text:
Follow This Advice To Become Educated On Web Hosting
Does paying a lot of money for web hosting bill make you wince?
Find several reviews when you are searching for a host.If you just listen to a few people, then their levels of experience and competence may be so far apart that there is no way to make a middle ground decision Myunixhosting.com.
You should select a web host service that offers enough space to grow your site to grow. An individual static HTML page should not take much space, but adding pictures or videos will need a lot more space.
Web hosting services often charge you based on the amount of traffic that is coming to your website. Find out if your host will bill you a flat rate plus overage for greater traffic, while other hosts charge you a different amount every month in function of your traffic.
Use these statistics to help you change aspects of your business.
Check to see if the hosts that you're considering provides you money back guarantees. If you don't like your service in the first month, you should be able to cancel the service and receive a refund. Not every web hosts may actually be as good as advertised.
Many web hosts rely on other major host of their own.
Look for web hosts that provides a cPanel. A cPanel will allow you to add applications to your site easily. The applications in a cPanel are simple to use will be very user friendly and intuitive to install. It is Linux based and makes running your website's management much more efficient.
Try to talk to other users of the hosts you're considering. These chats will also increase your confidence in a good company. Customers who currently use the web host will give you the best advice possible.
This gives you judge a general idea about the host's service and support. While these awards could be faked, you can do your research, and visit the sites that gave the award to double check that the company is legit. Hosts with lots of these fan-voted awards are ones that you should go with.
Now you know what you really need in the way of web hosting and have the knowledge necessary to get the best deal from the best host. A web host that is reliable is crucial to an online business and you want the best. Apply the tips you learned to choose the best web hosting service possible.


text:
GoLite Shangri-La 3 shelter and Exped DownMat UL. Taken with the Sony E 10-18mm lens. |
My major outdoor experiences in 2013 were making The Cairngorms In Winter film with Terry
Abraham and walking the Scottish Watershed. Both required good gear that was well-tested.
Some was familiar and trusted, some was new or previously little-used. I also
tested much gear for The Great Outdoors magazine. Here I've rounded up the ten
items that stood out for me plus one old friend that resurfaced.
Rab Strata Hoodie
This synthetic insulated jacket
only appeared in the autumn but since a sample arrived I've been using it
regularly. Marrying Polartec's new Alpha insulation with Rab's excellent design
the Strata Hoodie is warm, lightweight and breathable with a good hood and
roomy pockets. I've worn it ski touring as well as backpacking and found it
replaces a windproof top and lightweight fleece. In fact it does the job
softshell is claimed to do, only better.
This simple, lightweight, low cost jacket is close to an
ideal fleece top for me, challenging my old and much-worn Jack Wolfskin Gecko.
It's very comfortable and breathable and not too warm - a problem with many
fleeces when worn under a shell. I can see this getting much wear in the
future. (In fact I'm wearing it as I write this).
Rab Infinity 300
Airing the Rab Infinity 300 |
Rab's Infinity bags were launched in 2012 and the 500 was
one of my favourites last year. I used it often during the Cairngorms filming.
I felt it was too warm for the Watershed walk however so I took the Infinity
300 on that trip and it was ideal, keeping me warm when the temperatures dipped
close to freezing whilst not being too hot on warmer nights. It only weighed
650 grams and packed down very small.
Rab Myriad
Polartec's Neoshell has been my favourite shell fabric with
a membrane since it first appeared a few years ago. The Myriad is one of the
lightest Neoshell jackets so I chose it for the Watershed walk. It was used far
more often than I'd hoped and proved excellent. The design is good as well as
the fabric, with a superb hood and roomy pockets that sit above a pack hipbelt.
PHD Wafer Down Jacket
This ultralight down jacket arrived just before I set off on
the Watershed walk so I decided to take it with me as at a mere 190 grams it
weighed less than alternatives that weren't as warm and packed into a minute
bundle. It was great in camp on chilly nights and made a good pillow. The down
isn't water-resistant but I managed not to get it damp.
Brunton Hydrogen
This little device won several awards during the year (I was
one of the judges for two of them). I've only had one to try for a short time
as very few are actually available so far but it worked fine and I like the
idea behind it. Rather than a heavy battery it uses non-polluting hydrogen
cells to charge devices - cells that don't run down when stored and which can
be refilled. I'm looking forward to having one for a longer period and trying
it on a long walk.
Exped DownMat UL 7
Down filled sleeping mats are extremely comfortable but the
first ones were also quite heavy and bulky. This one though only weighs 583
grams in the Medium size and packs down quite small. I used it for snow camping
during filming for The Cairngorms In Winter and it was luxurious.
Optimus Vega Stove
During the making of the Cairngorms film I tried out several
different stoves for melting snow and cold weather cooking and settled on this
little Optimus model as the best. It's compact and light (181 grams) and has a
low profile for stability. The big advantage though is that it has fold-out
supports so the canister can be inverted to turn it into a liquid feed stove
for sub zero use.
Darn Tough Socks
I'd read many good reports about these socks from the USA but had never seen a pair until this year
when they arrived in Britain.
They're claimed to be extremely hard wearing. I've had a pair since September
and have worn them for daily wear as well as on the hill and so far they are
Sony E 10-18mm lens
Having read excellent reviews of this expensive lens I
decided I wanted one for the Watershed walk so I took the plunge and traded in
all my unused camera gear - everything from lenses to camera bags - and bought
one. It weighs 225 grams and the quality both of the lens itself and the images
it takes is excellent. I used it with both the NEX 7 and NEX 6 bodies and couldn't
see any significant difference.
Shangri-La 3, taken with the Sony E 10-18mm lens |
GoLite Shangri-La 3
This isn't a new item and I've had one for many years and
it's first incarnation as the Hex before that. However with other tents to test
and a love affair with the Mountain Laurel Designs Trailstar I hadn't used it
for several years. I pulled it out for The Cairngorms In Winter film mainly, I
admit, because I thought the bright colour would look good. I soon rediscovered
how good a shelter it is though, especially in winter when the extra room is
welcome as is the good stability. I won't neglect it again.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hello and the warmest welcome to Sweet Sketch Wednesday 2. It is Anne here in the UK welcoming you this week on behalf of the team and we are so pleased to have you come and visit us at this busy time of the year.
to all who celebrate it, here's hoping that you have a wonderful holiday time with loved ones.
Before we get onto this weeks sketch it's time to announce last weeks winner ...
#8 Kelly!!
Please contact Sally at email@example.com to claim your prize and don't forget to grab your winners badge from the sidebar.
On week's that we have more than 15 entries, we choose a Top Three - Last week we were almost there with 14... We will be featuring a few cards on our Facebook Page - Be sure to check it out - you may find your card there =)
with a wonderful prize of $15 worth of digis.
Here's a message from them
We are delighted to be able to sponsor this fun challenge and to offer a prize to a happy winner! Visit Daydream Designs store for our full line of whimsical, hand-drawn digi images, sentiments, papers, embellishments, and more for all your crafting needs. Images are usually in both JPEG and PNG with 300 dpi resolution, are resizable and our crisp, black-line sentiments can be recolored in most photo editing programs. We promote family-friendly, wholesome products with many Christian-themed images and scripture verses. There is sure to be something for every crafter and every project whether digitally created or traditionally designed.
Visit our Daydream Designs blog for tons of inspiration from our Dream Team Designers. Diane Noble, Owner/Illustrator
As it is the last week in the month we are re-visiting a previous sketch and this month it is designed by Arlana
and here's what the Design Team did with it
Heide - using Bounteous Blessings
Joanna - using Homework Helpers
Kathie - using Stocking Pals
Linda - using Snow Angel
Anne - using Autumn Splendour
If you have an image from the current week's Sponsor, we'd love to see what you can do with it. However, you may use any stamp or element you have to create your card.
Please don't forget to leave a comment in order to be in with a chance of winning.
We are only 2 Followers away from our next "Candy" drawing... tell you friends to come join us!!
Happy Crafting!!
Please don't forget to leave a comment in order to be in with a chance of winning.
We are only 2 Followers away from our next "Candy" drawing... tell you friends to come join us!!
Happy Crafting!!
Anne &


text:
La Cumbre, Colima
Colima Mexico
Colima is a city and also the name of a Mexican state. Colima is located in the western Mexico. The state's main cities include Manzanillo and Tecoman. The truth is that Manzanillo is the most popular tourism destination, as many water sports are being performed on the spot. Nevertheless, paragliding is also a famous extreme sport, being practiced at Colima.


text:
Raiders Beat Chiefs on Final Play, 31-30
Derek Carr threw a 2-yard touchdown pass to Michael Crabtree on the game's final play, and the Raiders upset the Kansas City Chiefs, 31-30, in Oakland on Thursday night. The wild prime time game saw seven lead changes, culminating in a dramatic final series that saw three penalties called inside the 10-yard line with less than 10 seconds to play.
Trailing 30-24, the Raiders began their game-winning drive at their own 15-yard line with 2:25 to play. Carr hooked up with Amari Cooper (39 yards) and Jared Cook (13 yards) on key passes that kept the drive alive.
It looked like Oakland (3-4) had gone ahead when Carr hit Cook from 29 yards out for a presumed score with 18 seconds to play, but a replay review gave the Raiders the ball inches from the goal line and ran 10 seconds off the clock.
Carr then connected with Crabtree for a touchdown with 3 seconds left, but the receiver was called for a pass interference penalty. Officials made defensive holding calls on Kansas City defenders Ron Parker and Eric Murray on subsequent plays, setting up Carr's game-winning toss to Crabtree with no time left. Giorgio Tavecchio's extra-point gave Oakland the win.
Carr finished 29-of-52 passing for 417 yards and three touchdowns. Cooper caught 11 passes for 210 yards and two scores.
Raiders running back Marshawn Lynch was ejected in the second quarter when he shoved an official during a melee between the teams at midfield after Chiefs defensive back Marcus Peters hit Carr late.
Alex Smith passed for 342 yards and three touchdowns for Kansas City (5-2). Tyreek Hill caught six passes for 125 yards and a score.


