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If We Can't Clean Your Carpets… We'll Install Them For FREE! CALL NOW (877) 783-3606
Vienna Virginia Carpet Cleaning, Carpet Repair & Stretching, Water and Fire Damage Restoration, & Pet Odor Removal.
If you want some low-budget, kick the dirt around, cheap, and unethical carpet cleaner to take care of one of the most valuable assets in your home (your carpets), be my guest. On the other hand, if you want your carpets maintained and cleaned by an award-winning professional carpet cleaning company, that is ethical, has tons of real client reviews, and have been serving your community for more than 20 years, please click on the FREE ROOM of carpet cleaning and fill out the form to take a free test drive of our services. At Everette Carpet Care & Restoration we totally assume all of the risk of you doing business with us. This is why we offer a 30 Day Money Back Guarantee to ensure you are 100% satisfied with our service. If for any reason you are not happy with our cleaning service we'll re-clean the problem area for free. If you're still not satisfied we'll Give You Your Money Back (you can't lose).
We believe you should be educated about the best ways to keep your carpet & upholstery looking, feeling, and smelling fresh. You should also know how to prevent wrinkles from developing in your carpet and how to remove spots safely from your carpet without damaging it. That's why we developed our client learning Center. It's here as a resource to make sure your upholstery, tile, carpet, and fine fabrics last for a very long time. We have been servicing residents of Vienna VA for more than 25 years. With such a large population to service we have been very busy in Vienna satisfying one client at a time. Over the years, we've discovered that most of the clients that hire us to do carpet cleaning or carpet repairs (burn marks, dog ripped carpet) in Vienna are hard working and really appreciate our attention to detail when cleaning or repairing their rugs and carpet.
Client Reviews
Amazing job guys!!
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We cover Northern Virginia (and surrounding areas), DC, Maryland, including the following cities: Mclean, Centreville Chantilly, Arlington, Burke, Fairfax, Fairfax Station, Falls Church, Manassas, Manassas Park, Springfield, Tyson's corner, Alexandria, Oakton, Clifton, and Vienna just to name a few. Our goal is to help you take care of all of your primary carpet, tile, and upholstery cleaning needs. All of our technicians are certified by The National Institute of Carpet Cleaning for water damage restoration, carpet cleaning, carpet repair (cigarette burns / carpet stretching), odor control, and furniture cleaning. We have built a solid reputation for going above and beyond the call duty.
Services We Offer
Over the past 25 years we have helped countless clients take care of water damaged carpet issues and flooded basements. We've helped with holes and rips in the carpet because of upset cats and dogs. We've dealt with kids and pets having accidents on mattresses, furniture, and in cars. However, carpet cleaning and carpet repairs are how we have helped most of our client in the past. Whether cleaning the carpeting before or after a holiday party, a family gathering, or a pre-game celebration we are more than happy to show up for our clients because we value them. Additionally, we have consistently patched and repaired holes in our clients carpet. We have stretched and re-stretched wrinkled and rippling carpet for them as well, This has resulted in us helping many of the realtors that we work with in Northern Virginia, DC, & MD to SELL homes easier and with less carpet issues. We also provide Tile & Grout Cleaning, Oriental Rug Cleaning, and New Carpet Installation in N. Virginia, DC, & MD.
Please Click on Image Below For More Info
Our Entire Service Area Includes All Areas List Below
Northern Virginia
(Stafford County VA) Aquia, Garrisonville, Falmouth, Stafford,(Orange County) Locust Grove, Fredericksburg, (Spotsylvania County Virginia), Spotsylvania (Prince William County Virginia) Dale City, Bristow, Dumfries, Gainesville, Haymarket, LakeRidge, Montclair, Nokesville, Occoquan, Quantico, Triangle, Woodbridge, (Fairfax County VA) Annandale, Baileys Crossroads, Burke, Centreville, Chantilly, Clifton, Fairfax, Fairfax Station, Falls Church, Great Falls, Franconia, Herndon, Lorton, McLean, Merrifield, Newington, Oakton, Reston, Springfield, Tysons Corner, Vienna, (Alington County VA) Arlington, Ballston, Rosslyn, Shirlington, West Arlington, (Alexandria County) Alexandria, (Loudoun County) Aldie, Ashburn, Leesburg, South Riding, Sterling, (Faquier County) Bealton, Warrenton (Culpeper County) Culpeper, (King George County) King George
Washington DC
George Town, Forest Hill, Hawthorne, West End, PetWorth, Park View, Logan Circle, Kent, Shaw, Spring Valley, Wakefield,
(Prince George County) Lanham, Largo, Laurel, Aquasco, Boden, Berwyn Heights, Bowie, Brandywine, Block Hall, Calverton, Camp springs, Clinton, Colmar Manor, Fairwood, Fort washington, Friendly, Glen Dale, Kettering, Konterra, Marlton, Mellwood, Mitchelville, Queen Anne, Rosaryville, Springdale, Upper Marlboro, University Park, West Laurel, Westphalia, woodlawn, woodmore, Accokeek
(Montgomery County) Potomac, Ashton Sandy Spring, Aspen Hill, Bethesda, Butonsville, Chevy Chase, Clarksburg, Cloverly, Colesville, Damascus, Darnestown, Four Corners, Gaithersburg, Germantown, Glenmont, Kemp Mill, Layhill, Montgomery Village, N. Bethesda, N. Kensington, N. potomac, Olney, Poolesville, Redland, Rockville, S. Kensington, Wheaton
ATTENTION HOMEOWNERS: Two Things We Won't Do…
1. Bait & Switch:
So many carpet cleaners advertise super-low prices hoping you call them for service – that's the bait! Once they arrive, well they switch! We offer our Free Healthy Home Assessment Audit, A FREE Cleaning and an up front hand written quote. This allows you to make an informed and educated decision on whether to use us or not.
2. Waste Your Time:
Have you ever had to wait all day for a service company? Like your time is not valuable? We offer 2 hour time frames for appointments, no waiting all day, allowing you to schedule your day around us.
We charge by the square footage and you'll soon discovered that you will pay a lot less in most cases because you only pay for the areas that you have cleaned. For example, if you wanted your bedroom steam cleaned but you did not want the bed, dresser, and night-stand moved. Then you wouldn't pay for the carpeted areas underneath those items. You would only pay for the exposed areas of carpet to be cleaned if you choose. On the other hand, some cleaning companies charge a flat rate per room (as high as $99 per room). This is simply unfair because even if they don't clean the whole bedroom you still pay for the whole bedroom to be cleaned.
2 Fantastic, Free Reasons To Call Right Now:
FREE OFFER #1. Get your favorite sofa cleaned Absolutely Free when you schedule a Whole House gold or platinum cleaning package ($139.00 Value)
FREE OFFER #2. Get a Free Bottle of Carpet Stain Remover when you schedule a Whole House silver cleaning package ($12.50 Value)
Call 877 783-3606
Washington Post Article Written About Us
Our Awards & Washington post article
Please Click On The Washington Post Image or Button Below To Read The Article They Wrote About The Way We Repair Carpet for the thousands of clients All Across Northern Virginia, Washington DC, and Maryland.
Click Below To Learn More
1) Learn 3 Things You Must Know About Carpet Cleaning Industry That Could Save Your Life
2) We Teach You How to Remove Most Stains From Your Carpet Using Common Household Cleaning Products.
3) Also, We Share The 5 Costly Misconception About Carpet cleaning & Carpet Repairs.
4) We Give You The Answers To Our Most Frequently Asked Questions.
5) You May View Our Spotting & Stain Removal Guide.
6) View the EPA's Finds Linking Poor Indoor Air Quality & Asthma.
7) View Our Green Cleaning Tips.
8) We Share The Common Causes of Ripples In Carpet.
9) We Share Why Carpet and Upholstery Should Be Cleaned Twice A Year.
10) 7 Question You Should ask A Cleaning Company Before You Hire Them.
Consumer Warning!!
Click On Video Below


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Very soon, we will be able to provide a thorough and very enlightening tour in our brewery.
Watch the process of brewing, learn how the mixtures become the final product and see how the magic happens.
This is the easiest and most popular way to experience brewery.
Whether you are on vacation, a company or a local with a craving to experience new beer, a visit at our Tap Room is a great way to discover the local craft-brew scene.
You will learn about types of beer, the beer making process, the breweries and much more, all the while sampling great craft beers!
Enjoy Responsibly
"Με τη συγχρηματοδότηση της Ελλάδας και της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης"
Karavomilos Kefalonia
Samis - Agias Efimias Road
28080 Greece
Contact Phones
+30 6946952951
+30 6937870663

subset: commoncrawl


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Giant hogweed
- Species
- Heracleum mantegazzianum
Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is a perennial and currently distributed in the Lower Mainland, Fraser Valley, Gulf Islands, and central to southern Vancouver Island.
Giant hogweed has numerous small white flowers clusters in an umbrella-shaped head, with stout, hollow green stems covered in purple spots. Dark green leaves are coarsely toothed in 3 large segments with stiff underside hairs, and lower leaves can exceed 2.5 metres in length. Giant hogweed can grow up to 5 metres in height at maturity.
Giant hogweed is a highly competitive plant due to vigorous early-season growth, tolerance of full shade and seasonal flooding, as well as its ability to co-exist with other aggressive invasive plant species. Each plant can produce up to 100,000 winged seeds (typically 50,000) that remain viable in the soil for up to 15 years. Plants generally die after flowering.
Warning: Giant hogweed stem hairs and leaves contain a clear, highly toxic sap that, when in contact with the skin, can cause burns, blisters and scarring. WorkSafe BC has issued a Toxic Plant Warning for Giant Hogweed that requires workers to wear heavy, water-resistant gloves and water-resistant coveralls that completely covers skin while handling the plants. Eye protection is also recommended.
A few native and ornamental alternatives to plant instead of Giant hogweed include: Blue Elderberry; Ligularia; Rodgersia; Shieldleaf Rodgersia; and Wild Celery. Read more about these alternatives in the Grow Me Instead booklet for BC.
For more information:
- Best Practices for Management of Giant Hogweed in the Metro Vancouver Region
- National Fact Sheet on Giant Hogweed, by the Canadian Council on Invasive Species (CCIS)
- EDRR Fact Sheet on Giant Hogweed, by Randy Westbrooks, U.S. Geological Survey


