text:
The purpose of this document is to help developers (and their managers) | |
work with the development community with a minimum of frustration. It is | |
an attempt to document how this community works in a way which is | |
accessible to those who are not intimately familiar with Linux kernel | |
development (or, indeed, free software development in general). While | |
there is some technical material here, this is very much a process-oriented | |
discussion which does not require a deep knowledge of kernel programming to | |
understand. | |
The rest of this section covers the scope of the kernel development process | |
and the kinds of frustrations that developers and their employers can | |
encounter there. There are a great many reasons why kernel code should be | |
merged into the official ("mainline") kernel, including automatic | |
availability to users, community support in many forms, and the ability to | |
influence the direction of kernel development. Code contributed to the | |
Linux kernel must be made available under a GPL-compatible license. | |
Section 2 introduces the development process, the kernel release cycle, and | |
the mechanics of the merge window. The various phases in the patch | |
development, review, and merging cycle are covered. There is some | |
discussion of tools and mailing lists. Developers wanting to get started | |
with kernel development are encouraged to track down and fix bugs as an | |
initial exercise. | |
Section 3 covers early-stage project planning, with an emphasis on | |
involving the development community as soon as possible. | |
Section 4 is about the coding process; several pitfalls which have been | |
encountered by other developers are discussed. Some requirements for | |
patches are covered, and there is an introduction to some of the tools | |
which can help to ensure that kernel patches are correct. | |
Section 5 talks about the process of posting patches for review. To be | |
taken seriously by the development community, patches must be properly | |
formatted and described, and they must be sent to the right place. | |
Following the advice in this section should help to ensure the best | |
possible reception for your work. | |
Section 6 covers what happens after posting patches; the job is far from | |
done at that point. Working with reviewers is a crucial part of the | |
development process; this section offers a number of tips on how to avoid | |
problems at this important stage. Developers are cautioned against | |
assuming that the job is done when a patch is merged into the mainline. | |
Section 7 introduces a couple of "advanced" topics: managing patches with | |
git and reviewing patches posted by others. | |
Section 8 concludes the document with pointers to sources for more | |
information on kernel development. | |
The Linux kernel, at over 6 million lines of code and well over 1000 active | |
contributors, is one of the largest and most active free software projects | |
in existence. Since its humble beginning in 1991, this kernel has evolved | |
into a best-of-breed operating system component which runs on pocket-sized | |
digital music players, desktop PCs, the largest supercomputers in | |
existence, and all types of systems in between. It is a robust, efficient, | |
and scalable solution for almost any situation. | |
With the growth of Linux has come an increase in the number of developers | |
(and companies) wishing to participate in its development. Hardware | |
vendors want to ensure that Linux supports their products well, making | |
those products attractive to Linux users. Embedded systems vendors, who | |
use Linux as a component in an integrated product, want Linux to be as | |
capable and well-suited to the task at hand as possible. Distributors and | |
other software vendors who base their products on Linux have a clear | |
interest in the capabilities, performance, and reliability of the Linux | |
kernel. And end users, too, will often wish to change Linux to make it | |
better suit their needs. | |
One of the most compelling features of Linux is that it is accessible to | |
these developers; anybody with the requisite skills can improve Linux and | |
influence the direction of its development. Proprietary products cannot | |
offer this kind of openness, which is a characteristic of the free software | |
process. But, if anything, the kernel is even more open than most other | |
free software projects. A typical three-month kernel development cycle can | |
involve over 1000 developers working for more than 100 different companies | |
(or for no company at all). | |
Working with the kernel development community is not especially hard. But, | |
that notwithstanding, many potential contributors have experienced | |
difficulties when trying to do kernel work. The kernel community has | |
evolved its own distinct ways of operating which allow it to function | |
smoothly (and produce a high-quality product) in an environment where | |
thousands of lines of code are being changed every day. So it is not | |
surprising that Linux kernel development process differs greatly from | |
proprietary development methods. | |
The kernel's development process may come across as strange and | |
intimidating to new developers, but there are good reasons and solid | |
experience behind it. A developer who does not understand the kernel | |
community's ways (or, worse, who tries to flout or circumvent them) will | |
have a frustrating experience in store. The development community, while | |
being helpful to those who are trying to learn, has little time for those | |
who will not listen or who do not care about the development process. | |
It is hoped that those who read this document will be able to avoid that | |
frustrating experience. There is a lot of material here, but the effort | |
involved in reading it will be repaid in short order. The development | |
community is always in need of developers who will help to make the kernel | |
better; the following text should help you - or those who work for you - | |
join our community. | |
This document was written by Jonathan Corbet, email@example.com. It has been | |
improved by comments from Johannes Berg, James Berry, Alex Chiang, Roland | |
Dreier, Randy Dunlap, Jake Edge, Jiri Kosina, Matt Mackall, Arthur Marsh, | |
Amanda McPherson, Andrew Morton, Andrew Price, Tsugikazu Shibata, and | |
Jochen Voß. | |
This work was supported by the Linux Foundation; thanks especially to | |
Amanda McPherson, who saw the value of this effort and made it all happen. | |
Some companies and developers occasionally wonder why they should bother | |
learning how to work with the kernel community and get their code into the | |
mainline kernel (the "mainline" being the kernel maintained by Linus | |
Torvalds and used as a base by Linux distributors). In the short term, | |
contributing code can look like an avoidable expense; it seems easier to | |
just keep the code separate and support users directly. The truth of the | |
matter is that keeping code separate ("out of tree") is a false economy. | |
As a way of illustrating the costs of out-of-tree code, here are a few | |
relevant aspects of the kernel development process; most of these will be | |
discussed in greater detail later in this document. Consider: | |
- Code which has been merged into the mainline kernel is available to all | |
Linux users. It will automatically be present on all distributions which | |
enable it. There is no need for driver disks, downloads, or the hassles | |
of supporting multiple versions of multiple distributions; it all just | |
works, for the developer and for the user. Incorporation into the | |
mainline solves a large number of distribution and support problems. | |
- While kernel developers strive to maintain a stable interface to user | |
space, the internal kernel API is in constant flux. The lack of a stable | |
internal interface is a deliberate design decision; it allows fundamental | |
improvements to be made at any time and results in higher-quality code. | |
But one result of that policy is that any out-of-tree code requires | |
constant upkeep if it is to work with new kernels. Maintaining | |
out-of-tree code requires significant amounts of work just to keep that | |
code working. | |
Code which is in the mainline, instead, does not require this work as the | |
result of a simple rule requiring any developer who makes an API change | |
to also fix any code that breaks as the result of that change. So code | |
which has been merged into the mainline has significantly lower | |
maintenance costs. | |
- Beyond that, code which is in the kernel will often be improved by other | |
developers. Surprising results can come from empowering your user | |
community and customers to improve your product. | |
- Kernel code is subjected to review, both before and after merging into | |
the mainline. No matter how strong the original developer's skills are, | |
this review process invariably finds ways in which the code can be | |
improved. Often review finds severe bugs and security problems. This is | |
especially true for code which has been developed in a closed | |
environment; such code benefits strongly from review by outside | |
developers. Out-of-tree code is lower-quality code. | |
- Participation in the development process is your way to influence the | |
direction of kernel development. Users who complain from the sidelines | |
are heard, but active developers have a stronger voice - and the ability | |
to implement changes which make the kernel work better for their needs. | |
- When code is maintained separately, the possibility that a third party | |
will contribute a different implementation of a similar feature always | |
exists. Should that happen, getting your code merged will become much | |
harder - to the point of impossibility. Then you will be faced with the | |
unpleasant alternatives of either (1) maintaining a nonstandard feature | |
out of tree indefinitely, or (2) abandoning your code and migrating your | |
users over to the in-tree version. | |
- Contribution of code is the fundamental action which makes the whole | |
process work. By contributing your code you can add new functionality to | |
