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In a landmark deal signed by Ukraine, Russia and Turkey, overseen by the United Nations, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres welcomed the departure of the first ship from the Ukrainian port of Odesa with grain as part of the landmark deal. It is with great pleasure that we announce that the M/V Razoni, carrying a cargo of 26,527 tonnes of corn, is the first cargo ship to depart a Ukrainian Black Sea port since 26th February. It is bound for the Mediterranean port of Tripoli, in Lebanon, which is located in the Mediterranean region.
Guterres expressed his hope, in a statement released by his Spokesperson, that this will be the first in a series of commercial vessels moving in accordance with the Initiative, and that this will provide much-needed stability and relief to global food security, especially in the most fragile humanitarian contexts around the world. Moscow denies responsibility for the food crisis, blaming Western sanctions for slowing exports and Ukraine for mining the approaches to its ports. According to the Kremlin, Razoni's departure is a very positive development.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Timeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))
Timeline of Church History | |||||
This article forms part of the series Introduction to Orthodox Christianity | |
Holy Tradition | |
Holy Scripture The Symbol of Faith Ecumenical Councils Church Fathers Liturgy Canons Icons | |
The Holy Trinity | |
God the Father Jesus Christ The Holy Spirit | |
The Church | |
Ecclesiology History Holy Mysteries Church Life | |
Edit this box |
The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church.
Post-Communist era (1991-Present)
- 1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending Cold War; representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches; Ruthenian Byzantine rite Catholic Church in Transcarpathia was restored as a separate entity from Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church based in Galicia, having about 23% of Transcarpathia's parishes compared to 60% of the Orthodox total there; Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Exarchate of Southern Europe is created; death of Episcopal priest Robert Elwin Terwilliger, especially known for his efforts to reunite Anglican and Orthodox Christians, having served on the Episcopal Church's Council on Eastern Churches (1969-91), and the International Anglican Theological Commission for Joint Doctrinal Discussion with the Orthodox Churches (1971-91).
- 1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem presented a list of firm declarations of Orthodox convictions of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which was entered into the minutes of the assembly of Orthodox leaders at the Phanar on the Sunday of Orthodoxy; Orthodox-Reformed dialogue in Kappel-am-Albis, Switzerland issues Agreed Statement on the Holy Trinity; Romanian Orthodox Church canonizes Constantin Brâncoveanu (+1714); General Synod of the Church of England approves the ordination of women. July. The Holy Synod of Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America issues the magnificent Affirmations on Marriage, Family, Sexuality, and the Sanctity of Life. Schismatic Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP) self-proclaims its independance Russian Orthodox Church.
- 1993 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document "Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion" (the "Balamand document"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "The Ecumenical Councils."
- 1993 Church of Cyprus condemns Freemasonry; Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms published; Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church becomes autocephalous; martyrdom of New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn; in southern Africa, some of the bishops and clergy of the "African Orthodox Church" were received into membership of the Coptic Patriarchate of Alexandria, and became known as the "African Coptic Orthodox Church".
- 1994 Ligonier Meeting in Western Pennsylvania at Antiochian Village held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "diaspora"; death of Elder Paisios of Mount Athos; the Liaison Office of the Orthodox Church to the European Union was established by the Holy and Sacred Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Brussels.
- 1995 Patr. Bartholomew I visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical Orientale Lumen, encouraging reunion between East and West; glorification of Kuksha of Odessa by the Church of Ukraine; Church of Georgia canonizes Ambrose (Khelaia) the Confessor (+1927).
- 1996 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America reorganized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts; Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (Ecumenical Patriarchate) founded.
- 1997 Visit by Patr. Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople to US; establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria, by Synodical decree of the Patriarchate of Alexandria; Russian Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations declares Orthodox Christianity as Russia's predominant religion; Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona founded; first pan-African Inter-Orthodox Consultation is held in Kampala, Uganda in December, with representatives from the Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches present; French Orthodox researcher Dr. Jean-Claude Larchet completes the third volume of his masterpiece series on illness and healing.
- 1998 Church of Constantinople, not recognizing Russia's right to issue a tomos of autocephaly in 1951, issues its own tomos for the Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia; Thessaloniki Summit held to discuss Orthodox participation in WCC; uncovering of the relics of Ambrose of Optina; death of missionary Fr. Chariton Pneumatikakis, in Kananga, having served the Orthodox mission there for 25 years; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy"; the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of Utrecht established the Anglican-Old Catholic International Coordinating Council in order to stimulate contact and cooperation in the spirit of the Bonn Agreement of 1931; International Religious Freedom Act is passed in the US to promote religious freedom as a foreign policy of the United States, and to advocate on the behalf of the individuals viewed as persecuted in foreign countries on the account of religion.
- 1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence; Lutheran World Federation and Roman Catholic Church sign Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, one of the most significant agreements since the Reformation, also adopted unanimously later in 2006 by members of the World Methodist Council.
- 2000 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Baltimore, discusses text on "The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism," but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"; Russian Orthodox Church announces the canonization of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his immediate family; government of Greece orders removal of religious affiliation from state identity cards; the restored Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was consecrated on August 19; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr Andronik, Archbishop of Perm, one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors (+1918). Church of Russia canonizes Hieromartyr Bp. Seraphim (Zvezdinsky) of Dimitrov (+1937).
- 2001 Pope John Paul II of Rome apologizes to Orthodox Church for Fourth Crusade; Chalcedonian and Non-Chalcedonian Patriarchates of Alexandria agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches; according to the respected and reliable OUP World Christian Encyclopedia (2001), there were many more Christian martyrs in the 20th century--over 45 million--than in all of the preceding 19 centuries of Christianity, and of that number some 32 million were killed by "atheists" and over 9 million by Muslims.[1]
- 2002 Patr. Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople and Pope John Paul II co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation;" Church of Georgia glorifies Melchizedek I of Georgia (+1033); in attempt to restore its canonical status, delegations from the Serbian Orthodox Church and the canonically unrecognized Macedonian Orthodox Church negotiated the Niš Agreement, signed unanimously by the bishops of both delegations, calling for the establishment of an Autonomous Archdiocese whose primate is confirmed by the Church of Serbia, however the agreement was rejected by the synod of the MOC.
- 2003 Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to autonomy) by Church of Antioch; Coptic priest Fr. Zakaria Botros begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions; death of Elder Thaddeus (Strabulovich) of Serbia, one of the most renowned spiritual guides of twentieth century Serbia; Inter-Orthodox conference on the draft Constitutional Treaty of the European Union on March 18-19 in Crete, stated that the Treaty should include a clear reference to Europe's Christian heritage; the 5th Academic Meeting between Judaism And Orthodox Christianity was held in Thessaloniki, Greece, on May 27-29.
- 2004 Pope John Paul II returns relics of John Chrysostom and Gregory the Theologian to Church of Constantinople; Patr. Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by Church of Russia; Tikhvin Icon returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; Ecumenical Patriarchate canonizes Fr. Alexis Medvedkov, Fr. Dimitri Klepinine, Mother Maria Skobtsova, George Skobtsov and Elie Fondaminskii of the Russian emigration in France; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission statement "Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church."
