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RFC 6750 - The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework: Bearer Token U
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Jones Request for Comments: 6750 Microsoft Category: Standards Track D. Hardt ISSN: 2070-1721 Independent October 2012 The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework: Bearer Token Usage Abstract This specification describes how to use bearer tokens in HTTP requests to access OAuth 2.0 protected resources. Any party in possession of a bearer token (a "bearer") can use it to get access to the associated resources (without demonstrating possession of a cryptographic key). To prevent misuse, bearer tokens need to be protected from disclosure in storage and in transport. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6750. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................2 1.1. Notational Conventions .....................................3 1.2. Terminology ................................................3 1.3. Overview ...................................................3 2. Authenticated Requests ..........................................4 2.1. Authorization Request Header Field .........................5 2.2. Form-Encoded Body Parameter ................................5 2.3. URI Query Parameter ........................................6 3. The WWW-Authenticate Response Header Field ......................7 3.1. Error Codes ................................................9 4. Example Access Token Response ..................................10 5. Security Considerations ........................................10 5.1. Security Threats ..........................................10 5.2. Threat Mitigation .........................................11 5.3. Summary of Recommendations ................................13 6. IANA Considerations ............................................14 6.1. OAuth Access Token Type Registration ......................14 6.1.1. The "Bearer" OAuth Access Token Type ...............14 6.2. OAuth Extensions Error Registration .......................14 6.2.1. The "invalid_request" Error Value ..................14 6.2.2. The "invalid_token" Error Value ....................15 6.2.3. The "insufficient_scope" Error Value ...............15 7. References .....................................................15 7.1. Normative References ......................................15 7.2. Informative References ....................................17 Appendix A. Acknowledgements ......................................18 1. Introduction OAuth enables clients to access protected resources by obtaining an access token, which is defined in "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework" [RFC6749] as "a string representing an access authorization issued to the client", rather than using the resource owner's credentials directly. Tokens are issued to clients by an authorization server with the approval of the resource owner. The client uses the access token to access the protected resources hosted by the resource server. This specification describes how to make protected resource requests when the OAuth access token is a bearer token. This specification defines the use of bearer tokens over HTTP/1.1 [RFC2616] using Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246] to access protected resources. TLS is mandatory to implement and use with this specification; other specifications may extend this specification for use with other protocols. While designed for use with access tokens resulting from OAuth 2.0 authorization [RFC6749] flows to access OAuth protected resources, this specification actually defines a general HTTP authorization method that can be used with bearer tokens from any source to access any resources protected by those bearer tokens. The Bearer authentication scheme is intended primarily for server authentication using the WWW-Authenticate and Authorization HTTP headers but does not preclude its use for proxy authentication. 1.1. Notational Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [RFC2119]. This document uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation of [RFC5234]. Additionally, the following rules are included from HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617]: auth-param and auth-scheme; and from "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax" [RFC3986]: URI-reference. Unless otherwise noted, all the protocol parameter names and values are case sensitive. 1.2. Terminology Bearer Token A security token with the property that any party in possession of the token (a "bearer") can use the token in any way that any other party in possession of it can. Using a bearer token does not require a bearer to prove possession of cryptographic key material (proof-of-possession). All other terms are as defined in "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework" [RFC6749]. 1.3. Overview OAuth provides a method for clients to access a protected resource on behalf of a resource owner. In the general case, before a client can access a protected resource, it must first obtain an authorization grant from the resource owner and then exchange the authorization grant for an access token. The access token represents the grant's scope, duration, and other attributes granted by the authorization grant. The client accesses the protected resource by presenting the access token to the resource server. In some cases, a client can directly present its own credentials to an authorization server to obtain an access token without having to first obtain an authorization grant from a resource owner. The access token provides an abstraction, replacing different authorization constructs (e.g., username and password, assertion) for a single token understood by the resource server. This abstraction enables issuing access tokens valid for a short time period, as well as removing the resource server's need to understand a wide range of authentication schemes. +--------+ +---------------+ | |--(A)- Authorization Request ->| Resource | | | | Owner | | |<-(B)-- Authorization Grant ---| | | | +---------------+ | | | | +---------------+ | |--(C)-- Authorization Grant -->| Authorization | | Client | | Server | | |<-(D)----- Access Token -------| | | | +---------------+ | | | | +---------------+ | |--(E)----- Access Token ------>| Resource | | | | Server | | |<-(F)--- Protected Resource ---| | +--------+ +---------------+ Figure 1: Abstract Protocol Flow The abstract OAuth 2.0 flow illustrated in Figure 1 describes the interaction between the client, resource owner, authorization server, and resource server (described in [RFC6749]). The following two steps are specified within this document: (E) The client requests the protected resource from the resource server and authenticates by presenting the access token. (F) The resource server validates the access token, and if valid, serves the request. This document also imposes semantic requirements upon the access token returned in step (D). 2. Authenticated Requests This section defines three methods of sending bearer access tokens in resource requests to resource servers. Clients MUST NOT use more than one method to transmit the token in each request. 2.1. Authorization Request Header Field When sending the access token in the "Authorization" request header field defined by HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617], the client uses the "Bearer" authentication scheme to transmit the access token. For example: GET /resource HTTP/1.1 Host: server.example.com Authorization: Bearer mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM The syntax of the "Authorization" header field for this scheme follows the usage of the Basic scheme defined in Section 2 of [RFC2617]. Note that, as with Basic, it does not conform to the generic syntax defined in Section 1.2 of [RFC2617] but is compatible with the general authentication framework being developed for HTTP 1.1 [HTTP-AUTH], although it does not follow the preferred practice outlined therein in order to reflect existing deployments. The syntax for Bearer credentials is as follows: b64token = 1*( ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~" / "+" / "/" ) *"=" credentials = "Bearer" 1*SP b64token Clients SHOULD make authenticated requests with a bearer token using the "Authorization" request header field with the "Bearer" HTTP authorization scheme. Resource servers MUST support this method. 