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Thomas Watson Jr. Mainframe Mogul
Thomas Watson Jr.
Chairman of IBM Corp.
Founded: 1924
"Fear of failure was the most powerful force in my life."-Thomas Watson Jr.
When Thomas Watson Jr. assumed control of IBM from his father, he had some pretty big shoes to fill. After all, the senior Watson had built IBM from an obscure time-clock maker and punch-card tabulator company into a corporate titan. Dogged by self-doubt, the would-be successor to the IBM throne once wailed to his mother, "I can't do it. I can't go to work for IBM." Yet Watson not only succeeded his father, but he eventually surpassed him. He boldly carried IBM-and the world-into the computer age, and in the process, created a company whose awesome sales and service savvy and dark-suit culture stood for everything good.and bad.about corporate America.
Thomas Watson Jr. was born in 1914, the same year his father was appointed manager of Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co. (CTR). In 1924, Watson Sr. became CEO and renamed the company International Business Machines (IBM). Because of his father's position, Thomas Jr. had a very privileged upbringing, attending private schools, traveling the world and enjoying the benefits of considerable wealth. But this would prove to be more of a handicap than an advantage for the troubled young man.
Watson Sr. was curt and unforgiving, and had unreasonably high expectations for his son-expectations Watson Jr. often felt he could never live up to. Indeed, early on it seemed clear that he might not be the equal of his father, nor a competent successor. A perpetually failing student, "Terrible Tom," as his classmates and instructors called him, vented his frustration by pulling pranks and tangling with authority. It took him six years and three schools to get through high school, and college wasn't much better. At Brown University, he spent most of his time fooling around, and only graduated through the intervention of a sympathetic dean.
After college, Watson enrolled in IBM sales school, but didn't fair much better. "My three years as a salesman were a time of sickening self-doubt," he writes in his autobiography, Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond. And Watson had good reason to feel that way. He could never be sure what he'd accomplished on his own and what had been arranged to curry favor with his father, as when the head of his sales-training class fixed it so he'd be elected its president. "Unfortunately for me," Watson recalls, "I lacked the force of character to say 'I won't have this.' "
But World War II would change that. As aide and pilot for Major General Follett Bradley, the Army Air Forces' inspector general, Watson flew throughout Asia, Africa and the Pacific, displaying raw nerve, visionary foresight and shrewd planning skills. As a result of his experiences, he returned from the war confident and thinking for the first time that he might be capable of running IBM.
His father, however, was not as confident. Watson Jr. had been so unimpressive before the war that it was hard for the senior Watson to accept that he had changed. Yet not only had he changed, but he had also returned to IBM with a new perspective. He quickly realized that IBM's future lay in computers, not in outdated technology like tabulators, which were the company's stock and trade. Many people, his father included, refused to believe that the company's core products would soon become obsolete.
Nevertheless, when Watson became president of IBM in 1952, he followed his vision, recruiting electronics experts and luminaries, such as computer pioneer John von Neumann, who were responsible for creating IBM's first successful computers, the 700 series and the 650 series. By 1963, IBM had grabbed an 8-to-1 lead in revenue over Sperry Rand, its closest competitor and maker of Univac-the first large commercial computer.
With IBM clearly on top, Watson took the biggest gamble of his career. He proposed spending more than $5 billion to develop a new line of computers that would make the company's existing machines obsolete. His vision was to replace specialized units with a family of compatible computers named System/360 that could fill every data-processing need and would allow customers to start with small computers and move up as their needs increased, without having to discard their existing software.
It was a bold strategy that nearly failed when software problems created delivery delays. In a "hail mary" play, Watson assigned 2,000 engineers to work on solving the software problems. Although the first machines were slow, they became better as more were built. By 1966, the long-delayed software programs were delivered, and System/360, which would ultimately revolutionize the computer industry, proved to be a phenomenal success. IBM's installed base of computers skyrocketed from 11,000 in 1964 to 35,000 in 1970, and its revenues more than doubled to $7.5 billion.
In 1971, years of overexertion and stress caught up with Watson, and he suffered a near-fatal heart attack. While recuperating, he decided to retire. "I wanted to live more than I wanted to run IBM," he explains in Father, Son & Company. "It was a choice my father never would have made, but I think he would have respected it." After his retirement, Watson pursued his interests in sailing and flying, and even served as ambassador to the USSR under President Jimmy Carter. In December 1993, the man Fortune magazine praised as "the greatest capitalist who ever lived," died of complications following a stroke.
Under Thomas Watson Jr., IBM so thoroughly dominated the computer industry that it left even powerful competitors such as Sperry Rand flailing in its wake. And although newcomers like Compaq and Microsoft nearly brought the company to its knees in the 1980s, as the new millennium approaches, the colossus that Watson inherited and reinvigorated in the 1950s and 1960s stands strong as the sixth-largest company in the United States.
Aviation Pioneer?
Not only did Thomas Watson Jr. spark a computer revolution, but he also broke new ground in aviation. While serving in the Army Air Forces during World War II, Watson trailblazed the Alaska-Siberia ferry route, which the United States used to ship planes to the Soviet Union.
A Kinder, Gentler Big Blue
One of the keys to Thomas Watson Jr.'s success at IBM was the management style he adopted when he became company president. Under his father, IBM was a corporate dictatorship with an autocratic management strategy that discouraged individualism and independent thinking. All decisions had to be run past Watson Sr. Watson Jr., however, realized that in the rapidly evolving technology industry, the management strategy that had served his father so well could actually become an impediment. So he encouraged IBM managers to use their imaginations and make decisions independent from the home office. As a result, IBM became a top innovator in the computer field.


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On March 21, 1920, Ezra and Vera had their third child, a daughter they named Jeannette. Six months later, on October 15, 1920, Ezra packed his bags and left. It would take five years for the divorce to become final, years Vera and the children spent in Chicago and later, in Chappaqua, New York.
Like many, if not most married women of her generation, Vera did not work, and she relied somewhat fanatically upon her monthly settlement. Over the course of more than fifty years, she would continue to write frequently to Ezra, often demanding and threatening him, nearly always seeking something more: she had an exalted sense of entitlement, and seemed to care little for or about Ezra's life and work. Their relationship over the years was caustic and slippery, and their correspondence over time reflects the strain of managing their family, their finances, and their wounded feelings. In a letter to Vera during the summer of 1922, Ezra writes: I promise to love and cherish you as much as is reasonable. I regret I must add the "reasonable" but that is a reservation which you put in. It takes all of the meaning out of the first part of this sentence — just as it did to all you promised me.
Between 1920 and 1925, Winter received numerous private and public commissions for work that obliged him to work around the clock: there were ceiling decorations and pendatives, wall hangings and banners, travel and research and strategic, highly technical studies in construction and process — all of which required a level of extraordinary attention to detail and sustained stamina. Ezra Winter worked hard.
But he wasn't the only one.
Part Two : Perspiration
A respected ear, nose and throat doctor in his home town of Cincinnati, Dr. Abraham Murphey had noticed that during surgery, his hands were given to untimely outbursts of perspiration, obliging him to wear gloves that reduced — but did little to eliminate — the discomfort. Further research revealed that his was not an isolated case, and when he questioned his peers, they, too confessed to sweaty palms, particularly when operating.
While the topic of so called unmentionables was seldom discussed in polite company, Dr. Murphey's teenage daughter Edna knew all too well that perspiration was the scourge of modern women. This was, after all, an age in which dresses were long and necklines unyielding: even bathing costumes came with tights. Could there be a broader appeal for an antiperspirant, she wondered? Could it appeal to women?
Guileless, she took it upon herself to reframe her father's mission. She borrowed $150 from her grandfather, setting up shop her family's basement where she procured bottles and labels, wrote letters and designed circulars, and went door-to-door canvassing her new product, which she called "Odo-ro-no," (a play on the words "Odor, oh no!").
In the summer of 1912, young Edna took a booth at an Atlantic City exposition, which lasted the better part of the season. Initially, there was scarce interest in her home-brewed elixir, but young Edna persevered: as the heat grew more intense, interest in her product increased, and sales skyrocketed. She knew she was onto something.
With what she received in payment, Edna reinvested in her fledgling company, finding regional distributors and buying local advertisements in the towns where there appeared to be greater interest, beginning in Cincinnati and moving quickly to Chattanooga. Before long, sales of Odorono had spread across the country. Initially, she partnered with a friend to produce the ads (Edna herself wrote all the copy) but soon recognized the limitations of her own capacity.
In the spring of 1914, Dr. Murphey received Patent 96,159 (for "toilet water preventing excessive perspiration") and soon afterward, Edna decided to find a proper advertising agency. The story of Odorono's meteoric rise from that point forward can perhaps be largely attributed to a posse of marketing strategists at J. Walter Thompson whose research led to repositioning the product less as a function of personal hygiene than as a perfumed beauty aid, but it also testifies to the future Mrs. Ezra Winter's ability to both embrace and celebrate change. Initially, the shifts in direction led to ads that were, at the time, quite daring: the very subject of a underarm hygiene was thought highly inappropriate, and when published in such popular magazines as Ladies Home Journal, Odorono's ads led to significant public outcry. In 1919 alone, there were hundreds of subscription cancellations. At the same time, sales of the product went up 112% that year. [1]
Undaunted by controversy, the young entrepreneur soldiered on, and her audience rose to the occasion: by 1920, ads were running in all the high-end womens' magazines, perspiration was no longer framed as a fearful affliction, and sales had more than doubled. Murphey's artistic aspirations moved steadily forward, emboldened by her increasing sophistication on matters that were likely guided by her JWT advisors. She worked with the best creative teams, redesigned her labels and even secured the Albanian photojournalist Gjon Mili to shoot a story for Life Magazine.
Some decades later, Pete Townshend wrote a song in her honor, which was released on his band's 1967 album, The Who Sell Out. The song tells the story of a successful starlet whose dream of true love is torpedoed when her intended discovers her body odor. It ends with the lyric:
Her deodorant had let her down: she should have used Odorono.
(Please wait while the video loads.)
Over the course of the next decade, Edna traveled frequently to Paris, where she noticed that stylish French women were partial to wearing colorless nail polish. Intrigued, she bought the formula, tinted it, and borrowed money to place six small ads in the U.S. edition of Vogue. "The lovely glimmer given to the nails by Glazo is neither too deeply pink nor too pale — just cleverly in-between," noted an advertisement in a 1929 issue of Photoplay. " A natural, soft radiance that is subtly sophisticated ... utterly new and correct... ... giving new eloquence to the whole hand."
Advertisement for Glazo nail lacquer, 1920s
Glazo was an overnight sensation, and in conjunction with the ongoing success of Odorono, kept Edna extremely busy. These products also made her rich: in January of 1929, Edna Murphey merged both companies with Northam Warren, netting her the tidy sum of 3.5 million dollars.
Ten months before the stock market crash of 1929, Edna Murphey was widely acknowledged to be one of America's foremost experts in health and beauty. She was also, it must be said, extremely wealthy.
How she met Ezra Winter is uncertain, as is the story of her first marriage to a man whose surname was Albert. But Edna became Pat, and Murphey became Albert, and in July of 1932, Edna Patricia Murphey Albert married Ezra Winter and became Mrs. Patricia Winter. Her career as a cosmetics mogul behind her, she retired from active duty, only to reinvent herself once again — as a farmer, who would go on to build an herbal empire that she would sell in the 1950s to McCormick Spices. And that journey was only just beginning.
The Ezra Winter Project Archive >>
[1] Odorono Company 1925-1936 Account Histories, Box 13 of 21, Account Files, J. Walter Thompson Collection, Hartman Center for Marketing Advertising and History. (Source: "Odor, Oh No! Advertising Deodorant and the New Science of Psychology, 1910 to 1925. Juliann Sivulka, Waseda University, Tokyo Japan.)