- 2005 Major controversy in Ukraine involving the almost exclusively western Ukraine-based Uniate Greek Catholic Church moving its administrative centre on from Lviv to Kiev, constructing a large cathedral there, and its plans to establish a patriarchate, criticized by the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and other Orthodox; Metr. Nicholas (Smisko) of Amissos proclaimed that starting in 2006 the Second Sunday after Pentecost will be commemorated as the Synaxis of the Carpatho-Rusyn Saints; on May 24, the Feast of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Metr. Jovan VI (Vraniskovski) of Ohrid was confirmed by Patr. Pavel of Serbia as the Archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje, in accordance with the "Niš Agreement" of 2002.
- 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in both Chinese and Russian, following the editions of 1948 (St. John (Maximovitch) and of 1910 (Bp. Innocent (Figurovsky)); Pope Benedict XVI drops Patriarch of the West title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope Benedict XVI visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from Mount Athos; Abp. Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church;" death of Elder Athanasios Mitilinaios, having authored thousands of recorded lectures in the spirit of patristic traditional Orthodoxy.
- 2007 Restoration of full communion between Moscow Patriarchate and ROCOR; 1600th anniversary celebration of the repose of John Chrysostom; the Vatican formally abolishes doctrine of Limbo; number of Orthodox believers in Italy reaches almost one million as a result of immigration from Romania and Ukraine; synod of over 50 bishops of the Church of Ukraine announce that the UOC-MP is "an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church"; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents Cardinal Walter Kasper and Metr. John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon, agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation (EP); letter "A Common Word Between Us and You" is sent by 138 Muslim leaders from 40 nations to the leaders of the world's Christian churches, calling for understanding and commonality; the Abp. of Canterbury Dr Rowan Williams welcomed Patriarch Bartholomew I to Westminster Abbey to celebrate the publication of The Church of the Triune God: The Cyprus Agreed Statement, taking over 16 years to produce, concluding the third phase of the Anglican-Orthodox international theological dialogue; world's first Russian-Chinese dictionary of Orthodox vocabulary is printed in Moscow; Romania and Bulgaria enter the European Union; the International Association of Genocide Scholars passed the IAGS Resolution on Genocides Against Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, and Other Christians by the Ottoman Empire 13 July 2007, affirming that the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities between 1914-1923 was genocide; the 6th Academic Meeting between Judaism and Orthodox Christianity took place in Jerusalem, March 14-15.
- 2008 First Orthodox Liturgy celebrated at the North Pole; Orthodox Study Bible (with Septuagint) published; UOC-MP canonizes new martyrs of Vasyliivskyi, Fr. Sergiy Shtenko and laymen Prokhor Bunchuk and Kirill Priyma, martyred during the communist persecution of the church in the 20th century; 14th Session of the Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission was held in Paphos, Cyprus; Metropolis of Singapore (Ecumenical Patriarchate) founded; Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople in October of the Primates of the fourteen Orthodox Churches, signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council"; Patr. Bartholomew I authors Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today; Hieromartyr Archimandrite Philoumenos (Hasapis) of Jacob's Well (+1979) is glorified by the Patriarchate of Jerusalem; 42 members of the Zulu, Tsvan and Sutu tribes were baptised into the Orthodox Church in South Africa, received into the church by the Metr. Seraphim of Johannesburg and Pretoria.
- 2009 Metr. Valentin of Orenburg and Buzuluk consecrated the first-ever Russian Orthodox temple in Rome on May 24, the day of St. Cyril and Methodius, being the Church of the Great Martyr St. Catherine, with the blessing of Patr. Kirill; the 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13, mandating "Episcopal Assemblies" for various regions of the world, including North America;[2] On April 30 the House of Assembly of the Parliament of South Australia passed a motion recognising "the genocide by the Ottoman state between 1915-1923 of Armenians, Hellenes, Syrian and other minorities in Asia Minor";[3] Metr. Jonah (Paffhausen) addresses inaugural assembly of Anglican Church in North America (ACNA); agreement was announced between St. Vladimir's Seminary and Nashotah House; the Vatican announced a newly created "Apostolic Constitution", calling for the creation of new church structures, called Personal Ordinariates, to operate under local Roman Catholic dioceses and be administered by former Anglican clergy, clearing the way for entire congregations of Anglican faithful to join the Roman Catholic Church, while preserving elements of the distinctive Anglican spiritual and liturgical patrimony;" Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission meets in Paphos, Cyprus, 11th plenary, studying the theme "The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium;" pilgrimmage to Mount Athos of the former Prime Minister of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, current leader of the opposition in parliament; Bulgaria's Parliament approved changes to the Family Code opening the way for fast-track divorces; in February, the Israeli government transferred to Russia Sergei's Courtyard, which had originally been a part of the Russian compound.
- 2010 Resolutions in the United States and Sweden were passed narrowly, recognising the mass killings of Armenians by Ottoman Turks as "genocide", Turkey reacting angrily in both cases; official visit of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople to the Church of Russia; formation of Episcopal Assembly of North and Central America; inaugural meeting of the Episcopal Assembly of the British Isles is held on June 21st at Thyateira House; formation of Episcopal Assembly of Oceania; Pope Benedict XVI proclaims the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation; on Sunday, August 15, 2010 Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I conducted the first Divine Liturgy in 88 years at the historic monastery of Panagia Soumela in Trapezounta, northeastern Turkey, marking the first official religious service carried out at the ancient monastery since the foundation of the modern Turkish Republic; over half a million Guatemalan Indians of the "Orthodox Catholic Church of Guatemala" (OCCG), a branch of the "Orthodox-Catholic Church of America" (OCCA), are received in their entirety into the Ecumenical Patriarchate's Holy Metropolis of Mexico.[4][note 1]
- 2011 Another assassination attempt on the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I was prevented by Turkish police;[5][note 2] glorification of Righteous Irodion of Lainici (+1900), former Abbott of Lainici Monastery in Romania;[6] canonization of 1241 New Martyrs of Naoussa, Greece, massacred by the Ottoman Turks from Thursday of Bright Week to the Sunday of Thomas in 1822.[7][8] launch of the "The Great Orthodox Christian Encyclopedia" 12-Volume set, blessed and sponsored by Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria, Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch, Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem, Archbishop Chrysostomos II of Cyprus, Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens and All Greece, and others.[9][10][11]
- 2012 Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I gave a landmark address at the Turkish Parliament's Constitution Conciliation Commission, tasked with drafting a new constitution for Turkey, presenting an 18-page report demanding equal treatment and rights for Turkey's non-muslim communities, including state-aid for churches and minority schools;[12][note 3] Bp. Makarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya officiates at the wedding of the Kenyan Prime Minister's son, Fidel Odinga, who was baptized Makarios in June, together with 22 other people.[13]
- 2013 Fifty-three Ethiopian Orthodox Christians are arrested in Saudi Arabia for praying in a private home.[14]
See also
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in America
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in China
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan
- Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations
- ↑ In announcing this exciting development, His Eminence Metropolitan Athenagoras (Aneste) of Mexico expressed his great pleasure in welcoming the OCCG which was received in its entirety, including their former clergy, seminarians, lay ministers, catechists and affiliated membership into the canonical family of the Orthodox Church. Following their official reception, the leaders of OCCG, Messrs. Andrew Girón and Michael Castellanos traveled to Mexico City where on the weekend of March 19-21, they were ordained to the Holy Priesthood, receiving the title of Archimandrite. The OCCG has an approximate membership of 527,000 faithful and catechumens, overwhelmingly indigenous, with 334 churches in Guatemala and southern Mexico, with 12 (formerly OCCG) clergymen and 14 seminarians, who are assisted in their pastoral ministry by 250 lay ministers and 380 catechists.
