text:
x509(1) [osx man page]
X509(1) OpenSSL X509(1) NAME
x509 - Certificate display and signing utility SYNOPSIS
openssl x509 [-inform DER|PEM|NET] [-outform DER|PEM|NET] [-keyform DER|PEM] [-CAform DER|PEM] [-CAkeyform DER|PEM] [-in filename] [-out filename] [-serial] [-hash] [-subject_hash] [-issuer_hash] [-subject] [-issuer] [-nameopt option] [-email] [-startdate] [-enddate] [-purpose] [-dates] [-modulus] [-fingerprint] [-alias] [-noout] [-trustout] [-clrtrust] [-clrreject] [-addtrust arg] [-addreject arg] [-setalias arg] [-days arg] [-set_serial n] [-signkey filename] [-x509toreq] [-req] [-CA filename] [-CAkey filename] [-CAcreateserial] [-CAserial filename] [-text] [-C] [-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2] [-clrext] [-extfile filename] [-extensions section] [-engine id] DESCRIPTION
The x509 command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be used to display certificate information, convert certificates to various forms, sign certificate requests like a "mini CA" or edit certificate trust settings. Since there are a large number of options they will split up into various sections. OPTIONS
INPUT, OUTPUT AND GENERAL PURPOSE OPTIONS -inform DER|PEM|NET This specifies the input format normally the command will expect an X509 certificate but this can change if other options such as -req are present. The DER format is the DER encoding of the certificate and PEM is the base64 encoding of the DER encoding with header and footer lines added. The NET option is an obscure Netscape server format that is now obsolete. -outform DER|PEM|NET This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the -inform option. -in filename This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or standard input if this option is not specified. -out filename This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. -md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2 the digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that uses a message digest, such as the -fingerprint, -signkey and -CA options. If not specified then SHA1 is used. If the key being used to sign with is a DSA key then this option has no effect: SHA1 is always used with DSA keys. -engine id specifying an engine (by it's unique id string) will cause req to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. DISPLAY OPTIONS Note: the -alias and -purpose options are also display options but are described in the TRUST SETTINGS section. -text prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output including the public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject names, serial number any extensions present and any trust settings. -certopt option customise the output format used with -text. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. The -certopt switch may be also be used more than once to set multiple options. See the TEXT OPTIONS section for more information. -noout this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request. -modulus this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the certificate. -serial outputs the certificate serial number. -subject_hash outputs the "hash" of the certificate subject name. This is used in OpenSSL to form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up by subject name. -issuer_hash outputs the "hash" of the certificate issuer name. -hash synonym for "-subject_hash" for backward compatibility reasons. -subject outputs the subject name. -issuer outputs the issuer name. -nameopt option option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. Alternatively the -nameopt switch may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the NAME OPTIONS section for more information. -email outputs the email address(es) if any. -startdate prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBefore date. -enddate prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the notAfter date. -dates prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate. -fingerprint prints out the digest of the DER encoded version of the whole certificate (see digest options). -C this outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file. TRUST SETTINGS Please note these options are currently experimental and may well change. A trusted certificate is an ordinary certificate which has several additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted and prohibited uses of the certificate and an "alias". Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate must be "trusted". By default a trusted certificate must be stored locally and must be a root CA: any certificate chain ending in this CA is then usable for any purpose. Trust settings currently are only used with a root CA. They allow a finer control over the purposes the root CA can be used for. For example a CA may be trusted for SSL client but not SSL server use. See the description of the verify utility for more information on the meaning of trust settings. Future versions of OpenSSL will recognize trust settings on any certificate: not just root CAs. -trustout this causes x509 to output a trusted certificate. An ordinary or trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the -trustout option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted certificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modified. -setalias arg sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate to be referred to using a nickname for example "Steve's Certificate". -alias outputs the certificate alias, if any. -clrtrust clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate. -clrreject clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate. -addtrust arg adds a trusted certificate use. Any object name can be used here but currently only clientAuth (SSL client use), serverAuth (SSL server use) and emailProtection (S/MIME email) are used. Other OpenSSL applications may define additional uses. -addreject arg adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the -addtrust option. -purpose this option performs tests on the certificate extensions and outputs the results. For a more complete description see the CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS section. SIGNING OPTIONS The x509 utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it can thus behave like a "mini CA". -signkey filename this option causes the input file to be self signed using the supplied private key. If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the subject name (i.e. makes it self signed) changes the public key to the supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The start date is set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined by the -days option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless the -clrext option is supplied. If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certificate is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in the request. -clrext delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with the -signkey or the -CA options). Normally all extensions are retained. -keyform PEM|DER specifies the format (DER or PEM) of the private key file used in the -signkey option. -days arg specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default is 30 days. -x509toreq converts a certificate into a certificate request. The -signkey option is used to pass the required private key. -req by default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a certificate request is expected instead. -set_serial n specifies the serial number to use. This option can be used with either the -signkey or -CA options. If used in conjunction with the -CA option the serial number file (as specified by the -CAserial or -CAcreateserial options) is not used. The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by 0x). Negative serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not recommended. -CA filename specifies the CA certificate to be used for signing. When this option is present x509 behaves like a "mini CA". The input file is signed by this CA using this option: that is its issuer name is set to the subject name of the CA and it is digitally signed using the CAs private key. This option is normally combined with the -req option. Without the -req option the input is a certificate which must be self signed. -CAkey filename sets the CA private key to sign a certificate with. If this option is not specified then it is assumed that the CA private key is present in the CA certificate file. -CAserial filename sets the CA serial number file to use. When the -CA option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial number specified in a file. This file consist of one line containing an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again. The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name with ".srl" appended. For example if the CA certificate file is called "mycacert.pem" it expects to find a serial number file called "mycacert.srl". -CAcreateserial with this option the CA serial number file is created if it does not exist: it will contain the serial number "02" and the certificate being signed will have the 1 as its serial number. Normally if the -CA option is specified and the serial number file does not exist it is an error. -extfile filename file containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified then no extensions are added to the certificate. -extensions section the section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not specified then the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed (default) section or the default section should contain a variable called "extensions" which contains the section to use. NAME OPTIONS The nameopt command line switch determines how the subject and issuer names are displayed. If no nameopt switch is present the default "oneline" format is used which is compatible with previous versions of OpenSSL. Each option is described in detail below, all options can be preceded by a - to turn the option off. Only the first four will normally be used. compat use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no name options at all. RFC2253 displays names compatible with RFC2253 equivalent to esc_2253, esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8, dump_nostr, dump_unknown, dump_der, sep_comma_plus, dn_rev and sname. oneline a oneline format which is more readable than RFC2253. It is equivalent to specifying the esc_2253, esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8, dump_nostr, dump_der, use_quote, sep_comma_plus_space, space_eq and sname options. multiline a multiline format. It is equivalent esc_ctrl, esc_msb, sep_multiline, space_eq, lname and align. esc_2253 escape the "special" characters required by RFC2253 in a field That is ,+"<>;. Additionally # is escaped at the beginning of a string and a space character at the beginning or end of a string. esc_ctrl escape control characters. That is those with ASCII values less than 0x20 (space) and the delete (0x7f) character. They are escaped using the RFC2253 XX notation (where XX are two hex digits representing the character value). esc_msb escape characters with the MSB set, that is with ASCII values larger than 127. use_quote escapes some characters by surrounding the whole string with " characters, without the option all escaping is done with the character. utf8 convert all strings to UTF8 format first. This is required by RFC2253. If you are lucky enough to have a UTF8 compatible terminal then the use of this option (and not setting esc_msb) may result in the correct display of multibyte (international) characters. Is this option is not present then multibyte characters larger than 0xff will be represented using the format UXXXX for 16 bits and WXXXXXXXX for 32 bits. Also if this option is off any UTF8Strings will be converted to their character form first. no_type this option does not attempt to interpret multibyte characters in any way. That is their content octets are merely dumped as though one octet represents each character. This is useful for diagnostic purposes but will result in rather odd looking output. show_type show the type of the ASN1 character string. The type precedes the field contents. For example "BMPSTRING: Hello World". dump_der when this option is set any fields that need to be hexdumped will be dumped using the DER encoding of the field. Otherwise just the