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Last Modified: December 2023
Fred Perry Limited and its affiliates (collectively, "Fred Perry", or "we") are committed to safeguarding and respecting your privacy.
What is This Policy About?
This policy (together with our terms of use and any other documents referred to on it) describes the types of personal information we collect on this website when you sign up to our newsletter, purchase a product or take part in a competition, how we may use that information and with whom we may share it. The notice also describes the measures we take to protect the security of your personal information (regardless of where you visit our website from). We also tell you how you can reach us to ask us to (i) access, change or not use the personal information you have provided to us, (ii) withdraw any consent you previously provided to us, (iii) tell us to stop communicating with you about our products, and (iv) answer any questions you may have about our privacy practices.
This website is not intended for children and we do not knowingly collect data relating to children.
Why Should I Read it?
It is important that you read this privacy notice together with any other privacy notice or fair processing notice we may provide on specific occasions when we are collecting or processing personal data about you so that you are fully aware of how and why we are using your data. This privacy notice supplements the other notices and is not intended to override them.
By visiting this site you are accepting and consenting to the practices described in this policy
Who is Responsible for this Policy?
The Fred Perry Group is made up of different legal entities. This privacy notice is issued on behalf of the Fred Perry Group so when we mention, "we", "us" or "our" in this privacy notice, we are referring to the relevant company in the Fred Perry Group responsible for processing your data. Fred Perry Limited of 37 Mount Pleasant, Clerkenwell, London, WC1X 0AA, England, is the controller responsible for this website.
We have appointed a data protection manager who is responsible for overseeing questions in relation to this privacy notice. If you have any questions about this privacy notice, please contact the data protection manager as specified in the "How Do You Contact Us" section below.
This privacy notice is provided in a layered format. Click on one of the links below to jump to the listed section:
- How Do We Collect And Use Your Information?
- Shopping
- My Account
- Surveys, Competitions and Giveaways
- Electronic Newsletters and Other Marketing Communications
- Blogs
- Email to a Friend
- Contact Us
- Cookies, Web Beacons and other Information We Collect by Automated Means
- Customer Assistance
- Statistics
- Third Party Sources
- Other Purposes
- Change of Purpose
- How Do We Share Your Information?
- Do We Transfer Your Personal Information to Other Countries?
- How Do We Protect Your Personal Information?
- How Long Do We Keep Your Personal Information?
- How Can You Access, Amend or Correct The Information We Hold On You?
- What Happens If I Choose Not To Provide My Personal Information?
- Do We Link to Other Sites?
- How Do We Update Our Privacy Policy?
- How Do You Contact Us?
- How Do We Collect And Use Your Information?
1.1 Individuals may choose to provide personal data (such as name, contact details and payment information) through this website, through our customer service line and when participating in a virtual in-store experience with participating stores. Personal data, or personal information, means any information about an individual from which that person can be identified. It does not include data where the identity has been removed (anonymous data).
1.2 We do not collect any special categories of personal data about you (this includes details about your race or ethnicity, religious or philosophical beliefs, sex life, sexual orientation, political opinions, trade union membership, information about your health and genetic and biometric data). Nor do we collect any information about criminal convictions and offences.
1.3 Here are the ways you may provide the information and the types of information you may submit. We also tell you how we may use the information
1.4 You may be able to purchase Fred Perry products and gift cards on this website. To process your purchase, we ask for information such as your first name, maiden name, last name, username or similar identifier, marital status, title, date of birth, gender, billing and delivery/shipping address, telephone number, email address, bank account and payment card information. We use this information to process your purchase, confirm your order and deliver the items to you. If you provide us with your prior consent and/or if otherwise permitted under applicable law, we also may use your contact information to communicate with you about our products, services and promotions.
1.5 If you purchase an item on this site or ask us to deliver your purchase to someone else, we ask for the recipient's name, postal address and email address. We use this information to send the item to the recipient. Before you disclose to us the personal information of another person, you must obtain that person's consent to both the disclosure and the processing of that personal information in accordance with the terms of this policy.
1.6 For some of our stores you may have the option to participate in a virtual in-store shopping experience which would involve a video call consultation with a relevant staff member. If this is something you want to participate in, we will utilise video calling services and will require that you share certain personal data (including your name, image (via the video), contact and billing details, and preferences (including styles and sizes)) as part of the shopping experience. This session is not recorded. This data will be processed in order to complete the transaction, and transaction details will be retained in line with our retention policy for purchases.
My Account
1.7 You may be able to register to create an account on this website. To do so, we ask for information such as your name, email address, password, purchases and orders made by you. You also may provide your age and gender.
1.8 Through the "my account" feature, you can store billing and shipping information so you won't have to enter it again when you make another purchase on this site. You also can store payment card information and details of your past purchases from us. In addition, you can save your credit card information on your account for faster checkout. To use this feature, we ask you to provide your credit card information and the corresponding billing address.
1.9 You can create and save an address book on your account. You can delete entries in the address book at any time. We will not use or disclose the information you delete from your address book..
Surveys, Competitions and Giveaways
1.10 On this website, you may be able to participate in surveys, competitions, giveaways and other promotions. If you choose to participate in these promotions, we may ask you for information such as your name, email address, postal address, telephone number, your interests, preferences, feedback and survey responses. We use the information you provide to administer our competitions, giveaways and other promotions. We also may use the information to communicate with you about our products, services and promotions, but only if you have given us your consent to do so.
Electronic Newsletters and Other Marketing Communications
1.11 You may be able to sign up on this site to receive electronic newsletters and promotional emails from Fred Perry, including new ideas, special offers and event information. To sign up, we may ask you for information such as your name, email address, postal address, telephone number, age, gender, your preferences in receiving marketing from us and our third parties, your shopping preferences and your communication preferences. We use this information to send you communications about our products and services, invitations to specials sales and events at stores located near you, and notices of new arrivals. We also use this information to tailor our newsletters to reflect your preferences.
1.12 You can choose at any time not to receive marketing emails from us by clicking on the unsubscribe link within our marketing emails. You also may use the email preferences section of the "my account" feature to opt out of receiving marketing emails or to specify which, if any, communications you would like to receive from us. There is no charge to you to unsubscribe.
1.13 You may be able to submit comments to blogs we host on this website. You may include personal information in your comment, and you also may submit your name with your comment. We use your name to identify you as a commenter.
Email to a Friend
1.14 You may be able to share certain content from this website with your friends. To send information to your friends, we may ask for your friends' and your email addresses. We use this information only to fulfil your request. We do not retain the information you provide in connection with this feature, except to send the requested content. We will not include any other advertisements within the messages sent to your friends.
Contact Us
1.15 If you communicate with us through the "Contact Us" link on this site, we may ask you for information such as your name, email address, and telephone number. We use this information to respond to and communicate with you about your questions and comments.
Cookies, Web Beacons and other Information We Collect by Automated Means
1.16 We obtain certain information by automated means when you visit our website, such as the internet protocol (IP) address of the device you use to connect to the Internet, the pages accessed, your login data, browser type and version, time zone setting and location, browser plug-in types and versions, operating system and platform, other technology on the devices you use to access this website and information about how you use our website and products. By collecting this information, we learn how to best tailor our website to our visitors and understand what products and services you might prefer. We collect this information through various means, such as "cookies" and "web beacons".
- Cookies
Like many companies, we use "cookies" on this website. Cookies are bits of text that are placed on your computer's hard drive when you visit certain websites. Cookies may enhance your online experience by saving your preferences while you are visiting a particular site. We use cookies, for example, to preserve the contents of your virtual shopping bag between visits. We also use cookies to measure activity on the site and determine which areas and features of the site are the most popular. You can set your browser to refuse all or some browser cookies, or to alert you when websites set or access cookies. If you disable or refuse cookies, please note that some parts of this website may become inaccessible or not function properly. For more information about the cookies we use, please see our Cookie Policy. - Web Beacons
Certain pages on this website contain "web beacons" (also known as Internet tags, pixel tags and clear GIFs). Web beacons are often used in combination with cookies. We use them for internal purposes, such as to obtain the IP address of the computer that downloaded the page on which the beacon appears, the URL of the page on which the beacon appears, the time the page containing the beacon was viewed, and the type of browser used to view the page. We also retain service providers who use web beacons to assess the effectiveness of our email communications and learn what pages our visitors viewed. Unlike cookies, you cannot decline web beacons. However, setting your browser to decline cookies or to prompt you for a response will keep web beacons from tracking your activity. - Performance Tools
We may use performance tools such as Google Analytics to measure the effectiveness of our advertising and determine how visitors use this website. Google Analytics tools, including cookies and web beacons, allow us to collect information such as the state/country of residence and zip code/postcode from which our visitors come and the IP addresses of our visitors' computers. You can opt out of aggregation and analysis of data collected by companies like Google Analytics.
1.17 To find out more about the way we use cookies, web beacons and similar technologies, and how to manage your settings and preferences, please visit our Cookie Policy.
Customer Assistance
1.18 You may call our customer service line for information about our products or personal shopping advice. If you do so, we may ask you for information such as your name, email address, postal address, telephone number and, if you choose to make a purchase, your payment card information. We use this information to respond to your request and process your transaction.
1.19 We also collect, use and share aggregated data such as statistical or demographic data for any purpose. Aggregated data may be derived from your personal data but is not considered personal data in law as this data does not directly or indirectly reveal your identity. For example, we may aggregate your usage data to calculate the percentage of users accessing a specific website feature. However, if we combine or connect aggregated data with your personal data so that it can directly or indirectly identify you, we treat the combined data as personal data which will be used in accordance with this privacy notice.