- ↑ "Hudson Institute fellow Lela Gilbert reports: "In recent weeks, a series of abuses against Christians has swept across the Muslim world. There has been a murder in Pakistan, attacks on churches in Ethiopia, an attempted assassination of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Turkey and repeated pogroms against the Copts in Egypt. Now, rights groups are reporting new developments in Iran's anti-Christian crackdown, which has swept up nearly 300 Christian believers since June 2010." (Jennifer Rubin. Morning Bits. The Washington Post (Opinions). 7:45 AM ET, 03/13/2011)
- ↑ The subcommittee also heard the demands of Turkey's Assyrian Christian community, represented by Kuryakos Ergün, the head of the Syriac Mor Gabriel Monastery Foundation.
- ↑ Dr. Srdja Trifkovic. New Martyrs of the East and Coming Trials in the West. OrthodoxyToday.org. May 13, 2006.
- ↑ Three Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultations (Chambésy 1976, 1982, 1986) and five inter-Orthodox preparatory commissions (Geneva, 1971, Chambésy 1986, 1990, 1993 and 1999) were held in the past.
- ↑ PRESS RELEASE. General Secretariat for Pan-Orthodox Ministries. FROM THE OFFICE OF THE HOLY METROPOLIS, Mexico City, April 7th 2010.
- ↑ Assassination attempt on Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople prevented. PanArmenian.net. March 9, 2011 - 17:12 AMT 13:12 GMT.
- ↑ Proclamation of Canonisation of Saint Irodion. Basilica News Agency. 01-05-2011 22:40.
- ↑ The Canonization of 1241 New Martyrs of Naoussa. Ipernity. July 5, 2011 at 05:38PM.
- ↑ (Greek) Τελετή αγιοκατάταξης των 1241 νεομαρτύρων της Νάουσας. Romfea.gr. Δευτέρα, 27 Ιούνιος 2011.
- ↑ Launch of the Great Orthodox Christian Encyclopedia. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. 06/24/11. Retrieved: 2013-02-09.
- ↑ (Greek) Η Μεγαλη oρθoδoξη Χριςτιανικη εγκyκλoπαιδεια. Στρατηγικες Εκδοσεις. Retrieved: 2013-02-09.
- ↑ (Greek) Υπό έκδοση η νέα Μεγάλη Ορθόδοξη Χριστιανική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια. AMEN.GR. 26 Ιανουαρίου 2010, 14:04. Retrieved: 2013-02-09.
- ↑ Orthodox Christian leader favors constitution promoting religious freedom in Turkey. The Washington Post (AP). February 20, 2012.
- ↑ Bishop Makarios of Kenya officiates at Kenyan Prime Minister's son's wedding. Cyprus Mail. August 23rd 2012.
- ↑ Saudi Arabia: 53 Ethiopian Christians arrested for praying in a private home. AsiaNews.it. 02/20/2013 10:37.
Published works
The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history:
From an Orthodox perspective
- Archimandrite Tikhon (Shevkunov). Everyday Saints and Other Stories. Pokrov Publications, 2012. 504pp. ISBN 978-0-9842848-3-2
- Bartholomew I (Ecumenical Patriarch). Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today. Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130
- Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich. The Orthodox Church. Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518
- Clark, Katherine. The Orthodox Church. Simple Guides: Religion (series). Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (Concise, accessible introduction)
- Clément, Olivier. Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782
- Damick, Fr. Andrew Stephen. Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy: Exploring Belief Systems through the Lens of the Ancient Christian Faith. 1st Ed. Chesterton, IN: Conciliar Media Ministries, 2011. 224 pp. ISBN 9781936270132
- Keleher, Serge. Orthodox rivalry in the twentieth century: Moscow versus Constantinople. Religion, State and Society. Volume 25, Issue 2 June 1997. pp.125-137.
- Papanikolaou, Aristotle. Byzantium, Orthodoxy, and Democracy. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol. 71, No. 1 (Mar., 2003), pp. 75-98.
- Addresses the question of the compatibility between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and modern understandings of democracy. Cites a recent debate between two contemporary Orthodox ethicists, Stanley Harakas and Vigen Guroian, over the proper role of the Orthodox Church in relation to the American democratic state. Argues that there does not exist a "clash of civilizations" between Orthodoxy and democracy.
- Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition. InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943
- Schmemann, Alexander. The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy.
- Ware, Timothy. The Orthodox Church: New Edition. (ISBN 0140146563)
- Webber, Meletios (Archimandrite). Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God. Conciliar Press. 2007.
From a Heterodox perspective
- Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 0310208122)
- Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith. (ISBN 0789446057)
- Gonzalez, Justo L. A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century. (ISBN 0687171849)
- Hastings, Adrian, ed. A World History of Christianity. (ISBN 0802848753)
- Jones, Timothy P. Christian History Made Easy. (ISBN 1890947105)
- Noll, Mark A. Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity. (ISBN 080106211X)
- Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700). (ISBN 0226653803)
- Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 156563196X)
- Shortt, Rupert (Religion Editor of the Times Literary Supplement). Christianophobia: A Faith Under Attack. The Random House Group, UK, 2012. 320pp. ISBN 9781846042751
- Trower, Philip. The Catholic Church and the Counter Faith: A Study of the Roots of Modern Secularism, Relativism and de-Christianisation. Family Publications. October 2006. 327pp. ISBN 9781871217599
- Walton, Robert C. Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. (ISBN 0310362814)
External links
- History of Orthodox Christianity (QuickTime movies)
- Timeline of Patriarchal History. Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. (Pop-up Video Presentation, in Sections)


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BPCA Membership
Proof we're fit for the fight
Gold Standard Pest Solutions Ltd is a member of the British Pest Control Association (BPCA) – the trade body for the pest management industry in the UK.
Our members' logo is earned and we're proud to display it because membership is a sign of professionalism and a mark of quality.
BPCA promotes best practice and being part of the organisation provides independent proof that we're committed to excellence in every part of our business.
What our BPCA membership means for our customers
Membership is recognition of our expertise.
It shows we abide by industry Codes of Conduct and Practice and pass regular audits against British Standard EN 16636 – the benchmark of quality for pest management operators across Europe.
Membership also confirms that we're able to provide detailed advice on pest prevention measures and will carry out a proper survey before starting any work.
It's evidence that we protect staff, customers and members of the public through risk and COSHH assessments, it means we only employ technicians who meet or exceed the industry standard qualifications and shows that we're committed to Continuous Professional Development.
Being part of BPCA also confirms that we hold the proper insurances.