content octets will be displayed. Both options use the RFC2253 #XXXX... format. dump_nostr dump non character string types (for example OCTET STRING) if this option is not set then non character string types will be displayed as though each content octet represents a single character. dump_all dump all fields. This option when used with dump_der allows the DER encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined. dump_unknown dump any field whose OID is not recognised by OpenSSL. sep_comma_plus, sep_comma_plus_space, sep_semi_plus_space, sep_multiline these options determine the field separators. The first character is between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs (multiple AVAs are very rare and their use is discouraged). The options ending in "space" additionally place a space after the separator to make it more readable. The sep_multiline uses a linefeed character for the RDN separator and a spaced + for the AVA separator. It also indents the fields by four characters. dn_rev reverse the fields of the DN. This is required by RFC2253. As a side effect this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs but this is permissible. nofname, sname, lname, oid these options alter how the field name is displayed. nofname does not display the field at all. sname uses the "short name" form (CN for commonName for example). lname uses the long form. oid represents the OID in numerical form and is useful for diagnostic purpose. align align field values for a more readable output. Only usable with sep_multiline. space_eq places spaces round the = character which follows the field name. TEXT OPTIONS As well as customising the name output format, it is also possible to customise the actual fields printed using the certopt options when the text option is present. The default behaviour is to print all fields. compatible use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no output options at all. no_header don't print header information: that is the lines saying "Certificate" and "Data". no_version don't print out the version number. no_serial don't print out the serial number. no_signame don't print out the signature algorithm used. no_validity don't print the validity, that is the notBefore and notAfter fields. no_subject don't print out the subject name. no_issuer don't print out the issuer name. no_pubkey don't print out the public key. no_sigdump don't give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature. no_aux don't print out certificate trust information. no_extensions don't print out any X509V3 extensions. ext_default retain default extension behaviour: attempt to print out unsupported certificate extensions. ext_error print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions. ext_parse ASN1 parse unsupported extensions. ext_dump hex dump unsupported extensions. ca_default the value used by the ca utility, equivalent to no_issuer, no_pubkey, no_header, no_version, no_sigdump and no_signame. EXAMPLES
Note: in these examples the '' means the example should be all on one line. Display the contents of a certificate: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text Display the certificate serial number: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -serial Display the certificate subject name: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject Display the certificate subject name in RFC2253 form: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt RFC2253 Display the certificate subject name in oneline form on a terminal supporting UTF8: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt oneline,-esc_msb Display the certificate MD5 fingerprint: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint Display the certificate SHA1 fingerprint: openssl x509 -sha1 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint Convert a certificate from PEM to DER format: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM -out cert.der -outform DER Convert a certificate to a certificate request: openssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out req.pem -signkey key.pem Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using extensions for a CA: openssl x509 -req -in careq.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca -signkey key.pem -out cacert.pem Sign a certificate request using the CA certificate above and add user certificate extensions: openssl x509 -req -in req.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_usr -CA cacert.pem -CAkey key.pem -CAcreateserial Set a certificate to be trusted for SSL client use and change set its alias to "Steve's Class 1 CA" openssl x509 -in cert.pem -addtrust clientAuth -setalias "Steve's Class 1 CA" -out trust.pem NOTES
The PEM format uses the header and footer lines: -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- -----END CERTIFICATE----- it will also handle files containing: -----BEGIN X509 CERTIFICATE----- -----END X509 CERTIFICATE----- Trusted certificates have the lines -----BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE----- -----END TRUSTED CERTIFICATE----- The conversion to UTF8 format used with the name options assumes that T61Strings use the ISO8859-1 character set. This is wrong but Netscape and MSIE do this as do many certificates. So although this is incorrect it is more likely to display the majority of certificates correctly. The -fingerprint option takes the digest of the DER encoded certificate. This is commonly called a "fingerprint". Because of the nature of message digests the fingerprint of a certificate is unique to that certificate and two certificates with the same fingerprint can be considered to be the same. The Netscape fingerprint uses MD5 whereas MSIE uses SHA1. The -email option searches the subject name and the subject alternative name extension. Only unique email addresses will be printed out: it will not print the same address more than once. CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS
The -purpose option checks the certificate extensions and determines what the certificate can be used for. The actual checks done are rather complex and include various hacks and workarounds to handle broken certificates and software. The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code. The basicConstraints extension CA flag is used to determine whether the certificate can be used as a CA. If the CA flag is true then it is a CA, if the CA flag is false then it is not a CA. All CAs should have the CA flag set to true. If the basicConstraints extension is absent then the certificate is considered to be a "possible CA" other extensions are checked according to the intended use of the certificate. A warning is given in this case because the certificate should really not be regarded as a CA: however it is allowed to be a CA to work around some broken software. If the certificate is a V1 certificate (and thus has no extensions) and it is self signed it is also assumed to be a CA but a warning is again given: this is to work around the problem of Verisign roots which are V1 self signed certificates. If the keyUsage extension is present then additional restraints are made on the uses of the certificate. A CA certificate must have the keyCertSign bit set if the keyUsage extension is present. The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the certificate uses. If this extension is present (whether critical or not) the key can only be used for the purposes specified. A complete description of each test is given below. The comments about basicConstraints and keyUsage and V1 certificates above apply to all CA certificates. SSL Client The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web client authentication" OID. keyUsage must be absent or it must have the digitalSignature bit set. Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the SSL client bit set. SSL Client CA The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web client authentication" OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the SSL CA bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent. SSL Server The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web server authentication" and/or one of the SGC OIDs. keyUsage must be absent or it must have the digitalSignature, the keyEncipherment set or both bits set. Netscape certificate type must be absent or have the SSL server bit set. SSL Server CA The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web server authentication" and/or one of the SGC OIDs. Netscape certificate type must be absent or the SSL CA bit must be set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent. Netscape SSL Server For Netscape SSL clients to connect to an SSL server it must have the keyEncipherment bit set if the keyUsage extension is present. This isn't always valid because some cipher suites use the key for digital signing. Otherwise it is the same as a normal SSL server. Common S/MIME Client Tests The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "email protection" OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or should have the S/MIME bit set. If the S/MIME bit is not set in netscape certificate type then the SSL client bit is tolerated as an alternative but a warning is shown: this is because some Verisign certificates don't set the S/MIME bit. S/MIME Signing In addition to the common S/MIME client tests the digitalSignature bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present. S/MIME Encryption In addition to the common S/MIME tests the keyEncipherment bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present. S/MIME CA The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "email protection" OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or must have the S/MIME CA bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent. CRL Signing The keyUsage extension must be absent or it must have the CRL signing bit set. CRL Signing CA The normal CA tests apply. Except in this case the basicConstraints extension must be present. BUGS
Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests and vice versa. It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specifying the wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases: these should be checked. There should be options to explicitly set such things as start and end dates rather than an offset from the current time. The code to implement the verify behaviour described in the TRUST SETTINGS is currently being developed. It thus describes the intended behaviour rather than the current behaviour. It is hoped that it will represent reality in OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later. SEE ALSO
req(1), ca(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1), verify(1) HISTORY
Before OpenSSL 0.9.8, the default digest for RSA keys was MD5. 50 2013-03-05 X509(1)


text:
Set GFS ZK 30 President 1000/50 Serpentinite
8,119.66 руб.
- In Stock
- Ex Tax: 8,119.66 руб.
- Brand: ООО "Технолит"
- Product Code: GFS ЗК 30 Президент 1000/50 Серпентинит
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Pyramidal spikes located inside the firebox on the side walls contribute to the efficient burning of firewood and increase the heat transfer area by 80%, which allows the stove to enter the regime more dynamically.
Technical characteristics of the sauna furnaces Gefest | |
Material | cast iron, serpentinite |
Steam mode | Russian bath |
Volume of steam room | 30 m3 |
Chimney (diameter) | 130 mm |
Type of oven door | Without glass |
Cladding shape | President |
Removal of the portal | 200 mm |
Length of firewood | 450 mm |
Cladding height | 1000 mm |
The necessary number of "cones" | 11 pieces |
GFS ZK 30, duct, lower pipe under the gate 130/500, door 450, facing President 1000/50 Serpentinite
Tags: GFS ZK 30, President, Serpentinite. Gefest

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sensor Fusion Using Synthetic Radar and Vision Data in Simulink
This example shows how to implement a synthetic data simulation for tracking and sensor fusion in Simulink® with Automated Driving Toolbox™. It closely follows the Sensor Fusion Using Synthetic Radar and Vision Data MATLAB® example.
Simulating synthetic radar and vision detections provides the ability to create rare and potentially dangerous events and test the vehicle algorithms with them. This example covers the entire synthetic data workflow in Simulink.