text:
The Persistence of Vision Raytracer (POV-Ray).
This is the legacy Bug Tracking System for the POV-Ray project. Bugs listed here are being migrated to our github issue tracker. Please refer to that for new reports or updates to existing ones on this system.
Opened by Jim Holsenback - 2014-03-15
Last edited by William F Pokorny - 2017-01-07
FS#321 - bounding threshold inconsistency
User reported documentation inconsistency. Investigation led to the discovery of a bug in the setting of the current default value.
~source/frontend/renderfrontend.cpp reports the value "3" while ~source/backend/scene/scene.cpp sets a default value of "1"
Before for addressing this issue, are there any thoughts as to what the default value should be?


text:
Pakistan Currency |
| Cheapest Price | |
Pakistan Local Time (Capital) | 01:41 | Average Flight Time |
9 hour
50 min
Number of Flights per Week | Cheapest Month to Fly |
When you search for flights Angola - Pakistan, Wingie directly extracts instantaneous data of all airlines and compares them. Thus, you can view all Angola - Pakistan flights for selected dates and find the most suitable flight ticket for you.
Most Popular Pakistan airports: Bacha Khan Intl. - Peshawar Intl., Allama Iqbal Intl, Faisalabad Intl., Jinnah Intl., Islamabad Intl, Sialkot Intl., Multan Intl., Quetta Intl., Skardu


text:
The Germans have a wry saying. "We sent for guest workers, but Menschen came instead." Meaning that after WWII, the work force of foreigners who came to Germany turned out to be fellow human beings.
I find myself thinking about that saying. The flow of refugees heading this way is huge and overwhelming, and in some ways I am afraid. I love the security and safety of life here, how clean it is. I'm proud to live in a land with universal health care and great mass transit, wonderful street cafés, and (most important of all) the guarantee of personal freedoms and a firm commitment to human rights.
What does this have to do with the hordes of refugees flooding the country? I'm not sure. Maybe nothing at all. But I hear from some of my friends, "What if Europe becomes Muslim? What if the streets are filled next with women in full burkas? What if we lose our freedoms as Germans bend over backwards to accommodate the newcomers?"
They're nameless, faceless. They're the others, the ones who constitute a vague but ever-growing threat.
One of my great bonds with the man I married is our desire to explore the world together. We've taken vacations in moderate Muslim lands. Every trip was wonderful, filled with people with dreams and hopes like yours and mine. I have a serious disconnect when I try to reconcile the horror of ISIS with the kindness of the friendly people we met in Egypt… Indonesia… Tunisia… Malaysia… Turkey… Singapore. The answer, of course, is they can't be reconciled. The two have nothing to do with each other.
I'm terrified of the fanaticism that just killed more than 100 people in Paris. The refugees are terrified, too. The people fleeing to Europe want the same things we do: a civilized place to work, live, and raise their children. A stream of humanity is arriving. People with dreams and hopes, like yours and mine.
Each time I go to massage the refugee M. [1], I'm confronted with my own fear of the unknown foreign.
We have no languages in common. I'm not only working without any knowledge of her history; we can't even talk. One of her children remains in the room the entire time to translate into German for her.
These are the hardest sessions I've ever attempted.
As a therapist my hands know their work; I'm capable to treat her PTSD symptoms. But the person-to-person connection…. I have to do this solely through touch. The afternoons of therapy have changed my understanding of the human dimension. It's become more complicated, and much simpler. It's changed me as well.
NOTES: [1] To respect the privacy of the persons involved I have changed the names and use initials only.


text:
Compilation of some feet videos recorded in Holland.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
18 Years alluringvixens analvids bathroom black body boobs busty captiveclinic caught cock cute dick fuck fucked fucking girlfriend hard hidden hidden camera horny Hot Milf italian Johnny Rapid naked NaughtyAmerica panties pantyhose phone pissvids pornbox PornMegaLoad pornworld room Sebastian Kane sex spied spy sucking sucks taworship teen WeAreHairy xx-cel young


text:
Trade show tip: Remove fillers from your vocabulary
Trade shows. You have 10 seconds maximum to engage and get the interest of a passer by. Time is critical. Time is everything.
Eliminating filler words such as "Um", "Ah", "Er" and "You know" is paramount. It kills your presentation and will cost you the sale.
So you've been is sales for years and you think it's ok?
I've got news for you: When I hear constant "Um, ah, er, eh, you know" in conversation you are stamped as irrelevant. You are an amatuer. You've had some great sales months, but you are not a great sale rep. Language and the articulation thereof is the engine that drives sales. If your communication ability sucks time from my life, I just don't have time for you. I am not alone.
I am being honest with you, right now. You may be right out of college or have a few sales years under your belt. Maybe you just never made the effort to improve. You may think it is ok; your friends may talk this way and reinforce this habit.
If you are thinking this way, you are wrong. You will never be great in sales without mastering communication.
The first step to fixing the language filler problem is realizing you have one. If you have the desire, this video will help. Good luck.


text:
Refine results
8 products
Check out stylist Kim Grey's top picks from our latest collection
All orders ship within 2 days of order being placed
Learn more
A 3-day delivery service on all domestic orders over €150.
You have 14 days from the day you receive your online order to return your purchase for exchange, refund or store credit.
Be the first to know about new collections and exclusive offers.
0 products in your cart
Stay up to date on the latest product releases, special offers & news by signing up for our newsletter.