2.2. Form-Encoded Body Parameter When sending the access token in the HTTP request entity-body, the client adds the access token to the request-body using the "access_token" parameter. The client MUST NOT use this method unless all of the following conditions are met: o The HTTP request entity-header includes the "Content-Type" header field set to "application/x-www-form-urlencoded". o The entity-body follows the encoding requirements of the "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" content-type as defined by HTML 4.01 [W3C.REC-html401-19991224]. o The HTTP request entity-body is single-part. o The content to be encoded in the entity-body MUST consist entirely of ASCII [USASCII] characters. o The HTTP request method is one for which the request-body has defined semantics. In particular, this means that the "GET" method MUST NOT be used. The entity-body MAY include other request-specific parameters, in which case the "access_token" parameter MUST be properly separated from the request-specific parameters using "&" character(s) (ASCII code 38). For example, the client makes the following HTTP request using transport-layer security: POST /resource HTTP/1.1 Host: server.example.com Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded access_token=mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM The "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" method SHOULD NOT be used except in application contexts where participating browsers do not have access to the "Authorization" request header field. Resource servers MAY support this method. 2.3. URI Query Parameter When sending the access token in the HTTP request URI, the client adds the access token to the request URI query component as defined by "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax" [RFC3986], using the "access_token" parameter. For example, the client makes the following HTTP request using transport-layer security: GET /resource?access_token=mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM HTTP/1.1 Host: server.example.com The HTTP request URI query can include other request-specific parameters, in which case the "access_token" parameter MUST be properly separated from the request-specific parameters using "&" character(s) (ASCII code 38). For example: https://server.example.com/resource?access_token=mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM&p=q Clients using the URI Query Parameter method SHOULD also send a Cache-Control header containing the "no-store" option. Server success (2XX status) responses to these requests SHOULD contain a Cache-Control header with the "private" option. Because of the security weaknesses associated with the URI method (see Section 5), including the high likelihood that the URL containing the access token will be logged, it SHOULD NOT be used unless it is impossible to transport the access token in the "Authorization" request header field or the HTTP request entity-body. Resource servers MAY support this method. This method is included to document current use; its use is not recommended, due to its security deficiencies (see Section 5) and also because it uses a reserved query parameter name, which is counter to URI namespace best practices, per "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" [W3C.REC-webarch-20041215]. 3. The WWW-Authenticate Response Header Field If the protected resource request does not include authentication credentials or does not contain an access token that enables access to the protected resource, the resource server MUST include the HTTP "WWW-Authenticate" response header field; it MAY include it in response to other conditions as well. The "WWW-Authenticate" header field uses the framework defined by HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617]. All challenges defined by this specification MUST use the auth-scheme value "Bearer". This scheme MUST be followed by one or more auth-param values. The auth-param attributes used or defined by this specification are as follows. Other auth-param attributes MAY be used as well. A "realm" attribute MAY be included to indicate the scope of protection in the manner described in HTTP/1.1 [RFC2617]. The "realm" attribute MUST NOT appear more than once. The "scope" attribute is defined in Section 3.3 of [RFC6749]. The "scope" attribute is a space-delimited list of case-sensitive scope values indicating the required scope of the access token for accessing the requested resource. "scope" values are implementation defined; there is no centralized registry for them; allowed values are defined by the authorization server. The order of "scope" values is not significant. In some cases, the "scope" value will be used when requesting a new access token with sufficient scope of access to utilize the protected resource. Use of the "scope" attribute is OPTIONAL. The "scope" attribute MUST NOT appear more than once. The "scope" value is intended for programmatic use and is not meant to be displayed to end-users. Two example scope values follow; these are taken from the OpenID Connect [OpenID.Messages] and the Open Authentication Technology Committee (OATC) Online Multimedia Authorization Protocol [OMAP] OAuth 2.0 use cases, respectively: scope="openid profile email" scope="urn:example:channel=HBO&urn:example:rating=G,PG-13" If the protected resource request included an access token and failed authentication, the resource server SHOULD include the "error" attribute to provide the client with the reason why the access request was declined. The parameter value is described in Section 3.1. In addition, the resource server MAY include the "error_description" attribute to provide developers a human-readable explanation that is not meant to be displayed to end-users. It also MAY include the "error_uri" attribute with an absolute URI identifying a human-readable web page explaining the error. The "error", "error_description", and "error_uri" attributes MUST NOT appear more than once. Values for the "scope" attribute (specified in Appendix A.4 of [RFC6749]) MUST NOT include characters outside the set %x21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E for representing scope values and %x20 for delimiters between scope values. Values for the "error" and "error_description" attributes (specified in Appendixes A.7 and A.8 of [RFC6749]) MUST NOT include characters outside the set %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E. Values for the "error_uri" attribute (specified in Appendix A.9 of [RFC6749]) MUST conform to the URI-reference syntax and thus MUST NOT include characters outside the set %x21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E. For example, in response to a protected resource request without authentication: HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="example" And in response to a protected resource request with an authentication attempt using an expired access token: HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="example", error="invalid_token", error_description="The access token expired" 3.1. Error Codes When a request fails, the resource server responds using the appropriate HTTP status code (typically, 400, 401, 403, or 405) and includes one of the following error codes in the response: invalid_request The request is missing a required parameter, includes an unsupported parameter or parameter value, repeats the same parameter, uses more than one method for including an access token, or is otherwise malformed. The resource server SHOULD respond with the HTTP 400 (Bad Request) status code. invalid_token The access token provided is expired, revoked, malformed, or invalid for other reasons. The resource SHOULD respond with the HTTP 401 (Unauthorized) status code. The client MAY request a new access token and retry the protected resource request. insufficient_scope The request requires higher privileges than provided by the access token. The resource server SHOULD respond with the HTTP 403 (Forbidden) status code and MAY include the "scope" attribute with the scope necessary to access the protected resource. If the request lacks any authentication information (e.g., the client was unaware that authentication is necessary or attempted using an unsupported authentication method), the resource server SHOULD NOT include an error code or other error information. For example: HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="example" 4. Example Access Token Response Typically, a bearer token is returned to the client as part of an OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749] access token response. An example of such a response is: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8 Cache-Control: no-store Pragma: no-cache { "access_token":"mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM", "token_type":"Bearer", "expires_in":3600, "refresh_token":"tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA" } 5. Security Considerations This section describes the relevant security threats regarding token handling when using bearer tokens and describes how to mitigate these threats. 