw this coming.
Looking at this mess of a club, to my mind the latest horrific slide appears to come down to:
- The team has tuned out the Coach. The penalty kill is bad and the power play is a whole new level of atrocious. Too frequently the team comes out flat and isn't coming up with an adequate compete level; and/or
- Burke has consistently mis-judged the state of the club and applied the wrong "fix." (When the team had three wins in their first 18 games using the NHL's most expensive group of defencemen, acquiring another "stud" d-,an didn't strike me as the club's biggest priority. This off-season, with goals at an absolute premium, committing $3.5M to 15 goal man Colby Armstrong seemed like a horrible use of resources).
If it's the latter (and the voices in my head are telling me it might be) I'm not ready to go there quite yet...
Find all the best pubs for watching Leaf games at YellowPages.ca


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Responding to Anger - Homeword - February 12
Responding to Anger
This devotional was written by Doug Fields
Be angry but do not sin; do not let the sun go down on your anger, and give no opportunity to the devil. —Ephesians 4:26-27 (RSV)
Some years ago, I asked my family to make a list of times when they've unjustly been the recipients of my anger. Thankfully, it was a pretty short list, no bigger than a phone book. I thought the list would actually be a lot bigger. Well, come to think about it, the phone book was just my wife's list. The kids' lists were so long that we had to go to Kinko's to get more paper.
Seriously, there came a point when I became aware that I had an anger problem. I know I'm not alone in the struggle to control and express anger. Plenty of people have no idea what to do when they're angry. Maybe this is you too. On the other hand, maybe you believe anger is something you should never feel. Good Christians don't get angry—do they? So you stuff your anger deep inside you and never let it out. Either way, whenever we are angry and don't express it appropriately, the anger comes back to hurt us.
I've since learned to deal with anger in more constructive and God-honoring ways. I'm not perfect, but I am making progress. If you're stuck in anger, perhaps some of the steps I've learned along the way can help you as well:
Don't deny anger. Make a conscious decision to call an irritation what it is. Something's wrong. It's okay to say that.
Delay anger. Put anger on hold. This gives you an opportunity to say to yourself, "I could be wrong here, so let me think this through." This simple action requires a depth of maturity. This is where you need to slow the situation down to assess what's really going on. Make a conscious choice to be patient.
Define anger, then deliver it to God. Like pulling back the covers on a lumpy bed to see what's hiding underneath, ask yourself the simple question: "Why am I really angry?" Most people never ask this question, they just immediately react to the trigger of their anger. Take the time to reflect and define. After identifying your anger, talk to God about your hurt. The real reason for your anger is where God wants to meet you. Tell Him all about it and ask Him for help.
Defuse the anger, then respond. The first three steps help to defuse your anger, but you still need to respond. Make it your goal to respond in a way that honors God and promotes peace by making the situation less harmful, potent, intense, just as you would—by physically removing a fuse from a bomb. Take to heart the words from the Scriptures, "A gentle answer turns away wrath" (Proverbs 15:1.) Whenever you do this, you are choosing to seek relationship peace.
Anger is a part of life and requires a response. But, remember that whenever we feel angry, we have a choice. We can take the route that leads to pain or the one that leads to peace. With God's help, we can choose peace!
1. What are some things that regularly trigger your anger?
2. Pick a time in the recent past when you got angry and go deeper: what might have been at the root of your anger?
For more information and resources please visit HomeWord.com.


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-By Warner Todd Huston
Every year I post a piece on the troubled truth about Kwanzaa. This year will be no exception.
Kwanzaa, the purported "African" holiday celebrated only in the United States, is the ultimate politically correct holiday. It is little observed, even by our African American community, of course, but those that do celebrate it are wholly unaware that the faux holiday was created by a man with a very troubled past. For Kwanzaa's creator, Maulana Karenga, has a violent criminal record, is a racist, and even a rapist.
Each year, with the onset of Christmas, we are treated to another gauzy, fluff piece about how great Kwanzaa is by yet another PC spewing columnist. This year, among many others, we find aggrandizement such as that in The Telegraph from Macon, Georgia with, "Annual Kwanzaa celebrations highlight arts, community and history," and the Dallas Morning News with its titled,"Look forward to Kwanzaa celebrations with storytelling, music and more." We even find such helpful sites as TeacherPlanet.com's, "Kwanzaa Resources for Teachers." Yes, the world is filled with celebratory lionization of Kwanzaa.