text:
Monday, October 18, 2010
values in science
19 comments:
For improved usability:
(bezahlpflichtig:) Hans-Jochen Luhmann: "Auf welche Wissenschaft beruft sich die Politik beim Zwei-Grad-Ziel?" ("What Science do Politicians Refer to When Setting the Two-Degree Target?"); in: GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, Volume 19, Number 3, October 2010 , pp. 175-177(3).
(open-access:) Hans von Storch, Dennis Bray: "Against politicization of science"; in: Journal Poiesis & Praxis: International Journal of Technology Assessment and Ethics of Science (2010) 7:211–219.
namenlos - October 18, 2010 at 1:56 PM
- Hans von Storch said...
Ich bekam noch den Hinweis, dass ich
das Inhaltsverzeichnis und den abstract verlinke. So geschehen. - October 18, 2010 at 2:54 PM
- ingno said...
Thank you Dennis and Hans; an excellent paper! And there is much to think about as well.
I fully endorse your view on the necessity to keep science out of being a part of, or even taking over, politics. That is absolutely necessay if we still want science to be a truth seeking process. But it may also be added that politics need to take the responsibility for its descisions and not to try to hide behind science and "expert". The post-modernist believe that responsibility should be a part of "research ethics". But who gave scientists that mandate? After all, politicians in a democratic society are chosen by the people. Scientists are not (and should not be).
Ingemar Nordin
PS. I am not fond of the term "post-normal science", but that is different story. DS - October 18, 2010 at 9:02 PM
I hope you won't see following as too off-topic. In a variety of ways you may incorporate in further studies what -- according to reports just coming in (cf. Phoenix, Der Tag (Mo, 18.10.10, 23.00 - 00.00h)) -- the german Minister of Defense, Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, solicited from us (or the participants) at the 'Zeit-Konferenz zur internationalen Sicherheitspolitik' (not covered yet?), to bear in mind that confronting as well climate change as international/-govermental security policy we came face-to-face with the facts of claims about ownership of the arctic.
I recall for my part (zu Guttenberg didn't mentioned it) – if my memory does not fail me – this year's 100+ ships which cruised around that pole or even crossed some "trade channel" passages. – – Where sheets of ice were ruptured for shortcuts – in my mind – a visible geo-engineered widespread disruption of glocal predominant climatic conditions emerges.
I remember there were well funded expeditons in the latest years due to the 'International Polar Year from 2007-09'. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation brought the news of the "first opportunity to look at what the Arctic Ocean looks like in the middle of winter." Seemingly almost obligatory the CBC-article enjoined us a few times to caution: "They found that Arctic sea ice is disappearing faster than scientists expected."
The news ended with an 'affidavit of means' by Prof. David Barber, head of this largest climate change study ever undertaken in Canada, in which were 156 million canadian dollars and 370 scientists from around the world involved:
"'[Scientists] don't just write for each other. We have to write for the policy-makers,' said Barber."
(Cf. CBC, February 5, 2010: "Arctic ice melting faster than feared: study".)
namenlos - October 19, 2010 at 2:42 AM
- Werner Krauss said...
Dennis & Hans, I read your really interesting rebuttal twice. First time I was pretty convinced of your argument; second reading made me think about HOW you convinced me.
As an eye-opener, I stumbled across a 'she' in your text and realized that S. Keller is a Sarina Keller. Let's have a short look how you characterize her: she makes a "complaint"; she "laments"; she "places any due blame on the shoulder of Bert Bolin", but "perhaps she is unaware" etc. Sounds like good ol' guys talking about a girl, eh?
But thanks God, help is coming: Cool Merton comes along, "abstract" and "impersonal", saving the CUDOS (Ruhm, Ehre, Ansehen in German) of science. Thanks Merton! That was pretty close! Now Bert Bolin, "this fine scientist and gentleman", can do his job and save climate science from - from what? Those girls, of course! There should even be law against them coming round: "this contract should contain explicitly a
prescription that the suggestion of S. Keller is not acceptable for a professional conduct of climate science."
Oh boys, social science is a slippery field, isn't it? Does there still remain an argument when we take away all of your unconscious qualifying of those you write about? I'll have to read it a third time... - October 19, 2010 at 8:03 AM
Werner, that is: Good old, really hard science is man's business. The leftovers like trust and values are a part of the girl's programme.
And, blessedly, there are declared, not prescriptive "honest brokers" that know what is best for "us" all. - October 19, 2010 at 9:34 AM
Ich verstehe nicht, warum immer noch um den heißen Brei herumgeredet wird. Das Problem ist nicht ein Terminus wie "Postnormalität", der, dafür sei ihm Dank und Ehre geschuldet, auf Prof. Storch zurückgeht.
Das grundlegende Problem ist die Anwendung von postmodernem!! Gedankengut auf die "harten" Wissenschaften. Man sollte sich ernsthaft die Frage stellen, ob es nicht an der Zeit ist, eine - nicht vorhandene Postmoderne - durch eine Neumoderne zu ersetzen.
Die Konsequenzen einer Privatisierung von Wahrheit und einer bewußten Unterminierung des Wissenschaftsethos für eigene Wertsetzungen und Zweckhaftigkeiten war schon in den 70er Jahren klar herauslesbar.
Ein schon von der Wissenschaftlichkeit entfremdeter Wissenschaftszweig ist die Psychologie, in welcher akademische Fragen der "Politischen Korrektheit" untergeordnet werden müssen und politische Agitation schon seit 30 Jahren neben wissenschaftlicher Forschung steht.
Mich haben die auftretenden Problematiken in den Klimawissenschaften in keinster Weise überrascht.
Vielleicht wird jetzt, ob der Dramatik und öffentlichen Präsenz, endlich der lange von der Linken, NGO's und dem Mainstreammedium blockierte und dämonisierte Diskurs geführt. - October 19, 2010 at 1:12 PM
- Hans von Storch said...
Der Begriff der Postnormalität geht auf Silvio Funtovicz und Jerry Ravetz zurück; mir wurde er von Dennis Bray beigebracht - Hans
- October 19, 2010 at 1:14 PM
- Dennis Bray said...
Hey Werner
If you read the original article by Keller, perhaps you can clarify for us what she REALLY said/did - I love pomo interpretations; typically as clear as mud and as organized as a pig on roller skates. If we said instead Sarina Keller or simply Keller, would it lead you to the same conclusions? - October 19, 2010 at 4:48 PM
- Werner Krauss said...
@dennis #9
Hey Dennis, it is not "porno interpretation", this is good old gender studies. And it is not about Keller's article; instead, all quotes are from your article. By the way - I think, my interpretation is as clear as water. I like you bringing up the picture of the pig on roller skates. Psychoanalytically interesting, I guess (but I am not an expert).
By the way, I did not argue against your message (I tend to agree); I just wrote about the rhetorical strategies which you deployed to convince the reader. They are gendered (male = fine scientist, impartial, gentleman; female = lament, burden, unconscious etc); that's a fact. - October 19, 2010 at 5:49 PM
There already are quite a number of research areas that have fallen prey to some kind of PNS.
To see medical sciences have quite a problem one does not need to read Ionnides or Grigerenzer (although it helps). And PNS in full swing can be viewed in the fields of nutrition and life style.
To find "studies" in these fields wanting, one does not need to know what PCA is or what coupled non-linear differential equations are about - simple statistics is sufficient, as well as some knowledge how n o t to measure something.
Imho, These fields show similar patterns as climate science: at the start there already is some kind of bias, you pour enough money into the system - and off we go. - October 19, 2010 at 8:43 PM
- Hans von Storch said...
Now, Werner, have you read our piece a third time? What did ou learn?
- October 19, 2010 at 9:53 PM
I have read your paper and must write my first post here.
I found it bouth touchingly naive and unreadable (zum Kotzen).
Sure once one gets caught in a post modern acid trip, anything is possible but is the following real?
"Thus, science offers a knowledge-based service to society; science offers knowledge
about climate dynamics, change and impact; while recognizing the possibility for
revision, it both contributes to the societal contextualization of such knowledge, and
accepts feedback into the scientific arena of socio-politically significant issues."
Or is it just an attempt to emulate Sokal?
Well the reason to post is not because your paper made me soundly laugh.
It is because you live obviously on another planet (Keller übrigens auch).
If you came among the real people, you know those who go to pubs, work in farms, watch football and ultimately decide about who will govern us all, you would know that they don't give a ... about climate science and climate change.
And if you go among such people in the US, they not only don't give a .... but they have a gun against those who annoy them too much.
And for those people whether you like it or not, climate "scientists" have already been societally contextualized and recognised as the same kind of bastards like politicians.
Have no illusions - the (most) climate scientists choose to play the game of Hansen , Jones and Al Gore and the REAL people won't forget that they lost.
Tar and feathers will come in due time.
But don't make a mistake - this is not about science, this is just about a VERY specifical new hybrid of politics and science called climate science. - October 20, 2010 at 3:47 PM
- Hans von Storch said...
Jochen, why don't you try it again.
Write down what you mean, take out the insulting language, and present your key arguments in some specifity. You may be sure that I also speak with real people, that I have some insight, what some people think. Likely other people than those you communicate with, have other views? So, while your claims are interesting, try to explain how representative your observations are.
Difficult language is not necessarily indicative of nonsense, would you agree? -- Hans - October 20, 2010 at 8:26 PM
- ingno said...
"Tar and feathers will come in due time."
Well, that seems to me to be more or less inevitable, now with Pachauri staying at his post :-)
But what about us, that happen to be interested in the scientific question about the climate? (Not "real people" I presume.) When and how will we get an answer? How will climate science depoliticize itself?
What Hans von Storch and Dennis Bray is saying is simply that although scientists should not become politicians it is quite legitimate that science, now and then, pursues truths about things that are RELEVANT, and perhaps heatedly debated, in politics. That is unavoidable, and is often even a virtue. So, my question to you Jochen is how to go about this kind of research if you do not agree to the distinctions made in the paper? - October 20, 2010 at 8:49 PM
As a skeptical lay man I appreciate Eduardos and Hans's efforts to be as honest as possible and to tell us all the truth about their work.
Everybody can make mistakes and it maybe that they make mistakes too.
What you post here is a shame for every honest skeptikal lay man. I would like both sides to stop this kind of behaviour, but above all lay men should do so.
In a scientific debate you are allowed to have your own opinion. Scientist may express their opinion in a more agressive way without being mistaken by their colleagues.
But we lay men should be more modest. And I am very happy and proud to have the opportunity to talk to these honest brokers.
Best regards
Yeph - October 21, 2010 at 5:28 PM
There was nothing insulting in my language with the possible exception of the word "bastards" and, if one is too thin skinned, an imperfect equivalent of the word unreadable.
Even this word was a quote - I could tell you the name of the pub in Houston where I heard it and it was a consensus, but it wouldn't add much, right?
It is by the way telling that you would reduce my post to one word - is it possible that you didn't understand what I said?
Allow me to strongly doubt that you go much among the "real" people and that you have an idea what they think.
If anything is a proof, it is your paper.
It doesn't adress the problems they have with (climate) science, it doesn't say anything usefull and it VERY certainly isn't written for them.
Don't make a mistake, I perfectly understand what you wanted to say even if I would say it in a way that more than a handfull of "post modern" scientists understand it.
You see, you don't seem to realize that it is not only easy but very useful to say things so that they are clear for everybody.
We are not talking QFT here (my turf that) which, admittedly, can only be understood by a handful of trained people.
You confuse writing a scientific article with all the necessary jargon with a very trivial issue whether and how science is societally contextualised.
How representative are my observations, do you ask?
Statistically very.
I travel much (>75% of my time) and I like nothing more than to spend my time with "ordinary" people.
I was in China not a very long time ago (Xian). As my Chinese is poor, I had a friend interpreting. I launched the discussion on climate science. Would you believe that they know (almost) nothing and care nothing about climate science and climate change?
Considering their profile, very representative.
Russia too. I could add Namibia, Argentina, Czechia, Botswana, Mexico etc for only 2010 observations.
So yes, I think that it is very representative. - October 22, 2010 at 12:01 PM
(Folge : sorry, didn't know the word count was restricted)
What is the key argument do you ask?
The key argument is that you (wrongly) believe that "societal" observations based on limited experience with a few countries in Western Europe generalize on the 6.5 billions people.
You seem to write what should be the relations between (all) scientists and (all) politicians and for some reason choose a Sokalian style.
But as politics is just what some group of people conjuncturally wants, there is no useful answer on this issue.
Because people want many different things and their wishes vary enormously with time and space.
If on some places people want that politicians "obey" scientists, on other places people want that scientists "obey" politicians.
Generally these contradictions are not a problem because a crushing majority of people everywhere doesn't care about scientists who are very far away from their (people's) decision about who should wield what REAL power.
There is one exception, perhaps genetics is another, and it is climate science in Western Europe today (note the precise time space coordinates:)).
Here the politicians and climate scientists are inseparably mixed.
Only look at our Schickelgruber (or is it Schellnhuber?) to immediately understand what I mean.
But neither the (present european) politicians nor the (present european) climate scientists can do anything about it, they are too much compromised, they went too far.
One day when the west European people have enough, they will elect new politicians and they will DEMAND that they remove the compromised scientists and send the rest of us to our labs.
That way we'll spend more time on the work for which we are paid and less time on tinkering with economy and society for what most have neither the knowledge nor the legitimity.
Note that in most places in the world , that's what already happens anyway.
I did not actually write that I disagreed with your paper (when restricted to the relevant coordinates I would even rather agree with it) , I merely wrote that it was naive and the syle made me laugh.
And laughing is good for the health, isn't it ? :) - October 22, 2010 at 12:02 PM
- Werner Krauss said...
@hans #12 and Dennis
finally, I read your fine essay a third time. I do agree mostly (as you know, of course), and I also don't with some parts. This makes things difficult.
To put it very short: your argument is based on the strict separation of science and society. But what if science is part of society? You also strictly separate climate from society. But what if climate and society are exclusively interdependent?
You want to single out politics and values from science. Let's single out gender, too (even though I liked my own previous contribution!). Let's single out S. Keller, too. What is left is a purified world which is ordered along strict dichotomies: climate - society; science - society; pure - impure; objective - subjective; truth - value; and in sometimes unfortunate consequence, honest broker - stealth advocate etc....(I bet you always find man - woman in the end of the chain).
In ordering the world along those oppositions, you are no longer a pure scientist, but you turn into a cultural producer of a value-ridden belief system yourself. You actively (re)produce 'our' (Western or whatever) world view - instead of contributing to the understanding of the climate-society complex).
I subscribe to all of your scientific goals, as well as to your critique of the two-degree goal etc. I just do not subscribe to some of the criteria you lay down to single out specific approaches. It is not about purity, it is about good or bad science. If you want to study the effects of climate on society, you do it already on basis of a certain belief system. As long as you lay open your premises, this is no problem. It's not 'neutral' or 'objective' - it is well done or not.
To put it very simple: As soon as Schellnhuber says that two-degrees is not exact science but a suggestion for politicians based on scientific considerations, everything is fine. In case he forgets to say that, it's wrong and a misuse of science. It' as simple as that. It is not necessary to create (or reproduce) a belief system based on oppositions in order to criticize two-degree goals or bad science (recommendations). You just need better arguments. Values, politics, gender etc are always part of the game. It is not about their elimination, it is about being aware of them.
Hope that helps to clarify my argument... - October 23, 2010 at 1:26 PM
Post a Comment (pop-up window,non-moderated)


