text: Selling an Inherited House: The Stress-Free Guide Posted by Caring Transitions on August 16, 2021 at 10:00 AM Guest Blog by Alison Bentley Inheriting a house from a loved one can be a wonderful gift and a challenging situation to navigate all at the same time. Depending on the circumstances, you may have a few options on what you can do with the home, such as move into it, rent it out, or sell it. One of the more common choices for beneficiaries is to move into an inherited home and sell the property they've been living in. In other cases, if you inherit a home you may choose to rent the home out as a source of income. Or you can hold an estate sale to sell off unneeded items before selling the home itself. If you're planning on selling an inherited house, this guide can help you avoid the usual pitfalls and obstacles that can cost money, prolong the process, and add to your frustration. Understand the variables of inheriting a home There are a few questions you should ask before deciding if selling an inherited house is the right decision. How much is the home worth? Online home value estimate tools are a great way to get an initial understanding of the home's worth. You can also compare the home to other similar properties in the area, known as real estate comps. However, the amount you see doesn't necessarily mean you will be able to sell your inherited house for that amount. The price depends on a variety of conditions like the house itself and the local housing market for your inherited home's area. What's the outstanding mortgage? You'll also want to find out how much is left to pay against the mortgage or loan on the house, which you can find out from the mortgage company that holds the loan. Then, you can use a home sale proceeds calculator to find out how much you can make selling your inherited house. Are there other outstanding debts? Besides what's left on the mortgage, are there any other outstanding bills you need to account for? Were property taxes paid every year or did they slowly pile up? Will you have to use the proceeds from selling the home to pay them off? Are there any liens against the property, or does the property have a clear title? These questions can help you determine if now is the right time to sell the house or if there is some work to be done beforehand. How many people are inheriting the property? Selling an inherited house will largely depend upon how many individuals might inherit a portion or percentage of any given property. Do all involved agree that selling the inherited property is the right choice? Who's going to manage the process of the estate sale and who will work with the real estate agent in selling the house itself? Capital gains and other tax implications of selling an inherited house. One of the first things you'll need to evaluate when considering selling an inherited home is how the sale will impact you financially. In other words, you may be subject to taxes on any proceeds from the sale or just from the inheritance of the property itself. While laws will differ from state to state, the following tips can give you a guideline of the tax implications of selling an inherited property. Inherited properties do not qualify for the home sale tax exclusion. Typically, when you sell a property you've lived in for at least two of the previous five years, you can take advantage of a tax exclusion. That means up to $250,000 of proceeds for a single homeowner is tax-free, and married couples can avoid paying taxes on up to $500,000 in proceeds. Unless you plan to live in the inherited home for at least two years, you won't be eligible for this exclusion. Inherited properties may be able to take advantage of the stepped-up tax basis. Ordinarily, proceeds are calculated using the purchase price plus any improvements made to the property during ownership. In the case of inherited property, the tax basis is the fair market value of the property at the time of the previous owner's death. This prevents those who inherit property from owing substantial taxes on properties that have appreciated dramatically in value over the past several decades. In a nutshell, you won't pay capital gains tax as long as the home is sold for its fair market value. However, under the Biden administration's proposed 2022 tax plan, this stepped-up tax basis is set to end. If you inherit a home, it is important to watch out for any changes in tax plans that may affect the taxes you owe after selling the home. It's always best to speak with a tax professional who can help you understand any upcoming tax changes. Additionally, should you hold onto the property for a while before selling it, you would be liable for taxes on any property value increase while you owned it. Know how and where to report sale proceeds. The IRS requires those who sell inherited property to report proceeds as taxable income. The specific amount that will be taxable is based upon the home's fair market value and other improvements used to calculate the basis. The IRS Gifts & Inheritances describes where to find instructions and which forms to use. Even if you don't have to pay taxes on the sale, it is still a reportable transaction. A tax professional can help you understand how and where to report the sale on an inherited home. There's a difference between inheritance tax and estate tax, and even some differences among individual states. Tax law is by no means simple, so it's best to seek the advice of an accountant or attorney. They can help you figure out the many nuances related to the financial obligations that come with inheriting real estate. Prepare the inherited property for sale After understanding the financial implications and determining if selling an inherited house is the right course of action, you'll need to prepare the home for sale. That means clearing out personal belongings, decluttering when necessary, and de-personalizing the rooms. Here are some real estate tips for preparing an inherited home for a sale: Clean out personal belongings. One of the most emotionally challenging aspects of inheriting a home is going through your parents' or loved ones' most personal belongings, often bringing back many memories. Though you can't combine a lifetime's worth of belongings with your own things, you should find a few cherished mementos for yourself and other family members. Then start organizing items into piles: what to give away, what to throw away, and what to sell. Hold a yard sale or estate sale. After dividing up cherished possessions to heirs, you may opt to hold a yard sale or estate sale for the rest of the belongings. Homes show better on the market when cleaned and emptied. However, if the strain is too much considering everything else that is going on, you can contact an estate sale specialist who can help you sort through belongings and price them for sale. Once the house has been tidied, you can also think about making small upgrades to help the house sell for more. Wait for the estate to go through probate. Should your loved one have a Will, the estate might need to go through probate, before you may sell the property. Probate is the official proving of the Will. Most states have a summary probate process, but this is usually available only to small estates ranging in value from a few thousand to a few hundred thousand dollars. Note that many estates that include real estate and other assets will exceed this threshold. If the decedent has a Revocable Living Trust, you will not need to go through the probate process. Talking with your loved one's estate planner or probate attorney can be helpful if you have questions about the Will, Trust, or probate process. Determine who holds the legal responsibility to handle the transaction. If the property owner left a Will, the executor is the person who has the responsibility and ability to distribute the assets of the estate, including real estate. If the property is in a Trust, the trustee holds this same power. In situations where siblings have inherited property together from their parents, one person often has the ultimate authority and responsibility to handle the real estate transaction. Choose the right real estate agent. While it's often tempting to choose a real estate agent based on who you know, enlisting the services of friends or family members to coordinate the sale of an inherited home may not be the best idea. It's always important to ask a variety of questions when looking for the right real estate agent to make sure they have your best interests in mind. Sell your home to an iBuyer. If the thought of preparing an inherited house for sale is tedious or too much to handle, you can consider selling your home to an iBuyer. iBuyers can help you sell your home fast by making a cash offer for your home. That means no showings and no repairs, which may be ideal