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When's the last time you changed your passwords, or at least took a good look at how many systems or services you're using old, busted, insecure passwords with? Well, today is Change Your Password Day, and toegether with our friends at Gizmodo we're on a mission to make sure that you take the time to beef up your security, upgrade your password system, and most importantly, change your passwords now—especially if any of yours look like one of these.
Ready to take the first step towards password nirvana? Here are some articles that can get you started, and even help you build a password system that you'll spend less time worrying about and more time using, without the hassle of remembering dozens of different passwords or fretting every time a site gets hacked.
How to Audit and Update Your Passwords
When something like a password database compromise happens, it's a good time to reassess your online security. With the right tool, I've reset my Gawker Media password, and all others like it, in 3 minutes, from a train. More »
Your Passwords Aren't As Secure As You Think; Here's How to Fix That
If you allow applications to save your passwords, anyone with physical access to your PC can decode them unless you're properly encrypting them-and chances are pretty good you're not. More »
How I'd Hack Your Weak Passwords
If you invited me to try and crack your password, you know the one that you use over and over for like every web page you visit, how many guesses would it take before I got it? More »
The Only Secure Password Is the One You Can't Remember
Let's assume you log onto a bunch of different websites; Facebook, Gmail, eBay, PayPal, probably some banking, maybe a few discussion forums, and probably much, much more. More »
Geek to Live: Choose (and remember) great passwords
A secure, memorable password is easy for you to remember, and hard for others to guess.
Everywhere you turn you've got to come up with a password to register for something or another. More »
Use This Infographic to Pick a Good, Strong Password
We always enjoy a useful infographic, and there are few things quite as important as choosing a strong password-at least in the area of online security. More »
How to Build a (Nearly) Hack-Proof Password System with LastPass and a Thumb Drive
It seems like every day there's news that a new site or service has been hacked. The intruders make off with usernames and passwords, and even if they're encrypted the service forces users to change them. More »
LastPass Alternatives that Keep Your Passwords Safe from Online Hacking
After popular password manager LastPass faced a possible security breach yesterday, many of you are looking for an alternative password solution that doesn't store your passwords on someone else's servers. More »
Five Best Password Managers
As more of our work, play, and business is conducted online it becomes increasingly important to use a diverse set of strong passwords. This week we take a look at the five best password managers to keep your passwords organized.More »
Xkcd Password Generator Creates Long, Easy-to-Remember Passwords
Web comic xkcd notes that "through 20 years of effort, we've successfully trained everyone to use passwords that are hard for humans to remember, but easy for computers to guess." More »
When you're finished changing your passwords or setting up your ultimate password system, come back and let us know how you did it. Did you use LastPass, one of our favorite tools? Or perhaps the open-source marvel KeePass is your preferred tool? Maybe you're a 1Password kind of person, or alternatively you just jot down all of your secure passwords and keep them in your wallet. Whatever you do, let us know how you're improving your security today in the comments below.


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How to know Jesus and be certain you will be with Him in heaven
This is not surprising, since he's the most famous person in all of human history. More songs have been sung to him, artwork created of him, and books written about him than anyone who's ever lived. Even our calendar is based off his life, dividing time before and after him.
Naturally, someone this important will have fans and foes.
And a lot of people have an idea of who Jesus is.
They may get this idea from TV or movies, maybe from past church experience and Sunday School felt boards, from history books, or maybe from just hearsay.
But just because we have ideas of who Jesus is doesn't mean we actually know Jesus.
At Bridge Community Church, we're all about Jesus—and the only way to get to know Jesus is to understand what the Bible says about him, which includes what he said about himself.
We've all been a bad friend at some point.
Maybe we've taken advantage of friends or been short with them or simply not been there when needed. And we've probably experienced that as well.
But Jesus is a good friend. In fact, he's a perfect friend. And even when we're horrible friends to him, he's always a good friend to us.
Jesus is such a good friend and we're such bad friends, that he knew the only way to save our friendship was to die for our sins—and he did so willingly.
Because of Jesus and his death on the cross, we have the opportunity daily to become better friends to Jesus and with Jesus.
And as we do so, we learn some amazing things about him.
As a good friend, Jesus loves us better than we could ever love him, love others—or even love ourselves.
As a good friend, Jesus guides us, showing us how to live and how to love in a way that brings glory to God and fulfillment in life.
As a good friend, Jesus forgives us our sin though we don't deserve it—sacrificing his life so that we can live.
As a good friend, Jesus is fun, having enjoyed parties and time with his friends.
As a good friend, Jesus listens. And not only that, he prays for us when he hears our prayers. He cares about what is happening in our lives.
Jesus is a truthful friend. He speaks the truth about himself, about us, and about the world.
As a truthful friend, Jesus taught that he is God, that he came down from heaven to be a man among his creation, that he was sinless, that he would die on the cross for our sins, that he forgives sin, and that he is the only way to heaven.
As a truthful friend, Jesus taught that we are sinners, that it's impossible on our own to be friends with God because of our sin, and that the only way to be friends with God is through him.
As a truthful friend, Jesus taught that this world is broken and needs fixing. Jesus promised to return and fix this broken world. On that day, there will be no more tears, no more sickness, no more pain. Creation will be good again through Jesus.
Jesus is a powerful friend whom the Bible speaks of as a King and conqueror.
As a powerful friend, Jesus is the King of all creation—and he's establishing his kingdom here on earth as it is in heaven. This means that nothing is out of the influence of Jesus and everything is subject to him.