Several years ago, the Houston Chronicle got in the act with a piece by Leslie Casimir titled "Learning about Kwanzaa from the holiday's creator." This one, though, was a bit off the usual track of the how-great-is-Kwanzaa theme because this particular piece celebrated the inventor of the faux holiday, Maulana Karenga, himself. So, instead of merely celebrating the manufactured holiday, Casimir amazingly made a hero of the rapist, race monger and violent thug who created it! To Casimir, Kwanzaa creator "Maulana Karenga" was a hero.
To further the story about how wonderful Karenga was, Casimir also found a gullible parent who, with kid in tow, went to see the great man at a local community center.
Thomasine Johnson needed to get the record straight about Kwanzaa, a cultural holiday steeped in African traditions that celebrates family, ethnic pride and community.
With her 11-year-old grandson in tow, the Missouri City interior designer on Saturday brought her video camera to S.H.A.P.E. community center to hear from Father Kwanzaa "Maulana Karenga" in the flesh."
But just like the manufactured holiday he invented out of whole cloth, this "Maulana Karenga" is also a false front created out of fluff and nonsense. As it happens his real name is not "Maulana Karenga," but is instead Ronald McKinley Everett, AKA Maulana Ron Karenga, AKA Maulana Karenga. We'll soon see that subterfuge, reinvention and smoke-and-mirrors are Karenga's stock in trade.
In her piece, Casimir gave us her version of the history of this "holiday." And the artifice has but a short history, at that.
Created in 1966 by Karenga, a professor of black studies at California State University at Long Beach, Kwanzaa was born out of the black freedom movement of the 1960s, when the Watts riots rocked Los Angeles. It starts the day after Christmas and ends on the first day of the new year.
Interestingly, Casimir employed the euphemism "black freedom movement" to describe the ideology of the group that Ronald McKinley Everett "Karenga" belonged to when he created Kwanzaa. In the 60s, Karenga was in an organization called US (as in "us" — blacks — against "them" — whites). US was a black power militant group that he founded, one that frequently clashed in violence with police and even other black power groups. Members of his group even killed two Black Panthers in 1969.
Yes, kindly professor Maulana Karenga, the murder-touting, segregationist, racist. What a role model for the kiddies he is, eh?
Casimir seemed not to understand why people would doubt this man, though.
Still, many people don't know much about Kwanzaa or the elusive Karenga, who shuns giving interviews to the mainstream press.
Well, it's not surprising that he doesn't want to give too many interviews what with his record as a violent felon and sexual criminal. And Karenga has a long criminal record. In 1971, for instance, Everett served time in jail for assault. By then Everett had changed his name to Maulana Ron Karenga and began to affect a pseudo African costume and act the part of a native African — even though he had been born in the USA.
It wasn't mere assault Karenga was convicted of, either. It was the sexual assault and even torture that he perpetrated against some of his own female followers. At the time, The L.A. Times reported that he placed a hot soldering iron in one woman's mouth and used a vise to crush another's toe, of all things.
As writer Lynn Woolley wrote of Professor Karenga:
And so this is Kwanzaa. The militant past of the creator is now ignored in favor of the so-called seven principles of Nguza Saba, principles such as unity, family and self-determination that could have come from Bill Bennett's Book of Virtues. The word "Kwanzaa" is Swahili, meaning something like "fresh fruits of harvest."
No one remembers the part about "re-Africanization" or the sevenfold path of blackness that Dr. Karenga once espoused. Hardly anyone remembers the shootings, the beatings, the tortures and the prison terms that were once the center of his life. It's just not PC to bring that sort of stuff up now that Kwanzaa is commercialized and making big bucks.
But, Casimir offers us Karenga's prattle anyway, treating it as the advice of a sage:
"As part of the black freedom movement, we were using this to return to our history and culture," Karenga said.
He spoke to a crowd of about 100 people " young and old " at the Third Ward community center, headed by Deloyd Parker, an avid promoter of Kwanzaa's Afrocentric traditions and beliefs.
"We have to wake up that history, we have to remember ourselves in a more expansive way," Karenga said. "To liberate ourselves as ghetto dwellers."