5.1. Security Threats The following list presents several common threats against protocols utilizing some form of tokens. This list of threats is based on NIST Special Publication 800-63 [NIST800-63]. Since this document builds on the OAuth 2.0 Authorization specification [RFC6749], we exclude a discussion of threats that are described there or in related documents. Token manufacture/modification: An attacker may generate a bogus token or modify the token contents (such as the authentication or attribute statements) of an existing token, causing the resource server to grant inappropriate access to the client. For example, an attacker may modify the token to extend the validity period; a malicious client may modify the assertion to gain access to information that they should not be able to view. Token disclosure: Tokens may contain authentication and attribute statements that include sensitive information. Token redirect: An attacker uses a token generated for consumption by one resource server to gain access to a different resource server that mistakenly believes the token to be for it. Token replay: An attacker attempts to use a token that has already been used with that resource server in the past. 5.2. Threat Mitigation A large range of threats can be mitigated by protecting the contents of the token by using a digital signature or a Message Authentication Code (MAC). Alternatively, a bearer token can contain a reference to authorization information, rather than encoding the information directly. Such references MUST be infeasible for an attacker to guess; using a reference may require an extra interaction between a server and the token issuer to resolve the reference to the authorization information. The mechanics of such an interaction are not defined by this specification. This document does not specify the encoding or the contents of the token; hence, detailed recommendations about the means of guaranteeing token integrity protection are outside the scope of this document. The token integrity protection MUST be sufficient to prevent the token from being modified. To deal with token redirect, it is important for the authorization server to include the identity of the intended recipients (the audience), typically a single resource server (or a list of resource servers), in the token. Restricting the use of the token to a specific scope is also RECOMMENDED. The authorization server MUST implement TLS. Which version(s) ought to be implemented will vary over time and will depend on the widespread deployment and known security vulnerabilities at the time of implementation. At the time of this writing, TLS version 1.2 [RFC5246] is the most recent version, but it has very limited actual deployment and might not be readily available in implementation toolkits. TLS version 1.0 [RFC2246] is the most widely deployed version and will give the broadest interoperability. To protect against token disclosure, confidentiality protection MUST be applied using TLS [RFC5246] with a ciphersuite that provides confidentiality and integrity protection. This requires that the communication interaction between the client and the authorization server, as well as the interaction between the client and the resource server, utilize confidentiality and integrity protection. Since TLS is mandatory to implement and to use with this specification, it is the preferred approach for preventing token disclosure via the communication channel. For those cases where the client is prevented from observing the contents of the token, token encryption MUST be applied in addition to the usage of TLS protection. As a further defense against token disclosure, the client MUST validate the TLS certificate chain when making requests to protected resources, including checking the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) [RFC5280]. Cookies are typically transmitted in the clear. Thus, any information contained in them is at risk of disclosure. Therefore, bearer tokens MUST NOT be stored in cookies that can be sent in the clear. See "HTTP State Management Mechanism" [RFC6265] for security considerations about cookies. In some deployments, including those utilizing load balancers, the TLS connection to the resource server terminates prior to the actual server that provides the resource. This could leave the token unprotected between the front-end server where the TLS connection terminates and the back-end server that provides the resource. In such deployments, sufficient measures MUST be employed to ensure confidentiality of the token between the front-end and back-end servers; encryption of the token is one such possible measure. To deal with token capture and replay, the following recommendations are made: First, the lifetime of the token MUST be limited; one means of achieving this is by putting a validity time field inside the protected part of the token. Note that using short-lived (one hour or less) tokens reduces the impact of them being leaked. Second, confidentiality protection of the exchanges between the client and the authorization server and between the client and the resource server MUST be applied. As a consequence, no eavesdropper along the communication path is able to observe the token exchange. Consequently, such an on-path adversary cannot replay the token. Furthermore, when presenting the token to a resource server, the client MUST verify the identity of that resource server, as per Section 3.1 of "HTTP Over TLS" [RFC2818]. Note that the client MUST validate the TLS certificate chain when making these requests to protected resources. Presenting the token to an unauthenticated and unauthorized resource server or failing to validate the certificate chain will allow adversaries to steal the token and gain unauthorized access to protected resources. 5.3. Summary of Recommendations Safeguard bearer tokens: Client implementations MUST ensure that bearer tokens are not leaked to unintended parties, as they will be able to use them to gain access to protected resources. This is the primary security consideration when using bearer tokens and underlies all the more specific recommendations that follow. Validate TLS certificate chains: The client MUST validate the TLS certificate chain when making requests to protected resources. Failing to do so may enable DNS hijacking attacks to steal the token and gain unintended access. Always use TLS (https): Clients MUST always use TLS [RFC5246] (https) or equivalent transport security when making requests with bearer tokens. Failing to do so exposes the token to numerous attacks that could give attackers unintended access. Don't store bearer tokens in cookies: Implementations MUST NOT store bearer tokens within cookies that can be sent in the clear (which is the default transmission mode for cookies). Implementations that do store bearer tokens in cookies MUST take precautions against cross-site request forgery. Issue short-lived bearer tokens: Token servers SHOULD issue short-lived (one hour or less) bearer tokens, particularly when issuing tokens to clients that run within a web browser or other environments where information leakage may occur. Using short-lived bearer tokens can reduce the impact of them being leaked. Issue scoped bearer tokens: Token servers SHOULD issue bearer tokens that contain an audience restriction, scoping their use to the intended relying party or set of relying parties. Don't pass bearer tokens in page URLs: Bearer tokens SHOULD NOT be passed in page URLs (for example, as query string parameters). Instead, bearer tokens SHOULD be passed in HTTP message headers or message bodies for which confidentiality measures are taken. Browsers, web servers, and other software may not adequately secure URLs in the browser history, web server logs, and other data structures. If bearer tokens are passed in page URLs, attackers might be able to steal them from the history data, logs, or other unsecured locations. 6. IANA Considerations 6.1. OAuth Access Token Type Registration This specification registers the following access token type in the OAuth Access Token Types registry defined in [RFC6749]. 