As a powerful friend, Jesus has conquered Satan, sin, and death. Jesus died on the cross for our sins and rose from death in victory. Today, he is alive and well! And Jesus is coming back to forever destroy evil.
For those with faith in Jesus, there is no need to fear as Satan has no power over us, sin is no longer in control of us and our sins are forgiven, and death is not the end but the beginning of life after this life with Jesus.
As a powerful friend, Jesus leads his church through the Holy Spirit. He calls leaders and empowers them to lead well. He brings people to him out of sin and shame into life and forgiveness. He creates community in which people serve one another and the world.
As a powerful friend, Jesus is generous. He gives forgiveness and grace freely to all who ask, having given his own life to provide it. He also gives us his Holy Spirit, who empowers us as Christians to live in Jesus' victory and strength.
If you want to learn more about Jesus, the Bible is a great place to start. The following are some parts of the Bible that speak of Jesus. If you want to dig deeper, we encourage you to start reading the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John and the book of Romans.
Jesus as a good friend: John 3:16, John 15:3, John 15:15, 1 John 3:16, 1 John 4:7-21, Romans 3:21-26, John 2:1-12, John 14:4-6, 1 Corinthians 11:1, John 10:7-18, John 16:13,Romans 8:34, Hebrews 7:25, Hebrews 4:16, Luke 22:31-32
Jesus as a truthful friend: Mark 14:61-64, John 8:58-59, John 10:30-33, Colossians 2:8-15, Hebrews 4:15, Philippians 2:1-11, John 10:17, Luke 24:44-49, Matthew 9:6, Luke 23:34, 1 John 1:9, John 14:6, Romans 1:16, Ephesians 1:13-14, 1 Thessalonians 5:9, Hebrews 5:9-10, Revelation 7:10,Revelation 21, Romans 8:18-25, Acts 4:11-12
Jesus as a powerful friend: Revelation 19:11-16, Matthew 26:64, Isaiah 6:1-5, 1 Corinthians 15:3-11, Acts 1:1-11,Revelation 21:1-2, Ephesians 6:10, Colossians 1:17-20, 1 Corinthians 15:50-56, Romans 8:15, Matthew 16:18, Acts 1:23-25
Go to our Salvation page to learn how to invite Jesus into your life and be rescued form sin. Also, we encourage you to visit Bridge Community Church. You can connect with any or out leaders who will help answer your questions, connect you with Jesus through prayer, and get you involved in a study through the Gospel of John where you will grow to be more like Jesus as you learn more about him.

subset: commoncrawl


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David R. Myers Correspondence SIM |
April 29, 2011 | |
Contact: Robert Rizzo ICCF-US Titles Officer Phone 516 984 7438 [email protected] The US Chess Federation is pleased to announce that the Correspondence Chess Senior International Master (SIM) title has been awarded to David R. Myers. His certificate and medal will be issued at the 2011 International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) Congress in Järvenpää, Finland. David's two SIM Norms were earned in tournaments which total 24 games. He earned his first qualifying Norm in World Correspondence Chess Championship 25 Candidates Tournament Section 2, WCCC25CT02(WS) (WC25/ct02). His total of 7.5 in the Category IX tournament with 13 players exceeded the SIM Norm of 7.0 by an over score of 0.5 points. That result was good enough for second place and qualified him to play in World Championship Final 22. Mr. Myers earned his second qualifying Norm in World Correspondence Chess Championship 34, Semifinal Section 3, WCCC34SF03 (WC34/sf03). His total to date of 7.5 in that Category VIII tournament with 13 players has equaled the SIM Norm of 7.5. He still has one game unfinished. The links to these tournaments are as follows: http://www.iccf-webchess.com/EventCrossTable.aspx?id=442 http://www.iccf-webchess.com/EventCrossTable.aspx?id=21906 It is not surprising that Dave has reached this pinnacle of success at correspondence chess. What is curious is that it took so long. It is known by a few astute correspondence players that Dave is an authority on the French Winawer as evidenced by his book, "French Defence Winawer Variation C15-19", published in 1996. A self-professed little-known fact is that, "The very first primitive data discs devoted to the French Defence issued by ChessBase in the late 1980's were prepared by me. This was in the days before multi-million game databases. We entered everything by hand. And the idea of a chess-playing engine was just a fantasy." This level of expertise translated into Dave's entering and winning WT/M/GT/313 with a score of 10.5 out of 14, a tournament that was contested by postcard. Dave opines about that result, "9 wins, 3 draws, 2 losses - a score that seems incredible today. This was my breakthrough event because it gave me a semi-final qualification that I did not use until 10 years later!" One can see by his activity graph from the Players Detail section of the ICCF website, that when he did resume his correspondence activity, his rating rose rapidly. Dave has since captured his preliminary and final sections of the 1st WS USCCC championship, Group 35 of the 1st Webserver Open, and the subsequent 1st Webchess Open SF1. These results along with his SIM Title qualifying events, earned him invitations to the North American Invitational Championship and the aforementioned WCCC 22. Those efforts also earned Dave the IM title which was awarded at the 2007 ICCF Mumbai Congress. We can only expect more of the same success from Dave as he is now retired from a career in the railroad and civil service. The ICCF-US would like to congratulate David on his SIM title and wishes him continued success. Dave offers up the following game from the event which earned him a second SIM norm and the SIM title. 5520 When going to battle it is best to know your opponent's strengths and weaknesses. On general principles it is not a wise idea to play an opening which is that person's specialty. Dave demonstrates why. 5521 |


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Pothi paperback (for India only): Rs.400
The book explains trigonometry in a simple way beginning with squares and square roots and Pythagoras Theorem up to solution of trig equations. It is aimed at the child and forms a complete and self-contained introduction to the subject. Suitable for children around grade 7. This is a new and very easy approach to trigonometry that begins with triples like 3,4,5 which the children make themselves from thin card and then use in various ways. Four new chapters have been added in this new edition - on solution of right-angled triangles. Please see Contents for the full range of topics covered.