the kernel and provide capabilities and examples which are of use to | |
other kernel developers. If you have developed code for Linux (or are | |
thinking about doing so), you clearly have an interest in the continued | |
success of this platform; contributing code is one of the best ways to | |
help ensure that success. | |
All of the reasoning above applies to any out-of-tree kernel code, | |
including code which is distributed in proprietary, binary-only form. | |
There are, however, additional factors which should be taken into account | |
before considering any sort of binary-only kernel code distribution. These | |
include: | |
- The legal issues around the distribution of proprietary kernel modules | |
are cloudy at best; quite a few kernel copyright holders believe that | |
most binary-only modules are derived products of the kernel and that, as | |
a result, their distribution is a violation of the GNU General Public | |
license (about which more will be said below). Your author is not a | |
lawyer, and nothing in this document can possibly be considered to be | |
legal advice. The true legal status of closed-source modules can only be | |
determined by the courts. But the uncertainty which haunts those modules | |
is there regardless. | |
- Binary modules greatly increase the difficulty of debugging kernel | |
problems, to the point that most kernel developers will not even try. So | |
the distribution of binary-only modules will make it harder for your | |
users to get support from the community. | |
- Support is also harder for distributors of binary-only modules, who must | |
provide a version of the module for every distribution and every kernel | |
version they wish to support. Dozens of builds of a single module can | |
be required to provide reasonably comprehensive coverage, and your users | |
will have to upgrade your module separately every time they upgrade their | |
kernel. | |
- Everything that was said above about code review applies doubly to | |
closed-source code. Since this code is not available at all, it cannot | |
have been reviewed by the community and will, beyond doubt, have serious | |
problems. | |
Makers of embedded systems, in particular, may be tempted to disregard much | |
of what has been said in this section in the belief that they are shipping | |
a self-contained product which uses a frozen kernel version and requires no | |
more development after its release. This argument misses the value of | |
widespread code review and the value of allowing your users to add | |
capabilities to your product. But these products, too, have a limited | |
commercial life, after which a new version must be released. At that | |
point, vendors whose code is in the mainline and well maintained will be | |
much better positioned to get the new product ready for market quickly. | |
Code is contributed to the Linux kernel under a number of licenses, but all | |
code must be compatible with version 2 of the GNU General Public License | |
(GPLv2), which is the license covering the kernel distribution as a whole. | |
In practice, that means that all code contributions are covered either by | |
GPLv2 (with, optionally, language allowing distribution under later | |
versions of the GPL) or the three-clause BSD license. Any contributions | |
which are not covered by a compatible license will not be accepted into the | |
kernel. | |
Copyright assignments are not required (or requested) for code contributed | |
to the kernel. All code merged into the mainline kernel retains its | |
original ownership; as a result, the kernel now has thousands of owners. | |
One implication of this ownership structure is that any attempt to change | |
the licensing of the kernel is doomed to almost certain failure. There are | |
few practical scenarios where the agreement of all copyright holders could | |
be obtained (or their code removed from the kernel). So, in particular, | |
there is no prospect of a migration to version 3 of the GPL in the | |
foreseeable future. | |
It is imperative that all code contributed to the kernel be legitimately | |
free software. For that reason, code from anonymous (or pseudonymous) | |
contributors will not be accepted. All contributors are required to "sign | |
off" on their code, stating that the code can be distributed with the | |
kernel under the GPL. Code which has not been licensed as free software by | |
its owner, or which risks creating copyright-related problems for the | |
kernel (such as code which derives from reverse-engineering efforts lacking | |
proper safeguards) cannot be contributed. | |
Questions about copyright-related issues are common on Linux development | |
mailing lists. Such questions will normally receive no shortage of | |
answers, but one should bear in mind that the people answering those | |
questions are not lawyers and cannot provide legal advice. If you have | |
legal questions relating to Linux source code, there is no substitute for | |
talking with a lawyer who understands this field. Relying on answers | |
obtained on technical mailing lists is a risky affair. |


text:
Humbrol Enamel 14ml Tinlet No 1 Satin Signal Red 174 AA1897
Humbrol Enamel 14ml Tinlet No 1 Satin Signal Red 174 AA1897
Humbrol Enamel 14ml Tinlet No 1 Satin Signal Red 174 AA1897
Humbrol has been the modellers standard for decades, it was originally produced
in a small range of colours for painting bike frames, it now comes in
over 80 colours and is perfect for modellers wishing to see a high
quality and tough finish on their creations.
Humbrol enamel can also be
used on a wide range of art and craft applications, on many surfaces and
as a touch up or surface paint around the home and for DIY
applications, it is suitable for indoor or outdoor usage. Some colours are also available in larger 50ml tins for bigger jobs.
Usage: A solvent-based, fast-drying paint developed for use on plastic
model kits but can also be used on other substrates. Matt, Gloss, Satin,
Metallic and Metalcote finishes are also available (finish varies by colour).
Varnishes are also available in Matt, Gloss and Satin.
Substrate: A wide range of surfaces including most plastics, wood,
glass, ceramics, metal, cardboard, sealed plaster, sealed hardboard and
more. Always try on a small test area first to check suitability.
Coverage: 14ml tin covers approx. 0.3m² depending on thickness of application.
Application: Brush straight from the tin. Airbrush with a suitable
thinner such as Humbrol Enamel Thinners. Two thin coats are preferable
to one thick coat. The usual thinning ratio is 2 parts paint to 1 part
Note: Metalcote colours are designed to be polished when fully
Drying time: Gloss: 1-2 hours touch dry; up to 24 hours for hard dry.
Matt & Satin: 20-40 mins touch dry; up to 24 hours for hard dry.
Metallics: hard dry in approx. 10 days. Drying times will vary according
to ambient temperature and humidity.
Recoat: 6 hours minimum (advisement is to leave overnight).
How to clean: Brushes: use Humbrol Enamel Thinners or for an Airbrush: flush
thoroughly using Humbrol Enamel Thinners.
Product is permanent once dry.
Age 16+
There aren't yet any reviews for this product.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
No products
Gloria Lynne recorded many albums for Everest in her early days, slipped away into obscurity and then in the 1990's made a comeback. An excellent singer whose style falls between bop, 1950's middle-of-the-road pop and early soul, Lynne was always capable of putting on a colorful show. Her mother was a gospel singer and Lynne started out singing in church. She had five years of concert training and in 1951 won the legendary amateur competition at the Apollo Theatre.
Lynne sang with some vocal groups, became a single and in 1958 was discovered by Raymond Scott, who at the time was a top A&R man at Everest. During her busy period with Everest (at least ten records were cut between 1958-63), Lynne had hits in "I Wish You Love" (a song she virtually made a standard) and "I'm Glad There Is You." She recorded with both orchestras and jazz combos, becoming quite popular for a period. However, with the rise of rock and the change in the public's musical tastes, Lynne was forgotten for a time. Only a commercial record in 1975 for ABC broke the silence. But starting in the early 1980's, Gloria Lynne started working regularly again, regained some of her earlier frame and in the early 1990's recorded a couple of CDs for Muse.


text:
PHILIPS Capacitors x12PCs
PHILIPS Capacitors x12PCs
Technical Details:
General Information
Design |
Capacitor Value |
Input Voltage |
Input Frequency |
50 to 60 Hz
Capacity Tolerance (Max) |
10 %
Capacity Tolerance (Min) |
-10 %
Connector Type Output Terminals |
push in connector or insulated wires or flat quick-connector
T-Ambient (Max) |
T-Ambient (Min) |
Housing |
Approval Marks |
Conform GB18489-2001 Conform GB/T18504-2001 CE marking VDE certificate China Quality Certificate CB Certificate |
- Guaranty
All products are sourced directly from respective brand owners or their Authorized distributors. We take care to source original products. We do not sell any counterfeit or look alike products. All products sold are brand new. If there is any product not new, it is communicated before sales, stating if it is a display set or any minor scratch or dust deposited in the warehouse over time.
- Warranty
\All product warranties are covered by the manufacturer of the product, as per their own warranty terms and condition. No product is provided with onsite warranty.
Proof of purchase from Delight is required to claim the warranty, either directly from the manufacturer or through Delight.
- Claims
We want Delight's customers to be satisfied with their purchase.
Please contact your Account Manager or Customer Service at +65 6592 7657 and request a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) prior to shipping the item back to us. All returns must be approved and returned with shipping prepaid in original condition and in their original packaging and must be in re-sellable condition.
Shipping costs are not refundable. Delight reserves the right to impose a restocking fee on all returns. All the products offered by Delight provide a Manufacturer's Warranty as stated on respective manufacturer's website.