Setup and Overview of the Model
Prior to running this example, the Driving Scenario Designer app was used to create the same scenario defined in Sensor Fusion Using Synthetic Radar and Vision Data. The roads and actors from this scenario were then saved to the scenario file OpenLoop.mat
The Scenario Reader block reads the actor pose data from the saved file. The block converts the actor poses from the world coordinates of the scenario into ego vehicle coordinates. The actor poses are streamed on a bus generated by the block.
The actor poses are used by the Sensor Simulation subsystem, which generates synthetic radar and vision detections. The simulated detections are concatenated at the input to the Multi-Object Tracker block, whose output is a list of confirmed tracks. Finally, the Bird's-Eye Scope visualizes the actors, the vision and radar detections, the confirmed tracks and the road boundaries. The following sections describe the main blocks of this model.
Simulating Sensor Detections
In this example, you simulate an ego vehicle that has 6 radar sensors and 2 vision sensors covering the 360 degrees field of view. The sensors have some overlap and some coverage gap. The ego vehicle is equipped with a long-range radar sensor and a vision sensor on both the front and the back of the vehicle. Each side of the vehicle has two short-range radar sensors, each covering 90 degrees. One sensor on each side covers from the middle of the vehicle to the back. The other sensor on each side covers from the middle of the vehicle forward.
When you open the Sensor Simulation subsystem, you can see the two Vision Detection Generator blocks, configured to generate detections from the front and the back of the ego vehicle. The output from the vision detection generators is connected to a Detection Concatenation block. Next, the subsystem contains six Driving Radar Data Generator blocks, configured as described in the previous paragraph. The outputs of the radar data generators are configured to report the clustered centroid of the detections generated from each target.
open_system('SyntheticDataSimulinkExample/Sensor Simulation')
Tracking and Sensor Fusion
The detections from the vision and radar sensors must first be concatenated to form a single input to the Multi-Object Tracker block. The concatenation is done using an additional Detection Concatenation block.
The Multi-Object Tracker block is responsible for fusing the data from all the detections and tracking the objects around the ego vehicle. The multi-object tracker is configured with the same parameters that were used in the corresponding MATLAB example, Sensor Fusion Using Synthetic Radar and Vision Data. The output from the Multi-Object Tracker block is a list of confirmed tracks.
Creating and Propagating Buses
The inputs and outputs from the various blocks in this example are all Simulink.Bus
(Simulink) objects. To simplify compiling the model and creating the buses, all the Vision Detection Generator, Driving Radar Data Generator, Multi-Object Tracker, and Detection Concatenation blocks have a property that defines the source of the output bus name. When set to 'Auto'
, the buses are created automatically and their names are propagated to the block that consumes this bus as an input. When set to 'Property'
, you can define the name of the output bus. The following images show the detections bus, a single detection bus, the tracks bus, and a single track bus.
The Bird's-Eye Scope is a model-level visualization tool that you can open from the Simulink toolstrip. On the Simulation tab, under Review Results, click Bird's-Eye Scope. After opening the scope, click Find Signals to set up the signals. Then run the simulation to display the actors, vision and radar detections, tracks, and road boundaries. The following image shows the bird's-eye scope for this example.
See Also
- Detection Concatenation | Multi-Object Tracker | Driving Radar Data Generator | Vision Detection Generator


text:
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We offer a 6-month warranty on all our parts against manufacturing defects. In these cases we will change the damaged part for a completely new one.


text:
The billetanium Streamline Steering Stabilizer for the Honda TRX450R offers 7 position compression adjustment from Soft to Hard, progressive dampening and light weight construction!
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text:
In Scottish clans, the younger sons and grandsons of the Chief often founded what were known as cadet or landed families of their own. In the Clan Mackenzie there was an unusual number of these, 25 founded before 1600. After 1600 only five main cadets appeared - Roderick of Coigach, Alexander of Kilcoy, and Alexander of Coul being brothers of Lord Mackenzie, Simon of Lochslin, his son, and John of Gruinard, his great-grandson. These five founded another sixteen landed families within the clan. The descendants of Roderick of Coigach rose to become Earls of Cromartie.
In 1609, as previously described, the Chief was created Lord Mackenzie. Fourteen years later, in further recognition of his power in the north, he became Earl of Seaforth, taking his title from a sea-loch in Lewis. This Earl had succeeded his father at the age of eleven and his affairs were very ably managed by his uncle, Roderick of Coigach, known as the Tutor of Kintail. Coigach was an excellent landlord but severe, as is recorded in the saying, "There are but two things worse than the Tutor of Kintail - frost in spring and mist in the dog days." Under his administration the Mackenzie estates increased in value while the influence of the first Earl was extended by his marriage to Lady Margaret Seton, daughter of the Lord High Chancellor of Scotland. Before the death of the first Earl of Seaforth in 1633, the fortunes of the Mackenzies, chief and clan, were at their highest peak.
Coigach was also able to lay the foundation of the success of his own family. He himself was knighted, his son, Sir John Mackenzie of Tarbat, became a Baronet, while his grandson was created Viscount Tarbat and later Earl of Cromartie. In commemoration of the fact that Coigach, the first property of the family, had been inherited through marriage with the MacLeods of Lewis, Cromartie's son took the title of Lord MacLeod.
The history of the Mackenzies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries naturally centers on the fate of the Stewart kings. The struggle opened in the 1630's, when the power and influence of the clan were at their highest. The cause of the trouble in Scotland at first appeared to be purely religious and there were many, including Seaforth, who were unwilling at first to seem disloyal to the Church and the Covenant they had signed for its defense. The Mackenzies therefore wavered during Montrose's campaigns of 1644 and 1645 and it was not until just before the tragedy of the death of Charles I that Seaforth, fully realizing that he must choose between the Covenant and the King, took up the Stewart cause which was ultimately to ruin his family. In 1649, having placed his family in safety in Lewis, Seaforth joined Charles II in exile in Holland.
Seaforth's eldest son ran away from college at Aberdeen to gather recruits from the clan. Several of the cadets followed him to join the King and were present with their men at the battle of Worcester in 1651 when Cromwell defeated Charles. In 1652 this son, now Earl of Seaforth, was among the chiefs who were plotting a rising against Cromwell's government of Scotland. It was Seaforth who opened hostilities in Lewis in May 1653. General Monck eventually defeated the Royalists at Loch Garry. The leaders managed to hold out for several months longer, but in the end, they capitulated. The treaty between Cromwell and Seaforth was signed in January 1655 and Seaforth, together with Coul, Applecross and Lochslin, was allowed to go free after providing certain financial security. These seem easy terms but, apart from the loss in man-power sustained by the clan, the lands of Kintail, Lochbroom, Strathgarve, Strathconan, and Strathbran had already been burnt "as a lesson."
The return of Charles II in 1660 brought peace to the Highlands and prosperity to Clan Mackenzie; but twenty-eight years later, when James II fled the country, Seaforth, now the son of the college boy of 1649, went with him. By the time Seaforth had arrived back in Scotland to gather his clan in support of the rising of 1689, Viscount Dundee the Jacobite leader had died at the battle of Killiecrankie and the struggle was over for the time. But King William allowed no chances for further plotting; Seaforth was imprisoned for seven years, and garrisons were placed at Brahan and at Castle Leod, the home of Lord Tarbat. As soon as he was liberated Seaforth returned to the Stuart Court in France, where he died in 1701.
His son William, the 5th Earl, was perhaps the most devoted Jacobite of all his family. Returning to Scotland about 1713, he was soon involved in the plots. In 1715 Seaforth went north to raise his clan, but found his return blocked. It was not until Seaforth had collected about 3000 men, including other clans as well as his own, that he could fight his way south, leaving some of his clan under Coul and Gruinard to hold Inverness. The Mackenzies joined the Jacobite army in time to take part in the battle of Sheriffmuir, where many of them were killed. A few days earlier Coul had been forced to yield Inverness, the garrison was compelled to swear not to bear arms against the Hanoverians and, as a precaution, Brahan was once again occupied, together with Eilean Donan. Seaforth returned north after the defeat at Sheriffmuir and tried to raise another army, but the government forces were too strong and the rising was already fading out elsewhere.