186 pages.
Size: 24.5cm by 17cm.
Paperback. 2018
Author: Kenneth Williams
Right-angled triangles are a fundamental unit in many areas of mathematics, particularly trigonometry.
The approach of this book is to establish certain simple results using Pythagorean Triples (where the sides are whole numbers, such as 3, 4, 5).
These then serve to introduce techniques and principles which apply to right-angled triangles in general.
Another such triple is 12, 5, 13 and in fact there are infinitely many of these. In this book we are not restricted to whole numbers though.
This is a fascinating area of mathematics and the Triples have many interesting and beautiful properties.
But, in addition to this, the Triples can be extremely useful. Once we have a way of combining the triples, as shown in this book, they give us surprising and easy ways of solving mathematical problems. In many cases the solutions can be obtained with a small fraction of the work needed by the usual method.
In fact solutions become so easy that areas of mathematics normally done at a certain age can be covered much earlier.
Because these triples can be used in many different areas of mathematics they have a unifying influence, which is a very welcome in our study and teaching of mathematics.
These triples, as developed in my book "Triples" (first published back in 1984) have many applications and link many diverse areas of mathematics. That book is not very suitable for use in schools however and so this present book has been created which aims to make the material child-friendly: proceeding in small steps and covering topics normally covered at school level.
This book is self-contained, starting with squaring, and developing the material in a gentle and logical way up to the solution of trigonometrical equations. The book
can be used in different ways; apart from running right through the book sequentially, specific sections may be chosen by a teacher/home-schooler as appropriate. Or the book may be used for general interest by anyone interested in a simple and easy approach to topics generally considered hard.
* Note, exercise questions preceded by an asterisk are harder questions.
My gratitude and thanks go to my colleagues Nathan Annenberg in the USA, Kuldeep Singh in New Delhi and Vera Stevens in Brisbane, Australia, for reading the book, using it with their students and giving me valuable feedback for improving the content.
New edition, 2018
This edition has four new chapters added at the end. These are on the solution of right-angles triangles without use of a calculator. Though placed at the end of the original 12 chapters this material could be studied at any point after Chapter 9.
1) Squares and Square Roots 1
Squaring Numbers that End in 5
Squaring Numbers near 50
General Squaring
Algebraic Squaring
Last Digit of Square Numbers
Square Roots of Perfect Squares
2) Pythagoras' Theorem 13
A Short Cut
The Theorem in Reverse
3) Triples 22
Similar or Equal Triples
Angle in a Triple
4) Families of Triples 28
Triple Groups
Making Triple Triangles
Extending the Triples List
Finding a Triple's Sharpness
Complementary Triples
The Group 3 Triples
Finding a Triple Knowing its Sharpness
A Formula
Prelude 1: The Similar Triangles Pattern 42
5) Adding Triples 44
Triple Addition
Negative Elements
Double Angle
Triple Subtraction
Prelude 2: Manipulating Square Roots 57
6) Triple Geometry 59
Quadrant Angles
Solving Triangles
Angles of 45, 30, 60 etc.
Half Angle
7) Rotations 69
90 Rotations
Other Rotations
A Different Centre of Rotation
Prelude 3: 45°, 30° and 60° Triples 77
8) Coordinate Geometry 79
Point Triple and Line Triple
Angle Between Two Lines
Distance of a Point from a Line
Sloping Lines
Line not Passing Through the Origin
9) Solving Triples 88
Finding a Side
Finding an Angle
Multiple Angles
10) Sines, Cosines, Tangents 95
Sketching Triangles
Connected Angles
Angles not both Acute
11) Proofs with Triples 105
The General Triple
Equation and Identity
Double Angle
12) Equations 112
Answers in Triple Form
Answers in Degrees
More Answers
Quadratic Equations
Another Type of Trig Equation
13) Estimating Sides and Angles 122
Estimating a Side
Estimating an Angle
14) Small Angles 129
The Number 57
Finding a Side
Finding a Small Angle
15) Finding a Side 137
Using 4,3,5
Angle Less Than 37°
Using a Different Triple
Flipping the Triangle
Finding the Hypotenuse
Two Shorter Sides
16) Finding an Angle 149
Knowing the Hypotenuse
Knowing Base and Height
Appendix 154
Glossary 158
Answers 159
Index 179
Back Cover
This self-contained book shows a unified and easy approach to trigonometry using triples like 3,4,5 which can represent the sides of a right-angled triangle.
This method is so powerful and simple that quite advanced topics can be tackled and understood at an earlier age than usual.
Though, as we see here, the usual sines, cosines etc. can be avoided they are included to connect up with the traditional approach.
Kenneth Williams has been studying, researching and teaching Vedic Mathematics for over 40 years. He has published many articles, DVDs and books and has been invited to many countries to give seminars and courses. He gives online courses, including teacher training. Research includes left-to-right calculating, Astronomy, extension of Tirthaji's 'Crowning Gem', Calculus.