- Warnings
Wiring and installation procedures are very complicated and should be attempted by a licensed electrician only.
- About Damages
We take necessary care while packing fragile material. In order for a damage claim to be successful while shipment, Delight must be notified of the damage within 3 days from date of receipt. As the shipper, Delight will file the claim on the customer's behalf and arrange for replacement at no charge and no shipping, or arrange for refund. The package must be received (not refused under any circumstances) and inspected. Replacement and refund will be accessed according to the amount of the actual damage.
- Replacement Limitations
If the total amount of the product for replacement for either damage or defective is less than twenty five ($25), a refund, rather than a replacement, will be offered to the customer. Shipping small one item packages severely increases the percentage chances for damage.
- Special Order and Non-Stock Items and clearance items
Special orders and non-stock items are sold as final sale, "no return items." Please allow an Account Manager to assist you in this kind of purchase in order to guarantee that you are receiving the correct product. These kinds of purchases can incur substantial restock fees from the vendor/factory. In the event that an exception is made and a return is allowed, the customer will assume the restock fees after being advised of their amounts.
- Refunds
Customer refund credits are typically processed within 5 to 7 business days. Refund credits can only be issued to the card used during the original purchase according to Singapore law. In the event a credit cannot be issued to the original card used for purchase due to lost card, etc., an attempt on our part has to be made at least once and before a company refund check will be sent to the purchaser. The company check process can delay the time taken to receive the refund.
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns
- Local Indonesian Delivery
We use various delivery services in Indonesia. Indonesian Locals shipments Delivery fee depends not just on Box size and weight, but also the service provider.
- Delivery Service providers
We use third party delivery service providers, namely Aramex, Ninja Van, Roadbull, Janio, J&T Etc. Buyer is able to choose the service provider while placing order. We try to use the same service provider as much as possible. However sometimes we might ship using another service provider based on their past performance or special situations.
- Delivery Time
Standard delivery takes 2-3 working days. This does not include Weekends and public holidays. Some service providers do not deliver to restricted areas - that are not accessible to general public, like Military Reserved Areas, Airport Terminals etc.
- Failed Deliveries
All deliveries are traceable using tracking number provided by email. For all deliveries valid telephone number (preferable Mobile phone number) is mandatory. Delivery agent normally messages or calls before arriving at your place. If you are not available, you can instruct the agent to leave the goods at door step or another convenient place. If you are not reachable, there will be second attempt made to deliver the goods at no additional cost. It is recommend that you contact the delivery company and co-ordinate second delivery to avoid return of goods. If the goods return to us. You need arrange your own logistics service in coordination with our staff, within 5 working days.
- Express Delivery
We do same day(24 hours) express delivery only in Jakarta City at special rates.
- International Delivery
We ship goods across the world over Air, Sea and Land as long as there is a service available.
- International delivery Service providers
For international shipment our preferred partners are FEDEX, ARAMEX, JANIO, DHL, UPS, SF EXPRESS, DPEX and Singapore Postal Services.
- International delivery cost and terms
The shipping cost are estimated after address has been entered. For international shipments the buyer has to bear the respective import duties and taxes. All quotation for international shipments are with term -DAP. Normally we do not insure the package. If you need the insurance please contact us after placing the order. Automatically estimated shipping costs are mostly accurate. If there is a huge difference we will contact you or for some reasons we are unable to ship to your address, we will contact you by email.
We will contact you with tracking number and estimated date of delivery upon placing order.
Hassle-Free Exchanges
If the item is not same as per the spefication or faulty or damaged in transit, we offer free replacemnt or refund.


text:
Duvall, WA—The town I'm proud to call home boasts a state-of-the-art wastewater treatment facility, wherein the key word is art. The old sewer plant was declared to be at capacity in 1999, at which time a city-wide Building Moratorium (BM, for short) was imposed until the new facility could be completed. There was No More Room at the Inn, so to speak. Our Cup Had Runneth Over, as it were. Construction of the new facility was the largest public works project in the history of Duvall, and the town folk were elated when the plant came on-line in 2006. Good riddance to the BM!
Mind you it's not just those of us living here in Duvall (pronounced DOO•vall, please) who are quite proud of the facility—in fact I recall reading about like-minded sewage dignitaries from all over who paid homage to the little hamlet of Duvall for the sole purpose of pining over the new facility. After all, the plant employs Membrane Bioreactor (MBR, for short) technology—the first of its kind to treat municipal sewage in the state of Washington! The new treatment plant was awarded a 2006 "Project of the Year" by the American Public Works Association (APWA, for short). The result is that here in Duvall, ultimately our sh#t does, in fact, not stink.
Butt the point of my exposé is less about sewage and more about art, specifically Fish Art (FART, for short). On a recent trip to meet with some of the folks who run the City of Duvall Public Works Department (CDPWD, for short), I paused to admire the many steel piscatorial sihlouettes adorning the sewer plant overlook area. These beautiful metal creations were fabricated by artist and blacksmith, John A. Hicks of Steelhead Fabrications (Steelheadfab.com).
FART at the sewage plant, you ask? Absolutely! Salmon and steelhead are indigenous species to our Pacific Northwest (PNW, for short) waters, including the very nearby Snoqualmie River, into which pours MBR-treated effluence from the sewer treatment facility. These fish are an important part of our history and local culture, so much so that the steelhead trout is, in fact, the state fish of Washington. What many laypersons may not realize is that beyond the significance of sport fishing, these fish that return to their natal rivers after a lifetime in the ocean are a very important cog in the biological wheel. When salmon and steelhead die after spawning, their decomposing bodies are like food for the river ecosystem thanks to Marine Derived Nutrients (MDN, for short). In other words, the fish give back for the betterment of all. And so it seems fitting, then, that FARTwork in the likeness of these anadromous salmonids would grace the Duvall facility. But there's one piece of FART on display that doesn't quite fit—or, does it?
Brown trout.
Now, before you roll your eyes and accuse me of engaging in sophomoric "corn-eyed brown trout" humor, bear with me for a moment. A bit of research into the sewer plant FART revealed that the many sculptures include the following species of fish: Steelhead, Male Chinook (spawning), Female Chinook (spawning), Male Sockeye (spawning), and Mature Brown Trout (these descriptive titles come directly from a list provided to me by the CDPWD. There is also a Great Blue Heron and smaller fish in the likenesses of a rainbow trout and immature Bull Trout. All are native species, except the troublesome Brown trout: browns are not native to any water in America, although they do enjoy a widespread distribution thanks to stocking programs of the past.
Salmo trutta are in fact a very popular fish among fly anglers, many of whom are fanatical in their quest for a big brown. This Brown trout mania is easily evidenced by countless photos gracing the internet and it's generally accepted that those seeking to catch the Hawg Brown do so by fishing big streamers. Personally I've not yet caught a brown trout worth writing home about, but I have caught a few lesser browns on a "Turd" (Pat's Rubber Legs, brown). I'm sure they would also hit a Moose Turd, although that's generally considered a steelhead pattern. All this attention given to Brown trout may be well and good, but it doesn't answer the big question: Why the presence of a Brown trout at, of all places, a sewer treatment facility? Your guess is as good as mine. I'd like to think that someone simply had a very keen sense of humor.
Getting back to the overall presence of FART at the sewage treatment plant, you may be surprised to find artwork of any kind at such an unsavory location. Well, don't be. Art knows no bounds and appears nearly anywhere in today's modern world. And Duvall has a very strong artist community so it makes sense, here, to put lipstick on a pig. The only downside to all this is that visitors to the sewage treatment plant may be confused by the presence of FART, thinking that the facility is actually a fish hatchery. Of course that's clearly not the case, although with just a bit of imagination one could envision rearing ponds teeming with—what else? Brown trout.
Despite the fact that both release diluted crap into our rivers, personally I'd much rather have such a fine sewage treatment facility in town than a fish hatchery. This, however, is neither the place nor time for the anti-hatchery argument—suffice it to say that hatcheries are not very popular with most anglers in these parts. Neither are dams, but I digress…
My friend, Evan Burck, a big wig at Allen Fly Fishing who moved to Duvall not so long ago, had a splendid suggestion:
"We should decorate fish hatcheries with steel cutouts of turds."