Our membership also gives us access to technical support, business guidance and help with documentation and legislation – which means we're always ahead of the game.
In short, it's independent affirmation that our customers will be protected professionally – and that we're fit for the fight!
You can always check our membership status at bpca.org.uk/check
Who are BPCA?
BPCA represents organisations with a professional interest in the management of public health pests to provide safe and healthy environments.
It's the role of the Association to:
Highlight the risks of inadequate control
Offer guidance in what to look for when searching for a pest control contractor
Provide general pest advice and guidance documentation
Provide advice on how to select an appropriate pest control professional.


text:
Hello Fēnix 7 and Epix customers,
We are now aware of a bug in the v8.15 update which can interfere with the tracking of stress and sleep data. Luckily, the tracking of this data will resume after a simple reboot of the watch (turning it off and turning it back on again.) If you have already installed the update, please perform this reboot of your watch to correct this problem.
If you would like to avoid this bug entirely, we recommend that you do not install the v8.15 update. If you have already installed this update, remember that you have the option to revert to the current public version of software, v7.35. Please note that backdating software will revert your watch to default settings.
We apologize for the inconvenience, please know that we are working to resolve this issue as soon as possible.
The next public beta version is now available for your watch!
If you've participated in the Beta Program with previous Fēnix product lines, you'll notice a few changes from how we have managed this in the past. And further down the line, we'll have some additional improvements to the Beta Program (more on that later!) Notably, the fēnix 7/Epix watches use one single update file to update system software and peripheral updates (GPS version, Wireless version, etc.) So you no longer need to install multiple update files. Additionally, this forum post is now the primary resource for reading the change log notes – they are not available on another webpage. (There will be more options for viewing change logs after we implement the additional improvements to our beta program.)
The link to download the software update is listed below. Please note that your computer will download a .zip file when you open this link.
- This zip contains the software update and instructions for installation in the 'Read Me.txt' file. We have also provided a folder with the files necessary for backdating software, and instructions for this process if you choose to do so. Remember, backdating software will reset all settings.
- Please note: the included secure_config.gcd file should also be installed to your watch. This file will enable a few "beta features." For example, it will provide you with the option to reboot your watch (turn off and automatically turn back on). It will also automatically generate some files if you encounter certain issues. In short, if you are using beta software, you should also always have this file installed: it will make your use of the watch easier, and make it easier for you to report issues in software.
- Please email the Garmin Outdoor Quality Team if you find issues in software after installing this update: [email protected]
Use this link to download the zip for your watch to update to the latest Beta software:
Change log for version 8.15 (changes since v8.14):
- Added palm screen support while in Connect IQ apps.
- Added body battery watch data field to more watch faces.
- Endurance Horseback activity is now named simply Horseback.
- Fixed potential UI issue with card in the Garmin Pay wallet.
- Fixed issue with step goal streak when multiple devices are being used.
- Fixed issue with Shimano Di2 12-speed system being reported as 11-speed.
- Fixed drawing of about page for Shimano Di2 support.
- Fixed issue with Auto Climb where user is unable to edit data screens if on run profile or switched to current screen.
- Fixed Lap Alert translation truncation.
- Fixed an issue where wrist heart rate would not turn on if turned on while in the middle of an activity.
- Various watch face bug fixes and improvements.
- Fixed a Connect IQ app issue where apps that record activities would time out to normal run activities when paused.
- Fixed issue that could cause display to be slow to wake using Gesture setting, if CIQ watchface was active.
- Fixed golf green view map update issues.
- Fixed some translation issues.
- Fixed issue causing first time tips to not draw properly.
- Fixed UI list index issue in map manager after having queued a map download.
- Fixed issue with Strength workout PR weight accuracy.
- Fixed UI issue with info icon in sleep app.
Instructions for updating software:
- Download the .zip specific to your watch, using the links above.
- Connect the watch to your computer.
- Following the included 'Read Me.txt' file, install the included gupdate.gsp file to the Primary\Garmin folder on your watch.
- Disconnect the watch from the computer and it will prompt you to update software.
After updating, your watch will be running the following software versions. These can be confirmed on the Menu – System – About pages.
- Primary Software Version: 8.15
- This is the number on the very first About page. This number should always match the "Host" version number written on the 5th About page.
- Wireless: 24.61
- Sensor Hub: 18.00
- Epix Touch Screen: 10.07
Garmin Outdoor Quality Team


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Parshat Emor
The kohanim are commanded to avoid contact with corpses in order to maintain a high standard of ritual purity. They may attend the funeral of only their seven closest relatives: father, mother, wife, son, daughter, brother, and unmarried sister. The kohen gadol (High Priest) may not attend the funeral of even his closest relatives. Certain marital restrictions are placed on thekohanim. The nation is required to honor the kohanim. The physical irregularities that invalidate a kohen from serving in the Temple are listed. Terumah, a produce tithe given to the kohanim, may be eaten only by kohanim and their household. An animal may be sacrificed in the Temple after it is eight days old and is free from any physical defects. The nation is commanded to sanctify the Name of G-d by insuring that their behavior is always exemplary, and by being prepared to surrender their lives rather than murder, engage in licentious relations or worship idols. The special characteristics of the holidays are described, and the nation is reminded not to do certain types of creative work during these holidays. New grain may not be eaten until the omer of barley is offered in the Temple. The Parsha explains the laws of preparing the oil for the menorah and baking the lechem hapanim in the Temple. A man blasphemes G-d and is executed as prescribed in the Torah.
The End of Rule Britannica
"Speak to the kohanim, the sons of Aharon…"
I must admit to more than a tinge of nostalgia when I read of the recent demise of that great 244 year-old creaking behemoth, the Encyclopedia Britannica.
Actually Britannica will continue in its electronic version but its weighty printed tomes will no longer grace the walls of many a suburban home. Britannica really stopped publishing its print edition in 2010 when it only managed to sell 12,000 copies worldwide, a paltry number to justify its vast team of experts churning out articles.
And as far as its online future is concerned? I'm not convinced. There's some hot competition out there.
Like Wikipedia.
Nowadays, people are far more likely to search Wikipedia than Britannica. One reason of course is because Wiki is free – and everyone likes free. However, there's another reason here.
Anyone can write an entry in Wikidpedia.
In our society the axiom that democracy is only legitimate form of social organization is virtually unchallengeable.
The idea of a benevolent dictatorship strikes most people as an impossible oxymoron.
Our mindset is that the will of the majority is the best, the fairest and the only way to run society, and this ideology seeps into other areas of life as well — including encyclopedias. Critics of Britannica claim that it suffers from the biases of the experts it employs. Wiki, however, suffers no less from its biases, both cultural and personal. The difference is really between quality and quantity. Do you want your information brought to you by a panel of experts in the field or a vast multitude whose credentials are unverified?
Presumably, the democratization of our lives has its limits: I'm not sure how many of us would submit to extensive invasive surgery based on a straw poll taken on Twitter, however gung-ho the yay-sayers might be.
The idea that if you ask enough people a question you're bound to come up with the right answer is inimical to Torah thought. The spiritual Masters teach, "The opinion of the unlettered," presumably the vast majority, "is the opposite of the Torah scholars."