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As a lead up to the launch of the Citizen Media Law Project's Legal Guide later this month, we are putting up longer, substantive blog posts on various subjects covered in the guide. This post is the second in our series of legal primers. The first addressed the subject of immunity and liability for third-party content under section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. In this post we discuss copyright and fair use in the context of citizen media.
A broad array of creative, expressive media are subject to copyright protection, including literature, photographs, music compositions and recordings, films, paintings and sculptures, and news articles – any "original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression." 17 U.S.C. § 102. Citizen media creators who use the works of others need to be careful that they do not open themselves to copyright liability when doing so.
Fortunately, there are several circumstances in which the work of others may be used without liability. Bare facts and ideas, government documents, and items in the public domain are not subject to copyright, and some materials may be published under a Creative Commons license or other license that permits reuse. In addition, the doctrine of fair use provides that copyrighted materials may be used without the consent of the original owner in certain situations, such as when using excerpts for criticism or news reporting.
Because only creative expression, not facts or ideas, may be copyrighted, you can typically use bare factual information found in other sources without liability. There are some situations in which a compilation of facts may be protected if the creator of the original publication selected, coordinated, or arranged the facts in an original way. See Feist Publ'ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 344 (1991). However, in these situations the raw facts may still be copied at will. If you copy historical facts, current events, or other ideas and facts from another resource, you should be careful not to copy the method of expression in the original source.A. What can be copyrighted?
It is also worth noting that linking to copyrighted material will not subject you to copyright liability. Courts have consistently held that no copying is involved in the act of hyperlinking. See Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4553 (C.D. Cal. 2000). Although some websites may try and prohibit 'deep linking' (i.e., linking to a page within a website other than the home page), these prohibitions are not legally enforceable.
In addition, works by the U.S. Government are not copyrightable, 17 U.S.C. § 105, which includes "work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties." 17 U.S.C. § 101. Thus, not only may you freely copy documents and other material produced by the federal government, but also the texts of speeches by government officials made in their official capacities.
B. Fair Use
The policy behind copyright protection is aimed not at the rights of those who produce content, but at the "promotion of the sciences and the useful arts." Because allowing authors to enforce their copyrights in all cases would actually hamper this end, the fair use doctrine was adopted to permit uses of copyrighted materials that are considered to be beneficial to society, many of which are also entitled to First Amendment protection.
Fair use will not permit you to merely copy another's work and profit from it, but when your use contributes to society by continuing the public discourse or creating a new work in the process, fair use might come into play. Fair use thus has its origins in both the First Amendment and the general policies regarding creative endeavors that form the basis of the copyright code.
Fair use, which is now a part of the Copyright Act itself, is defined in the Act as follows:
[T]he fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include--
(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
Unfortunately, there is no clear formula that you can use to determine the boundaries of fair use. Instead, a court will weigh these four factors holistically in order to determine whether the use in question is a fair use.
In order for you to assess whether your use of another's copyrighted work will be permitted, you will need an understanding of why fair use applies, and how courts interpret each part of the test.
1. Purpose and Character of Your Use
If you use another's copyrighted work for the purpose of criticism, news reporting, or commentary, this use will weigh in favor of fair use. See Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569, 578 (1994). Purposes such as these are often considered "in the public interest" and are favored by the courts over uses that merely seek to profit from another's work. Online Policy Group v. Diebold, Inc., 337 F. Supp. 2d 1195, 1203 (N.D. Cal. 2004). When you put copyrighted material to new use, this furthers the goal of copyright to "promote the sciences and the arts."
In evaluating the purpose and character of your use, a court will look to whether the new work you've created is "transformative" and adds a new meaning or message. To be transformative, a use must add to the original "with a further purpose or different character, altering the first with new expression, meaning, or message." Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579. Although transformative use is not absolutely necessary, the more transformative your use is, the less you will have to show on the remaining three factors.
Courts originally presumed that if your use was commercial it was an unfair exploitation. Court later abandoned that assumption because many of the enumerated purposes (such as news reporting) are conducted for profit. Although the commercial nature of the use is still part of the analysis, courts will look to the degree to which it is commercial and will not disfavor a transformative use merely because it makes a profit. Accordingly, the presence of advertising on a website would not, in of itself, doom one's claim to fair use.
If you merely reprint or repost a copyrighted work without anything
more, however, it is less likely to qualify for protection under this prong.
If you include additional text, audio, or video that comments or expands on the original material, this will enhance your claim of fair use. In addition, if you use the original work in order to create a parody this may qualify as fair use even without commentary directed toward the original work.
Moreover, if the original work or your use of it has news value, this can also increase the likelihood that your use is a fair use. Although there is no particular legal doctrine specifying how this is weighed, several court opinions have cited the newsworthiness of the work in question when finding in favor of fair use. See, e.g., Diebold, 337 F. Supp. at 1203 (concluding "[i]t is hard to imagine a subject the discussion of which could be more in the public's interest"), Norse v. Henry Holt & Co., 847 F. Supp. 142, 147 (N.D. Cal. 1994) (noting "the public benefits from the additional knowledge that Morgan provides about William Burroughs and other writers of the same era").
2. Nature of the Copyrighted Work
In examining this factor, a court will look to whether the material you have used is factual or creative, and whether it is published or unpublished. Although non-fiction works such as biographies and news articles are protected by copyright law, their factual nature means that one may "rely more heavily" on these items and still enjoy the protections of fair use. Unlike factual works, fictional works are typically given greater protection in a fair use analysis. However, this question is not dispositive, and courts have found fair use of fictional works in some of the pivotal cases on the subject. See, e.g., Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 456 (1984).