Pop Poop Art. Brilliant.
Until The Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife (WDFW, for short) commissions the Sh#t Art (SHART, for short), we'll just continue to enjoy what we have here in Duvall. To those for whom a trip to Duvall is out of the question, please enjoy these photos from our wastewater treatment facility, not to be confused with a municipal Brown trout hatchery. As pointed out by another buddy of mine, Derek Young (no, not Derek DeYoung, the FARTist), "It's the #2 attraction in town."
P.S. Duvall also has Austin Jenckes. He rocks, despite what The Voice concluded.


text:
For all the talk of how Democrats running for re-election in states President Trump won are a protective shield for Senate Republicans, Nevada's Dean Heller has the opposite problem.
He is the only Republican senator up for re-election in a state that Democrat Hillary Clinton won in 2016. The candidate challenging him for the seat is Democratic Rep. Jacky Rosen. "Right now, the Republicans have all three branches of government," Rosen said. "So what we can do is try to hold their feet to the fire every way we can, because we don't have the votes to win."
For Nevada, that means this state of only about 3 million people plays an outsize political role in this year's midterm elections. Republicans and Democrats are competing in tight races — not just for the Senate, but for the House and gubernatorial seats. For Democrats who had failed expectations to win the White House and the Senate in 2016, Nevada was a rare bright spot on the map, going blue by the slimmest of margins for Clinton and freshman Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto.
Part of the reason for that was the state's increasing diversity. Latinos make up about 28 percent of the population of the state, and that number is growing. David Damore, a professor of political science at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, says their participation was critical to the places where Democrats found success in 2016, citing a precinct-by-precinct analysis of the Latino vote that he helped conduct.
"It's pretty stunning on that," Damore said. "So you know, you're looking at the order in those races of 80-20 voting Democratic in those races there."
The vast majority of Latinos in Nevada vote for Democrats, and Rosen hopes they can help her defeat Heller and whittle away at the GOP majority.
Republicans are relying on the white rural vote to come out strong. But if they can shift at least some of the Latino vote in the state, it will be vital for protecting Heller's seat.
Unlocking Latino turnout
The challenge is to engage the Latino population. Most of those in Nevada are not native born and they have strong ties to their home countries, which means they tend not to dive into U.S. politics.
That's true even more so during midterms, when voter turnout is historically low. In the last midterm election in 2014, there was about a 50 percent drop in Latino voting compared with 2012, a presidential election year. Pollsters described it as falling off a "cliff," which helped Republican candidates.
A key organization Democrats rely on to turn out the vote is the Culinary Union. Bethany Khan, spokesperson for the union, says it is the state's largest immigrant organization.
"Fifty-seven thousand members — about 55 percent women, 54 percent Latino — so it is a majority people of color, women, immigrant organization," she explained.
"It's going to have a huge impact on this race," said Jon Ralston, editor of The Nevada Independent. "They could help put Jacky Rosen over the top, but if they're not all in, that could help Heller."
On a recent weekday at the union's headquarters, Rosen addressed a room of about 100 union workers preparing to head out and canvass for her. She spoke on issues that she hopes will motivate the members — health care and immigration. "We are going to fight for DREAMers, and we are going to fight for a fair immigration system," she told the hospitality workers. "And I have to tell you, too, if you don't have your health, you don't have anything."
Rosen is a first-term congresswoman and she doesn't have a lot of statewide name recognition, but the area south of Las Vegas is her home turf. Some of the most populous parts of the state are in her district. Before running for office, Rosen served as the president of the largest Jewish temple in Nevada, Congregation Ner Tamid.
When she was younger she was a waitress during summers in Las Vegas and was a member of the Culinary Union, something she reminded the crowd of union members she addressed.
After the speeches were over, Fransisco Benitez and Telma Vasquez, two of the Hispanic union members at the event, jumped in their car and headed to their assigned neighborhood. They went door to door in the scorching afternoon heat, trying to encourage their fellow union members to vote.
One of the first people they visited was Armando Saenz. He is a lively 78-year-old retiree with four children, nine grandchildren and one great-grandchild. He came to the United States from Mexico in the 1970s. Benitez shows him pamphlets with Rosen's face on it, but Saenz was having none of it.
"They are tricksters and liars, like all politicians," he said. "When the moment comes, they don't do anything for us." Saenz acknowledged that he is angry at the current administration's immigration policies but said he does not have a favorite party. Benitez and Vasquez, however, tried to persuade him, using a last-ditch pitch.
"It's for the future of our children," Vasquez said, hoping this would be enough to persuade Saenz to come out to vote in November.
Trump jumps in
On the other side of town, at a campaign rally at the Las Vegas Convention Center in late September, along with his usual jabs at the media and Democrats, President Trump urged a crowd to vote for Heller. "We started out, we weren't friends. I didn't like him, he didn't like me!" Trump said, referring to his earlier rocky relationship with Heller. "But as we fought and fought and fought, believe it or not, we started to respect each other, then we started to like each other, then we started to love each other."
In the runup to 2016, Heller was a vocal critic of Trump. But now he needs his star power to turn out Republican voters, so he's all in. "Does this president know how to pack the people in one room?" Heller said after joining Trump on stage. "This is incredible. I think he just turned Nevada red today!"
Heller is on the defensive over Trump's immigration policies and his pledge to repeal the Affordable Care Act. Heller has been attacked by Democrats for his shifting positions on both issues, which polls show are important to Latinos.
Heller has voted both for and against portions of the health care law. Latinos have been a big beneficiary of the Medicaid expansion in Nevada. With immigration, Heller has condemned Trump's family separation policies but has also supported a hard-line immigration bill championed by the president that would restrict legal immigration.
But Joel Garcia, the director of Heller's Hispanic outreach initiative, "Juntos con Heller," argues that Latinos can be persuaded to vote for his candidate. He said Latinos respond to the Republican economic message and that many Latinos don't realize they already embrace conservative values. "When you actually have a conversation with them, and start talking about issues, they come out of the woodwork and they start saying, 'No, I am pro-life, I am for lower taxes, I am for less government,' " said Garcia, who also runs a small business.
Garcia refused to talk about health care policy, despite its being one of the most important issues for Hispanic voters, and abruptly shut down that portion of the conversation. It's a sign of awareness of which issues are winners for a Republican in this state and which are not.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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We all know that driving to and from work every day is costly, but exactly how much of a toll does each mile of commuting take on your finances? This True Cost of Commuting graphic breaks it down.
Taking stats and calculations previously mentioned by Mr. Money Mustache, the infographic illustrates just how expensive commuting is. Each mile you live from work costs $795 in commuting expenses per year (assuming a driving cost of 34 cents per mile and factoring time lost with a salary of $25 per hour). $795 a year for just one mile! You could buy a house worth $15,900 more with that, as Mr. Money Mustache pointed out in his article, since $795 would cover the interest on a 5% mortgage rate.
If you don't want to calculate in the time-is-money factor, each mile (one way) of commuting will cost you $170 a year. It's a compelling reason to move as close to work if you can (or bike to work or telecommute).
The numbers are even scarier if you look at dual-commuting households, use the IRS 51 cents per mile estimate, and multiply over 10 years. Take a look (click to expand):
The True Cost of Commuting | Streamline Refinance
You can follow or contact Melanie Pinola, the author of this post, on Twitter or Google+.


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These require the candidate to demonstrate or perform job tasks. Simulations may be conducted: as written tests, as role-playing exercises, on a computer, or even in real-life conditions. By design, they generally show a high degree of job-relatedness.
General Abilities Tests
Generally used for entry-level jobs or for applicants without advanced degrees. They measure broad mental abilities such as reasoning, quantitative, verbal, and spatial abilities.
Specific Ability Tests
Test for distinct mental and physical abilities, such as typing speed, reading comprehension, strength, and mechanical aptitude.
Knowledge and Skills Tests
Determine how much an individual knows about a very specific, advanced subject area such as software programming or mortgage laws. Knowledge tests are similar to specific ability assessments but examine more sophisticated skills.
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Measure a candidate's natural personal characteristics like: leadership and management skills; problem-solving ability; motivation; self-confidence; and communication styles.