Seaforth himself escaped to France, but his estates, with those of all the landowners who had taken part in the rising, were forfeit. In 1718 a large-scale invasion of England by the Duke of Ormonde was being planned there and it was decided that the Highlanders should create a diversion in the north to draw off some of the Hanoverian troops. Jacobite headquarters were established at Eilean Donan castle in March 1719. But Ormonde's fleet had already been scattered by a gale and the English blew up the castle and set fire to all the supplies. At the beginning of June Seaforth returned from a recruiting drive with at least 500 of his clan only a few days before the Hanoverian army attacked the Jacobites in Glen Shiel. Seaforth and Coul each commanded over 200 Mackenzies, the former on the extreme left and high up the hillside. Seaforth was attacked first and Coul with his men came to help him, but the Jacobite army had already been defeated and the Mackenzies were pursued. Seaforth had been severely wounded at the battle, but he managed to escape once more to France. A week after the battle of Glen Shiel the English commander wrote that he was "taking a tour through all the difficult parts of Seaforth's country to terrify the Rebels by burning the houses of the Guilty."
The inevitable result of all this fighting was not only to reduce the manpower of the clan but also to impoverish those remaining. In 1725 General Wade reported that the Seaforth tenants, who had been among the richest of any in the Highlands, were now poor, through neglecting their business and applying themselves to the use of arms. He might as justly have said that they were poor through having their houses and crops burnt by government troops as a lesson. Seaforth died in 1740 and was succeeded by his son Kenneth, known as Lord Fortrose.
The extreme poverty of the clan and the chief goes far to explain why Lord Fortrose did not lead the clan to the help of Prince Charles Edward in 1745. He decided that he could not again hazard the fortunes of his clan and family and Duncan Forbes of Culloden even managed to persuade him to recruit a few officers for an Independent Company under the Hanoverian government. Meanwhile, the Earl of Cromartie and his son, Lord MacLeod, decided to call out the clan and succeeded in raising about 500 men. Cromartie's Regiment, as the force was called, joined the Prince at Stirling in January 1746 and fought at the battle of Falkirk. On 15th April, the day before the battle of Culloden, they were defeated at Dunrobin and the Earl of Cromartie, Lord MacLeod, and many others were taken prisoner.
During the latter part of the 18th Century, it seemed as though the family of Mackenzie of Seaforth might again rise to lead the North, but the losses they had suffered eventually proved too heavy. Lord Fortrose died in 1761 and was succeeded by his son, who was once more created Earl of Seaforth. It was this Earl who raised and commanded a regiment of Seaforth Highlanders when the Government decided to seek recruits among the clans for service in the war of American Independence.
A number of famous regiments have been raised from the MacKenzie clan, including the Highland Light Infantry (raised in 1777), the Seaforth Highlanders (raised in 1778), and the second battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders, known as the Ross-shire Buffs (raised in 1793). All those regiments wore the MacKenzie tartan.
The name Mackenzie, or MacCoinneach in Gaelic, means literally, "Son of Kenneth". The original Kenneth, who lived in the 13th Century, was descended from a younger son of Gilleoin of the Aird, from whom can also be traced the once powerful Earls of Ross.
The MacKenzies were, without doubt, of Celtic stock and were not among the clans that originated from Norman ancestors. We know little about the generations immediately following Gilleoin, but in 1267 Kenneth was living at Eilean Donan, a stronghold at the mouth of Loch Duich. He must have been an important vassal, for the Earl of Ross appears to have married Kenneth's aunt and thus strengthened the relationship which already existed between the two families.
Eilean Donan Castle, Scotland
Jan 2011 by Diliff - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Badge of the Highland Light Infantry
Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons
The clan country of the Mackenzies includes almost every kind of scenery and conditions to be found in Scotland. The original home of the clan is Kintail, which in Gaelic means "head of the sea." High hills fall steeply down to Loch Duich, giving little space for cultivation. At the mouth of Loch Duich stands Eilean Donan castle, no longer a stronghold of the Mackenzies, but the first home of their chief. Built on a rocky island at the narrow entrance of the loch, where the arrival of enemy boats could be seen and contested, it looks over the water towards Skye and the west.
[This history quotes extensively from "The Clan Mackenzie" by Jean Dunlop, 1953.]
The 78th Regiment, as it was first called, was raised in 1778 from men on the Seaforth and other Mackenzie estates. The Earl of Seaforth, having raised his men, sailed with them to India in 1781, but unfortunately died there a few month later. He had no son and was succeeded by the descendants of his father's great-uncle, a younger son of the 3rd Earl. This line was represented by Thomas Humberstone Mackenzie, who died within two years of succeeding to the estates, to be followed by his brother Francis.
In Francis Humberstone Mackenzie the clan had one of its ablest chiefs, but even he failed to resuscitate the clan. The vast Seaforth estates provided very little money-rent, the Highlanders were without means to increase this, and the chief lacked the capital needed to undertake the extensive schemes of improvement and development which alone would benefit his people. Many Mackenzies found their way overseas at this time. On his death the estates passed to his elder daughter, whose husband, Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, had recently died while serving in Indian waters. Lady Hood afterwards married James Stewart of Glasserton, grandson of the 6th Earl of Galloway and their son assumed the name of Stewart-Mackenzie, but there were no male heirs in several generations. Colonel James Francis Stewart-Mackenzie was created Baron Seaforth of Brahan in 1921, but this title became extinct on his death two years later. His niece, Lady Middleton, had two sons; the elder took the name of Stewart-Mackenzie of Seaforth on succeeding to Brahan, but both were killed in action in 1943.
The Earldom of Cromartie, which was forfeited after 1745, was revived in 1861 in favor of Anne, only daughter of John Hay Mackenzie of Cromartie, whose ancestors had inherited the estates, including Castle Leod in Strathpeffer, from Lord MacLeod. The first Countess was Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria and later married the Duke of Sutherland. The Cromartie honors, descending through their second son Lord Tarbat, were confirmed to his daughter Sibell in 1895. After holding them for more than sixty years, she was succeeded in 1962 by her son Roderick Grant Francis Mackenzie as 4th Earl of Cromartie. In 1979 Sir Roderick was confirmed as Cabarfeidh (chief) of the Mackenzies. Roderick died December 21, 1989, and his son John R. Mackenzie became Earl of Cromartie, and Cabarfeidh.
In 1991, under the leadership of Cabarfeidh, the Clan Mackenzie announced plans to restore the original portion of Castle Leod, built at the end of the 15th Century. The restored Castle will include a Clan genealogical center and will be open to the public. The Earl and his family will continue to live in an extension to the Castle built in the Victorian and Edwardian periods.
At the start of the fifteenth century the Earldom of Ross came, through marriage, into the hands of the powerful family of MacDonald, who owned vast property on the west of Scotland and called themselves, at first without the King's authority, Lords of the Isles. In this way the Mackenzies became vassals, not of their kinsmen the Earls of Ross but of the MacDonalds.
Clan MacKenzie rose rapidly in importance during the 15th Century through the acquisition of lands extending across Scotland from the west to east coasts, in the counties of Ross and Cromarty, and parts of Sutherlandshire.
The Lords of the Isles were so powerful and claimed the allegiance of so many clans that they very soon came into conflict with the King. The earliest of their rebellions took place in 1428 after James I had imprisoned the Lord of the Isles and several chiefs who were attending a Parliament at Inverness.
Alexander Mackenzie of Kintail was one of the chiefs who attended the Parliament of 1427; but, as he was very young at the time, James I sent him not to prison but to school at Perth, which was then one of the centers of the Court. Alexander seems to have taken advantage of his education, for he was later called "the Upright" and his rule of the clan laid the foundations of its future power. Alexander refused to support his superior, the Lord of the Isles, in his later rebellions and the Mackenzies were prominent in defending the King. Asaresult the Chief obtained royal charters for his land, the earliest being in 1463. Thirteen years later as the result of another rebellion, the Earldom of Ross was declared forfeit to the Crown, and in the same year Alexander Mackenzie was given charters of land to be held directly from the King. A last revolt by younger members of the MacDonald family, under Alexander of Lochalsh, was finally crushed, the leader captured by the Mackenzies, and the Lordship of the Isles itself was forfeit in 1493. This enabled the Mackenzies to obtain new land without antagonizing powerful neighbors and, what was perhaps more important, to acquire clear legal titles from their own superior, the Crown.