In a day when the black middle class numbers in the millions and when more whites than blacks voted for a black man for president, for "Karenga" to claim that blacks are still relegated to the "ghettos" smacks of race baiting and trying to "keep hope alive" so that he can continue to cause hatred between whites and blacks. And each year the Old Media is all too happy to assist him in his faux "holiday" endeavor.
Happy Kwanzaa, indeed!
But maybe not everyone is fooled by a faux holiday created by a criminal? Last year, for instance, Kalamazoo, Michigan decided to dispense with its public Kwanzaa celebration. In fact, few cities worry over much about this holiday these days, though some still do.
Even some African Americans are not fooled into accepting Kwanzaa. As Jenice Armstrong from Philadelphia wrote in 2010, the "truth is that Kwanzaa has never caught on with the majority of black Americans."
Of course if it wasn't for an Old Media establishment that has given Karenga's criminality a wholesale whitewashing, this faux holiday could never have gained as little traction it has. Put it this way, imagine if famed Ku Klux Klan member David Duke had created a holiday. Do you think the Old Media would have happily sold his creation to a misinformed public without mentioning Duke's personal history? Not a chance, and rightfully so.
- The Lid's Kwanzaa post: "Kwanzaa Is A Fraud of A "Holiday" Created With A Fascist Goal"
- Stacy On The Right's piece: "No. I don't celebrate the fake holiday called Kwanzaa"
- Unhappy Kwanzaa – the media are still falling for that fake holiday created by a felon
"The only end of writing is to enable the reader better to enjoy life, or better to endure it."
–Samuel Johnson
Follow Warner Todd Huston on:
Warner Todd Huston is a Chicago based freelance writer. He has been writing opinion editorials and social criticism since early 2001 and before that he wrote articles on U.S. history for several small American magazines. His political columns are featured on many websites such as Andrew Breitbart's BigGovernment.com, BigHollywood.com, and BigJournalism.com, as well as RightWingNews.com, MrConservative.com, CanadaFreePress.com, StoptheACLU.com, Wizbang.com, among many, many others. Huston has also appeared on Fox News, Fox Business Network, CNN, and many local TV shows as well as numerous talk radio shows throughout the country.
For a full bio, please CLICK HERE.


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SINGAPORE/NEW DELHI (Reuters) – Saudi Arabia, the world's biggest oil exporter, will supply Indian buyers with an additional 4 million barrels of crude oil in November, several sources familiar with the matter said on Wednesday.
The extra cargoes indicate a willingness by Saudi Arabia to increase crude supply to make up the shortfall once sanctions by the United States on oil exports from Iran, the third-largest producer in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), start up on Nov. 4.
India is Iran's top oil client after China, though several refiners have indicated they will stop taking Iranian barrels because of the sanctions.
Reliance Industries Ltd, Hindustan Petroleum Corp, Bharat Petroleum Corp and Mangalore Refinery Petrochemicals Ltd are seeking an additional 1 million barrels each in November from Saudi Arabia, the sources said.
Three of the companies did not immediately reply to an email from Reuters seeking comment. MRPL replied "no comments" when contacted by email.
State-owned oil producer Saudi Aramco was not immediately available for comment.
Given their dependence on Iranian oil supplies, the Indian refiners are concerned about the loss of Iranian crude once the sanctions start and are seeking exemptions. Refiners in the country have placed orders to buy 9 million barrels from Iran in November.
One of the reasons for the additional demand for Saudi oil is that the crude arbitrage from the United States is shut so the Indian buyers have to turn to Middle Eastern barrels, said one of the sources.
India, the world's third biggest oil importer, is grappling with a combination of rising oil prices and falling local currency, which makes imports of dollar-denominated oil more expensive. Retail prices for gasoline and diesel fuel in India are at record highs and the government has cut its excise tax on fuel to ease some of the pain for consumers.
Indian Oil Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said on Monday that he spoke with Saudi Energy Minister Khalid al-Falih last week and reminded him that OPEC and other major oil producers had promised to raise their output at a meeting in June.
India imports an average of 25 million barrels per month from Saudi Arabia.
Reuters last week reported that Russia and Saudi Arabia, the world's two biggest oil producers, struck a private deal in September to raise output to cool rising prices and had informed the United States about the decision.
Reporting by Nidhi Verma in NEW DELHI, Jessica Jaganathan and Florence Tan in SINGAPORE; Editing by Christian Schmollinger
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Identify sameness, explore difference
As part of his Mining the museum installation at Maryland Historical Society in 1992–93, artist Fred Wilson placed a set of shackles in a display case with fine silverware and titled it 'Metalwork'.