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What is GDPR?
The GDPR was approved and adopted by the EU Parliament in April 2016. The regulation will take effect after a two-year transition period and, unlike a Directive it does not require any enabling legislation to be passed by government; meaning it will be in force May 2018.
In light of a uncertain 'Brexit' – I represent a data controller in the UK and want to know if I should still continue with GDPR planning and preparation?
If you process data about individuals in the context of selling goods or services to citizens in other EU countries then you will need to comply with the GDPR, irrespective as to whether or not you the UK retains the GDPR post-Brexit. If your activities are limited to the UK, then the position (after the initial exit period) is much less clear. The UK Government has indicated it will implement an equivalent or alternative legal mechanisms. Our expectation is that any such legislation will largely follow the GDPR, given the support previously provided to the GDPR by the ICO and UK Government as an effective privacy standard, together with the fact that the GDPR provides a clear baseline against which UK business can seek continued access to the EU digital market. (Ref: http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=07a6d19f-19ae-4648-9f69-44ea289726a0)
Who does the GDPR affect?
The GDPR not only applies to organizations located within the EU but it will also apply to organizations located outside of the EU if they offer goods or services to, or monitor the behaviour of, EU data subjects. It applies to all companies processing and holding the personal data of data subjects residing in the European Union, regardless of the company's location.
What constitutes personal data?
Any information related to a natural person or 'Data Subject', that can be used to directly or indirectly identify the person. It can be anything from a name, a photo, an email address, bank details, posts on social networking websites, medical information, or a computer IP address.
What is the difference between a data processor and a data controller?
A controller is the entity that determines the purposes, conditions and means of the processing of personal data, while the processor is an entity which processes personal data on behalf of the controller.
Do data processors need 'explicit' or 'unambiguous' data subject consent – and what is the difference?
The conditions for consent have been strengthened, as companies will no longer be able to utilise long illegible terms and conditions full of legalese, as the request for consent must be given in an intelligible and easily accessible form, with the purpose for data processing attached to that consent – meaning it must be unambiguous. Consent must be clear and distinguishable from other matters and provided in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language. It must be as easy to withdraw consent as it is to give it.
What about Data Subjects under the age of 16?
Parental consent will be required to process the personal data of children under the age of 16 for online services; member states may legislate for a lower age of consent but this will not be below the age of 13.
What is the difference between a regulation and a directive?
A regulation is a binding legislative act. It must be applied in its entirety across the EU, while a directive is a legislative act that sets out a goal that all EU countries must achieve. However, it is up to the individual countries to decide how. It is important to note that the GDPR is a regulation, in contrast the the previous legislation, which is a directive.
How does the GDPR affect policy surrounding data breaches?
Proposed regulations surrounding data breaches primarily relate to the notification policies of companies that have been breached. Data breaches which may pose a risk to individuals must be notified to the DPA within 72 hours and to affected individuals without undue delay.


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Your Family's Finances
The Bible has a lot to say about money and much that is specifically of value for someone trying to be intentional about family relationships.
A financial treadmill of working and consuming can dominate your energy and thoughts to the degree that your good intentions for family relationships get squeezed out.
How can you master your money in order to be intentional in other areas?
How can you manage your money in such a way that it can aid rather than undermine your spiritual and relational goals?
Steps you can take
We often think the answer to our money problems is to have a little more, but Solomon observed, "Whoever loves money never has money enough; whoever loves wealth is never satisfied with his income" (Ecclesiastes 5:10). The writer of Hebrews countered, "Keep your lives free from the love of money and be content with what you have, because God has said, 'Never will I leave you; never will I forsake you.'" (Hebrews 13:5).
Being content with what you have doesn't mean God can't bless you with more. Two of the servants in the parable of the talents in Matthew 25:14-30 learned the value of being faithful with whatever they had. To them the master said, "You have been faithful with a few things; I will put you in charge of many things."
We learn from this parable that God wants to see what we will do with a little before He will entrust us with more.
In Romans 13:8, the apostle Paul says, "Let no debt remain outstanding, except the continuing debt to love one another, for he who loves his fellow man has fulfilled the law." Most Christian financial advisers stress the value in eliminating and staying out of debt as much as possible. The less debt you have, the more you're able to focus on the "debt to love one another."
Focusing on relationships over things also can cause you to reconsider your purchasing and work decisions. Isaiah 55:2 asks the question, "Why spend money on what is not bread, and your labor on what does not satisfy?"
Do you ever feel like you're working hard to pay off debt for purchases that weren't essential and didn't even satisfy? How could you simplify your expenses and make them more consistent with your family priorities in this season of life?
People with various relationship goals – wanting to get married, considering starting a family or wanting to help a child through a tough season – may not realize just how much those goals can be undermined by a consumer-driven culture playing on their fears and desires.
God tells us we shouldn't fear what the world fears (1 Peter 1:17 and 3:13-15) or desire what it desires (2 Peter 1:3-8). What would it look like in your life if you re-oriented your fears and desires toward God's design? The more you look to Him for your security and provisions (1 Peter 5:7 and Philippians 4:19), the more you are directed to the eternal relationships around you (Ephesians 3:14-19 and John 13:34-35).
Allowing God to redirect your fears and desires frees you up to invest in family and to give generously to other families who are praying for God's provision.


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The design of Fuel Off-Road wheels emphasizes both functionality and style. Each wheel features a bold, aggressive aesthetic that complements the rugged nature of off-road vehicles. Available in a variety of finishes, including matte, gloss, and polished options, these wheels are designed to make a statement while also providing the durability needed for harsh terrain.
Fuel Off-Road wheels are constructed using high-quality materials such as aluminum alloys, which ensure strength without compromising on weight. The manufacturing process involves advanced techniques like CNC machining and forging to enhance the structural integrity and longevity of the wheels under extreme conditions.
Applications on Most Common Vehicle Makes and Models
Fuel Off-Road wheels are compatible with a wide range of vehicle makes and models, particularly those designed for off-road and rugged use. Popular models equipped with these wheels include the Ford F-150, Chevrolet Silverado, Jeep Wrangler, and Toyota Tacoma. These wheels not only fit these vehicles perfectly but also enhance their overall off-road capabilities.
Performance Ratings of Fuel Off-Road Cycle Matte Gunmetal w/Black Ring wheel
Fuel Off-Road wheels are highly rated for their performance in off-road conditions. They provide excellent traction and stability on various terrains, from muddy trails to rocky paths. The wheels' robust construction ensures that they can withstand the impacts and stresses associated with off-road driving, thereby improving vehicle handling and safety.
Fuel Off-Road Wheels Quality
The quality of Fuel Off-Road wheels is unmatched in the industry. Rigorous testing standards ensure that each wheel meets high performance and durability criteria. This commitment to quality means that consumers can trust Fuel Off-Road wheels to perform exceptionally well and last for many years, even under the toughest conditions. This dedication to excellence has earned Fuel Off-Road a loyal following among off-road enthusiasts worldwide.