6.1.1. The "Bearer" OAuth Access Token Type Type name: Bearer Additional Token Endpoint Response Parameters: (none) HTTP Authentication Scheme(s): Bearer Change controller: IETF Specification document(s): RFC 6750 6.2. OAuth Extensions Error Registration This specification registers the following error values in the OAuth Extensions Error registry defined in [RFC6749]. 6.2.1. The "invalid_request" Error Value Error name: invalid_request Error usage location: Resource access error response Related protocol extension: Bearer access token type Change controller: IETF Specification document(s): RFC 6750 6.2.2. The "invalid_token" Error Value Error name: invalid_token Error usage location: Resource access error response Related protocol extension: Bearer access token type Change controller: IETF Specification document(s): RFC 6750 6.2.3. The "insufficient_scope" Error Value Error name: insufficient_scope Error usage location: Resource access error response Related protocol extension: Bearer access token type Change controller: IETF Specification document(s): RFC 6750 7. References 7.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January 1999. [RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [RFC2617] Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication", RFC 2617, June 1999. [RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000. [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. [RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008. [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008. [RFC6265] Barth, A., "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 6265, April 2011. [RFC6749] Hardt, D., Ed., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework", RFC 6749, October 2012. [USASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986. [W3C.REC-html401-19991224] Raggett, D., Le Hors, A., and I. Jacobs, "HTML 4.01 Specification", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-html401-19991224, December 1999, <http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224>. [W3C.REC-webarch-20041215] Jacobs, I. and N. Walsh, "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One", World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation REC-webarch-20041215, December 2004, <http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-webarch-20041215>. 7.2. Informative References [HTTP-AUTH] Fielding, R., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication", Work in Progress, October 2012. [NIST800-63] Burr, W., Dodson, D., Newton, E., Perlner, R., Polk, T., Gupta, S., and E. Nabbus, "NIST Special Publication 800-63-1, INFORMATION SECURITY", December 2011, <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/>. [OMAP] Huff, J., Schlacht, D., Nadalin, A., Simmons, J., Rosenberg, P., Madsen, P., Ace, T., Rickelton-Abdi, C., and B. Boyer, "Online Multimedia Authorization Protocol: An Industry Standard for Authorized Access to Internet Multimedia Resources", April 2012, <http://www.oatc.us/Standards/Download.aspx>. [OpenID.Messages] Sakimura, N., Bradley, J., Jones, M., de Medeiros, B., Mortimore, C., and E. Jay, "OpenID Connect Messages 1.0", June 2012, <http://openid.net/specs/ openid-connect-messages-1_0.html>. Appendix A. Acknowledgements The following people contributed to preliminary versions of this document: Blaine Cook (BT), Brian Eaton (Google), Yaron Y. Goland (Microsoft), Brent Goldman (Facebook), Raffi Krikorian (Twitter), Luke Shepard (Facebook), and Allen Tom (Yahoo!). The content and concepts within are a product of the OAuth community, the Web Resource Authorization Profiles (WRAP) community, and the OAuth Working Group. David Recordon created a preliminary version of this specification based upon an early draft of the specification that evolved into OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749]. Michael B. Jones in turn created the first version (00) of this specification using portions of David's preliminary document and edited all subsequent versions. The OAuth Working Group has dozens of very active contributors who proposed ideas and wording for this document, including Michael Adams, Amanda Anganes, Andrew Arnott, Derek Atkins, Dirk Balfanz, John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Francisco Corella, Leah Culver, Bill de hOra, Breno de Medeiros, Brian Ellin, Stephen Farrell, Igor Faynberg, George Fletcher, Tim Freeman, Evan Gilbert, Yaron Y. Goland, Eran Hammer, Thomas Hardjono, Dick Hardt, Justin Hart, Phil Hunt, John Kemp, Chasen Le Hara, Barry Leiba, Amos Jeffries, Michael B. Jones, Torsten Lodderstedt, Paul Madsen, Eve Maler, James Manger, Laurence Miao, William J. Mills, Chuck Mortimore, Anthony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, Mark Nottingham, David Recordon, Julian Reschke, Rob Richards, Justin Richer, Peter Saint-Andre, Nat Sakimura, Rob Sayre, Marius Scurtescu, Naitik Shah, Justin Smith, Christian Stuebner, Jeremy Suriel, Doug Tangren, Paul Tarjan, Hannes Tschofenig, Franklin Tse, Sean Turner, Paul Walker, Shane Weeden, Skylar Woodward, and Zachary Zeltsan. Authors' Addresses Michael B. Jones Microsoft EMail: email@example.com URI: http://self-issued.info/ Dick Hardt Independent EMail: email@example.com URI: http://dickhardt.org/ User Contributions:Comment about this RFC, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: |


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NBC News announced Wednesday that President Donald Trump would participate in a town hall-style event on Thursday — the day that he and Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden were scheduled to have a debate prior to Trump's COVID-19 diagnosis.
NBC says the event, hosted by Today show anchor Savannah Guthrie, will take place in Miami with "a group of Florida voters."
The network also said that it had received a statement from Dr. Clifford Lane, the Clinical Director at the National Institutes of Health, who said that both he and Dr. Anthony Fauci had cleared Trump to participate.
The records reportedly reviewed by Lane and Fauci included a PCR COVID-19 test. Lane said that he has a "high degree of confidence" that the president is "not shedding infectious virus."
The one-hour event will begin at 8 p.m. ET Thursday.
Trump's town hall will come the same day that Joe Biden will be holding his own town hall event on ABC. Biden scheduled the event last week after the second presidential debate was canceled. Trump withdrew from the debate last week after the Commission on Presidential Debates announced the second debate would be held virtually over safety concerns following Trump's illness.

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, "On Acoustic Reflection from Sand-Sized Water-Saturated Granular Media at MHz Frequencies: Measurements, Models and the Role of Speckle", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 148. pp. 3291-3304, 2020.
, "Acoustic Ranging in a Dynamic, Multipath Environment", 2008. Weirathmueller_2008_MS-Thesis_Acoustic_Ranging_in_Dynamic_Multipath_Environment.pdf (10.07 MB)
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, "Acoustic observations of the deep scattering layer during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill", 161st meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Seattle, WA, USA, 2011.
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, "Acoustic Monitoring and Tracking of Natural Hydrocarbons Gas Bubbles Over the Course of a Year", Science and Ocean Engineering Graduate Research Symposium. p. Virtual, 2021.
, "Acoustic Methods for Mapping and Characterizing Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Using a Multibeam Echosounder", University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 2019.
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, "Acoustic Mapping of Thermohaline Staircases in the Arctic Ocean", Nature Scientific Reports, vol. 7:15192. Springer Nature, pp. 1-9, 2017. Stranne_et_al_2017_Acoustic_Mapping_of_Thermohaline_Staircases.pdf (3.65 MB)
, "Acoustic Mapping of Mixed Layer Depth", Ocean Science, vol. 14, 3. pp. 503-514, 2018.
, "Acoustic estimates of methane gas flux from the seabed in a 6000 km2 region of the Northern Gulf of Mexico", Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol. 15, no. 5. AGU, pp. 1911-1925, 2014. ggge20450.pdf (1.66 MB)
, "Acoustic Documentation of Temperate Odontocetes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas", Marine Mammal Science, vol. 35. Society for Marine Mammalogy, pp. 1099-1111, 2019. Seger_et_al-2019-Marine_Mammal_Science.pdf (3.33 MB)
, "Acoustic Detection and Quantification of Crude Oil", University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 2019.