Pow. United by the metal of their fabrication, the racially-divided, hierarchical histories of these objects dramatically distances them:
Who served the silver? And who could have made the silver objects in apprenticeship situations? And […] whose labour could produce the wealth that produced the silver?
A general principle can be distilled from this. Perhaps: In the very moment we identify a similarity between two objects, we recognise their difference. In other words, the process of drawing two things together creates an equal opposite force that draws attention to their natural distance. So the act of seeking resemblance – consistency, or patterns – simultaneously renders visible the inconsistencies, the structures and textures of our social world. And the greater the conceptual distance between the two likened objects, the more interesting the likening – and the greater the understanding to be found.
This simultaneous pulling together and springing apart of the sociophysical world interests me, and I've been thinking about it in relation to Sembl, where the challenge of the game is to identify a way in which a given object is related – surprisingly or humorously or otherwise interestingly – to another object.
What constitutes 'interesting' is of course difficult to define and depends to a large degree on the particular players playing. But if the natural conceptual distance between the two related objects is great, the relationship is more likely to be interesting – perhaps because it enables you to think about something in a new way. That's what made Wilson's juxtaposition of shackles with silver tableware interesting, and powerful.
In the same vein, the Sembl players who linked the above branding iron to the breastplate – because both are tools for labeling bodies – cast new light on the colonial practice of giving metal breastplates to Aboriginal people.
My (big!) point here is: Hipbone games and Sembl alike can create a safe space for people to explore differences. When identified, similarities form bridges across and clarify difference. Attending to relatedness in this way inspires understanding; and opens a channel toward reconciliation.


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See Your Loan Options
Only U.S.-Based Businesses are Eligible.
On the search for Equipment Loans and Financing Options for your Indiana business. We both know your business needs the right equipment to succeed, but buying it outright can be costly. Many banks, credit unions and online lenders offer equipment loans you could use to obtain computers, office furniture, machinery, vehicles and more.
Though banks and credit unions typically offer the lowest rates and most generous terms, online lenders offer equipment financing quickly and, in general, with more lenient credit requirements. Equipment loan rates in Indiana start around 3% with loan amounts up to $5.5 million.
Equipment loans are loans to buy business equipment. Indiana based Businesses will often have the need to purchase, replace, repair, or upgrade various kinds of equipment to process, manufacture, or produce their product.
Equipment can include such things as medical and dental medical machinery; physical therapy equipment; restaurant ovens, cookware, tables and chairs, linens, and catering supplies; phone systems; computer monitors, printers, copiers; furniture, tools, vehicles (for commercial use), specialized machinery, industrial equipment, and more.
All of this equipment is essential for your Indiana based business to run at maximum efficiency and maximum productivity.
There are many advantages to equipment loans. First, you don't need to have perfect credit and business financial history to obtain one. That's generally because the equipment itself serves as collateral for your loan, which enables lenders located in Indiana to provide funds to slightly higher-risk clients.
Next, it's great on your cash flow, since big equipment purchases often take a substantial bite out of your operating cash flow, which can put your business in a crunch. Additionally, these loans have little paperwork (unlike, say, SBA loans), which cuts down on the headache and enables you to move the process along faster. Finally, most equipment loans are also made at fixed rates, so you don't have to worry about not expecting the payments coming your way.
There are, of course, disadvantages, too. The first is that your loan term will last as long as the equipment itself does. That means it probably isn't a quick pay off, unless you prepay your loan. Additionally, lenders won't want to extend a term past when the equipment is expected to be valuable, just in case you default and they need to liquidate your equipment. And, depending on the structure of your equipment loan, some (not all) lenders may also require a UCC blanket lien in addition to the equipment that serves as collateral for the Indiana based loan.
The biggest difference between equipment loans and other types of small business loans is generally the structure. Equipment loans are meant to finance a very specific type of purchase in this case, the gear you want to buy whereas some other small business loans are more for working capital, which you can spend flexibly. (Some financing options do come in the form of working capital, too we'll get to those.)
With equipment financing, you work with a lender to secure your loan. You'll generally need to bring a quote to your lender showing them how much the new or used item you want to buy will cost, or documentation of items of comparable value and utility. Generally, loans are granted on equipment that won't rapidly depreciate and will retain value. Then, of course, when you're approved, you'll receive the money from your lender, which you can then use to finance the purchase of your new or used equipment.