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Novelist and critic Christine Brooke-Rose passed away recently. Chicago Blog has a good round-up of the many tributes to her. I had earlier reviewed Xorandor critically, but with great respect for what she had tried to achieve and her voracious, rigorous intellect.
I highly recommend, in particular, her essays in Stories, Theories, and Things, some of the sharpest post-structuralist criticism I have read. I quote some strikingly acute and wry passages from it which easily transcend their particular theoretical orientation. (Though some of the best essays, such as the one on Hardy, are too dense and integral to excerpt.)
"Whatever Happened to Narratology?"
Narratology was thus immensely useful. But in the end, it couldn't cope with narrative and its complexities, except at the price of either trivialization or of becoming a separate theoretical discourse, rarely relevant to the narrative discussed, when discussed. In other words, it became itself a story, or set of stories, of narratives not only extradiegetic, metalinguistic, transtextual, paratextual, hypotextual, extratextual, intertextual, but also, yes, sometimes, textual, all at the same time. And so, yes, a 'good' story. Nevertheless, the study of narratological phenomena, as happens so often, turned into an endless discussion about how to speak of them. The story of narratology became as self-reflexive as a 'postmodern' novel. But after all, every age has the rhetoric it deserves.
"Palimpsest History"
Now knowledge has long been unfashionable in fiction. If I may make a personal digression here, this is particularly true of women writers, who are assumed to write only of their personal situations and problems, and I have often been blamed for parading my knowledge, although I have never seen this being regarded as a flaw in male writers; on the contrary. Nevertheless (end of personal digression), even as praise, a show of knowledge is usually regarded as irrelevant: Mr X shows an immense amount of knowledge of a, b, c, and the critic passes to theme, plot, characters and sometimes style, often in that order. What has been valued in this sociological and psychoanalytical century is personal experience and the successful expression of it. In the last resort a novel can be limited to this, can come straight out of heart and head, with at best a craftsmanly ability to organize it well, and write well.
George Eliot – another knowledgeable novelist, though a woman — said it was not necessary for a writer to experience life in a workshop, the open door was enough. This is obviously true: the writer cannot do without imagination. Dostoevsky understood this. And mere homework is not enough either. But a great deal of this homework done by the classical realist was sociological, and eventually led, in the modern neorealist novel we are all familiar with, to slice-of-life novels about miners, doctors, football-players, admen and all the rest. Back to the personal experience of the writer in fact. Now personal experience is sadly limited. And the American postmodern attempt to break out of it rarely succeeds beyond fun-games with narrative conventions – a very restricted type of knowledge.
The novel took its roots in historical documents and has always had an intimate link with history. But the novel's task, unlike that of history, is to stretch our intellectual, spiritual and imaginative horizons to breaking point. Because palimpsest histories do precisely that, mingling realism with the supernatural and history with spiritual and philosophical reinterpretation, they could be said to float half-way between the sacred books of our various heritages, which survive on the strength of the faiths they have created (and here I include Homer, who also survived on the absolute faith of the Renaissance in the validity of classical culture), and the endless exegesis and commentaries these sacred books create, which do not usually survive one another, each supplanting its predecessor according to the Zeitgeist, in much the same way as do the translations of Homer or the Russian classics.
In the Symposium it is Diotima, the only woman allowed into the dialogues but in absentia, who has given Socrates the apparently extraordinary revelation that the purpose of love is procreation in beauty. For what purpose? For immortality (206e, 207a). And she rapidly moves on (in the account of Socrates) to those who have fecundity of soul (men, 209a), who will look for the beautiful object (a boy) and educate him, and at whose contact they will give birth to that with which they have long been pregnant (209c).
Why does Plato put this nonsense into a woman's mouth, via Socrates? Precisely because she is a woman and knows about 'real' childbirth, the literal half of the metaphor, which gives such a solid, physical basis to her figurative sliding, that is, to the meaning Plato wants. The fecund male, though procreating through 'contact' with Beauty (boy or Muse) is already long pregnant, quite independently of this contact. He has been touched with divine madness, with genius. The Muse (or boy), contrary to some feminist analysis, is never a mother in this, but a memory-jogger or an 'ideal'. In practice she is merely a titillating hand-maiden, a stage on the Platonic ladder, at most a gorgeous midwife.
Thus in the earliest texts that echo down and influence the European literary tradition, even to modern times (e.g. Pound), men have simply appropriated childbirth as a painless metaphor, a bearing over, a mater phor artistic creation. A Muse may or may not preside, but genius begets and travails. The woman in this does neither. Indeed when women did start writing, the ancient metaphor was all too easily reversed: her books were produced instead of children, as surrogates, in the absence of the all-essential male.
For men have always had it both ways: the begetting and the travail (the travail which, as 'work' belongs to culture, but which as bearing and 'labour' belongs to nature); the genius and the work (the genius which is itself both passive possession and authoritative production), the penis and the womb. Man has in fact appropriated, to represent his relation to truth or God, both aspects of woman's role in relation to man: the being made fecund and the travail. This in addition to begetting. It is his supplement: he, as God, begets a work upon himself; he, as poet, is made fecund and labours. But on a safe, metaphoric level: he would never actually die in childbirth.
It would seem, then, that the androgyny that some men have claimed for all good writers at the creative end has willy nilly been acquired by women at the receiving end, but not by men, who rarely identify with women characters as women do with male ones. Whatever the case, it would surely be a good thing if more men learnt to read as women (even the wild zone [cf. Elaine Showalter]), so that the bisexual effort, which they have metaphorically appropriated at the creative end, should not remain so wholly on the women's side at the receiver's end. Both should read as both, just as both should write as both. And one of the ways in which this delightful bisexualism should occur is in a more open and intelligent attitude to experiment of all kinds by women.
"A Womb of One's Own"
Clearly the silencing of women critics and writers, and especially of women experimental writers, is true, is constant, and is done by ignoring them or, more often than might be supposed, by stealing from them without acknowledgement. I have experienced both myself and simply put up with it. Nevertheless I have always been deeply suspicious of all movements and labels which create blind obsessions. A writer, man or woman, is essentially alone, and will be 'good' or 'bad' independently of sex or origin. This view is condemned by some feminists as the 'androgynous-great-mind stance', but it is fundamentally a sound one, however ill used.
But things are changing, however slowly, and only indirectly through feminism, much more directly through specific women writers.
The twentieth century in general, from the Surrealists and much misunderstanding of Freud onwards, has tended to enthrone the Unconscious as the latest substitute for dogmatic truth, rather than as a language to understand, a language to come to terms with and to explore, exploit, imaginatively. The Unconscious (or the pre-Symbolic) by definition is inaccessible, like the ontic, except through conscious effort and analysis, which automatically means structuring and schematizing and rehandling, to which all perception is subservient: we already rehandle a dream the moment we try to capture it and write it down. The Unconscious as Truth, the 'music of the womb' as 'more real'. Feminism is belatedly repeating the same gesture, and I am not at all sure how 'subversive' it really is, on its wombish own.
Flux and chaos and primitive perceptions, for all their undoubted vitality and necessity as a means of achieving tolerance, integration, wholeness, are nevertheless at the moment more in danger of threatening all that we hold dear in civilization today. Moreover, control and logic (etc.), as well as 'symbolic' rather than purely 'semiotic' expression can hardly be said to be absent from the best and most incisive feminist criticism – it couldn't make its points without them. Cixous and Kristeva, who seem to be the highest feminist reference, are the two most highly qualified, intellectual, and intelligent literary women in France. Feminist critics usually hold jobs in academia, with all its internecine power-struggles, and presumably they partake in those, using 'male' structures. Naturally there is still unfairness and difficulty, but to compete they presumably do not turn to the music of the womb, but to tough preparation for tough examinations, dissertations, conference papers, publications. It seems to me unacceptable to live in these relative sinecures and continue to talk about the desirability of flux, chaos and pre-Oedipal sensibility.
"Hawthorne's 'The Customs-House'"
F. O. Matthiessen, writing on Symbolism and Allegory in Hawthorne, tells us that Hawthorne 'seems sometimes to have started from a physical object – the minister's black veil, the Faun of Praxiteles', but that he could also start with noting an idea, 'and then working up an embodiment to fit it' (1941, 244). The idea, he says later, 'might itself be hardly more than a nervous tic, some freakish notion that possessed him in his solitude'. And he quotes an example of this from the Notebooks: 'To personify If— But — And — Though etc' Matthiessen adds: 'To be sure, this proved too insubstantial even for Hawthorne, and got no further than his notebook' (242).
I submit that in The Scarlet Letter it got a good deal further, and is far more than a freakish notion or a nervous tic, but the very stuff of poetry. I submit that as an idea it in fact rejoined the physical object, the piece of cloth, to form the antithetical style to 'personify If- But – And – Though', a style itself representing the signifier A and all its protean forms along the signifying chain, the human shape, openings both physiological and abstract, the threshold of the narrative, the prison-door, the alpha and omega of the human soul, the house of custom.
"Ill Locutions"
What is sadder has been the misunderstanding of Represented Speech and Thought by writers. Invented spontaneously, almost unconsciously, unreflectively, then developed very reflectively indeed, Represented Speech and Thought, like most artistic devices, eventually became unconscious again, that is, it was not only used as a cliche (already parodied by Joyce), its subtlety wasted on trivia, but it was also misused because misunderstood.
Formally, as we have seen, the sentence of Represented Speech and Thought can be similar to the Narrative Sentence, indeed identical with it when deictics and other signs of E are not linguistically present, but only the perceiving character. This formal similarity led, inevitably, to these two distinct poles being fused, and the sentence of Represented Speech and Thought being used as narration, to tell, to give narrative information – whole summaries of a situation, for instance, or analepses (flashbacks) of a whole past, which are clearly there to inform the reader and not to represent a character's perceptions, save at the cost of making them rather gross, or at best wholly artificial. This can go on for pages. Such misuse is extremely frequent in the average modern neo-realist novel, including most classical Science Fiction that imitated the worn-out techniques of the realist novel in an attempt to be respectable. This misuse is a direct result, not only of the post-Jamesian (and Aristotelian) condemnation of'telling' in favour of'showing', but also of the concomitant attempt to eliminate the author: and since narrative information must be given, the easy solution was to 'filter' it all through a character's mind, however implausibly, thus thoroughly weakening the device into its opposite.
In particular, the passages from "Palimpsest History" articulate something I have felt nascently but had not been able to crystallize fully before reading Brooke-Rose. That ability to give voice to our inchoate ideas is rare and invaluable.