if you don't want to deal with the hassle of getting your home ready to sell and waiting for offers. Pricing your inherited house and negotiating offers Pricing an inherited home to sell is one of the biggest decisions you'll make. It hinges on many factors such as if there's an existing mortgage, other remaining debts, as well as the condition of the current housing market for your area. The following tips will help you determine the best listing price for your inherited home and how to negotiate with buyers to sell your inherited home for the right price. Don't expect to get your asking price. Most people listing a home for sale base the listing price on comparable properties that have sold recently. Depending on market conditions, offers might be tens of thousands of dollars below your asking price. Ultimately, the negotiation process determines the final selling price, so choosing a real estate agent who will advocate for you and negotiate on your behalf is important. Don't price the property too high. Ideally, you want to list the property at a realistic price – but at a slightly higher price than you're willing to settle for. A high or unrealistic listing price turns prospective buyers away, while a slightly lower, more reasonable price can attract buyers. A lower listing price is sometimes even used as a strategic move to attract a multitude of buyers who may then enter a bidding war. Sometimes bidding wars mean the seller ends up with a higher sale price at the end of the day. Consider pricing the home low enough that it's attractive to prospective buyers, but high enough that you have room to negotiate. Don't settle for less than the property is worth. Buyers want to get a home for the lowest possible price, while sellers naturally want to get the maximum price for the property. This is particularly true when the home is an inherited property that was once a family home where the sellers may have many childhood memories. This is why offers are sometimes countered and buyers and sellers end up agreeing on a final sale price somewhere in between the two extremes. Don't be too eager to make concessions. Potential buyers may submit an offer with a lower selling price, ask for seller assistance with closing costs, or even funds placed in escrow for certain repairs or improvements. Consult with your real estate agent before making concessions on an offer. Don't accept the first offer you receive. Unless you're lucky enough to get a full-price offer on the property – in a seller's market, this can happen if the property and price are right – don't be too hasty in accepting the first offer you receive. Depending on the housing market, some buyers may make an initial offer that's tens of thousands below the listing price and far less than what they're actually willing to pay. Educate yourself on negotiation tactics. Knowing what strategies buyers tend to use can help you decide what you will and will not compromise on. If you're prepared with the knowledge of what to expect from buyers and already know what you're willing to compromise and on what you intend to stand firm, you're better equipped to make counter-offers. It will also be easier to clearly convey your expectations and walk away from a deal that doesn't meet your needs. What to expect during the sale process Selling a home is a multi-step process beginning with market research and ending with a closing. The process can take weeks to months, depending on the condition of the property, market value and market conditions, and other factors such as the season and even the skills of your real estate agent. Here are a few key points to know when selling a home. 1. A home inspection is one of the most important steps in a real estate transaction. A certified home inspector will inspect and investigate every inch of the property to look for problems such as rotting structures, broken pipes, and cracked foundation walls. They can also identify other problems that could spell financial trouble for the buyers in the near future. You can have a pre-listing inspection that occurs before listing your home for sale, so you know if there are any potential issues with the home. This can be helpful rather than waiting for a buyer to make an offer on the property and finding an unexpected issue during the home selling process. 2. After listing the property, your real estate agent will likely hold an open house or even live video-chat tours to generate interest in the home. Just because you've listed a home on the market doesn't mean your expenses and obligations have stopped. If the property has a mortgage, those payments must still be made on time. Utility bills, such as water and sewer, electric, trash removal, cable, and any other connected utilities must also be paid. You may also encounter additional expenses and even demands on your time to keep the property in tip-top shape. 3. The timeline for selling your house can vary, but when multiple family members are involved, legal nuances and personality conflicts may arise over handling the sale of inherited property. You may also have questions about transferring the ownership of properties between relatives, tax implications, among others. If questions arise, your real estate agent can provide advice about the home selling process and your relatives' estate planner can guide you through any complex financial or tax processes. Hidden hurdles when selling an inherited house Any real estate transaction can have its share of ups and downs. And the process of getting from an offer to closing day is often rife with obstacles. Selling an inherited home is certainly no exception. In fact, you may be more likely to encounter some surprises simply because the circumstances are different or you're not as familiar with the property as you think you might be. Here are a few things to keep in mind as you navigate the selling process: Executors can keep an estate in probate for years. This enables the executor or other beneficiaries to have use of the home and other assets, without actually transferring ownership of the property. This is a temporary situation, however, as all property must eventually be transferred to another party. Handle equal distribution carefully. Personal Wills may specify that the value of the estate must be divided equally between siblings or beneficiaries. Challenges may arise when it comes to agreeing on the value of assets such as sentimental belongings. Try not to feel guilty about items you choose not to keep. Not only is it emotionally draining to sort through decades of cherished possessions and memories, but heirs are often riddled with grief and guilt about not holding onto every belonging that carries a memory. If the property is "underwater," you may have other options. Heirs may have the ability to disclaim, not accept, the inherited home, if there are issues like climate risks or more money is owed on the mortgage than the home is worth. You'll also want to check to ensure there are no liens on the property before putting it on the market. You may be facing more repairs than you realized. If the home was occupied by a loved one who was unable to keep up with regular home maintenance adequately, the property you've inherited could have both visible and hidden problems. These problems will almost certainly arise during a home inspection no matter if you're selling a home in Atlanta, GA or Vancouver, CA. Depending on their severity, these issues can cost you thousands of dollars – or even a sale. You and your sibling(s) may not agree on things like the purchase price, who gets to live in the inherited house, how necessary repairs should be handled, or anything involving the property you've inherited jointly. The truth is even siblings who otherwise get along quite well can find themselves in a heated argument about their former family home. If you're selling an inherited home with your siblings it's important to have the right resources at hand so you can navigate any disagreements. Selling a home you've inherited from a loved one who has passed carries much responsibility. It's already an emotional process and adding the typical stress that comes with selling any property can easily make the calmest person feel overwhelmed. Having the right information and resources can prepare you for any obstacles that may cross your path, making the sale process smoother and more bearable. Redfin does not provide legal, financial, or tax advice. This article is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for professional advice from a licensed attorney, financial advisor, or tax professional. Originally published by Redfin Are you preparing a home for sale? Caring Transitions can help! From finding a happy home for your personal property to packing and unpacking, we have a solution for you. Contact us today to learn more!