The published or unpublished nature of the original work is only a determining factor in a narrow class of cases. In 1992, Congress amended the Copyright Act to add that fair use may apply to unpublished works. See 17 U.S.C. § 107. This distinction remains mostly to protect the secrecy of works that are on their way to publication. Therefore, the nature of the copyrighted work is often a small part of the fair use analysis, which is more often determined by looking at the remaining three prongs.
3. Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used
Unfortunately, there is no single guide that definitively states how much of a copyrighted work you can use without copyright liability. Instead, courts look to how such excerpts were used and what their relation was to the whole work. If the excerpt in question diminishes the value of the original or embodies a substantial part of the efforts of the author, even an excerpt may constitute an infringing use.
If you limit your use of copyrighted text, video, or other materials to only the portion that is necessary to accomplish your purpose or convey your message, it will increase the likelihood that a court will find your use is a fair use.
Of course, if you are reviewing a book or movie, you will need to reprint portions of the copyrighted work in the course of reviewing it. Even substantial quotations may qualify as fair use in "a review of a published work or a news account of a speech that had been delivered to the public or disseminated to the press" Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539, 564 (1985). However, substantial quotations from non-public sources or unpublished works do not enjoy the same protections. Id.
4. The Effect of Your Use Upon the Potential Market for the Copyrighted Work
In examining the fourth factor, which courts tend to view as the most important factor, a court will look to see how much the market value of the copyrighted work is affected by the use in question. This factor will weigh in favor of the copyright holder if "unrestricted and widespread" use similar to the one in question would have a "substantially adverse impact" on the potential market for the work.
Although the copyright holder need not have established a market for the work beforehand, he or she must demonstrate that the market is "traditional, reasonable, or likely to be developed." Ringgold v. Black Entertainment TV, 126 F.3d 70, 81 (2d Cir. 1997). An actual effect on the number of licensing requests need not be shown. The fact that the original work was distributed for free, however, may weigh against a finding that the work had publication value. See Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp., 235 F.3d 18, 25 (1st Cir. 2000). Likewise, the fact that the source is out of print or no longer sold will also weigh in favor of fair use.
The analysis under this factor will also depend on the nature of the original work; the author of a popular blog or website may argue that there was an established market since some such authors have been given contracts to turn their works into books. Therefore, a finding of fair use may hinge on the nature of the circulated work; simple e-mails such as those in Diebold are unlikely to have a market, while blog posts and other creative content may fit the mold of those turned into published books or otherwise sold. In addition, the author of a work not available online, or available only through a paid subscription, may argue that the use in question will hurt the potential market value of such work on the Internet.
Assessing the impact on a copyrighted work's market value often interplays with the third factor because the portion of the work used will often determine how much value remains. For instance, the publication of five lines from a 100 page epic poem will be treated differently than the publication of the entirety of a five-line poem.
This fourth factor is concerned only with the remaining value in the copyrighted work itself; the fact that the use may otherwise financially harm the copyright holder (such as negative publicity) is not part of the analysis. Diebold, 337 F. Supp. 2d at 1203; see also Campbell, 510 U.S. at 591-92 ("[W]hen a lethal parody. . .
kills demand for the original, it does not produce a harm cognizable
under the Copyright Act."). The fact that the use being challenged creates or improves the market for the
original work will likewise favor a finding for fair use on this prong.
See Nunez,
235 F.3d at 25 (finding fair use when the publication of nude photos
actually stirred the controversy that created their market value and
there was no evidence that the market existed beforehand).
C. Publishing the Contents of Factual Research
As previously mentioned, you may make use of the facts you draw from research reports without violating the copyright of the author. As long as you do not copy the creative expression of those ideas or the specific arrangement of the facts, fair use need not even apply since those aspects of the report are not copyrightable. Research reports created by the U.S. Government, including those of Congress and executive agencies, are also in the public domain.
Moreover, fair use may also protect your use of even copyrighted materials in research reports. For example, quotes from research reports that are used for news reporting may be used if the factors discussed above indicate fair use.
D. Publishing the Contents of Private Letters and E-Mail (including letters from lawyers threatening legal action)
Fair use may protect the publication of the content of private letters and e-mail, including communications from lawyers threatening legal action. As mentioned above, unpublished materials sometimes enjoy greater protection than published documents. Although an author may argue that the "unpublished" nature of his or her correspondence warrants a finding against fair use, such an argument carries weight only when the use involves a heretofore secret work "on its way" to publication.
Recently, two students at Swarthmore college posted an e-mail archive of internal e-mails among Diebold employees; an online newspaper linked to the archive in an article critical of Diebold's voting machines. A court held that although the letters were not published, they were nonetheless protected by fair use. Diebold, 337 F. Supp. 2d at 1203. Applying the four fair use factors, the court found the fourth factor entirely lacking because Diebold had no intention of selling the archive for profit, they were not denied any value when it was published online. The court also noted the students and newspaper use was intended to support criticism of the company, which was a transformative use under the first factor.
Even when you have a strong argument that your use of another's copyrighted work is a fair use, you may still find that your hosting provider has taken down your material in response to a "cease and desist" letter sent by someone claiming copyright infringement. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) provides that Internet Service Providers (ISP) or Online Service Providers (OSP) that take down material in response to such a claim do not face liability themselves for copyright violations. 17 U.S.C. § 512(a). Although the DMCA does not impose automatic liability on service providers that do not take down allegedly infringing materials, litigation-averse companies may routinely take down material upon receipt of such a notice to stay within the DMCA's safe harbor.