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Assess how well an applicant will fit into your corporate culture and work environment, to help ensure organizational commitment.
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Gather information from outside sources, such as former employers and police records. Employment, criminal record, and reference checks all help employers avoid potentially catastrophic hires.
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Use a physical specimen from the candidate (hair, urine, etc.) to determine past drug or alcohol use. Employers use drug screens to prevent industrial accidents, work-related injuries, and excessive absenteeism.
If you would like more information about any of the above assessments, please contact us today.


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from prison planet: Republican Congressman and 2008 Presidential candidate Ron Paul fears a staged Gulf of Tonkin style incident may be used to provoke air strikes on Iran as numerous factors collide to heighten expectations that America may soon be embroiled in its third war in six years.
Writing in his syndicated weekly column, the representative of Texas' 14th district warns of "a contrived Gulf of Tonkin-type incident (that) may occur to gain popular support for an attack on Iran."
The August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, where US warships were apparently attacked by North Vietnamese PT Boats, was cited by President Johnson as a legitimate provocation mandating U.S. escalation in Vietnam, yet Tonkin was a staged charade that never took place. Declassified LBJ presidential tapes discuss how to spin the non-event to escalate it as justification for air strikes and the NSA faked intelligence data to make it appear as if two US ships had been lost.
Should a staged provocation take place in an attempt to justify striking Iran it would not be the first time the current administration has considered such a ploy.
In February 2006, documents were leaked of a conversation between British Prime Minister Tony Blair and President Bush in which different scenarios to try to provoke Saddam into making a rod for his own back were discussed. One included painting a U.S. spy plane in UN colors and flying it low over Iraq in the hope it would be shot down and the incident exploited as a means of enlisting international support for the 2003 invasion.
Paul, who on Friday announced his intention to run for President in 2008, has resolved to introduce legislation in the coming weeks to head off the drift towards war, encouraging a commitment to policies of dialogue as outlined by the Iraq Study Group.
Commentators largely agree that the furore surrounding President Bush's speech in which he ordered the deployment of a further 20,000 troops to Iraq is a manufactured distraction to divert attention away from alarming developments that grease the skids for an inevitable conflict with Iran.
The New York Times and other establishment mouthpieces are busy regurgitating White House propaganda that Iran is supplying weapons to Iraqi insurgents that are killing U.S. troops. As columnist Larry Chin elaborates, "The Bush administration buildup towards Iran is strikingly similar to Hitler's campaign against Poland, and the Third Reich's eventual 1939 blitzkrieg. Hitler's final act was to manufacture a "deliberate and cold-blooded provocation", to be blamed on the Poles, which would bring down the vengeance of German armed forces. He accomplished this by putting drugged prisoners from a nearby concentration camp into Polish uniforms and shooting them near a radio station inside the German border. The "Polish attack on the Gleiwitz transmitter" marked the official start of World War Two."
"In Hitler's words, "I shall give the propagandist cause for starting the war. Never mind if it is implausible or not."
In reality, the source of the IED technology being utilized by the insurgents goes back to the British security services, from whom it was acquired by the IRA and then sold around the world in the early nineties. Claims that Iran is helping Shia insurgents to make the devices is outright propaganda.
However, the only remaining justification that Neo-Cons cling to in an attempt to sell another conflict to a war-weary American public is the falsehood that American troops are being killed on the battlefield by insurgents with the direct assistance of Iran. This is the only rationale a majority of Americans will accept as grounds for war, overriding spurious warnings about weapons of mass destruction, a yarn they have seen spun once before.
As Chris Floyd points out, "Make no mistake: this is the marker that has now been put down; this is the card that's been laid on the table. The Bush Administration has openly accused Iran of killing American soldiers in Iraq. Again, this is a charge far more resonant, far more effective as a pretext for war than anything offered during the successful stampede to invade Iraq. Even a president as weakened and isolated as Bush is at the moment would be able to get support for an attack on a state that was "killing our soldiers in the field."
It is also now confirmed that the raid on the Iranian liaison office in Iraq, after which five Iranians were arrested and detained, was directly authorized by the White House in an attempt to provoke an Iranian response.
Whether Iran takes the bait or not, American aircraft carriers and nuclear submarines are multiplying in the Persian Gulf and Bush recently appointed Adm. William Fallon, a Navy veteran, to oversee the ground war in Iraq, a contradiction many fear betrays preparation for an air strike on Iran's uranium enrichment facilities which could take place as soon as next month.
Whether the White House or the feverish Israelis will even feel the need to factor in a Gulf of Tonkin event remains to be seen, as the war drums beat ever louder and the next escalation of what the Neo-Cons call "World War Four" awaits final execution.


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Neo-Scholasticism is the development of the Scholasticism of the Middle Ages during the latter half of the nineteenth century. It is not merely the resuscitation of a philosophy long since defunct, but rather a restatement in our own day of the philosophia perennis which, elaborated by the Greeks and brought to perfection by the great medieval teachers, has never ceased to exist even in modern times. It has some times been called neo-Thomism partly because St. Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century gave to Scholasticism among the Latins its final form, partly because the idea has gained ground that only Thomism can infuse vitality into twentieth century scholasticism. But Thomism is too narrow a term; the system itself is too large and comprehensive to be expressed by the name of any single exponent. This article will deal with the elements which neo-Scholasticism takes over from the past; the modifications which adapt it to the present; the welcome accorded it by contemporary thought and the outlook for its future; its leading representatives and centres.
I. TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS Neo-Scholasticism seeks to restore the fundamental organic doctrines embodied in the Scholasticism of the thirteenth century. It claims that philosophy does not vary with each passing phase of history; that the truth of seven hundred years ago is still true today, and that if the great medieval thinkers — Aquinas, Bonaventure, and Duns Scotus -succeeded in constructing a sound philosophical system on the data supplied by the Greeks, especially by Aristotle, it must be possible, in our own day, to gather from the speculation of the Middle Ages the soul of truth which it contains. These essential conceptions may be summarized as follows: (1) God, pure actuality and absolute perfection, is substantially distinct from every finite thing: he alone can create and preserve all beings other than Himself. His infinite knowledge includes all that has been, is, or shall be, and likewise all that is possible. (2) As to our knowledge of the material world: whatever exists is itself, an incommunicable, individual substance. To the core of self-sustaining reality, in the oak-tree for instance, other realities (accidents) are added — size, form, roughness, and so on. All oak-trees are alike, indeed are identical in respect of certain constituent elements. Considering this likeness and even identity, our human intelligence groups them into one species and again, in view of their common characteristics, it ranges various species under one genus. Such is the Aristotelean solution of the problem of universals (q.v.). Each substance is in its nature fixed and determined; and nothing is farther from the spirit of Scholasticism than a theory of evolution which would regard even the essences of things as products of change. But this statism requires as its complement a moderate dynamism, and this is supplied by the central concepts of act and potency. Whatsoever changes is, just for that reason, limited. The oak-tree passes through a process of growth, of becoming: whatever is actually in it now was potentially in it from the beginning. Its vital functions go on unceasingly (accidental change); but the tree itself will die, and out of its decayed trunk other substances will come forth (substantial change). The theory of matter and form is simply an interpretation of the substantial changes which bodies undergo. The union of matter and form constitutes the essence of concrete being, and this essence is endowed with existence. Throughout all change and becoming there runs a rhythm of finality; the activities of the countless substances of the universe converge towards an end which is known to God; finality, in a word, involves optimism. (3) Man, a compound of body (matter) and of soul (form), puts forth activities of a higher order — knowledge and volition. Through his senses he perceives concrete objects, e.g. this oak; through his intellect he knows the abstract and universal (the oak). All our intellectual activity rests on sensory function; but through the active intellect (intellectus agens) an abstract representation of the sensible object is provided for the intellectus possibilis. Hence the characteristic of the idea, its non-materiality, and on this is based the principal argument for the spirituality and immortality of the soul. Here, too, is the foundation of logic and of the theory of knowledge, the justification of our judgments and syllogisms. Upon knowledge follows the appetitive process, sensory or intellectual according to the sort of knowledge. The will (appetitus intellectualis) in certain conditions is free, and thanks to this liberty man is the master of his destiny. Like all other beings, we have an end to attain and we are morally obliged, though not compelled, to attain it. Natural happiness would result from the full development of our powers of knowing and loving. We should find and possess God in this world since the corporeal world is the proper object of our intelligence. But above nature is the order of grace and our supernatural happiness will consist in the direct intuition of God, the beatific vision. Here philosophy ends and theology begins.