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Installing and Upgrading Windows XP
In the last chapter, you discovered some of the things you need to do before starting an upgrade or fresh installation of Windows XP. Of course, one of the main things that you need to decide is whether you want to upgrade your current Windows operating system to Windows XP or do a clean installation. In this chapter you will learn how to start the Setup process that will perform either of these functions. You will learn how to start the Windows XP Setup Wizard and what information you may need to supply the Setup program.
If you have performed an upgrade or installation of a previous version of Windows NT or Windows 2000, then most of the steps that the Setup program performs will be familiar, although the screen displays will look a little different. Windows XP has a new graphical user interface (GUI), and you will get your first look at this during part of the Setup process.
For the purposes of this chapter, Windows XP Professional was used to demonstrate the installation process. The steps you see here will be very much the same if you happen to be installing the Home Edition for Windows XP.
Overview of the Windows XP Setup Process
The very first thing you should determine before you try an upgrade to Windows XP is whether there is an upgrade path from your current version of Windows. Table 3.1 lists the various choices for upgrading to Windows XP.
If your operating system is listed as having no upgrade path, then you really have two options: (1) you can perform a clean install of the XP operating system or (2) you can upgrade to a computer with Windows XP preinstalled.
If the upgrade path you need is available, then you will need to begin to set up Windows XP.
Setting up Windows XP is done in several phases. Once you start, the Setup Wizard will prompt you for a little information and then will copy some files to your hard disk. The system will then reboot into what is usually called Text Mode Setup. During the Setup process, you will be allowed to select whether to upgrade or install Windows XP and to choose the disk partition on which you want to place the system files. You can create partitions in unused portions of your hard disk, as well as delete and recreate partitions during setup. You can format the partition using either file allocation table 32 (FAT32) or NT File System (NTFS), both of which are supported by Windows XP.
Table 3.1 Upgrade paths to Windows XP Professional
Previous Version |
Upgrade? |
Windows 3.1 |
No |
Windows 95 |
No |
Windows 98/Windows 98 SE |
Yes |
Windows Me |
Yes |
Windows NT Workstation 3.51 |
No |
Windows NT Workstation 4.0 |
Yes |
Windows NT Server 4.0 |
No |
Windows 2000 Professional |
Yes |
Windows 2000 Server |
No* |
Windows XP Home Edition |
Yes |
*A new release of Windows XP, Windows XP Server, will be available sometime in the first half of 2002 and will serve as the upgrade for Windows 2000 Server edition.
As you will learn in later chapters, one of the advantages of using the NTFS file system over FAT or FAT32 is that it provides for greater security. Although FAT and FAT32 are okay for Windows 95/98/Me versions of Windows, which are not capable of reading NTFS partitions), only NFTS allows you to set access permissions on a file-by-file or directory basis, and audit the access to those files or directories. If you are doing an install of Windows XP and don't need to let other operating systems have access to the installation partition, then I would recommend you use NTFS so that you can exercise this increased security over your operating system files.
Starting the Setup process can be done by booting from the source CD, by inserting the CD in your CD-ROM drive while another version of Windows is booted, or by using a network connection to the Setup files. You can choose components you want to install, such as networking components or installing a modem, or you can choose to delay these until after the installation. Unlike previous versions of Windows, you can also create local user accounts during the Setup process, or you can create them later by using an applet in the Control Panel.
The time required to set up depends on the hardware installed on your computer. Obviously, the speed of your central processing unit (CPU), whether you are using the CD to run the Setup program or whether you are accessing the Setup files from a network, will make a difference for installation time. You can expect, however, that on a typical computer that meets the minimum hardware requirements discussed in Chapter 2, you will spend a little more than an hour setting up your computer to run Windows XP.
In the next few sections, we will look at some things you should do before you begin to upgrade or install Windows XP, such as creating a checklist. In addition, you will learn about the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard and Dynamic Update, both of which are designed to make the transition to a new operating system, or computer, an easier task.
What Is Dynamic Update?
One of the problems with distributing an operating system on a CD is that once the new operating system starts to become widely adopted, vendors of hardware components such as network cards, display drivers, and so on either create new drivers for the operating system or create updated drivers to fix problems that weren't anticipated when the driver was first created. You also may find that new hardware comes on the market after the Windows XP installation CD is created, so there is no driver for the device available during installation.
Dynamic update makes use of the Windows Update service and can be run during the Setup process to download new drivers if a better one is available from the Windows Update site than the one supplied on the distribution source CD.
If you are connected to the Internet during the Setup process (for either an upgrade or an installation), then you will be able to use the Dynamic Update service to check for additional device drivers so that you won't have to worry about installing them later. You can also use Windows Update at a later time to update drivers, if you want. However, by using Dynamic Update, you can be sure you have the most recent drivers and any other patches or updates that Microsoft has created since the installation CD was created.