text:
International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
Founded in 1996, the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) is one of the leading academic institutes for counter-terrorism in the world, facilitating international cooperation in the global struggle against terrorism. ICT is an independent think tank providing expertise in terrorism, counter-terrorism, homeland security, threat vulnerability, risk assessment, intelligence analysis, national security and defense policy.
ICT also serves as a joint forum for international policymakers and scholars to share information and expertise through research papers, situation reports and academic publications for worldwide distribution. A number of international seminars, workshops and conferences are organized monthly by ICT to discuss and educate on global and regional issues of security, defense, and public policy in order to better facilitate the exchange of perspectives, information and proposals for policy action. Finally, ICT administers the largest public domain research database on the Internet encompassing global terrorist attacks, terrorist organizations and activists in addition to statistical reports.
ICT draws upon a comprehensive and international network of individuals and organizations with unique expertise on terrorism and counter-terrorism research, public policy analysis and education, dispersed all over the world, including the United States, European Union and Israel. An acclaimed management and research staff at ICT spearheads the Institute's efforts to coordinate the struggle against global terrorism and leads a worldwide team of affiliates and academic partners working to encourage cooperation among experts and disseminate innovative ideas for policymakers in the fight against terrorism.
ICT is a non-profit organization located at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel which relies exclusively on private donations and revenue from events, projects and programs.


text:
Nearly 700 people are trapped on and around a volcano on the popular Indonesian tourist island of Lombok, after a devastating earthquake killed more than a dozen people.
A rescue operation is currently underway for tourists caught in landslides on Mount Rinjani, an area popular with hiking enthusiasts. According to National Disaster Management Agency spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, 689 people are still trapped on the 3,726 meter (12,224 ft) mountain following the shallow 6.4-magnitude earthquake that struck Sunday morning.
At least 260 people had already been evacuated by Sunday afternoon, Sutopo said on Twitter, while a spokesman for Rinjani National Park said another 109 had been rescued as of 2 p.m. local time (3 a.m. ET) Monday afternoon.
According to Indonesia's national disaster management agency, 149 climbers are still believed to be stranded on the volcano itself, while 500 people are trapped in Sembalun Village on the volcano's slopes, and an additional 40 tourists are in nearby Batu Ceper.
Videos given to CNN by a Thai trekking group, Trekmania, who were on Rinjani when the earthquake struck show enormous clouds of dust covering the slopes of the mountain, triggered by the landslides.
At least one climber had died after being struck by falling rocks, Sutopo said.
A rescue team of 184 people set off Monday morning to evacuate the hikers, including special military, police and medical teams.
So far 15 people across the island have been reported dead following the earthquake, while another 162 have been reported injured, according to Indonesia's National Disaster Management Agency.
Pictures from the scene of the disaster showed locals picking through the rubble of their collapsed homes, and the injured hastily bundled into makeshift emergency shelters.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo flew to the island Monday to meet with the communities affected by the earthquake as emergency aid began to be dispersed to the island.
Among those killed in the quake was a 30-year-old Malaysian female tourist, Antara said. Malaysia's Deputy Prime Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail mourned her loss in a statement Sunday.
More than 100 aftershocks
Indonesia is no stranger to destructive earthquakes, sitting on the area of intense seismic and volcanic activity known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.
The 40,000 kilometer (25,000 mile) area stretches from Japan and Indonesia on one side of the Pacific, all the way across to California on the other.
According to Antara, there had been more than 120 aftershocks recorded by the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) as of Sunday afternoon.
Jean Paul Volchaert, who owns the Puncak Hotel on Lombok, told CNN that the area gets small earthquakes "every month or so" but Sunday's tremor was the worst he'd felt.
"We were still sleeping when we felt the earthquake, so we rushed outside of our building. There was about 20 seconds of shaking, the water in the pool was making quite large waves," he said.
Volchaert said while there had been little damage to his building or neighborhood, reports were coming in of severe damage on the north of the island.
"We felt aftershocks for two hours after the initial earthquake, so we're worried that there could be more damage caused," he said.
Aid distributed to Lombok
The Indonesian Red Crescent said it was dispatching hundreds of tarpaulins, blankets and hygiene kits to the affected areas as part of their initial response to the earthquake.
Meanwhile, the Indonesian government has been working to supply mineral water, tents and food supplies to the affected, according to Antara.
President Widodo flew into Lombok early Monday.
"The President will meet with the people affected by the disaster and also hand over the aid," government official Bey Machmudin told Antara.
Deputy Head of Mission Zamshari Sahaharan at the Malaysian Embassy in Jakarta said they were encouraging all Malaysian who knew tourists in Lombok to contact consular officials.
He said the Malaysian government was ready to provide further aid to their Indonesian counterparts as necessary.


text:
Know the Body: Muscle, Bone, and Palpation Essentials - Elsevier eBook on VitalSource, 1st Edition
Elsevier eBook on VitalSource
Now $44.99
A clear, concise approach provides the anatomical information you need to excel in massage therapy! Know the Body: Muscle, Bone, and Palpation Essentials covers muscle identification plus attachments, actions, stabilization functions, nerve innervation, palpation, and treatment considerations for each of those muscles. Hundreds of full-color illustrations make it easier to learn muscle and bone identification, as well as bony landmarks. Written by expert massage therapy practitioner and educator Joseph E. Muscolino, Know the Body helps you learn — not simply memorize — the essentials of muscles, bones, and palpation.
Winner of the 2012 Association of American Publishers PROSE Award, Nursing & Allied Health Sciences!
- Full-color, overlay-style muscle illustrations show anatomical structures and include origin and insertion labeling.
- An introductory overview includes chapters on terminology, the skeletal system, muscle function, and bone palpation.
- Coverage of bones includes the bones and bony landmarks for each body region.
- Review activities in muscle region chapters include short case studies highlighting common conditions related to specific muscles and review questions.
- Treatment considerations explain how to apply muscle and palpation knowledge in massage practice.
- An illustrated stretching atlas is included as the appendix.
- A companion CD includes an interactive review of muscles.
1. Basic Kinesiology Terminology
2. The Skeletal System
3. How Muscles Function
4. Bone Palpation
5. Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle and Arm
6. Muscles of the Forearm and Hand
7. Muscles of the Spine and Rib Cage
8. Muscles of the Head
9. Muscles of the Pelvis and Thigh
10. Muscles of the Leg and Foot
Appendix: Stretching Atlas