II. Adaptation to Modern Needs The neo-Scholastic programme includes, in the next place, the adaptation of medieval principles and doctrines to our present intellectual needs. Complete immobility is no less incompatible with progress than out-and-out relativism. Vita in motu. To make Scholasticism rigid and stationary would be fatal to it. The doctrines revived by the new movement are like an inherited fortune; to refuse it would be folly, but to manage it without regard to actual conditions would be worse. With Dr. Ehrhard one may say: "Aquinas should be our beacon, not our boundary" ("Der Katholicismus und das zwanzigste Jahrh. im Lichte der Kirchlichen Entwicklung der Neuzeit", Stuttgart, 1902, 252). We have now to pass in review the various factors in the situation and to see in what respect the new Scholasticism differs from the old and how far it adapts itself to our age.
(1) Elimination of False or Useless Notions Neo-Scholasticism rejects the theories of physics, celestial and terrestrial, which the Middle Ages grafted on the principles, otherwise sound enough, of cosmology and metaphysics; e.g. the perfection and superiority of astral substance, the "incorruptibility" of the heavenly bodies, their external connexion with "motor spirits", the influence of the stars on the generation of earthly beings, the four "simple" bodies, etc. It further rejects those philosophical theories which are disproved by the results of investigation; e.g. the diffusion of sensible "species" throughout a medium and their introduction into the organs of sense. Even the Scholastic ideas that have been retained are not all of equal importance; criticism and personal conviction may retrench or modify them considerably, without injury to fundamental principles.
(2) Study of the History of Philosophy The medieval scholars cultivated the history of philosophy solely with a view to its utility, i.e. as a means of gathering the deposit of truth contained in the writings of the ancients and, especially, for the purpose of refuting error and thus emphasizing the value of their own doctrine. Modern students, on the contrary, regard every human fact and achievement as in itself significant, and accordingly they treat the history of philosophy in a spirit that is more disinterested. With this new attitude, neo-Scholasticism is in full sympathy; it does its share in the work of historical reconstruction by employing critical methods; it does not attempt to condense the opinions of others into a syllogism and refute them with a phrase, nor does it commend the practice of putting whole systems into a paragraph or two in order to annihilate them with epithet or invective. Neo-Scholasticism, however, does not confine its interest to ancient and medieval philosophy; its chief concern is with present-day systems. It takes issue with them and offsets their theories of the world by a synthesis of its own. It is only by keeping in touch with actual living thought that it can claim a place in the twentieth century and command the attention of its opponents. And it has everything to gain from a discussion in which it encounters Positivism, Kantism, and other forms or tendencies of modern speculation.
(3) Cultivation of the Sciences The need of a philosophy based on science is recognized today by every school. Neo-Scholasticism simply follows the example of the Aristotelean and medieval philosophy in taking the data of research as the groundwork of its speculation. That there are profound differences between the Middle Ages and modern times from the scientific point of view, is obvious. One has only to consider the multiplication of the sciences in special lines, the autonomy which science as a whole has acquired, and the clear demarcation established between popular views of nature and their scientific interpretation. But it is equally plain that neo-Scholasticism must follow up each avenue of investigation, since it undertakes, as Aristotle and Aquinas did, to provide a synthetic explanation of phenomena by referring them to their ultimate causes and determining their place in the universal order of things; and this undertaking, if the synthesis is to be deep and comprehensive, presupposes a knowledge of the details furnished by each science. It is not possible to explain the world of phenomena while neglecting the phenomena that make up the world. "All that exists, as contemplated by the human mind, forms one large system or complex fact. . . . Like a short-sighted reader, its eye pores closely, and travels slowly, over the awful volume which lies open for its inspection. . . . These various partial views or abstractions . . . are called sciences . . . they proceed on the principle of a division of labour. . . . And further the comprehension of the bearings of one science on another, and the use of each to each, and the location of them all, with one another, this belongs, I conceive, to a sort of science distinct from all of them, and in some sense, a science of sciences, which is my own conception of what is meant by philosophy" (Newman, "Idea of a University", Discourse III, iii, iv, 44 sqq.). There is, of course, the pedagogical problem; how shall philosophy maintain its control over the ever-widening field of the various sciences? In reply, we may cite the words of Cardinal Mercier, a prominent leader in the neo-Scholastic movement: "As a matter of fact", he declares, "the difficulty is a serious one, and one may say in general terms, that it is not going to be solved by any one man. As the domain of fact and observation grows larger and larger, individual effort becomes less competent to survey and master it all: hence the necessity of co-operative effort to supply what is lacking in the work of isolated investigators; hence too the need of union between the synthetic mind and the analytic, in order to secure, by daily contact and joint action, the harmonious development of philosophy and science". ("La philosophie néo-scholastique" in "Revue néo-scholastique", 1894, 17).
(4) Innovations in Doctrinal Matters Once it turned its attention to modern fashions of thought, neo-Scholasticism found itself face to face with problems of which medieval philosophy had not the slightest suspicion or at any rate did not furnish a solution. It had to bear the brunt of conflict between its own principles and those of the systems in vogue, especially of Positivism and Criticism. And it had to take up, from its own point of view, the questions which are favourite topics of discussion in the schools of our time. How far then, one may ask, has neo-Scholasticism been affected by modern thought? First of all, as to metaphysics: in the Middle Ages its claim to validity met with no challenge, whereas, in the twentieth century, its very possibility is at stake and, to defend it against the concerted attack of Hume and Kant and Comte, the true significance of such concepts as being, substance, absolute, cause, potency, and act must be explained and upheld. It is further needful to show that, in a very real sense, God is not unknowable; to rebut the charges preferred by Herbert Spencer against the traditional proofs of God's existence; to deal with the materials furnished by ethnography and the history of religions; and to study the various forms which monism and immanentism nowadays assume. Cosmology can well afford to insist on the traditional theory of matter and form, provided it pay due attention to the findings of physics, chemistry, crystallography, and mineralogy, and meet the objections of atomism and dynamism, theories which, in the opinion of scientific authority, are less satisfactory as explanations of natural phenomena than the hylomorphism (q.v.) of the Scholastics. The theory also of qualities, once the subject of ridicule, is nowadays endorsed by some of the most prominent scientists. In psychology especially the progressive spirit of neo-Scholasticism makes itself felt. The theory of the substantial union of body and soul, as an interpretation of biological, psychical, and psycho-physiological facts, is far more serviceable than the extreme spiritualism of Descartes on the one hand and the Positivism of modern thinkers on the other. As Wundt admits, the results of investigation in physiological psychology do not square either with materialism or with dualism whether of the Platonic or of the Cartesian type; it is only Aristotelean animism, which brings psychology into connexion with biology, that can offer a satisfactory metaphysical interpretation of experimental psychology. So vigorous indeed has been the growth of psychology that each of its offshoots is developing in its own way: such is the case with criteriology, aesthetics, didactics, pedagogy, and the numerous ramifications of applied psychology. Along these various lines, unknown to medieval philosophy, neo-Scholasticism is working energetically and successfully. Its criteriology is altogether new: the older Scholasticism handled the problem of certitude from the deductive point of view; God could not have misshaped the faculties with which He endowed the mind in order that it might attain to knowledge. Neo-Scholasticism, on the other hand, proceeds by analysis and introspection it states the problem in the terms which, since Kant's day, are the only admissible terms, but as against the Kantian criticism it finds the solution in a rational dogmatism. Its aesthetics holds a middle course between the extreme subjectivism of many modern thinkers who would reduce the beautiful to a mere impression, and the no less extreme objectivism which the Greeks of old maintained. It is equally at home in thc field of experimental psychology which investigates the correlation between conscious phenomena and their physiological accompaniments; in fact, its theory of the substantial union of body and soul implies as its corollary a "bodily resonance" corresponding to each psychical process. The laws and principles which the modern science of education has drawn from experience find their adequate explanation in neo-Scholastic doctrine; thus, the intuitive method, so largely accepted at present as an essential element in education, is based on the Scholastic theory that nothing enters the intellect save through the avenue of sense. In the study of ethical problems, neo-Scholasticism holds fast to the vital teachings that prevailed in the thirteenth century, but at the same time it takes into account the historical and sociological data which explain the varying application of principles in successive ages. In view of contemporary systems which, on a purely experimental basis, attempt to set aside all moral imperatives and ideas of value, it is necessary to insist on the older concepts of good and evil, of finality and obligation — a need which is easily supplied by neo-Scholastic ethics. As to logic, the most perfect part of Aristotle's great constructive work and therefore that which has been least modified in the course of time. Its positions still call for defence against the objections of writers like Mill, who regard the syllogism as a "solemn farce". Accordingly, with due consideration for modern modes of thinking, neo-Scholasticism adapts the teaching of the Middle Ages to actual conditions. Even as regards the relations between philosophy and religion, there are important changes to note. For the medieval mind in the Western world, philosophy and theology were identical until about the twelfth century. In the thirteenth the line of demarcation was clearly drawn, but philosophy was still treated as the preliminary training for theology. This is no longer the case; neo-Scholasticism assigns to philosophy a value of its own as a rational explanation of the world, on a par in this respect with Positivism and other systems; and it welcomes all who are bent on honest research, whether their aim be purely philosophical or apologetic. Parallel with these modifications are those which affect the pedagogical phase of the movement. The methods of teaching philosophy in the thirteenth century were too closely dependent on the culture of that age; hence they have been replaced by modern procedures, curricula, and means of propagation. It would be ill-advised to wrap neo-Scholastic doctrine in medieval envelopes, e.g. to write books on the plan of the theological "Summae" or the "Quodlibetal Questions" that were current in the thirteenth century. Without at all lessening its force, syllogistic demonstration gains in attractiveness when its essential characteristics are retained and clothed about with modern forms of presentation. In this connexion, the use of living languages as a means of exposition has obvious advantages and finds favour with many of those who are best qualified to judge.