Third Party Sources
1.20 In addition to the ways we collect information about you described above, we also may obtain information about you from third parties (for example, our sub-contractors in technical, payment and delivery services, Sage Pay, PayPal and Klarna). We will share information with such service providers only to the extent necessary for them to provide their relevant service (in this instance, processing payments made via our website, refunding such payments and dealing with complaints and queries relating to such payments and refunds).
1.21 We require all third parties to respect the security of your personal data and to treat it in accordance with the law. We do not allow our third-party service providers to use your personal data for their own purposes and only permit them to process your personal data for specified purposes and in accordance with our instructions.
Other Purposes
1.22 We may also use your personal information to provide you with products or services you request (such as tailoring services or processing returns), enhance your shopping experience and communicate with you about our products, services and promotions.
1.23 In addition, we may use your personal information for internal purposes, such as fraud and theft prevention, accident reporting, development and administration of our sites and stores, data analytics, and compliance with our legal obligations, policies and procedures.
Change of Purposes
1.24 We will only use your personal data for the purposes for which we collected it, unless we reasonably consider that we need to use it for another reason and that reason is compatible with the original purpose. If you wish to get an explanation as to how the processing for the new purpose is compatible with the original purpose, please contact us as specified in the "How Do You Contact Us" section below.
1.25 If we need to use your personal data for an unrelated purpose, we will notify you and we will explain the legal basis which allows us to do so.
1.26 Please note that we may process your personal data without your knowledge or consent, in compliance with the above rules, where this is required or permitted by law.
- How Do We Share Your Information?
2.1 We do not sell or otherwise disclose personal information about our customers, except as described here.
2.2 We may share the personal information with any member of our group, which means our subsidiaries, our ultimate holding company and all its subsidiaries.
2.3 We may share your information with selected third parties including:
- Business partners, licensees, suppliers, service providers and sub-contractors for the performance of any contract we enter into with them or you. Third parties are only authorised by us to use or disclose the information we provide them, to the extent necessary to perform services on our behalf or comply with legal requirements.
- Advertisers and advertising networks that require the data to select and serve relevant adverts to you and others. We do not disclose information about identifiable individuals to our advertisers, but we may provide them with aggregate information about you.
- Analytics and search engine providers that assist us in the improvement and optimisation of our site.
- Third party fraud screening agents for the purpose of assessing your credit score where this is a condition of us entering into a contract with you.
2.4 We may also disclose information about you, if we are under a duty to disclose or share your personal data in order to comply with any legal obligation, or in order to enforce or apply our terms of use, our terms and conditions of supply, and/or any of our other agreements; or to protect the rights, property, or safety of Fred Perry, our customers, or others. This includes exchanging information with other companies and organisations for the purposes of fraud protection and credit risk reduction.
2.5 In addition, we reserve the right to transfer personal information we have about you in the event we sell or transfer all or a portion of our business or assets. Should such a sale or transfer occur, we will use reasonable efforts to direct the transferee to use personal information you have provided to us in a manner that is consistent with this policy. Following such a sale or transfer, you may contact the entity to which we transferred your personal information with any inquiries concerning the processing of that information.
- Do We Transfer Your Personal Information to Other Countries?
3.1 The data that we collect from you may be transferred to, and stored at, a destination outside of the UK. It may also be processed by staff operating outside the UK who work for us or for one of our suppliers. Such staff maybe engaged in, among other things, the fulfilment of your order, the processing of your payment details and the provision of support services. By submitting your personal data, you agree to this transfer, storing or processing. We will take all steps reasonably necessary to ensure that your data is treated securely and in accordance with this privacy policy.
- How Do We Protect Your Personal Information?
4.1 We have put in place appropriate security measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. For example, all information you provide to us is stored on our secure servers and any payment transactions will be encrypted. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those employees, agents, contractors and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and they are subject to a duty of confidentiality. We have also put in place procedures to deal with any suspected personal data breach and will notify you and any applicable regulator of a breach where we are legally required to do so.
4.2 Unfortunately, however the transmission of information via the internet is not completely secure. Although we will do our best to protect your personal data, we cannot guarantee the security of your data transmitted to our site; any transmission is at your own risk.
4.3 Where we have given you (or where you have chosen) a password which enables you to access certain parts of our site, you are responsible for keeping this password confidential. We ask you not to share a password with anyone.
4.4 Children under the age of eighteen may not shop on this website without the consent of their legal representatives.
- How Long Do We Keep Your Personal Information?
5.1 We will only retain your personal data for as long as necessary to fulfil the purposes we collected it for, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting, or reporting requirements.
5.2 To determine the appropriate retention period for personal data, we consider the amount, nature, and sensitivity of the personal data, the potential risk of harm from unauthorised use or disclosure of your personal data, the purposes for which we process your personal data and whether we can achieve those purposes through other means, and the applicable legal requirements.
5.3 In some circumstances you can ask us to delete your data. In some circumstances we may anonymise your personal data (so that it can no longer be associated with you) for research or statistical purposes in which case we may use this information indefinitely without further notice to you.
- How Can You Access, Amend or Correct The Information We Hold On You?
6.1 It is important that the personal data we hold about you is accurate and current. Please keep us informed if your personal data changes during your relationship with us.
6.2 You have a number of rights in relation to your information under data protection laws. The right to:
- Request access to your personal data.
- Request correction of your personal data.
- Request erasure of your personal data.
- Object to processing of your personal data.
- Request restriction of processing your personal data.
- Request transfer of your personal data.
- Right to withdraw consent.
6.3 If you wish to exercise any of the rights set out above, you may contact us as specified in the "How Do You Contact Us" section below. Please include in your request, your name, email address, postal address, a copy of a utility bill showing your current address or other proof of address, and a copy of your identity card or passport certified by a solicitor or bank. This is a security measure to ensure that personal data is not disclosed to any person who has no right to receive it. We may also contact you to ask you for further information in relation to your request to speed up our response.
6.4 You will not have to pay a fee to access your personal data (or to exercise any of the other rights). However, we may charge a reasonable fee if your request is clearly unfounded, repetitive or excessive. Alternatively, we may refuse to comply with your request in these circumstances. Subject to applicable law, we may limit or deny you access to personal information where providing such access is unreasonably burdensome or expensive under the circumstances.
6.5 We try to respond to all legitimate requests within one month. Occasionally it may take us longer than a month if your request is particularly complex or you have made a number of requests. In this case, we will notify you and keep you updated.
6.6 You may also choose not to receive marketing communications from us by clicking on the unsubscribe link in our marketing emails or contacting us as specified in the "How Do You Contact Us" section below. Please include your name, email address and postal address if you send us your request by email or postal mail.
- What Happens If I Choose Not To Provide My Personal Information?
7.1 Where we need to collect personal data by law, or under the terms of a contract we have with you and you fail to provide that data when requested, we may not be able to perform the contract we have or are trying to enter into with you (for example, to provide you with goods or services). In this case, we may have to cancel a product or service you have with us but we will notify you if this is the case at the time.
- Do We Link To Other Sites?
8.1 This website may, from time to time, contain links, plug ins and applications to and from third party websites, for your convenience and information. These sites may be operated by companies not affiliated with Fred Perry. Linked sites may have their own privacy policies, which we strongly suggest you review if you visit any of these linked websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for the content of any websites that are not affiliated with Fred Perry, any use of those websites, or the privacy practices of such third-party websites.
- How Do We Update Our Privacy Policy?
9.1 This Privacy Policy may be updated periodically and without prior notice to you to reflect changes in our personal information practices or relevant laws. Where appropriate, we will post a prominent notice on the site to notify you of any significant changes to our policy and indicate at the top of the notice when it was updated.
9.2 Please check back frequently to see any updates or changes to our privacy policy.
- How Do You Contact Us?
10.1 If you have any questions or comments about this policy, or if you would like us to update information we have about you or your preferences, please contact us as indicated below:
- Email us via our webform
- Write to either:
a. UK Registered Address
Attention: UK Data Protection Manager
Fred Perry Limited
37 Mount Pleasant
b. EU Registered Address:
Attention: EU Data Protection Manager
Fred Perry Limited
70 Rue Vieille-du-Temple
75003 Paris
10.2 You also have the right to make a complaint at any time to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the UK supervisory authority for data protection issues (www.ico.org.uk). We would, however, appreciate the chance to deal with your concerns before you approach the ICO so please contact us in the first instance.
10.3 Our EU-based customers also have the right to make a complaint at any time to the Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (BfDI), the German supervisory authority for data protection issues (www.bfdi.bund.de). Similarly, we would appreciate the chance to deal with your concerns before you approach the BfDI so please contact us in the first instance.


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Solutions for when you're between yardages
You probably feel pretty good when you're at the perfect yardage for the club in your hands. But what about those annoying yardages, like when a full 7-iron is going to be too much, and a full 8-iron might not get there? Or when you're 45 yards from the green and your full lob wedge flies 60? I've seen many golfers struggle in these situations because they swing too hard or decelerate the club to try to control distance, and neither really works. If you want to hit more shots pin-high, give the methods I've used on the PGA Tour a try. Let's start with in-between yardages. Here I'm swinging a 7-iron. I normally hit it 185 yards, so if I have 175 to the pin, I stand slightly closer to the ball and narrow my stance a few inches.