text:
A Law of Acceleration (1904)
Images are not arguments, rarely even lead to proof, but the mind craves them, and, of late more than ever, the keenest experimenters find twenty images better than one, especially if contradictory; since the human mind has already learned to deal in contradictions.
The image needed here is that of a new centre, or preponderating mass, artificially introduced on earth in the midst of a system of attractive forces that previously made their own equilibrium, and constantly induced to accelerate its motion till it shall establish a new equilibrium. A dynamic theory would begin by assuming that all history, terrestrial or cosmic, mechanical or intellectual, would be reducible to this formula if we knew the facts.
For convenience, the most familiar image should come first; and this is probably that of the comet, or meteoric streams, like the Leonids and Perseids; a complex of minute mechanical agencies, reacting within and without, and guided by the sum of forces attracting or deflecting it. Nothing forbids one to assume that the man-meteorite might grow, as an acorn does, absorbing light, heat, electricity—or thought; for, in recent times, such transference of energy has become a familiar idea; but the simplest figure, at first, is that of a perfect comet—say that of 1843—which drops from space, in a straight line, at the regular acceleration of speed, directly into the sun, and after wheeling sharply about it, in heat that ought to dissipate any known substance, turns back unharmed, in defiance of law, by the path on which it came. The mind, by analogy, may figure as such a comet, the better because it also defies law.
Motion is the ultimate object of science, and measures of motion are many; but with thought as with matter, the true measure is mass in its astronomic sense—the sum or difference of attractive forces. Science has quite enough trouble in measuring its material motions without volunteering help to the historian, but the historian needs not much help to measure some kinds of social movement; and especially in the nineteenth century, society by common accord agreed in measuring its progress by the coal-output. The ratio of increase in the volume of coal-power may serve as dynamometer.
The coal-output of the world, speaking roughly, doubled every ten years between 1840 and 1900, in the form of utilized power, for the ton of coal yielded three or four times as much power in 1900 as in 1840. Rapid as this rate of acceleration in volume seems, it may be tested in a thousand ways without greatly reducing it. Perhaps the ocean steamer is nearest unity and easiest to measure, for anyone might hire, in 1905, for a small sum of money, the use of 30,000 steam-horsepower to cross the ocean, and by halving this figure every ten years, he got back to 234 horsepower for 1835, which was accuracy enough for his purposes. In truth, his chief trouble came not from the ratio in volume of heat, but from the intensity, since he could get no basis for a ratio there. All ages of history have known high intensities, like the iron-furnace, the burning-glass, the blowpipe; but no society has ever used high intensities on any large scale till now, nor can a mere bystander decide what range of temperature is now in common use. Loosely guessing that science controls habitually the whole range from absolute zero to 3000° Centigrade, one might assume, for convenience, that the ten-year ratio for volume could be used temporarily for intensity; and still there remained a ratio to be guessed for other forces than heat. Since 1800 scores of new forces had been discovered; old forces had been raised to higher powers, as could be measured in the navy-gun; great regions of chemistry had been opened up, and connected with other regions of physics. Within ten years a new universe of force had been revealed in radiation. Complexity had extended itself on immense horizons, and arithmetical ratios were useless for any attempt at accuracy. The force evolved seemed more like explosion than gravitation, and followed closely the curve of steam; but, at all events, the ten-year ratio seemed carefully conservative. Unless the calculator was prepared to be instantly overwhelmed by physical force and mental complexity, he must stop there.
Thus, taking the year 1900 as the starting point for carrying back the series, nothing was easier than to assume a ten-year period of retardation as far back as 1820, but beyond that point the statistician failed, and only the mathematician could help. Laplace would have found it child's-play to fix a ratio of progression in mathematical science between Descartes, Leibnitz, Newton, and himself. Watt could have given in pounds the increase of power between Newcomen's engines and his own. Volta and Benjamin Franklin would have stated their progress as absolute creation of power. Dalton could have measured minutely his advance on Boerhaave. Napoleon I must have had a distinct notion of his own numerical relation to Louis XIV. No one in 1789 doubted the progress of force, least of all those who were to lose their heads by it.
Pending agreement between these authorities, theory may assume what it likes—say a fifty, or even a five-and-twenty-year period of reduplication for the eighteenth century, for the period matters little until the acceleration itself is admitted. The subject is even more amusing in the seventeenth than in the eighteenth century, because Galileo and Kepler, Descartes, Huygens, and Isaac Newton took vast pains to fix the laws of acceleration for moving bodies, while Lord Bacon and William Harvey were content with showing experimentally the fact of acceleration in knowledge; but from their combined results a historian might be tempted to maintain a similar rate of movement back to 1600, subject to correction from the historians of mathematics.
The mathematicians might carry their calculations back as far as the fourteenth century when algebra seems to have become for the first time the standard measure of mechanical progress in western Europe; for not only Copernicus and Tycho Brahe, but even artists like Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Albert Dürer worked by mathematical processes, and their testimony would probably give results more exact than that of Montaigne or Shakespeare; but, to save trouble, one might tentatively carry back the same ratio of acceleration, or retardation, to the year 1400, with the help of Columbus and Gutenberg, so taking a uniform rate during the whole four centuries (1400–1800), and leaving to statisticians the task of correcting it.
Or better, one might, for convenience, use the formula of squares to serve for a law of mind. Any other formula would do as well, either of chemical explosion, or electrolysis, or vegetable growth, or of expansion or contraction in innumerable forms; but this happens to be simple and convenient. Its force increases in the direct ratio of its squares. As the human meteoroid approached the sun or centre of attractive force, the attraction of one century squared itself to give the measure of attraction in the next.
Behind the year 1400, the process certainly went on, but the progress became so slight as to be hardly measurable. What was gained in the east or elsewhere, cannot be known; but forces, called loosely Greek fire and gunpowder, came into use in the west in the thirteenth century, as well as instruments like the compass, the blowpipe, clocks and spectacles, and materials like paper; Arabic notation and algebra were introduced, while metaphysics and theology acted as violent stimulants to mind. An architect might detect a sequence between the Church of St. Peter's at Rome, the Amiens Cathedral, the Duomo at Pisa, San Marco at Venice, Sancta Sofia at Constantinople and the churches at Ravenna. All the historian dares affirm is that a sequence is manifestly there, and he has a right to carry back his ratio, to represent the fact, without assuming its numerical correctness. On the human mind as a moving body, the break in acceleration in the Middle Ages is only apparent; the attraction worked through shifting forms of force, as the sun works by light or heat, electricity, gravitation, or whatnot, on different organs with different sensibilities, but with invariable law.
The science of prehistoric man has no value except to prove that the law went back into indefinite antiquity. A stone arrowhead is as convincing as a steam-engine. The values were as clear a hundred thousand years ago as now, and extended equally over the whole world. The motion at last became infinitely slight, but cannot be proved to have stopped. The motion of Newton's comet at aphelion may be equally slight. To evolutionists may be left the processes of evolution; to historians the single interest is the law of reaction between force and force—between mind and nature—the law of progress.
The great division of history into phases by Turgot and Comte first affirmed this law in its outlines by asserting the unity of progress, for a mere phase interrupts no growth, and nature shows innumerable such phases. The development of coal-power in the nineteenth century furnished the first means of assigning closer values to the elements; and the appearance of supersensual forces towards 1900 made this calculation a pressing necessity; since the next step became infinitely serious.
A law of acceleration, definite and constant as any law of mechanics, cannot be supposed to relax its energy to suit the convenience of man. No one is likely to suggest a theory that man's convenience had been consulted by Nature at any time, or that Nature has consulted the convenience of any of her creations, except perhaps the Terebratula. In every age man has bitterly and justly complained that Nature hurried and hustled him, for inertia almost invariably has ended in tragedy. Resistance is its law, and resistance to superior mass is futile and fatal.
Fifty years ago, science took for granted that the rate of acceleration could not last. The world forgets quickly, but even today the habit remains of founding statistics on the faith that consumption will continue nearly stationary. Two generations, with John Stuart Mill, talked of this stationary period, which was to follow the explosion of new power. All the men who were elderly in the forties died in this faith, and other men grew old nursing the same conviction, and happy in it; while science, for fifty years, permitted, or encouraged, society to think that force would prove to be limited in supply. This mental inertia of science lasted through the eighties before showing signs of breaking up; and nothing short of radium fairly wakened men to the fact, long since evident, that force was inexhaustible. Even then the scientific authorities vehemently resisted.
Nothing so revolutionary had happened since the year 300. Thought had more than once been upset, but never caught and whirled about in the vortex of infinite forces. Power leaped from every atom, and enough of it to supply the stellar universe showed itself running to waste at every pore of matter. Man could no longer hold it off. Forces grasped his wrists and flung him about as though he had hold of a live wire or a runaway automobile; which was very nearly the exact truth for the purposes of an elderly and timid single gentleman in Paris, who never drove down the Champs Élysées without expecting an accident, and commonly witnessing one; or found himself in the neighborhood of an official without calculating the chances of a bomb. So long as the rates of progress held good, these bombs would double in force and number every ten years.
Impossibilities no longer stood in the way. One's life had fattened on impossibilities. Before the boy was six years old, he had seen four impossibilities made actual—the ocean-steamer, the railway, the electric telegraph, and the Daguerreotype; nor could he ever learn which of the four had most hurried others to come. He had seen the coal-output of the United States grow from nothing to three hundred million tons or more. What was far more serious, he had seen the number of minds, engaged in pursuing force—the truest measure of its attraction—increase from a few scores or hundreds, in 1838, to many thousands in 1905, trained to sharpness never before reached, and armed with instruments amounting to new senses of indefinite power and accuracy, while they chased force into hiding-places where Nature herself had never known it to be, making analyses that contradicted being, and syntheses that endangered the elements. No one could say that the social mind now failed to respond to new force, even when the new force annoyed it horribly. Every day Nature violently revolted, causing so-called accidents with enormous destruction of property and life, while plainly laughing at man, who helplessly groaned and shrieked and shuddered, but never for a single instant could stop. The railways alone approached the carnage of war; automobiles and firearms ravaged society, until an earthquake became almost a nervous relaxation. An immense volume of force had detached itself from the unknown universe of energy, while still vaster reservoirs, supposed to be infinite, steadily revealed themselves, attracting mankind with more compulsive course than all the Pontic Seas or Gods or Gold that ever existed, and feeling still less of retiring ebb.
In 1850, science would have smiled at such a romance as this, but, in 1900, as far as history could learn, few men of science thought it a laughing matter. If a perplexed but laborious follower could venture to guess their drift, it seemed in their minds a toss-up between anarchy and order. Unless they should be more honest with themselves in the future than ever they were in the past, they would be more astonished than their followers when they reached the end. If Karl Pearson's notions of the universe were sound, men like Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz, and Newton should have stopped the progress of science before 1700, supposing them to have been honest in the religious convictions they expressed. In 1900 they were plainly forced back; on faith in a unity unproved and an order they had themselves disproved. They had reduced their universe to a series of relations to themselves. They had reduced themselves to motion in a universe of motions, with an acceleration, in their own case of vertiginous violence. With the correctness of their science, history had no right to meddle, since their science now lay in a plane where scarcely one or two hundred minds in the world could follow its mathematical processes; but bombs educate vigorously, and even wireless telegraphy or airships might require the reconstruction of society. If any analogy whatever existed between the human mind, on one side, and the laws of motion, on the other, the mind had already entered a field of attraction so violent that it must immediately pass beyond, into new equilibrium, like the Comet of Newton, to suffer dissipation altogether, like meteoroids in the earth's atmosphere. If it behaved like an explosive, it must rapidly recover equilibrium; if it behaved like a vegetable, it must reach its limits of growth; and even if it acted like the earlier creations of energy—the saurians and sharks—it must have nearly reached the limits of its expansion. If science were to go on doubling or quadrupling its complexities every ten years, even mathematics would soon succumb. An average mind had succumbed already in 1850; it could no longer understand the problem in 1900.
Fortunately, a student of history had no responsibility for the problem; he took it as science gave it, and waited only to be taught. With science or with society, he had no quarrel and claimed no share of authority. He had never been able to acquire knowledge, still less to impart it; and if he had, at times, felt serious differences with the American of the nineteenth century, he felt none with the American of the twentieth. For this new creation, born since 1900, a historian asked no longer to be teacher or even friend; he asked only to be a pupil, and promised to be docile, for once, even though trodden under foot; for he could see that the new American—the child of incalculable coal-power, chemical power, electric power, and radiating energy, as well as of new forces yet undetermined—must be a sort of God compared with any former creation of nature. At the rate of progress since 1800, every American who lived into the year 2000 would know how to control unlimited power. He would think in complexities unimaginable to an earlier mind. He would deal with problems altogether beyond the range of earlier society. To him the nineteenth century would stand on the same plane with the fourth—equally childlike—and he would only wonder how both of them, knowing so little, and so weak in force, should have done so much. Perhaps even he might go back, in 1964, to sit with Gibbon on the steps of Ara Coeli.
Meanwhile he was getting education. With that, a teacher who had failed to educate even the generation of 1870, dared not interfere. The new forces would educate. History saw few lessons in the past that would be useful in the future; but one, at least, it did see. The attempt of the American of 1800 to educate the American of 1900 had not often been surpassed for folly; and since 1800 the forces and their complications had increased a thousand times or more. The attempt of the American of 1900 to educate the American of 2000, must be even blinder than that of the Congressman of 1800, except so far as he had learned his ignorance. During a million or two of years, every generation in turn had toiled with endless agony to attain and apply power, all the while betraying the deepest alarm and horror at the power they created. The teacher of 1900, if foolhardy, might stimulate; if foolish, might resist; if intelligent, might balance, as wise and foolish have often tried to do from the beginning; but the forces would continue to educate, and the mind would continue to react. All the teacher could hope was to teach it reaction.
Even there his difficulty was extreme. The most elementary books of science betrayed the inadequacy of old implements of thought. Chapter after chapter closed with phrases such as one never met in older literature: "The cause of this phenomenon is not understood"; "science no longer ventures to explain causes"; "the first step towards a causal explanation still remains to be taken"; "opinions are very much divided"; "in spite of the contradictions involved"; "science gets on only by adopting different theories, sometimes contradictory." Evidently the new American would need to think in contradictions, and instead of Kant's famous four antinomies, the new universe would know no law that could not be proved by its anti-law.
To educate—one's self to begin with—had been the effort of one's life for sixty years; and the difficulties of education had gone on doubling with the coal-output, until the prospect of waiting another ten years, in order to face a seventh doubling of complexities, allured one's imagination but slightly. The law of acceleration was definite, and did not require ten years more study except to show whether it held good. No scheme could be suggested to the new American, and no fault needed to be found, or complaint made; but the next great influx of new forces seemed near at hand, and its style of education promised to be violently coercive. The movement from unity into multiplicity, between 1200 and 1900, was unbroken in sequence, and rapid in acceleration. Prolonged one generation longer, it would require a new social mind. As though thought were common salt in indefinite solution it must enter a new phase subject to new laws. Thus far, since five or ten thousand years, the mind had successfully reacted, and nothing yet proved that it would fail to react—but it would need to jump.