Alexander's son, Kenneth, married a daughter of Lord Lovat. His son, John, married a daughter of Grant of Grant; while his son, another Kenneth, married Lady Elizabeth Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Atholl and niece of the Earl of Argyll. The power resulting from these alliances was seen after the Government of the infant Mary Queen of Scots had appointed the Earl of Huntly to be "Lieutenant of the North," while Argyll held a similar position in the west. In 1544 Huntly commanded Mackenzie of Kintail to raise his clan against Clanranald of Moidart and, when he refused, ordered an attack on Mackenzie. But the clans supporting Huntly - Grants, Rosses, and Macintoshes - were not inclined to fall out with Mackenzie and would not attack him. From that time onwards, Kintail seems to have been recognized as a separate power in the northwest, independent of the Queen's Lieutenant.
In 1602, John Mackenzie of Kintail was appointed a Privy Councillor and in 1609hewas created Lord Mackenzie of Kintail. His independent power and influence in the north had been fully recognized. Kintail's brother Sir Roderick MacKenzie, the "Tutor of Kintail," was progenitor of the present Chief of the clan, the Earl of Cromartie. On December 3rd, 1623, Kintail's son Colin was raised to the dignity of Earl of Seaforth.
FromKintail the Mackenzies gradually pressed outwards. Eventually they reached the east coast and here they found a fertile country where the soil is excellent and the climate most favorable for agriculture. In contrast to the west, the slope from moorland to sea is very gradual, the hills are softly rounded and stand back from the water allowing the cultivation of a wide plain. The coastline runs back into several firths but the rivers flow gently through fields rather than hurl themselves over rocks as they do on the west. Although the Mackenzie country has a shorter coastline on the east, it is far richer. In later years the chiefs moved eastwards from Eilean Donan. In the fifteenth century they lived at Kinellan, near Strathpeffer, before making their home at Brahan, near Dingwall, where, in the early seventeenth century, they built themselves a castle that was as much a contrast to Eilean Donan as the surrounding country was to Loch Duich. Brahan was regarded as one of the most stately houses in Scotland when it was built among the meadows above the river Conon.


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Janet Biehl
Thoughts on Rojava: an interview with Janet Biehl
Full of admiration, but not without critique: Janet Biehl shares some of her ideas on the Rojava revolution after her recent visits to the region.
In this interview, independent filmmaker and journalist Zanyar Omrani talks to Janet Biehl about her late companion Murray Bookchin, her trips to Rojava and the important question of how to build bottom-up power structures without risking the reversal of the process over time.
Janet Biehl has traveled to Rojava twice in the past year and has written extensively about her experiences and observations while visiting the autonomous cantons in northern Syria. She is the author of the book Ecology or Catastrophe: The Life of Murray Bookchin.
Zanyar Omrani has visited Rojava several times, where he documented life behind the front-lines of the struggle against ISIS. His documentary, Inside Kobane: Keeping Islamic State at Bay, was screened by the BBC.
Zanyar Omrani: Can you tell us about your first encounter with the Kurdish issue, and explain why it caught your attention?
Janet Biehl: After Bookchin died in 2006, several people sent me the PKK's stunning tribute to him, which said it would "undertake to make Bookchin live in our struggle" and create "the first society which establishes a tangible democratic confederalism."
Then in 2011 the Kurdish eco-activist Ercan Ayboga invited me to participate in the Mesopotamian Social Forum in Diyarbakir, which he was organizing. He thought the movement and I might have things to say to each other. He was right.
At the MSF I found a full-fledged social and political movement underway, brimming over with activism and ideas about ecology and gender equality and much more. I saw older patriarchal-looking men sitting and listening intently to 20-year-old women speaking on panels about honor killings. I thought, something is going on here.
Since then I've helped translate two books on the topic from German to English: Democratic Autonomy in North Kurdistan, written by a group of German-Kurdish solidarity activists who traveled around Bakur [North Kurdistan] to research the institutions of Democratic Autonomy that were being created; and Revolution in Rojava, co-authored by Ercan Ayboga, who invited me to the conference in the first place. This book will be published by Pluto Press sometime in 2016.
In December 2014 I was able to travel to Rojava myself as part of an academic delegation. We were there for about ten days.
Tell us more about your first trip to Rojava. Did the reality live up to your expectations?
I had been translating the German reports, so I was fairly well informed in advance. But nothing could prepare me for the sight of young 1.65m women in uniforms casually holding Kalashnikovs—our ubiquitous escorts. And nothing could have prepared me for actually witnessing a revolution. For the first time I saw how the concentrated power of the collective human will can transform a social order in just a short time. And here the many images of Öcalan were out in the open, unlike in the tent in Diyarbakir—they were on the walls of nearly every room.
I met people who had been imprisoned and tortured by the regime yet continued with the work nonetheless till they carried this project to fruition. My delegations talked to organizers of Tev-Dem and Yekîtiya Star; the revolutionaries had done so much to build the councils and other institutions. While Murray was alive, I had studied revolutionary history and helped him write books about it. But to see such a thing before my eyes—it was extraordinary.
Communes, Tev-Dem, 22 ministries of cantons, municipalities, courts—all these institutions are putting into practice ideas that previously only existed on paper. To what extent was what you saw in Rojava in line with Bookchin's thought?
With the two delegations (the second was in October 2015), the total time I spent in Rojava is about 13 days, and the people who talked to us were members of the political class. So everything I have to say, you must know, is based on what I was told, by people who knew that in talking to our group of visiting outsiders, they were talking to the world.
Nearly everyone mentioned that the Rojava project has no state and is opposed to the state. The Assad regime had kept the area economically undeveloped, so while capitalism was present, it did not shape the society, and the political class is committed to creating a cooperative economy. Farmlands abandoned by the regime had been turned into agricultural cooperatives. Moreover the society of the three cantons is communalistic, people explained, both in practice and in ideology, rather than individualistic like the United States.
Specifically to Bookchin, the institutions of democratic self-government that they described corresponded to much of what he had envisioned (under the name libertarian municipalism). At the base of democratic confederalism is the citizens' assembly (in Bookchin) or commune (in Rojava). The commune sends delegates to the confederal council at the neighborhood level, and the neighborhood council sends delegates to the district, and the district to the canton. In this multi-tiered structure, as Bookchin described it, power is to flow from the bottom up.
Has the vision become real? In December 2014, I witnessed a commune meeting in Qamislo. In October 2015, my delegation went to Amude, seat of the cantonal tier of the democratic self-government, where we met Hakam Khello, the head of the legislative council. I asked him how many communes there are. He told me there were 4,000 in the liberated areas, including Arab villages and all other ethnicities.
Some things were not as in Bookchin's thought. Most notably, Bookchin did not prioritize women the way Öcalan has done. Bookchin was opposed to all hierarchy, but Öcalan gives singular importance to the oppression of women, and he assigns a distinctive or even vanguard role to women. Bookchin did not assign such a role to women, or call for 40 percent gender quotas, or dual leadership.
To know for sure whether power flows from the bottom up, I would need to witness a decision made at a commune meeting, then follow it to the neighborhood council, and then the district council, and the cantonal level. Unfortunately, lacking the languages, I don't have that access, so I will have to depend on other researchers for such information.
In your opinion, can the legislative and executive institutions in Rojava act beyond the hegemony of the Democratic Union Party?
My October 2015 delegation also met with Cizire canton's prime minister, the lawyer Akram Hesso. I asked him whether power in the system flowed from the bottom up or from the top down. "We take the ideas and needs that people at the base give us," he said through an interpreter, "and we study these opinions to see if it is possible to agree it into a law, to translate ideas of people into practical laws and decisions." I couldn't help but notice that that's not quite the same thing as executing the policy decisions of the base.
So I asked, how do you obtain the ideas of the people? "We have small communes in the neighborhoods," he said. "Local institutions, parliament, executive council. People express their needs step by step, upward, in a pyramid."
Will elections be held soon? I continued. "We had elections in municipalities this year," he said, "but elections for parliament are postponed because of the attacks by ISIS in Kobane and everywhere else."
Will the elections be held according to the Duhok agreement of late 2014? I asked, referring to the agreement by which the PYD-aligned parties and the ENKS-aligned parties agreed to share equal seats in the parliament. "The Duhok agreement is related just to the Kurdish parties. We support the agreement, we have no problem with it."
Does this executive council of which you are head also contain non-PYD parties? I asked.
"The Kurdish people have twelve parties in the self-government. The democratic self-administration is open to all the parties. I am a member of ENKS."
I had not known that and paused a moment to register surprise. Later I found this description of how Hesso got to be prime minister: eight months ago, he explained to an IPS reporter, "We had several meetings until a committee of 98 members representing the different communities was set up. They were responsible for electing the 25 of us that make up the government today." How that community of 98 was chosen is unclear. But let's go back to Amude.