I also grip down an inch or so. When I swing, the only adjustment is to stop my backswing just short of my usual top position. Then I make my normal through-swing. I don't change my speed coming through the ball. That's key.
Swing speed also is important when you have less than a full wedge into a green. This is the area of the course where I've noticed amateurs struggle the most. Part of the reason is because they don't have a consistent plan for how to handle these short shots. If you don't have a strategy, it's hard to know what to practice. And without practice, you're going to struggle on the course.
The way I handle these shots is to regulate the length of the backswing depending on the length of the shot—shorter distances mean shorter backswings. But the thing to remember is, just like with in-between yardages on longer shots, you have to swing through the ball at the same pace no matter the distance.
I practice three swing lengths with my sand wedge that are less than full, so I have three distances locked in when I'm on the course. If I stop my backswing when the shaft is around the height of my hips (above), I know the ball will go 35 yards. When my forearms are parallel to the ground, it's going 60 yards. And when my hands stop at my shoulders, it's going to go 80 yards. Again, I can't stress enough that you never want to slow down as you come through. It leads to inconsistent strikes.
For even better results, add this to your range sessions: Hit 10 balls each with your backswing stopping at three different lengths. Make note of how far the ball goes with each, and rely on those swings to produce the right yardages when you get on the course. You'll be a lot more confident in hitting half-wedge shots pin-high.—with Keely Levins
SOURCE: Golfdigest

subset: commoncrawl


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Herringbone Chain
Herringbone Chain
Crafted from Gold or Silver filled stainless steel, our herringbone chain adds a timeless sparkle to any ensemble. Wear our Gold or Silver filled Herringbone chain for a luxurious and classic feel.
Length: 40cm
Welcome to Abizan Jewelry, a haven of exquisite craftsmanship and captivating designs founded by renowned jewelry artisan Jessica Pruett. With a genuine love for jewelry-making and an unwavering commitment to excellence, Jessica has curated a collection that radiates timeless elegance and celebrates the unique beauty of every individual.
(Jessica Pruett ,owner of Abizan Jewelry)
At Abizan Jewelry, we believe that jewelry is more than just an accessory—it's a reflection of your style, personality, and the moments that define your life's journey. Drawing inspiration from the world's natural wonders, Jessica infuses her creations with a sense of wonder and enchantment. Each piece is meticulously handcrafted, blending traditional techniques with modern sensibilities to create heirloom-quality treasures that will be cherished for generations.
Trust lies at the heart of Abizan Jewelry. We understand the significance of your jewelry purchases and the trust you place in us to deliver exceptional quality. That's why we meticulously source the finest materials, working closely with reputable suppliers who share our commitment to ethical practices. From the ethereal shimmer of diamonds to the vibrant hues of gemstones, our selection reflects a dedication to unparalleled craftsmanship and uncompromising beauty.
At Abizan Jewelry, we aspire to make your experience seamless and memorable. Our knowledgeable and passionate team is always at your service, ready to assist you in finding the perfect piece, guiding you through custom design options, or answering any inquiries you may have. We believe in fostering lasting relationships with our customers, built on trust, integrity, and exceptional service.
Indulge in the allure of Abizan Jewelry and embark on a journey of self-expression and celebration. Whether you're marking a milestone, expressing love, or simply treating yourself, our collections offer a range of styles to suit every taste and occasion. From delicate necklaces that whisper grace to bold statement pieces that demand attention, Abizan Jewelry invites you to embrace your individuality and shine.
Discover the artistry of Jessica Pruett and the elegance of Abizan Jewelry today. With each piece, you become part of a story that intertwines timeless beauty, impeccable craftsmanship, and a commitment to creating treasured moments. Experience the magic that lies within our collection, and let Abizan Jewelry be the companion to your most cherished memories.
We hope you enjoy our products as much as we enjoy offering them to you. If you have any questions or comments, please don't hesitate to contact us.
Jessica Pruett
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Get in touch with Abizan Jewelry for all your exquisite jewelry needs. Our dedicated team of experts is here to assist you in finding the perfect piece of jewelry, answering your questions, and providing personalized recommendations. Reach out to us via phone, email, or by filling out the convenient contact form below. Experience exceptional customer service and let us help you celebrate life's special moments with timeless elegance. Contact Abizan Jewelry today!
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Temple Run 2 is a popular endless running mobile game developed by Imangi Studios. It is the sequel to the original Temple Run and is known for its fast-paced and adventurous gameplay. In the game, players take on the role of an explorer who runs through treacherous environments, avoiding obstacles and collecting coins while being chased by relentless creatures. Here's an overview:
Game Description:
Temple Run 2 offers an immersive and visually captivating running experience. The game features various environments, each with its own unique challenges and obstacles. It's characterized by its addictive and dynamic gameplay.
Game Controls:
Controls in Temple Run 2 are designed for mobile devices:
- Swipe Gestures: Players use swipe gestures to control the character's movements. Swipe left or right to change lanes, swipe up to jump, and swipe down to slide under obstacles.
How to Play:
- Endless Running: The game is an endless runner, and the objective is to run as far as possible while avoiding obstacles and the creature chasing you.
- Collect Coins: Players collect coins scattered along the path. These coins can be used to purchase power-ups, characters, and various in-game items.
- Power-Ups: Power-ups include shields, coin magnets, and speed boosts, which help players navigate obstacles and extend their run.
- Obstacles: The game features a wide range of obstacles, including gaps, tree roots, and fire-breathing statues. Players must dodge or slide under these obstacles to avoid being caught.
- Environments: Temple Run 2 offers different environments, such as forests, mines, and temples, each with its own set of challenges and visual style.
- Objectives: Players are given objectives and challenges to complete during their runs, which can earn them rewards.
- Compete with Friends: The game often includes leaderboards, allowing players to compete with friends and other players globally for high scores.
Game Platforms:
Temple Run 2 is primarily available as a mobile game and can be downloaded and played on both iOS and Android devices. It's designed for quick, casual gaming sessions and has garnered a large player base due to its engaging gameplay and frequent content updates.
The game's fast-paced action and dynamic obstacles make it a popular choice for players seeking an exciting and challenging endless running experience.


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Actress Felicity Huffman is reportedly heading back to television to star in an upcoming ABC sitcom.
A year after serving 11 days of a two-week sentence for her role in the college admissions bribery scheme, Deadline reports that Huffman is starring in a new pilot commissioned by ABC.
The untitled comedy stars Huffman as a widowed woman who inherits her husband's baseball team.
It was inspired by Susan Savage, who owns the Sacramento River Cats, the Triple-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants.
Actor Zack Gottsagen will play Huffman's onscreen son, a baseball devotee with Down syndrome, according to The Hollywood Reporter.
According to Deadline, Hartman Edwards will write and will also be an executive producer with Huffman, Kapital Entertainment's Aaron Kaplan and Dana Honor, Joel Zadak of Artists First, and Savage. Gottsagen will also produce.


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September 14, 2009
Bing Visual Search
In June, Google launched Squared, a Labs project that generates lists of entities related to your query and finds values for the associated attributes. Search for [dog breeds] and you'll find a list of breeds, suggestive images, information about the average weight and the country of origin.
Bing, Microsoft's search engine, has just launched a similar feature: visual search. It's just an early demo and it requires Siverlight, but it looks more impressive than Google Squared. Probably because Microsoft built the interface around images and used the attributes to refine the results.
"Visual Search allows you to quickly scroll through the galleries or do a one-click refinement using the quick tabs on the left, which are specifically relevant to the type of results you are browsing through," mentions Bing's blog.
Bing's visual galleries are more polished than the results generated by Google Squared, but Bing only shows galleries for a small number of queries like "popular TV shows" or "world leaders" and the information is obtained from structured data sources.
It remains to be seen if Microsoft manages to extend the visual search engine and dynamically generate results for any query. For now, you can play with the demo galleries.
19 comments:
- FernandoSeptember 14, 2009 at 12:29 PM
Man, The comment above (Tom Metron, #1) said EVERYTHING!!! Agreed 100%. Where is the accebility?? Because of that "Microsoft behavior", i don't use Bing. don't intend to do so.
ReplyDelete Sllverlight is a standard technology at this point. It's penetration lags Flash, but there are few others ahead of it. It's avaliable for more than just Windows as well. While the Microsoft-as-Bogeyman card is continually played, Google's tentacles are getting longer & deeper. If you avoid Bing for this reason, you should avoid Google as well.
ReplyDelete- AnonymousSeptember 14, 2009 at 1:50 PM
Well said Todd. Microsoft Silverlight is very much becoming a mainstream part of the browser. If you don't think so ask netflix, mlb.com, nba.com, and Sunday Night football.
ReplyDelete - AnonymousSeptember 14, 2009 at 11:03 PM
MS is trying to improve silverlight penetration but it will loose Bing users
ReplyDelete - AnonymousSeptember 15, 2009 at 7:02 AM
I hardly want to read Google compliment Microsoft or vice-versa. Stick to hyping your own products and let the media compare them.
ReplyDelete "I'm dismayed that Microsoft didn't use standard web technologies for this"
My question is; what is standard web technologies? Flash? Flash is an Adobe product in the same way that Silverlight is a Microsoft product.
I still have to download Flash and I still need to update it from time to time.
I personally think that Microsoft deserves an "A" for this outstanding effort.Web Standards are changing daily. Silverlight will come standard/installed on all new Window OS's or new IE browsers. When you have your own OS you can control the game. Silverlight is really intergrated into Visual Studio 2010, so expect to see more silverlight websites after next summer.