text:
LE 050 Black
LE 50 is a backpack into which fits a 13-inch computer, its charger and other personal belongings. It can be carried by hand or on your back.
The bag has been designed to optimize comfort. The shoulder straps sit close to the neck in order to avoid sliding off easily while the extra-flat body fits perfectly against the back.
Léage uses natural plain calfskin sourced in the ecological tannery Tantec, well-known for its program LITE (low impact to the environment) - that decreases of 50% the consumption in energy and water. For more informations, please check the following link : http://liteleather.com/.
The products are manufactured in the prestigious workshop SHF that used to belong to Delvaux. Together, we want to preserve traditional techniques in leather know-how. The labour cost of the craftswomen is three times higher than the average one. It allows the craftswomen to have good wages and working conditions (working space, health insurance…).
- Flat backpack in natural plain calfskin
- For 13-inch computer, charger and personal belongings
- Two compartments and inner-patch pocket
- Handles and adjustable shoulder straps
Measurements: Length 30.0 cm, Height 47.0 cm, Depth 6.0 cm
Weight : 0.857 kg
- Standard shipping with signature (2 to 4 working days) : Free
- Express shipping (1 to 2 working days) : 15 euros
- Standard shipping with signature (3 to 7 working days) : Free (for order up to 300 euros)
- Standard shipping with signature (3 to 7 working days) : 15 euros (for order under 300 euros)
- Express shipping (2 to 4 working days) : 25 euros
- Standard shipping with signature (3 to 7 working days) : 25 euros
- Express shipping (2 to 4 working days) : 40 euros
- France : Free
- Europe : Free
- International : On your charge


text:
Advancements in medicine and an increase in capitalism in the world as well as other factors all contributed to the development of the field of sports nutrition.
As scientists learned more and more about our bodies and the optimum level of strength and physical fitness they can harbor, businessmen jumped the gun and manufactured products and services that actually help athletes meet these optimum levels. The media joined in the ruckus and published materials leading to the promotion of both the scientific and the commercial side of the field.
Sports nutrition has been changing through the years around the world. It's not just that the topics are different – the emphasis and approach have also changed.
Peak Performance, a sports magazine carried an article on dehydration in runners on October 1990, its maiden issue. This article compared the benefits of plain water with those of dilute glucose solutions, which are more isotonic and therefore absorbed more rapidly.
Today, go into almost any supermarket, convenience stores and even school cafeterias and you'll find a ready supply of sports drinks aimed at maintaining hydration just like glucose solutions.
The difference is that by using soluble long-chain glucose polymers instead of simple glucose, it's now possible to create an isotonic drink that hydrates and also supplies significant amounts of carbohydrate to working muscles. And, the good thing is, sports drinks also taste better.
More than 10 years ago, it was made public that muscle damage brought about by free-radicals may be reduced by having supplements of antioxidant vitamins A; C and E. Years after, antioxidant supplementation became a norm in the world of sports nutrition.
Now, researchers are also beginning to understand that muscle damage is a more complex subject. It is difficult to assess free radical damage in athletes and it has been found out those large amounts of antioxidant nutrients may actually cause cellular damage and impair performance.
The carb loading technique has been widely used over the years by athletes all over the world. A carbohydrate-rich diet is important in maintaining muscle glycogen stores thus ensuring high endurance levels.
However, in the 1990′s it became clear that the glycemic index and release rate of different carbohydrates had important influence on when they should best be consumed in relation to physical activity.
The relationship of carbohydrates and proteins were also discovered namely that carbohydrates promote protein-sparing in the body. It was also discovered recently that consuming carbohydrates before and during prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise can help protect the immune system.
One of the most exciting recent developments in sports nutrition has been the rise of creatine supplementation. The use of creatine is now very common. Creatine renews the muscles essential energy source, ATP or adenosine triphosphate. Increased levels in muscles optimizes energy turnover meaning you'll more energy for high power exercise and faster recovery during and after workouts. Creatine also increases the athlete's maximum effort, delays fatigue and therefore prolongs endurance.
New wisdom and therefore new products have definitely enabled athletes to fuel themselves better, work harder, train longer and recover more rapidly. However, as in any kind of innovation there will always be downsides.
Nutritional supplements available to most athletes in the 80′s were very straightforward. Some athletes took drugs but the boundaries between nutritional supplements and drugs clear. Today, the race to find new formulas to boost performance has resulted to the availability of sports nutrition supplements which do not really occur naturally. The result is that the distinction between a nutrient and a performance-enhancing substance has become increasingly blurred.
Some of these supplements contain ingredients that can cause athletes to violate the rules and regulations governing their sport because of unintentional contamination by other, 'exotic', substances present in the supplement manufacturing environment.
More developments will be created in the world of sports nutrition and these will definitely spawn ethical questions. "Nutrigenomics"-the relationship between genetics and nutrition-will be more researched upon.
As scientists become more skilled at discovering the processes of our genes, it will be possible that rather than adopting a general approach for sports nutrition, athletes around the world will be genetically tested to help them determine precise individual requirements for optimum health.
The next years will predictably be more exciting for the world of sports nutrition.