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, "Geocoder: An Efficient Backscatter Map Constructor", U.S. Hydrographic Conference (US HYDRO). San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2005.
, "NOAA's OKEANOS EXPLORER and Telepresence Technology", Marine Technology Reporter, vol. 49. Maritime Activity Reports, Inc., pp. 24-33, 2006.
, "Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA) - Web-based GIS Data Display and Management System for Oil Spill Planning and Environmental Response", Coastal Geotools. Myrtle Beach, SC, USA, 2009.
, "Variations in sedimentary environments and accretionary processes in estuarine marshes undergoing rapid sea level rise, Chesapeake Bay", Marine Geology, vol. 151. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 111-134, 1998.
, "A Deployment of Broadband Seismic Stations in Two Deep Gold Mines", Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines. Taylor & Francis, 2009.
, "Security in the Open Navigation Surface Model", University of New Hampshire (UNH), Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)/Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC), 2004.
, "Mosaic tools for lidar surveying", Joint Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise Coastal Mapping and Charting Workshop (JALBTCX). Seattle, WA, USA, 2007.
, "High-resolution Delineation of Acoustically Homogeneous Areas in Multibeam Backscatter Maps", Gulf of Maine Symposium. St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 2009.
, "Virtual Hand Tool with Force Feedback", ACM Computer Human Interaction (CHI). Boston, MA, USA, pp. 83-84, 1994.
, "Dealing with increasing data volumes and decreasing resources", IEEE Oceans. Biloxi, MS, USA, pp. 0-21, 2002.
, "Bathymetry and Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter Imagery with a Volume Search Sonar", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 115, pp. 0-1, 2004.
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text:
October 1970
This is a celebration of weeds. A bouquet of unappreciated, misunderstood, and hence unwanted flora. Aliens, mostly, though many came to these shores with the first colonists and have long since qualified for American citizenship.
This is a celebration of weeds. A bouquet of unappreciated, misunderstood, and hence unwanted flora. Aliens, mostly, though many came to these shores with the first colonists and have long since qualified for American citizenship.
Weeds. Pests. Worthless. Tenacious. Noxious. Pernicious. Kill them. Hoe them. Yank them. Mow them. Spray them. And pay heed to The Yearbook of Agriculture 1962: Weeds cause losses of millions of dollars to American agriculture, because they reduce yields of crops and prevent the efficient use of land. Some people are allergic to the pollen of some weeds. Poison ivy causes discomfort to many persons. Weeds harbor insects and disease-producing organisms that attack crop plants. They steal water and nutrients from valuable plants. They increase costs of labor and equipment and reduce land values. Thorny weeds discourage hand harvesting. Weeds clog harvesting equipment and prevent recovery of full harvest. Weeds clog up irrigation and drainage canals. Weeds interfere with swimming, boating, and fishing. They are costly to control in rights-of-way and lawns.
Terrible weeds.
Wonderful weeds. Beautiful. Bountiful. Fascinating. Historic. Succulent. Healthful. Helpful. Enjoy them. Study them. Pick them. Savor them. Cultivate them. Cherish them.
Unfortunately, no bureaucrat in the vast Washington halls of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has ever sung the praises of weeds. Perhaps the closest thing is a forgotten little book of two decades ago, Weeds: Guardians of the Soil , by Joseph A. Cocannouer, professor of conservation and botany at the University of Oklahoma. Weeds, he said in their defense, bring essential minerals from the subsoil to the depleted topsoil. Weeds restore eroded land. Weeds, rotated with commercial crops, greatly improve fertility. Weeds make good companion plants, enabling surface-feeders to obtain water during dry spells. Weeds are indicators of specific soil deficiencies. And weeds make good eating—for both man and beast.
That last virtue has not gone unnoticed by botanists, naturalists, physicians, and herbalists from Dioscorides of the first century to John Gérard of the sixteenth to Euell Gibbons of the twentieth.
But first: What is a weed?
The usual answer: a plant out of place.
Or, as defined in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , "A plant considered undesirable, unattractive, or troublesome; especially, one growing where it is not wanted in cultivated ground."
Given that broad meaning, and the right set of circumstances, it might be difficult for any plant not to qualify as a weed at least some of the time. Perhaps the weed philosophy was explained best by John M. Fogg, Jr., professor of botany at the University of Pennsylvania, in his handbook of Weeds of Lawn and Garden , published by the University of Pennsylvania Press: The sentiments with which the farmer, interested in forage or grain, will view timothy, alfalfa, clover, or oats will differ radically from those entertained toward them by persons whose lawns, gardens, and truck patches they invade. Conversely, ox-eye daisy and blackeyed Susan, which are regarded with affection by many, will be branded by the farmer as unmitigated nuisances. Dandelion, lamb's-quarters, and pokeweed are highly valued for the 'greens' they provide, but their appearance in lawn or garden is cause for lamentation. Bouncing Bet and butter-and-eggs may elicit admiration when growing in colorful masses along railroad or highway, but no self-respecting gardener wants them on his premises. Even certain plants which have been intentionally introduced into the garden, because of their beauty or some other desirable quality, have manifested a disposition to get out of hand and have worn out their welcome … Combined with their genius for growing 'where they are not wanted,' most plants which are characterized as weeds possess to an unusual degree a joint capacity for vigorous growth and survival under adverse conditions. One need only examine a garden during a drought to be aware of this fact: corn has wilted, beans are gasping for water, the familiar ornamentals wear a bedraggled look, but purslane, carpetweed, dock, and the rest of the weedy tribe appear to be thriving … The criteria which lead to certain plants being classed as weeds are derived from a knowledge of their occurrence and behavior rather than because of their lack of beauty. Indeed, many species universally outlawed as weeds are extremely attractive and, were it not for their inherent tendency to dominate any situation into which they are projected, might rank high in popular favor.
Beautiful weeds?
It is admittedly difficult—though not impossible—to say something nice about poison ivy, with its toxic oil, or ragweed, with its insufferable pollen. If you are one of the millions who, each autumn, must endure a siege of hay fever, then you will accept the wisdom of noxious-weed laws which—for the sake of public health— decree fines and even jail for property owners who let vacant lots go rank. But if you are a sneezing naturalist, you quickly point out to the man with the scythe that it is not the lovely and conspicuous goldenrods—whose pollen is too heavy to be blown on the wind—that are to blame.