Depending on the type of equipment loan you pursue, the process may be as simple as outlined above; you may not need to provide additional collateral, for example. That's because some types of these loans are called "self-secured" loans, which means that the equipment you're financing serves as the loan's collateral. In the case of default, a lender will seize the equipment you've purchased and liquidate it to recoup losses. (This is one of the important reasons why lenders often won't finance equipment that rapidly loses value in Indiana.)
An important distinction to understand about equipment loans is equipment financing versus equipment leasing. In the former, you own the equipment outright, whereas with the latter, you're essentially renting the equipment.
In this sense, it's sort of like a car purchase versus a car lease with one, you have the car generally long after you pay for it, although if it becomes very old, it's still yours. Whereas with an equipment lease, you can generally choose to upgrade to a new model often if it's important for you to have a new vehicle, even if you don't have equity.
Whether you want to purchase outright or lease depends on your business situation, but there are certainly pros to purchasing your equipment outright over leasing. First, there's equity: the equipment is yours after you finish paying for it. That's great because you don't have to worry about returning it; you can even use the equipment as collateral for other business financing in Indiana down the road if you'd like. Another big benefit is a tax deduction: in many cases, you can write off the equipment depreciation for business taxes.
There are some drawbacks to purchasing equipment over leasing, too. First, it can be a little more stressful financially at first, since equipment leases generally have lower monthly loan payments and often don't require down payments, either. That said, if you want to buy the equipment at the end of the lease, you may end up having to pay a large sum, unlike equipment financing. It is worth noting that this isn't always the case; depending on your loan, it may end up actually being cheaper over time to buy the piece outright than to pay the monthly rental payments. Additionally, if your equipment gets outdated, you don't have the ability to easily swap it for newer gear since you own it outright.
See Your Loan Options
Only U.S.-Based Businesses are Eligible.
Becky: Hi! Let's find the best loan option for you


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Take a look at this exciting lineup of launch titles:
Forgotten Betrayal, by Anna DeStefano
Remembering will save her life. But will the
truth destroy their love forever?
When the CEO of a global technology empire retreats to her
ancestral mountain home to heal from a brutal shooting, she discovers the
danger has just begun. The FBI suspects her of selling top-secret government
research, and has sent an undercover agent to find evidence of her treason.
Still suffering from amnesia, she is at the mercy of nightmares that soon morph
into something much more terrifying—a determined enemy, plotting to make sure
she never regains her fragile memory. When a handsome stranger sweeps in from
the cold, claiming to be her protector—and her former lover—she suspects he's
not telling her the whole truth about his sudden appearance on the mountain. As
their unwilling attraction blossoms to sizzling passion, she begins to trust
him…unaware that he is about to repeat the most painful betrayal of her past—a
past she doesn't remember…a past that just may kill her.
No Hero, by
Mallory Kane
A darkly handsome New Orleans detective who insists he's
no hero is blindsided by his one-time lover, a sexy investigative TV reporter,
who exposes his secret troubled past to the whole world…and nearly costs him
his job. When the at-risk teens he mentors start turning up dead, his vow to
protect the other kids hits a major snag…his only clue to finding the determined
killer is held by the one woman he never wants to see again. Compelled to work
together to solve the vicious murders before another child dies, their passion
reluctantly reignites, and their mutual mistrust slowly turns to respect as she
realizes there's much more to being a hero than outward appearances, and his
deeply wounded heart gradually opens to the possibility of love.
Sacrifice of
Passion, by Melissa Bourbon Ramirez
A tall, dark, single-dad Texas rancher finds himself
facing more than his stubbornly silent son when the chupacabra, a supposedly
mythical blood-sucking beast, starts killing his livestock—and stalking the
town's newly returned veterinary assistant, the sensual woman who ran from the
altar and broke his heart twelve years earlier. Determined to purge his
sizzling memories of her from his all-too-vivid imagination, he seeks her help
to get to the bottom of the disturbing animal mutilations, only to have her
break through to his sullen son…and rekindle the love he'd thought was lost
forever. But her refusal to share a terrible secret sends her running straight
into the lair of the chupacabra, plunging her back into her worst nightmare,
and forcing them both to confront the wrongs of the past—in order to stay alive
for the future they desperately want.