text:
Prayer for the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit This prayer intones each of the seven spiritual gifts originating from the book of Isaiah: wisdom, intellect (understanding), counsel, fortitude, science (knowledge), piety, and fear of God. Christ Jesus, before ascending into heaven, You promised to send the Holy Spirit to Your apostles and disciples. Grant that the same Spirit may perfect in our lives the work of Your grace and love. Grant us the Spirit of Fear of the Lord that we may be filled with a loving reverence toward You; the Spirit of Piety that we may find peace and fulfillment in the service of God while serving others; the Spirit of Fortitude that we may bear our cross with You and, with courage, overcome the obstacles that interfere with our salvation; the Spirit of Knowledge that we may know You and know ourselves and grow in holiness; the Spirit of Understanding to enlighten our minds with the light of Your truth; the Spirit of Counsel that we may choose the surest way of doing Your will, seeking first the Kingdom; Grant us the Spirit of Wisdom that we may aspire to the things that last forever. Teach us to be Your faithful disciples and animate us in every way with Your Spirit. Amen. Comments are closed.
July 2024


text:
Primus Wind Turbine- Air 30, 48V
Primus Wind Turbine- Air 30, 48V
AIR 30 TURBINEOptimum energy in high wind environmentsWhen you need energy, our AIR 30 delivers. It's hands down the best energy choice for off-grid land-based applications in high wind environments. Use it for SCADA, telecom, security, cathodic protection -- you name it. With optimized software, AIR 30 consistently delivers energy where it matters. The AIR 30's heavy-duty design can withstand most high wind environments. The AIR 30 is an ideal turbine for hybrid combinations with solar PV. Not for use in marine environments. AIR 30 is built and backed by the worldwide leader in small wind.
High-quality, third-party tested components for reliability and safety
Pair with solar PV for redundant energy production year-round
Advanced microprocessor technology for superior performance and high wind protection without mechanical braking
Lightweight design is simple and easy-to-install; integrated power electronics for plug-and-play operation
Produces 30 kWh of energy a month* for land-based, high wind applications
AIR 30 Certifications:
Restrictive of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Compliance
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) International Certificate of Compliance
CE Declaration of Comformity (for battery charging applications only)
Technical Specifications


text:
The Declaration EAC and the Certificate EAC in conformity with the technical regulation TR CU of the EurAsEC Customs Union are EAC certification documents issued by independent organizations. Such organizations perform their function through laboratories accredited to the public agencies in charge of the supervision of metrology and standardization in the three countries of the EAC Custom Union, joining at the moment the certification system : Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan.
The EAC Certificate for the Customs Union EAC is one of two new EAC Certification documents introduced with the new reform of technical regulations (TR CU) in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The latter being the EAC Declaration for the Custom Union EurAsEC.
The first, predominant difference compared to the GOST R Certifications, is the validity extended to the three member countries of the Eurasian Customs Union: Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Shortly to be extended to Armenia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
To download a PDF version of the declaration, click here.
External links


text:
- Start Date: 5th of June 2023
- End Date: 3rd of July 2023
- Time: 10am – 1pm (WAT)
- Schedule: Monday, Wednesday
With more communication and commerce being conducted online than ever before, the web provides incredible opportunities for web designers. Web designers play a central role in building dynamic websites and applications that deliver content in a variety of formats for multiple devices. This course is designed to equip participants with the technical knowledge and skills to create well-designed websites in terms of aesthetics, using today's modern web design tools such as HTML, CSS, Twitter Bootstrap, jQuery, Javascript.
Prerequisites This course doesn't require any prior programming knowledge.
Who Should Attend?
This course can be taken by anyone who wants to learn the art of web design/development
COURSE OBJECTIVES After the completion of the Certificate in Web Design Course you will be able to:
- Design websites using HTML
- Style websites built with HTML using CSS
- Work with Java-script to handle events
- Create impressive websites with Twitter Bootstrap
- Work with Twitter Bootstrap features
- Use jQuery Content Hover Plugin
- Use jQuery UI components
- Instructor-led Live Sessions
- Real-life Case Studies
- Assignments
- 24 x 7 Expert Support
- Internationally Recognised Certificates
FAQS What are the system requirements for this course? Operating System: Windows 7 or higher, Mac OS. Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or SoC RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS or 20 GB for 64-bit OS Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver Display: 800 x 600 What if I miss a class? All classes are recorded and uploaded on our Learning Management System(LMS). So you can catch up on your course during your free time if you miss a class. Do I receive a certificate after completing the Course? Yes, you receive an internationally recognized certificate after the course. Who are the Instructors? Our Instructors are in-house professionals with at least 5 years of relevant experience in various domains. They are subject matter experts and are trained to provide a great learning experience.


text:
Minamoto: The Original. For Originals.
Translated into English, Minamoto means "origin" and that is exactly what the brand stands for.
Sabae, a town in the Japanese prefecture of Fukui, is not only our own origin but also that of the Japanese eyewear industry. However, this region is not only known for eyewear manufacturing but is also home to other highly skilled crafts, such as lacquerware and washi paper production
CHARMANT founder, Kaoru Horikawa, has his own private collection of historical eyewear that served as inspiration for the brand for our committed, passionate developers. Another building block of the design language is Japanese Zen philosophy, which stands for minimalism and focus on the essentials. This is how the unique Minamoto design language, influenced by its origins, is created with unsurpassed attention to detail.
We also attach great importance to authenticity and quality in the choice of materials. That is why we manufacture our Minamoto glasses exclusively from Japanese titanium, the highest quality that exists in the market. Moreover, this material is firmly linked to our own history, since we were one of the first companies globally to use titanium for the production of eyewear in the 1980s - and to this day we are still unreservedly enthusiastic about its material properties.
Our logo is also a symbol of Japanese craftsmanship. Handmade by a master calligrapher who works for our company, it is another sign of Japanese precision and quality. And it shows that Minamoto is based on a unique, profound provenance that only we can claim for our brand.
Minamoto is all about authenticity, craftsmanship, comfort, high-quality, finesse, unsurpassed attention to detail and beauty.
For more information, please visit the dedicated Minamoto website.


text:
New York Adjusted Gross Income and Tax Liability - Analysis of 2007 State Personal Income Tax Returns by Place of Residence
This annual study provides statistical information on 2007 New York State personal income tax returns that were timely filed during 2008. The data are from full-year resident, full-year nonresident, and part-year resident returns. The report categorizes returns as either taxable or nontaxable depending on the presence or absence of taxable income and income tax liability. Data presented include the distribution of New York adjusted gross income and tax liability by residence and the value of deductions, exemptions, and taxable income by income class.
The following reports can be downloaded. Download documents include complete publications and sample tax forms in Adobe Acrobat pdf format (to view and print pdf reports, you need an installed copy of the Adobe Acrobat Reader -- which is available for free) and statistical tables available in spreadsheet files in Microsoft Excel xls format.
- 2007 Place of residence report (pdf)
- Statistical tables (xls)


text:
Based on the pioneering work of Richard Pochinko, this process synthesizes Native American and European clowning traditions to guide you in the discovery of clown. Participants are taken on a journey exploring colour, innocence and experience.
Six clay masks are made which create a personal mythology. As they are worn and explored various characters emerge which form and define your clown.
We need to build a clown who speaks to today, that is not just a collection of gags, but an archetype that reveals the essence of the performer.
This is clown that gives us a larger sense of the divine in each of us, that celebrates our humanness, our animalness, and the times that we can touch each other in a moment of laughter.
Click here to registerDates:
January 14th to February 16th 2019
Monday to Friday - 9:30am to 1:30pm
Saturday February 16th at 8:00pm
2150 CAD$ (Tax included)
Studio 303
15 Case Goods Lane #301
Toronto, Canada
(In the Distillery Historic District)
More Information:
No more information available


text:
MUMBAI — India on Monday recorded its biggest daily jump in coronavirus infections, joining only a handful of countries, including the United States, to cross the threshold of 100,000 new cases in a single day.
A surge is happening across South Asia. Pakistan's prime minister and president are among those to test positive in recent weeks. A one-week lockdown began in Bangladesh on Monday.
But shops, factories and even cinemas remain open in most of India. Election rallies are being held in several states. Officials are trying to avoid the economic pain of a total lockdown: Last spring, India's economy shrank nearly 24% under nationwide restrictions, and there were cases of starvation among the poor.
India's Health Ministry confirmed 103,558 new infections Monday. Cases have spiked quickly despite hitting record lows just two months earlier.
Scientists say new variants and lax social distancing could be to blame. A "double mutant" variant first identified last month in India was recently discovered in California.
After meeting with his advisers Sunday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's office announced a "special campaign for COVID-appropriate behavior with emphasis on 100% mask usage, personal hygiene and sanitation at public places/workplaces and health facilities." The campaign would begin Tuesday, it said.
India is the world's biggest vaccine producer, making up to 100 million doses per month of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine alone. It has diverted some exports in recent weeks to try to boost inoculations at home.
Nearly 80 million doses have been administered so far in what the Indian government calls the biggest vaccine campaign in the world. But that's still less than 5% of the population of nearly 1.4 billion. The government has said its goal is to vaccinate 300 million people by midsummer. Anyone over age 45 is currently eligible.
More than half of India's new cases are in the western state of Maharashtra, where Mumbai is the state capital. High-rise apartment blocks where residents test positive are being sealed off there and guarded by police. Authorities are commandeering private hospitals and nursing homes. On Sunday, they issued new restrictions calling for all nonessential shops to close on weekends. A night curfew remains in effect.
For much of 2020, India was where the coronavirus was spreading fastest. In autumn, it looked likely to overtake the U.S. as the most-infected country in the world. But then India's infections began to decline. It now ranks third behind the U.S. and Brazil in terms of total confirmed cases, and fourth behind the U.S., Brazil and Mexico in terms of deaths, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.
But India is now once again where the virus is spreading fastest.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
An "amphisexual" is a bisexual who is capable of physically and emotionally loving persons of either sex.
Saturday, August 8, 2009
4 comments:
isn't that also the definition of a bisexual?
- August 8, 2009 at 11:37 AM
- Queers United said...
yeah its just another term for it that isn't widely used
- August 8, 2009 at 12:21 PM
Actually, no. Someone who is bisexual may be amphisexual, or may not. Some people who may be termed bisexual enjoy sex with either sex, but not emotional love. For example, many people have known men who are "straight" but enjoy an occasional sexual encounter with another man; he would be bisexual, but not amphisexual.
- August 8, 2009 at 1:53 PM
i understand it's a fluid definition. but for me, being bisexual, i can and have been in serious relationships with men and women. language is so interesting...
- August 8, 2009 at 3:13 PM
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)