To follow up, I asked, "People say the PYD is dominant, oppressive. What is your opinion?" He answered: "The PYD is a Kurdish party like any party here. It has seats in parliament, it is very popular, but it does not dominate."
"Why is there no picture of Öcalan on the walls here?" one my fellow delegates asked, referring to the cantonal government building.
"In the democratic self-government we represent all the people," Hesso said, "all the schools and leaders, many schools, not images. The democratic self-government respects the ideas of all, including the ENKS. People can have photos of Öcalan in their homes, but not in government."
The next day, when Hesso addressed the New World Summit in Derik, he spoke with full commitment to the revolution: "Our revolution is one of sacrifice and resistance. Here we have women's equality, in the democratic self-government and in women's commissions. Our revolution is for all humanity. We have commissions on human rights and religion. A new society is being built on the blood of our martyrs. The democratic self-government depends on the YPG, YPJ, Sotoro, Asayis—all protect Rojava."
What strategies do you have in order to reduce such power? In other words, what democratic guarantees can prevent the injection of top-down decisions?
People in Rojava seemed very aware of the danger that a bottom-up system can turn into a top-down system. That's what happened, after all, in Russia. In 1917, the multi-tiered system of soviets, or councils, all over Russia, was originally supposed to carry power from the base to the summit. But once the Bolsheviks came to power, they were able to use those very institutions as conduits for top-down power, indeed for totalitarian domination.
You ask for guarantees—my friend, we are talking about human societies, not the laws of physics. There are no guarantees. There is no mathematical formula that says, if these conditions are met, then the democracy is guaranteed to continue in all its purity.
Bookchin gave a lot of thought to this problem, and one of his most insistent points was that the society must ensure the separation of policy and administration. Only the citizens in assemblies may make decisions on matters of policy. The role of the confederal councils is solely to administer to execute those decisions. As soon as the councils start making policy decisions, you no longer have a bottom-up flow of power.
Second, delegates to the confederal councils must be mandated and recallable. Their only role is to convey the policy decisions made by the citizen assemblies to the upper tiers. If they fail to do that, the people can recall them. If the delegates are permitted to go beyond their mandate, then we are losing the bottom-up flow of power.
In Amude, as my delegation talked to Hakam Khello, the PYD head of the canton's legislative council, we considered it from a practical point of view. Suppose the various communes in a neighborhood don't agree on a certain issue, someone in my group asked, and their various delegates to the neighborhood council reflect that disagreement and clash. How was the issue to be resolved?
The neighborhood council would have to decide, Khello explained, but the final decision could be made also at level of the canton.
What factors to make the decision? we asked.
"The decision has to be in accord with the social contract," he said, referring the written constitution by which the society is structured. For example, "freedom of women is a standard principle there," he said, and so is ecology. "We also refer to international charters for human rights, children's rights. These organize our life."
I found that reassuring—to have the society's basic principles in writing at hand, for reference in decision-making. What other ways do you try to keep bottom-up from becoming top-down? I asked Khello.
"The local communes are concerned only with local issues," he replied. "The legislative council discusses issues related to all the people in the canton."
Yes, I'd heard others in Rojava enunciate this principle as well: that decisions on a given issue are made at the most local level competent to address it. If a commune is competent to handle an issue, like where to locate a school or how long to have the power running and at what hours, then it does so, and the upper levels should not interfere. It keeps the institutions close to the people, it keeps people in control of the issues most immediately relevant to them, and it keeps bureaucracy from developing. It's a way for a democracy to stay responsive to the people. (It reminds me a little of the principle of "subsidiarity" in Catholic social thought.)
But can that local focus really be effective in keeping power bottom-up? I wondered. After all, people meeting in communes should have a say in canton-wide matters as well. Issues of war and peace affect everyone, for example—why should the street and neighborhood meetings not have a voice? I worried that referring all canton-wide matters to the canton-wide councils could concentrate power at the top.
The day after the delegation met with Khello, I gave a speech at the New World Summit about libertarian municipalism or democratic confederalism. And when I was finished, a hand went up in the front row, and it was Khello himself, and he threw my own question back at me and my fellow panelist, Cezire's remarkable deputy foreign minister Amine Osse: How to keep bottom-up from becoming top-down?
Osse talked about the importance of commitment to the principles of democracy. I agreed, and mentioned that Bookchin had often said: "There is no substitute for consciousness." People must be committed to the ideas and the process and to making it work, and they must remain vigilant. If people are not committed, if they are neglectful, then by default, in the course of things, power will begin flowing from the top-down.
I would like to mention here another thing that seems crucial for ensuring a bottom-up flow of power, and that is transparency. All records and decisions and voting results must be publicly available, all economic and other information, for use in decision-making. Everything must be transparent. When people start keeping secrets from the people, the people can't make proper decisions, and if others make decisions behind the scenes, based on secret information, then we no longer have an assembly democracy.
On the same subject my friend Zaher Baher offers yet a crucial point. "The only hope for Rojava is Tev-Dem," he told me once, referring to the organization representing the various grassroots associations, Zaher says he thinks Tev-Dem is the vehicle for transmitting the wishes of local group to the confederal councils. I think his point is well taken: Rojava has many civil society associations, and much of the strength of democratic society will lie in their strength.
Do I think this system in Rojava is purely as Bookchin envisioned it? Not purely, but perhaps that may lie beyond the abilities of real human beings. But the people are wrestling with problems of implementation that Bookchin, as a theorist, never foresaw, and I think that even the mistakes that people in Rojava might make are relevant to the future importance of these ideas.
Apparently, the legislative and executive organizations have some tasks, and free elections are present in most areas. Don't you think that there is an extralegal force with a power that can block any decisions that it does not regard compatible with its benefits?
By "extralegal force," I think you must mean the PKK. Of course, many of the political actors in Rojava spent time in the Qandil Mountains and have roots with the PKK, but they are at pains to deny any present active connection. You seem to be asking me what goes on behind the scenes, and I have no way of knowing for sure.
The American professor of Kurdish studies Michael Gunter, in his book Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War, says he thinks the bottom-up system is unworkable and that the PKK really runs everything in Rojava behind the scenes. "In reality, the PKK leadership in the Qandil Mountains and Abdullah Öcalan in Imrali are the ones who really rule through various PKK/PYD commanders responsible for different areas." What is his evidence for such a statement? "As of September 2013, Shahin Cello from Kobane is reported to be the commander-in-chief of all military units of the PYD/YPG in Syria. Formerly he was a member of the PKK central committee and a leading operative in Europe."
Yes, the presence of former PKK military people is suggestive. But the YPG and YPJ are part of the Rojava system; they are accountable to the democratic self-government, and they are run democratically—their commanders are elected by the rank-and-file.
Still, for the sake of argument, let's suppose it's true that the PKK runs the show. That would be a problem, because history tells us that war can make a society more authoritarian, through a command structure, even a society committed to radical democracy. Military decisions are surely being made every day. And the upper levels of the Cizire administration have many resourceful and experienced people, like co-governors Hadiya Yousef and Sheikh Humeydi Denham, and the prime minister Hesso and council president Khello, and more—the upper strata seem quite populous, doubtless because of the war. Are we to imagine that they obey the bottom-up wishes of the citizens without exercising their own judgment? Why then have talented, resourceful people at the top?
But there his nothing wrong with leadership, by experienced people, as long as those leaders are accountable to the base. If the base keeps re-electing them, then that is democracy too.
And history teaches us something else about wartime: that it can also expand democracy. A society at war is asking people to fight and perhaps die for it. That's especially true of a society without sophisticated military technology, like Rojava, one that relies on soldiers-at-arms rather than drones or fighter jets. Think of ancient Athens—the hoplites, the army fighters, were also the citizens in the assembly, the ekklesia. And as military rowers were needed for the navy, for the triremes, democratic participation was extended to the lower classes.
So societies at war, paradoxically, concede or expand democratic features. It's a kind of social contract. The fact that the society of the three cantons must mobilize its people to fight the war against IS is actually a force pulling in favor of democracy. The people must consent to the war, participate in it, fight it, and be willing to sacrifice their lives and those of their family members for it.
So regardless of whether the PKK is or is not making military and other decisions behind the scenes, it must be a people's war, and the people must fight it through their self-government. And "the people" of course includes Kurds, Arabs, Syriacs, Turkmen, and all the other groups. If nothing else for the sake of mobilization, the democracy must have some reality.