Rabbi Nota Schiller once observed, "The Torah is a democracy of opportunity and an aristocracy of opinion." Anyone can open a Talmud and start to learn. However, for one's opinion to be significant it must pass a self-policing system of peer approval that validates only the greatest and the most expert.
If you think about it, the Torah was not given as the "Ten Suggestions – Please twitter this to your friends and see what they think." It was given as Ten Statements – Divine and immutable.
The priesthood too is a totally undemocratic exclusive club to which only birth gains you entry.
As it says in this week's Torah Portion, "And G-d said to Moshe, 'Speak to the kohanim, the sons of Aharon."
We know that the kohanim are the sons of Aharon without the Torah having to remind us. Why then does the Torah stress this?
Not everything in life is democratic: Someone with Eastern features cannot elect to be Caucasian, Women cannot decide to be men, and a Yisrael cannot decide to be a kohen. A kohen is imbued with an innate higher level of holiness merely because of his lineage, because he is a descendant of Aharon HaKohen.
Google me on that – you'll see I'm right.


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Tables Buying Guide
The best dining companions and energy jabs—modern tables can fill up a space with so much substance and meaning. Coffee & Dining tables, console side end tables and contemporary multi-functional tables, you can name a table and realize its importance in the long.
A piece of sound advice would be not to haste with buying table as most of us will live with one for many years to come, and it is advisable to visit many stores before you make the pick. This guide is a practical handy article on how to round upon a great table, starting with some common points that you can follow before you buy,
Size : Yes, size matters! For dining areas, you don't want a bigger table that crams space; or something too small for a large room. Also, dining tables should have enough room for seating and food circulation. The host should have enough space to move about, there should be at least 48 inches between the nearest wall or furniture piece; also there should be enough room between two diners. A contemporary conference room table, for instance, need not be a regular round shape. You get smaller and much more convenient tables that can be used for meetings and conferencing.
Capacity :
It is important that a table should be scaled to the room. It is important to also consider the number of people will be using the table.
Shape : Shape and size is important. Dining tables come in a wide array of interesting shapes. The regular rectangular tables are ideal for larger rooms, and then for smaller dining areas, you get all fancy shapes and sizes—oval, square, round and semi-circles. Side tables and console tables come in different shapes to utilize space and add functionality. You also get extendible tables with leafs that can be a smart option.
Following is a list of important tables,
Console Tables : Console tables have the power to transform any open space into a beautiful corner. To fill up bare spaces in large living areas, a console table can play an interesting role in breaking the monotony and adding some meaningful furniture. Equipped with drawers, some console tables can come in handy to store knick knacks. Also known as a side table, console tables look the best when arranged against a bare wall.
Dining Tables : Allow the architecture of your home to dictate the choice of dining tables. You can pay attention to elements that bespeak the general styling of the dining area. Both traditional and contemporary tables o look great, depending on the theme you have used in line with other dining furniture. Traditional tables use certain woods like walnut and mahogany, while others use cherry, oak and pine that look more warm and casual. Contemporary tables use glass, metal and combination of materials.
Coffee Tables : A coffee table can serve as important family furniture and deserves more than a mention. You can team it up with accessories that match up a theme and reflect your personal taste. It helps to define the purpose of a table before you buy one. Bigger coffee tables look great in larger rooms. Before you start with your search, it is important to determine the function, requirement and budget. For average sized homes, small coffee tables in different shapes like oval, round, square or a low-slung oriental design may be all you need to make a statement.


text: Happy, beautiful and independent, Veronica enjoys being a mistress. No commitment, no strings and she never has to be vulnerable. She has carefully laid every brick in the walls of the fortress surrounding her heart. She's safe and having a great time. However, there is one person who knew her heart before those walls were erected, her best friend Brandon, who has stood by her for too many years to count. And while Veronica has tried to keep her feelings at bay, he is the one who holds the key that opens her Pandora's box of emotions.


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The next-generation Chevrolet Silverado HD will debut next year, as a 2020 model, according to the automaker. It will be the third all-new truck in the Silverado lineup revealed in just 18 months, joining the 2019 Silverado 1500 and the new medium-duty lineup, 2019 Silverado 4500/5500/6500HD.
The next-generation Silverado HD is designed for the specific priorities and needs of heavy-duty truck customers. On-road testing of the new Silverado HD prototypes will begin in the near future to reach Chevrolet's durability and validation standards. and the bolder. The first production models are scheduled to roll off the assembly lines in Flint, Mich., in the third quarter of 2019.
The 2019 Silverado 1500 was introduced in January. Through extensive use of mixed materials and advanced manufacturing, the new truck weighs less than the outgoing model — up to 450 pounds less for crew cab V-8 models — while building on the legacy of dependable, long-lasting Chevrolet full-size pickups. The new Silverado 1500 also offers a broad range of trims and engine/transmission combinations, providing customers with an array of opportunities to find their ideal truck.
The 2019 Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, and 6500HD chassis-cab models were introduced in March at The Work Truck Show 2018 and are scheduled to go on sale in late 2018. The first-ever Silverado medium-duty trucks are designed specifically for commercial customers, with an emphasis on being easy to drive, easy to upfit and easy to service.
"Chevrolet has built more than 85 million trucks in 100 years and we have applied that accumulated truck expertise to the new Silverado range," said Alan Batey, global head of Chevrolet. "All three Silverado models offer a wide range of choices, as no two truck customers are alike. Every Silverado is built to be long-lasting and dependable, as many customers need their trucks to earn a living or to do what they enjoy most when they're off the clock. Finally, every Silverado is built to work — as we know every truck, no matter how luxurious, has a job to do."
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IBM Enables Clients and Business Partners to Quickly Embrace PureSystems
New Resources Focus on Eliminating Complexity from Application Development
LAS VEGAS - IBM (NYSE: IBM) is introducing new offerings to make it easier for business partners and clients to create "patterns of expertise", a new software capability first introduced as part of IBM's PureSystems family of expert integrated systems. These patterns are designed to radically streamline the set-up and management of hardware and software resources. (#IBMPureSystems)
PureSystems, introduced in April, is the result of $2 billion in research, development and acquisitions over four years, and has been designed to help change the economics of IT so that organizations can reduce their IT costs and complexity and put more resources towards innovation and growth.
Central to enabling and streamlining IT operations through PureSystems are these patterns of expertise. IBM announced today a new Virtual Pattern Kit to enable clients and business partners to convert technology expertise into reusable, downloadable packages of their own. This complements the patterns that are already being created by both IBM and more than 125 Independent Software Vendors (ISVs). Once designed, these patterns are embedded directly into the PureSystems machines to automate a wide range of manual and administrative IT tasks.
As part of this announcement, IBM will also offer clients and business partners access to the PureSystems family to create and test their patterns through the IBM SmartCloud. This will help organizations to radically simplify data center operations, and capitalize on the massive cost savings and efficiency gains PureSystems delivers.
"With almost two-thirds of global IT budget being spent on just maintaining their current infrastructure, it's imperative that companies find ways to reduce the complexity in their data centers," said Marie Wieck, General Manager, IBM Application and Integration Middleware. "The introduction of patterns will revolutionize how applications are being developed and managed, simplifying tasks that organizations once spent months on and allowing them to refocus on innovation."