I wonder if Google will change their bots to crawl content in Silverlight, hint...
I love Flash, and Flash can technically do the same thing as Silverlight, but what avaliable tools does Adobe have to came make integration with media formats simple like Visual Studio? No, Dreamweaver does not make it simple to port server side with Flash. And who used ColdFusion now a days?Back to the topic at hand, I'm totally unimpressed by this Bing in general and Visual Search in particular. The Visual Search content is clearly directly under the control of Microsoft, and is not "wild". When I see wild content being indexed in this way, I'll be impressed.
Bing is an effort at rebranding, obviously made because "Live Search" did rude things to goats. It doesn't provide any more reliability in generating search results than did it's predecessor; all the bells and whistles in the world won't change that.


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NPS committee constituted by the Government to streamline the National Pension System has called the JCM Staff Side for second round of discussion on 10.02.2017. As per the notified agenda, the committee is proposing discussion on only cosmetic changes in NPS.
Basic issues such as (1) scrapping of NPS (2) Guaranteed Minimum pension to NPS Pensioners ie; 50% of the last pay drawn should be guaranteed by Government as minimum pension even if the returns from annuity insurance scheme amount is less than the 50%. and (3) Exemption of Central Govt.
Employees from the purview of NPS, are not included in the agenda of the meeting even though the Cabinet Secretary has assured JCM Staff Side Chairman and Secretary Shri. Raghavayya and Shri Shiv Gopal Misra on 19th January 2017 that — "so far as issue of NPS is concerned he has already directed the Committee to hold meeting with Staff Side".
From reading the agenda it can be seen that main demands of the Staff Side are avoided, thus betraying the cause of thousands of younger generation Central Government Employees who joined service after 01.01.2004. Their hopes are shattered and belied.
NJCA should revive the deferred strike to protect the interest of younger generations. Let us make the 16th March 2017 Confederation Strike a grand success.
M. Krishnan
Secretary General
Confederation of Central Govt. Employees & Workers.
Mob & WhatApp: 09447068125.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Source: http://confederationhq.blogspot.in/
Click for More Updates regarding NPS to OPS


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Mecalux has put the finishing touches on setting up a new automated warehouse for the Idaho State Liquor Dispensary at its logistics centre in Boise (Idaho). The agency, which has a monopoly on the sale of all beverages with over 16% alcohol content, has invested 2.5 million euros in its new warehouse, which will mean a significant improvement in its distribution capacity. The dispensary reinvests its profits in social programmes around the state where it does business. The facility has capacity for 2,640 pallets and can handle 92 outgoing pallets and another 92 incoming ones per hour, all under 15-metre ceilings in a space measuring 48 metres long and 23 metres wide. What is more, there are 100 conveyor units and three stacker cranes.
EasyWMS® Installation, improving efficiency
The warehouse management system uses EasyWMS®, which has been entirely developed by Mecalux. Although conceived as a standard product, it has the capacity to easily adapt to all types of companies. The installation of this software obtains an overall improvement in warehouse efficiency by at least 50%. The EasyWMS® software controls the flow of products in a warehouse in real time, providing excellent stock management and a permanent inventory, fundamental to any businesses strategy and for maintaining competitiveness. The product's quality and technical standards are backed by leading companies, as Mecalux is an Oracle and Microsoft Gold Partner, as well as a Certified Partner of SAP. These references afford the EasyWMS® warehouse management software a maximum guarantee of technical quality.
Mecalux, committed to growth in the USA
Mecalux continues to increase its sales margin in the American market. In 2009, the company notched 15% growth in the NAFTA area, rising from 88 million euros to 100 million euros, plus a substantial increase in orders by 51%. In addition to sales in Mercosur, Mecalux's total sales figure reached 402 million euros to represent a 37% increase, a percentage the company aims to increase even further. The company's commitment to new technology is key, as more and more businesses are becoming aware that efficient logistics management converts into a competitive advantage in terms of saving costs and time in the international marketplace, not to mention an improvement in customer service.
Height of the facility: 15 m
Length: 48 m
Width: 23 m
Warehouse capacity: 2,640 pallets
Performance: 92 incoming and outgoing pallets per hour.
No. of stacker cranes: 3
Load unit: 1016 x 1220 x 1900 mm pallets and up to 1,400 kg
Conveyors: 100 units
Management system: EasyWMS®


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INDX Condos. Pre-Construction in Toronto
- Project Name: INDX Condos
- Builders: Lifetime Developments
- Project Status: Pre-Construction
- Address: 70 Temperance St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- City: Toronto
- Main Intersection: Richmond St West & Bay St West
- Property Type: High Rise
- Building Size: 53 stories
- Number Of Units: 784
- Price: Request Pricing Information
Located in The Core neighbourhood, this Toronto condo is expected to be completed in 2015 by Lifetime Developments. You will find INDX near the intersection of Richmond St West & Bay St West in Toronto's Downtown area. Spread out over 53 stories, suites at INDX will range in size from 365 to 1035 sqft. This Toronto condo will have 784 condo units and is set to be located at 70 Temperance Street. This condo will offer it's residents amenities such as a Gym / Exercise Room, Common Rooftop Deck, Concierge and Party Room. Other amenities include a Media Room / Cinema and Games / Recreation Room. Common Element Maintenance and Building Insurance will be included in your monthly maintenance fees.


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Scientists would like to apply the same principles by which baking soda removes food odors from refrigerators or silica powder keeps moisture away from electronic devices to scrub carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases of fossil fuel power plants. An excellent candidate for this task is the class of materials known as multivariate metal organic frameworks or MTV-MOFs, which were discovered by Omar Yaghi, one of the world's most cited chemists. However, finding and synthesizing the best MTV-MOFs for this task has been a major challenge. That discouraging state-of-affairs is about to change.
Yaghi and a team of researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the Univ. of California (UC) Berkeley that included Jeffrey Reimer and Berend Smit have developed a method that accurately predicts the adsorptive properties of crystalline MTV-MOF systems synthesized with different combinations of functional chemical groups.
"By combining solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements with molecular-level computational simulations we've identified a strategy for determining the underlying structure of MTV-MOFs that can help optimize function," says Reimer, who holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division and UC Berkeley's Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department and is an NMR expert. "Our method is a first step in resolving the more general problem of spatial disorder in other ordered materials, including mesoporous materials, functionalized polymers and defect distributions within crystalline solids."
Reimer and Yaghi, now with Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and UC Berkeley's Chemistry Department, are the corresponding authors of a paper describing this research in Science titled "Mapping of Functional Groups in Metal-Organic Frameworks." Co-authors are Xueqian Kong, Hexiang Deng, Fangyong Yan, Jihan Kim, Joseph Swisher and Berend Smit.
MOFs are crystalline molecular systems that can serve as storage vessels with a sponge-like capacity for capturing and containing carbon dioxide and other gases. They consist of a metal oxide center surrounded by organic "linker" molecules to form a highly porous three-dimensional crystal framework with an extraordinarily large internal surface area—sugar cube-sized MOF unfolded and flattened would blanket a football field.
In his seminal work, Yaghi discovered that multiple linkers with different functional groups can be incorporated into the same MOF crystal, creating a heterogeneous interior that can enhance selectivity for carbon dioxide capture relative to mixtures of pure materials.
"MTV-MOFs with different functionalities showed an increase in their ability to selectively separate carbon dioxide by two orders of magnitude compared to corresponding single-component MOFs," Yaghi says.
The selectivity by which MTV-MOFs adsorb carbon dioxide, or some other specific type of gas, such as methane or hydrogen, is controlled by the combination of different types of linker functional groups and how those linker groups are spatially distributed or "apportioned" across the MOF's crystal structure. However, such apportionment was not known and could not be determined through diffraction or other conventional scientific tools.
"The problem of linker distribution with MTV-MOF's turns out to be an example of a larger problem in materials science, which is how does one quantify disorder when it is distributed upon a system that is governed by crystalline order," Yaghi says. "In the case of MTV-MOFs, were it not for the differing functional groups on the linkers, all would exhibit the same regular crystalline order, which means diffraction methods cannot discern the apportionment of the linkers."
To address the issue of discerning spatial apportionment within MTV-MOFs, Yaghi and Reimer and their respective research groups, joined forces with co-author Smit, director of Berkeley's Energy Frontier Research Center and an international authority on molecular simulations. Smit also holds an appointment with Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division.
The research team used their NMR-computational approach to generate three-dimensional maps of the apportionment of functional groups within and between the pores of a model MTV-MOF system. They found that, depending on the composition of the functional groups and their ratios, MTV-MOFs exist in either clusters, random or alternating apportionments, and these apportionments govern the carbon dioxide adsorption selectivity that was observed in Yaghi's earlier work.
"Our work portends the control of apportionment in MTV-MOFs so that we can now imagine synthesizing structures in which regions of different functionalities are apportioned and juxtaposed to ultimately carry out complex functions," says Smit. "Our work also shows that a combined NMR-computational approach might be able to provide similar insights into the many other systems in nature where disorder precludes a molecular understanding of a material's structure."
Adds Yaghi, "It is our current vision to design and synthesize materials with crafted heterogeneity so as to carry out complex molecular operations such as recognizing, sorting and counting substrates."
This research was supported through the Center for Gas Separations Relevant to Clean Energy Technologies, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the DOE Office of Science.