One can also agree with the farmer who finds his labors of the soil hindered by pernicious plants. One can even sympathize with the homeowner who demands a perfectly manicured lawn of only the finest grasses. And some weeds are simply coarse, intrinsically ugly, though not without value to wildlife as food and cover, or in the kettle, or in the apothecary jar, or in the vase.
But it is by the wayside that naturalists, botanists, and conservationists finally must part with the antiweed forces.
For it is the road commissioners—with their mowers and with their weed killers, their herbicides of questionable safety—that have made motoring in America poorer for their efforts.
The roadside that the engineer envisions is a roadside free of trees, free of brush, free of weeds, with the grass—which survives the somewhat selective poisons—closely cropped. What the motorist gets in return is an ugly brownout for yards on either side of the roadway. What the motorist is deprived of—even on little-travelled rural lanes—is the pleasure, the glory, of summer's wildflower spectacular: the masses of purples, reds, oranges, golds, blues, and lacy whites, from June through October. Even the rarest, most beautiful wild orchids can fall victim to the indiscriminate blade or spray truck.
Not all of officialdom is antiweed. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources strongly supports legislation to designate "natural beauty roads," where spraying or mowing of the roadside vegetation would be prohibited. South Dakota's roadsides are not mowed until the state's prized ring-necked pheasants have finished nesting.
Near Dayton, Ohio, the Aullwood Audubon Center thought it too had an agreement with the county not to defoliate its roadsides, with their profusion of wayside flowers—rare prairie species in their midst—that hundreds of youngsters and their parents paused to admire on their visits. When, quite routinely, the sprayers left a scorched earth in place of that wild garden, the nature center retaliated with a series of signs in the best Burma Shave tradition:
Soon thereafter county officials agreed to provide green-and-white signs to landowners who did not want their roadsides defoliated. The first day there were 487 requests. Not content, the Audubonists then forced the state to cancel plans to spray all median strips on its interstate highways. A total of fifty thousand more acres were saved from herbicides.
When and how and why did they come here, these wonderful wayside weeds? And from where?
Perhaps no more than a third of the plants commonly chastised as weeds are native to North America. Most originated in Europe and Eurasia. Many came on the Mayflower . Settlers brought their favorite potherbs and medicinals, and familiar flowers to brighten their yards. And forage for their animals. Plants that promptly spread into the clearings where virgin forest once stood—and found an ecological niche free of any competition from native plants.
The most fertile source of weeds was the ballast of ships—the tons of dirt dumped overboard once a light-sailing vessel reached port. And seventy thousand weed seeds were counted in a mere two pints of clover seeds shipped here from England in 1860.
Historic weeds.
When the Pilgrims sailed for the New World, botany and medicine were one and the same science. And it was a worthless plant indeed that did not have its place in the family herbal, whether its virtues were real or imagined. Many a plant is named for its original use in medicine, while many a traditional use was suggested by a plant's features—where it grows, its color, its shape, its smell, its taste. Plants with red flowers would purify the blood. Plants with yellow flowers would cure jaundice. Plants with a bad smell would treat ulcers. Plants that grow in wet places would ease rheumatism. Plants that sting would stimulate the circulation.
Snakebite? The antidote was viper's bugloss, with its seed shaped like a reptile's head. Insomnia? The best cure was skullcap, shaped like a human skull. Sore eyes? Use eyebright, its little purplish-white flower with the yellow center suggesting the human eye. A bad cough? Pick lungwort, with its spotted leaves that resemble the lung.
The cures were legend and legion. So too were the uses in the kitchen. Even a thistle could be prized. John Evelyn, in 1699, offered this recipe for milk thistle: The young stalks about May being peeled and soaked in water to extract the bitterness, boiled or raw is a very wholesome sallet eaten with oyl, salt and pepper. Boil them in water with a little salt till they are very soft and so let them dry to drain. They are eaten with fresh butter melted not too thin and this a delicate and wholesome dish.
Perhaps, in these days of soaring food prices, we shall witness a return to nature's green bounty. And there are already a few wise men who prefer wild greens and wild vegetables and wild fruits to the prepackaged and ofttimes bland produce of today's sterile supermarkets. Certainly the supply is unlimited.
Meanwhile, a weed is a weed only in the state of one's mind. As in the case of the Iowa legislators who, in a moment of parochial fun, declared the official state flower of neighboring Kansas—the native sunflower—a noxious weed, to be eradicated at all costs.


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Added: October 16, 2009
In October 14, Lord Christopher Monckton gave a presentation in St. Paul, MN on the subject of global warming. In this 4-minute excerpt from his speech, he issues a dire warning to all Americans regarding the United Nations Climate Change Treaty that is scheduled to be signed in Copenhagen in December 2009.
A draft of the treaty can be read here:
Chuck Norris has an article in WorldNetDaily with a good analysis of the treaty:
There has been considerable debate raised about Monckton's conclusion that the Copenhagen Treaty would cede US sovereignty. His comments appear to be based upon his interpretation of the The Supremacy Clause in the US Constitution (Article VI, paragraph 2). This clause establishes the Constitution, Federal Statutes, and U.S. TREATIES as the supreme law of the land. Concerns have been raised in the past that a particularly ambitious treaty may supersede the US Constitution. In the 1950s, a constitutional amendment, known as the Bricker Amendment, was proposed in response to such fears, but it failed to pass. You can read more about the Bricker Amendment in a 1953 Time Magazine article:
Lord Monckton served as a policy adviser to Margaret Thatcher. He has repeatedly challenged Al Gore to a debate to which Gore has refused. Monckton sued to stop Gore's film "An Inconvenient Truth" from being shown in British schools due to its inaccuracies. The judge found in-favor of Monckton, ordering 9 serious errors in the film to be corrected. Lord Monckton travels internationally in an attempt to educate the public about the myth of global warming.
Has Anyone Read the Copenhagen Agreement? U.N. plans for a new 'world government' are scary.
Source: The Wall Street Journal
We can only hope that world leaders will do nothing more than enjoy a pleasant bicycle ride around the charming streets of Copenhagen come December. For if they actually manage to wring out an agreement based on the current draft text of the Copenhagen climate-change treaty, the world is in for some nasty surprises. Draft text, you say? If you haven't heard about it, that's because none of our otherwise talkative political leaders have bothered to tell us what the drafters have already cobbled together for leaders to consider. And neither have the media.