New Resources Help Ecosystem of Business Partners and Clients to Create Applications and Patterns
By offering clients and business partners the ability to create applications and patterns of expertise of their own for PureSystems, businesses will be able to significantly lower development costs, rapidly create new solutions for clients, and fill regional or topic skill gaps. These resources are based on the expertise and experience of IBM's technical community and the developers and researchers that created PureSystems. They include:
- IBM Virtual Pattern Kit for Developers: This no-charge software
development tool kit provides in-depth technical resources for
developers interested in creating their own pattern of expertise for IBM
PureSystems. The tool kit provides practical tools for developers to
test out patterns of expertise by creating applications that run on
PureSystems and the ability to begin the development work to create
patterns of expertise. The tool kit will help companies move their
applications from creation to testing and availability in the IBM
PureSystems Centre. For patterns of expertise, the tool kit will help
companies begin the development work and prepare to collaborate with IBM
to finalize the project. Once partners develop their own optimized
patterns of expertise with IBM, their applications can seamlessly be
deployed on either the IBM SmartCloud or IBM PureSystems in minutes,
enabling their clients to choose their preferred deployment model.
- PureSystems Cloud Trial: A PureSystems development environment is
available to developers for 90 days at no charge. The trial can help
developers create applications through IBM's SmartCloud that are ready
to run on IBM's new expert integrated systems. This cloud sandbox
removes the hassle of server provisioning, operating system and
middleware set up and the complicated cycles of permissions and
procurement associated with software development. Now, if a developer
has an idea for a PureSystems application, they can be creating and
testing their application in a PureSystems-ready environment in minutes.
The cloud trial also includes Collaborative Lifecycle Management
software from IBM enabling business partners to work together on a
project, or to work directly with a client's developers. This
collaborative approach can significantly increase the speed of software
development, encourage innovation and empower developers with the tools
they need to track the project through its completion.
By removing some of the biggest challenges of software development, IBM is helping businesses empower their technical experts to rapidly create a proof of concept for clients, and test new ideas.
For example, a software developer, working for a bank, has an idea for a mobile application and would like to build a prototype to demonstrate its potential business benefits. Without the PureSystems cloud trial, the developer needs to obtain the necessary financing and permissions for the project. Then they need to secure and provision the hardware, download a base operating system, set up a middleware stack and enlist the expertise of skilled programmers to tune the middleware stack to ensure optimal performance. This can take days to achieve.
With the PureSystems cloud trial, the developer can log into the IBM SmartCloud and immediately begin working on the application in an environment that is already set up. They have 90 days to build a proof of concept without any risk that the hardware will be re-allocated to another priority effort, and without needing the expertise of additional software developers to tune the middleware.
IBM Makes it Easy for Business Partner Ecosystem to Embrace PureSystems
More than 150 solutions have been developed for IBM PureSystems by more than 125 of the world's leading ISVs. With technical and validation resources from IBM, these companies have the flexibility to optimize their industry-leading applications to run on either the IBM PureFlex or IBM PureApplication systems.
To continue the rapid adoption of PureSystems among leading technology companies, clients can now nominate ISV patterns they would like to see in the PureSystems Centre. Additionally, special enablement events are being hosted at IBM Innovation Centers in 25 cities around the globe. These events are designed for all types of Business Partners and will offer resources and advice on how companies can grow their business with PureSystems. Additionally, developers have access to a wide variety of PureSystems technical resources on IBM developerWorks. There, developers can learn about PureSystems, watch technical demos and hear from others working on the technology.
New Patterns for Business Intelligence and Business Process Management and Social Collaboration
In addition to offering resources to business partners and clients to create their own patterns, IBM is also introducing several new patterns that organizations can leverage based on their needs. These patterns are based off of proven best practices and expertise for complex tasks that IBM has learned from decades of client and partner engagements. Now, they have been captured, lab-tested and built into PureSystems. With the push of a button, an organization can easily pull up a workload-specific pattern, dramatically reducing the time and effort associated with installing, configuring, tuning and managing software on an ongoing basis.
- Business Process Management (BPM): Patterns for deploying business
process applications within a private cloud. IBM Business Process
Manager provides clients with visibility, management and insight into
their business processes. Through PureSystems, IBM intends to provide
Business Process Manager Advanced and Business Process Manager Standard
patterns, enabling customers to scale the use of BPM throughout their
company faster and focus their resources on activities that add value to
the business such as improving key processes, instead of installation
and configuration.
- Business Intelligence: A pattern that drives deployment of IBM Cognos
Business Intelligence applications in 20-minutes. IBM Cognos Business
Intelligence equips business users with reporting, analysis, dashboard,
and scorecards to help them easily analyze all information to drive
better business decisions. Now with PureSystems, clients will be able to
focus their efforts getting faster answers to their key business
questions, rather than spending time and resources on installing,
configuring, tuning and maintaining complex Business Intelligence
- Social Collaboration: A pattern that gives clients the ability to
quickly foster collaboration, expertise location and sharing among their
employees. A social business recognizes that people do business with
people and optimizes how people interact to accomplish organizational
goals. The Social Collaboration pattern will provide clients with an
integrated set of capabilities that can be rapidly deployed and easily
maintained to deliver new levels of social business in a private cloud,
empowering people to easily connect with employees, partners, and
customers to optimize collaboration.
Pricing and Availability
The first two models of the PureSystems family - PureFlex System and PureApplication System -- start shipping to customers this quarter. PureSystems support POWER processors and Intel processors. Fifty clients are already engaged in the IBM PureExperience program to learn how they are able to put the PureApplication System to work for them.
This year's IMPACT conference features more than 8,500 attendees and hundreds of client testimonials, presentations, workshops and product demos. For more information, visit: www.ibm.com/press/us/en/presskit/37590.wss
IBM, the IBM logo, ibm.com, WebSphere, SmartSOA, Smarter Planet and the planet icon are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. Other product and service names might be trademarks of IBM or other companies. For a current list of IBM trademarks, please see www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml.
All other company, product or service names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of others. Statements concerning IBM's future development plans and schedules are made for planning purposes only, and are subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Reseller prices may vary.
Faye Abloeser
IBM Communications
(908) 770-0762
Chris Rubsamen
IBM Communications
(914) 319-8156
Web Site: www.ibm.com


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2019 Britax Pinnacle ClickTight Review
When I first heard about ClickTight technology from Britax in 2013, I was intrigued. It has a new way of installing a carseat using the seat belt so easy that you can do it one-handed. Right. Somebody's been smoking something and it's not me! Then Kecia and I went to the Lifesavers Conference and tried it out ourselves. The word "revolutionary" came out of my mouth. "Out of a job" may also have slipped out, but I know that no matter how good the technology gets there will always be a need for CPS Techs. The Pinnacle ClickTight and its sister, the Frontier ClickTight, are Britax's combination seats that employ the new ClickTight installation system that is going to make parents jump for joy and actually want to install their carseat several times over just to say that they can!