Mapping of Functional Groups in Metal-Organic Frameworks
Center for Gas Separations Relevant to Clean Energy Technologies


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War |
History of war |
Types of War |
Civil war · Total war |
Battlespace |
Air · Information · Land · Sea · Space |
Theaters |
Arctic · Cyberspace · Desert Jungle · Mountain · Urban |
Weapons |
Armored · Artillery · Biological · Cavalry Chemical · Electronic · Infantry · Mechanized · Nuclear · Psychological Radiological · Submarine |
Tactics |
Amphibious · Asymmetric · Attrition |
Organization |
Chain of command · Formations |
Logistics |
Equipment · Materiel · Supply line |
Law |
Court-martial · Laws of war · Occupation |
Government and politics |
Conscription · Coup d'état |
Military studies |
Military science · Philosophy of war |
Guerrilla warfare (also spelled guerilla) is a method of combat by which a smaller group of combatants attempts to use its mobility to defeat a larger, and consequently less mobile, army. It is typical that a smaller guerrilla army will either use its defensive status to draw its opponent into terrain which is better suited to the former or take advantage of its greater mobility by conducting strategic surprise attacks. This method of conducting war can be traced back at least as far as the third century B.C.E. to describe Fabius Maximus' strategies against Hannibal's forces during the Second Punic War, but it has been most frequently associated with armed struggles, usually of a revolutionary nature, from the nineteenth century on.
While some efforts on the part of guerrilla forces can be understood and recognized as advancing human rights in that they have fought against oppressive regimes that invaded their country, others have been the initiators of violence, using intimidation against civilians, and even terrorist tactics. Thus, guerrilla warfare is neither essentially good or evil, justified or unjustified, but depends on the motivations of those employing it.
Guerrilla, from the Spanish term guerra, or "War," with the -illa diminutive ending, can be translated as "small war." The use of the diminutive evokes the difference in size between the guerrilla army and the state army against which they fight. The term was invented in Spain to describe the tactics used to resist the French regime instituted by Napoleon Bonaparte. Its meaning was soon broadened to refer to any similar resistance of any time or place.
The Spanish word for guerrilla fighter is guerrillero. The change of usage of guerrilla from the tactics employed to the person implementing them is a late nineteenth century mistake: In most languages the word still denotes the specific style of warfare.
Tactics and strategy
Guerrilla warfare is the expression of Sun Tzu's The Art of War, in contrast to Clausewitz's unlimited use of brute force. Other primary contributors to modern theories of guerrilla warfare include Mao Zedong, Abd el-Krim, T. E. Lawrence, John Brown, Vo Nguyen Giap, Josip Broz Tito, Michael Collins, Tom Barry, Che Guevara, and Charles de Gaulle.
Guerrilla tactics are based on ambush, deception, sabotage, and espionage, undermining an authority through long, low-intensity confrontation. It can be quite successful against an unpopular foreign or local regime, as demonstrated by the Vietnam conflict. A guerrilla army may increase the cost of maintaining an occupation or a colonial presence above what the foreign power may wish to bear. Against a local regime, the guerrilla fighters may make governance impossible with terror strikes and sabotage, and even combination of forces to depose their local enemies in conventional battle. These tactics are useful in demoralizing an enemy, while raising the morale of the guerrillas. In many cases, guerrilla tactics allow a small force to hold off a much larger and better equipped enemy for a long time, as in Russia's Second Chechen War and the Second Seminole War fought in the swamps of Florida in the United States. Guerrilla tactics and strategy are discussed extensively in standard reference works such as Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare.[1]
Continuum of guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare can be conceived as a continuum.[1] On the low end are small-scale raids, ambushes and attacks. In ancient times these actions were often associated with smaller tribal polities fighting a larger empire, as in the struggle of Rome against the Spanish tribes for over a century. In the modern era they continue with the operations of terrorist, insurgent, or revolutionary groups. The upper end is composed of a fully integrated political-military strategy, comprising both large and small units, engaging in constantly shifting mobile warfare, both on the low-end "guerrilla" scale, and that of large, mobile formations with modern arms. The latter phase came to fullest expression in the operations of Mao Zedong in China and Vo Nguyen Giap in Vietnam. In between are a large variety of situations—from the struggles of Palestinian guerrillas in the contemporary era, to Spanish and Portuguese irregulars operating with the conventional units of British Duke of Wellington, during the Peninsular War against Napoleon.[2]
Modern guerrilla warfare at its fullest (high end) elaboration should be conceived of as an integrated process, complete with sophisticated doctrine, organization, specialist skills, and propaganda capabilities. Guerrillas can operate as small, scattered bands of raiders, but they can also work side by side with regular forces, or combine for far ranging mobile operations in squad, platoon, or battalion sizes, or even form conventional units. Based on their level of sophistication and organization, they can shift between all these modes as the situation demands. Guerrilla warfare is flexible, not static.
Commando operations are not viewed as guerrilla warfare when they lack the political goal and operate as a branch of the armed forces.[3] Guerrilla warfare is distinguished from the small unit tactics used in screening or reconnaissance operations typical of conventional forces. It is also different from the activities of bandits, pirates, or robbers. Such forces may use "guerrilla-like" tactics, but their primary purpose is booty, and not a clear political objective.
Three-phase Maoist model
Mao/Giap approach
Maoist theory of people's war divides warfare into three phases. In the first phase, the guerrillas gain the support of the population through the distribution of propaganda and attacks on the machinery of government. In the second phase, escalating attacks are made on the government's military and vital institutions. In the third phase, conventional fighting is used to seize cities, overthrow the government, and take control of the country. Mao's seminal work, On Guerrilla Warfare,[1] has been widely distributed and applied, nowhere more successfully than in Vietnam, under military leader and theorist Vo Nguyen Giap. Giap's "Peoples War, Peoples Army"[4] closely follows the Maoist three-stage approach, but with greater emphasis on flexible shifting between mobile and guerrilla warfare, and opportunities for a spontaneous "General Uprising" of the masses in conjunction with guerrilla forces.
Other variants
Such a phased approach does not apply to all guerrilla conflicts. In some cases, opposing conventional formations cannot be defeated in battle within any reasonable time scale. Small-scale attacks and sabotage however, can over time create an atmosphere of turmoil and chaos, (such as the "bloody mayhem" of Irish Leader Michael Collins) that is sufficient to force capitulation or extensive concessions from the opposing side. The Algerian War followed this pattern, as did the guerrilla operations leading to British withdrawal from in Cyprus.[5] Palestinian struggles against Israel seem to also follow this pattern, with a series of attritional attacks and international diplomatic pressure forcing concessions from the Israeli leadership.
Guerrilla organization can range from small local rebel groups with a few dozen participants, to tens of thousands of fighters, deploying from tiny cells to formations of regimental strength. In most cases, there will be leadership aiming for a clear political objective. The organization will typically be structured into political and military wings, sometimes allowing the political leadership to claim "plausible denial" for military attacks.[6]The most fully elaborated guerrilla warfare structure is seen by the Chinese and Vietnamese communists during the revolutionary wars of East and Southeast Asia.[7]
Types of operations
Guerrilla operations typically include a variety of attacks on transportation routes, individual groups of police or military, installations and structures, economic enterprises, and targeted civilians. Attacking in small groups, using camouflage and often captured weapons of that enemy, the guerrilla force can constantly keep pressure on its foes and diminish their numbers, while still allowing escape with relatively few casualties. The intention of such attacks is not only military but political, aiming to demoralize target populations or governments, or goading an overreaction that forces the population to take sides for or against the guerrillas. Examples range from the chopping off of limbs in various internal African rebellions, to the suicide bombings of Palestine and Sri Lanka, to sophisticated maneuvers by Viet Cong forces against military bases and formations.
Surprise and intelligence
For guerrilla operations to be successful, surprise must be achieved. If the operation has been betrayed or compromised it is usually called off immediately. Intelligence is extremely important, and detailed knowledge of the target's dispositions, weaponry, and morale is gathered before any attack. Intelligence can be harvested in several ways. Collaborators and sympathizers will usually provide a steady flow of useful information. If working clandestinely, the guerrilla operative may disguise his membership in the insurgent operation, and use deception to ferret out needed data. Employment or enrollment as a student may be undertaken near the target zone, community organizations may be infiltrated, and even romantic relationships struck up as part of intelligence gathering.[7]
Public sources of information are also invaluable to the guerrilla, from the flight schedules of targeted airlines, to public announcements of visiting foreign dignitaries, to Army Field Manuals. Modern computer access via the World Wide Web makes harvesting and collation of such data relatively easy.[8] The use of on the spot reconnaissance is integral to operational planning. Operatives will "case" or analyze a location or potential target in depth—cataloging routes of entry and exit, building structures, the location of phones and communication lines, presence of security personnel, and a myriad of other factors. Finally intelligence is concerned with political factors—such as the occurrence of an election or the impact of the potential operation on civilian and enemy morale.