What Is the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard?
If you are installing Windows XP on a new computer, you can save some time by using the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard. This wizard allows you to migrate some of the files, documents, and settings for some applications to the new computer. You do this by using a floppy disk or other removable media, or even a local area network (LAN) connection to transfer the data to the new computer. Although the wizard won't actually migrate the applications (you will have to reinstall those), it will migrate the settings for some of them.
The wizard will take you through a step-by-step process to collect the data on the old computer and transfer it to the new computer. Although the wizard doesn't support transferring settings for all applications, it does for many of the more popular packages like Microsoft Office and will also allow you to select any additional files and folders that you want to transfer.
By default, the configuration settings for the following applications are supported by the wizard:
- Internet Explorer
- Outlook Express
- Dial-up connections
- Phone and modem settings
- Accessibility settings
- The classic Windows 2000 desktop settings (this is optional)
- Screen savers
- Fonts
- Folder options
- Taskbar settings
- Mouse and keyboard settings
- Sound settings
- Regional options (such as date/time settings)
- Microsoft Office settings and file types
- Network drive connections
- The Printers desktop folder
- My Documents, My Pictures, and My Favorites folders
- Cookies
The Windows 2000 Resource Kit included a command-line utility called the User State Migration Tool (USMT). This tool creates INF files to store settings and other information. The system administrator can edit this file to customize the settings and data that will be transferred to a new computer. A newer version of this utility will be available after Windows XP is released, and it can be used in conjunction with or instead of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard to assist migration to new computer hardware for a large environment such as a business network.
As you can see, this migration wizard will save you a lot of time if you perform a clean install on a new computer. You won't have to spend time writing down a list of your current settings and then reapplying them once you have installed Windows XP on the new computer.
Collecting Information from Your Old Computer
Since the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard is a new application included with Windows XP, you won't find it on an older operating system like Windows 98. However, there are two ways you can use the wizard to collect settings from your old computer. You can use the Windows XP installation CD on your old computer to run the wizard, or you can use the installation CD to create a floppy disk that will run the wizard. In a large network, creating a floppy disk and duplicating it for your users is a simple method for running the wizard. This is especially true if you have a site license for Windows XP and don't have a lot of copies of the actual CD.
To create a floppy disk that can run the wizard, use the following steps:
Insert the Windows XP CD into the CD-ROM drive of your computer. When the initial menu pops up, select Perform additional tasks.
From the next menu, select Transfer Files and Settings. The Files and Settings Transfer Wizard will start with an informational dialog box telling you about its function. Click Next.
The wizard will then present a dialog box asking if this is the old or new computer. Select the radio button labeled New Computer.
The next dialog box will as if you have the installation CD. Select the No radio button and click Next.
Another dialog box will then ask if you have a wizard disk. Select the radio button labeled I Want to Create a Wizard Disk in the following drive. Use the drop-down menu to select the floppy disk drive, or any other removable media drive on your computer. The floppy disk is all you need, since the wizard does not require more than one diskette. Click Next.
Insert a blank, formatted floppy diskette into the drive and click OK to the prompt the wizard presents. The wizard will copy the necessary files to the floppy disk. When it finishes creating the diskette, you can click Cancel to close the wizard. You now have a wizard floppy diskette that you can use on your old computer.
To use the wizard diskette, insert it into the floppy drive of your old computer and run the program FASTWiz.exe from the floppy drive. This will start the wizard on your old computer.
The wizard will be able to detect that it is not running on a Windows XP computer, so it won't prompt you as it did earlier to find out which computer you are running this from. Instead, after the welcoming dialog box, you will be prompted to enter the method that will be used to transfer the files. This can be either of the following:
Floppy driveThis can be used if you are only transferring settings. If transferring both files and settings, the transfer process may require a number of floppy diskettes, depending on the amount of files you want to transfer.
OtherThis can be another removable drive or a network drive share. For a business environment, using a folder on a shared network drive is a good solution to transfer large amounts of information.
The wizard will then ask what you want to transfer. As you can see in Figure 3.1, you can choose to transfer settings only, files only, or both files and settings.
Figure 3.1 The Files and Settings Transfer Wizard will prompt you for the information to be transferred to the new computer.
After you make your selection you can see in the right size of this figure a listing of what will be transferred. Click Next to start the process. The wizard will first scan your system and then copy the necessary information to a networked drive, or it will prompt you to insert a floppy disk if you chose that method. When finished, the wizard will tell you that it is done, and you can click Finish.
You have now saved information that you can transfer to your new Windows XP system. First, follow the steps outlined in the rest of this chapter to install Windows XP. When that is done, you can start the wizard by clicking on Start, More Programs, Accessories, System Tools and then Files and Settings Transfer Wizard. The wizard will prompt for the location of the data and restore your files or settings or both.
Installation/Upgrade Checklist
Before you start the Setup Wizard, be sure to read the previous chapter. Upgrading and installing operating systems is not a task to be taken lightly. When and if something does go wrong, you will need a back-out procedure (such as a good full backup and a set of startup disks or emergency repair disks) or a very good resume if you are performing this installation at work! Following are a few items you should be sure you have taken care of before starting the Setup Wizard:
Create a full backup of your system. If this is not possible, create backups of application data that cannot otherwise be recovered if something goes wrong.
Check that your computer meets the minimum hardware requirements such as CPU speed and memory.
Get rid of applications and Windows components that you no longer use. This will help make the Setup program run a little faster.
Check the hardware compatibility list (HCL) at http://www.microsoft.com/hcl to be sure that all the devices attached to your computer are supported under Windows XP. Replace components that are not compatible or obtain new drivers from the vendor if you have items not included on the HCL.