Secrets, Loving Lies, by Cynthia Cooke
secrets must be kept, and painful wounds must be ignored.
After an all-out assault by a vicious terrorist bent on
destroying her entire family, a former government agent must break the strict
rules she has always lived by when she emerges from hiding to reluctantly
accept the help of her all-too-sexy ex-lover. Running a deadly race against
time, they rush to rescue her kidnapped sister, find her missing father, and
bring the notorious villain to justice. But nothing ever goes as planned.
Bullets fly, danger abounds, and their passion reignites even faster than the
lies are flowing. But their stubbornly held secrets just might spell the end of
their rekindled love and hopes for the future…as well as their very lives.


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After Scott and Kate Johansen (Will Ferrell and Amy Poehler) lose their daughter Alex's college fund, they become desperate to earn it back so she can pursue her dream of attending a university. With the help of their neighbor Frank (Jason Mantzoukas), they decide to start an illegal casino in the basement of his house.
The comedy "The House" also stars Nick Kroll ("Vacation," TV's "Kroll Show"), Allison Tolman (TV's "Fargo"), Michaela Watkins (TV's "Transparent"), Ryan Simpkins ("Arcadia"), Jessie Ennis (TV's "Veep" and "Better Call Saul"), Rob Huebel ("Horrible Bosses 2," TV's "Transparent"), Cedric Yarbrough (TV's "Reno 911!") and Oscar nominee Jeremy Renner ("The Town," "The Hurt Locker," "Arrival").
Andrew Jay Cohen makes his feature film directorial debut with "The House." The script was written by Brendan O'Brien and Cohen, whose previous collaborations include the hit comedies "Neighbors" and "Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising." "The House" is produced by Nathan Kahane, Joe Drake, Brendan O'Brien, Andrew Jay Cohen, Jessica Elbaum, Will Ferrell and Adam McKay. The executive producers are Marc S. Fischer, Chris Henchy, Spencer Wong, Toby Emmerich, Richard Brener, Michael Disco, and Bruce Berman.
The creative filmmaking team includes director of photography Jas Shelton ("Keanu," "Jeff, Who Lives at Home"), production designer Clayton Hartley ("Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues," "We're the Millers"), editors Evan Henke ("The Interview") and Mike Sale ("Central Intelligence"), and costume designer Christopher Oroza ("Hollywood Adventures"). Music is by Andrew Feltenstein and John Nau.
"The House" is set for release June 30, 2017.


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When searching for the perfect new home, it is unlikely that many home-shoppers put a high priority on ductwork. While a well-built wraparound porch may garner oohs and aahs, a properly functioning system of heating and cooling ducts is more prone to elicit a shoulder shrug. Simply put, ducts are one of the hundreds of components in a home that many people take for granted.
It's another reason why it's critical to bring an unbiased third-party on board when considering the purchase of a home. A certified professional, like those at A-Pro Home Inspection Mount Juliet, give their full attention to a home's duct system during the heating and cooling portion of a roof-to-foundation inspection. Here's why:
Defects in an HVAC system's return ducts and supply ducts can reduce efficiency, cost money in higher utility bills, and make a home uncomfortable when outside temperatures rise or plummet. Like other aspects of a home inspection, the inspector may not have access to visually evaluate all ductwork, including a look at the condition of the inside of the ducts, where mold, dirt, and debris may be present. However, if the inspector notes verified mold growth on other parts of the HVAC system (or sees significant inside growth firsthand), a duct-cleaning recommendation may be warranted.
Here is a home inspection checklist of some common ductwork problems that the professionals at A-Pro have reported on over the past 26 years:
Leaks: According to research from home energy-efficiency agencies, up to one-fifth of air moving through amateurishly installed ductwork can be lost, particularly in areas such as basements, garages, crawlspaces, and attics. Because of the problems, this can cause, your inspector will report on the presence of gaps, cracks, and failing duct connections that will make your HVAC system labor under intense use and cause treated air to escape. When not tightly sealed, holes and gaps also let in dust, mold spores, and other allergens that get blown back into the house—a potentially significant problem for those with upper respiratory issues. With older ductwork, air leaks are most common at seams between ducts, at attachments to plenums, and at the boot of supply and return connections.