Relationships with the civil population
Relationships with civil populations are influenced by whether the guerrillas operate among a hostile or friendly population. A friendly population is of immense importance to guerrilla fighters, providing shelter, supplies, financing, intelligence, and recruits. The "base of the people" is thus the key lifeline of the guerrilla movement. In the early stages of the Vietnam War, American officials "discovered that several thousand supposedly government-controlled 'fortified hamlets' were in fact controlled by Viet Cong guerrillas, who 'often used them for supply and rest havens'." [9] Popular mass support in a confined local area or country, however, is not always strictly necessary. Guerrillas and revolutionary groups can still operate using the protection of a friendly regime, drawing supplies, weapons, intelligence, local security, and diplomatic cover. The Al Qaeda organization is an example of the latter type, drawing sympathizers and support primarily from the wide-ranging Muslim world, even after American attacks eliminated the umbrella of a friendly Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
An apathetic or hostile population makes life difficult for guerrillas and strenuous attempts are usually made to gain their support. These may involve not only persuasion, but a calculated policy of intimidation. Guerrilla forces may characterize a variety of operations as a liberation struggle, but this may or may not result in sufficient support from affected civilians. Other factors, including ethnic and religious hatreds, can make a simple national liberation claim untenable. Whatever the exact mix of persuasion or coercion used by guerrillas, relationships with civil populations are one of the most important factors in their success or failure.[10]
Use of terror
In some cases, the use of terror can be an aspect of guerrilla warfare. Terror is used to focus international attention on the guerrilla cause, liquidate opposition leaders, extort cash from targets, intimidate the general population, create economic losses, and keep followers and potential defectors in line. However, such tactics may backfire and cause the civil population to withdraw its support, or to back countervailing forces against the guerrillas.[6]
Such a situation occurred in Israel, where suicide bombings encouraged Israeli opinion to take a harsh stand against Palestinian attackers, including general approval of "targeted killings" to liquidate enemy cells and leaders.[11] In the Philippines and Malaysia, communist terror strikes helped turn civilian opinion against the insurgents. In South American countries, civilian opinion at times backed the harsh countermeasures used by authoritarian regimes against revolutionary movements, such as with the Peruvian regime of Alberto Fujimori.
Guerrillas must plan carefully for withdrawal once an operation has been completed, or if it is going badly. The withdrawal phase is sometimes regarded as the most important part of a planned action, and to get entangled in a lengthy struggle with superior forces is usually fatal to insurgent, terrorist, or revolutionary operatives. Withdrawal is usually accomplished using a variety of different routes and methods and may include quickly scouring the area for loose weapons, evidence cleanup, and disguise as peaceful civilians.[1] In the case of suicide operations, withdrawal considerations by successful attackers are moot, nevertheless such activity as eliminating traces of evidence, or hiding materials and supplies must be done.
Guerrillas typically operate with a smaller logistical footprint compared to conventional formations, nevertheless their activities can be elaborately organized. A primary consideration is to avoid dependence on fixed bases and depots which are comparatively easy for conventional units to locate and destroy. Mobility and speed are the keys and wherever possible, the guerrilla must live off the land, or draw support from the civil population in which he is embedded. In this sense, "the people" become the guerrillas supply base.[1] Financing of both terrorist and guerrilla activities ranges from direct individual contributions (voluntary or non-voluntary), and actual operation of business enterprises by insurgent operatives, to bank robberies, kidnappings, and complex financial networks based on kinship, ethnic, and religious affiliation (such as that used by modern Jihadist organizations).
Permanent and semi-permanent bases form part of the guerrilla logistical structure, usually located in remote areas or in cross-border sanctuaries sheltered by friendly regimes.[1][7] These can be quite elaborate, as in the tough Viet Cong (VC)/North Vietnamese Army (NVA) fortified base camps and tunnel complexes encountered by U.S. forces during the Vietnam War. Their importance can be seen by the hard fighting sometimes engaged in by communist forces to protect these sites. However, when it became clear that defense was untenable, communist units typically withdrew without sentiment.
Guerrilla warfare is often associated with a rural setting, and this is indeed the case with the definitive operations of Mao and Giap, the mujahadeen of Afghanistan, the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) of Guatemala, the Contras of Nicaragua, and the FMLN of El Salvador. Guerrillas however have successfully operated in urban settings as demonstrated in places like Argentina, Northern Ireland, and Cyprus. In those cases, guerrillas rely on a friendly population to provide supplies and intelligence. Rural guerrillas prefer to operate in regions providing plenty of cover and concealment, especially heavily forested and mountainous areas. Urban guerrillas, rather than melting into the mountains and jungles, blend into the population and are also dependent on a support base among the people. Rooting guerrillas out of both types of area can be extremely difficult.
Foreign support and sanctuaries
Foreign support in the form of soldiers, weapons, sanctuary, or statements of sympathy for the guerrillas is not strictly necessary, but it can greatly increase the chances of an insurgent victory.[7] Foreign diplomatic support may bring the guerrilla cause to international attention, putting pressure on local opponents to make concessions, or garnering sympathetic support and material assistance. Foreign sanctuaries can add heavily to guerrilla chances, furnishing weapons, supplies, materials and training bases. Such shelter can benefit from international law, particularly if the sponsoring government is successful in concealing its support and in claiming "plausible denial" for attacks by operatives based in its territory.
The VC and NVA made extensive use of such international sanctuaries during their conflict, and the complex of trails, way-stations and bases snaking through Laos and Cambodia, the famous Ho Chi Minh Trail, was the logistical lifeline that sustained their forces in the South. Another case in point is the Mukti Bahini guerrillas who fought alongside the Indian Army in the 14-day Bangladesh Liberation War, in 1971, against Pakistan that resulted in the creation of the state of Bangladesh. In the post-Vietnam era, the Al Qaeda organization also made effective use of remote territories, such as Afghanistan under the Taliban regime, to plan and execute its operations.
Guerrilla initiative and combat intensity
Able to choose the time and place to strike, guerrilla fighters will usually possess the tactical initiative and the element of surprise. Planning for an operation may take weeks, months, or even years, with a constant series of cancellations and restarts as the situation changes.[7] Careful rehearsals and "dry runs" are usually conducted to work out problems and details. Many guerrilla strikes are not undertaken unless clear numerical superiority can be achieved in the target area, a pattern typical of VC/NVA and other "Peoples War" operations. Individual suicide bomb attacks offer another pattern, typically involving only the individual bomber and his support team, but these too are spread out based on prevailing capabilities and political contexts.
Whatever approach is used, the guerrilla holds the initiative, and can prolong his survival though varying the intensity of combat. This means that attacks are spread out over quite a range of time, from weeks to years. During the interim periods, the guerrilla can rebuild, resupply, and plan. In the Vietnam War, most communist units (including mobile NVA regulars using guerrilla tactics) spent only a few days a month fighting. While they might be forced into an unwanted battle by an enemy sweep, most of the time was spent in training, intelligence gathering, political and civic infiltration, propaganda indoctrination, construction of fortifications, or foraging for supplies and food.[7] The large numbers of such groups striking at different times however, gave the war its "around the clock" quality.
Counter-guerrilla warfare
Stopping guerrillas may be difficult because they, by definition, blend into their surroundings and try not to draw attention to themselves or engage in prolonged battles in which they could be overcome with conventional force.
Countering guerrilla fighters requires great planning and military intelligence. Understanding the terrain on which one is fighting is key as this takes away the guerrillas' "home-field" advantage and removes much of the risk of booby-traps and ambushes. Another key component to countering guerrilla fighters is to become friendly with the local population to the point of them being uncomfortable hiding and supporting the guerrillas:
Most soldiers who have engaged in counter-guerrilla warfare believe that an effective strategy cannot be based merely on defensive measures but rather must be tied to an aggressive offensive approach, taking the war to the guerrilla, denying them sanctuary and interdicting their support, stopping their ability to assemble and plan, and taking away their capability to act."[12]
The widely distributed and influential work of Sir Robert Thompson, counter-insurgency expert in Malaysia, offers several guidelines for countering guerrilla warfare. The basic elements of Thompson's[10] moderate approach are:
- A viable competing vision that comprehensively mobilizes popular support
- Reasonable concessions where necessary
- Economy of force
- Big unit action may sometimes be necessary
- Mobility
- Systematic intelligence effort
- Methodical clear and hold
- Careful deployment of mass popular forces and special units
- Foreign assistance must be limited and carefully used
Thompson's underlying assumption is that of a country minimally committed to the rule of law and better governance. Numerous other regimes, however, give such considerations short shrift, and their counter-guerrilla operations have involved mass murder, genocide, starvation, and the massive spread of terror, torture, and execution. The totalitarian regimes of Stalin and Hitler are classic examples, as are more modern conflicts in places like Afghanistan. In Afghanistan's anti-Mujahideen war for example, the Soviets implemented a ruthless policy of wastage and depopulation, driving over one third of the Afghan population into exile (over 5 million people), and carrying out widespread destruction of villages, granaries, crops, herds, and irrigation systems, including the deadly and widespread mining of fields and pastures.
Some writers on counter-insurgency warfare emphasize the more turbulent nature of today's guerrilla warfare environment, where the clear political goals, parties and structures of such places as Vietnam, Malaysia, or El Salvador are not as prevalent. These writers point to numerous guerrilla conflicts that center around religious, ethnic, or even criminal enterprise themes, and that do not lend themselves to the classic "national liberation" template. The wide availability of the Internet has also cause changes in the tempo and mode of guerrilla operations in such areas as coordination of strikes, leveraging of financing, recruitment, and media manipulation. While the classic guidelines still apply, today's anti-guerrilla forces accept a more disruptive, disorderly, and ambiguous mode of operation.