To prevent misuse of this procedure, the DMCA provides penalties for copyright holders if they "knowingly and materially" misrepresent that copyright infringement has occurred. 17 U.S.C. § 512(f).
In the Diebold case discussed above, the students and newspaper filed an action under this provision of the DMCA. When Diebold sent cease and desist letters to their hosting providers, the students and newspaper filed a lawsuit, alleging that because there was no possible copyright protection for the e-mail archive, Diebold's letters contained "material misrepresentations." The court agreed and held that Diebold's use of the DMCA's take-down procedure was improper, finding that some materials in the archive were not copyrightable content and that the student and newspaper's use of copyrighted material was a fair use. Diebold, 337 F. Supp. 2d at 1198.
A copyrighted work cannot enter the public domain through widespread distribution. A work enters the public domain when the copyright expires, usually 70 years after the author's death. 17 U.S.C. § 302. No actions by third parties can end the copyright protection of a particular work (although the author herself can disclaim copyright).
Wide distribution of a copyrighted work may, in some cases, strengthen a claim of fair use. If such circulation was done without the copyright holder's permission, however, it will not support a finding of fair use. Nevertheless, if the copyright holder widely posted the work in question, this may indicate that a subsequent use of the work is a fair use. For example, wide posting by the author herself may weaken the argument that the infringing use hurt the market value.
While there is no definitive test for determining whether your use of another's copyrighted work is a fair use, there are several things you can do to minimize your risk of copyright liability:
- Use only as much of the copyrighted work as is necessary to accomplish your purpose or convey your message;
- Use the work in such a way that it is clear that your purpose is commentary, news reporting, or criticism;
- Add something new or beneficial (don't just copy it -- improve it!);
- If your source is nonfiction, limit your copying to the facts and data; and
- Seek out Creative Commons or other freely licensed works when such substitutions can be made and respect the attribution requests in those works.


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Extreme Colour Clothespins - Retro Pink
Sale price
$ 31.99
Regular price
Unit price
Extreme Colour Clothespins are manufactured to the highest standards in Italy. They are formed from premium stainless steel and coated in automotive grade paint. They perform their duty with skill, holding the thickest of comforters and the thinnest of silks with ease, clamping the material to the line preventing wind from ruining your clean laundry. Extreme Colour Pins are also extremely useful for many other jobs, such as securing bags and displaying merchandise.
Stainless Pins are completely weatherproof, Coloured Pins may fade over time when exposed to the elements.


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Add to Cart
Product name: AHeat Recovery Ventilation System Ac Filter Manufacturing Machine
At normal speed, two person shall operate:86400 pieces / 1 month
Control mode: touch screen+handle (dispensing machine control
Working voltage: 220V
Working air pressure: 0.6~0.8Mpa
Equipment floor space: 8450 long × 1300 wide × 2200mm high
Machine produced finished product Or Function: Heat Recovery Ventilation System Ac Filter Manufacturing
Product Standard | |
At normal speed, two person shall operate: | 86400 pieces / 1 month |
Control mode | touch screen+handle (dispensing machine control system) |
Working voltage | 220V |
Working air pressure | 0.6~0.8Mpa |
Machine alias | AHeat Recovery Ventilation System Ac Filter Manufacturing Machine |
Equipment floor space | 8450 long × 1300 wide × 2200mm high |
Machine produced finished product Or Function | AHeat Recovery Ventilation System Ac Filter Manufacturing |
Product weight | 800KG |
Ac filter making machine automotive filter manufacturing machines cabin filter making machine Ac filter manufacturing machine
Our company is located in the southwest of Lianhua Mountain, the location of the largest Guanyin Lake in Asia. We have 20000 sqm of production plants and 2000 sqm of three-floor offices.
We are a high-tech enterprise specializing in the R&D and production of industrial automation equipment, and non-standard industrial automation equipment.
With the central value of "Safety, Innovation, Reliability, and Stability", we have a professional R&D, production, sales, and after-sales service team to provide customers with high-performance, high-quality high-tech automation equipment, and services.
We have been working hard to become a leading manufacturer of industrial automation equipment in China. Heng Chao Automation focuses on the R&D of automatic equipment for filter screens, hair accessories, and injection mold, we can also customize non-standard mechanical equipment for various industries according to customer requirements and provide complete solutions.
About after-sales
We provide customers with a full range of after-sales service, and
24-hour telephone technical support, to solve all the problems
encountered in the use by customers;
If our customers meet equipment failure that can't be solved by
telephone communication, it takes 24-36 hours to send someone to
repair the equipment depending on the distance.
Our equipment has a free warranty for one year, during the warranty
period, we are responsible for free repair.
If customers don't operate the equipment in accordance with the
operating instructions, poor maintenance management in the
production line, man-made damage, wearing parts, force majeure
factors, and other non-quality issues, these situations are not in
the range of the warranty, maintenance will charge a reasonable
After the warranty period expires, we will continue to provide
extensive hardware and software support and lifelong maintenance
services, and the cost will be charged as appropriate depending on
the actual situation.


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941. Are services performed by employees for the District of Columbia covered by Social Security?