Enter Lord Christopher Monckton. The former adviser to Margaret Thatcher gave an address at Bethel University in St. Paul, Minnesota, earlier this month that made quite a splash. For the first time, the public heard about the 181 pages, dated Sept. 15, that comprise the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change—a rough draft of what could be signed come December.
So far there have been more than a million hits on the YouTube post of his address. It deserves millions more because Lord Monckton warns that the aim of the Copenhagen draft treaty is to set up a transnational "government" on a scale the world has never before seen.
The "scheme for the new institutional arrangement under the Convention" that starts on page 18 contains the provision for a "government." The aim is to give a new as yet unnamed U.N. body the power to directly intervene in the financial, economic, tax and environmental affairs of all the nations that sign the Copenhagen treaty.
The reason for the power grab is clear enough: Clause after complicated clause of the draft treaty requires developed countries to pay an "adaptation debt" to developing countries to supposedly support climate change mitigation. Clause 33 on page 39 says that "by 2020 the scale of financial flows to support adaptation in developing countries must be [at least $67 billion] or [in the range of $70 billion to $140 billion per year]."
And how will developed countries be slugged to provide for this financial flow to the developing world? The draft text sets out various alternatives, including option seven on page 135, which provides for "a [global] levy of 2 per cent on international financial market [monetary] transactions to Annex I Parties." Annex 1 countries are industrialized countries, which include among others the U.S., Australia, Britain and Canada.
To be sure, countries that sign international treaties always cede powers to a U.N. body responsible for implementing treaty obligations. But the difference is that this treaty appears to have been subject to unusual attempts to conceal its convoluted contents. And apart from the difficulty of trying to decipher the U.N. verbiage, there are plenty of draft clauses described as "alternatives" and "options" that should raise the ire of free and democratic countries concerned about preserving their sovereignty.
Lord Monckton himself only became aware of the extraordinary powers to be vested in this new world government when a friend found an obscure U.N. Web site and searched through several layers of hyperlinks before discovering a document that isn't even called the draft "treaty." Instead, it's labelled a "Note by the Secretariat."
Interviewed by broadcaster Alan Jones on Sydney radio Monday, Lord Monckton said "this is the first time I've ever seen any transnational treaty referring to a new body to be set up under that treaty as a 'government.' But it's the powers that are going to be given to this entirely unelected government that are so frightening." He added: "The sheer ambition of this new world government is enormous right from the start—that's even before it starts accreting powers to itself in the way that these entities inevitably always do."
Critics have admonished Lord Monckton for his colorful language. He has certainly been vigorous. In his exposé of the draft Copenhagen treaty in St. Paul, he warned Americans that "in the next few weeks, unless you stop it, your president will sign your freedom, your democracy and your prosperity away forever." Yet his critics fail to deal with the substance of what he says.
Ask yourself this question: Given that our political leaders spend hundreds of hours talking about climate change and the need for a global consensus in Copenhagen, why have none of them talked openly about the details of this draft climate-change treaty? After all, the final treaty will bind signatories for years to come. What exactly are they hiding? Thanks to Lord Monckton we now know something of their plans.
Janos Pasztor, director of the Secretary-General's Climate Change Support Team, told reporters in New York Monday that with the U.S. Congress yet to pass a climate-change bill, a global climate-change treaty is now an unlikely outcome in Copenhagen. Let's hope he is right. And thank you, America.
Ms. Albrechtsen is a columnist for the Australian.
By JANET ALBRECHTSEN


text: Stories of CDH patients lost that are already printed in our newsletter, "The Silver Lining" and our book, "Stories of Cherubs". ***Please do not post your stories here (we'll post them for you after they are published) but please feel free to add updates to your stories or comment on other stories by using the Reply button on story post.***


text:
Chapter 3
1)By night on my bed I sought him whom my soul loveth: I sought him, but I found him not.
2)I will rise now, and go about the city in the streets, and in the broad ways I will seek him whom my soul loveth: I sought him, but I found him not.
3)The watchmen that go about the city found me: to whom I said, Saw ye him whom my soul loveth?
4)It was but a little that I passed from them, but I found him whom my soul loveth: I held him, and would not let him go, until I had brought him into my mother's house, and into the chamber of her that conceived me.
5)I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and by the hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, till he please.
6)Who is this that cometh out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all powders of the merchant?
7)Behold his bed, which is Solomon's; threescore valiant men are about it, of the valiant of Israel.
8)They all hold swords, being expert in war: every man hath his sword upon his thigh because of fear in the night.
9)King Solomon made himself a chariot of the wood of Lebanon.
10)He made the pillars thereof of silver, the bottom thereof of gold, the covering of it of purple, the midst thereof being paved with love, for the daughters of Jerusalem.
11)Go forth, O ye daughters of Zion, and behold king Solomon with the crown wherewith his mother crowned him in the day of his espousals, and in the day of the gladness of his heart.


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Chilly's 500ml Bottles - Sea Life
Beautifully minimal designs by Will the Artist, a London-based creative who combines the disciplines of art, product design, graphic design and film making to create his unique works.
24 Hours Cold
Ice-cold drinks for up to 24 hours, regardless of the outside temperature. Our advanced double-walled vacuum insulation makes warm water a thing of the past
12 Hours Hot
Keep your tea or coffee hot for up to 12 hours. Perfect for those winter walks and cold morning commutes. Careful - Chilly's works a little too well!
Leak proof, sweat free
Our airtight screw top lid prevents soaked bags and accidental spills. The vacuum insulation means your Chilly's Bottle will remain condensation free.
Quality materials, BPA free
Chilly's Bottles are constructed from durable, high-grade 304 stainless steel, for both the inside and outside walls. This preserves the flavour and freshness of your drink, without any tainting.
Powder Coating
In pursuit of their goal to create the highest quality products possible, all single coloured Chilly's Bottles are now finished using an advanced powder coating process.
This offers a much harder wearing finish, with the same amazing colour you would expect from Chilly's Bottles.


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49,90€ – 54,90€ incl. VAT where applicable
Diameter of the die | 45mm |
Thickness | 1mm |
Size | 4mm |
Contact us if you are unsure or your model is not listed
"xx" can stand for any number between 00 and 99.