Cracks or fractured seals in the system will also allow moisture to enter ductwork, leading to potential fungal growth. This is why it's particularly important to seal and insulate ducts in spaces such as crawlspaces, where condensation can be rampant. In addition to spurring mold growth, the excess moisture can cause problems to the surrounding structure.
Duct Damage: Even properly maintained ducts may suffer from age-related damage. These include deterioration of brittle plastic ducts, rust and corrosion on metal ducts, and loosening. The impact from other objects can also shorten the lifespan of ducting and make it less efficient, from a minor tangle to an outright collapsed section. A previous homeowner, for example, may not have been aware that items stored in an unconditioned space had crushed a portion of ductwork. Soft ductwork is also vulnerable to chewing damage from curious rodents. When operating a furnace, the inspector may hear odd noises (e.g., rattling due to duct vibration, whistling from damaged joints, etc.) or an overly loud system—all signs of potential ductwork issues.
Other concerns that will be reported on by your home inspector include insufficient duct clearance around outside condensers; sagging, softer flex-made ducts that are not properly bolstered with an adequate number of supports; cracking duct sealant that will cause air leakage; missing end caps on a return system; ducts installed underneath or through concrete slab floors; obvious handyman repairs; drastic bends or kinked ducts that could restrict airflow; an air duct plenum separated from coils; dead-end pieces of the duct that don't terminate into a room; and other issues.
What's That Smell?: HVAC systems that haven't been operated for a while may emit a musty odor into the home. This is not uncommon. However, the smell of an animal that has gnawed its way into softer ductwork and perished is a whole different—and more noxious—matter. While the inspector may not be able to identify the actual source of the stench, the offending odor and where it's coming from will be indicated in the report.


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Unisex Manga Corta
each piece is unique
We do not have 2 identical garments. If you feel a crush, you only have one chance
100% recycled garments
Made from recycled sarees in workshops in rural India
ethical fashion
Slow Fashion project with environmental, humanitarian and social commitment
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Legal Preparedness Series
ASTHO has developed a series of toolkits that address the key information needs of public health officials in understanding and using legal authorities to prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. This series arose from needs identified by state and local public health agencies regarding certain legal questions and uncertainties that were perceived to be barriers to effective planning and response to infectious disease outbreaks, natural disasters, intentional acts, and other emergency events. The toolkits and their component documents are designed to be used as a resource to assist in education, training, and planning activities to prepare for emergencies, as well as to serve as a quick reference resource during an emergency response to an event.
Emergency Authority & Immunity Toolkit
This toolkit outlines key concepts of how federal and state emergency declarations initiate various response authorities and liability protections.
Emergency Use Authorization Toolkit
This toolkit reviews the use of vaccines and other countermeasures administered under federal Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) protocols and questions about liability.
Emergency Volunteer Toolkit
This toolkit addresses key concepts regarding emergency response volunteers, including types of volunteers, federal and state laws governing or affecting volunteers, and volunteer registration
Public Health & Information Sharing Toolkit
This toolkit addresses key concepts regarding public health agencies' authority to collect, use, and share information to prepare and respond to a public health emergency.
Public Health & Schools Toolkit
This toolkit discusses legal and policy issues associated with undertaking public health emergency preparedness and response activities within schools and other educational settings. .
Scope of Practice Toolkit
This toolkit reviews key issues regarding the allowable scope of practice of various health care professionals and expanding that scope during emergencies.
ASTHO received funding to develop the series of toolkits from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as part of the "Cooperative Agreement to Strengthen & Improve the Nation's Public Health Capacity" Award #5U38HM000454.


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We offer a Free quote and UK design service, get in touch today.
We are Synthetic Turf Pitch Maintenance, we provide various tennis court maintenance services that we can carry out to help remove dirt from the surface and keep it playing well. If you'd like to speak with one of our experts in West Midlands our friendly and experienced team are here to help.
Artificial tennis court maintenance in West Midlands B27 7 can vary depending on the type of facility you have. Each facility may differ for example due to the type of organisation:
There are many different surface types for tennis courts, such as -
Line markings can be applied to each of these surface types and depending on the specification you may also be able to have an anti-slip coating applied.
If you require more information on maintaining tennis courts, please get in touch with our team by filling in our contact form. As soon as we receive your enquiry, we will respond to you with more details on costs and prices.
As with other sports courts, artificial court maintenance is very important; this can help to prevent against contamination, flooding and surface damage. Such problems can make the area dangerous for users and may become expensive to deal with if they are not repaired.