Weight and Height Limits
- Harness: 25-90 lbs., 30-58" (and over 2 years of age), shoulders must be at or below top harness slot position, and tops of ears must be below top of head rest
- Belt-positioning booster: 40 to 120 lbs. and 45-62", shoulders must be at or below red shoulder belt positioner, and tops of ears must be below top of head rest
Britax Pinnacle ClickTight Overview:
- ClickTight installation system for easy and secure installations using the seat belt (acts as a belt lockoff)
- Side Impact Cushion Technology (SICT)
- EZ buckle system holds belly pad out of the way when loading and unloading child
- Standing height 30″ – 58″ tall in harness mode, 45″ – 62″ tall in booster mode
- Industry-leading 20.5″ top harness height
- SafeCell technology in base
- Integrated steel bars reinforce the shell
- Quick adjust no-rethread harness
- Front adjust recline feature
- Easy remove cover available in SafeWash and Cool Flow fabrics
- 9-year lifespan
Darren reviewed the Frontier 90 ClickTight and this is a review for the Pinnacle 90 ClickTight. What's the difference between the two? I'm glad you asked. The difference is that the Pinnacle has Britax's patented Side Impact Cushion Technology. Those are the energy-absorbing cushions on the outside of the torso area that add extra protection for the child in the Pinnacle and also to any adjacent passenger sitting next to the restraint. The SICT cushions absorb some of the crash energy before they even reach the child by expelling air through strategically placed vents when the cushions are compressed under extreme crash forces. Britax claims that the SICT feature reduces side impact crash energy by 45%.
So, is it worth the extra $50 for the SICT?
That's for you to decide ultimately. While SICT can enhance protection in side-impact, lateral and rollover crashes, it also adds considerable extra width to the product. If you have the room for it and don't need to fit another carseat or another person next to the Pinnacle CT, then it's probably worth the additional investment. Side impact crashes continue to be the most deadly type of crash, even to properly restrained occupants. Any and all odds that you can stack in your child's favor are worth it as long as you have the room in the vehicle to accommodate the extra width of this seat. Also, some parents with vehicles that don't have side curtain airbags feel it's worth the extra expense for increased peace of mind. Just remember that the most important things you can do with any forward-facing child restraint are install it tightly, use the top tether and make sure the harness straps aren't twisted and are snug around your child. Even the most expensive CR with the greatest technology can't protect your child in a crash if it isn't installed correctly and used properly.
- 9 harness height positions measuring from 12.5" to 20.5" in 1 inch increments
- 2 crotch strap positions: about 7" and 9"
- Hip room between arm rests: 11.75"
- Head room at narrow part of head rest: 8"
- Widest point of head rest: 11"
- Seat pan depth: 13"
- Inside shoulder width with harness at highest position: 13"
- Width: 22" (at widest part of restraint)
- Width at cup holders: 18"
- Width at back of restraint: 15"
The girls above (a model I found at a carseat checkup event and Jennie's daughter) are 4 years old and weigh 30-35 lbs. each. You can see how well the Pinnacle fits the girls now and how much growth room there is for the future. Jennie's 8 year old son shows what a big kid looks like in the harness. For reference, he wears a size 10 shirt and is in the 95th percentile for height.
Installation with the Seat belt
Installation in my 2011 Acura MDX and 2013 Tesla Model S is just as easy as I expected it to be. Sometimes when we try things at conferences on the manufacturers demo vehicles seats, it's easier than in real vehicles. In both vehicles, it was open the ClickTight panel, route the belt across where the green stickers were, buckle it in, close the ClickTight panel. Trust me, I ended up schlepping this seat around way more than I thought I would and every time, the same, tight installation. I even dragged my husband away from his beloved chair and iPad to see if he could install it:
There is a tendency to want to place the shoulder belt over the side bolster of the seat. This would be an installation error on the Pinnacle/Frontier CT. There are green stickers marking the belt path, but perhaps if those were more pronounced it would be more obvious that the belt must go there. This is an area I feel needs more improvement. Notice in the picture below that the shoulder belt is properly tucked under and sits behind the black Side Impact Cushion. A quirk of the ClickTight panel is that it sticks sometimes when you try to open it when the restraint is installed. I've found that if I press down on it while squeezing the tabs, it will easily open and I can do this all with one hand.
Something interesting happened when I installed it in the center of my MDX. The seat belt here comes down from the ceiling and snaps into a separate buckle on one side to create the lap/shoulder belt. It's a common type of belt that you'll find in SUVs and vans now. Because the center position is a bit narrower than the side positions and because the buckle stalks are a bit longer, when I pulled the slack out of the belt and closed the ClickTight panel, the Pinnacle moved inches side to side. <jaw drop> I was not expecting that obviously. The simple solution was to put a little effort into pulling the seat belt tight before closing the ClickTight panel.
A convenience installation feature for inexperienced parents (and hey, for those of us who know what we're doing), is that the ClickTight panel serves as a lockoff. What this means is that when you push the ClickTight panel closed over your seat belt, it locks the belt for you; there's no need to worry about locking your retractor. Hooray! Even though on pg. 37 in the manual it talks about switching the retractor to ALR mode for a switchable retractor or using a locking clip (yikes!), there's no need. I have verified this information with our Britax contact and there's no need to either lock the retractor or use a dreaded locking clip.
Installation with LATCH
LATCH is restricted to a child weight of 38 lbs. with the harness. The LATCH strap and connectors are stored under the child's bum in the seat area. Lifting the ClickTight panel will expose the connectors. Installing with LATCH is the same as installing with a seat belt; you always use the ClickTight Installation System. There was a little more guesswork involved in getting the right amount of tension on the LATCH strap. The first time I installed the restraint with LATCH, I didn't remove quite enough slack from the strap and there was some wiggle along the belt path—perhaps an 1/8"—it was minor. When I slightly tightened the strap, I was able to get the rock solid install I got with the seat belt.
LATCH may also be used to keep the restraint secure when it's used in booster mode as long as it doesn't interfere with the seat belt buckle and your vehicle allows it.
Center LATCH installations with Non-Standard Spacing:
Britax only allows installation in designated LATCH positions; no lower anchor borrowing allowed anymore for ClickTight models.
The tether is required to be used once the child reaches 65 lbs.; however, it should be used at all times because it can greatly reduce head excursion. In the United States, we have a pathetic 22% rate of proper tether use, so if you have a tether anchor available, use it! Britax recommends its use at all times, including during booster mode. The tether has "rip stitching" on the ends for energy management. The ends are located underneath the foam on the torso wings. If you're ever in a crash or hard stop, give those a look-see. If they're torn, it's time for a replacement seat.
Inflatable Seat Belts
Britax has updated their instructions for installing the Pinnacle with inflatable seat belts found in some Ford Explorer and Flex vehicles. Please visit their webpage for the specific steps you'll need to take if you have these seat belts in your car.
Recline System
The Pinnacle cannot be in recline mode when used as a booster. To recline simply pull the handle under the front of the seat before installing it. Once it's installed tightly, the Pinnacle won't budge for recline purposes. It is not meant to be a recline-on-the-fly system. The recline system seemed a bit fussy. I found it tough to get it locked into the recline position. When it was in recline position, it didn't provide the best fit to my vehicle seat and removed a lot of legroom for the child, which could cause injury in a crash. I would only use this feature if you need it to conform to your vehicle's seat back for better installation.