If you work for the District of Columbia and its wholly owned instrumentalities, including work as a substitute teacher in the District school system, your services are covered by Social Security beginning October 1, 1965, unless:
Your work is covered by a retirement system established by a law of the U.S.; or
Your services are specifically excluded by some provision of the law; or
You are performing services as any of the following:
A patient or inmate of a District of Columbia hospital or penal institution;
A student employee of a District of Columbia hospital (including a student nurse, dietitian, and physical or occupational therapist but, not a medical or dental intern or resident in training);
An employee serving on a temporary basis in case of fire, storm, snow, earthquake, flood, or other similar emergencies; or
A member of a board, committee or council of the District of Columbia paid on a per diem, meeting, or other fee basis.
Last Revised: Jun. 30, 2004


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- Active Noise Cancelling (ANC) Technology. Our improved ANC technology significantly reduces noise to help you focus on what you want to hear. ANC works both with and without the audio cable and is great for reducing noise during long trips on a plane or in places with city traffic.
- Superior Sound Quality. The superior sound quality of the E8 is 25% stronger than that of our earlier E7 model. The 100dB give a deep, powerful, and crisp sound — making your overall listening experience just that much better.
- Upgraded Soft Ear Cushions. The over-ear cushions on the E8 are designed with a 90° rotation axis to help the headphones fit snugly to your head. Our new lightweight cushion material features magnetic absorption, which helps improve comfort and sound quality over long periods of time.
- Built-in Microphone and Bluetooth. The E8 provides you with a high-quality microphone—making calls with these headphones just that much better. The Bluetooth function supplements this nicely with the ability to detach yourself from wires, giving you the ability to make hands-free calls. Use the buttons on the headphones to turn the volume up/down or to skip/rewind a song.
- Stable Battery Life. COWIN's E8 headphones have a rechargeable 545mAh battery that, with ANC or Bluetooth on, has a 20-hour life to it—providing you with almost a full day of listening! Purchasing the headphones provides you with an 18-month warranty and a friendly customer service staff that will get back to you as soon as possible if you experience any problems. Note: the exclusive authorized seller is COWIN.


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"I am so stressed out" is a common refrain these days, but if you think of stress as a pervasive fact of life, consider this: Before 1976, The New York Times had never published an article about stress as we understand it today. Our idea of stress — as a personal, internal problem — is a recent invention.
The changing definitions of stress are one focus of Dana Becker's new book, One Nation Under Stress: The Trouble With Stress as an Idea. Becker, a professor of social work at Bryn Mawr, argues that Americans are obsessed with curing stress, rather than identifying and addressing the forces that cause it. Becker talks with NPR's Audie Cornish about the origins of the concept of stress, how "stress inflation" is affecting society, and why just eating more kale isn't enough.
Interview Highlights
On the history of the idea of stress
"If we think back to the middle of the 19th century, George Beard, who coined the term neurasthenia, was really the first in this country to talk about American nervousness. ... Of course, he didn't call it stress then. But the idea was that a lot of physicians were finding that they had middle-class patients who seem to be falling by the wayside with all of these things they were calling 'nervous disease' at the time. And Beard felt that it was really the fast pace of American life that had really caused people to feel nervous in this way.
"... I think that he and folks who came after him had the idea that it was — stress was what was outside, you know, that the conditions were more important to talk about. And then we can certainly talk about the illness, and now it seems that we've shifted, really brought that outside in. So we become preoccupied with risks to our health and our mental health, our psyches, and we lose sight of the conditions that really create the stress in the first place."
On stress as both a culturally defined idea and an experience
"It's definitely an idea. It's not a thing out there. It's an idea. And it's an idea that has a certain currency. And it shapes, really, the way we talk, the way we think about ourselves, and the way we think about our relationship to the world, really.
"... I certainly can feel it at the moment, you know? I'm doing this interview and, hey, I'm a little nervous about — I could say I'm stressed out. I'm certainly not saying, because people do ask me, you know, 'Are you saying there's no such thing as the experience of stress?' And I'm saying, no, no. We do experience something we are calling stress."
It feels like we're using the term to cover just about everything, from a hangnail to the war on terror.
On why stress inflation is a societal problem
"Well, I think, having read a lot of what the media has had to say about stress, it feels like we're using the term to cover just about everything, from a hangnail to the war on terror. But the way that we react to stress also affects the way we are in the world, the way we act, the kinds of options that we have for how to behave. But I don't think anybody is really to blame. It's really about an idea that's taken hold, and it has its cultural moment.
"... For instance, let me give the example that I talk about quite a bit in the book. This idea that working mothers are under tremendous stress today, right? There's a huge number of articles about working women's stress, and a lot of advice on what we should do. You know, we should eat more kale, we should do yoga, we should exercise, we should make more to-do lists. So there's a primarily middle-class kind of solution or these solutions to what we see as the, quote, 'stress' problem today.
"But unfortunately, that draws us into thinking more about how stress is going to affect, for instance, our health, or our psychological health, than it does to think about, say, the fact that family and medical leave is still unpaid, that the school day is shorter than the work day is, that we still are a society that essentially devalues care giving, that workplace policies haven't kept pace with dual-career families."
On whether it's wrong to see stress reduction as a personal pursuit
"I think it's fine. I actually don't think there's a problem. I think it's at both ends, right? You know, we've become so preoccupied with our health and the risks there are to our health that I just fear that it rather obscures, sometimes, what we might be looking at as the social conditions that create the stress. And it can sap us of our energy to do that. I'm not suggesting it's not a good thing for us to take care of ourselves. It certainly is that.