III. APPRECIATION By interesting itself in modern questions, interpreting the results of scientific research and setting forth its principles for thorough discussion, neo-Scholasticism has compelled attention: it has to be reckoned with. Among non-Catholics, many leaders of thought have frankly acknowledged that its methods and doctrines deserve to be examined anew. Men like Boutroux admit that Aristotle's system may well serve as an offset to Kantism and evolution (Aristote, Etudes d'histoire et de philosophie, Paris, 1901, 202). Paulsen ("Kant der Philosoph des Protestantismus" in "Kantstudien", 1899) and Eucken ("Thomas von Aquino u. Kant, Ein Kampf zweier Welten", loc. cit., 1901) declare that neo-Thomism is the rival of Kantism and that the conflict between them is the "clash of two worlds". Harnack ("Lehrbuch d. Dogmengesch.", III, 3rd. ed., 327), Seeberg ("Realencyklopädie f. Prot. Theol." 5. v. "Scholastik") and others protest against those who underrate the value of scholastic doctrine. Among Catholics, neo-Scholasticism gains ground day by day. It is doing away with Ontologism, Traditionalism, the Dualism of Gunther, and the exaggerated Spiritualism of Descartes. It is free from the weaknesses of Pragmatism and Voluntarism, systems in which some thinkers have vainly sought the reconciliation of their philosophy and their faith. Neo-Scholasticism has a character of permanence as truth itself has; but it is destined in its development to keep up with scientific progress. Like everything that lives, it must advance; arrested growth would mean decay.
IV. THE LEADERS AND THEIR WORK The neo-Scholastic movement was inaugurated by such writers as Sanseverino (1811-65) and Cornoldi (1822-92) in Italy; Gonzalez (1831-92) in Spain; Kleutgen (1811-83) and Stöckl (1823-95) in Germany; de San (1832-1904), Dupont, and Lepidi in Belgium; Farges and Dormet de Vorges (1910) in France, who with other scholars carried on the work of restoration before the Holy See gave it solemn approval and encouragement. Pius IX, it is true, in various letters, recognized its importance; but it was the encyclical "AEterni Patris" of Leo XIII (4 Aug., 1879) that imparted to neo-Scholasticism its definitive character and quickened its development. This document sets forth the principles by which the movement is to be guided in a progressive spirit, and by which the medieval doctrine is to take on new life in its modern environment. "If," says the pope, "there be anything that the Scholastic doctors treated with excessive subtlety or with insufficient consideration, or that is at variance with well founded teachings of later date, or is otherwise improbable, we by no means intend that it shall be proposed to our age for imitation. . . . We certainly do not blame those learned and energetic men who turn to the profit of philosophy their own assiduous labours and erudition as well as the results of modern investigation; for we are fully aware that all this goes to the advancement of knowledge." In Italy, the movement was vigorous from the start. The Accademia di San Tommaso, founded in 1874, published, up to 1891, a review entitled "La Scienza Italiana". Numerous works were produced by Zigliara (1833-93), Satolli (1839-1909), Liberatore (1810-92), Barberis (1847-96), Schiffini (1841-1906), de Maria, Talamo, Lorenzelli, Ballerini, Matussi, and others. The Italian writers at first laid special emphasis on the metaphysical features of Scholasticism, without paying sufficient attention to the sciences or to the history of philosophy. Recently, however, this situation has undergone a change which promises excellent results. From Italy the movement spread into the other European countries and found supporters in Germany such as Kleutgen, Stöckl, the authors of the "Philosophia Lacensis", published at Maria Laach by the Jesuits (Pesch, Hontheim, Cathrein), Gutberlet, Commer, Willmann, Kaufmann, Glossner, Grabmann, and Schneid. These scholars have made valuable contributions to the history of philosophy, especially that of the Middle Ages. Stöckl led the way with his "Geschichte d. Philosophie des Mittelalters" (Mainz, 1864-66). Ehrle and Denifle (q.v.) founded in 1885 the "Archiv für Literatur u. Kirchengesch. d. Mittelalters", and the latter edited the monumental "Chartularium" of the University of Paris. In 1891, Von Hertling and Bäumker began the publication of their "Beiträge zur Gesch. d. Phil. des Mittelalters". Belgium has been particularly favoured. Leo XIII established (1891) at Louvain the "Institut de philosophie" for the special purpose of teaching the doctrine of St. Thomas together with history and the natural sciences. The Institute was placed in charge of Mgr (now Cardinal) Mercier whose "Cours de philosophie" has been translated into the principal languages of Europe. In France, besides those already mentioned, Vallet, Gardair, Fonsegrive, and Piat have taken a prominent part in the movement; in Holland (Amsterdam) de Groot; in Switzerland (Freiburg), Mandonnet; in Spain, Orti y Lara, Urráburu, Gómez Izquierdo; in Mexico, Garcia; in Brazil, Santroul; in Hungary, Kiss and Pecsi; in England, Clarke, Maher, John Rickaby, Joseph Rickaby, Boedder (Stonyhurst Series); in the United States, Coppens, Poland, Brother Chrysostom, and the professors at the Catholic University (Shanahan, Turner, and Pace). Neo-Scholasticism has been endorsed by four Catholic Congresses: Paris (1891); Brussels (1895); Freiburg (1897); Munich (1900). A considerable number of reviews have served as its exponents: "Divus Thomas" (1879- 1903); "Rivista Italiana di filosofia neo-scolastica" (Florence, since 1909); "Annales de Philosophie Chrétienne" (Paris, since 1830); "Revue néo-scolastique de Philosophie" (Louvain, since 1894); "Revue de Philosophie" (Paris, since 1900);" Revue des Sciences philosophiques et théologiques" (Kain, Belgium, since 1907); "Revue Thomiste" (Paris, since 1893); "Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Philosophie und spekulative Theologie" (Paderborn, since 1887); "St. Thomas Blätter" (Ratisbon, since 1888); Bölcseleti-Folyóirat (Budapest, since 1886);" Revista Lulliana" (Barcelona, since 1901); "Cienza Tomista" (Madrid, since 1910). In addition to these, various periodical publications not specially devoted to philosophy have given neo-Scholasticism their cordial support. M. DE WULF |
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My response?