*Please note that in the above first picture, I have the shoulder belt tucked under the crack in my vehicle seat to move it out of the way so you can see the gap behind the restraint. The seat belt, in every day use, should be allowed to rest normally against the vehicle seat back.
Ease of Use
An ease of use feature that Britax is generally known for but parents tend to forget about is the buckle stop. On their convertible seats, they sew a piece of Velcro to the harness so the harness can be pulled out of the way for the child to be put easily into the carseat. It also serves a dual purpose of keeping the buckle tong within reach of the parent who doesn't have to dig under the child for the darn thing. On the Pinnacle, it's a small piece of folded webbing sewn directly to the harness, similar to what's done on some vehicle seat belts. Very nice!
As Darren mentioned in his review of the Frontier CT, the harness release button is set back farther than on previous models of the Frontier. This is to accommodate storage of the buckle when the restraint is converted to booster mode. Those of us with short fingers will find this daunting, but then again, our kids who love to unbuckle themselves mid-ride will find it frustrating, little buggers.
At age 11, my daughter barely fits height-wise in the Pinnacle when used in its booster mode though she's still well within the weight limits since she's only 67 lbs. Jennie's 8 year old son is back modeling the booster mode on the Frontier. The head rest is adjusted to its highest setting on both seats. Seat belt fit on both kids is perfect.
Conversion to Booster Mode
The Pinnacle makes a comfortable booster with very good belt fit and it's easy to covert it to booster mode; you can do it while the seat is installed! Well, you do have to lift the ClickTight panel, which will uninstall the restraint, but my point is that you don't even have to remove the Pinnacle from your car in order to covert it from harness mode to booster mode.
Pinnacle can be installed with LATCH when used as a booster
To switch from harness to booster, you don't even have to remove the harness—it stays right on the carseat so you don't have to worry about any lost parts! Open the ClickTight panel and pull the seat pad all the way forward to tuck the buckle down onto the harness release button, then replace the seat pad. Close the ClickTight panel, raise the head rest all the way, and tuck the harness into the side wing covers and any remaining into the back cover. Easy peasy! Just do the reverse to use it as a harnessed seat again. Want to see more detail? I thought you would, so here's the video:
*Please note that there's a piece of gray comfort foam missing from the seat pad in the video. I removed it earlier while playing around with the restraint and forgot to put it back in for the video.
Instruction Manual
The manual is well-written and illustrated, but I was disappointed that I had to read through 21 italicized bulleted WARNING! points (followed by 10 bolded Important Notes) to find the lifespan of the restraint (9 years). It's difficult reading italics, especially when there are so many, plus the "nine" was written as a word instead of as a number. I realize that's the proper way to write out a number, but in this case, a digit would make more sense. But, as I said, the illustrations are superb and aside from my searching for the expiration date, the instructions are clear.
Cover Padding and Maintenance
The cover is well-padded and comfortable. All the fashions are top-notch fabrics with padding sewn inside and an additional gray comfort foam pad is included in the seat area. The cover slips completely off from the front in just a couple of minutes. It's hand wash and line dry only or your cover may fall apart. Putting the cover back on is just as easy since you only have to reverse the order in which you took the parts off.
The SafeWash cover that's now available is just that: it's safe to machine wash on cold and dry in the dryer. The Cool Flow covers have a mesh that helps aid air flow behind your child's back.
Jennie adds her 2 cents after using the Frontier daily for a few weeks:
Hi! Jennie here. Imma let Heather finish her review, but Britax has made one of the best seats of all time.
No, seriously, there's very little we don't love about the Frontier. I turned my daughter forward-facing shortly after her 4th birthday about two months ago. I didn't really like any of our convertibles for FF, so I went to the Frontier 85. We liked it, but installation was kind of a pain, and I dreaded having to take it out and put it back in, as we sometimes need to do. Lo, the Frontier arrived just a couple weeks later, and I really couldn't be happier now.
Installation is a breeze. Not since the much-loved-but-long-retired Safeguard Child Seat has a high-weight-harness been so easy to install. I adore being able to adjust the harness height without having to uninstall. My daughter loves the comfort, the cup holders, (the zebra print), and the fact that it's a real "big girl seat." She has so much room left that if I wanted it to, the Frontier could probably last her until high school.
A few people have had trouble tightening the harness when the seat is installed. I haven't had that problem at all. The adjustment for me is nice and smooth. I did take a look and shoved my hand behind the seat, and I suspect that vehicle seat contours might play a role in the differing experiences. The way the Frontier sits in the captain's chair of my 2010 Odyssey, there's a nice little gap where the harness comes out the back. In a vehicle seat with different contours, it seems like the harness might get stuck, potentially causing problems. That's speculation on my part, though. Bottom line: Try before you buy (if possible), just in case.
There is only one thing I don't like:
The harness release lever is situated very far back in the seat, meaning that you need to really shove your fingers in to get to it. If you tend not to tighten/untighten each time, this won't be a problem, but I'm a chronic adjuster. Now that I know where it is and how to access it, I've gotten used to it and it's not too bad, but I would prefer if it were closer to the front.
Okay, now back to your regularly scheduled review…
Pinnacle CT Advantages
- ClickTight installation system so easy to use that even a dad can install the seat correctly! Just kidding! (Have we beat a dead horse here about it being easy to install?)
- Can be installed with inflatable seat belts
- Side Impact Cushion Technology that provides extra crash energy management
- SafeCell technology in base
- Integrated steel bars reinforce the shell
- A buckle pad that holds the buckle forward, not under your child
- Tallest top harness slot height on the market!
- No-rethread harness for easy height adjustment when your child grows or if the restraint is used for multiple children
- Easy harness storage for belt-positioning booster mode
- Well-written and nicely illustrated manual
- Comfortable, well-padded seat that fits both harnessed and booster users well
- Sophisticated covers appeal to modern taste
- Easy remove cover
- 9-year lifespan
- Made in the USA!
Pinnacle CT Disadvantages
- Harness adjuster tab is set back too far for short fingers
- Harness adjuster stiff
- Instruction manual contains too many warnings
- LATCH limit is 38 lbs., which may be a disadvantage to you if you have a wonky seat belt setup in your vehicle
- Recline system is fussy
- It's heavy at 26.5 lbs.
Britax comes through on the Pinnacle with such safety features as EPP foam, SafeCell technology, a steel-reinforced frame, and Side Impact Cushion Technology. With such high top harness slots and high shoulder belt slots for belt-positioning booster use, it's a seat that may top out your vehicle before it has topped out its full potential for your child!
We've seen similar technology before on other child restraints, but ClickTight is so much beefier and simplified on the Pinnacle and Frontier CT. We really are seeing the wave of the future at a time when I thought we were becoming stagnant in our field. The ClickTight Installation System makes it easy for everyone—parents, grandparents, babysitters and even the kids themselves in some cases —to get a proper installation in less than a minute without needing a degree in carseat engineering. And that is truly revolutionary!
Updated June 2019