"...[It's] really useful to consider, especially now in a world where uncertainty is really king or queen, you know, that we want to control what we can control. And it's difficult for people to think in these large terms, in these social terms. But I guess my argument is that we need to do both, and that we want to understand the part that this whole discourse about stress and this whole idea of stress plays in the way we've come to think about our problems."
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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This OWI robot arm has been hacked to add position sensors and Arduino control. [Chris Anderson] took one look at the Launchpad controlled OWI from earlier today and said "wait a minute, I've already posted my own version of that project". Well, that will teach him not to tip us off about his hacks!
The position control is a really nice addition. Potentiometers added to each of the joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist) can be read by the ADC pins on the Arduino. Just a bit of calibration will let the microcontroller board know the position of the arm at any given time. The control technique is the same as the Launchpad hack, with one glaring drawback. [Chris] is using the Adafruit motor driver shield. It uses L293D H-bridge chips, but it only has four channels. There are five motors on this arm, so the video after the break shows it moving around without any outside instruction, but you won't see it grab onto anything since the Arduino can't move the gripper!
Still, the position feedback makes the case for this version. Just remember to order an extra chip if you want full control.


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A new finding by physicists at MIT and in Israel shows that under certain specialized conditions, electrons can speed through a narrow opening in a piece of metal more easily than traditional theory says is possible.
This "superballistic" flow resembles the behavior of gases flowing through a constricted opening, however it takes place in a quantum-mechanical electron fluid, says MIT physics professor Leonid Levitov, who is the senior author of a paper describing the finding that appears this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
In these constricted passageways, whether for gases passing through a tube or electrons moving through a section of metal that narrows to a point, it turns out that the more, the merrier: Big bunches of gas molecules, or big bunches of electrons, move faster than smaller numbers passing through the same bottleneck.
The behavior seems paradoxical. It's as though a mob of people trying to squeeze through a doorway all at once find that they can get through faster than one person going through alone and unobstructed. But scientists have known for nearly a century that this is exactly what happens with gases passing through a tiny opening, and the behavior can be explained through simple, basic physics, Levitov says.
In a passageway of a given size, if there are few gas molecules, they can travel unimpeded in straight lines. This means if they are moving at random, most of them will quickly hit the wall and bounce off, losing some of their energy to the wall in the process and thus slowing down every time they hit. But with a bigger batch of molecules, most of them will bump into other molecules more often than they will hit the walls. Collisions with other molecules are "lossless," since the total energy of the two particles that collide is preserved, and no overall slowdown occurs. "Molecules in a gas can achieve through 'cooperation' what they cannot accomplish individually," he says.
As the density of molecules in a passageway goes up, he explains, "You reach a point where the hydrodynamic pressure you need to push the gas through goes down, even though the particle density goes up." In short, strange as it might seem, the crowding makes the molecules speed up.
A similar phenomenon, the researchers now report, governs the behavior of electrons when they are hurtling through a narrow piece of metal, where they move in a fluid-like flow.
The result is that, through a sufficiently narrow, point-like constriction in a metal, electrons can flow at a rate that exceeds what had been considered a fundamental limit, known as Landauer's ballistic limit. Because of this, the team has dubbed the new effect "superballistic" flow. This represents a great drop in the electrical resistance of the metal — though it is much less of a drop than what would be required to produce the zero resistance in superconducting metals. However, unlike superconductivity, which requires extremely low temperatures, the new phenomenon may take place even at room temperature and thus may be far easier to implement for applications in electronic devices.
In fact, the phenomenon actually increases as the temperature rises. In contrast to superconductivity, Levitov says, superballistic flow "is assisted by temperature, rather than hindered by it."
Through this mechanism, Levitov says, "we can overcome this boundary that everyone thought was a fundamental limit on how high the conductance could be. We've shown that one can do better than that."
He says that though this particular paper is purely theoretical, other teams have already proved its basic predictions experimentally. While the speedup observed in flowing gases in the analogous case can achieve a tenfold or greater speedup, it remains to be seen whether improvements of that magnitude can be achieved for electrical conductance. But even modest reductions in resistance in some electronic circuits could be a significant improvement, he says.
"This work is careful, elegant, and surprising — all the hallmarks of very high-quality research," says David Goldhaber-Gordon, a professor of physics at Stanford University who was not involved in this research. "In science, I feel phenomena that confound our intuitions are always useful in stretching our sense of what is possible. Here, the idea that more electrons can fit through an aperture if the electrons deflect each other rather than traveling freely and independently is quite counterintuitive, in fact the opposite of what we're used to. It's especially intriguing that Levitov and co-workers find that the conductance in such systems follows such a simple rule."
While this work was theoretical, Goldhaber-Gordon adds, "Testing Levitov's simple and striking predictions experimentally will be really exciting and plausible to achieve in graphene. … Researchers have imagined building new types of electronic switches based on ballistic electron flow. Levitov's theoretical insights, if validated experimentally, would be highly relevant to this idea: Superballistic flow could allow these switches to perform better than expected (or could show that they won't work as hoped)."
Haoyu Guo, the paper's lead author, is a junior who had just arrived at MIT as a second-year transfer student from Peking University when he started the work on this project — an unusual level of achievement for an undergraduate, especially one who had just arrived on campus, Levitov says. Guo worked on the project in part through MIT's Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program, or UROP.
The team also included Ekin Ilseven at MIT and Gregory Falkovich, a professor of physics at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, Israel.
Source: MIT