Defragment the boot partition (usually your C: drive) and the partition on which you intend to install Windows XP. Keep in mind that you can create and delete partitions during setup, so if you are going to place the Windows XP system root on a different partition than the boot partition, you won't need to defragment anything other than the boot partition. This isn't a requirement, but just a good suggestion to make things run faster.
Create a list of all hardware devices and configuration settings for devices installed in your computer. For example, what kind of network card do you use? Knowing the IRQs and other configuration settings for devices can be handy when troubleshooting the device if you have problems with it during the Windows XP Setup process.
Exit from all other applications if you are starting the wizard from a booted system or via the network.
Close any antivirus software that is running on your PC. Some may cause the Setup process to hang. This is especially true if you are upgrading from Windows 95/98/Me.
Keep your fingers crossed except when entering information required by the Setup process.
Okay, now you are ready to start the Setup Wizard and install Windows XP. Good luck!

subset: commoncrawl


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The wild and crazy guys over at S&T Geotronics, James Sanderson and Marc Tessier, have decided to go full tilt with a Kickstarter version of their DIY Open Enigma Project. For those who missed the fanfare last year, they were featured on Instructables showing how to build an Arduino-based encryption machine that works exactly like a WWII era Enigma. You know, the thing that Alan friggin' Turing and his team at Bletchley Park cracked to bring an end to WWII? Yeah, that Enigma.
The Enigma was also featured in the aptly-titled novel "Enigma" by Robert Harris and the film starring Kate Winslet and some people I've never heard of. That film was produced by Mick "code-breaker" Jagger. Yeah, that Mick Jagger... By the way, Jagger owns his own personal friggin' Enigma machine. How cool is that?
The Enigma Machine (and it's cracking) remains one of the most significant breakthroughs in computing. And Turing is considered one of the fathers of modern computing as well as a brilliant mathematician, logician, code-breaker and... wait for it.... world class marathon runner. (I kid you not, the guy ran a 2:46 marathon, coming in 5th in an Olympic qualifying round. Take that Nazi scum!)
But unless you happen to have a spare $208,137 lying around to throw at a Christie's auction, the closest you're ever gonna get to an Enigma machine is to view Mick Jagger's Enigma sealed behind glass at Bletchley Park. I've been there, it's fantastic. But it's also heavily guarded. Just sayin'.
Now with the Open Enigma Project, you can get a working, life-size replica of the Enigma and be a part of computing history. You can sponsor the Kickstarter project for as little as $5 (cheapskate), or if you're a DIY hardware hacker, for $250 you get a bag of electronic stuff you can assemble.
Or if you're a software person who wouldn't know which way to plug in a soldering iron, then you can get a fully assembled kit (without a case) for $300. And if you want the whole enchilada including the genuine wooden case, it's $600. Executives, VCs, rock stars and others can splurge for even higher levels to help make this project a reality.
This is literally a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to get a working Enigma replica. And that is some cool cyber-encrypting steampunk goodness! You can plug the Open Enigma into your PC via USB port and run some kind of crazy distributed big data bitcoin-mining NoSQL social media photo sharing site on it.
All the hardware and software is open source so you can compute all you want on your desk, put it behind glass or run a marathon with it. Just like Alan Turing would have done.
- Kickstarter: Open Enigma Project
- Wikipedia: Enigma, Alan friggin' Turing, Bletchley Park
- Amazon: Enigma (DVD), Enigma (Bookie wook)
- Instructables: Make your own Enigma replica


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About CBN
History | Branches | Organogram | Departments | The Board | Departmental Directors | Past Governors | Freedom of Information Office | The CBN Service Charter | Our Information Security Policy | CBN Act 2007 (Audio Version)
Statement of CBN Core Mandate
The mandate of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is derived from the 1958 Act of Parliament, as amended in 1991, 1993,1997,1998,1999 and 2007. Listen to the Audio Version of the CBN 2007 Act
The CBN Act of 2007 of the Federal Republic of Nigeria charges the Bank with the overall control and administration of the monetary and financial sector policies of the Federal Government.
The objects of the CBN are as follows:
- ensure monetary and price stability;
- issue legal tender currency in Nigeria;
- maintain external reserves to safeguard the international value of the legal tender currency;
- promote a sound financial system in Nigeria; and
- act as Banker and provide economic and financial advice to the Federal Government.
Consequently, the Bank is charged with the responsibility of administering the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA), 2020, with the sole aim of ensuring high standards of banking practice and financial stability through its surveillance activities, as well as the promotion of an efficient payment system.
In addition to its core functions, CBN has over the years performed some major developmental functions, focussed on all the key sectors of the Nigerian economy (financial, agricultural and industrial sectors). Overall, these mandates are carried out by the Bank through its various departments.


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Description Hide Description- Show Description+
Velvet Bow Ties are cool! You won't need a lesson in the art of the bow tie, however, we can wholeheartedly profess our eternal love for this iconic accessory.
The bow tie has a long history around the necks of individuals who were not afraid to buck trends and make a statement. Donning a bow tie is a polite defiance by a dapper rebel.
- Hand made in the USA
- Pre-tied with hook closure
- Adjustable neck clasp from 13 3/4" - 18"
- Width: 2.25"
Dry clean only


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The Monster of Florence (Paperback)
Available in our Warehouse: Usually Ships in 3-8 Days
In the nonfiction tradition of John Berendt and Erik Larson, the author of the #1 NYT bestseller The Lost City of the Monkey God presents a gripping account of crime and punishment in the lush hills surrounding Florence as he seeks to uncover one of the most infamous figures in Italian history.
In 2000, Douglas Preston fulfilled a dream to move his family to Italy. Then he discovered that the olive grove in front of their 14th century farmhouse had been the scene of the most infamous double-murders in Italian history, committed by a serial killer known as the Monster of Florence. Preston, intrigued, meets Italian investigative journalist Mario Spezi to learn more.