text: California Institute of the Arts offers both visual and performing arts including art, dance, film/video, music and theater. Indeed, CalArts has a reputation of "intensely training young artists to become working professionals." According to students, CalArts is also "the best program in the United States for animation." The "creative" and "extremely unique" environment here allows students "to explore themselves and hone their craft" freely. CalArts offers "many interesting classes that would never be offered at a conventional school" and plenty of "practical experience in your area of study." In addition to all the art, students must complete a broad set of liberal arts and interdisciplinary courses. While some find many of these classes to be "simply a joke," others agree that the breadth of curriculum makes them "well-rounded and educated." Faculty members "have great real-world experiences," and students appreciate that they "all have been professionals and are often currently active in the field they are teaching in." Many professors are characterized as "ridiculously amazing," trying "as hard as they can to help." Others lack "a true depth of knowledge." Facilities can be hit or miss; some students describe "incredible" theater spaces while others finding plenty of room for "improvement." Also, "Class registration is a little prehistoric" and the administration has a tendency of "making each task more complicated than it should be."


text:
6. Acellular Pathogens
6.2 The Viral Life Cycle
Learning Objectives
- Describe the lytic and lysogenic life cycles
- Describe the replication process of animal viruses
- Describe unique characteristics of retroviruses and latent viruses
- Discuss human viruses and their virus-host cell interactions
- Explain the process of transduction
- Describe the replication process of plant viruses
All viruses depend on cells for reproduction and metabolic processes. By themselves, viruses do not encode for all of the enzymes necessary for viral replication. But within a host cell, a virus can commandeer cellular machinery to produce more viral particles. Bacteriophages replicate only in the cytoplasm, since prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. In eukaryotic cells, most DNA viruses can replicate inside the nucleus, with an exception observed in the large DNA viruses, such as the poxviruses, that can replicate in the cytoplasm. RNA viruses that infect animal cells often replicate in the cytoplasm.
The Life Cycle of Viruses with Prokaryote Hosts
The life cycle of bacteriophages has been a good model for understanding how viruses affect the cells they infect, since similar processes have been observed for eukaryotic viruses, which can cause immediate death of the cell or establish a latent or chronic infection. Virulent phages typically lead to the death of the cell through cell lysis. Temperate phages, on the other hand, can become part of a host chromosome and are replicated with the cell genome until such time as they are induced to make newly assembled viruses, or progeny viruses.
The Lytic Cycle
During the lytic cycle of virulent phage, the bacteriophage takes over the cell, reproduces new phages, and destroys the cell. T-even phage is a good example of a well-characterized class of virulent phages. There are five stages in the bacteriophage lytic cycle (Figure 6.7). Attachment is the first stage in the infection process in which the phage interacts with specific bacterial surface receptors (e.g., lipopolysaccharides and OmpC protein on host surfaces). Most phages have a narrow host range and may infect one species of bacteria or one strain within a species. This unique recognition can be exploited for targeted treatment of bacterial infection by phage therapy or for phage typing to identify unique bacterial subspecies or strains. The second stage of infection is entry or penetration. This occurs through contraction of the tail sheath, which acts like a hypodermic needle to inject the viral genome through the cell wall and membrane. The phage head and remaining components remain outside the bacteria.
The third stage of infection is biosynthesis of new viral components. After entering the host cell, the virus synthesizes virus-encoded endonucleases to degrade the bacterial chromosome. It then hijacks the host cell to replicate, transcribe, and translate the necessary viral components (capsomeres, sheath, base plates, tail fibres, and viral enzymes) for the assembly of new viruses. Polymerase genes are usually expressed early in the cycle, while capsid and tail proteins are expressed later. During the maturation phase, new virions are created. To liberate free phages, the bacterial cell wall is disrupted by phage proteins such as holin or lysozyme. The final stage is release. Mature viruses burst out of the host cell in a process called lysis and the progeny viruses are liberated into the environment to infect new cells.
The Lysogenic Cycle
In a lysogenic cycle, the phage genome also enters the cell through attachment and penetration. A prime example of a phage with this type of life cycle is the lambda phage. During the lysogenic cycle, instead of killing the host, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and becomes part of the host. The integrated phage genome is called a prophage. A bacterial host with a prophage is called a lysogen. The process in which a bacterium is infected by a temperate phage is called lysogeny. It is typical of temperate phages to be latent or inactive within the cell. As the bacterium replicates its chromosome, it also replicates the phage's DNA and passes it on to new daughter cells during reproduction. The presence of the phage may alter the phenotype of the bacterium, since it can bring in extra genes (e.g., toxin genes that can increase bacterial virulence). This change in the host phenotype is called lysogenic conversion or phage conversion. Some bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae and Clostridium botulinum, are less virulent in the absence of the prophage. The phages infecting these bacteria carry the toxin genes in their genome and enhance the virulence of the host when the toxin genes are expressed. In the case of V. cholera, phage encoded toxin can cause severe diarrhoea; in C. botulinum, the toxin can cause paralysis. During lysogeny, the prophage will persist in the host chromosome until induction, which results in the excision of the viral genome from the host chromosome. After induction has occurred the temperate phage can proceed through a lytic cycle and then undergo lysogeny in a newly infected cell (Figure 6.8).
This video illustrates the stages of the lysogenic life cycle of a bacteriophage and the transition to a lytic phase.
- Is a latent phage undetectable in a bacterium?
Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential infections. There are two types of transduction: generalized and specialized transduction. During the lytic cycle of viral replication, the virus hijacks the host cell, degrades the host chromosome, and makes more viral genomes. As it assembles and packages DNA into the phage head, packaging occasionally makes a mistake. Instead of packaging viral DNA, it takes a random piece of host DNA and inserts it into the capsid. Once released, this virion will then inject the former host's DNA into a newly infected host. The asexual transfer of genetic information can allow for DNA recombination to occur, thus providing the new host with new genes (e.g., an antibiotic-resistance gene, or a sugar-metabolizing gene). Generalized transduction occurs when a random piece of bacterial chromosomal DNA is transferred by the phage during the lytic cycle. Specialized transduction occurs at the end of the lysogenic cycle, when the prophage is excised and the bacteriophage enters the lytic cycle. Since the phage is integrated into the host genome, the prophage can replicate as part of the host. However, some conditions (e.g., ultraviolet light exposure or chemical exposure) stimulate the prophage to undergo induction, causing the phage to excise from the genome, enter the lytic cycle, and produce new phages to leave host cells. During the process of excision from the host chromosome, a phage may occasionally remove some bacterial DNA near the site of viral integration. The phage and host DNA from one end or both ends of the integration site are packaged within the capsid and are transferred to the new, infected host. Since the DNA transferred by the phage is not randomly packaged but is instead a specific piece of DNA near the site of integration, this mechanism of gene transfer is referred to as specialized transduction (Figure 6.9). The DNA can then recombine with host chromosome, giving the latter new characteristics. Transduction seems to play an important role in the evolutionary process of bacteria, giving them a mechanism for asexual exchange of genetic information.
- Which phage life cycle is associated with which forms of transduction?
Life Cycle of Viruses with Animal Hosts
Lytic animal viruses follow similar infection stages to bacteriophages: attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release (Figure 6.10). However, the mechanisms of penetration, nucleic-acid biosynthesis, and release differ between bacterial and animal viruses. After binding to host receptors, animal viruses enter through endocytosis (engulfment by the host cell) or through membrane fusion (viral envelope with the host cell membrane). Many viruses are host specific, meaning they only infect a certain type of host; and most viruses only infect certain types of cells within tissues. This specificity is called a tissue tropism. Examples of this are demonstrated by the poliovirus, which exhibits tropism for the tissues of the brain and spinal cord, or the influenza virus, which has a primary tropism for the respiratory tract.
Animal viruses do not always express their genes using the normal flow of genetic information—from DNA to RNA to protein. Some viruses have a dsDNA genome like cellular organisms and can follow the normal flow. However, others may have ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA genomes. The nature of the genome determines how the genome is replicated and expressed as viral proteins. If a genome is ssDNA, host enzymes will be used to synthesize a second strand that is complementary to the genome strand, thus producing dsDNA. The dsDNA can now be replicated, transcribed, and translated similar to host DNA.
If the viral genome is RNA, a different mechanism must be used. There are three types of RNA genome: dsRNA, positive (+) single-strand (+ssRNA) or negative (−) single-strand RNA (−ssRNA). If a virus has a +ssRNA genome, it can be translated directly to make viral proteins. Viral genomic +ssRNA acts like cellular mRNA. However, if a virus contains a −ssRNA genome, the host ribosomes cannot translate it until the −ssRNA is replicated into +ssRNA by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) (Figure 6.11). The RdRP is brought in by the virus and can be used to make +ssRNA from the original −ssRNA genome. The RdRP is also an important enzyme for the replication of dsRNA viruses, because it uses the negative strand of the double-stranded genome as a template to create +ssRNA. The newly synthesized +ssRNA copies can then be translated by cellular ribosomes.
An alternative mechanism for viral nucleic acid synthesis is observed in the retroviruses, which are +ssRNA viruses (Figure 6.12). Single-stranded RNA viruses such as HIV carry a special enzyme called reverse transcriptase within the capsid that synthesizes a complementary ssDNA (cDNA) copy using the +ssRNA genome as a template. The ssDNA is then made into dsDNA, which can integrate into the host chromosome and become a permanent part of the host. The integrated viral genome is called a provirus. The virus now can remain in the host for a long time to establish a chronic infection. The provirus stage is similar to the prophage stage in a bacterial infection during the lysogenic cycle. However, unlike prophage, the provirus does not undergo excision after splicing into the genome.
- Is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase made from a viral gene or a host gene?
Persistent Infections
Persistent infection occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. The virus may remain silent or undergo productive infection without seriously harming or killing the host. Mechanisms of persistent infection may involve the regulation of the viral or host gene expressions or the alteration of the host immune response. The two primary categories of persistent infections are latent infection and chronic infection. Examples of viruses that cause latent infections include herpes simplex virus (oral and genital herpes), varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles), and Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis). Hepatitis C virus and HIV are two examples of viruses that cause long-term chronic infections.