May 29, 2014
Dear Waldo,
Yes, in fact, I've seen that a lot in children's picture books and in dog photos created by people who apparently don't know much about Native peoples. For us, feathers are not playthings. They are sacred. I am guessing you know that eagles are protected in the United States. I'm guessing that you do not know that there are also laws that recognize that eagle feathers have religious significance to Native people. If you want to know a bit more about it, the New York Times ran a story about this in 2011.
I'd also like to note, Waldo, that your depiction of "Indian" people is stereotypical. You drew a tipi, the fringed clothing, and what I think you meant to be a "peace pipe." There are over 500 federally recognized Native Nations in the U.S. Rather than anything meaningful, you're giving your readers monolithic imagery that doesn't do anyone any good.
I'm hoping that line in your post card, the dog, and the tipi are gone from later editions of your book.
Debbie Reese
American Indians in Children's Literature


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While the husband was at work, his wife brought home, despite a ban on his part, her friend with whom she decided to talk. But the husband came home ahead of time and saw that his wife had violated his order and decided to punish both. Despite the initial refusals by the girls, he undressed them and forced himself to suck a cock, and then fucked each one in all the cracks. Well, what can you do, because they know what he is capable of and even better hard sex than a two-hour flogging with a soldier's belt on delicate buttocks as last time.


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How to get a job when you're over 50
Two experts weigh in on reclaiming your earning power
Anyone over the age of 50 who claims to be hard hit by the recession isn't wrong: According to recent data, people born between 1946 and 1964 have lost the most earning power following the recession.
But the 50-year-old who claims that "no one wants to hire someone my age" would be wrong.
If you're 50-plus and have experienced a job loss, or you're simply looking to switch gigs, take heart in the fact that your career isn't over. We spoke to two experts — as well as a few people who've been there themselves — for dos and don'ts advice on how older workers can better market themselves in today's job search... and get hired.
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1. Don't... try harder
You read that right. Don't.
If you've been on the job hunt for a while, with little or no success, you may have heard this platitude: Just try harder! But according to Bob Sullivan, co-author of The Plateau Effect: Getting From Stuck to Success, it's actually the worst thing that you can do in this situation.
"When you find yourself putting more and more effort into something that's getting less and less results, it's not a sign that you should keep trying — it's just the opposite," says Sullivan. Of course, this isn't to say that you should stop putting in effort altogether. Rather, you should try something different, whether it's revamping your LinkedIn profile, networking more consistently, or working with a career coach to more effectively bust through a job-hunt rut.
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2. Do... make your résumé ageless
Lisa Johnson Mandell was in her late 40s when she suddenly found herself without a job. Although she made sure to show off her 20-plus years of experience as an entertainment reporter on her résumé, after countless job applications went unanswered, her husband gave her the hard truth. "He said, 'Lisa, don't hate me, but you really look kind of old on paper,'" she recalls.
So Mandell removed key age indicators from her résumé, such as the year she graduated from college and the lengths of time that she was employed. "As soon as I sent out this new résumé that wouldn't tell anybody how old I was, I started getting responses — I'm not kidding you — within 20 minutes," she says. "And, in two weeks, I had three full-time job offers."
The result wasn't just a new gig, either — she also wrote a book, Career Comeback: Repackage Yourself to Get the Job You Want, in which she shares strategies for giving a résumé a more youthful spin. "Somebody in their 20s looks at 20-plus years of experience and puts you in the same age group as a mother or grandmother," she says. Of course, in an ideal world, experience should trump age, but Mandell adds that "if you're really intent on getting a job, you have to make concessions."
3. Do... brush up on your interview skills
If you haven't interviewed in a long time, you could probably use some practice. Instead of role-playing with a too-comfortable friend, try going on a few interviews for jobs that you aren't as jazzed about "because what you don't want is to go on an interview for the job that you most want and screw up," explains Art Koff, founder of RetiredBrains.com, which connects older workers with employers. "Every interview is a learning process."
You may also want to record yourself speaking. It's a tip that David Welbourn received while making a career switch at the age of 59 from a fundraising post at a hospital to a director role at a nonprofit. His advice: "Listen to your own voice, and ask yourself, 'Do I have enough emotion? Do I sound like I care?'"
4. Don't... write off temporary or part-time work
"Employers are particularly receptive to hiring the over-50 set on a part-time, temporary, or project basis," says Koff. "The employers get experienced, reliable employees, and in most cases, they don't have to pay benefits for these positions, making these workers cost-effective."
Koff even advises reaching out to a company that you admire and offering to work on a part-time, trial basis. "It gives you a little bit of a leg up because the employer can then say, 'We can hire this guy, and if it doesn't work out, we'll let him go,'" he says.
In fact, that's exactly how Evelyn Wolovnick found her way back into the workforce after being laid off from her job at an insurance company at the age of 59. After writing a few letters to companies suggesting that they hire her on a temporary basis, she landed a part-time consulting gig with a business in Chicago. Wolovnick signed the six-month contract six years ago — and she's still happily employed.
5. Do... start a blog
Blogging about your field will help alleviate younger hiring managers' concerns about your tech-savviness, advises Mandell. "It shows that you're web savvy and that you're up-to-the-minute in your field," she says. "If you're blogging about the latest advancements going on in your field, potential employers will say, 'Wow, this person is really current.'"
6. Do... give yourself a makeover
Mandell often advises older job seekers to make an effort to look younger, like dying gray hair or shaving your head to disguise balding. "It sounds kind of vacuous, but it really can make a difference," she says.
Welbourn received similar advice during his job hunt. "Somebody mentioned to me that I should get my teeth whitened, and dress a little less formally," he recalls. "It doesn't show a lack of understanding of the corporate culture — it shows confidence in being able to be a little informal with people in an informal setting."
7. Don't... ignore alternative ways to make money
There are a number of things that you can do on the side to earn money while you look for more permanent employment, such as freelancing in your field or even participating in market research surveys. "If you're working a 30-hour side gig, we're talking about making anywhere from $1,000 to $5,000 on a monthly basis," Koff says.
There's an added bonus to this approach: If you're forced to step away from a full-time job, you may stumble onto something different — and even more lucrative. Koff recalls the story of one man who, after being laid off in his 50s, said to his wife, "After all these years, I'm going to finally clean out my garage." He did such a great job that he now operates a garage-cleaning company that staffs five employees.
8. Do... view your age as an asset
While working with New Directions, a company that provides career-transition training, Welbourn learned how he could differentiate himself from younger competition. "I got wonderful coaching about how to make the case for myself not as an older person," he says, "but as an experienced individual who was less likely to be fooled by situations, and someone with a good track record of success."
In fact, it's something that he takes into consideration when doing his own hiring. "This may sound ageist, but as a leader, I would rather hire somebody who really has good experience," he says. "Someone who can weather the ups and downs."
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Monday, February 6, 2012
tutorial - chocolate covered strawberry nails
So I was trying to think up a cute Valentine's Day themed nail for this monday & I really wanted to stay away from the pink+red+hearts obviousness... I ended up thinking about the food (particularly the candies & chocolates) of V-day & I figured I'd paint up my favourite romantic treat-- chocolate covered strawberries :)
Here's the look we're going for:
You'll need:
- base coat nail polish
- any red nail polish
- any bright green nail polish
- a chocolatey brown nail polish
- a white nail polish & striper brush
- quick dry top coat
- toothpick
Start with a base coat & a couple coats of red polish
Next, take your green polish and either use a tooth pick or striper brush to paint the "leaves". With a toothpick, I just dabbed about 4 or 5 points at the base of the nail to form the strawberry hat :)
The take your chocolatey brown & paint the tip of the nail. This doesn't have to be a super straight line, as real chocolate covered strawberries aren't perfect either!
Then take your white polish & a striper brush and make little seeds all over the red that is still showing.
& there you go! Valentines-y & kitschy without being too obvious of a reference to the day we all love to hate (or love to love?)!
and while we're on the topic of delicious Valentines treats... we're going to be doing a quick Valentines giveaway this week, so check back soon & enter to win something delish!
manicure monday,
5 comments:
- Sk8erboi_216hikaruTuesday, February 14, 2012 at 4:30:00 AM EST
Is this expressing the chocolate dip of a strawberry? ...Cute :)It seems to be easy!
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