This is the true story of their search for--and identification of--the man they believe committed the crimes, and their chilling interview with him. And then, in a strange twist of fate, Preston and Spezi themselves become targets of the police investigation. Preston has his phone tapped, is interrogated, and told to leave the country. Spezi fares worse: he is thrown into Italy's grim Capanne prison, accused of being the Monster of Florence himself.
Like one of Preston's thrillers, The Monster of Florence, tells a remarkable and harrowing story involving murder, mutilation, and suicide-and at the center of it, Preston and Spezi, caught in a bizarre prosecutorial vendetta.
About the Author
The thrillers of Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child "stand head and shoulders above their rivals" (Publishers Weekly). Preston and Child's famed Pendergast series includes the novels Relic and The Cabinet of Curiosities, both chosen by readers in a National Public Radio poll as being among the one hundred greatest thrillers ever written. Relic was also adapted into a number-one box office hit movie. In addition to his novels, Preston writes about archaeology for The New Yorker and Smithsonian magazines. Lincoln Child is a former book editor who has published five novels of his own, including the huge bestseller Deep Storm.
Readers can sign up for The Pendergast File, a monthly "strangely entertaining note" from the authors at their website www.PrestonChild.com. The authors welcome visitors to their alarmingly active Facebook page, where they post regularly.
Praise For…
Named by USA Today as a Top True-Crime Book of All Time
"A dark and fascinating descent into a landscape of horror that deserves to be shelved between In Cold Blood and Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil."—Brad Thomas Parsons, Amazon's Best of the Month-June 2008
"This bit of real-life Florence bloodletting makes you sweat and think, and presses relentlessly on the nerves."—Publishers Weekly (starred review)
"The co-authors expertly and entertainingly guide the reader though an epic, colorful cast of characters and the stranger-than-fiction machinations of a Byzantine Italian judicial system."—Washington Post
"Preston's account of the crimes is lucid and mesmerizing."—TIME Magazine
"Remarkable true-crime story...passionately describes the investigations gone wrong....Preston knows how to load his storytelling with intriguing evidence and damning details. His feverish style keeps the reader turning with the hope of uncovering the killer's identity. In the book's most chilling moment, Preston and Spezi come face-to-face with their most likely suspect."—USA Today
"As taut and tense as any of the author's bestselling thrillers...fascinating, stomach-churning...nerve-tingling action and vivid writing...The Monster of Florence is a gripping tale, filled with shocking crimes, boldly drawn characters, and the careening suspense of the ultimate whodunit."—Dallas Morning News
"An exquisite nonfiction page-turner."—Time Out New York
"One of the most fascinating criminal cases in recent memo—New Orleans Times-Picayune
"A dark and fascinating landscape of horror that deserves to the shelved between In Cold Blood and Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil."—Bookviews101
"The writing is evocative, and the two collaborators skillfully weave the narratives back and forth to create, at times, a razor's edge of tension."—Chicago Tribune
"A gripping tale."—Denver Post
"One of the best true-crime mysteries I've ever read... Nonfiction doesn't get any better than this."—Kansas City Star
"A most unconventional thriller, a real life murder mystery in which the authors become the suspects... Fascinating."—Associated Press
"A riveting true story involving murder, suicide, rumor, poisoning, body parts sent by mail, prosecutorial vendettas, and even satanic sects."—Tucson Citizen
"Tightly calibrated suspense."—Entertainment Weekly
"A propulsive account."—Los Angeles Times


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Recognition of US Liberating Army Units
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the US Army's Center of Military History have worked together to define, recognize, and honor all the US Army divisions that took part in the liberation of prisoners from Nazi concentration camps and other sites of incarceration.
2020 marked the 75th anniversary of the liberation of concentration camps and the end of Nazi tyranny in Europe.
Liberator status is based on unit records housed at the National Archives and Records Administration. Units are recognized at the divisional level.
The honor is accorded to divisions arriving at the site within 48 hours of the initial division's encounter.
In February 1985, two Holocaust survivors—Sigmund Strochlitz and Benjamin Meed—formally requested permission from the Secretary of the Army, John O. Marsh, Jr., to display in the future Museum the flags of all the US units that participated in the liberation of the Nazi camps. Strochlitz and Meed were serving then as co-chairpersons on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council's Days of Remembrance Committee. They also requested permission to present these colors at the Days of Remembrance ceremony held annually in the US Capitol Rotunda in Washington, DC. Several weeks later, the US Army agreed to cooperate with the Museum in this important joint program.
In 1985, the Museum and the Center of Military History recognized some army divisions as liberating units: the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 10th, and 11th Armored Divisions and the 42nd, 45th, 80th, 90th, and 103rd Infantry Divisions.
Within two years, this program generated so much interest on the part of veterans' associations that the Museum and the Center of Military History developed further guidelines and procedures for handling future requests for liberator status. It was decided to recognize units only at the divisional level; to accord the honor of liberator status on the basis of unit records housed at the National Archives and Records Administration, not oral testimony; and to accord liberator status to those divisions arriving at the site within 48 hours of the initial division's encounter.
To further facilitate this process, requests for recognition were to come through a formal petition to the Center of Military History or the Museum from the divisional association or individual members of a division. As a result of these new guidelines 10 more US Army divisions were recognized as liberating units: the 12th, 14th, and 20th Armored Divisions, and the 4th, 8th, 71st, 89th, 99th, and 104th Infantry Divisions, along with the 82nd Airborne Division.
In the years since this program was inaugurated, the Museum and the Center of Military History have recognized 36 US Army divisions for their heroism, gallantry, and help in liberating prisoners from brutal Nazi rule. Each year, the names and flags of these units are presented in a moving tribute at the US Capitol Rotunda for the Days of Remembrance ceremony.