Latent Infection
Not all animal viruses undergo replication by the lytic cycle. There are viruses that are capable of remaining hidden or dormant inside the cell in a process called latency. These types of viruses are known as latent viruses and may cause latent infections. Viruses capable of latency may initially cause an acute infection before becoming dormant.
For example, the varicella-zoster virus infects many cells throughout the body and causes chickenpox, characterized by a rash of blisters covering the skin. About 10 to 12 days postinfection, the disease resolves and the virus goes dormant, living within nerve-cell ganglia for years. During this time, the virus does not kill the nerve cells or continue replicating. It is not clear why the virus stops replicating within the nerve cells and expresses few viral proteins but, in some cases, typically after many years of dormancy, the virus is reactivated and causes a new disease called shingles (Figure 6.13). Whereas chickenpox affects many areas throughout the body, shingles is a nerve cell-specific disease emerging from the ganglia in which the virus was dormant.
Latent viruses may remain dormant by existing as circular viral genome molecules outside of the host chromosome. Others become proviruses by integrating into the host genome. During dormancy, viruses do not cause any symptoms of disease and may be difficult to detect. A patient may be unaware that he or she is carrying the virus unless a viral diagnostic test has been performed.
Chronic Infection
A chronic infection is a disease with symptoms that are recurrent or persistent over a long time. Some viral infections can be chronic if the body is unable to eliminate the virus. HIV is an example of a virus that produces a chronic infection, often after a long period of latency. Once a person becomes infected with HIV, the virus can be detected in tissues continuously thereafter, but untreated patients often experience no symptoms for years. However, the virus maintains chronic persistence through several mechanisms that interfere with immune function, including preventing expression of viral antigens on the surface of infected cells, altering immune cells themselves, restricting expression of viral genes, and rapidly changing viral antigens through mutation. Eventually, the damage to the immune system results in progression of the disease leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The various mechanisms that HIV uses to avoid being cleared by the immune system are also used by other chronically infecting viruses, including the hepatitis C virus.
- In what two ways can a virus manage to maintain a persistent infection?
Life Cycle of Viruses with Plant Hosts
Plant viruses are more similar to animal viruses than they are to bacteriophages. Plant viruses may be enveloped or non-enveloped. Like many animal viruses, plant viruses can have either a DNA or RNA genome and be single stranded or double stranded. However, most plant viruses do not have a DNA genome; the majority have a +ssRNA genome, which acts like messenger RNA (mRNA). Only a minority of plant viruses have other types of genomes.
Plant viruses may have a narrow or broad host range. For example, the citrus tristeza virus infects only a few plants of the Citrus genus, whereas the cucumber mosaic virus infects thousands of plants of various plant families. Most plant viruses are transmitted by contact between plants, or by fungi, nematodes, insects, or other arthropods that act as mechanical vectors. However, some viruses can only be transferred by a specific type of insect vector; for example, a particular virus might be transmitted by aphids but not whiteflies. In some cases, viruses may also enter healthy plants through wounds, as might occur due to pruning or weather damage.
Viruses that infect plants are considered biotrophic parasites, which means that they can establish an infection without killing the host, similar to what is observed in the lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages. Viral infection can be asymptomatic (latent) or can lead to cell death (lytic infection). The life cycle begins with the penetration of the virus into the host cell. Next, the virus is uncoated within the cytoplasm of the cell when the capsid is removed. Depending on the type of nucleic acid, cellular components are used to replicate the viral genome and synthesize viral proteins for assembly of new virions. To establish a systemic infection, the virus must enter a part of the vascular system of the plant, such as the phloem. The time required for systemic infection may vary from a few days to a few weeks depending on the virus, the plant species, and the environmental conditions. The virus life cycle is complete when it is transmitted from an infected plant to a healthy plant.
- What is the structure and genome of a typical plant virus?
Viral Growth Curve
Unlike the growth curve for a bacterial population, the growth curve for a virus population over its life cycle does not follow a sigmoidal curve. During the initial stage, an inoculum of virus causes infection. In the eclipse phase, viruses bind and penetrate the cells with no virions detected in the medium. The chief difference that next appears in the viral growth curve compared to a bacterial growth curve occurs when virions are released from the lysed host cell at the same time. Such an occurrence is called a burst, and the number of virions per bacterium released is described as the burst size. In a one-step multiplication curve for bacteriophage, the host cells lyse, releasing many viral particles to the medium, which leads to a very steep rise in viral titre (the number of virions per unit volume). If no viable host cells remain, the viral particles begin to degrade during the decline of the culture (Figure 6.14).
- What aspect of the life cycle of a virus leads to the sudden increase in the growth curve?
Eye on Ethics: Unregistered Treatments
Ebola is incurable and deadly. The outbreak in West Africa in 2014 was unprecedented, dwarfing other human Ebola epidemics in the level of mortality. Of 24,666 suspected or confirmed cases reported, 10,179 people died.[1]
No approved treatments or vaccines for Ebola are available. While some drugs have shown potential in laboratory studies and animal models, they have not been tested in humans for safety and effectiveness. Not only are these drugs untested or unregistered but they are also in short supply.
Given the great suffering and high mortality rates, it is fair to ask whether unregistered and untested medications are better than none at all. Should such drugs be dispensed and, if so, who should receive them, in light of their extremely limited supplies? Is it ethical to treat untested drugs on patients with Ebola? On the other hand, is it ethical to withhold potentially life-saving drugs from dying patients? Or should the drugs perhaps be reserved for health-care providers working to contain the disease?
In August 2014, two infected US aid workers and a Spanish priest were treated with ZMapp, an unregistered drug that had been tested in monkeys but not in humans. The two American aid workers recovered, but the priest died. Later that month, the WHO released a report on the ethics of treating patients with the drug. Since Ebola is often fatal, the panel reasoned that it is ethical to give the unregistered drugs and unethical to withhold them for safety concerns. This situation is an example of "compassionate use" outside the well-established system of regulation and governance of therapies.
MICRO CONNECTION: Ebola in the US
On September 24, 2014, Thomas Eric Duncan arrived at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas complaining of a fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhoea—symptoms commonly observed in patients with the cold or the flu. After examination, an emergency department doctor diagnosed him with sinusitis, prescribed some antibiotics, and sent him home. Two days later, Duncan returned to the hospital by ambulance. His condition had deteriorated and additional blood tests confirmed that he has been infected with the Ebola virus.
Further investigations revealed that Duncan had just returned from Liberia, one of the countries in the midst of a severe Ebola epidemic. On September 15, nine days before he showed up at the hospital in Dallas, Duncan had helped transport an Ebola-stricken neighbour to a hospital in Liberia. The hospital continued to treat Duncan, but he died several days after being admitted.
The timeline of the Duncan case is indicative of the life cycle of the Ebola virus. The incubation time for Ebola ranges from 2 days to 21 days. Nine days passed between Duncan's exposure to the virus infection and the appearance of his symptoms. This corresponds, in part, to the eclipse period in the growth of the virus population. During the eclipse phase, Duncan would have been unable to transmit the disease to others. However, once an infected individual begins exhibiting symptoms, the disease becomes very contagious. Ebola virus is transmitted through direct contact with droplets of bodily fluids such as saliva, blood, and vomit. Duncan could conceivably have transmitted the disease to others at any time after he began having symptoms, presumably some time before his arrival at the hospital in Dallas. Once a hospital realizes a patient like Duncan is infected with Ebola virus, the patient is immediately quarantined, and public health officials initiate a back trace to identify everyone with whom a patient like Duncan might have interacted during the period in which he was showing symptoms.
Public health officials were able to track down 10 high-risk individuals (family members of Duncan) and 50 low-risk individuals to monitor them for signs of infection. None contracted the disease. However, one of the nurses charged with Duncan's care did become infected. This, along with Duncan's initial misdiagnosis, made it clear that US hospitals needed to provide additional training to medical personnel to prevent a possible Ebola outbreak in the US.
- What types of training can prepare health professionals to contain emerging epidemics like the Ebola outbreak of 2014?
- What is the difference between a contagious pathogen and an infectious pathogen?
For additional information about Ebola, please visit the CDC website.
Key Takeaways
- Many viruses target specific hosts or tissues. Some may have more than one host.
- Many viruses follow several stages to infect host cells. These stages include attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.
- Bacteriophages have a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle leads to the death of the host, whereas the lysogenic cycle leads to integration of phage into the host genome.
- Bacteriophages inject DNA into the host cell, whereas animal viruses enter by endocytosis or membrane fusion.
- Animal viruses can undergo latency, similar to lysogeny for a bacteriophage.
- The majority of plant viruses are positive-strand ssRNA and can undergo latency, chronic, or lytic infection, as observed for animal viruses.
- The growth curve of bacteriophage populations is a one-step multiplication curve and not a sigmoidal curve, as compared to the bacterial growth curve.
- Bacteriophages transfer genetic information between hosts using either generalized or specialized transduction.
Multiple Choice
Fill in the Blank
Short Answer
- Briefly explain the difference between the mechanism of entry of a T-even bacteriophage and an animal virus.
- Discuss the difference between generalized and specialized transduction.
- Differentiate between lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Critical Thinking
- Bacteriophages have lytic and lysogenic cycles. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for the phage.
- How does reverse transcriptase aid a retrovirus in establishing a chronic infection?
- Discuss some methods by which plant viruses are transmitted from a diseased plant to a healthy one.
- Label the five stages of a bacteriophage infection in the figure:
Media Attributions
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_lyticcycle
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_lyscycle
- microbiology sign © Nick Youngson
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_transd
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_RepAnVirus
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_RNAvirus
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_hiv
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_latency
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_growth
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_hazmat
- OSC_Microbio_06_02_stages_img
- World Health Organization. "WHO Ebola Data and Statistics." March 18, 2005. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.ebola-sitrep.ebola-summary-20150318?lang=en ↵