Insurgents may not be seeking to overthrow the state, may have no coherent strategy or may pursue a faith-based approach difficult to counter with traditional methods. There may be numerous competing insurgencies in one theater, meaning that the counterinsurgent must control the overall environment rather than defeat a specific enemy. The actions of individuals and the propaganda effect of a subjective "single narrative" may far outweigh practical progress, rendering counterinsurgency even more non-linear and unpredictable than before. The counterinsurgent, not the insurgent, may initiate the conflict and represent the forces of revolutionary change. The economic relationship between insurgent and population may be diametrically opposed to classical theory. And insurgent tactics, based on exploiting the propaganda effects of urban bombing, may invalidate some classical tactics and render others, like patrolling, counterproductive under some circumstances. Thus, field evidence suggests, classical theory is necessary but not sufficient for success against contemporary insurgencies.[13]
Ethical dimensions
Civilians may be attacked or killed as punishment for alleged collaboration, or as a policy of intimidation and coercion. Such attacks are usually sanctioned by the guerrilla leadership with an eye towards the political objectives to be achieved. Attacks may be aimed to weaken civilian morale so that support for the guerrillas' opponents decreases. Civil wars may also involve deliberate attacks against civilians, with both guerrilla groups and organized armies committing atrocities. Ethnic and religious feuds may involve widespread massacres and genocide as competing factions inflict massive violence on targeted civilian population.
Guerrillas in wars against foreign powers may direct their attacks at civilians, particularly if foreign forces are too strong to be confronted directly on a long term basis. In Vietnam, bombings and terror attacks against civilians were fairly common, and were often effective in demoralizing local opinion that supported the ruling regime and its American backers. While attacking an American base might involve lengthy planning and casualties, smaller scale terror strikes in the civilian sphere were easier to execute. Such attacks also had an effect on the international scale, demoralizing American opinion, and hastening a withdrawal.
Guerrillas are in danger of not being recognized as lawful combatants because they may not wear a uniform, (to mingle with the local population), or their uniform and distinctive emblems may not be recognized as such by their opponents. Article 44, sections 3 and 4 of the 1977 First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, "relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts," does recognize combatants who, because of the nature of the conflict, do not wear uniforms as long as they carry their weapons openly during military operations. This gives non-uniformed guerrillas lawful combatant status against countries that have ratified this convention. However, the same protocol states in Article 37.1.c that "the feigning of civilian, non-combatant status" shall constitute perfidy and is prohibited by the Geneva Conventions.
Guerrilla tactics have been used with varying levels of success for hundreds of years and all over the world, from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, to the American Civil War, to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
In Europe
Over centuries of history, many guerrilla movements appeared in Europe to fight foreign occupation forces. The Fabian Strategy applied by the Roman Republic against Hannibal in the Second Punic War could be considered an early example of guerrilla tactics. After witnessing several disastrous defeats at the hands of Hannibal, the Roman dictator Fabius Maximus decided to modify traditional warfare methods. More often full-scale pitched campaigns were exchanged for small-scale skirmishes, sieges, sabotage attempts, assassinations, and raiding parties. The Romans set aside the typical military doctrine of crushing the enemy in a single battle and initiated a successful, albeit unpopular, war of attrition against the Carthaginians that lasted for 14 years. In expanding their own Empire, the Romans also encountered numerous examples of guerrilla resistance to their legions.
Mongols also faced guerrilla forces composed of armed peasants in Hungary after the Battle of Mohi. During The Deluge in Poland, guerrilla tactics were applied. In the nineteenth century, peoples of the Balkans used guerrilla tactics to fight the Ottoman empire. In the 100 years war between England and France, commander Bertrand du Guesclin used guerrilla tactics to pester the English invaders. During the Scanian War, a pro-Danish guerrilla group known as the Snapphane fought against the Swedes. In seventeenth century Ireland, Irish irregulars called "tories" and "rapparees" used guerrilla warfare in the Irish Confederate Wars and the Williamite war in Ireland. The Finns guerrillas, sissis, fought against Russian occupation troops in the Great Northern War 1710-1721. The Russians retaliated brutally on civilian populace; the period is called Isoviha (Grand Hatred) in Finland.
In the Napoleonic Wars, many of the armies lived off the land. This often led to some resistance by the local population if the army did not pay fair prices for produce they consumed. Usually this resistance was sporadic, and not very successful, so it is not classified as guerrilla action. In the Peninsular War, however, the British, encouraged by the spontaneous mass resistance in Spain against Napoleon, gave aid to the Spanish guerrillas who tied down tens of thousands of French troops. The continual losses of troops caused Napoleon to describe this conflict his "Spanish ulcer." The British gave this aid because it cost them much less than it would have to equip British soldiers to face the French troops in conventional warfare. This was one of the most successful partisan wars in history and was where the word guerrilla was first used in this context. The Oxford English Dictionary lists Wellington as the oldest known source, speaking of "Guerrillas" in 1809.
American Revolutionary War
While the American Revolutionary War is often thought of as a guerrilla war, guerrilla tactics were uncommon, and almost all of the battles involved conventional set-piece battles. Some of the confusion may be due to the fact that generals George Washington and Nathaniel Greene successfully used a strategy of harassment and progressively grinding down British forces in a classic example of asymmetric warfare, instead of seeking a decisive battle. Nevertheless the theater tactics used by most of the American forces were those of conventional warfare. One of the exceptions was in the south, where the brunt of the war was upon militia forces who fought the enemy British troops and their Loyalist supporters, but used concealment, surprise, and other guerrilla tactics to much advantage. General Francis Marion of South Carolina, who often attacked the British at unexpected places and then faded into the swamps by the time the British were organized enough to return fire, was named by them "The Swamp Fox."
American Civil War
Irregular warfare in the American Civil War followed the patterns of irregular warfare in nineteenth century Europe. Three different types were conducted during the Civil War: "People's War," "partisan warfare," and "raiding warfare." The concept of "People's war," first described by Clausewitz in On War, was the closest example of a mass guerrilla movement in the era. In general, this type of irregular warfare was conducted in the hinterland of the Border States (Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and northwestern Virginia), and was marked by a vicious neighbor against neighbor quality. One such example was the opposing irregular forces operating in Missouri and northern Arkansas from 1862 to 1865, most of which were pro-Confederate or pro-Union in name only and preyed on civilians and isolated military forces of both sides with little regard of politics. From these semi-organized guerrillas, several groups formed and were given some measure of legitimacy by their governments. Quantrill's Raiders, who terrorized pro-Union civilians and fought Federal troops in large areas of Missouri and Kansas, was one such unit. Another notorious unit, with debatable ties to the Confederate military, was led by Champ Ferguson along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. Ferguson became one of the only figures of Confederate cause to be executed after the war. Dozens of other small, localized bands terrorized the countryside throughout the border region during the war, bringing total war to the area that lasted until the end of the Civil War and, in some areas, beyond.[14]
South African War
Guerrilla tactics were used extensively by the forces of the Afrikaner republics in the Second Boer War in South Africa 1899-1902. After the British defeated the Boer armies in conventional warfare and occupied their capitals of Pretoria and Bloemfontein, Boer commandos reverted to mobile warfare. Units led by leaders such as Christian de Wet harassed slow-moving British columns and attacked railway lines and encampments. The Boers were almost all mounted and possessed long range magazine loaded rifles. This gave them the ability to attack quickly and cause many casualties before retreating rapidly when British reinforcements arrived. In the early period of the guerrilla war, Boer commandos could be very large, containing several thousand men and even field artillery. However, as their supplies of food and ammunition gave out, the Boers increasingly broke up into smaller units and relied on captured British arms and ammunition.
To counter these tactics, the British under Kitchener interned Boer civilians into concentration camps and built hundreds of blockhouses all over the Transvaal and Orange Free State. Eventually, the Boer guerrillas surrendered in 1902, but the British granted them generous terms in order to bring the war to an end. This showed how effective guerrilla tactics could be in extracting concessions from a more powerful military enemy.
Latin America
In the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, the populist revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata employed the use of guerrilla tactics. His forces, composed entirely of peasant farmers turned soldiers, wore no uniform and would easily blend into the general population after an operation's completion. They would have young soldiers, called "dynamite boys," hurl cans filled with explosives into enemy barracks, and then a large number of lightly armed soldiers would emerge from the surrounding area to attack it. Although Zapata's forces met considerable success, his strategy backfired as government troops, unable to distinguish his soldiers from the normal population, waged a broad and brutal campaign against the latter.
In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Latin America had a number of urban guerrilla movements whose strategy was to destabilize regimes and provoke a counter-reaction by the military. The theory was that a harsh military regime would oppress the middle classes who would then support the guerrillas and create a popular uprising.
While these movements did destabilize governments, such as Argentina, Uruguay, Guatemala, and Peru to the point of military intervention, the military generally proceeded to completely wipe out the guerrilla movements, usually committing atrocities among both civilians and armed insurgents in the process.
Several other left-wing guerrilla movements, often backed by Cuba and/or the Soviet Union, attempted to overthrow U.S.-backed governments or right-wing military dictatorships. U.S.-backed Contra guerrillas attempted to overthrow the left-wing elected Sandinista government of Nicaragua, though most of these groups should be considered mercenary juntas rather than rooted guerrillas.
Anglo-Irish War
The wars between Ireland and the British state over the centuries have covered the full spectrum of the types of warfare. The Irish fought the first successful twentieth century war of independence against the British Empire and the United Kingdom. After the military failure of the Easter Rising in 1916, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) resorted to guerrilla tactics involving both urban warfare and flying columns in the countryside during the Anglo-Irish War (Irish War of Independence) of 1919 to 1921. The subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty created the Irish Free State of 26 counties as a dominion within the British Empire; the other 6 counties remained part of the UK. This partition of Ireland laid the seeds for later troubles which often involved the use of guerrilla tactics against the ruling authority.