In addition, the Museum displays 20 divisional flags at its 14th Street entrance. The flags are rotated so that all the liberating units' colors are prominently exhibited for the two million visitors who walk through our doors each year.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum honors the brave men and women who risked their lives to free their fellow human beings from bondage.
Liberating Units
The following US Army Divisions have been recognized as liberating units by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the US Army's Center of Military History
Infantry Divisions
1st Infantry Division
Liberated Falkenau an der Eger (Flossenbürg subcamp)
2nd Infantry Division
Liberated Leipzig-Schönefeld (Buchenwald subcamp)
Spergau (labor education camp)
4th Infantry Division
Liberated Dachau subcamp
8th Infantry Division
Liberated Wöbbelin (Neuengamme subcamp)
26th Infantry Division
Liberated Gusen (Mauthausen subcamp)
29th Infantry Division
Liberated Dinslaken (civilian labor camp)
30th Infantry Division
Liberated Weferlingen (Buchenwald subcamp)
36th Infantry Division
Liberated Kaufering camps (Dachau subcamps)
42nd Infantry Division
Liberated Dachau
45th Infantry Division
Liberated Dachau
63rd Infantry Division
Liberated Kaufering camps (Dachau subcamps)
65th Infantry Division
Liberated Flossenbürg subcamp
69th Infantry Division
Liberated Leipzig-Thekla (Buchenwald subcamp)
71st Infantry Division
Liberated Gunskirchen (Mauthausen subcamp)
80th Infantry Division
Liberated Buchenwald
Ebensee (Mauthausen subcamp)
83rd Infantry Division
Liberated Langenstein (Buchenwald subcamp)
84th Infantry Division
Liberated Ahlem (Neuengamme subcamp)
Salzwedel (Neuengamme subcamp)
86th Infantry Division
Liberated Attendorn (civilian labor camp)
89th Infantry Division
Liberated Ohrdruf (Buchenwald subcamp)
90th Infantry Division
Liberated Flossenbürg
95th Infantry Division
Liberated Werl (prison and civilian labor camp)
99th Infantry Division
Liberated Dachau subcamps
103rd Infantry Division
Kaufering subcamp
104th Infantry Division
Liberated Dora-Mittelbau
Armored Divisions
3rd Armored Division
Liberated Dora-Mittelbau
4th Armored Division
Liberated Ohrdruf (Buchenwald subcamp)
6th Armored Division
Liberated Buchenwald
8th Armored Division
Liberated Halberstadt-Zwieberge (Buchenwald subcamp)
9th Armored Division
Liberated Falkenau an der Eger (Flossenbürg subcamp)
10th Armored Division
Dachau subcamp
11th Armored Division
Liberated Gusen (Mauthausen subcamp)
12th Armored Division
Liberated Dachau subcamp
14th Armored Division
Liberated Dachau subcamps
20th Armored Division
Liberated Dachau
Airborne Divisions
82nd Airborne Division
Liberated Wöbbelin (Neuengamme subcamp)
101st Airborne Division
Liberated Dachau subcamp
Series: Liberation of Nazi Camps: Encountering and Documenting Atrocities
Critical Thinking Questions
- What challenges did troops face when they encountered the camps?
- Investigate liberating units from countries other than the United States.
Further Reading
Drea, Edward J. "Recognizing the Liberators. US Army Divisions Enter the Concentration Camps," Army History. The Professional Bulletin of Army History, Fall/Winter 1992/1993, 1-5.


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Before & After 12 Hours
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Before & After
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— Tamako, Vancouver (Translated by Yasuko)
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— Yuki, Japan (Translated by Yasuko)


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Treasures of the Archives: Spokane City Parks, Lantern Slides, 1900-1930
Woman on top of Basalt/Frank Palmer, Photographs, Spokane City Parks, Lantern Slides, 1900-1930, Washington State Archives, Digital Archives, http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov.
This image of a woman standing proud atop a basalt cliff at Downriver Park is part of a series of images from the 1910s to the 1930s highlighting the natural beauty of Spokane's parks. Images like this were produced by the public relations experts of the day, known as "boosters." These intrepid salesmen could be found all across the western United States promoting every one-horse town and rural village as the next great American metropolis. In Spokane, a series of promotional lantern slides were produced to show off the growing city's parks, such as this image of teepees at Indian Canyon Park, or this shot of "Lover's Lane" in Natatorium Park. The Spokane City Parks, Lantern Slides, 1900-1930 collection contains 123 images from many of Spokane's parks and its surrounding wilderness.


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Life Counter Ring (Black)
Currently Unavailable
Use this ring to keep track of your Health, Mana, HP, MP, VP, BP, or any other points between 00 and 99.
Perfect for Magic the Gathering!
Our rings are wider than most, so be sure to use a WIDE-BAND finger gauge when getting your fingers sized! All lcr100's are 10mm wide.


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Previous Lesson
Complete and Continue
Exponential Impact - Self-Paced
Course Introduction
Welcome to Exponential Impact
Meet the Instructors
How to Get the Most Out of This Course
Task #2: Schedule your own Team Meetings
Task #3: Book your Orientation call with Becky
Task #4: Download the Course Handout Packet
Module 1: Do I have a Team and Organizational Culture that is Ready to Scale?
Task # 1: Reflect on White Supremacy Culture
Task # 2: Strengthen Your Liberatory Consciousness
Task # 3: Understand What is at the Core of Why You Think and Work the Way You Do
TASK # 4: Identify What You Are Moving Toward
Task # 5: Identify Areas to Dismantle Oppression and Design for Liberation
Meta Reflection on Reflections
Module 2: Do I truly understand the problem I am trying to solve?
Read This. Seven Problems with Problems.
Task #1: Draft a Problem Statement.
