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3 Life in Christ
Section Two The Ten Commandments
Chapter 2 You shall love your neighbour as yourself
Article 6 The Sixth Commandment
Chapter 2 You shall love your neighbour as yourself
Article 6 The Sixth Commandment
You shall not commit adultery.
You have heard that it was said, "You shall not commit adultery."
But I say to you that every one who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.
I. "Male and Female He Created Them . . ."
2331 "God is love and in himself he lives a mystery of personal loving communion. Creating the human race in his own image . . .. God inscribed in the humanity of man and woman the vocation, and thus the capacity and responsibility, of love and communion."
"God created man in his own image . . . male and female he created them"; He blessed them and said, "Be fruitful and multiply"; "When God created man, he made him in the likeness of God. Male and female he created them, and he blessed them and named them Man when they were created."
2332 Sexuality affects all aspects of the human person in the unity of his body and soul. It especially concerns affectivity, the capacity to love and to procreate, and in a more general way the aptitude for forming bonds of communion with others.
2333 Everyone, man and woman, should acknowledge and accept his sexual identity. Physical, moral, and spiritual difference and complementarity are oriented toward the goods of marriage and the flourishing of family life. the harmony of the couple and of society depends in part on the way in which the complementarity, needs, and mutual support between the sexes are lived out.
2334 "In creating men 'male and female,' God gives man and woman an equal personal dignity." "Man is a person, man and woman equally so, since both were created in the image and likeness of the personal God."
2335 Each of the two sexes is an image of the power and tenderness of God, with equal dignity though in a different way. the union of man and woman in marriage is a way of imitating in the flesh the Creator's generosity and fecundity: "Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh." All human generations proceed from this union.
2336 Jesus came to restore creation to the purity of its origins. In the Sermon on the Mount, he interprets God's plan strictly: "You have heard that it was said, 'You shall not commit adultery.' But I say to you that every one who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart." What God has joined together, let not man put asunder.
The tradition of the Church has understood the sixth commandment as encompassing the whole of human sexuality.
II. The Vocation to Chastity
2337 Chastity means the successful integration of sexuality within the person and thus the inner unity of man in his bodily and spiritual being. Sexuality, in which man's belonging to the bodily and biological world is expressed, becomes personal and truly human when it is integrated into the relationship of one person to another, in the complete and lifelong mutual gift of a man and a woman.
The virtue of chastity therefore involves the integrity of the person and the integrality of the gift.
The integrity of the person
2338 The chaste person maintains the integrity of the powers of life and love placed in him. This integrity ensures the unity of the person; it is opposed to any behavior that would impair it. It tolerates neither a double life nor duplicity in speech.
2339 Chastity includes an apprenticeship in self-mastery which is a training in human freedom. the alternative is clear: either man governs his passions and finds peace, or he lets himself be dominated by them and becomes unhappy. "Man's dignity therefore requires him to act out of conscious and free choice, as moved and drawn in a personal way from within, and not by blind impulses in himself or by mere external constraint. Man gains such dignity when, ridding himself of all slavery to the passions, he presses forward to his goal by freely choosing what is good and, by his diligence and skill, effectively secures for himself the means suited to this end."
2340 Whoever wants to remain faithful to his baptismal promises and resist temptations will want to adopt the means for doing so: self-knowledge, practice of an ascesis adapted to the situations that confront him, obedience to God's commandments, exercise of the moral virtues, and fidelity to prayer. "Indeed it is through chastity that we are gathered together and led back to the unity from which we were fragmented into multiplicity."
2341 The virtue of chastity comes under the cardinal virtue of temperance, which seeks to permeate the passions and appetites of the senses with reason.
2342 Self-mastery is a long and exacting work. One can never consider it acquired once and for all. It presupposes renewed effort at all stages of life. The effort required can be more intense in certain periods, such as when the personality is being formed during childhood and adolescence.
2343 Chastity has laws of growth which progress through stages marked by imperfection and too often by sin. "Man . . . day by day builds himself up through his many free decisions; and so he knows, loves, and accomplishes moral good by stages of growth."
2344 Chastity represents an eminently personal task; it also involves a cultural effort, for there is "an interdependence between personal betterment and the improvement of society." Chastity presupposes respect for the rights of the person, in particular the right to receive information and an education that respect the moral and spiritual dimensions of human life.
2345 Chastity is a moral virtue. It is also a gift from God, a grace, a fruit of spiritual effort. The Holy Spirit enables one whom the water of Baptism has regenerated to imitate the purity of Christ.
The integrality of the gift of self
2346 Charity is the form of all the virtues. Under its influence, chastity appears as a school of the gift of the person. Self-mastery is ordered to the gift of self. Chastity leads him who practices it to become a witness to his neighbor of God's fidelity and loving kindness.
2347 The virtue of chastity blossoms in friendship. It shows the disciple how to follow and imitate him who has chosen us as his friends, who has given himself totally to us and allows us to participate in his divine estate. Chastity is a promise of immortality.
Chastity is expressed notably in friendship with one's neighbor. Whether it develops between persons of the same or opposite sex, friendship represents a great good for all. It leads to spiritual communion.
The various forms of chastity
2348 All the baptized are called to chastity. the Christian has "put on Christ," The model for all chastity. All Christ's faithful are called to lead a chaste life in keeping with their particular states of life. At the moment of his Baptism, the Christian is pledged to lead his affective life in chastity.
2349 "People should cultivate [chastity] in the way that is suited to their state of life. Some profess virginity or consecrated celibacy which enables them to give themselves to God alone with an undivided heart in a remarkable manner. Others live in the way prescribed for all by the moral law, whether they are married or single." Married people are called to live conjugal chastity; others practice chastity in continence:
There are three forms of the virtue of chastity: the first is that of spouses, the second that of widows, and the third that of virgins. We do not praise any one of them to the exclusion of the others.... This is what makes for the richness of the discipline of the Church.
2350 Those who are engaged to marry are called to live chastity in continence. They should see in this time of testing a discovery of mutual respect, an apprenticeship in fidelity, and the hope of receiving one another from God. They should reserve for marriage the expressions of affection that belong to married love. They will help each other grow in chastity.
Offenses against chastity
2351 Lust is disordered desire for or inordinate enjoyment of sexual pleasure. Sexual pleasure is morally disordered when sought for itself, isolated from its procreative and unitive purposes.
2352 By masturbation is to be understood the deliberate stimulation of the genital organs in order to derive sexual pleasure. "Both the Magisterium of the Church, in the course of a constant tradition, and the moral sense of the faithful have been in no doubt and have firmly maintained that masturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered action." "The deliberate use of the sexual faculty, for whatever reason, outside of marriage is essentially contrary to its purpose." For here sexual pleasure is sought outside of "the sexual relationship which is demanded by the moral order and in which the total meaning of mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love is achieved."
To form an equitable judgment about the subjects' moral responsibility and to guide pastoral action, one must take into account the affective immaturity, force of acquired habit, conditions of anxiety, or other psychological or social factors that lessen or even extenuate moral culpability.
2353 Fornication is carnal union between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman. It is gravely contrary to the dignity of persons and of human sexuality which is naturally ordered to the good of spouses and the generation and education of children. Moreover, it is a grave scandal when there is corruption of the young.
2354 Pornography consists in removing real or simulated sexual acts from the intimacy of the partners, in order to display them deliberately to third parties. It offends against chastity because it perverts the conjugal act, the intimate giving of spouses to each other. It does grave injury to the dignity of its participants (actors, vendors, the public), since each one becomes an object of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the illusion of a fantasy world. It is a grave offense. Civil authorities should prevent the production and distribution of pornographic materials.
2355 Prostitution does injury to the dignity of the person who engages in it, reducing the person to an instrument of sexual pleasure. the one who pays sins gravely against himself: he violates the chastity to which his Baptism pledged him and defiles his body, the temple of the Holy Spirit. Prostitution is a social scourge. It usually involves women, but also men, children, and adolescents (The latter two cases involve the added sin of scandal.). While it is always gravely sinful to engage in prostitution, the imputability of the offense can be attenuated by destitution, blackmail, or social pressure.
2356 Rape is the forcible violation of the sexual intimacy of another person. It does injury to justice and charity. Rape deeply wounds the respect, freedom, and physical and moral integrity to which every person has a right. It causes grave damage that can mark the victim for life. It is always an intrinsically evil act. Graver still is the rape of children committed by parents (incest) or those responsible for the education of the children entrusted to them.
Chastity and homosexuality
2357 Homosexuality refers to relations between men or between women who experience an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex. It has taken a great variety of forms through the centuries and in different cultures. Its psychological genesis remains largely unexplained. Basing itself on Sacred Scripture, which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity, tradition has always declared that "homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered." They are contrary to the natural law. They close the sexual act to the gift of life. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity. Under no circumstances can they be approved.
2358 The number of men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided. These persons are called to fulfill God's will in their lives and, if they are Christians, to unite to the sacrifice of the Lord's Cross the difficulties they may encounter from their condition.
2359 Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the support of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection.
III. The Love of Husband and Wife
2360 Sexuality is ordered to the conjugal love of man and woman. In marriage the physical intimacy of the spouses becomes a sign and pledge of spiritual communion. Marriage bonds between baptized persons are sanctified by the sacrament.
2361 "Sexuality, by means of which man and woman give themselves to one another through the acts which are proper and exclusive to spouses, is not something simply biological, but concerns the innermost being of the human person as such. It is realized in a truly human way only if it is an integral part of the love by which a man and woman commit themselves totally to one another until death."
Tobias got out of bed and said to Sarah, "Sister, get up, and let us pray and implore our Lord that he grant us mercy and safety." So she got up, and they began to pray and implore that they might be kept safe. Tobias began by saying, "Blessed are you, O God of our fathers.... You made Adam, and for him you made his wife Eve as a helper and support. From the two of them the race of mankind has sprung. You said, 'It is not good that the man should be alone; let us make a helper for him like himself.' I now am taking this kinswoman of mine, not because of lust, but with sincerity. Grant that she and I may find mercy and that we may grow old together." and they both said, "Amen, Amen." Then they went to sleep for the night.
2362 "The acts in marriage by which the intimate and chaste union of the spouses takes place are noble and honorable; the truly human performance of these acts fosters the self-giving they signify and enriches the spouses in joy and gratitude." Sexuality is a source of joy and pleasure:
The Creator himself . . . established that in the [generative] function, spouses should experience pleasure and enjoyment of body and spirit. Therefore, the spouses do nothing evil in seeking this pleasure and enjoyment. They accept what the Creator has intended for them. At the same time, spouses should know how to keep themselves within the limits of just moderation.
2363 The spouses' union achieves the twofold end of marriage: the good of the spouses themselves and the transmission of life. These two meanings or values of marriage cannot be separated without altering the couple's spiritual life and compromising the goods of marriage and the future of the family.
The conjugal love of man and woman thus stands under the twofold obligation of fidelity and fecundity.
Conjugal fidelity
2364 The married couple forms "the intimate partnership of life and love established by the Creator and governed by his laws; it is rooted in the conjugal covenant, that is, in their irrevocable personal consent." Both give themselves definitively and totally to one another. They are no longer two; from now on they form one flesh. the covenant they freely contracted imposes on the spouses the obligation to preserve it as unique and indissoluble. "What therefore God has joined together, let not man put asunder."
2365 Fidelity expresses constancy in keeping one's given word. God is faithful. the Sacrament of Matrimony enables man and woman to enter into Christ's fidelity for his Church. Through conjugal chastity, they bear witness to this mystery before the world.
St. John Chrysostom suggests that young husbands should say to their wives: I have taken you in my arms, and I love you, and I prefer you to my life itself. For the present life is nothing, and my most ardent dream is to spend it with you in such a way that we may be assured of not being separated in the life reserved for us.... I place your love above all things, and nothing would be more bitter or painful to me than to be of a different mind than you.
The fecundity of marriage
2366 Fecundity is a gift, an end of marriage, for conjugal love naturally tends to be fruitful. A child does not come from outside as something added on to the mutual love of the spouses, but springs from the very heart of that mutual giving, as its fruit and fulfillment. So the Church, which "is on the side of life" teaches that "each and every marriage act must remain open 'per se' to the transmission of life." "This particular doctrine, expounded on numerous occasions by the Magisterium, is based on the inseparable connection, established by God, which man on his own initiative may not break, between the unitive significance and the procreative significance which are both inherent to the marriage act."
2367 Called to give life, spouses share in the creative power and fatherhood of God. "Married couples should regard it as their proper mission to transmit human life and to educate their children; they should realize that they are thereby cooperating with the love of God the Creator and are, in a certain sense, its interpreters. They will fulfill this duty with a sense of human and Christian responsibility."
2368 A particular aspect of this responsibility concerns the regulation of procreation. For just reasons, spouses may wish to space the births of their children. It is their duty to make certain that their desire is not motivated by selfishness but is in conformity with the generosity appropriate to responsible parenthood. Moreover, they should conform their behavior to the objective criteria of morality:
When it is a question of harmonizing married love with the responsible transmission of life, the morality of the behavior does not depend on sincere intention and evaluation of motives alone; but it must be determined by objective criteria, criteria drawn from the nature of the person and his acts criteria that respect the total meaning of mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love; this is possible only if the virtue of married chastity is practiced with sincerity of heart.
2369 "By safeguarding both these essential aspects, the unitive and the procreative, the conjugal act preserves in its fullness the sense of true mutual love and its orientation toward man's exalted vocation to parenthood."
2370 Periodic continence, that is, the methods of birth regulation based on self-observation and the use of infertile periods, is in conformity with the objective criteria of morality. These methods respect the bodies of the spouses, encourage tenderness between them, and favor the education of an authentic freedom. In contrast, "every action which, whether in anticipation of the conjugal act, or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible" is intrinsically evil:
Thus the innate language that expresses the total reciprocal self-giving of husband and wife is overlaid, through contraception, by an objectively contradictory language, namely, that of not giving oneself totally to the other. This leads not only to a positive refusal to be open to life but also to a falsification of the inner truth of conjugal love, which is called upon to give itself in personal totality.... the difference, both anthropological and moral, between contraception and recourse to the rhythm of the cycle . . . involves in the final analysis two irreconcilable concepts of the human person and of human sexuality.
2371 "Let all be convinced that human life and the duty of transmitting it are not limited by the horizons of this life only: their true evaluation and full significance can be understood only in reference to man's eternal destiny."
2372 The state has a responsibility for its citizens' well-being. In this capacity it is legitimate for it to intervene to orient the demography of the population. This can be done by means of objective and respectful information, but certainly not by authoritarian, coercive measures. the state may not legitimately usurp the initiative of spouses, who have the primary responsibility for the procreation and education of their children. It is not authorized to intervene in this area with means contrary to the moral law.
The gift of a child
2373 Sacred Scripture and the Church's traditional practice see in large families a sign of God's blessing and the parents' generosity.
2374 Couples who discover that they are sterile suffer greatly. "What will you give me," asks Abraham of God, "for I continue childless?" and Rachel cries to her husband Jacob, "Give me children, or I shall die!"
2375 Research aimed at reducing human sterility is to be encouraged, on condition that it is placed "at the service of the human person, of his inalienable rights, and his true and integral good according to the design and will of God."
2376 Techniques that entail the dissociation of husband and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the couple (donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate uterus), are gravely immoral. These techniques (heterologous artificial insemination and fertilization) infringe the child's right to be born of a father and mother known to him and bound to each other by marriage. They betray the spouses' "right to become a father and a mother only through each other."
2377 Techniques involving only the married couple (homologous artificial insemination and fertilization) are perhaps less reprehensible, yet remain morally unacceptable. They dissociate the sexual act from the procreative act. the act which brings the child into existence is no longer an act by which two persons give themselves to one another, but one that "entrusts the life and identity of the embryo into the power of doctors and biologists and establishes the domination of technology over the origin and destiny of the human person. Such a relationship of domination is in itself contrary to the dignity and equality that must be common to parents and children." "Under the moral aspect procreation is deprived of its proper perfection when it is not willed as the fruit of the conjugal act, that is to say, of the specific act of the spouses' union .... Only respect for the link between the meanings of the conjugal act and respect for the unity of the human being make possible procreation in conformity with the dignity of the person."
2378 A child is not something owed to one, but is a gift. the "supreme gift of marriage" is a human person. A child may not be considered a piece of property, an idea to which an alleged "right to a child" would lead. In this area, only the child possesses genuine rights: the right "to be the fruit of the specific act of the conjugal love of his parents," and "the right to be respected as a person from the moment of his conception."
2379 The Gospel shows that physical sterility is not an absolute evil. Spouses who still suffer from infertility after exhausting legitimate medical procedures should unite themselves with the Lord's Cross, the source of all spiritual fecundity. They can give expression to their generosity by adopting abandoned children or performing demanding services for others.
IV. Offenses Against the Dignity of Marriage
2380 Adultery refers to marital infidelity. When two partners, of whom at least one is married to another party, have sexual relations - even transient ones - they commit adultery. Christ condemns even adultery of mere desire. The sixth commandment and the New Testament forbid adultery absolutely. The prophets denounce the gravity of adultery; they see it as an image of the sin of idolatry.
2381 Adultery is an injustice. He who commits adultery fails in his commitment. He does injury to the sign of the covenant which the marriage bond is, transgresses the rights of the other spouse, and undermines the institution of marriage by breaking the contract on which it is based. He compromises the good of human generation and the welfare of children who need their parents' stable union.
2382 The Lord Jesus insisted on the original intention of the Creator who willed that marriage be indissoluble. He abrogates the accommodations that had slipped into the old Law.
Between the baptized, "a ratified and consummated marriage cannot be dissolved by any human power or for any reason other than death."
2383 The separation of spouses while maintaining the marriage bond can be legitimate in certain cases provided for by canon law.
If civil divorce remains the only possible way of ensuring certain legal rights, the care of the children, or the protection of inheritance, it can be tolerated and does not constitute a moral offense.
2384 Divorce is a grave offense against the natural law. It claims to break the contract, to which the spouses freely consented, to live with each other till death. Divorce does injury to the covenant of salvation, of which sacramental marriage is the sign. Contracting a new union, even if it is recognized by civil law, adds to the gravity of the rupture: the remarried spouse is then in a situation of public and permanent adultery:
If a husband, separated from his wife, approaches another woman, he is an adulterer because he makes that woman commit adultery, and the woman who lives with him is an adulteress, because she has drawn another's husband to herself.
2385 Divorce is immoral also because it introduces disorder into the family and into society. This disorder brings grave harm to the deserted spouse, to children traumatized by the separation of their parents and often torn between them, and because of its contagious effect which makes it truly a plague on society.
2386 It can happen that one of the spouses is the innocent victim of a divorce decreed by civil law; this spouse therefore has not contravened the moral law. There is a considerable difference between a spouse who has sincerely tried to be faithful to the sacrament of marriage and is unjustly abandoned, and one who through his own grave fault destroys a canonically valid marriage.
Other offenses against the dignity of marriage
2387 The predicament of a man who, desiring to convert to the Gospel, is obliged to repudiate one or more wives with whom he has shared years of conjugal life, is understandable. However polygamy is not in accord with the moral law." [Conjugal] communion is radically contradicted by polygamy; this, in fact, directly negates the plan of God which was revealed from the beginning, because it is contrary to the equal personal dignity of men and women who in matrimony give themselves with a love that is total and therefore unique and exclusive." The Christian who has previously lived in polygamy has a grave duty in justice to honor the obligations contracted in regard to his former wives and his children.
2388 Incest designates intimate relations between relatives or in-laws within a degree that prohibits marriage between them. St. Paul stigmatizes this especially grave offense: "It is actually reported that there is immorality among you . . . for a man is living with his father's wife.... In the name of the Lord Jesus ... you are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh...." Incest corrupts family relationships and marks a regression toward animality.
2389 Connected to incest is any sexual abuse perpetrated by adults on children or adolescents entrusted to their care. the offense is compounded by the scandalous harm done to the physical and moral integrity of the young, who will remain scarred by it all their lives; and the violation of responsibility for their upbringing.
2390 In a so-called free union, a man and a woman refuse to give juridical and public form to a liaison involving sexual intimacy.
The expression "free union" is fallacious: what can "union" mean when the partners make no commitment to one another, each exhibiting a lack of trust in the other, in himself, or in the future?
The expression covers a number of different situations: concubinage, rejection of marriage as such, or inability to make long-term commitments. All these situations offend against the dignity of marriage; they destroy the very idea of the family; they weaken the sense of fidelity. They are contrary to the moral law. the sexual act must take place exclusively within marriage. Outside of marriage it always constitutes a grave sin and excludes one from sacramental communion.
2391 Some today claim a "right to a trial marriage" where there is an intention of getting married later. However firm the purpose of those who engage in premature sexual relations may be, "the fact is that such liaisons can scarcely ensure mutual sincerity and fidelity in a relationship between a man and a woman, nor, especially, can they protect it from inconstancy of desires or whim." Carnal union is morally legitimate only when a definitive community of life between a man and woman has been established. Human love does not tolerate "trial marriages." It demands a total and definitive gift of persons to one another.
2392 "Love is the fundamental and innate vocation of every human being" .
2393 By creating the human being man and woman, God gives personal dignity equally to the one and the other. Each of them, man and woman, should acknowledge and accept his sexual identity.
2394 Christ is the model of chastity. Every baptized person is called to lead a chaste life, each according to his particular state of life.
2395 Chastity means the integration of sexuality within the person. It includes an apprenticeship in self-mastery.
2396 Among the sins gravely contrary to chastity are masturbation, fornication, pornography, and homosexual practices.
2397 The covenant which spouses have freely entered into entails faithful love. It imposes on them the obligation to keep their marriage indissoluble.
2398 Fecundity is a good, a gift and an end of marriage. By giving life, spouses participate in God's fatherhood.
2399 The regulation of births represents one of the aspects of responsible fatherhood and motherhood. Legitimate intentions on the part of the spouses do not justify recourse to morally unacceptable means (for example, direct sterilization or contraception).
2400 Adultery, divorce, polygamy, and free union are grave offenses against the dignity of marriage.


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Tour Detail
Ijen Blue Fire Tour From Bali 1 Day 1 Night
Ijen Crater
Date of Trip | |
Guest | Person |
Price | Rp /pax |
Kawah Ijen (2386 m) is an active composite volcano located within the Pleistocene Ijen Caldera (old volcanic crater), at the easternmost part of Java island. The visible superficial manifestations of the hydrothermal system of Kawah Ijen's activity consist of the world's largest hyperacidic lake on Earth, a few thermal discharges and crater fumaroles which produce significant amounts of native sulfur. The Ijen caldera complex measures approximately 210 km2. Its name is linked to that of the only currently active volcano within the caldera, Kawah Ijen. The caldera contains more than 15 post caldera volcanic cones making it one of the top recommended area in the world for stunning volcanic scenery.
Starting from Denpasar Airport, Kuta, Ubud, Sanur or any other places in Bali, our english speaking driver will pick you up at 6 pm, with an AC vehicle to bring you to the most western part of Bali in Gilimanuk (Ferry terminal to Java). The trip take about 4 hours.
Once in Gilimanuk, the ferry ride takes 1 hour to reach Ketapang (Banyuwangi ferry terminal). Remember that Java is h-1 compared to Bali.
From there, at around 12:00am we will bring you to Paltuding rest area (1-1,5 hour). The road offers a number of magic landscapes in the middle of rice fields, small villages and one one the last primary tropical rainforest left on Java island rounded by numerous volcanoes. You will mainly enjoy those sceneries on the way back during daytime.
From Paltuding Area, at around 1:30am, you will start hiking to Ijen Crater. It takes about 1:30 -1:45 minutes for the 3km hike following gentle slope and slightly uphill to reach the summit. The path is pretty well maintained in good condition and other views of rounding volcanoes and luxurious vegetation will accompany your journey. From the crater rim, providing you gas mask, we will bring you down to see the blue fire right on the edge of the acidic lake (temperature of the lake : +- 40°c; Ph: 0,5 ; max depth:+-200m). The laker is also the source for the river Banyupahit, resulting in highly acidic and metal-enriched river water which has a significant detrimental effect on the downstream river ecosystem.
Hike to go down (+- 45mins, rocky) .
BLUE FIRE KAWAH IJENThe blue fire is ignited sulphuric gas, which emerges from cracks at temperatures up to 600 degrees Celsius (1,112 degrees Fahrenheit). Those gases are directly originated from the magmatic chamber under the volcano. The flames can be up to 5 metres high; some of the gas condenses to liquid and is still ignited. It is the largest blue flame area in the world and one of the purest sulfur mine. Escaping volcanic gases are channelled through a network of ceramic pipes, resulting in condensation of molten sulfur. The sulphur, which is deep red in colour when molten, pours slowly from the ends of these pipes and pools on the ground, turning bright yellow as it cools. The miners break the cooled material into large pieces and carry it away in baskets. Miners carry loads ranging from 75 kilograms to 90 kilograms, up 300 metres to the crater rim, with a gradient of 45 to 60 degrees and Most miners make this journey twice a day. (wikipedia)
After enjoying the spectacular Blue Fire, we go back to crater rim to enjoy the sunrise over the entire volcanic area.
The hike to go down takes about 45mins – 1h. The driver will pick you up in Paltuding to go to have breakfast. After breakfast we continue our journey to ketapang ferry terminal to cross to Bali (ferry +-1h). Once in Bali, it takes about 4-5 hours to reach Denpasar, Ubud, Kuta or Sanur. (Keep in mind that Bali is H+1 compared to java time). ARRIVAL at your final destination at 3-4 pm
Included :
- Transfortation from Bali to Java
- Fery
- Entrance fee
- Trakking guide
- gas mask
- local breakfast
Exncluded :
- Lunch and dinner
- tiping guide and driver
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The Milkmaid and Her Pail
Patty the Milkmaid was going to market carrying her milk in a Pail on her head.
As she went along she began calculating what she would do with the money she would get for the milk.
"I'll buy some fowls from Farmer Brown," said she, "and they will lay eggs each morning, which I will sell to the parson's wife. With the money that I get from the sale of these eggs I'll buy myself a new dimity frock and a chip hat; and when I go to market Polly Shaw will be that jealous; but I don't care. I shall just look at her and toss my head like this."
As she spoke she tossed her head back, the Pail fell off it, and all the milk was spilt.
So she had to go home and tell her mother what had occurred.
"Ah, my child," said the mother: "Do not count your chickens before they are hatched"
MORAL: Do not count your chickens before they are hatched


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To: niall.boyce@lancet
Sent: Saturday, January 23, 2016 1:50 PM
Subject: Article needs retracting: "Identifying the lost generation
of adults with autism..."
Dear Niall Boyce,
Re "Identifying the lost generation of adults
with autism....." by Meng-Chuan Lai and Simon Baron-Cohen.
This article is very seriously misleading and
needs to be retracted. It starts with an assertion of a highly dubious
massively important controversial "fact" with no citation whatsoever in support.
The opening sentence (of both abstract and text) asserts to us that as of
2014-15, 1% of 10-year-olds are autistic, and 1% of 30-year-olds are autistic,
1% of 50-year-olds are autistic, and so on, for "all ages". And the title of the
paper reinforces that untruth with its fictional notion that there is (by
implication "therefore") a "lost generation" of older autistics who have mostly
remained unrecognised as autistic and thus "lost". The un-explicated implication
being that there has not been any increase of autism but instead only an
increase of awareness or diagnosis. And this paper sets out from its beginning
by grossly misleading the reader into assuming that that is known to be a fact,
indeed established to such an extent it doesn't even need any citation in
And that title and first sentence are not incidental to the paper but are its central premises.
I sent emails to the authors, querying the justification for that first
sentence. I got no reply from SBC, not even after I posted the letter attached
herewith to him by Signed-For delivery (KP597377771GB at www.royalmail.com, received 12th Jan
2016).[I will append that letter to end of this blogpost.]
Dr Lai sent a series of replies. The full correspondence is too lengthy to
include here in full, but here are the main elements.
His first reply was as follows (and note
furthermore the absurd sentence I have bolded, which effectively concedes my
objection anyway).
Dear Robin,Thank you for your message. For clarification, when we write "Autism spectrum conditions (panel 1) comprise a set of neurodevelopmental syndromes with a population prevalence of 1% across all ages." we are NOT referring the term "ages" to different chronological years (i.e., 1970s, 80s, 90s, etc.) but are referring it to the ages of the individuals; that is, we are referring to epidemiological evidences that recent cross-sectional studies in children, in teenagers and in adults all tend to show a prevalence around 1% (depending on studies but can range from around ~0.5% to ~2%). We, therefore, have no intention to argue in the paper whether the prevalence of autism is constant or not across different chronological years.Hope this clarifies the question/mis-understanding.Regards,Meng-Chuan
In reply I pointed out that
this entailed an obvious absurd fallacy.
"..... Your phrase "all ages" includes obviously those who are 40 or 60 years old. And even older. As of 2015, a person who is age 40 was necessarily born in 1975 or earlier, and a person of age 60 was necessarily born in 1955 or earlier. That is, such ages of persons are impossible to disentangle from the huge change of apparent incidence (per birth-year cohorts) which is the basis of the notion of the autism increase. I fail to see any way you can separate ages (of "all ages") from specific years of birth.In response to my request for any evidence to support that claim of your first sentence, you didn't send any, but instead included a sentence contradicting it. And that notion of "1% across all ages" is fundamental to the point of your entire article, namely the notion of a "lost generation" of older autistics."
In further correspondence, Dr
Lai resolutely held to his bizarre notion that persons' ages (as of 2014-5)
could be separated from their dates of birth of after or before 1975 or
earlier. And meanwhile no reply at all has been forthcoming from Dr
The notion that there has been
no real increase of autism has been rejected by many people well-qualified to do
so, not least people with many years direct experience of the field such as
Bernard Rimland (founder of ARI), Prof. Sally Rogers of MIND, and Lisa
Blakemore-Brown. And the careful analysis by Hertz-Picciotto and Delwiche
concluded that the increase must be very real indeed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19234401 discussed
And yet this Lancet "review"
opens its abstract and main text with a sentence which fails to even mention the
existence of that H&D 2009 paper (or anything else of the many voices
challenging their major assertion). Why no such mention? Failing to cite major counter-evidence is the hallmark
of charlatanism rather than of anything worthy to be published in a Lancet
journal. Why no reply from SBC, and only infantile nonsense from the other
author? How about because there is no sensible, honest defence for this
outrageously deceiving article. Its continuing presence unchallenged in your
journal threatens to bring your journal into disrepute too.
Sloppy, dishonest work in high places such as this "review"
undermine not only the credibility of your journal but of the medical research
community more generally. It needs to be cut out promptly rather than allowed
to remain festering.
Robin P Clarke
(PS. The authors might wish
to attempt a defence on the grounds that Brugha et al. "prove their thesis
right". But (apart from the other objections above) Brugha et al. is
fundamentally unsound. They described in considerable detail their procedures
for establishing reliability of the assessments. But not a single word
about establishing of the (infinitely more important) validity of the
assessments, that is establishing that the measures at age x were equivalent to
the measures at age y. And that is because it is logically impossible to do
that validity verification (except maybe over several decades). It's a bit like
if I put a steel ruler in a hot fire and declared that I can see that its own
scale shows it to be still exactly 12 inches long, so "therefore" the heating
hasn't changed its length. Furthermore the Brugha study has been damningly
criticised for other defects as in the following quotations.
https://childhealthsafety.wordpress.com/2011/08/19/autism-figures-existing-studies-shows-shocking-real-increase-since-1988/ "[The latter is not a particularly inspiring piece of work. Brugha did not find a single adult with childhood autism, nor did he refer to Baird or Baron Cohen but baldly claimed for comparison a childhood figure of 1 in 100, and he changed the standard diagnostic criteria to catch adults who would not normally have a diagnosis. Of the 14,000 potential participants there was a 50% drop out rate with 7000 responding to the original telephone survey. The survey looked for adults with one of four mental illnesses. The only autistic condition was Asperger syndrome but Brugha et al now claim to be able to give a global figure for all autistic conditions which is of course impossible. Whilst having research ethics approval the study was not carried out according to accepted ethical standards. Informed consent was not obtained. Participants were misled as to the purpose of the survey. They were not told they were being assessed to ascertain if they were mentally ill. A financial inducement to take part of a shopping voucher was offered – aside from ethical issues that would tend to encourage those of lower incomes to participate and invalidate the study. Mentally ill people are more likely to be of lower income if their ability to earn a living is impaired.]"
And SBC was asked in 2009
where are all the "lost generation" 40-60 year-old non-verbal autistics wearing
diapers and banging their heads on walls and spinning around - but as is his
custom he has not had the decency to reply.
And the NHS is now in full
criminal deceit mode, with non-autistic non-disabled older people being falsely
given autistic diagnosis on the faintest excuse, whereas mothers of severely
disabled toddlers despair of getting any honest diagnosis - just to pretend the
increase has not happened, just as this deceiving "review" paper does too.
For these reasons Brugha's (and any similar studies)
amounts to no evidence whatsoever for countering the real evidence of
Hertz-Picciotto and others.
Letter signed for on 12th Jan (though not by SBC himself):
January 2016
Dr Baron-Cohen,
I am
writing here in respect of your article "Identifying the lost
generation of adults with autism spectrum" in Lancet Psychiatry 2015.
I am
concerned that I have not yet heard from you about this article. I hope you are not unwell.
will send herewith a copy of my correspondence with your co-author Meng-Chuan
Lai. His replies get even more absurd
and indefensible than the original article (indeed raising doubt about his
sanity). This matter of the huge tragedy
of the manyfold increase of autism (and the outrageous claptrap such as Brugha
being used to pretend it hasn't happened) is very serious. Publishing of sloppy, wantonly misleading
writing about it is completely unacceptable and unethical. It is all the more unacceptable that you
yourself put your name to such a grossly misleading and unworthy document,
given that you are widely trusted as "the leading expert" on autism. And further that this is the very opening of
a "review" being published in the Lancet no less, thus likely to be
"authoritatively" parrotted by future generations of students as supposed established knowledge.
included two of your email addresses in my correspondence with Meng-Chuan (sb205@cam
and editorial@molecularaut) but have not heard any comment from yourself on the matter. I do not know whether you are aware or not
of these issues (though as co-author you should have been aware of the opening
sentences of your own article anyway).
Accordingly I am now sending this letter by signed delivery requesting
that you clarify your position on this very important matter. Do you agree with myself and others that the
article is unacceptably misleading and must be retracted? Or what?
look forward to hearing from you as soon as practical. You have one of my email addresses at the
top here, and another is rpclarke@autism.
Sincerely, Robin P Clarke


text:
"QUANTUM SHOT" #441 Article by our guest writer M. Christian (from "Meine kleine fabrik"). M. Christian writes about odd, weird, and wonderful things - most of them are, just like life itself, as unexpected as possible. Illustrated with art by Mario Sanchez Nevado) It was all in their minds Have You Heard The One About … ? For a topic involving laughter, what you're about to read is not amusing. Creepy and disturbing, yes. Funny, no. (image source) 1. The Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic Things supposedly started innocently enough. Kashasha, near Lake Victoria in Tanzania in 1962: One girl in a boarding school there told another girl a joke. Maybe, "Have you heard the one about?" or "A Jew, an Indian, and Herbert Hoover walk into a bar …" or "Take my wife, please … " Whatever the setup, the delivery, or punch line, the result was laughter. Whether it was a giggle, a guffaw, a chortle, a snort is irrelevant. The listener found it funny. But then things went dark, weird, and creepy: one girl laughed, but then so did another, and then another, and then another, and then another. After exposure, the incubation period from nothing to hysteria was short, from a few hours to a couple of days. There was no fever, no physical symptoms, just laughter and occasional crying between short moments of exhausted recuperation. When victims were restrained they sometimes became violent. (image credit: Mario Sanchez Nevado) No one knew what to do. The school administrators were puzzled, local doctors were confused. Trying to put a lid on the phenomena, the administrators shut the school down. But that was too little, too late: Whatever it was began to spread. It infected other schools and worked its way into the village, seemingly carried by infected students. It traveled to another village 20 miles away, and another 55 miles from Kashasha. Even weirder, it wasn't a constant thing. Like little hysterical explosions, the laughter would pop up, disable small groups for days at a time, then vanish. Want to know what it was like? Well, it wasn't funny, I can tell you that: one victim in Tanganyik reported watching it spread around him, hitting one neighbor after another: giggles, guffaws, chortles, snorts – horrible, nightmarish laughter. Terrified, he retreated into his home. But then he began to feel it too, a compulsion to join in with the hideous joke. He shouted and cried and – naturally -- laughed throughout the night. The phenomena is called Mass Psychogenic Illness, more commonly known as mass hysteria, and although the Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic is an extreme version, it's more common than you think. In fact what's really scary about the giggling madness that sprung from one girl's joke in Kashasha isn't that it occurred but that many researchers believe it happens so often, and is so powerful, that we simply aren't aware of it. Or rather we aren't aware how much the phenomena controls us. (original unknown) 2. The Mad Gasser of Mattoon Ever hear the one about the Mad Gasser of Mattoon? In the 1930s -- all the way through to the mid 40s -- the residents of Botetourt County, Virginia, and Mattoon, Illinois, were terrorized by a surreal specter. Also called the "Anesthetic Prowler" or "The Phantom Anesthetist," he was supposedly a dark, mysterious figure responsible for dozens of victims falling ill from mysterious gasses flooding their homes. Whole families reported sudden attacks of choking, dizziness, headaches and various respiratory ailments. The cops couldn't catch him and doctors were baffled by the mysterious ailments of his victims. The FBI was called in but they couldn't catch him either. Bulletins were circulated, newspapers warned residents to be on the lookout, vigilante groups roamed the streets trying to catch him -- in short, everyone went more than a little nuts trying to catch this gassy assailant. But evidence suggests that he never existed. Sure, lots of people got sick, dozen and dozens and dozens more reported seeing dark and mysterious figures up to hideous no good stalking the night, and the authorities were run ragged with reports but there were no leads, nothing solid; nothing but suggestion, victims suffering from anxiety and fear, and the bizarre power of mass hysteria. Here are couple of creative examples, that play on some of the similar phobias: 3. The Monkey Man of New Delhi Ever hear the one about the Monkey Man of New Delhi? About four feet tall, sporting a metal cap and steel claws, he terrorized many a New Delhi night in 2001. Victims reported being savagely scratched and bitten by the odd ape. What's worse is what happened to people scared of the ape: an unlucky short man was beaten by a mod who suspected him of being the ape, a pregnant woman fell down some stairs because neighbors had shouted that the ape had been seen, and others were said to have seriously injured themselves running away from what they thought was the ape. The punch line for the Monkey Man is the same as for the laughing girls of Kashasha and the Mad Gasser of Mattoon: it was all in their minds ------------ You might guffaw and giggle about how silly those girls behaved, or how naive the folks of Mattoon were, or how ridiculous the Monkey Man sounds, but before you do too much laughing think about what some researches are hypothesizing: that much of what we believe about the world, about its horrors and mysteries -- including witch trials of every sort, UFOs, some cases of communist conspiracies and so much more -- are nothing but signs of the tremendous power of the human mind, coupled with the drive to become one with the crowd in order to deceive itself. Now ain't that funny? (original unknown) Permanent Link......+StumbleUpon ...+Facebook Category: Weird Dark Roasted Blend's Photography Gear Picks: |
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36 Comments:
- said...
The phenomena is called Mass Psychogenic Illness, more commonly known as mass hysteria, and although the Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic is an extreme version, it's more common than you think.
I work in an area of medicine closely related to this, and I can tell you that the existence of MPI is not a given. If it does exist, it is a lot rarer than you make out.
Like a lot of psychiatric 'diagnoses', it is not reliable, and depends heavily on the subject bias and preconceived views of the diagnostician. - said...
I'm very sorry if this comes out as a double post, but after waiting for a while and not seeing it published I re-posted this kind-of-a-sort-of-a-rant.
My area of expertise and academic backround is in culture history and there's nothing new to me about this. We all live in a a very fragile state of, let's call it, existential fear. Fear for our body, our inner thoughts, our surroundigs, the dark spirits of our soul (if you choose to believe in one). We very well know on some level or another that the world around is (or seems to be) more than is told or taught to us or simply something we can concieve.
Before you say it, of course it's not that simple. Most of us go thru this life happy in knowledge that everything is quite like it's supposed to be: everyday life, love, reassurance that everything is the way it's supposed to be. So why do we get hysterics? Why do we cry even when nothing is supposed to be wrong?
Maybe, and this is just a maybe, there are so many feelings and questions anaswered in our lives that when something catches us anawares it resonates thru crowd. Hidden fears or need to get release thru laughter just catches fire.
How about mass hysteria masquarading as national pride that results in death of millions? It exists.
There's always an untapped hidden potential in us for everything: mass suicide to catch a ride on a UFO, to kill your neighbour with a suitable posse of friends and likeminded, to laugh at the same joke all across the globe.
We are to some extent a horde. We share mass psychology (being human). If you think I mean we're but a hive of drones, please don't. I only mean this is a potential in all of us. It has served us well as a human race, to come together and share enough to to work as a tribe, an ethnic group or a nation.
Let's cut down to the chase: conformity keeps us sane and it's a good thing, otherwise we would propably not even exist (even after the nutrional value of eating our neighbour).
Then again this world and along it our shared psyche as a human race has had to forget so many things that could harm us (our fears, absurdity of existance, the inherent sense of dark humour that permeats our lives, fear of our selves, our bodies (just ask David Cronenberg or Freud), or a fervent fear for napkins.
We more or les live in mass hysteria at all times whether it involves consumer goods we buy, TV-shows we watch or a lifestyle we all subscribe to. However, aforementioned is what we call normal everyday life.
I hate to say it: Monty Python got it right; to make jokes of our most insane existential fears is going to stick around a whole lot longer than the last lightbulb-joke.
Oooops... some post I've just made.
Well. I'm waiting for a crunchy frag (Okay, that was cheap).
As far as we go as humanity, something tells me we won't stop laughing or fearing or hating in hordes for the unforeseable future.
Let's just agree to laugh, hmmmm.
We culture historians at least won't mind. - said...
Anonymous Said: "it's more common than you think."
And I totally agree on that one. iPhone Anyone?? That was a classic case study of "Mass Hype" - said...
Check another wonderful example - so called Seattle windshield pitting epidemic. In 1954 in Washington state people started to freak out, because in the windhields of their cars they started to see small pits of unknown origin. UFO, nuclear tests etc. were mentioned and people started to panic. After couple of weeks things started to settle down, as those markings are just normal signs of using a car and probably you have them in your car right now. Please check full story here - said...
Wow...sounds like the "Global Warming/Environment Change" phenomena.
- said...
Don't forget the "Toronto Blessing" which was an outbreak of the same sort of hysterics only a few years back.
- said...
I will never understand the compulsion of people to troll clever, interesting, well-written blog posts like this with anti-iPhone comments. It's just bizarre.
- said...
>Wow...sounds like the "Global Warming/Environment Change" phenomena.
Oh yeah. The mass march of flora and fauna up mountains all over the world to avoid the rising average temperature of the planet is mass hysteria. Let's not forget about the mass hysteria of giant chunks of the ross ice shelf breaking off and melting into the ocean. Oh yeah, that mass delusion we share that the polar bear is about to run out of habitat.
Riiiight. - said...
I hardly think Global Warming and the iphone constitute mass hysteria. The iphone is a really nifty gadget that has a unique interface and great marketing. Global warming is a scary problem that faces the world today. Both of these are much more real than the mad gasser or the monkey man. Don't confuse trends and current events with mass hysteria
- said...
what about all the penis theivery that has been going on in the congo?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis_theft - Unknown said...
Don't forget Y2K...
- Carol said...
RadioLab did a great segment about the Tanganyika epidemic, and came up with an interesting theory as to why it happened there:
Episode Notes - said...
Great post, although you missed a fantastic one: Popobawa, the sodomizing bat-monster of Zanzibar.
I s*** thee not. - said...
Also include one thats killed many poeple, war on terror, iraqi freedom and osama bin laden.
- said...
I had this happen to me, in a summer camp 10+ years ago. A guy ran into the room laughing, and it took over. I ran out into the hall, near crying and my gut wrenched in pain from the laughter. It was one of the scariest uncontrollable things thats ever happened to me tbh. Everyone didnt get it, about 3 or 4 people out of 15-20 in the room.
- said...
"Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds"
Charles Mackay, 1841
-an excellent read. - said...
the first instance was actually reported to have been caused by gases from a nearby lake
- said...
(meta-referential...) - said...
I got caught up with a 'spiritual teacher' in the 1980's. He could make people see incredible things - like turning into Buddhist and Hindu Dieties, levitating, disappearing, with no lighting special effects. In his presence people had amazing spiritual experiences. He gave lectures to thousands of people who shared these experiences. Later on it turned out that he was a lying phony who manipulated people into giving him large amounts of cash. I myself witnessed him telling lies on national TV. However, the *experiences* he gave me (and thousands of others) really was something that is hard to explain outside of some type of mass 'hallucination'.
- said...
- Descartes said...
What is real anyway? Reality, according to some, is just what you believe it to be.
- said...
In the case of The Mad Gasser, there was evidence recovered from at least one fo the scenes. A woman's footprint and a rag with an unidentified chemical on it. (The chemical evaporated before any tests could be carried out to determine what it was.)
Also, there was a suspect. A man who had the reputation of carrying out weird chemistry experiments. Some believe that when he became the suspect his sister began doing copy-cat crimes in order to take the heat of her brother, which explains why many of the witnesses claim they saw a female figure flee the scene of the crimes.
There was also a rash of similar incidents in a small town 10 years earlier and it's likely that residents hadn't heard of these cases.
So the key to so-called 'Mass Hysteria', is that it may or may not exist and that it might be based on real or imagined threats.
What we do know is that 'Mass Hysteria' is of itself never an explanation for anything. - said...
The image of the girl in this post from http://community.livejournal.com/vintagephoto/
where abouts on this site is the photo from? Do you know the date it was posted, who posted it, who took the photograph, or who the girl is? I really would like to find the original source. - Avi Abrams said...
We'd like to know this too, this is a great image.
- said...
The girl in the first image is Andrée Rolane. She appeared in several films in the the 1920s including L'Occident (1927) (aka 'The West'), Les Misérables (1925) and La Fanciulla di Pompei (1925). I am still unsure where this photograph is from, but it is also shown at http://killerbeesting.blogspot.com/2007_08_01_archive.html
- said...
I have to say... watching Mystery Science Theater 2000 doesn't help.
- said...
The mad gasser's name way Farley Llewellyn.
http://forteantimes.com/features/articles/83/in_search_of_the_mad_gasser.html - said...
Watching Mystery Science Theater "2000" definitely wouldn't help. 'Cuz if that's what you're doing, then it's already too late for you. You're mind is gone.
- said...
"Don't forget Y2K" comments really honk me off, almost as much as the Global Warming deniers. Y2K was a no-show because millions of hours of labor went into staving off impending disaster. Word got about about how serious the problem was, and people FIXED it. It wasn't mass hysteria or some false mental phenomena. Neither is global warming.
I've lived in Minnesota since 1993. When I moved here, winter snow piled up four feet high along the roads, higher at intersections. To deny something serious is happening is simply to buy into what Exxon Mobil spent $80,000,000 to make you believe. Follow the money. Those who have the most to lose are driven by their own psychotic personalities to do anything they can to stay in power, and since climate change is such a world-changing event, they HAVE to deny its existence, even though it could eventually kill them. Human society has evolved this personality type over millenia. So they can't help what they are and they'll continue to tell lies and pay others to do so. - Unknown said...
hmm, lets not forget the biggest example... Religion. :0
- said...
Global warming isn't mass hysteria; it's just not as visible in the States as it is in Canada. The further north one goes, the more noticable it becomes.
Here in the Interior of BC, an estimated 80% of our pines (last I heard) have died. For literally hectares, there's great swathes of red, standing dead pines. The cause? The Mountain Pine Beetle, which our trees have no propection against.
Traditionally, they haven't needed it, because it's been too cold for them up here. But it hasn't gotten cold enough to kill them since the winter of 03/04. That year, weather here dipped down into its usual -40/-50c range, but the next year it only got down to -30c. And that was the last year we saw -30 for more than a day or two.
Last year it barely broke -25, and rarely got below -20c (-30f). Now, this might sound exceedingly cold to you, and yes, it is cold, but it's unusually warm for up here. And it isn't just scientists saying, "Oh noes! It's warmed up by three degrees!!" It's a phenomenon that everyone here can actually see, because it's been an increase of 30 degrees in only the last five years.
Don't try to tell Canadians that global warming/climate change is mass hysteria. It's already hitting us hard.
You can see pictures here, if you're interested. Scroll past the images of the bloody little buggers themselves, and you'll see what I mean about "swathes".
And this is directly of the BC's Ministry of Forests' web page.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/mountain_pine_beetle/bbphotos.htm - said...
Ah, but climate study was started during a cold period in time, what was known as the 'little ice age'. It occurred shortly after the medieval warm period, where the temperature globally, was much higher than it is now. The Earth runs in cycles, there's no way it can be consistent.
- said...
So how do we protect ourselves from mass hysteria?
the moral of the story: DON'T FALL INTO THE HYPE
~AskewedOptimism - said...
Hah. HahhahahAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAH
- Avi Abrams said...
HAHAHAHAHAhahaha..ha..ha.... ha?
- said...
What is the picture of the people wrapped in green and blowing up balloons? Where can it be found?
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text:
Managed Resources
Managed resources expose a REST API endpoint for performing Create-Read-Update-Delete (CRUD) operations on a Solr object.
Any long-lived Solr object that has configuration settings and/or data is a good candidate to be a managed resource. Managed resources complement other programmatically manageable components in Solr, such as the RESTful schema API to add fields to a managed schema.
Consider a Web-based UI that offers Solr-as-a-Service where users need to configure a set of stop words and synonym mappings as part of an initial setup process for their search application. This type of use case can easily be supported using the Managed Stop Filter & Managed Synonym Graph Filter Factories provided by Solr, via the Managed resources REST API.
Users can also write their own custom plugins, that leverage the same internal hooks to make additional resources REST managed.
All of the examples in this section assume you are running the "techproducts" Solr example:
bin/solr -e techproducts
Managed Resources Overview
Let's begin learning about managed resources by looking at a couple of examples provided by Solr for managing stop words and synonyms using a REST API. After reading this section, you'll be ready to dig into the details of how managed resources are implemented in Solr so you can start building your own implementation.
Managing Stop Words
To begin, you need to define a field type that uses the ManagedStopFilterFactory, such as:
<fieldType name="managed_en" positionIncrementGap="100">
<tokenizer class="solr.StandardTokenizerFactory"/>
<filter class="solr.ManagedStopFilterFactory" (1)
managed="english" /> (2)
There are two important things to notice about this field type definition:
1 | The filter implementation class is solr.ManagedStopFilterFactory .
This is a special implementation of the StopFilterFactory that uses a set of stop words that are managed from a REST API. |
2 | The managed="english" attribute gives a name to the set of managed stop words, in this case indicating the stop words are for English text. |
The REST endpoint for managing the English stop words in the techproducts collection is: /solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/stopwords/english
The example resource path should be mostly self-explanatory.
It should be noted that the ManagedStopFilterFactory implementation determines the /schema/analysis/stopwords
part of the path, which makes sense because this is an analysis component defined by the schema.
It follows that a field type that uses the following filter:
<filter class="solr.ManagedStopFilterFactory"
managed="french" />
would resolve to path: /solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/stopwords/french
So now let's see this API in action, starting with a simple GET request:
curl "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/stopwords/english"
Assuming you sent this request to Solr, the response body is a JSON document:
The sample_techproducts_configs
configset ships with a pre-built set of managed stop words, however you should only interact with this file using the API and not edit it directly.
One thing that should stand out to you in this response is that it contains a managedList
of words as well as initArgs
This is an important concept in this framework — managed resources typically have configuration and data.
For stop words, the only configuration parameter is a boolean that determines whether to ignore the case of tokens during stop word filtering (ignoreCase=true|false).
The data is a list of words, which is represented as a JSON array named managedList
in the response.
Now, let's add a new word to the English stop word list using an HTTP PUT:
curl -X PUT -H 'Content-type:application/json' --data-binary '["foo"]' "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/stopwords/english"
Here we're using curl to PUT a JSON list containing a single word "foo" to the managed English stop words set. Solr will return 200 if the request was successful. You can also put multiple words in a single PUT request.
You can test to see if a specific word exists by sending a GET request for that word as a child resource of the set, such as:
curl "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/stopwords/english/foo"
This request will return a status code of 200 if the child resource (foo) exists or 404 if it does not exist the managed list.
To delete a stop word, you would do:
curl -X DELETE "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/stopwords/english/foo"
PUT/POST is used to add terms to an existing list instead of replacing the list entirely. This is because it is more common to add a term to an existing list than it is to replace a list altogether, so the API favors the more common approach of incrementally adding terms especially since deleting individual terms is also supported. |
Managing Synonyms
For the most part, the API for managing synonyms behaves similar to the API for stop words, except instead of working with a list of words, it uses a map, where the value for each entry in the map is a set of synonyms for a term.
As with stop words, the sample_techproducts_configs
configset includes a pre-built set of synonym mappings suitable for the sample data that is activated by the following field type definition:
<fieldType name="managed_en" positionIncrementGap="100">
<analyzer type="index">
<tokenizer class="solr.StandardTokenizerFactory"/>
<filter class="solr.ManagedStopFilterFactory" managed="english" />
<filter class="solr.ManagedSynonymGraphFilterFactory" managed="english" />
<filter class="solr.FlattenGraphFilterFactory"/> <!-- required on index analyzers after graph filters -->
<analyzer type="query">
<tokenizer class="solr.StandardTokenizerFactory"/>
<filter class="solr.ManagedStopFilterFactory" managed="english" />
<filter class="solr.ManagedSynonymGraphFilterFactory" managed="english" />
To get the map of managed synonyms, send a GET request to:
curl "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/synonyms/english"
This request will return a response that looks like:
Managed synonyms are returned under the managedMap
property which contains a JSON Map where the value of each entry is a set of synonyms for a term, such as "happy" has synonyms "glad" and "joyful" in the example above.
To add a new synonym mapping, you can PUT/POST a single mapping such as:
curl -X PUT -H 'Content-type:application/json' --data-binary '{"mad":["angry","upset"]}' "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/synonyms/english"
The API will return status code 200 if the PUT request was successful.
To determine the synonyms for a specific term, you send a GET request for the child resource, such as /schema/analysis/synonyms/english/mad
would return ["angry","upset"]
You can also PUT a list of symmetric synonyms, which will be expanded into a mapping for each term in the list. For example, you could PUT the following list of symmetric synonyms using the JSON list syntax instead of a map:
curl -X PUT -H 'Content-type:application/json' --data-binary '["funny", "entertaining", "whimiscal", "jocular"]' "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/synonyms/english"
Note that the expansion is performed when processing the PUT request so the underlying persistent state is still a managed map.
Consequently, if after sending the previous PUT request, you did a GET for /schema/analysis/synonyms/english/jocular
, then you would receive a list containing ["funny", "entertaining", "whimiscal"]
Once you've created synonym mappings using a list, each term must be managed separately.
Lastly, you can delete a mapping by sending a DELETE request to the managed endpoint.
Applying Managed Resource Changes
Changes made to managed resources via this REST API are not applied to the active Solr components until the Solr collection (or Solr core in single server mode) is reloaded.
For example: after adding or deleting a stop word, you must reload the core/collection before changes become active; related APIs: CoreAdmin API and Collections API.
This approach is required when running in distributed mode so that we are assured changes are applied to all cores in a collection at the same time so that behavior is consistent and predictable. It goes without saying that you don't want one of your replicas working with a different set of stop words or synonyms than the others.
One subtle outcome of this apply-changes-at-reload approach is that the once you make changes with the API, there is no way to read the active data. In other words, the API returns the most up-to-date data from an API perspective, which could be different than what is currently being used by Solr components.
However, the intent of this API implementation is that changes will be applied using a reload within a short time frame after making them so the time in which the data returned by the API differs from what is active in the server is intended to be negligible.
Changing things like stop words and synonym mappings typically require reindexing existing documents if being used by index-time analyzers. The RestManager framework does not guard you from this, it simply makes it possible to programmatically build up a set of stop words, synonyms, etc. See the section Reindexing for more information about reindexing your documents. |
RestManager Endpoint
Metadata about registered ManagedResources is available using the /schema/managed
endpoint for each collection.
Assuming you have the managed_en
field type shown above defined in your schema, sending a GET request to the following resource will return metadata about which schema-related resources are being managed by the RestManager:
curl "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/managed"
The response body is a JSON document containing metadata about managed resources under the /schema root:
You can also create new managed resource using PUT/POST to the appropriate URL – before ever configuring anything that uses these resources.
For example, imagine we want to build up a set of German stop words. Before we can start adding stop words, we need to create the endpoint:
To create this endpoint, send the following PUT/POST request to the endpoint we wish to create:
curl -X PUT -H 'Content-type:application/json' --data-binary \
'{"class":"org.apache.solr.rest.schema.analysis.ManagedWordSetResource"}' \
Solr will respond with status code 200 if the request is successful. Effectively, this action registers a new endpoint for a managed resource in the RestManager. From here you can start adding German stop words as we saw above:
curl -X PUT -H 'Content-type:application/json' --data-binary '["die"]' \
For most users, creating resources in this way should never be necessary, since managed resources are created automatically when configured.
However, You may want to explicitly delete managed resources if they are no longer being used by a Solr component.
For instance, the managed resource for German that we created above can be deleted because there are no Solr components that are using it, whereas the managed resource for English stop words cannot be deleted because there is a token filter declared in the schema that is using it.
curl -X DELETE "http://localhost:8983/solr/techproducts/schema/analysis/stopwords/german"


text:
Television show creators are peering into the geeky and moneyed world of computer programmers with a new comedy from HBO and a drama from AMC, both debuting this spring.
The networks each premiered their tech-centric programs at South by Southwest this week. One show — AMC's Halt and Catch Fire— is a drama that takes place at the dawn of the PC revolution, and the other — HBO's Silicon Valley — is a comedy that lampoons today's tech startups. But they both explore the folks who, for better or worse, are changing the way we live.
In AMC's fictional telling, the race to beat the IBM personal computer in the early 1980s is the stuff of a layered, character-driven story. The show seeks to do for Reagan-era engineers what Breaking Bad did for an erstwhile chemistry teacher. It debuts June 1, in Mad Men's time slot.
"I think if you want to tell a story about people at war with themselves ... trying to figure out what's important and how to order their priorities, at least for my money, the technology of it all is a perfect way to do that," says Jonathan Lisco, Halt and Catch Fire's executive producer.
In today's tech startup world, figuring out what's important sometimes puts young programmers at the heart of multimillion-dollar bidding wars. Or, it turns these socially awkward young people into sudden billionaires, which can make for great gags.
"I find it all really absurd and funny," says Mike Judge, the creator of Silicon Valley. "Engineers, programmers, are just odd people."
Alec Berg is an executive producer, with Judge.
"Socially awkward people with money is a very funny area. I don't think the rail barons were as nerdy and awkward as these guys are. But we live in an era where the Zuckerbergs of the world are king," Berg says.
Staggering sums, society-shifting ideas and weird people. It's all ripe for the imaginations of screenwriters.
"This is where the excitement is right now, so they've just been waiting to film it, and get it financed. I think we'll see even more versions of this," says Nitasha Tiku, co-editor of Valleywag, a site that covers the lives and lifestyles of people in tech.
"I think also people are really scared about technology or they're fascinated by it. They see how quickly it's permeated into their everyday lives. And here are the builders and the creators of that," Tiku said.
Today's creators and builders inform HBO's comedy, while their early personal computing predecessors inspire AMC's drama. Both are fictional tales, based on a similar subculture, and the powerful reality that technology changes the way we live.
"Right now, the way in which one could dramatize best an existential struggle and what is important to people, what sacrifices are you willing to make, is certainly through the portal of technology," Lisco says.
That tech and its programmers are getting their big TV moment could be a reflection of how the American dream is being recast as a startup dream. Or, as Judge suggests, everyone just got the idea at the same time.
"There were a bunch of asteroids-hitting-the-Earth movies all at once," Judge says.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
SFP#14: The world of mesh networking with Elektra Wagenrad
With this episode the Software Freedom Podcast opens the door to the fascinating and sometimes complex world of mesh networking. And who better than Elektra Wagenrad can take us on this journey? Elektra is one of the original developers of the B.A.T.M.A.N. protocol and of the Mesh Potato project.
In our 14th Software Freedom Podcast episode Matthias Kirschner talks with our guest, Elektra Wagenrad, about the origins of Freifunk, the B.A.T.M.A.N. protocol, and the Mesh Potato project. If you are new to the world of mesh networking this episodes is an easy entrance to it. Elektra not only explains the theory behind the protocols but also dives deeper into the philosophical idea of it. In this context, Matthias and Elektra also touch on the difficult topic of limiting the use of Free Software, using the example of the former ban on the use of the B.A.T.M.A.N. protocol for military activities. Last but not least they also discuss the EU's Radio Equipment Directive and the FSFE's Router Freedom activity.
With this episode, the Software Freedom Podcast has produced an easy to follow and easy to understand podcast for everybody who is interested in mesh networking. Join us on our journey through this fascinating technical and philosophical world and listen to Elektra and Matthias as they tell the story with its ups and downs.
If you clicked on the image of Elektra Wagenrad to come to this page, this image is licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0 and created by Andrea Behrendt.
Read more:
- What is Free Software?
- Freifunk (DE)
- Open-Mesh Project
- The "Mesh Potato" project
- FSFE's activity on Radio Lockdown
- FSFE's Router Freedom activity
If you liked this episode and want to support our continuous work for software freedom, please help us with a donation.


text:
A series of bold black shapes with a mid-century style. The beauty of these pieces extends deep into the details in the black areas. There is a wealth of interest in the subtle tonal range and complex texture. Glass framed with a warm white matte.
Artist: Gayle Harismowich
Outside Dimensions: 23.25" x 27.25"
Check out the other prints in this series.
Art prints are made to order. Please allow 10-12 weeks for delivery.
At this time, we are offering FREE LOCAL PICK-UP options only. Simply select "Local Pick-up" at checkout and we will notify you within 48 hours when your package is ready. If you purchase an item that has an extended lead time, we will provide you with an estimated stock date. If the date isn't to your liking we will reimburse you 100% and/or suggest a similar in stock item. Please contact us for stock inventory and specific lead times prior to placing your order if needed. All pick-ups are to be made at our 8 Stanley Street, Bloomfield, Ontario location.
Kleur Design is pleased to offer complimentary local delivery within the Prince Edward County/Quinte region on purchases of $1000 or more (before tax). Please contact store for more information on this service.
Items in original condition, in the original packaging with a receipt will be accepted for return. Full refund if returned within 14 days, store credit if returned after 14 days up to 30 days. No refund on items purchased prior to 30 days.
Customers are responsible for return shipping fees.


text:
Mfg Part Number: 5-520532-3 | Alternate P/N: 55205323 | Manufacturer: Tyco Electronics |
Part Description : Sdl Semconn Accessories |
If you need premium, reliable aviation parts like 5-520532-3 for your operations, look no further than Integrated Parts Sourcing. We are owned and operated by ASAP Semiconductor and subject many of our products to extensive testing, inspection, and cross-referencing before shipping, as quality is of utmost importance to us. 5-520532-3 Sdl Semconn Accessories component is manufactured by Tyco Electronics is an item listed with the part number 5-520532-3. If you are interested in this particular item, we invite you to begin the purchasing process today by filling out and submitting an Instant RFQ through our website. Once received, a team member will review and respond in 15 minutes or less with a quote that has been personalized to fit your specific needs.
After you fill out a request for the 5-520532-3, we encourage you to explore our extensive inventory of other premium quality aircraft and NSN parts sourced from trusted distributors like Tyco Electronics. Integrated Parts Sourcing is the go-to distributor for customers with Aircraft on Ground (AOG) requirements and other time constraints. Furthermore, we operate with AS9120B, ISO 9001:2015, and FAA AC 00-56B accreditation, in addition to a strict NO CHINA SOURCING pledge, ensuring the caliber of our offerings. Get started with a competitive quote for part number 170-12281-001, and see how Integrated Electronics Parts can serve as your strategic sourcing partner!
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We Hope that You Will Visit Us Again the Next Time You Need NSN Parts and Make Us Your Strategic Purchasing Partner.
Request for Quote


text:
Fruit Shop
Welcome to the Fruit Shop
We sell fruits from around the world. Please use our website to learn more about our business. We hope you will come to our shop and buy some fruit.
This mini site will show you how you might want to set up a site for a business, in this case one selling fruit. It shows how to use access controls to manage your site content. If you were building a real site, you would might want to extend it with e-commerce, a catalog, mailing lists or other enhancements, many of which are available through the Joomla! Extensions Directory.
To understand this site you will probably want to make one user with groups set to customer and one with group set to grower. By logging in with different privileges you can see how access control works.
Here's how to find our shop.
By car
Drive along Main Street to the intersection with First Avenue.  Look for our sign.
By foot
From the center of town, walk north on Main Street until you see our sign.
By bus
Take the #73 Bus to the last stop. We are on the north east corner.
We search the whole countryside for the best fruit growers.
You can let each supplier have a page that he or she can edit. To see this in action you will need to create users who are suppliers and assign them as authors to the suppliers articles.


text:
School 504 Plans for Kids with Periodic Fever Syndromes
Here you will find general information about 504 plans and specific information and tips for enacting a 504 plan for children with autoinflammatory diseases, often referred to as periodic fever syndromes. Click here to download a PDF of this post. … Continue reading


text:
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Engage your Audience
Our shows will engage and attract an audience in off-prime time slots, while the multi-screen nature of our content will engage them 24/7.
Learn moreMaximise Revenue
Telemedia has generated significant profits for our partners worldwide since 1999. Use our programming to garner the most revenue from your time slots.
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Our shows have been broadcasted on many of the world`s largest TV channels, in over 20 languages. The red areas on the map show the countries where Telemedia`s live shows have been aired.
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text:
How to book a car in Kherson ?
You can rent a car at jur. person, for this you need to fill out the form and send it to us or call our legal department. persons +38 067 120 7318
In the event of an accident involving a rented car, you need to call the police at the scene of the accident, report to the rental company.
You can make payment in the following ways:
- Visa/Mastercard payment cards
- Cashless payment with VAT
- Apple Pay and Google Pay
- Payment online on the site (there will be a discount)
Drivers who issue cars always have wireless payment terminals with them.
The "NarsCars protection" service is a reliable way to protect yourself and the car during the rental. We provide our customers with the opportunity to use our fleet without worrying about possible financial losses associated with car damage or theft.
We guarantee that your rental will be safe, convenient and worry-free if you choose this service.
Yes, insurance is included in the price.
All cars are insured according to the legislation of Ukraine.
Your maximum liability in the event of vehicle damage or an accident is the amount of the deposit.
To do this, all conditions of the contract must be met.
* You can rent a car with "Full Protection" (no deposit)
Cars rented from NarsCars are issued with a full tank of fuel and the rented car must be returned with the same fuel level.
It is possible to return the car with less fuel in the tank than when you received the car, but this implies the need to pay for the difference in the amount of fuel.
The daily mileage limit is 300 km, but not more than 4500 km per month. In case of overrun, each kilometer is paid additionally according to the company's tariffs;
IMPORTANT! The tenant can order the "Unlimited mileage" service so as not to limit himself in kilometers. The cost of the service is according to the tariffs of the company.
You must have a passport, a driver's license (driving experience of at least 2 years), a bank card and a TIN (for citizens of Ukraine), as well as an age of at least 23 years.
The car rental deposit amount in Kherson may depend on factors such as the make and model of the car.
The deposit is your maximum liability in case of damage to the car or an accident. To do this, all conditions of the contract must be met.
Important conditions are the possession of a valid driver's license, driving experience of at least 2 years, and age of at least 23 years. And also, you must have a passport, bank card and TIN with you (for citizens of Ukraine).
The cost of a car rental service in in Kherson may vary depending on various factors, such as the make and model of the car, the duration of the rental, seasonality, availability of additional services and other factors.
Chat with us
We will answer all questions


text:
Lemsip powders, Lemsip cough medicine, lemon Lockets - it's a good job lemon is one of my favourite flavours.
For the first time since starting this blog, four years ago, I am taking what I believe is called a *blog break* - just a small one, so I have one thing less to worry about. Finding myself ill for the second time this month, I am really and truly going to bugger off (quaint Anglo-Saxon expression for my American readers) and rest - as everyone from Andy to friends to my lovely clients have advised. And as up till now I have tried to ignore. Apart from working on things-I-can't-reveal, coughing and snuffling, there is nothing to write about. I'm just too wiped out to try to do everything as I usually do, not even write a halfway entertaining blogpost; so you aren't missing anything except monstrous amounts of sickly self pity.


text:
BSL Systems Ltd is principally geared towards providing Coldfusion database-driven web design, web site maintenance, partnered hosting services, eCommerce site configurations and more to a wide variety of customers. From small business to non-profits; from the extremely simple to the extraordinarily large. Our service areas are uniquely designed to meet or exceed customer needs.
We recognize that every site and every customer is different, each with its own particular and peculiar needs. Our methodology encompasses evaluating your organizations use and requirements for technology in order that our team can ascertain what needs or concerns must be addressed in designing your internet presence, and provide solutions that best meet the needs of your organization.
Since 1994, BSL Systems Ltd has been involved in the actual design, implementation, or consultative process for more than 150 internet presence sites for customers in Rhode Island, New Jersey, Illinois, California, Texas, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New York, Georgia and Ohio. Our customers are represented in such industries as jewelry, sports equipment, law enforcement, private corporations, legal firms, wholesale promotions, and small non-profit organizations and clubs.


text:
Four thoughts
Four thoughts (Tib. བློ་ལྡོག་རྣམ་བཞི, lodok nam shyi, Wyl. blo ldog rnam bzhi) — these are the four contemplations that turn the mind away from samsara, namely:
- 1) the difficulty of finding the freedoms and advantages, and
- 2) the impermanence of life,
which turn the mind away from the concerns of this life;
and the reflections on
which turn the mind away from our attitudes and conduct with respect to future lives.
Brief Version of the Four Thoughts from the Ngöndro Practice
dal jor di ni shintu nyé par ka
This free and well-favoured human form is difficult to obtain.
kye wü dön drup top par gyur wa la
Now that you have the chance to realize the full human potential,
gal té di la pen pa ma drup na
If you don't make good use of this opportunity,
chi di yang dak jor war ga la gyur
How could you possibly expect to have such a chance again?
—from the Bodhicharyavatara.
si sum mi tak tön ké trin dang dra
This existence of ours is as transient as autumn clouds.
dro wé kyé chi gar la ta dang tsung
To watch the birth and death of beings is like looking at the movement of a dance.
kyé wü tsé dro nam khé lok dra té
A lifetime is like a flash of lightning in the sky,
ri zar bab chu shyin du nyur gyok dro
Rushing by, like a torrent down a steep mountain.
—from the Lalitavistara Sutra[1]
dü kyi nyen né gyal po dro gyur na
When his time has come, even a king has to die,
long chö dza dang nyen shé je mi drang
And neither his friends nor his wealth can follow him.
kyé wu dak ni gar né gar dro yang
So for us—wherever we stay, wherever we go—
lé ni drip ma shyin du jé su drang
Karma follows us like a shadow.
—from the Rajavavadaka Sutra[2]
se si ma rik wang gi kyé wo nam
Because of craving, attachment and ignorance,
mi dang lha dang ngen song nam sum po
Men, gods, animals, hungry ghosts and hell-beings
dro wa nga po dak tu mi khé khor
Foolishly go round,
per na dza khen khor lo khor wa shyin
Like the turning of a potter's wheel.
—from the Lalitavistara Sutra[3]
Alternative Terms/Translations
- four reminders
Oral Teachings Given to the Rigpa Sangha
- Sogyal Rinpoche, Myall Lakes, Australia, 22 January 2013
- Yangthang Rinpoche, Lerab Ling, France, 17 August 2013
- Khandro Rinpoche, Lerab Ling, France, 14 July 2018
Further Reading
- Khandro Rinpoche, This Precious Life: Tibetan Buddhist Teachings on the Path to Enlightenment (Shambhala Publications, 2003)