World War II
In World War II, several guerrilla organizations (often known as resistance movements) operated in the countries occupied by Nazi Germany. These included the Polish Home Army, Slovak National Uprising, Soviet partisans, Yugoslav Partisans, Bulgarian NOVA, French resistance, or Maquis, Italian partisans, ELAS and royalist forces in Greece. Many of these organizations received help from the Special Operations Executive (SOE) which along with the commandos was initiated by Winston Churchill to "set Europe ablaze." The SOE was originally designated as "Section D" of MI6 but its aid to resistance movements to start fires clashed with MI6's primary role as an intelligence-gathering agency. When Britain was under threat of invasion, SOE trained Auxiliary Units to conduct guerrilla warfare in the event of invasion. Not only did SOE help the resistance to tie down many German units as garrison troops, so directly aiding the conventional war effort, but also guerrilla incidents in occupied countries were useful in the propaganda war, helping to repudiate German claims that the occupied countries were pacified and broadly on the side of the Germans.
Despite these minor successes, many historians believe that the efficacy of the European resistance movements has been greatly exaggerated in popular novels, films, and other media. Contrary to popular belief, the resistance groups were only able to seriously counter the Germans in areas that offered the protection of rugged terrain. In relatively flat, open areas, such as France, the resistance groups were all too vulnerable to decimation by German regulars and pro-German collaborationists. Only when operating in concert with conventional Allied units were the resistance groups to prove indispensable.
Post World War II Europe
After World War II, during the 1940s and 1950s, thousands of fighters, known as the "Forest Brothers," in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated in unsuccessful guerrilla warfare against Soviet occupation. The conflict between the Soviet armed forces and the "Forest Brothers" lasted over a decade and cost at least 50,000 lives. Estimates for the number of guerrillas in each country vary, with estimates from 10,000 and 15,000 in Latvia and 170,000 for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania combined.[15]
Vietnam War
Within the United States, the Vietnam War is commonly thought of as a guerrilla war. However, this is a simplification of a much more complex situation which followed the pattern outlined by Maoist theory.
The Cu Chi Tunnels (Địa đạo Củ Chi) was a major base for guerrilla warfare during the Vietnam War. Located about 60km northwest of Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), the Viet Cong used the complex system tunnels to hide and live during the days and come up to fight at nights.
The National Liberation Front (NLF), drawing its ranks from the North Vietnamese peasantry and working class, used guerrilla tactics in the early phases of the war. However, by 1965 when U.S. involvement escalated, the National Liberation Front was in the process of being supplanted by regular units of the North Vietnamese Army (NVA).
The NVA regiments organized along traditional military lines, were supplied via the Ho Chi Minh trail rather than living off the land, and had access to weapons such as tanks and artillery which are not normally used by guerrilla forces. Furthermore, parts of North Vietnam were "off-limits" by American bombardment for political reasons, giving the NVA personnel and their material a haven that does not usually exist for a guerrilla army.
Over time, more of the fighting was conducted by the North Vietnamese Army and the character of the war become increasingly conventional. The final offensive into South Vietnam in 1975 was a mostly conventional military operation in which guerrilla warfare played a minor, supporting role.
Israel and the Palestinian Territories
European Jews fleeing from anti-Semitic violence (especially Russian pogroms) immigrated in increasing numbers to Palestine. When the British restricted Jewish immigration to the region, Jewish Palestinians began to use guerrilla warfare for two purposes: To bring in more Jewish refugees, and to turn the tide of British sentiment at home. Jewish groups such as the Lehi and the Irgun—many of whom had experience in the Warsaw Ghetto battles against the Nazis, fought British soldiers whenever they could, including the bombing of the King David Hotel.
After the establishment of Israel, Palestinian groups, among them the Palestinian Liberation Army, soon initiated their own guerrilla warfare against the new Jewish state.
Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Kurdish Northern Iraq
Guerrilla warfare formed an integral part of the U.S./NATO military campaigns in Kosovo in the late 1990s and Afghanistan in 2001, which created a unique style of warfare combining low-technology guerrilla warfare with high-technology air power. In these campaigns, guerrilla fighters with coordination from special forces would engage the enemy, forcing them to move out into the open where they could be destroyed using air power supplied by the United States. In both cases, the guerrillas were able to take advantage of their local knowledge and willingness to take casualties to great effect when supplemented by outside air power. In Kosovo, the Kosovo Liberation Army, a separatist paramilitary force, was aided by the NATO air forces.
Afghan Commander Ahmad Shah Massoud was known for his guerrilla tactics in the Soviet-Afghan war. In Afghanistan, numerous anti-Taliban militias (consisting of regular soldiers and guerrillas), including the Afghan Northern Alliance, were aided by US air power. This formula was used again, in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, against the Iraqi Army by Kurdish Peshmerga guerrillas with the aid of U.S. special forces and the U.S. Air Force.
Iraqi insurgents used guerrilla tactics against the US-led coalition in Iraq since 2003. Such tactics include the bombing of vehicles and human targets, suicide bombings, ambushes, and traditional hit and run raids. Although it is unclear how many US casualties can be attributed to insurgent guerrilla action, due to high numbers of non-combat related injuries and deaths being included in all available statistics of total coalition casualties, it is estimated that they injured more than 18,000 coalition troops and killed over 2,700, including more than 2,500 US soldiers.[16]
Guerilla action today
The use of guerrilla tactics is due to their efficacy and economy. The fact that small, cheap forces can be used makes them appealing to military commanders operating wars on a budget. In today's single-superpower world, wars have become smaller and less conventional, which allows for the continued place of guerrilla tactics.
Many guerrillas have taken to using terrorist tactics. Terrorism and guerrilla warfare are not synonymous, however. Terrorism, on one hand, is a term used to describe violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilians by groups or persons for political or other ideological goals:
The notion of terrorism is fairly straightforward—it is ideologically or politically motivated violence directed against civilian targets.[17]
Guerrillas, on the other hand, have traditionally targeted clearly defined military targets using the tactics outlined above. Terrorist tactics have been added to the arsenals of many guerrilla groups. This addition reflects the danger inherent to confronting superior forces through guerrilla action and the fact that civilians are often easier to target.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Mao Tse-tung, On Guerrilla Warfare (1937). Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Warfare Conduct Of, Guerrilla Warfare," (1984), 584.
- ↑ Richard Taber, The War of the Flea: The Classic Study of Guerrilla Warfare (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2002, ISBN 978-1574885552).
- ↑ Vo Nguyen Giap, People's War People's Army: The Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for Underdeveloped Countries (University Press of the Pacific, 2001, ISBN 978-0898753714).
- ↑ Cyprus Conflict Homepage, The Cyprus Conflict. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bard E. O'Neill, Insurgency & Terrorism: Inside Modern Revolutionary Warfare (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2001, ISBN 978-1574883350).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Michael Lee Lanning and Dan Cragg, Inside the VC and the NVA (Ballantine Books, 1993, ISBN 0804105006).
- ↑ Washington Post, Terrorists Turn to the Web as Base of Operations. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica, "Guerilla Warfare," 460-464.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Robert Thompson, Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam (Hailer Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0977615506).
- ↑ Steven R. David, Fatal Choices: Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing (The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies; Bar-Ilan University).
- ↑ Mobile Riverine Force Association, Guerrilla War…Back Again? Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ↑ David Kilcullen, Counter-insurgency Redux. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
- ↑ Robert R. Mackey, The UnCivil War: Irregular Warfare in the Upper South, 1861–1865 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004, ISBN 0806136243).
- ↑ Romauld Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1990 (University of California Press, 1993, ISBN 0520082281).
- ↑ CNN, Special Report: U.S. & Coalition/Casualties. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
- ↑ Adrian Humphreys, One official's "refugee" is another's "terrorist," National Post, January 17, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2007.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- David, Steven R. Fatal Choices: Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing. The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies; Bar-Ilan University.
- Derradji, Abder-Rahmane. The Algerian Guerrilla Campaign: Strategy and Tactics. Edwin Mellen Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0773422926
- Derradji, Abder-Rahmane. A Concise History of Political Violence in Algeria, 1954-2000: Brothers in Faith, Enemies in Arms. Edwin Mellen Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0773470491
- Giap, Vo Nguyen. People's War People's Army: The Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for Underdeveloped Countries. University Press of the Pacific, 2001. ISBN 978-0898753714
- Lanning, Michael L. and Dan Cragg. Inside the VC and the NVA. Ballantine Books, 1993. ISBN 0804105006.
- Mackey, Robert R. The UnCivil War: Irregular Warfare in the Upper South, 1861–1865. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. ISBN 0806136243.
- Mao, Zedong (formerly Tse-tung). On Guerrilla Warfare. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000 (original 1937). ISBN 0252068920.
- Marighella, Carlos. Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla. 1969. Retrieved March 07, 2023.
- Misiunas, Romuald, and Rein Taagepera. The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1990. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993. ISBN 0520082281
- O'Neill, Bard E. Insurgency & Terrorism: Inside Modern Revolutionary Warfare. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1574883350
- Taber, Richard. The War of the Flea: The Classic Study of Guerrilla Warfare. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2002. ISBN 978-1574885552
- Thompson, Robert. Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam. Hailer Publishing, 2005. ISBN 978-0977615506
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