text:
The Efest Slim K2 battery charger is an excellent, space saving and cost efficient universal battery charger. It's perfect for travel and home alike. It has a micro USB slot which allows you to use it to charge other electric devices, such as phones, flashlights, e-cigs, etc. It provides separate bays which allows you to use different types of rechargeable batteries and prevents overcharging.
The Efest Slim K2 features a LED indicator which shows you the level of charge of each bay, and when the batteries are fully charged.
Several safety features have been included, such as reverse polarity and short circuit protection. Quite simply, this little dynamo is perfection with a plug.
Battery chargers have gradually improved, it's true, but Efest pulled out all the stops to manufacture the perfect charger to make your life easier and more productive. Whether you are at home or away, the Efest Slim K2 is a must have for anyone who wants to recharges different batteries quickly and efficiently. Get yours today.
- Fast charging mode: 1.0A (4.2V 2pcsX1.0A)
- Fit to 3.6V or 3.7V Lithium battery in different size
- Reverse Polarity protection
- Activation function
- Auto-detect charging function
- Over-charging protection
- Short circuit protection


text:
Your cart is empty
Trust of 10,00,000+ Customers In the Past 30+ Years
View our policy
1. Dry clean is recommended for all the items.In the times of high fashion we can not guarantee the colour, cloth or embroidery of any Item/s over time. 3. Since we use natural & organic colours, they areprone to bleeding due to perspiration. Each individual'sperspiration has a different chemical reaction on thecoloured/printed fabrics, and this should not be consideredas a defect. 4. All embroidered products should be protected from moisture.We recommend storing them in white mulmul cloth. Specialcare should be taken during monsoons by airing the productregularly. We do not take any guarantee for darkening orblackening (oxidation) of the embroidered work.
Please note: The colors you see on your device may vary due to the varying colour reproduction and temperature of individual devices.
Shop Number 1, TDI Westside Mall, Feroze Gandhi Rd,Block I, Lajpat Nagar III, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110024
Note - In case of any confusion in updating your size, kindly submit your contact details here. Our team will get in touch with you to confirm the size!


text:
Ariens Professional 32 Electric Start Model 926513 12v Key Start Two Stage Snow Blower 2015
Key Features
- 342cc Ariens Polar Force Pro Engine by Briggs and Stratton
- 32" Clearing Width
- On board 12v battery for easy key turn starting without access to an outlet
- 16" Directional Snow Tread Tires
- 16"Steel Serrated Auger
- Throws snow up to 50 ft.
- Automatic Traction Control
- Handwarmers
- Powerful In Dash Headlight
- 3-Year Limited Consumer Warranty
- 1-Year Limited Commercial Warranty
- Heavy-Duty Cast Iron Gear Case
Model Number- 926513
Engine Rating- 342cc
Engine Type- Ariens Polar Force Pro by Briggs & Stratton
Starting System- 12V /Recoil
Clearing Width- 32''
Chute Rotation- Quick Turn
Deflector Control- Remote
Tire Size- 16" X 6.5"
Axle System- Automatic Traction Control
Speed- 6 Forward/ 2 Reverse
Gear Case- Large Cast Iron
Impeller Diameter- 14''
Augers- 16'' Steel Serrated
Warranty- 3-year Limited Consumer, 1- Year Limited Commercial
Other Features- Halogen Headlight, Handwarmers
Some companies offer lower prices only to make up for it with hidden shipping charges.
At Snow Blower Source we believe the purchase process should be simple. That's why every product we sell ships for free! Many companies charge extra for shipping insurance, not at Snow Blower Source. Shipping insurance is included with every order we ship.
Not only is shipping free, its fast! Snow Blower Source has partnered with some of the quickest and most reliable companies in the industry.
All products under 150 lbs - ship via FedEx Ground.
All products over 150 lbs - ship via FedEx Freight.
All RESIDENTIAL Freight Shipments will receive a phone call from the trucking company to schedule delivery.
Lift Gate Service is recommended - for all residential freight items where a customer does not have access to a loading dock or fork lift.. This service is offered at only $50.00. That's right; your snow blower will be safely lowered to the ground for you.
All snow blower's ordered by 1pm CST. Will ship the same day- Anything later will ship the next business day.
All orders can be tracked through your Snow Blower Source account.
All products are shipped FREE to any location in the lower 48 states.


text:
Western Mediterranean and Atlantic Islands cruises offer guests the unique opportunity to visit a myriad of European countries, each boasting a unique blend of history, food and entertainment. Visit the Colosseum and the Sistine Chapel in Rome, or relax at a local winery in St. Tropez. Spend some time in Barcelona's downtown promenade one day and stroll along picturesque beaches in Cannes the next. Discover the scenic fishing villages and colorful vistas on the volcanic island of Madeira, or explore the natural aquarium that surrounds the Azores.
Western Mediterranean and Atlantic Islands cruises will typically call at ports in Spain, France and Italy, and may also visit ports in Portugal, Monaco, Tunisia or Morocco.


text: In the 15th century, monks began to breed the Andalusians in the south of Spain. With its graceful appearance, it enchanted especially nobles and kings. Therefore, only few would guess that the Andalusian has long been used as a cavalry horse. Although it was always known for his courage and strength, it is rather their elegance that distinguishes it. It is a unique dressage horse and even dominates the famous leap into the air, which is otherwise known only from the higher riding school of the Lipizzaner horse.


text:
MIT Student Makes Dough -- In The Lab
- Date:
- October 12, 2006
- Source:
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Summary:
- Trevor Shen Kuan Ng rolls dough. He also stretches it like Silly Putty and twirls it like taffy. Ng, an MIT graduate student, is getting an education in dough. His Ph.D. thesis concerns the mechanical properties of matter -- in this case, dough -- and how it behaves when subjected to forces. The work provides valuable information for commercial bakeries that need accurate, repeatable techniques for measuring the properties of dough to ensure the tastiest product.
- Share:
Trevor Shen Kuan Ng rolls dough. He also stretches it like Silly Putty, twirls it like taffy and flattens it into rectangles like wide fettuccine.
Ng, an MIT mechanical engineering graduate student, is getting an education in dough. His Ph.D. thesis concerns the mechanical properties of matter--in this case, dough--and how it behaves when subjected to forces. In engineering-speak, this is called rheology, and it provides valuable information for commercial bakeries that need accurate, repeatable techniques for measuring the properties of dough to ensure the tastiest product.
Ng's work is part of the non-Newtonian fluid dynamics research group headed by Gareth H. McKinley, professor of mechanical engineering.
Non-Newtonian fluids are unusual materials. Their viscosity, or slipperiness, changes with the amount of strain applied to them. Many non-Newtonian fluids have microscopic structures that affect how they react when poked or prodded, and how fast they move when they flow. Picture peanut butter or mayonnaise dripping from a tap--they would not behave like water. Some non-Newtonian fluids such as polymers bounce like a ball if dropped but flow smoothly if placed on a surface.
McKinley's research group looks at DNA, saliva, tree sap and okra, a natural polymer used as a food thickener for thousands of years. Snail slime and such oddities as magnetic fluids also are investigated.
Ng's work area in a corner of the Hatsopoulos Microfluids Laboratory contains a variety of dough-manipulating devices. To measure torque, or turning properties, the mixograph twists the dough around metal pins the way saltwater taffy is spun in a candy shop; the filament stretcher pulls the dough until it snaps.
To conduct experiments, Ng works with small samples of flour ground from grains newly developed by farmers and food engineers. He painstakingly records how the resulting dough is treated and how it reacts to manipulation, because different blends of flour, water and additives can result in drastically different dough. Atmospheric conditions and time of day also can affect the product's elasticity and rise.
Getting the dough to stay put can be a chore. "It sticks to pretty much everything other than the things you want it to stick to," Ng said.
Ng wasn't always cut out for dough. He completed a master's degree in aeronautical engineering from Cambridge University in England and arrived at the Gas Turbine Laboratory at MIT with the goal of designing airplane engines. Airplane engines are designed with air flow in mind, and Ng made the switch to "fluid mechanics of a different sort," he said, when he heard McKinley needed a dough man. Working with dough, he said, sounded like something "different and fun."
The research also has a serious side. For millennia, bakers have developed a feel for dough as they kneaded it. But this homespun approach isn't good enough for large commercial operations, which need "numbers" representing a material's properties during the manufacturing process, Ng said.
Ng helps define those properties while seeking a deeper understanding of the micro-structure of dough.
Gluten gives dough its distinctive elastic behavior. To engineers, gluten is a nanoscale bio-macromolecule, one of the largest protein compounds on earth. These proteins form an entangled matrix whose quality, shape and distribution within the dough are intrinsically linked to its bread-making qualities.
"The texture of bread--the chewiness and mouth feel--is dependent on the dough you start with," Ng said. "The airiness of the bread, or, from a commercial point of view, the amount of air they sell you, is directly related to the ability of the dough to resist rupture during the deformation process as it rises. When bread is in the oven, air bubbles within the dough expand. At some point they break, and the bread stops expanding."
Wonder Bread, Ng said, is "a very airy product."
Ng doesn't usually eat his experiments because the laboratory dough is covered with silicone oil to keep it from drying out. But since starting this line of research in 2003, Ng has become a home baker. When he bakes bread, he brings a bit of the dough in for testing. White bread, he said, is his favorite.
Ng's work is funded by Kraft Foods.
Story Source:
Materials provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Cite This Page: