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One of the most important things we offer at Kadampa Center is a feeling of community. We encourage our members and friends to participate in as many ways they feel comfortable. Some folks enjoy participating in the more formal practices and rituals. Others enjoy the fellowship of Sunday Dharma and all the activities surrounding the organized chaos that is Sunday! Still others enjoy discussing the dharma with others in a more informal settings.
And then there are always opportunities for helping out at the Center. We have needs for a lot of things from simple (e.g., filling water bowls, general cleaning, or one-time setup/teardown for events) to more complex (e.g., participating in a committee, managing an event or activity, leading a class, or being a member of our board or management team. Contact one of the members of our Management Team if you are interested in helping out! Also, look for opportunities on our online calendar, Volunteer Spot, announcements in the Sunday bulletin or posts on This Week email.
If you would like to receive emails each week that give you a sneak peek at what's happening at the Center, fill out the form below.


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70 percent of beaches eroding on Hawaiian islands Kauai, Oahu, and Maui
An assessment of coastal change over the past century has found 70 percent of beaches on the islands of Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Maui are undergoing long-term erosion, according to a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and University of Hawai'i (UH) report released today.
Scientists from the USGS and the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) at UH studied more than 150 miles of island coastline (essentially every beach) and found the average rate of coastal change – taking into account beaches that are both eroding and accreting – was 0.4 feet of erosion per year from the early 1900s to 2000s. Of those beaches eroding, the most extreme case was nearly 6 feet per year near Kualoa Point, East O'ahu.
"The inevitable fate of the Hawaiian Islands millions of years into the future is seen to the northwest in the spires of French Frigate Shoals and the remnants of other once mighty islands, ancestors of today's Hawaii, but now sunken beneath the sea through the forces of waves, rivers, and the slow subsidence of the seafloor," explained USGS Director Marcia McNutt.
"These data have allowed State and County agencies in Hawai'i to account for shoreline change as early as possible in the planning and development process so that coastal communities and public infrastructure can be sited safely away from erosion hazards areas," said William J. Aila Jr., Chairperson, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i. "This will vastly improve upon public safety and will ensure that Hawaii's beautiful beaches will be protected from inappropriate shoreline development."
Of the three islands, Maui beaches experienced the highest rates and greatest extent of beach erosion with 85% of beaches eroding. Erosion is the dominant trend of coastal change on all three islands with 71% of beaches eroding on Kaua'i and 60% of beaches eroding on O'ahu.
The researchers found that, although Hawai'i beaches are dominated by erosion as a whole, coastal change is highly variable along the shore – with 'cells' of erosion and accretion typically separated by 100s of feet on continuous beaches or by rocky headlands that divide the coast into many small embayments. Most Hawaii beaches are composed of a mix of sediment derived from adjacent reefs and from the volcanic rock of the islands. Sediment availability and transport are important factors in shoreline change, and human interference in natural processes appears to have impacted the measured rates of change. For example, more than 13 miles of beaches in the study were completely lost to erosion – nearly all previously in front of seawalls.
"Over a century of building along the Hawaiian shoreline, without this sort of detailed knowledge about shoreline change, has led to some development that is located too close to the ocean," said Dr. Charles Fletcher, UH Geology and Geophysics Professor and lead author. "A better understanding of historical shoreline change and human responses to erosion may improve our ability to avoid erosion hazards in the future."
The researchers used historical data sources such as maps and aerial photographs to measure shoreline change at more than 12,000 locations. Shoreline changes are measured in specialized Geographic Information System (GIS) software.
This analysis of past and present trends of shoreline movement is designed to allow for future repeatable analyses of shoreline movement, coastal erosion, and land loss. "The results of this research provide critical coastal change information that can be used to inform a wide variety of coastal management decisions," said Dr. Rob Thieler, sponsor of the study with the USGS.
Provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa

subset: commoncrawl


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WASHINGTON, D.C. — President Joe Biden and a top health official warned Monday that too many Americans are declaring virus victory too quickly, appealing for mask requirements and other restrictions to be maintained or restored to stave off a "fourth surge" of COVID-19. The head of the CDC said she had a feeling of "impending doom" if people keep easing off.
The double dose of warnings came even as Biden laid out hopeful new steps to expand coronavirus vaccinations, with all adults to become eligible over the next 5 weeks. Biden announced plans to expand the number of retail pharmacies that are administering vaccines, and investments to help Americans get to vaccination sites. But the optimism was tempered by stark warnings about the potential for another wave of cases.
"This is deadly serious," Biden said, urging governors to reinstate mask mandates and other restrictions that some states have been easing.
Hours earlier, during a virtual White House health briefing, Dr. Rochelle Walensky, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, grew emotional as she reflected on her experience treating COVID-19 patients who are alone at the end of their lives.
"We have so much to look forward to, so much promise and potential of where we are and so much reason for hope," she said. "But right now, I'm scared."
"I'm going to lose the script, and I'm going to reflect on the recurring feeling I have of impending doom."
Cases of the virus are up about 10% over the past week from the previous week, to about 60,000 cases per day, with both hospitalizations and deaths ticking up as well, Walensky said. She warned that without immediate action the U.S. could follow European countries into another spike in cases and suffer needless deaths.
"I have to share the truth, and I have to hope and trust you will listen," she said.
Later Monday, Biden addressed the nation from the White House, declaring, "If we let our guard down now, we can see the virus getting worse, not better. People are letting up on precautions, which is a very bad thing."
Biden delivered a direct appeal to governors, state and local leaders to reinstate mask-wearing requirements if they have lifted them, and said he encouraged leaders to pause plans to further ease virus-related restrictions.
"Please, this is not politics, reinstate the mandate if you let it down," he said.
Biden announced that by April 19 at least 90% of the adult U.S. population would be eligible for vaccination — and would have access to a vaccination site within 5 miles of home. Quick vaccination would still depend on supply.
Biden had previously directed that all states make all adults eligible for vaccination by May 1, but many have moved to lift eligibility requirements sooner in anticipation of supply increases.
Meanwhile, the White House is moving to double the number of pharmacies participating in the federal retail pharmacy program — which has emerged as among the most efficient avenues for administering vaccines — and increase the number of doses for them to deliver. Retail pharmacies are located relatively close to most Americans and have experience delivering vaccines like flu shots.
Biden announced that the U.S. is expecting delivery of 33 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine this week — including 11 million of the single-dose Johnson & Johnson shot.
More than one in five adults and nearly 50% of senior American are fully vaccinated, according to data from the CDC. On Thursday, the U.S. set new single-day record for shots in arms: more than 3.2 million.
"Now is not the time to let down," Biden said. "Now's not the time to celebrate. It is time to do what we do best as a country: our duty, our jobs, take care of one another."
"Fight to the finish," he added. "Don't let up now."
Walensky and Dr. Anthony Fauci, the nation's top infectious disease expert, appealed to elected officials, community leaders and everyday Americans to maintain social distancing measures and mask wearing.
"We are doing things prematurely," Fauci said, referring to moves to ease up on restrictions. Walensky appealed to Americans, "Just please hold on a little while longer."
She added: "We are not powerless, we can change this trajectory of the pandemic."
Walensky pointed to an uptick in travel and loosening virus restrictions for the increase in cases. "People want to be done with this. I, too, want to be done with this," she said.
"We've seen surges after every single holiday," she reiterated: "Please limit travel to essential travel for the time being."
The White House, meanwhile is ruling out the creation of a national "vaccine passport" for Americans to verify their immunization status, saying it is leaving it to the private sector to develop a system for people show they've been vaccinated. Some other countries are establishing national databases to allow vaccinated people to resume normal activities.
"We do know that there is a segment of the population that is concerned that the government will play too heavy-handed of a role in monitoring their vaccinations," said White House COVID-19 adviser Andy Slavitt. He said officials are worried that "it would discourage people" from getting vaccinated if the federal government was involved.
The administration, instead, is developing guidelines for such passports, touching on privacy, accuracy and equity, but the White House has not said when those guidelines will be ready.
Courtesy/Source: AP


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Bleeding Kansas and the Civil War
Guided tour — Kansas Museum of History, Topeka
Grades — 5th-8th
This tour introduces students to the action in Kansas during the Territorial Era (1854-1861) and the roles that Kansans played during the Civil War. A museum docent leads students through the Territorial Kansas and Civil War sections of the permanent gallery, providing stories and insight about the people who lived in Kansas during these turbulent years and the objects on display. Students then go to the museum classroom to inspect reproduction artifacts and determine which Kansas residents of the time period would have used them.
Kansas History, Government and Social Studies Standards
Standard #3: Societies are shaped by beliefs, ideas, and diversity
- 3.1: The student will recognize and evaluate significant beliefs, contributions, and ideas of the many diverse peoples and groups and their impact on individuals, communities, states, and nations.
Kansas College and Career Ready Standards
- SL.7.1: The students will engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 7 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.
- SL.7.2: The student will analyze the main ideas and supporting details presented in diverse media and formats (e.g. visually, quantitatively, orally (and explain how the ideas clarify a topic, text, or issue under study).
See admission fees.
Length of tour:
Approximately one hour, tours need to be staggered in half hour increments (e.g., beginning at 10 a.m., 10:30 a.m., 11 a.m., etc.)
Number of students in a group:
For the best experience, we recommend approximately 20 students per tour.
Registration and scheduling: register online, or contact 785-272-8681, ext. 415; email@example.com. Tours must be scheduled at least two weeks in advance.
Additional resources that complement this tour:
Read Kansas! lessons
- M-10 Popular Sovereignty Under the Kansas-Nebraska Act
- M-11 Dispute over Slavery in Kansas Territory
- M-12 Danger on the Underground Railroad
- M-13 All Eyes on Kansas Territory
- M-14 Territorial Characters
- M-15 The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention: The Issue of Suffrage
- M-16 The Civil War Comes to Kansas: Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence
- M-17 The Civil War Comes to Kansas: The Battle of Mine Creek
- M-18 "War for the Union and for Freedom!": Recruitment of Civil War Volunteer Regiments
Educational resource trunks:


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Praise be to Allah.
Selling in installments means that you get the product sooner and pay all or part of the price later in known installments over a known period of time.
The importance of knowing the ruling on this matter:
Buying by installments is one of the issues where we should pay attention to finding out the rulings, because it has become very widespread in dealings on the individual and international level after the Second World War.
So companies and corporations buy products from the suppliers by installments, and they sell them to their customers by installments, such as cars, real estate and tools, etc.
One of the things that led to this becoming widespread is the fact that some of the banks also deal in such transactions, whereby the bank buys the product with cash and sells it to its customers by installments.
Ruling on buying by installments.
There is a text which states that it is permissible to buy by installments, which means buying a product and delaying payment.
Al-Bukhaari (2068) and Muslim (1603) narrated from 'Aa'ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) bought some food from a Jew to be paid for later, and put an iron shield in pledge for it.
This hadeeth indicates that it is permissible to make a purchase with delayed payment, and buying by installments is nothing other than buying with delayed payment; all it means is that the price is divided into amounts, each of which must be paid at a certain time.
There is no difference between the shar'i ruling on a case where the whole price is paid later at one time, or where the price is paid later at different times.
Al-Bukhaari (2168) narrated that 'Aa'ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: Bareerah came to me and said: "I drew up a contract of manumission with my master stating that I would pay nine waqiyaha, one waqiyah each year." [A waqiyah is a weight of silver etc].
This hadeeth indicates that it is permissible to pay later in installments.
Even though the texts state that it is permissible to delay payment, there is no text which states that it is permissible to increase the price in return for that delay.
Hence the scholars differed concerning the ruling on this issue.
A few scholars said that it is haraam, on the grounds that it is riba. They said: because this is increasing the price in return for the deferment, and this is riba.
But the majority of scholars, including the four imams, were of the view that it is permissible.
The comments of the scholars of the four madhhabs concerning this include the following:
The Hanafi madhhab: "The price may be raised in return for delaying payment," (Badaa'i' al-Sanaa'i', 5/187)
The Maaliki madhhab: "For more time some amount may be added to the price." (Bidaayat al-Mujtahid, 2/108)
The Shaafa'i madhhab: "Five in cash is equivalent to six in deferred payment." (al-Wajeez by al-Ghazaali, 1/85)
The Hanbali madhhab: "Delay add something to the price." (Fatawa Ibn Taymiyah, 29/499).
They quoted evidence from the Qur'aan and Sunnah to support that, including the following:
1 – Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"Allah has permitted trading"
[al-Baqarah 2:275]
The general meaning of this verse includes all forms of trading, which includes increasing the price in return for delaying payment.
2 – Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent"
[al-Nisa' 4:29]
The general meaning of this verse also indicates that trading is permissible if there is consent from both parties. If the purchaser agrees to pay a higher price in return for delaying payment, the transaction is valid.
3 – al-Bukhaari (2086) narrated that Ibn 'Abbaas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) came to Madeenah when they used to pay in advance the price of fruits to be delivered within two or three years. He said, "Whoever pays in advance the price of a thing to be delivered later should pay it for a specified measure at specified weight for a specified period."
Bay' al-salam (forward buying) is permissible according to the texts and scholarly consensus, and it is akin to purchase by installments. The scholars mentioned that the wisdom behind it is that it benefits the purchaser by reducing the price and the vendor by bringing him money sooner. This indicates that something may be added to the price in return for delaying payment, and that there is nothing wrong with this when buying and selling. See al-Mughni, 6/385.
4 – The actions of the Muslims indicate that it is permissible to increase the price in return for delaying payment, and none of them denounced that. So it became like consensus (ijma') that this kind of transaction is permissible.
Shaykh Ibn Baaz was asked about the ruling on increasing the price in return for delaying payment, He said:
There is nothing wrong with this transaction because paying cash for the product is different from delaying payment. The Muslims are still doing such transactions and this is like consensus that it is permissible. Some scholars held an odd opinion and said that it is not permissible to increase the price in return for delaying payment, and they thought that this was a kind of riba, but this is a baseless view. It is not a kind of riba at all, because when the dealer sells the product to be paid for later, he agrees to the delay so that he may benefit from the increase in price, and the purchaser agrees to the increase so that he may take his time and because he is unable to pay the price in cash on the spot. So both of them benefit from this transaction. There is a proven report from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) which indicates that this is permissible; he commanded 'Abd-Allah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'Aas (may Allah be pleased with him) to equip an army and he was buying one camel for two camels, to be handed over at a later date. Moreover this transaction comes under the general meaning of the verse in which Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
This transaction is one of the permissible kinds of debt that are mentioned in this verse; it is also akin to forward buying (bay' al-salam).
Fatawa Islamiyyah, 2/331
See Bay' al-Tasqeet by Dr. Rafeeq Yoonus al-Masri
And Allah knows best.


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Title: Art of Seduction
Series: A Stern Family Saga, Book 1
Author: Monique Orgeron
Genre: Contemporary Romance w/ Suspense
Fallon's life has been a road paved in misery and loneliness,
then one day she's propositioned with a way to change it all.
From that day forward, she planned on never looking back.
That is, until, she met her target, the man who could destroy everything.
Fallon's a survivor, but can she survive him?
Gabriel is independent and brutal.
He learned early on about his mother's games.
For years she has tried to control every aspect of his life.
Born to be her successor, he refused to be her chess piece.
But when a mysterious woman shows up, Gabriel's life is turned upside down.
Is she his mother's pawn?
Soon, both of them will learn the games Gabriel's mother, Catherine Stern, plays are for keeps.
Secrets and deception always find a way of being revealed.
I can't sleep, so I find myself in Catherine's library, looking for a book to help my mind settle. I hear the beeping of the alarm and hear a rustling noise coming from the kitchen. I walk slowly down the hall. As I get up to the doorway to the kitchen, I see a jacket over a chair, then the light from the fridge comes on. It's Gabriel; he's here. I turn on some of the lights, not all: I didn't want to wake everyone in the house. He has blood covering his skin and shirt. I allow myself a second of shock, then I pull it together and walk over to him. I close the door to the fridge and grab his hand. I walk him over to the table and sit him down in a chair. Without a word, I go to the cabinets to locate a bowl and towel. I fill it with some warm water and soap then carefully bring it over to the table, without spilling any of the water as I go. I wet the towel and wring it out, then kneel and grab Gabriel's hand again. His knuckles are busted, so I start to wipe the blood off with the cloth as gently as I can. He just stares at my face as I go. As I finish with one hand, I go to the next, repeating the same procedure. We still have not said a word to each other. I glance up at him and down his neck, and I see blood under his collar. So, I start to unbutton his shirt. He grabs my hands, and we just glare at each other.
"Let me, Gabriel."
He releases my hands, and I proceed to unbutton his shirt, praying I don't see any injuries. Once it is fully unbuttoned, I slide my hands to his shoulders and remove the shirt. I pass my hands through all the blood to check for wounds, then let out a sigh of relief when I don't find any. Glancing back at him, his eyes are closed and his breathing is deeper. His chest is muscular and tight, with just enough hair. All I want to do is run my fingers lazily through his chest hair. Instead, I grab the towel again and wash him off. Starting at his neck and going down his chest I repeat on his arms.
As I do, he whispers, "Don't you want to know why?"
"No, not unless you want to tell me. I trust you know what you're doing."
I pause, "Do you want to tell me what happened?"
He answers, "I took care of a problem for our family; I did what I had to. It wasn't easy, but I do it for the people I care about."
"Then that's all I need to know. You are welcome to tell me more, when and if you want. I can handle it. I'm a lot stronger than I look."
"I see you, Fallon. I know there are things you are hiding, but I see you."
He opens my satin robe and sees my matching light pink cami and panties. His fingers slide gently over my collar bone. He releases a breath and grabs my wrists, then leans down to put his forehead on mine
"Why are you here, Fallon?"
"You know why I'm here, Gabriel."
"It won't work, Fallon."
"You sure it won't?"
"Yes, Fallon, I can't."
"All right."
I stand, and as I walk away, I hear him call my name. I turn my head, look over my shoulder and tell him, "I know, Gabriel."
I leave, with nothing left to be said. He won't allow himself to feel for me, so, I have no choice but to move on. Hopefully, Catherine won't be too disappointed; I did try.
Written by Monique Orgeron's eldest, most beautiful, and intelligent daughter. (My sister is going to hate this part.)
My mom happens to be the most caring, loving, and stubborn person I know, well anyone knows. She gives 100% percent of herself to everyone and has given up so much of herself for my sister and I. For twenty-one years she has poured her heart and soul into making sure we know that we are loved and that we can do anything we put our minds too, but it was about time she figured that out about herself.
Up until this year I hadn't seen my mom do anything for only her, but this book has allowed her to travel the world through the pages of a book, make new friends, and feel the joy of doing something exciting.
There is a new light behind her eyes and it is just making me feel more joy than she can ever imagine. While she might be annoying most of the time, I am so thrilled that she is finally allowing herself to grow as a person and not spend all of her energy on her family.
It has been a long journey of self-discovery for my mom; she has gone from domestic supermom to domestic goddess throughout the process of writing.
We are so very excited and proud of you! I love you as big as the world.
-Bria and Tony


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"Surveyor, mountain man, soldier, businessman, wanderer, captain of emigrants, farmer…he was himself the westward-moving frontier."
December 1978
In medias res: Fort Laramie on the Oregon-California Trail, June 27,1846, a day of reckoning. Francis Parkman was there, beginning the tour that he would chronicle in The California and Oregon Trail , the Harvard man come out West for health and curiosity, patronizing, disdaining the common emigrants who halted at the fort to tighten their iron tires and recruit their oxen, effusively admiring the stylish Sioux. The Sioux were there in the thousands, camped round Laramie at the invitation of the American Fur Company to trade, at truce with the emigrants, preparing war against the Crows. Lillburn Boggs was there, former governor of Missouri who had driven the Mormons from his state and thus indirectly set them on their exodus to Utah. Boggs had just been elected captain of a large party of emigrants. William H. "Owl" Russell, Kentucky colonel, had resigned the post the week before in a dispute over campsites, and drunk now, he cornered fastidious Parkman and belched indignation. The Boggs or Russell Party included businessmen and farmers from Illinois, emigrants from Germany and Ireland: George and Jacob Donner, James Frazier Reed, Lewis Keseberg, Patrick Breen. Soon George Donner would captain it. The Donner Party, it would come to be called.
Another traveler was there as well. He had just returned from California. For convenience he had accompanied a promoter and erstwhile author named Lansford W. Hastings along the way. Hastings had published a book popular among the emigrants—one of the Donners had a copy in his saddlebags— The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California . The traveler knew the quality of the book and the quality of the man, and meant to condemn them both. He passed Francis Parkman, this traveler, at Fort Bernard, some six miles beyond Laramie, but laconically chose not to record the event in his journal. Parkman made the note, not much impressed: another greasy, trail-worn mountain man.
The traveler, James Clyman, camped among friends at Laramie. He enjoyed "a cup of excellent coffee … the first I had tasted since the early part of last winter." He talked with his friends "untill a late hour." Near the end of his life he reported the substance of that conversation. One of his friends at Laramie was James Frazier Reed. Reed and Clyman and Abraham Lincoln had been together in Jacob Early's company in the Black Hawk War. Now Reed and the Donners were hot for California, Clyman cold. Reed at least was hot for Hastings' new cutoff, which the promoter had grandly sketched in The Emigrants' Guide: "The most direct route for the California emigrants, would be to leave the Oregon route, about two hundred miles east from Fort Hall; thence bearing west southwest, to the Salt Lake; and thence continuing down to the bay of St. Francisco." But Clyman had just endured that route in reverse, and so had Hastings, for the first time. So Reed and Clyman argued. "Mr. Reed, while we were encamped at Laramie, was enquiring about the route. I told him to 'take the regular wagon track, and never leave it—it is barely possible to get through if you follow it—and it may be impossible if you don't.' Reed replied, 'There is a nigher route, and it is of no use to take so much of a roundabout course.' I admitted the fact, but told him about the great desert and the roughness of the Sierras, and that a straight route might turn out to be impracticable." It did, as we know, and led the Donner Party to disaster. To twenty days wasted cutting forty miles through the untracked Wasatch Mountains. To five days and four nights crossing the Great Salt Desert without water, the oxen scattered, the wagons abandoned, the cattle lost. To early Sierra snow, and snow burial, and poor beef and boiled hides, and finally, in extremity, the flesh of the dead. If Reed and the Donners had listened to Clyman they would have achieved California in mid-September, as most of the other emigrants did, roundabout course or not. Governor Boggs listened, and left the party for Oregon the next day.
James Clyman has not been given his due. He was farmer's son, surveyor, mountain man, soldier, businessman, wanderer, captain of emigrants, and finally farmer again; he saw much of the opening of the West, and contributed his considerable skills to it; he was present at the inception of more than one great event; but he was not celebrated nationally in his own lifetime, as Daniel Boone and Jim Bridger were, nor has he been accorded much more than passing references and footnotes since. He deserves better. His life was varied and dramatic: he was himself the westward-moving frontier. His journals are important historical documents. Most of all, Clyman's quality as a human being—his exceptional character—can enlarge our understanding of the intellectual and emotional range of the American pioneer. A nation at its best is at least a composite of its best men. Clyman was one of them.
James Clyman was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, on a farm his father leased from George Washington, in 1792. The retired first President often rode the boundaries of his lands, and Clyman may have met him on one of those rides. Clyman's father wanted more than a life lease, even on Washington land. He wanted land of his own. He moved the family to Pennsylvania and then to Ohio when Clyman was fifteen. Clyman himself struck out early. After a young manhood spent wandering the Midwest as a farm hand, woodchopper, and provisioner, he hired on with a government surveyor in Indiana. In 1822, having learned the trade, he contracted with William S. Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton's son, to finish a course of surveying Hamilton had begun along the Vermilion River in Illinois. More surveying, along the Sangamon, led him to St. Louis, early in 1823, to collect his pay. "My curiosity now being satisfied St Louis being a fine place for Spending money I did not leave immediately not having spent all my funds I loitered about without employment." That is a foretaste of Clyman's humor, dry and ironic. He would need it in years to come.
In St. Louis he caught the eye of Lieutenant Governor William H. Ashley, who was preparing to make his fortune in the fur trade and "was engageing men for a Trip to the mouth of the Yellow Stone river." Ashley hired Clyman to help in recruiting, scouring out likely candidates "in grog Shops and other sinks of degré dation." When the keelboats sailed from St. Louis up the Missouri, the Ashley Expedition was ninety strong. Jedediah Smith, the calm, devout mountain man, would meet it along the way. "A description of our crew I cannt give," Clyman wrote later, "but Fallstafs Battallion was genteel in comparison." I am looking for mind here: Clyman had only "a smattering" of education, but its texts were the best of the day. His j ournals allude to Byron, Milton, Shakespeare, and to the Bible; the wryness was his own.
The expedition met a setback up the Missouri, fighting off two villages of Arikaras—eleven wounded, fifteen dead. "The worst disaster in the history of the Western fur trade," Dale L. Morgan calls it in his book Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West . "Fallstafs Battallion" hastily retreated from the sand bar below the villages under the withering fire from the Arikara fusils, but Smith held his ground, Clyman fighting beside him. Forced at last to swim the river to escape, Clyman let go the rifle and pistols that weighed him down. Three Arikaras swam after him and chased him for more than an hour across the prairie beyond the river before he found a hole to hide in on the other side of the hill. He made his way back to a point of land below the battle site and the boats, retreating downriver, luckily picked him up.
Ashley then sent a party of men westward on horseback, Clyman among them and William Sublette, captained by Jedediah Smith. In the Black Hills they surprised a grizzly, and Clyman learned another trade. The grizzly attacked Smith, badly chewing his head and almost tearing off one ear. "None of us having any sugical Knowledge what was to be done one Said come take hold and he wuld say why not you so it went around I asked the Cap what was best he said … if you have a needle and thread git it out and sew up my wounds … I got a pair of scissors and cut off his hair and then began my first Job of dressing wounds … after stitching all the other wounds in the best way I was capabl and according to the captains directions the ear being the last I told him I could do nothing for his Eare O you must try to stich up some way or other said he then I put in my needle stiching it through and through and over and over laying the lacerated parts togather as nice as I could with my hands … this gave us a lisson on the character of the grissly Baare which we did not forget." Smith survived the ordeal and the men rode on west, through "a grove of Petrifid timber," across shale and waste and prairie to the Powder River, among the Crows to trade horses, to the Wind River Valley to winter in. Their rations were short. When they could find them they shot mountain sheep and antelope and buffalo. Caught out one night in a blizzard, Clyman and Sublette nearly froze. Clyman saved them; Sublette was too stiff with cold to move.
The party went without meat for four hungry days before the provisioning team of Clyman and Sublette tracked a buffalo and brought it down, "many of the men eating large slices raw." Their bellies full, they rode west for water across a high, cold plain at the southern terminus of the Wind River chain. The water they found flowed west. It was Pacific water: they had crossed the Continental Divide and rediscovered the South Pass (first discovered by Robert Stuart in 1812), the broad road through the Rockies that would open the western continent to wagons, and thus to family emigration, and thus eventually to annexation to the United States.
He trapped beaver on the Green River that winter and spring, detached from Smith, and the next June, waiting at the Sweetwater to rendezvous, had to hide out from Indians for eleven days and lost contact with the other men and lost his horses too. He "began to get lonesome." With "plenty of Powder but only eleven bullets" he struck out for civilization—on foot, a distance of six hundred miles over landscape he'd never seen before and which he walked in eighty days. He lost most of his powder and bullets in another encounter with Indians. Down to one bullet, he retrieved the ball from the occasional buffalo he shot and chewed it round again. "I could not sleep and it got so damp I could not obtain fire and I had to swim several rivers." He realized he was wandering in circles and jerked himself straight. "I went on for some time with my head down when raising my eyes with great surprise I saw the stars & stripes waving over Port [Atkinson] I swoned emmediately … certainly no man ever enjoyed the sight of our flag better than I did. …" Thus Clyman's wilderness initiation. He would never again find himself at so great a loss.
When he recovered, he turned around with Ashley and headed back west. His story for the next three years is a story of trapping and hunting and exploring, living for the most part out on his own a thousand miles from store and home. The year 1826 was a high point. Smith was looking for new beaver country, breaking trail on the north shore of the Great Salt Lake. The party could go no farther on horseback—there was nothing for the horses to eat. Clyman, Moses "Black" Harris, and probably Louis Vasquez and a man named Henry G. Fraeb, built bullboats, hide canoes, and paddled south along the lake shore, riding high in that dead, bitter water. Its circumnavigation took them twenty-four days. They knew thirst and probably hunger. They might have seen dead trout and catfish floating, washed in from mountain streams. They may have seined for the brine shrimp that even today are harvested from the lake. Significantly, they found no outlet. Fanciful geographers had imagined that the salt lake was an arm of the Pacific—they consistently had underestimated the continent since Columbus' day—Clyman's circumnavigation proved that it was not. "This wide spread Sterility," Clyman called the lake and the land beyond it when he saw it again in a later year. He did not return to St. Louis until the fall of 1827, and not all was sterile on his four-year tour. He sold his last year's catch of beaver skins for $1,251, wealth enough to buy a substantial farm.
He bought the farm, in Illinois, and set up his two brothers to manage it. Farming was not yet to his taste. He participated in the Black Hawk War. He went into partnership with a man named Hiram Ross and laid claim to government land in wilderness Wisconsin, land on which Milwaukee was later founded. Too many people came on; he moved out. In November, 1835, traveling with a man named Burdett, looking for wilder land, he bought a canoe from an Indian woman whose son and husband weren't at home, intending to float a river. A mile-and-a-half float brought him to sundown, and he and Burdett stopped at a deserted cabin to camp. Clyman went out to collect wood while Burdett started a fire. The Indians, father and son, trailed them to retrieve the canoe and, says an old chronicle, "to avenge the death of a brother of the squaw, who was killed by a soldier at Fort Winnebago, two years before."
The son shot Burdett; Clyman came running back; the father raised his gun; Clyman took off, dodging through the woods. Not all his luck was with him: one bullet broke his left arm below the elbow, and the son, taking up Clyman's own shotgun, managed to hit him in the thigh. "This last shot was not very effective," the chronicle goes on, "on account of the distance Clyman was from them by that time, for he could run like a deer; and the principal effect was to make him, as he expressed it, 'as mad as hell' to be peppered in that way with his own gun, and he would have liked to return the compliment very much, but as sauve-qui-peut was the order of the day just then, he kept on, until the voices of his pursuers … were lost in the distance, when he hid under a fallen tree." At one point the Indians actually stood on the tree wondering where Clyman had gone.
He made his way at night, then, carrying his broken left arm in his right, on foot, through rain and unbroken wilderness, and continued the next day and the next night and part of one day more, to Milwaukee, a distance of fifty miles. For a time, in and around Milwaukee, no Indian felt safe in Clyman's presence. The chronicler: "And it might truthfully be said that the fear of him was upon every Indian then here, for not one of them would remain in the town twenty minutes after they got sight of him. A whole regiment of soldiers could not have inspired them with a greater desire for the solitude of the wilderness, than did the presence of this one man."
An interlude then to wandering: Clyman settled down. He built a sawmill in Wisconsin in 1836 with Hiram Ross, near what is now Wauwatosa, and he remained in business until at least 1841. This is the man at forty-eight, in 1840: look at him now: he has yet to make, twice more, the great emigration: "He was nearly or quite six feet tall," remembered an acquaintance, "erect and straight of rather sparse build though well formed and firm in person with a firm and elastic tread, deliberate in all his movements of a sandy complexion high and very slightly receding forehead neither very broad nor very narrow rather a thin elongated face, rather a small mouth slightly inclined to pucker good teeth but like his person rather long and narrow." Another acquaintance thought he looked like Washington, the Washington of "Lot Trumbull's portrait … at Yale College."
"A hoosier gentleman," another said. And another—men didn't forget him—"His manner very quiet, modest, voice pleasant and low very amiable and agreeable person." Hiram Ross, his sawmill partner: "Clyman was over six feet high rather slender his personal appearance was very pleasant his trait of character was good he was a straight forward and up right man." In 1835, when his old friend Dan Beckwith died, Clyman, "armed with pick and shovel, wended down to the Old Williams Burying Ground and dug a grave in the frozen soil. There were other willing hands to help, but Jim, with the Soul of a Poet, wanted … to pay last tribute to his Friend."
He had endurance, and patience, and a mind. Running the sawmill, whiling away his time, Ross outside on a cold winter afternoon building a sleigh, he filled a ledger with philosophical musings and wry observations: "Two things Infinite Time and space Two things more appear to be attached to the above infinity (viz) Matter and number Matter appears to pervade the infinity of space and number attempts to define quantity of matter as well as to give bounds to space—which … Expands before matter and number—and all human speculation is here bounden in matter and number leaving space at least almost completely untouched. …
"About the year 650 from the fowning of Rome the difficulties commenced between Marius and Sylla from which I date the commencement of the decline of the Roman commonwealth. …
"Of all People it seems to me those are the most tiresome who never convers on any subject but their misfortunes.
"[Winter] appears to be the night the time of sleep and rest for the vegetable kingdom leafless and frozen they are now taking their rest and matureing the subsistance thy recieved during the last summer it appears as if revolution of the earth around the sun was the day & night for the vegetable as is the earth's revolution on its own axis [for the animal]. ……
"We may comprehend the globe we inhabit pretty fully and even the sollar System but a million of such systems becomes incomprehensible although even a million such Systems may fall verry short of the quantity of matter in existance throughout the universal Kingdom."
More in the ledger on hibernation and the extirpation of animals by man and the velocity of light and the possibility of a finite universe, the only such speculations Clyman found time to record; thereafter he turned his attention to the land, and to his countrymen.
Troubled by a lingering cough, he journeyed down into Arkansas and up to Independence in the spring of 1844. There he remembered his wilderness health, like many another prairie traveler. The trains were forming. He signed on, for Oregon, and resolved to keep a journal. Fifty-two, he noticed the ladies now: "I took my rifle and walked out in the deep ravin to guard a Beautiful! covey of young Ladies & misses while they gathered wild currants & choke chirries which grow in great perfusion in this region and of the finerst kind." He noticed the constriction of the buffalo from their former range: "This vally [Bear River Valley above the Great Salt Lake] is the early Rendevous of the mountain Trappers & hunters But in the last 7 or 8 years the Buff aloe have entirely left this country & are now seldom seen west of the Sweet water." When travelers caught up with the train with news from civilization, he exercised his ironic humor: "As it appears there has been a great Troubling & Striving of the eliments the mountain having at last brot forth J. K. Polk Cap Tyler & the invincible Henry Clay as candidates for the Presidency, go it Clay. Just whigs enough in camp to take the curse off." There was humor in camp as well when emigrants following the trail for the first time disagreed with his old friend Black Harris: "Our pilot Mr. Harris8 22 years experiance and advice is perfectly useless in this age of improvement when human intelect not only strides but actually Jumps & flies into conclusions." And somewhere along the way, for his own amusement or Harris', he penned the old mountain man's epitaph:
Without serious incident the train trudged on to Oregon. Clyman, as rarely in his life, was bored. "Our selves & animals are becomeing tired of travel," he noted somewhere west of Fort Boise. He hadn't even bothered to visit the fort. He studied rock and flora and fauna, recorded his doubt of a "M r . Espy 8 " theory that the smoke from prairie fires, which had thickened the air for days, could produce rain—it hadn't rained in a month—and finally detached himself from the interminable train with a small party of men and rode ahead to the valley of the Willamette.
Oregon charmed him. The journal he kept of his time there alternates between bursts of eloquent observation and long weeks, busy weeks apparently, of fragmentary weather reports. Here was something new, bountiful land and as yet few settlers. His journals elaborated into consciously composed accounts of the country and long letters home, as if he had determined to add authorship to his kit of skills. Waterfowl along the Willamette, for example: "For miles the air seemed to be darkened with the emmène flights that arose as I proceeded up the vally the morning being still thier nois was tumultuous and grand the hoarse shrieks of the Heron intermingled with the Symphonic Swan the fine treble of the Brant answered by the strong Bass of the goose with ennumerable shreeking and Quacking of the large and Smaller duck tribe filled every evenue of Surrounding space with nois and reminded one of Some aerial battle as discribed by Milton and all though I had been on the grand pass of waterfowl on the Illinois River it will not begin to bear a comparison with this thier being probably Half a Million in sight at one time and all apparently Screaming & Screeching at once." Or this astute observation, in a letter to Hiram Ross, of his Oregon compatriots: "… I never saw a more discontented community, owing principally to natural disposition. Nearly all, like myself, having been of a roving discontented character before leaving their eastern homes. The long tiresome trip from the States, has taught them what they are capable of performing and enduring. They talk of removing to the Islands, California, Chili, and other parts of South America with as much composure as you in Wisconsin talk of removing to Indiana or Michigan."
But if he had been roving and discontented, he was now clearly thinking about marriage and a home, this wanderer of fifty-two. From Oregon on, his journals note landscape not as geology or cartography but for the lie of it, its probable fertility and its prospects. And the ladies turn up frequently, as before this emigration they have never done: "And I must say that female beauty is not exclusively confined to any particular region or country for here too may be seen the fairy form the fair skin the dark Eye and drk hair so beautifully dscribed by Byron displayed in the person [of] Miss smith. …"
Clyman remained in Oregon until late May, 1845, when he packed up with a party of men planning to work their way down the coast to California. He was entrusted with a constabular duty, to carry letters from Elijah White, the U.S. Indian subagent in Oregon, to Thomas Larkin, the U.S. consul in California, inquiring about the murder of a Wallawalla chieftain's son in a dispute at Sutler's Fort. It was another of Clyman's brushes with history. As Charles L. Camp, the editor of Clyman's journals, explains: "White requested that [the murderer], if guilty, should be brought to trial, but nothing came of the investigation which followed. The unavenged murder is said to have been one of the causes of the Whitman massacre and disastrous Indian wars in the Northwest." The reason why the murder of an Indian, even a chieftain's son, went unavenged is obvious from Clyman's record of the journey down from Oregon City. Some of the men in his party, he noted with disgust, routinely shot Indians along the way. Clyman was not himself a bigot or a hater, and kept his peace except when personally wronged. Not surprisingly, then, Sutler's method of feeding his Indian workers appalled him: "The Capt keps 600 or 800 Indians in a complete state of Slavery and as I had the mortification of seeing them dine I may give a short discription 10 or 15 Troughs 3 or 4 feet long ware brought out of the cook room and seated in the Broiling sun all the Lobourers grate and small ran to the troughs like so many pigs and feed thenselves with their hands. …"
He encountered a California similar in some ways to California today, remarking on the general nakedness of its natives in the mild climate, recording an earthquake, praising the "Beautifull and picturesque" land. Something was stirring in him, something that made him judge California's occupants—the Spanish from Mexico, the Indians, his fellow foreigners from the States—more harshly than had been his wont when he was only a rover passing through. "The Callifornians are a proud Lazy indolent people doing nothing but ride after herds or from place to place without an appearant object The Indians or aboriginees do all the drudgery and labour and are kept in a state of Slavery. … The californian Plough is a curosity in agraculture. … Harrow no such thing known. … Several kinds of red pepper are grown in greate abundance and enter largely into the californian cookery so much so as to nearly strangle a Forigner. … The forigners which have found their way to this country are mostly a poor discontented set of inhabitants and but little education hunting for a place as they [want] to live easy only a few of them have obtained land and commenced farming. …"
In this discontented mood—perhaps discontented with himself—Clyman finished up his business, which included a visit to Monterey and San Francisco and a bear hunt, and wrote to Captain John Charles Frémont proposing to assemble an armed party for a return to the States. Frémont, the Pathfinder, would have none of it. Ostensibly in California to explore, he intended to stay on and stir up revolution; California would join itself to the States in one more year.
If not Frémont, then Lansford Hastings, a promoter who seems to have dreamed of establishing a republic in California with himself at its head and who was returning to the vicinity of Fort Laramie with 150 horses and a whirlwind of bad advice. Clyman joined Hastings at his camp on Bear Creek, above Johnson's Ranch in the foothills of the Sierra, on April 16,1846, the same day the Donners and the Reeds left Springfield, Illinois, for Independence.
Crossing the Sierra Nevada in early spring was hard. It would be deadly to the Donners. Clyman recorded the descent from what would be called the Donner Pass with grim attention: "Here we commenced the desent over step Pricipices rough granite Rock covered in many places through the chasms with snow 15 or 20 feet deep and luckily for us we lost no horses allthough we had to force them down several perpendicular cliffs afer about 3 hours unpacking and repacking we succeeded in clearing the steepest pitches of the whole length of which is not one mile you may imagine that we felt a happy relief to find ourselves on bear ground one more which we found at the head of truckys [later Donner] lake a small sheet of water about two miles in length and half a mile wide the N hill sides being intirely clear of snow but verry little green vegitation made six miles and encamped at the foot of the Lake." That camp would become the major Donner camp; here unknowingly Clyman sets the stage.
Beyond Truckee Meadows, now Reno, Clyman lost his dog to a boiling spring—the thirsty dog, a water spaniel that had been with him since Wisconsin, jumped into the pool and "scalded himself allmost insantly to death"—and the loss further depressed him. He rode on through barrenness to the north fork of the Humboldt River, where wisdom decreed the party turn north but Hastings insisted they head east toward the Great Salt Lake. They did, to Pilot Peak, and looking eastward saw the terrible desert of salt that they would have to cross. "This is the [most] desolate country perhaps on the whole globe there not being one spear of vegitation and of course no kind of animal can subsist and it is not yet assertained to what extent this immince salt and sand plain can be south of whare we [are]." That day they traveled forty miles, the next day fourteen, the next day twenty. They succeeded in the crossing because they had horses. The Donner Party was slowed by oxen and wagons, and nearly failed. Clyman's advice to Reed had teeth. Onward to Laramie, where he delivered it, and we are back where we began.
Clyman's mood by now, after Laramie, is almost melancholy. His temperament was as equitable across the length of his life as any man who ever kept a journal, but what he saw on his long odyssey to Oregon and California and back again has left him wondering: wondering about his countrymen, wondering implicitly about himself. The West is no longer wilderness, and he is no longer young.
So, on the fourth of July, having crossed the south fork of the Platte River the day before, approaching Pawnee territory, he swings ambivalently between joy and depression and expresses a rare insecurity: "The sun arose in his usual mejestic splendor no firing of canon was heard no flags waving to the early morning Breeze. Nothing no nothing heard but the occasional howl of the wolf or the hoarse croak of the raven nothing seen But the green wide spread Prärie and the shallow wide spread river roling its turbed muddy waters far to the East the only relief is the on rising ground occasionally doted with a few stragling male Buffaloe and one Lonely Junt of a cotton wood Tree some miles down the stream the only occupant of a small low Island (not much veriety) O my country and my Country men the rich smiling surface of one and the gladsome Shouts of the other Here we are 8 men 2 women and one boy this day entering into an enimies country who if posible will Butcher every individual or at least strip us of every means of comfort or convenience and leave us to make our tiresome way to relief and this immediatly on your frontier and under the eye of a strong Militay post." Or is he remembering that long sore stumble from the Sweetwater two decades before? Or is he now, finally, after all his wandering, in the fullness of his years, experiencing a loneliness that in wandering he never felt?
His journal is almost ended. He gave us two more clues. On the fifteenth, on the east bank of the Blue River in what is now north-central Kansas, he encounters the grave of James Reed's mother-in-law and probes to the bone the meaning of the inexorable western advance. It is Clyman at his finest: "This stream affords some rich values of cultivateable land and the Bluffs are made of a fine lime rock with some good timber and numerous springs of clear cool water here I observed the grave of Mrs. Sarak Keys agead 70 yares who had departed this life in may last at her feet stands the stone that gives us this information This stone shews us that all ages and all sects are found to undertake this long tedious and even dangerous Journy for some unknown object never to be realized even by those the most fortunate and why because the human mind can never be satisfied never at rest allways on the strech for something new some strange novelty." Not climate or land, not patriotism or destiny, but a hunger for knowledge never satisfied, knowledge even of strange novelty, the insatiable human mind always on the stretch: Clyman's autobiography and the biography of his compatriots compressed into a narrow, roiling space. His distinction was to perceive calmly and with great thoroughness, and to come back and guide. Exploring an unexplored land is an act of creation, more rarely given and more interior, more profound, than all the artistic creations of the world. By exploration the land is made human, fit for habitation, its alienage drained. The explorer records its contours with an intimate stylus of muscle and nerve. He walks calmly through terror—for the unknown object is terrifying—and alleviates it, and families follow after to settle. His is an ecstasy—first knowledge—Clyman's was an ecstasy kept at genial peace.
If he was melancholy at Sarah Keyes's grave, it was because he knew the continent was bridged and his years of exploration over. That is the second clue. He has found his object, and in the next to last journal entry, back in Independence, perhaps not yet aware of the decision himself, he notes it down: "The [weather] was very warm and suffocating and in this particular you find a greate difference in the heat of the summer in California you find it cool and pleasant in the shade while here you find [it] hot and suffocating in [the] coolest place you can find." He is ready for cool and pleasant California now, ready at fifty-four to settle down.
The following year, Clyman closed out his land and business interests in Wisconsin and Illinois, and in 1848 he moved to California. He guided a large family there, the Mecombs of Indiana. He may have panned some gold, but he didn't linger at the mines. He bought land in the Napa Valley and took up farming near the sea and married, after due courtship, a small, pert woman of twenty-seven years, Hannah Mecombs.
His later years were peaceful, sweet and serene despite the loss of four of his five children to scarlet fever. In hours free from farming—he nurtured a trim and prosperous farm—he wrote verse, homely verse that could soar to sudden strength. More than once he celebrated the virtue of simplicity:
He celebrated his home, his neighbor's garden, the seasons and their burden of death and renewal:
He kept his humor, even in "Hard Times":
He preserved a lyricism and a love of life that was, I think, the deep current of his years. "Decoration Day 1881":
He died that year, 1881, peacefully. His wife and daughter survived him, but only by repute his name. His journals were finally edited, brilliantly, by Charles L. Camp and published in a limited edition in 1928, 330 copies, and 1,450 copies in a second limited edition in 1960.
"Not that he settled Kentucky or made a path to the west," writes William Carlos Williams of Daniel Boone in In the American Grain , " … but because of a descent to the ground of his desire was Boone's life important and does it remain still loaded with power—power to strengthen every form of energy that would be voluptuous, passionate, possessive in that place which he opened. … Filled with the wild beauty of the New World to overbrimming so long as he had what he desired, to bathe in, to explore always more deeply, to see, to feel, to touch—his instincts were contented." James Clyman explored a farther continent, "the rich smiling surface," as voluptuously as Boone a nearer. It grew up into him; he fitted it; with others he gave it to us; sensuously contented he gave it back himself. Strew flowers oer the heroes grave .


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I am a mother to a 7 year old boy and I have a friend who has a 2 years toddler. Both my friend and I try our best to use the Conscious and Peaceful Parenting Approach.
Her little daughter is lovely and gets on really well with my boy. The only problem is she is quite "aggressive". I don't know if "aggressive" is the right term because I doubt that she does the things she does out of anger because she usually laughs or smiles after these incidents so I assume she thinks it is just a game/way of exploring. However, there have also been times where she hits out of anger e.g. there was one time she was upset about something to do with her mother (nothing to do with my son) and my son went to give her a hug as a way of giving his moral support but she just slapped him and threw the metal music instrument she had in her hand and in hit my son hard on his head. She slaps my son on his face and also hits him with whatever she finds and it is so bad that my son has got bruises on his arm and legs!
It breaks my heart to see him having these bruises but what I am finding the hardest is the "conscious/peaceful parenting approach" of my friend who "accepts" these outburst. She says that it is a normal development of a toddler and that he isn't doing it out of anger. She literally stands and looks at her daughter while these things take place and says that she just needs to get it out when she is frustrated and so on. I admire her for her patience and how she is parenting peacefully and consciously. I think she is an amazing mum to be able to do this but at the same time it doesn't sit right with me that she accepts the "violence". I have seen how she gets annoyed when her daughter repeatedly slaps her on her face or on her body and she does say to her not to hit her but when it happens to my boy she doesn't say anything.
She also took some of my son's toys, some which are of some sentimental meaning to my son and kept banging them hard against the floor or wall and other times throwing them on the floor or on my son. When I asked my friend how come she is not really doing anything about it, she says that her daughter is only 2 and that is not the age to reason with them and explain things as they wouldn't understand right from wrong and so on and that it is just a normal part of the development when a child is 2. I see her as a good friend and both my son and I really adore her daughter but it really hurts me to see my son being hit like this, especially with bruises.
I can also see the frustration in my son as I try to explain him that she is too small to understand what she is doing and doesn't mean to hurt him. So he keeps this as a reminder but at the same time I can see him getting more and more frustrated as he feels he is being treated unfairly by the little girl who either hits him (without my son having done anything) or throws/bangs his things repeatedly until some of them are finally broken.
He has never done anything back to her but I sense my son's resentment towards her during and after these incidents. I said to my son to just gently hold her hand and say stop when it happens which he did but my friend isn't happy with this as she doesn't want people to touch her child as her daughter doesn't like it so she wants my son to respect that. So my son respected this and stopped holding the girl's hand. She suggested that he could instead just put his hand in front of his face and say stop but as my son told me with tears in his eyes, that method isn't working as she then just ignores the "stop" and carries on hitting. She doesn't hit with just her hands, usually she always have something in her hand which she hits with. The other day it was an umbrella she kept whacking him with.
The mum of this child blames my son such as stating that he should learn to assert and defend himself. She says that I do no service to him if I protect him from such situations endlessly (she says that she does not mean that I should let it happen, but to teach how to assert himself peacefully, respectfully and strongly so a 2 year old won't bully him). My son has tried to distract her and also blocked his face when she hits him but this has not worked as she just keep whacking him with whatever object she has in her hand. This is why I suggested to my son that he should gently hold the girl's hand and firmly say "NO"/"STOP". My friend is not happy with this and has told him to stop it as this then violates her daughter's bodily boundaries and she ended up crying each time he did this. My friend seems to be more focussed on looking into how my son could have handled it better rather than looking into how to stop her child from hitting others. So my question now is 1) How can I support my son with this so he does deal with it in a peaceful way (to me, it was holding the girl's hand and say stop but the mum obviously doesn't want this) 2) Any strategies on how this 2 years old could be supported to stop hitting my son?
Please help and give me some suggestion on what to do and perhaps some suggestion I could pass on to my friend about how she could support her daughter to stop the beating but of course in a concious and peaceful way.
Thank you for your time and help
Thank you very much to you all for taking time to answer my queries. Your advice has been very helpful and re-assuring. Much appreciated :)
On another note, I use authoritative parenting approach (peaceful/conscious parenting comes under that category) and is NOT permissive parenting and very different from that. Permissive parenting lacks boundaries and direction/guidance. Whereas the approach I am talking about include boundaries, guidance and direction however in a collaborative and respectful manner (not where parents see themselves as the boss). To be honest, it seems like although my friend says she is using the peaceful/conscious parenting approach it looks like a permissive approach as she does not provide any direction or guidance and there are no boundaries either. This is not the case with my self. I had a very strict, authoritarian and violent upbringing myself and value the relationship I have with my child and he is a very respectful person who doesn't do harm to others. He treats people in a respectful manner which is the foundation of the parenting approach I use such as whenever there is a conflict we sit down as a team and come with solutions/options in a collaborative and respectful manner - not any of the "You do as being told because I am the parent, the boss". I am against permissive parenting approach as well as there is no discipline and this is not the type of child I would like to raise. Hope this clarified your question about the different parenting approach.
Concious parenting comes under the authoritative parenting approach but on a level where you are very mindful of a child's EMOTIONAL needs, especially the underlying emotional needs. It also includes a parent being conscious of how her/his own issues are getting triggered during conflicts and be mindful of these in order to not allow these triggers take over the parenting. E.g. when I feel that my son is taking something for granted, my own issues gets triggered such as "Nobody values me". A conscious parent will be aware that it is one's own issue (past) and not the child (here and now). So she would accept that it is her own issues and try to see things from the child's point of view rather than start getting angry/annoyed because of her own issues/triggers. (In summary, a conscious parent would be more mindful of not only her own underlying emotional processes but her child's too)
The reason I had to mention that my friend uses the peaceful/conscious parenting approach is that she is against shouting, spanking and time-out which I totally agree with. However, a conscious/peaceful parent can still guide a child to what is right and wrong without using any of the above mentioned methods. However, she seems to not have the tools for this and very much being permissive as she lets her daughter do whatever she wants without any boundaries.
Once again, thank you very much for your time and help


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Set your own boundaries.
Those who appreciate the aggressive look and wind-cutting power of the frame-mounted shark nose fairing and dual Daymaker™ Reflector LED headlamps on the Road Glide® Special model wouldn't ride anything else. And now the ride gets even more aggressive thanks to the all-new Milwaukee-Eight® 107 engine, all-new suspension and Reflex Linked Brembo® brakes. The Special features the top-of-the-line 6.5-inch touchscreen infotainment system with integrated GPS and the BOOM!™ Box 6.5 GT audio system, standard ABS, a gloss black inner fairing and color-matched fairing skirt. It's time to make your own assault on the wind.
This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
Front - 130/60B19 61H
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Product Description
This Age of Dinosaurs limited edition numbered lithograph from 1990 Fantasia boxed set is from a rare sold out edition, and was created from Disney artist Robert Sterner concept art. Add Age of Dinosaurs to your collection today!
About the Fantasia box set:
On November 13, 1940, Walt Disney's FANTASIA premiered at the Broadway Theatre in New York. To celebrate the film's re-release in 1990 for its 50th anniversary, the Disney Art Program created this boxed portfolio of 50 images of conceptual art that inspired Walt and his artist during the making of this animated masterpiece.
The portfolio was designed and its production supervised by Patrick Dooley. Mr. Dooley also worked with David Cleghorn and Esther Ewert with research and review of the film's original artwork to select images representing each of Fantasia's eight major movements.
The pieces in this collection where printed on Mohawk Superfine 80-lb. cover in four-color process and duotone. The prints are faithful reproductions of the original art.
Each of the 50 images were reproduced on 22 lithographs. They are placed in protective folders with an introductory essay and narrative explaining the scene, artist and original medium.
This Age of Dinosaurs image is from the edition number #99 of 500.
Fantasia is a 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and released by Walt Disney Productions. With story direction by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer, and production supervision by Ben Sharpsteen, it is the third Disney animated feature film. The film consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski, seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra. Music critic and composer Deems Taylor acts as the film's Master of Ceremonies, providing a live-action introduction to each animated segment.
Disney settled on the film's concept as work neared completion on The Sorcerer's Apprentice, an elaborate Silly Symphonies short designed as a comeback role for Mickey Mouse, who had declined in popularity. As production costs grew higher than what it could earn, Disney decided to include the short in a feature-length film with other segments set to classical pieces. The soundtrack was recorded using multiple audio channels and reproduced with Fantasound, a pioneering sound reproduction system that made Fantasia the first commercial film shown in stereophonic sound.
Fantasia was first released as a theatrical roadshow held in thirteen U.S. cities from November 13, 1940. While acclaimed by critics, it was unable to make a profit due to World War II cutting off distribution to the European market, the film's high production costs, and the expense of leasing theaters and installing the Fantasound equipment for the roadshow presentations. The film was subsequently reissued multiple times with its original footage and audio being deleted, modified, or restored in each version. Fantasia is the 23rd highest-grossing film of all time in the U.S. when adjusted for inflation. The Fantasia franchise has grown to include video games, Disneyland attractions, and a live concert. A sequel, Fantasia 2000, co-produced by Roy E. Disney, was released in 1999. Fantasia has grown in reputation over the years and is now widely acclaimed; in 1998 the American Film Institute ranked it as the 58th greatest American film in their 100 Years...100 Movies and the fifth greatest animated film in their 10 Top 10 list.


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Privatization process in Lithuania
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Historic overview of privatisation process in lithuania
Privatization process was launched in Lithuania in September 1991 and since then it has constituted an integral part of Lithuania's economic reforms. The entire privatization process may be divided into three major stages:
The first stage covers the privatization that took place from September 1991 until July 1995. This phase may be called a mass privatization for vouchers with some elements of cash sales. The voucher method was chosen as the most effective way of transferring the ownership of the state-owned enterprises. The privatization of state assets in Lithuania during that phase has been based on the Law on Initial Privatization of State Property passed in late 1991 and amended in 1993. As a result of that phase, Lithuania has become a country with a majority of the GNP generated in the private sector.
The second phase of privatization started in July 1995 with the introduction of a new Law on Privatization of State and Municipal Property. A State Privatization Agency and a State Privatization Commission were established in late 1995 to administer the process. According to the Law, the second phase will call for cash privatization of remaining state and municipal property at market prices. Local and foreign investors will have equal rights in purchasing the companies offered for the privatization in Lithuania. During the second phase of privatization the government will have to decrease its control in the sectors of economy generally recognized as the state monopoly through the cash sales. According to the Law on Privatization all bidders have equal rights in the privatization process. Previously existing concessions for the employees and management have been eliminated from the new Law. During the second phase of privatization the amount of investment into Lithuania was comparatively small. Investors had to lodge documents with many different institutions, and therefore the privatization procedure took some time. Individual ministries were not interested in preparation of objects for privatization. Besides, legally the former privatization institutions had no right to transfer obligations of enterprises to the purchasers because they were not real managers of enterprises.
New laws of privatization and State Property Fund (SPF) were passed in November 1997. According to the aforementioned Law restructuring Lithuanian Privatization Agency established the SPF and other related to privatization and property management institutions. SPF holds in trust, uses, disposes and privatizes securities and other state-owned property transferred to it by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania.
There are several possible methods of privatization:
public subscription for shares;
public auction;
public tender;
direct negotiations;
lease with an option to purchase;
transfer of the state or municipal control of an enterprise controlled by the
state or municipality.
Third phase of privatisation, 1998 to date
A new, amended privatisation law has been approved in the Seimas recently, November 1997. The law amends the current privatisation law. The proposed changes into the law are following:
to establish the State Property Fund (SPF) as the successor to the enterprise founder found in the current law;
to bring certain procedures of the current law into line with operation of proposed SPF and;
to do technical changes (but not substantial) to the current law.
The key policy change, proposed by the new law, is the replacement of the role of enterprise founder and many of responsibilities of the Privatisation Agency by the SPF. SPF holds in trust, uses, disposes and privatises state-owned property. As time showed, the branch ministries had too many conflicting policy objectives and wished to keep enterprises that the Government has decided to sell, so, in brief, privatisation process by new law is made less bureaucratic. The SPF co-ordinates the privatisation process in Lithuania and directly organizes privatisation of largest state-controlled entities in industry and infrastructure. Privatisation of these enterprises is carried out through transparent competitive procedure of international tenders prepared and executed by internationally renowned advisors and arrangers. First of all, public tender is announced to prepare the privatisation program for the company by retaining a leading adviser. During the tender, consultants having an extensive experience of privatisation in the relevant sector are selected to prepare an attractive privatisation program and provide financial, technical and legal advice for the Government of Lithuania concerning the enterprise to be privatised. When the program is to be approved by the Privatisation Commission and the Cabinet of Ministers a tender is to be announced for the privatisation of the company where the object shall be sold.
Recently Public Limited Companies Lithuanian Telecom ("Lietuvos Telekomas") and Hotel Lietuva (Viešbutis "Lietuva") have been privatised. Privatisation of these enterprises is carried out through transparent competitive procedure of international tenders prepared and executed by internationally renowned advisors and arrangers. For the enterprises which have a strategic importance to the Lithuanian economy, the Government has devised a special procedure of two stages for their privatisation and some of them are already privatised. Public Limited Companies Lithuanian Telecom (Lietuvos Telekomas) has been purchased by the strategic investor - Consortium "Amber Teleholding" of Sweden "Telia" and Finnish "Sonera". The Government accepted sale option of 60 per cent shares. In the energy sector, the oil refinery AB "Mažeikiu Nafta" is also being prepared to privatisation. Using the International tender, a consortium of financial and other advisors, led by Banque Paribas, has been selected as the winner of tender. At the moment it is under the negotiations with potential investors. The Government of Lithuania is also privatising two airlines: "Lietuvos avialinijos" and "Aviakompanija Lietuva". Recently, the companies have been consolidated so that "Aviakompanija Lietuva" became a subsidiary of a major airline. The privatisation of the company is foreseen in 1999.
Privatisation of these entities is expected to achieve the following goals:
to increase the efficiency of management and operation by introducing new technologies, investing additional funds and exploiting the experience of investors in the relevant area;
to promote the development of enterprises and markets;
to liberalize monopolistic markets.
Institutions taking part in the privatisation of strategic objects are as follows:
the Property Fund, the role of coordinator; prepares companies for privatisation and carries out the technical work,
the Privatisation Commission is responsible for the approval of final decisions and control of the privatisation process.
International tenders for privatisation of strategic objects are carried out by specially appointed Public Tender Commissions for the sectors of energy, transport and telecommunications.
Public Tender Commissions determine the criteria for the preparation of privatisation programs based on the Government policy as well as practice and experience of other countries. The main priorities of privatisation include not just maximising the revenue from the privatised objects, but also attracting potential investors and their contribution to Lithuania. Privatisation of the largest objects in Lithuania is carried out in an open, transparent, efficient and rapid manner.
- Lithuanian Development Agency. Website: http:\\www.lda.lt
- ''Lietuvos Rytas" Nr. 8 (360)/ 1999 m. sausio 30 d; " Valstybės turto fondo veiklos apžvalga". p.16;
- Republic Of Lithuania Law On The State Property Fund. Website:http:\\www.lrs.lt


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Provençal Jew who wrote a Purim parody under the pseudonym Labi ha-Levi because he feared that the Orthodox Jews would condemn his work. The treatise, called "Megillat Setarim," on "Midrash ha-Nabi ha-Labi ha-Lewi" (Venice, 1552), contains three sections, entitled respectively "Pereḳ Ḥabaḳbuḳ," "Hakkol Ḥayyabin," and "Mi-she-Niknas Adar," and is similar in plan to a Talmud treatise with so-called Rashi and Tosafot. It is full of humor. Another work of his, "Sefer Ḥabaḳbuḳ" (ib. 1552), is a parody of the Pentateuch and the prophetic style, representing a contest between "Karmi" (wine) and "Be'eri" (water). This work was likewise intended for Purim.
- Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 202;
- Fürst, Bibl. Jud. ii. 215;
- idem, Die Purim-Literatur, in Orient, Lit. 1849, p. 157;
- Sommerhausen, Die Purimliteratur, ib. 1850, p. 851;
- Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 580;
- idem, Purim und Parodie, in Israelietische Letterbode, vii. 7, No. 18.


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Dermacolor Mini palettes contain 16 different colours. A small sample of the colour so that you can try different shades, or mix together to get the shade you require. There are 10 different palettes with different shades in. We have tried to show the mini palettes but with printed show cards colours can vary depending on your computor settings. We are always available to offer advice and are members of BASC The British Association of Skin Camouflage and Camouflage Network. You always need to powder the product to stop it coming off on to clothes. When applied correctly it will be waterproof. All colours available in 5ml and 25ml sizes when you have made your choice. If you are in Bristol you can always make an appointment to have a colour match in our showroom.
Colours in the D1 pallette are D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, D32, D13, D14, D15 and D16.


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Sanding up near the Salina, Kansas UP yard. There is a turntable to the left (not pictured)5-11-02
Photographed by Alan Clark, Jr., May 11, 2002.Added to the photo archive by Alan Clark Jr., May 11, 2002.Railroad: Union Pacific.
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The next time you have overripe bananas in your kitchen, don't make a banana bread. Instead, make some Banana Whoopie Pies. The classic whoopie pie is a chocolate cookie with a vanilla filling. This is a great combination in many types of desserts, but there is something about the soft, cake-like outer cookie and the creamy filling that make whoopie pies almost irresistible. This banana version is even better.
Soft, banana bread-like cookies are the base of these whoopie pies. The batter is somewhere between the thickness of banana bread batter and cookie dough, which lets the whoopie pies hold their shape well during baking, but spread out enough to make a good-sized sandwich. The cake is tender and very moist, with just a little bit of cinnamon and vanilla to highlight the flavor of the banana – which comes through very clearly. I used a cream cheese filling to sandwich the pies together. The cream cheese goes very well with the banana, and adds a little bit of tanginess that contrasts with the sweetness of the cake.
This recipe doesn't make a huge batch of whoopie pies, but the pies are generously sized. You can easily double the recipe to make more, or scale down the size of your pies (and reduce the baking time by a couple of minutes) to get smaller, bite-sized pies and get more of them. These keep well when stored in an airtight container at room temperature, but they are so moist and flavorful that I bet you'll find them as difficult to resist as I do.
Banana Whoopie Pies
2 1/4 cups all purpose flour
1 tsp baking powder
1/2 tsp salt
1/2 tsp ground cinnamon
1/4 cup butter, room temperature
1 1/4 cups sugar
1/4 cup vegetable oil
1 large egg
1 tsp vanilla extract
3/4 cups mashed banana (2 medium)
Preheat oven 350F. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, salt and cinnamon.
In a large bowl, cream together the butter and sugar until light. Beat in egg and vegetable oil, followed by vanilla and mashed banana. Add flour mixture and stir until just incorporated.
Drop 2 tablespoon balls (approx 1 1/2-inch balls) and bake for 12-14 minutes, or until cookies are lightly browned around the edges and "set" in the center.
Remove to a wire rack to cool.
Makes about 2 dozen cookies (1 dozen sandwich cookies).
Cream Cheese Filling
3 oz cream cheese, room temperature
4 tbsp butter, room temperature
1 tsp vanilla extract
1 1/2 – 2 cups confectioners sugar
In a medium bowl, beat together cream cheese and butter until smooth. Blend in vanilla and confectioners' sugar until mixture is smooth and thick. Add additional confectioners' sugar if mixture seems runny.


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Compete at the highest level of street racing with Need for Speed ProStreet. It's no longer good enough to simply rule your local neighbourhood you need to dominate on a global stage. Build the ultimate battle machine, take it to multi-disciplinary showdowns and pit your skills and reputation against the world's best street racers. This is your chance to prove that you have what it takes to be crowned the next street king.
Need for Speed ProStreet is your ultimate taste of the chaos and unbridled adrenaline of street racing. Pushing yourself and your car to the edge can lead to mistakes and this time those mistakes have consequences. Think swirling fields of debris, shredded fiberglass and heinously twisted metal. Every dent, every scratch and every crumpled body panel is a battle scar, proof of your commitment and competitive mettle.
Compete on some of the world's most iconic racing locations - Tokyo's Shuto Expressway, the Autobahn and the Nevada desert. The atmosphere is electric - complete with energetic crowds, photo-realistic cars and billowing smoke - all designed to embody the pressure and intensity of the gladiatorial challenge known as Show Down. Need for Speed ProStreet is the realization of the raw power, visceral aggression and intense rivalry that embodies street racing culture.
- Real, Adrenaline-Fueled Racing -- Experience the raw power of steet racing with a brand new physics engine and feel the fire of competition with an intuitively refined AI engine that smartly delivers on real driving behaviors.
- Dominate Across All Racing Disciplines - Becoming the Street King isn't about winning one single event. You need to prove yourself in four distinct styles of racing. Unleash the power of the beast in a reinvented Drag mode. Master the art of control with Tandem drift, and experience the intensity and rivalry of elite competition with Grip Racing. Completely new to the franchise is Speed Challenge, an ultimate test of speed and control.
- Ride the Edge of Disaster -- Street racing is violent and mistakes have consequences. Cars can be torn apart using truly advanced and comprehensive damage capturing technology. Witness cars colliding, metal denting, and debris billowing. To further amplify the realism, crash repercussions such as smoke, dirt spray and dust clouds can affect all racers on the track.
- Redefining Competitive Social Play -Packed with ingenious features that will amp the spirit of competition and create for the ultimate showdown between you and your friends. The rules have drastically changed making for a more intense and aggressive online* arena.
- Performance Drives Results--Your machine doesn't have to look like much - as long as there are secrets underneath that hood. For the first time ever, see the impact of the Autosculpt technology on performance - all in real time. Sculpt your cars inside a wind tunnel and choose from hundreds of real-world, aftermarket parts to build your ultimate battle machine.
- Share your Tuning Capabilities with the World - Once you've designed it share it. The all new Blueprints feature allows you to upload your visual and performance customization settings online*. Once downloaded, you'll be credited each time your design is used to dominates in a race.
- Photo Real Cars and Worlds-- Boasts cars that exude power, menace and raw energy with their look and sound along with the most realistic smoke ever seen in a racing game. Authentic and relevant real world track locations and the best street drives from around the globe combine to create the most stunning racing environments ever.


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BitScope Blogs |
Why the capture frame update rate is important.Back in the day, all oscilloscopes were analog and the update rate was usually quite high (>50Hz) because the waveform appeared on the display only briefly requiring a high rate to appear "permanently", much like analog TV. This had implications; it was generally not possible to see waveforms that were not periodic and one-shot capture was also usually impossible. Most modern oscilloscopes whether they are stand-alone or USB based like BitScope are digital and the refresh rate is irrelevant when it comes to persistent waveform display. It also means they are able to capture single waveform events such as glitches and display them persistently for analysis. While these oscilloscopes are often designed with one-shot capture in mind there are many situations where repetitive capture is needed and the update rate specification can be quite important. For most PC based oscilloscopes repetitive capture and display is not a design priority but for BitScope it is; faster refresh rates are usually possible even when capturing logic or mixed signal waveforms and this can provide some significant benefits when compared with devices that focus on one-shot or slow refresh capture only. So the question is what update rate do you need? The answer depends on what you're trying to do. Some modern (and quite expensive) digital scopes can capture at rates as high as millions of frames per second, for a limited time. This is much faster than most scopes and while it can sometimes be useful it's usually well beyond the call of duty. On the other hand, performing a capture and waiting more than a second or two to the see the result is too slow for practical use with repeating capture. Most USB oscilloscopes and logic analyzers are designed for one-shot capture and analysis, not for real-time interractive use so they don't support high speed repetitive capture. While BitScope can be used for one-shot capture too it's been designed for easy interractive use while capture proceeds, even for logic waveforms and spectrum displays. To see what we mean, click any of the images on this page to see what BitScope does; they are five second animated screenshots that should give you the idea. At the top of the page is a manually swept sinusoidal waveform and its magnitude spectrum captured by BitScope Mini and BitScope DSO. This is displayed in real-time at an update rate of about 50Hz. Next is a logic analyser capture example which shows random captured logic followed by triggered capture (which locks the waveform in place). In both cases fast display refresh combined with decay phosphor display modes gives a dynamic view as to what is happening in real-time that one-shot or slower rate updates cannot provide. There are a variety of other reasons higher refresh rates can be important which we'll write about in a another post but one practical one is so you can see the effect of changes made to capture parameters as you make them. Being able to see these changes "live" can make it much easier to understand what's going on and what parameter settings are optimal for a given test setup. The last example demonstrates this. It is a fixed frequency sawtooth waveform with noise and it's shown while the timebase zoom is manually adjusted. At the start of the clip the sawtooth waveform can be seen to dominate but as the timebase is increased the (harmonic) noise components in the waveform become evident (in both the waveform and spectrum displays). Fast real-time update makes these dynamic parameter changes easy to manage and their effect easy to see. This is something not easily explained by specifications alone. Related Posts |
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