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 2
Module 3: Do I Deeply Understand the Layered Contexts that Produce and Perpetuate the Problem?
Task #1: Diagram Why Your Problem Is Happening at All Five Levels of Oppression and Liberation
Task 2: Explore These Resources
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 3
Next Steps
Module 4: Do I Fully Understand My Relationship to the People Experiencing the Problem?
Read This.
Task #1: Understand the Three Design Roles - Which Do You Play?
Task #2: Understand and Select an Engagement Framework
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 4
Next Steps & Further Study
Bonus Materials. Additional Engagement Frameworks
Module 5: Are You Using Any Problematic Narratives?
Read These Articles
Task 1: Dominant Narratives and Approaches
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 5
Module 6: Do I Know My Solution Actually Works?
Task #1: Are You Evaluating Success with an Equity Lens?
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 6
Next Steps
Bonus Material: Additional Thoughts on Equitable Solutions Finding
Module 7: Mid-Course Gut Check
You're at the Halfway Point!
Task #1: Gut Check Before Proceeding
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 7
Module 8: What Solution Do I Actually Want to Spread/Scale?
Task #1: Prepare Your Rice and Beans
Task #2: Assess Spread-ability (Hot Sauce)
Task #3: Start Pressure-Testing
Task #4: Share your Rice & Beans
Inner Work: Reflection on Module 8
Module 9: How Much, By When? How to Set Compelling Aims
Task #1: Complete the Great Aims Checklist
Task #2: Share your Aim
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 9
Module 10: How Will I Get Leverage? Raising Awareness, Building Will, and Transferring Skill
Task #1: Select Your Methods for Raising Awareness and Building Will
Task #2: Select Appropriate Methods for Transferring Skill
Task #3: Plot Your Methods on the Diffusion Curve
Task #4: Complete a Driver Diagram
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 10
Module 11: Committing and Planning
Your Mission, Should You Accept It
Task #1: Make a 90 Day Plan
Task #2: Make a Dream Board
Task #3: Commit
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 11
What's Next?
Task #1: Book an Exit Interview with Becky
Task #2: Consider Doing More with the Billions Institute
Task #3: Consider Taking More Courses with Equity Meets Design
Task #4: Complete a Feedback Survey
Inner Work: Reflections on Module 7
Lesson content locked
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Top 18 Alternative (Similar) to Remotive
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Last updated on June 11, 2024.
State attorneys general are working to advance clean energy, climate and environmental laws and policies. Use the filters below to search actions of regional and national significance taken by state AGs since 2017. We strive to include all relevant AG activity, but cannot guarantee that this database is comprehensive. To alert us to any potential updates, please email [email protected].
Pro-Environment Federal Litigation by AGs
See a breakdown of pro-environmental federal litigation brought by AGs during the Biden and Trump administrations. This includes cases in which AGs fought against the administration, as well as cases in which AGs defended the administration's pro-environmental policies.
Description of Fields & Filters
Note: The filters are inclusive, not exclusive. For example, if you check both California and New York under "States," the results will include all actions from California and all actions from New York (rather than showing only actions that involve both states together).
This is the date that the action was taken. If a single entry includes a series of actions (such as a lawsuit and a settlement), the listed date is the date of the earliest action in the series.
A state is tagged if that state's attorney general participated in the action. This does not include other state agencies or any local parties. For example, if New York City joined a lawsuit, but the New York AG did not, New York would not be listed as a participating state in the entry.
Lead State
The state or states that led a multistate action.
Single-State/Multistate Action
This field indicates whether the action was taken by one state (single-state action), or a coalition of states (multistate action).
This field lists the agencies that the AGs targeted in the action (e.g. agencies that AGs sent comments to, filed a lawsuit against, etc.). This does not include agencies that may have joined the AGs in the action (e.g. agencies that signed a comment letter along with AGs, etc.).
This field indicates the issue area(s) that the action addresses. Issues are organized into larger umbrella categories, such as "Fossil Fuels" and "Toxics." Some of these umbrella categories also contain sub-categories, which allow you to look for actions related to more specific issues. Please note that actions can have multiple issue types.
This denotes federal administration that AGs engaged with on the action, if applicable. The administration corresponds to whoever was president when the rule at issue was promulgated, even if the case didn't start until a new president was in office. Actions that were not taken at the federal level are tagged as "non-federal."
Document Type
This field denotes the types of documents included in the entry (which does not necessarily line up with the types of documents from the action). For example, if an entry is about a lawsuit that was settled, but the settlement documents are not publicly available, the entry would not be tagged with "Settlement" since we do not provide the settlement in our entry. Instead, the entry would just be tagged with "Press Release," since that is where the information on the settlement was obtained.
Action Type
This is the type of action that AGs took. Entries can have multiple action types. For example, if an AG files a lawsuit against a company for breaking an environmental law, the action type would be listed as both "Environmental Enforcement" and "Litigation."
This field only appears when the "Action Type" field is set to litigation (since it is only applicable to litigation entries). A case is counted as a win if the state AGs won a preliminary injunction, summary judgment, or the majority of the relief they asked for was granted; or if the agency withdrew the rule at issue after litigation was filed. A case is counted as a loss if the relief was not granted or the agency won a motion to dismiss or summary judgment, or if the rule at issue was revoked for another reason (such as in another case) but the AGs lost on their demands within the specific case at hand. A case is tagged as a partial win if some of the relief was granted and some of the relief was not granted. Pending cases indicate that the outcome hasn't been determined yet. To submit updates, please email [email protected].
226 actions match your search. Download as CSV
State: Delaware


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December 1, 2015
Published by
Five Star
December 1, 2015
Hiring a Company for Snow Removal while you're Away for the Holidays!
Did you know that Calgarians have a legal obligation to shovel away snow within 24 hours of a storm? Calgary's bylaws outline the responsibilities of Calgary
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