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From New York Times Bestseller, Corinne Michaels, comes a new friends to lovers standalone romance.
There's no way I'll fall for Wyatt Hennington.
He can keep his Southern drawl, irresistible smile, and those pick-up lines all to himself. I made the mistake of sleeping with him not once, but twice. I'm not stupid enough to give him round three, especially after he left me in the middle of the night so I could see myself out. I vow to return to Philadelphia and forget him.
It proves easier said than done.
When the doctor informs me I'm the winner of door prize number two, I put my life on hold and head back to Bell Buckle. Three months and if we can't make this work, I'm gone.
The problem is—when the cards are stacked against us, and I can't bring myself to leave him, I'll finally know if he truly loves me or if all my fears were real . . .
✦ Sign up for Amazon Alert ✦ Pre Order on iBooks ✦ Pre Order on Barnes & Noble ✦ Pre Order on Kobo
✦ Books A Million ✦ Amazon Paperback ✦ Add to Goodreads
Corinne Michaels is the New York Times, USA Today, and Wall Street Journal Bestselling author of The Salvation Series and Say You'll Stay. She's an emotional, witty, sarcastic, and fun loving mom of two beautiful children. Corinne is happily married to the man of her dreams and is a former Navy wife. After spending months away from her husband while he was deployed, reading and writing was her escape from the loneliness.
Both her maternal and paternal grandmothers were librarians, which only intensified her love of reading. After years of writing short stories, she couldn't ignore the call to finish her debut novel, Beloved. Her alpha heroes are broken, beautiful, and will steal your heart.
Newsletter | Website | Facebook | Instagram | Twitter | Goodreads | Pinterest | Amazon Author Page | Corinne Michaels Facebook Group


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Cancellation and Non-attendance
We ask that participants do not book on training courses unless they are sure they can attend.
Places are at a premium and reserving places by booking and then cancelling will penalise other participants on over-subscribed events and incur a cost to the University. However, we understand that in some instances cancellation may be for unavoidable reasons.
How to cancel your booking
If you need to cancel your place, please do so as soon as possible.
- Choose Your Bookings
- Choose the relevant booking
- Select Cancel booking
- Select a reason for cancellation
- Choose Cancel Booking
Repeat and late cancellers
If you are found to be cancelling repeatedly or making a number of late cancellations you may be penalised. We will either levy a charge or refuse your attendance on future training courses.
Non-attendance of courses
In order to assist with training needs analysis and management planning departmental reports, a list of courses attended by members of the department or faculty, will be sent to Heads of Institutions and/or Departmental Administrators on a termly basis.
In the future this information may be made directly accessible to Heads of Institutions and/or Departmental Administrators. This will include non-attendance information. If you have any questions regarding this please contact us.
Repeat non-attendees
If you are found to be repeatedly not attending your courses without prior notification you may be penalised. We will either levy a charge or refuse your attendance on future training courses.


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The reason why this knowledge and geometry is sacred is due to the impact it has on the Universe and all living beings. This knowledge was only taught to high Priests, thousands if not millions of years ago. For this reason, it became Sacred.
Every shape, sacred symbol, religious talisman or geometry has a different energetic effect on us. Most of our unique and Authentic Sacred Jewelry have different healing effects as well. Of course, we've described every one of them with their unique healing properties.


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02/27/13 Boris Novkovic in the Shocking Video about the Fur Industry!
Animal Friends announces the continuation of the campaign "For Croatia without Fur"
- Famous singer calls for compassionate dressing
After publishing "Trim Fur Hurts Equally" ads, Animal Friends and Boris Novkovic are announcing the release of a short movie about animals used for their fur as part of the campaign "For Croatia without Fur".
In the short video, Boris addresses the public by explaining what animals bred, hunted and used for the needs of fashion industry go through. He also comments on clothing in stores that have no animal fur in their offer.
In the video, Boris states: "Every year, 75 million cats, dogs, seals, chinchillas and other animals are killed for the production of fur and fur trim. Animals endure great pain and suffering, which is completely unnecessary... Put yourself in the position of the weak and have a sense of justice. Buy clothes exclusively from non-animal materials."
In this two-and-a-half minute long documentary, shocking footage from associations People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Swiss Animal Protection and Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade are featured, and so the video may not be easy to watch for everybody.
This disturbing but educational video was filmed and directed by Tomislav Povic, who is also the author of the first Animal Friends film "Be Above Cruelty," which realized in cooperation with Bojan Jambrosic.
The video can be viewed at Animal Friends' web site and on the Animal Friends' YouTube channel, www.youtube.com/afcroatia.
We ask representatives of the media to publish the video or to invite the citizens to watch it on the Animal Friends website.
High resolution footage is available here.
The video was created in collaboration with Fur Free Alliance and support to the whole project was given by the City Office for Agriculture and Forestry of the City of Zagreb, Zale, Iskon, Europlakat, Arto, Print grupa, Sapunoteka, Vegehop, and bio&bio.


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- This event has passed.
Special Program for Home Schooled Students
January 16 @ 9:30 am - 10:30 am
Special Program for Home-Schooled Students – 9:30 AM
Tuesdays starting June 13, 2023 | 9:30 AM
Elementary Education (6-12 years old)
Interested in history and what life was like for children 6 through 12 years of age during the early 1900s? How about understanding what an Arboretum is and learning about the beautiful trees and wildlife at the Arboretum?
We welcome you and your children to explore our program. Tours are available on Tuesdays at 9:30 am starting June 13, 2023. Reservations are required and payment must be made in advance. For more information, please contact Carolann Gaites, Volunteer Coordinator, at 631-581-1002, ext. 105.


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Arbor Greene CDD
July 18
6:30 pm - 7:30 pm
Gathering Room, Arbor Greene Community Center, 18000 Arbor Greene Drive, Tampa, Florida 33647
Add this event to your personal calendar by selecting one of the formats below.
Adobe Acrobat Reader
This site provides information in PDF format. For your convenience, we have provided a link below to get the free Adobe Acrobat Reader.
This site provides information using PDF, visit this link to download the Adobe Acrobat Reader DC software.


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In the realm of heating systems, commercial boilers stand as resilient guardians, adapting to the ever-changing whims of weather conditions in different climates. These robust heating systems are designed to conquer the challenges posed by varying temperatures, humidity levels, and environmental factors. Today, we embark on a captivating journey to explore the versatility of commercial boilers in different climates, where they exhibit their adaptability and prowess. Join us as we delve into the world of dynamic weather conditions and witness the remarkable performance of commercial boilers in diverse climates.
Extreme Cold:
Embracing the Frosty Bite In regions with frigid climates, commercial boilers rise to the occasion, providing reliable heating solutions despite bone-chilling temperatures. Equipped with advanced heat exchangers and powerful burners, these boilers efficiently convert fuel into heat, ensuring warmth even in the coldest environments. With precise temperature control mechanisms, they balance the delicate dance between energy efficiency and occupant comfort, delivering optimal heating performance amidst icy gusts.
High Humidity:
Taming the Moisture Beast In humid climates, where moisture hangs heavy in the air, commercial boilers showcase their prowess in combating dampness. With their efficient combustion processes and intelligent control systems, these boilers maintain a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. Through precise humidity regulation and proper ventilation, they prevent the growth of mould and mildew, ensuring clean air and mitigating the adverse effects of high humidity on both occupants and the surrounding infrastructure.
Dry Heat:
Conquering Arid Landscapes In arid climates, where dry heat dominates, commercial boilers prove their mettle by offering efficient heating solutions without compromising on energy conservation. These boilers, equipped with advanced heat recovery systems and modulating burners, optimize fuel utilization to minimize waste and maximize performance. By providing reliable and controlled heat, they create comfortable indoor environments, even in the face of scorching temperatures and arid landscapes.
Variable Weather:
Flexibility at its Finest In regions with highly variable weather patterns, commercial boilers exhibit their adaptability and flexibility. These versatile heating systems are designed to seamlessly adjust to fluctuating weather conditions, ensuring consistent and efficient heating performance. With intelligent control systems, they respond to rapid changes in temperature, allowing for quick adjustments and optimal energy utilization. This adaptability enables commercial boilers to tackle unpredictable weather patterns, offering reliable heating solutions year-round.
As we conclude our exploration of commercial boilers adapting to dynamic weather conditions in different climates, we marvel at the versatility and resilience of these heating systems. Whether facing extreme cold, high humidity, dry heat, or variable weather, commercial boilers rise to the challenge, providing reliable and efficient heating solutions. Let us appreciate the ingenuity and adaptability of commercial boilers as they conquer diverse climates, ensuring comfort, energy efficiency, and occupant well-being. Together, we can embrace the ever-changing weather conditions, knowing that commercial boilers stand ready to conquer any climate with their unwavering performance and steadfast reliability.
ACEXM7, a prominent industrial expo organizer, recognizes the importance of showcasing these cutting-edge advancements, and as such, has announced the India Boiler Expo 2023, a title sponsored by Jindal Steel & Power. The three-day expo, set to take place from June 29th to July 1st at the Pragati Maidan in New Delhi, will serve as an ideal forum for professionals in the boiler industry to connect, learn, and network.
"We at India Boiler Expo 2023 are on a mission to make India self-reliable, forging a path towards energy independence and economic sovereignty. Join us as we revolutionize the boiler industry and contribute to India's growth on a national scale." – Shikha Chouhan, VP – Conference, Ace Exhibition Group.
To learn more about the expo, please visit:
ACEXM7 Website: www.acem7.com
India Boiler Expo 2023 Website: www.indiaboilerexpo.com
You can also connect on:
Kumar Deepak – 9911607755 or email@example.com
Shikha Chouhan – 8448015101 or email@example.com


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Jess and Mike were married yesterday!
What I cherished so much about this wedding is that it simply exploded with love. From the sweet first sight (including their beloved pup) to their tender vows to ending the day at the location of their second date, these two infused their day with words and actions that showed their dedication to their family, friends and each other.
Jess wanted a wedding that was relaxed yet full of their personality, and she pulled that off without a hitch. The ceremony and brunch reception took place at LynLake Brewery in Uptown and included delicious food from Gastrotruck and an ice cream bar. Both areas of the brewery were full of color with a gorgeous balloon installation by Girl Friday. And with Jess in a gown from The White Room and Mike in a custom Indochino suit, the couple looked quite snazzy to boot. So many happy tears, so much joy!
After the reception, a few of the guests walked down to Bryant Lake Bowl for a little more fun together…and Mike and Jess showed off their skills. When the littlest cousins knocked down pins, the whole place erupted with cheers. This is a family that really knows how to have a good time!
Mike and Jess, thank you so much for having us tell the story of your day. We had an amazing time! Enjoy your sneak peek!!!