Simple maintenance could be done to help prevent these problems, for example, frequent brushing and power washing the surface in order to remove dirt and debris. Repairs to minor damage may be required to create a brand new appearance; relining and repainting may be carried out if the original paint has faded. Additionally, a chemical treatment could be sprayed onto the surface to help prevent moss and algae contamination.
If you'd like to increase the durability of your artificial area, a routine maintenance scheme should be set up. An upkeep plan may also help to keep the court safe for its users and can also enhance the playing characteristics of the facility. If you're able to properly care for your sports facility, you can also prevent the surface from waterlogging and flooding by maintaining the porosity of your court.
Furthermore allowing for good water drainage, ensuring the facility is SuDS compliant. As well as maintenance we may also upgrade your sports court into a multipurpose sports facility in West Midlands with more playing qualities and different line markings for extra sports. Contact a member of our team through our enquiry form to discuss a quote for artificial tennis court maintenance at your facility; we'll get back to you as soon as possible with some professional advice.
The cost of having your sports surfacing professionally maintained will vary on a number of different factors such as the specification of your court, the area dimensions and the condition the surface is in. It is important to have your maintenance carried out by specialists, to gain the best quality results. Our trained professionals can help you set out the perfect maintenance plan for your court.
Also, the cleaning costs can be kept to a great value to help you to keep within your budget. For synthetic grass tennis facilities, the maintenance process should include deep cleaning, moss treatments and turf drag matting in West Midlands B27 7 to avoid contamination within the carpet. To find out more about drag matting please click here http://www.syntheticturfpitchmaintenance.co.uk/proactive/drag-mat/west-midlands/ Here you can find out about drag mats and how they can be used to maintain pitches.
Porous macadam surfaces require the least maintenance; this is because they contain no infill. If you want to fully maintain this type of surface it is important to get the flooring painted regularly with an anti-slip coating, in order to make the flooring safe for those using it. This may also protect the surface from cracking. Polymeric surfaces are also reasonably easy to maintain, the main task is to sweep the surface regularly.
An annual repaint and power wash will help to protect both macadam and polymeric courts from dirt and debris within the pores of the system, helping to avoid contamination and further tennis surfacing cleaning costs.
We can offer you more details on how to maintain your nearby facility if necessary. Please see the following steps below to see how you can maintain your local facility and its surrounding areas:
If you require more information on artificial tennis court maintenance in West Midlands B27 7 please contact our team now by filling in the enquiry form provided and we will get back to you.
We're an established tennis surface construction along with maintenance business, who've got a various understanding with regards to various sports courts plus servicing. Choosing the most ideal surface sort is necessary, so the flooring is suitable for your facility. Mainly because non-slip paint increases the grip of the surfacing, the safety characteristics are enhanced.
Along with being in a position to install sports surfaces, we are able to additionally carry out expert cleaning. For information on deep cleaning make sure to visit this page http://www.syntheticturfpitchmaintenance.co.uk/proactive/deep-clean/west-midlands/ Cleansing the surfacing is vital so that porous qualities will be maintained. Moss along with algae can certainly contaminate your court and may lead to floods and also waterlogging - to prevent this, a specialist treatment may be applied.
best prices guaranteed
There are other upkeep services that we can offer. After the paint has been applied for a while and many people have used it, it may begin to fade as well as suffer a loss of its characteristics. To recover the top performing properties of your facility and improve the appearance, re-painting and also relining upkeep may be performed.
Minor fixes can be executed easily by skilled experts; which is why it's important to check your surfacing for problems often. If your tennis surfacing closest to you is old and worn out, then it might need to be resurfaced. Resurfacing works as a new surface and is carried out when courts cannot be mended.
If you would like to receive more information regarding artificial tennis court maintenance in West Midlands B27 7 please feel free to contact us today. We are able to provide you with the required details that can improve your surrounding areas and keep your facility in the best possible condition.


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Design: Green Leather Women Chain Shoulder Bag Wristlet Bag For Women
Each Item will have very slight variances to the pictured Item, and the consequence is that you can assure that each one is unique.
The actual color of the item may be slightly different from the picture which is only a representation of the item¡¯s style. The monitor used can significantly darken or change the displayed picture of the item, and there may also be some slight differences due to hand-dying process.