PASTA MAKER | LIST OF MODELS (contact us if your model is not listed) | ADAPTER NEEDED |
Kenwood Pasta Maker | AT910, AX910, KAX910ME, PP510, KAX92.AO, KAX92.A0ME | Compatible No additional adapter is needed |
Philips Pasta Maker Avance or Premium | HR2353/xx, HR2354/xx, HR2355/xx, HR2356/xx, HR2357/xx, HR2358/xx, HR2365/xx, HR2375/xx, HR2378/xx, HR2380/xx, HR2381/xx, HR2382/xx You can also find dies to be used without the adapter here. | Design Metal-Adapter for Philips Avance or POM-Adapter for Philips Avance (dishwasher safe) |
Philips Pasta Maker 7000 Series | HR2660/xx, HR2665/xx You can also find dies to be used without the adapter here. | Design Metal-Adapter for Philips 7000 Series or POM-Adapter for Philips 7000 Series (dishwasher safe) |
Philips Pasta Maker Viva and 5000 Series | HR2332/xx, HR2333/xx, HR2334/xx, HR2335/xx, HR2342/xx, HR2345/xx, HR2370/xx, HR2371/xx, HR2372/xx You can also find dies to be used without the adapter here. | Adapter for Philips Viva & 5000 Series |
Unold | Unold 68801, Unold 68860 | Adapter for Unold |
Ariete | Ariete 1950 | Adapter for Ariete |
KitchenAid | 5KPEXTA, 5KSMPEXTA (the pasta cutter won't work) You can also find dies to be used without the adapter here. | Adapter for KitchenAid |
Marcato | Marcato Regina You can also find dies to be used without the adapter here. | Adapter for Marcato |
La Fattorina | La Fattorina, Fimar MPF1.5, Arcobaleno AEX-10, GGMGastro NMF5, Bartscher You can also find dies to be used without the adapter here. | Adapter for Fattorina |
Fimar VIP2 | Fimar VIP2, La Fattorina VIP2 | Adapter for Fimar VIP2 |
Häussler Luna | Häussler Luna | Adapter for Häussler Luna |
Häussler | Häussler PN100, Häussler Emma, Bottene LilloDue | Adapter for Häussler PN100 |
Simac | Simac PastaMatic | Adapter for Simac Pastamatic |
La Pastaia, Sela, Korngold | Sela TR50, La Pastaia TR50, Korngold TR50 | No adapter is needed, but this small plastic ring is recommended |
Bronze drawing, a typically artisanal technique for the production of dry pasta, is a process that gives the finished product a porous and rough effect. Thanks to these features, the different condiments, from savory sauces to spicy creams, can be easily retained by bronze drawn pasta. Our bronze dies are universal. Apart form being very resistant, they're compatible with different Pasta Makers' models and brands, like: Philips Pasta Maker, Unold, Ariete, KitchenAid, Marcato Regina e Simac PastaMatic. On our website you can also find solutions for Fattorina e Firmar, Häussler e TR50. If your Kenwood Pasta Maker model is replaced by the latest one you can still use the same favourite bronze formats that you already own. Plus, if you decide to change your brand of pasta machine, you can still continue to use your collection of dies, by acquiring the compatible adapter.
If you decide to purchase Pastidea items, you'll choose a 100% Made in Italy productive reality which cares about the quality and the uniqueness of its products. Pastidea screens are produced from high-quality materials. They respect strict quality standards and they're made to last for a long time. The full production process of Pastidea dies, starting from production till packaging, is based in Italy.
There's certanly more than one way to clean bronze screens properly, but we suggest you the following steps. In order to simplify the cleaning process, it would be better to start as soon as the dough extrusion is done. Pass your dies under running water and avoid to wash them with chemical cleaning products. Remember not to put them into the dishwasher. At this point you can carefully remove the left residues on the inside of the screens by using our cleaning tools. Finally proceed with drying your screens by hand to avoid any rings. If you own PVD bronze screens instead please note that they're dishwasher safe. Don't forget to remove the inner dough residues with one of our cleaning tools and let them dry.
Fresh pasta is an extremely versatile food which allows you to create real customised recipes. By choosing your favourite pasta formats and by mixing different flours and ingredients you can obtain the perfect pasta, according to your taste. Since it's very easy to prepare, even who suffers from gluten intolerance can have a mouth-watering pasta dish. It's acutally possible to taste gluten free pasta by choosing alternative flours, such as the rice or the bean one (like chickpea, pea or lentil flour). If you are interested in trying out alternative cuisines, you can test yourself in preparing tasty vegetarian and vegan main courses. You can add high-protein flours to your dough, like buckwheat, corn, spelt and quinoa flour, for example. These kind of ingredients, apart from having a particular taste, perfectly combine with vegetable-base ragus or with savoury veg seasonings. You can also give a nice touch to your table by colouring your dough in different ways. By adding ingredients like food colorants, vegetable extracts (from carrot, beetroot or spinach, for example) and spices and herbs, you can obtain a very pleasant and colourful result.


text:
Tax included
Description iPhone Case
This product is made from excellent quality TPU and with impeccable printing . It guarantees the protection of your iPhone from impacts, scratches and dirt. This case is thin and light. Its raised edge will provide extra protection for your screen.
✅ Easy to put on and take off
✅ Made from BPA-free hybrid thermoplastic (TPU) and polycarbonate (PC) materials
✅ Compatible with wireless charging
✅ The SE cover corresponds to the iPhone SE model of 2020
🚛 Delivery
🚛 We offer FREE Colissimo delivery (3-5 working days) for Metropolitan France.
We also offer priority processing 🚀, which reduces the time of customization for your order. We will do our best to send as fast as possible your parcel.
👉 If you need any help regarding the delivery, we answer to your messages quickly: firstname.lastname@example.com
Why Henriette&co?
- The happiness of the person who will receive your gift is guaranteed!
- You will soon receive a high quality personalized item
- Our designs are unique, fun, and beautiful
- We work closely with our teams to offer fair prices!
Customize to your image:
- Names & Quotes: Easily personalize your gift by filling in the "names" fields and choose the quote that suits you best!
- The setting: Choose from our selection of beautiful locations
- In your image: Personalize your product as you wish from a multitude of choices of skin color, haircut, clothing and artifices
Make any occasion special with our best-selling personalized gifts. Whether you are going to celebrate special occasions such as weddings, birthdays, anniversaries..., personalized gifts will be a fantastic way to let that loved one know you are thinking of them.
Your loved ones will feel so good receiving a personalized gift that was made by you and from the bottom of your heart. Whether it's a Valentine's Day gift, a birthday present, a housewarming gift, etc... you can find the perfect gifts for you or your loved ones with Henriette&co.