When I was reading the reports of your last trip, I noticed in your writing that you expressed some fears or concern about some of things you saw in Rojava. I'd be glad if you could explicitly say what makes you so worried.
You must be referring to my article "The Paradoxes of a Liberatory Ideology." Ideology, I wrote, is a powerful force in Rojava, and I think a commitment to Öcalan's ideology was a major force in creating the society and that it continues to hold it together, and at the same time the society reinforces it.
Rojava is a small society, cut off from the rest of the world by the embargo, by Turkish hostility, and is besieged by war. The degree of communal solidarity is high, and people seem to share the same aspirations. People do support and fight the war, and as the YPG and YPJ achieve victories, support must surely grow. Those victories justify the democracy and perhaps ensure its future.
But in every society, as I mentioned, people react differently to a ruling ideology. Some are very enthusiastic about the prevailing system, some go along with it passively, some have no opinion, and some will just rebel because it is in their nature to rebel, and some will point out real problems with the way things are.
Bookchin used to say that in any political group or system, there will always be a left, a right, and a center—even utopia will have this spectrum. There's no point in trying to get around it by denying other parts of the political spectrum or trying to eradicate them. There will always be people who disagree with the prevailing consensus, or there should be, and the question is what does the society do about them. I think every society must allow for the whole political spectrum, and those who hold points of view have to be able to defend their positions.
I find it all paradoxical, because ideology is necessary to educate and motivate people to make a revolution, but it must also not become oppressive and enforce conformity. In the twentieth century the world had a lot of experience with societies built on ideology. One thing we all learned is that dissent is vital to a healthy political order. Rojava will need to be able to handle individual differences, including political differences.
British and German planes have reached Syrian skies. This proxy war is worsening day by day. Do you think that the officials in Rojava can keep to the third path that they claim?
Originally the third path was: "neither Assad nor the Free Syrian Army/Al-Nusra-IS." Now that Russia has entered the Syrian war, we have another the third path—"Neither the United States/Britain nor Russia." I think it's wise, especially since the Kurds have demonstrated repeatedly their enormous military importance as ground fighters. That give them leverage with both sides, with both the USA and Russia, and they should use it.
In your opinion, if Mr. Bookchin were alive, how would he think about the experience of people in Rojava?
I think he would be traveling to Rojava whenever possible and participating and offering advice and inspiration and assistance. He would be trying to help to make the democracy work. He would be traveling around the Middle East, trying to spread the revolution beyond the Kurdish areas, throughout the region. And he would be talking about it to the outside world, to whoever would listen. That is what all of us who have visited there have a moral obligation to do.


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Summer Gradient | 40 Great Nail Art Ideas
This is my summer gradient for the summer prompt of the 40 Great Nail Art Ideas group. I had all but caught up last week and was going to post this last weekend, but then my son decided to get a fish bone stuck in his throat. That led to 26 hours in three different […] Read more


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Tecnoservizi Ambientali provides consulting and technical support to companies, depending on a sustainability process aimed at the development of a circular economy, compatible with the preservation and protection of the environment in the present and for the future.
Tecnoservizi Ambientali, operates in the market of environmental services, through its registration with the National Register of Environmental Managers no. MI31724 to the following categories: 8B - 9D - 4F - 5F
Sede legale: +39.035.328.111 Impianto: +39.0363.909355


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Chris Tucker: The Rush Hour 3 Interview
Interview with Kam Williams
Headline: Chewing the Fat with Chris about Everything from Jackie Chan to Kanye West
Born in Atlanta, Georgia on August 31, 1972, Chris Tucker has come a long way since his days doing stand-up on Def Comedy Jam. Starring in box office smashes that include the #1 grossing comedy Rush Hour 2, as well as Friday, Dead Presidents, Money Talks and the original Rush Hour (which grossed $250 million worldwide), he has clearly proven himself to be one of Hollywood's hottest talents. Tucker entertains audiences the world over with his motor-mouthed brand of humor and animated facial expressions which always leave a lasting impression.
During his downtime, Chris traveled to Africa with U2's Bono and Secretary of the Treasury Paul O'Neill on a fact-finding tour to help countries plagued with AIDS, hunger, and unsanitary living conditions. Deeply-affected by the conditions he discovered, Tucker has since returned to the region regularly on humanitarian missions, also functioning as a people's diplomat, raising cash and awareness to help deal with the crises.
As a consequence, he's been so busy he hasn't made a movie in a half-dozen years. Here, he chats about Rush Hour 3, his first film since Rush Hour 2.
CT: Hey, Kam.
KW: Chris, thanks so much for the time.
CT: Oh, you're welcome, thank you.
KW: How did it feel being teamed up with Jackie Chan for a third time?
CT: Oh, I loved it, man! I loved it! It was just as much fun, or maybe even more fun as the first one and the second one, 'cause it's such a fun movie to do and being teamed back up with Jackie was great.
KW: How'd you enjoy the Paris locations?
CT: That was great, too, shooting in Europe, man. We did a lot of stuff outdoors… Riding around the streets and drinking wine for lunch… It was great!
KW: Seems like you and Jackie have perfect screen chemistry. You have very different types of talents which complement each other, so you never end up stepping on each other's toes. Did you know that was going to happen the first time you go together?
CT: No, the first time we got together, it was just like you see in the first movie. Jackie didn't speak much English, and I didn't know Chinese at all. I brought that out in Rush Hour 1, like when I screamed, "Do you know the words that are coming out of my mouth?" That's basically what I wanted to say to him the first time I met him. So, no, we didn't know, but the chemistry was perfect. I think that was because it came from a real place. What you see on film is the same friendship and relationship between us you see in real life.
KW: So, was that "Do you know the words that are coming out of my mouth?" line improvised, or was it in the script?
CT: Improvised.
KW: And how many of your lines were improvised in Rush Hour 3?
CT: Oh, a lot of them. A lot of them were written, but I'm always improvising. Once you get into the scene, it just comes to me.
KW: This is your first film in six years. You make fewer films than any other big Hollywood star. Why do you make so few movies?
CT: I don't know. It's never planned. I love to travel, and that takes up most of my time, because I'm doing a lot of foundation work. That's a big part of my life now, and of what I do. But I love making movies, too, so I don't know.
KW: I know that you're getting a record $25 million for this picture, which sets the record for a comedy, plus an additional percentage of the gross. So, you've got great representation which I guess enables you take long breaks for vacations and your charity work.
CT: Yeah, that definitely does give me a lotta' room, so I can travel and not have to worry about a lot of things.
KW: I saw that you were in Philly to introduce Destiny's Child at the Live 8 concert.
CT: Yeah, that cause had to do with raising awareness abut poverty in Africa and elsewhere. I enjoy doing stuff like that, because it means a lot to me.
KW: Are most of your charities connected to Africa?
CT: Most of them are, but now I'm trying to get involved with education in the States and around the world.
KW: Had you been to Africa even before you visited it while tracing your roots during the filming of African-American Lives on PBS?
CT: Yeah, I had been to at least 13 different countries in Africa before that.
KW: Which places in Africa did you enjoy visiting the most?
CT: Every one is different. One of my favorite's Ethiopia… and also Uganda... and Luanda, the capital of Angola. But every place is so different, really. You've got a lot of special parts to all of them.
KW: I remember how on African-American Lives they used DNA to determine your heritage, and you were quite surprised to learn that many of your ancestors came from Angola.
CT: Yeah, I thought I was from Ghana, but I'm definitely from Angola and Cameroon. My father's lineage went back to Angola, and my mother's to Cameroon. It was amazing, and it makes you feel good, when you get a better idea of where your ancestors came from.
KW: What was it like going to the actual village in Angola your father's side of the family was traced back to?
CT: It was very interesting. We traveled from this tiny slave castle on the coast all the way to this tribal region out in the bush where they said my father's family might have been from. It was amazing.
KW: After Kanye West said, "George Bush doesn't care about black people," during that Katrina benefit for Hurricane Relief, the camera first went to comedian Mike Myers who had obviously been taken by surprise and looked like the proverbial deer caught in the headlights. He quickly threw it over to you. How did you feel at that moment?
CT: I didn't know what Kanye'd said. I was just surprised that they went to me so fast, because I wasn't ready, or on a soundstage. I was like, "What?" and they were saying, "Go! Just go! Do what you can. Get some money." But I wish I had known what he'd said, because I would have followed up with, "He's right."
KW: So, you agreed with what Kanye said when he went off the script.
CT: Yes, I did. I didn't agree with everything he said, but everybody definitely needed to hear an urgent cry of concern for the people of New Orleans and about what was going on because they needed assistance right then and there.
KW: You've been nominated for the NAACP Image Award twice before, for both Rush Hour 1 and Rush Hour 2. I'm on the nominating committee, and I hope that three times a charm and that you win this time.
CT: Yeah, we need one. I don't think I have an Image Award yet.
KW: Maybe that's because most awards organizations don't treat comedians with same reverence they have for dramatic actors.
CT: I don't know why that is. Some people say that it's harder than doing drama.
KW: Yeah, I'm convinced that it's harder, because you see more comedians crossing over to do drama successfully, than vice-versa.
CT: Yeah, that's because comedy is very difficult. It's like golf. You have to do it all the time to really perfect it. It takes a lot of practice.
KW: Is that why you continue to do stand-up?
CT: Yeah, because it keeps you sharp, it keeps in touch with the fans, and keeps your timing great, so it's a good thing.
KW: You've handled several dramatic roles quite well. So, what will you do next, a drama or another comedy?
CT: I don't know exactly what I'm going to do next, but I want to do a stand-up type movie.
KW: A concert film?
CT: Yeah, maybe like a stand-up concert. So, hopefully, I can get it together and do that.
KW: What advice do you have for anybody who wants to follow in your footsteps?
CT: I would say, just believe in yourself, go out there and work really hard, and do it. And when doors open, take advantage of every opportunity you can.
KW: Have you ever been to my hometown, Princeton?
CT: Princeton? Yeah, I been up there with [Professor] Skip Gates. I love it up there.
KW: Well, you gotta come back for another visit. Thanks for the interview. I just hope you do start making movies a little more frequently for your fans.
CT: Oh, I will, I will. That's my plan.
KW: Six years is too long a wait.
CT: I know. It's too long.
KW: Much continued success.
CT: Okay, thank you a lot, man. Bye-bye.


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If you only attend ONE community meeting this year, THIS should be it.
Monday, December 7th, 7:30pm, at the Strawberry Rec Center Gym
The Strawberry Design Review Board (responsible for reviewing development proposals) will be reviewing the initial proposal from the North Coast Land Holdings group to build 300 units and a (up to) 1000 student Branson Campus at the current Seminary property.
This proposal has the potential to dramatically change the nature of the community we live in. Whether you oppose it or favor it, this is the meeting to make your thoughts known.
The county Planning Department, Planning Commission and Board of Supervisors rely on the Strawberry Design Review Board to make recommendations about the Strawberry community, and the SDRB relies on YOU, members of the community, to make your voices heard.
The actual proposal (which is hundreds of pages) can be found on the County website by clicking here.
A former Design Review member wrote this Marin Voice article for the Independent Journal about the need for the community to get involved, and here a former Branson board member laments Branson's lack of engagement with the community in another Marin Voice article.
Seminary Neighborhood Association, a local community group, has created a FAQ about the proposal which you can see by clicking here SNA FAQ November 15 2015.
In addition, you can find letters written to the SDRB by the Seminary Neighborhood Association's attorney and a local resident about the proposal, discussing some concerns, here Ltr – Marin CDA – completeness – 11.20.15 and here McDevitt SDRB Letter 11-30-15.
If you have an opinion, come, bring a neighbor who may not be aware of this meeting, and express it. If you don't have an opinion yet, come and learn about proposals that may have a huge effect on the place you live.
Either way, it's important that our residents come out and participate in the most important decisions about our neighborhood for the next hundred years.
Monday, December 7th, 7:30pm, at the Strawberry Rec Center Gym


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I love getting those ARCs in the mail, but when there's more books coming than I could ever possibly read and review, it starts to feel overwhelming. I've realized that it's been a long time since I've read anything but children's and YA books. Every time I finish a book, I feel like I have to pick up another one of those review copies, because otherwise I'll never get caught up. Don't get me wrong - I'm not giving up reading and reviewing children's books. I love doing this, and I still plan to keep doing it for a long time. But I think I need a break.
I'm going on vacation to the beach next week, and I've decided I want to read a great adult book for a change. The problem is, that I haven't been keeping up with adult fiction. So I'm hoping that someone can recommend an exciting page turner of an adult book that would be great to read at the beach. I'd like something that's either science fiction (but not fantasy this time), suspense, thriller, or dystopian novel. I'd like something with rich character development and some meat to it, but not too slow-paced. Does anything come to mind? Any ideas or suggestions? Thanks!
Edited to add: Bonus points for recommendations that were independently published! I'll take any recommendations, but I'd especially love to find a great, independently published novel.


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The quote for today comes from our own quiltvillechat list member, Sherry Denton! She put my own feelings into words so well!
She wrote:
I can see that I need to be more open to color choices. Especially if it's fabric that I already have. I just straightened up my sewing room and I have so much fabric that it is almost embarrassing. I really need to be creative with what I have. It's funny that I have the orange fabric, but didn't really want to use it in this quilt. I don't know what am I saving if for? After all, what better place to use orange fabric than in a quilt called Orange Crush?
I was playing with some blocks last night....I've always wanted to do a "crossed album" block, and finally sat down to it while watching some DVDs last night. My thought was that I could cut into the new FQ bundles that I bought for my birthday.
My thought was to pair up "something old" (from the scraps) with "something new" (from the bundles) so I was getting the satisfaction of playing with "new" fabrics while still using what pre-cut stuff I had on hand that has been maybe floating around here for a while.
I am going with a blue and salmon/coral/dirty pink color way. The FQ bundles look so pretty, and the fabrics are folded inside of each other in a special way, and tied up with a big fabric bow...I just couldn't take them apart! *LOL* But I told myself....I COULD take them apart if there was something I really needed/wanted in there....AFTER I pulled everything from my 2" strip bins that would work first.
I haven't cut into the new fabrics yet! I know I will...I don't have that many dirty pinky coral salmon colors in my pre-cut strips, but it is amazing what we can do when we start sewing with what we have instead of automatically running to the store. (Or starting with your scraps, before cutting into new yardage)
It's really easy to run out and buy a "kit" or a "jelly roll" and not ever have to learn yourself about what plays well together, what doesn't...and how to substitute one thing for another. I love the challenge of going through what I have and finding something to make it work. I've learned a lot about color and value and impact this way.
I joined the workout express lady's circuit gym yesterday! It's fun! And I can't believe it's only a mile up the road. My goal is to make it there 4 times a week. Weeks that I'm out of town, of course, I won't be able to,but it's a goal, and I need to get in the routine of going. No excuses! The hours are 8am to 1pm and 3pm to 8pm. I am sure with those hours I can find 30 minutes to do something for me. And I'm going right now!


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Generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) Registry Agreements
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.ses Registry Agreement – Terminated
U-Label ses
Operator SES
Agreement Date 23 July 2015
Agreement Type Base, Brand (Spec 13), Non-Sponsored
On 19 December 2022, ICANN provided SES with a Notice of Registry Agreement Termination. Please refer to the gTLD Registry Agreement Termination Page for more information about this termination.
Note: If multiple versions are provided above, the official document is the Word version. The HTML version is machine-generated and may not display correctly.


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Grow Big® Hydroponic – The Right Juice for the Right Use!
Based on FoxFarm's popular Grow Big® Liquid Plant Food, this is a special formula just for hydroponic systems. Grow Big® Hydroponic Liquid Plant Food is a potent, fast acting, liquid concentrate fertilizer specifically designed for hydroponic use.
When used as directed Grow Big® Hydroponic encourages vigorous vegetative growth. FoxFarm adds earthworm castings and Norwegian kelp into this special brew to encourage sturdier, healthier stems and leaves, but they also provide enough nutrients and trace minerals to create the kind of healthy branching that you'll need later in the season for more abundant buds and blooms.
Hydro tip: Beginning the first week, use 2-3 teaspoons per gallon. Maintain pH between 5.8 and 6.3. When plants show their first sign of flowering, usually around week 5, switch to Tiger Bloom® and Big Bloom®.


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$28.00 - $38.50
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Thank you for visiting our new website! Although we carry over 2,500 products online today, our site represents only a small percentage of our inventory. If you need any additional information, prices, availability, etc. please contact us at 1-800-950-4061 x6555 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Thank you!