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What are the differences between single and double barrel speakers?
Sound experience is the main difference between single and double barrel speakers, and not just because one has twice the amount of speakers. Monster Tower's double barrel speakers come with a swivel mount which allows the speakers to easily face two different directions at once. This feature ups the sound quality by letting you hear your playlist from all sides. The single and double barrel speakers both share the same quality components and anodized or powder coated cans.
Which amp do I need?
Get the most out of your boat tower speakers by backing them up with the right amplifier. Investing in an amplifier will cut down on sound distortion and help you avoid bogging down your boats' radio system. The main key when searching for the right amplifier is identifying whether you have single or double barrel speakers. Double barrel speakers will require at least a 400W, 4 channel amplifier. Single barrel speakers will require (yes, you guessed it!), half that amount with at least 200W, and 2 channels. If you ever plan to upgrade to double barrel speakers, we advise you go ahead and get the 400W, 4 channel amp. You can always go up in size, but never down!
Do these work with my current boat speaker system?
Wake tower speakers will work with your boat's current sound system. Technically, you do not need an amplifier for your tower speakers, and you can run it off the head unit or existing amplifier. However, if you want to hear your music over the engine and from 60 feet back, which is the length of the shortest wake rope, you will want to have an amp.
I don't have a monster tower, will these speakers still work on my tower?
Yes! Monster Tower is all about universal accessories. If you have a tower with rounded tubing, then all you need to know is the outside diameter of your tower's tubes to get these speakers to work. You can find universal inserts that work with our boat tower speakers here, so towers from 1.625" to 2.5" can still get the best sound on the water.
What does the installation process look like?
Installing your wake speakers is relatively simple, but can require a little drilling and wiring. The MTK towers are pre-drilled, but if you have any other tower, you will need to drill holes on the top section, 3" in from the welds. This allows you to run the wiring system through the tower's legs, eventually connecting to the amplifier or head unit if you choose to forgo an amplifier. We provide detailed instruction on wiring that comes with each order.
How do I take care of my wake tower speakers?
Even though the speaker cans are anodized or powder coated, there are a few things to keep in mind each wake season. Salt water can be tough on speaker cans, so after each use in salt water, rinse then dry to cut down on water spots. We recommend that at the end of each season to rinse with water and mild soap. Anodized and powder coated cans never need to be polished. For maximum protection around the clock, our single barrel speaker covers or double barrel speaker covers will get the job done without dampening sound.
Which should I get: Polk, Wet Sounds, or Kicker?
Each of these brands are trusted names in the marine speaker game, so no matter which brand you choose, the speakers are going to have top-notch components that stand the test of time while projecting quality audio. Even though each brand has something to offer, only one can be the best. Wet Sounds has a leg up on competition, with a solid sub that produces a richer sound. Polk and Kicker both have a donut shaped sub, so the sound isn't going to be quite as robust as Wet Sounds. If you still can't decide, lots of our customers choose to match their tower speakers to their existing boat sound system. All of our speakers are water resistant, marine certified, 6.5", and available in black powder coat or anodized polish.
What does powder coated and anodized mean?
Anodized and PolishedYou get value with Monster Tower speakers. Very few other marine speaker providers anodize their cans, which helps them cut down on production costs, but this process is a must to avoid corrosion. Take a look at what happens when speakers are not anodized. Anodizing gives the aluminum a protective coat, so our speakers have a durable and corrosion-resistant shield around them. Most speaker cans require polish, but anodized cans do not ever need to be polished. Aluminum is an ideal metal to use as a speaker can, since it is resilient by nature.
Black Powder CoatPowder coat shares the same protective properties as the anodized cans, but the manufacturing process differs. The black powder coat is literally baked onto the metal at 500 degrees, which creates a durable and impenetrable coat. This coat is excellent in tough, wet environments, which is why car manufactures use this same tactic to coat thier car wheels.


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Right of Light Surveyors Dudley West Midlands
The UK's top independent Rights of Light, Daylight & Sunlight, Party Wall and Building Consultancy practice Right of Light Surveyors Dudley West Midlands.
Why you can't simply feel free to fabricate your centre
Once in a while you'll see a report about a property question between neighbours. This can be anything from the tallness of a fence between them to the structure of a centre. In the event that you are thinking about the last mentioned, know about the Party Wall Act 1996 Right of Light Surveyors Dudley West Midlands. Ensuring you allude to this prior to building can save a terrible part of problem later. Here's a speedy manual for the central issues…
What's going on here?
The Party Wall Act 1996 manages what you may or may not be able to when fabricating either on piece of, or near, a neighbour's property Right of Light Surveyors Dudley West Midlands. You ought to allude to it on the off chance that you are intending to assemble a studio and this would include:
• a current divider or construction imparted to another property
• a detached divider up to or straddling the limit to your neighbour's property
• exhuming almost an adjoining working to assemble your establishments
The fence that isn't really a fence
The term Party Wall Fence really alludes to a divider which doesn't shape some portion of a structure however rides the limit among you and your neighbour Right of Light Surveyors Dudley West Midlands. On the off chance that you are intending to work against this, or exhume inside three meters of it, there is move you need to make.
A significant notification
At any rate two months before work begins, you should give your neighbour an authority notice, containing data, for example,
• name, address, and proprietors of the property
• explanation that it's being served under the particulars of this demonstration
• complete depiction and proposed start date of work
• date of serving the notification
• what occurs if there is a debate
Simply sitting down to talk with your neighbour isn't sufficient. They can consent to work beginning prior Right of Light Surveyors Dudley West Midlands, yet don't need to. Your manufacturer or draftsman, with their experience, should manage this for you. Your neighbours have 14 days to give composed authorization or register disagree. In the event that they don't answer, you move to…
A Party Wall Dispute
An assessor or assessors is designated to decide a reasonable and unbiased honour. Each gathering can delegate their own or consent to only one. After the creation of an honour, if this doesn't settle the question, everything gatherings can speak to a County Court.
Whenever arrangement is reached
All work should conform to the notification. Keep your duplicate; on the off chance that you later sell the property Right of Light Surveyors Dudley West Midlands, a forthcoming proprietor may wish to check it.
Last words
This is an extremely essential guide. There's more detail in a free 42-page booklet from the Department for Communities and Local Government. On the off chance that this appears to be a problem, it's definitely boundlessly desirable over the other option!


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The NFL season gets underway tomorrow when the Detroit Lions visit the Kansas City Chiefs. Football is a numbers game, and there's been a shift underway in the numbers on players' jerseys. NPR's Gabriel Spitzer says a new psychological study may help explain why.
GABRIEL SPITZER, BYLINE: Wide receivers used to only wear numbers in the 80s. Then, in 2004, the league changed the rules and allowed them to instead pick a number between 10 and 19. Within a few years, a ton of them had chosen the lower numbers. Kevin Seifert, a staff writer for ESPN, did a quick census and found that nearly 80% of NFL wide receivers had made the switch. He was curious about why.
KEVIN SEIFERT: In talking to some of the players who did it, many of them kept talking about how they felt like they were faster in a number that was smaller. A lot of them said they just thought they looked better or thinner.
SPITZER: Seifert wondered whether this was a real thing. Do people associate lower numbers with swifter, svelter athletes? He contacted a UCLA psychology professor named Ladan Shams.
SEIFERT: She was very clear that she didn't have any research to back it up, but that it would make a lot of sense. The way the brain works is that, over time, you might associate smaller numbers with smaller objects.
LADAN SHAMS: So that was just conjecture, a hypothesis. So because there was no prior research, we decided to test it ourselves in my lab.
SPITZER: Shams did just that. She showed people images of football players of various body types in a random jersey number and had them rate the players' slenderness versus huskiness. She says lower numbers were strongly associated with the perception that the player was thinner. Even a tiny difference mattered - 17 was seen as slimmer than 19. Of course, some numerals are wider than others. So to make sure that that wasn't affecting people's perceptions, she tested out numbers that had the same digits but reversed - say, 18 versus 81.
SHAMS: And we got the same results, and we realized that the effect is actually very robust.
SPITZER: Shams says what could be at work is a learned association between high numbers and large size. The 20-pound bag of rice is bigger than the 5-pound bag.
SHAMS: Our brains keep track of the statistics and the regularities in our environment. And then they use that information, and that forms expectations that shape our perception. And this is happening all the time, unbeknownst to us.
SPITZER: This year's NFL season has yet another twist. For the first time, players will be allowed to wear the lowest number of all - zero.
SEIFERT: If No. 10 or No. 13 makes you look thinner and faster than No. 84 or 86 or something, I wonder what the perception of zero would be.
SPITZER: The new study is set to be published in the journal PLOS One.
Gabriel Spitzer, NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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$180.00 $200.00
With retro colors and free formed geometric shapes, all of this pieces in my midcentury abstract art collection will add a fun accent to any room.
This is a high quality 1.5" deep gallery wrapped CANVAS PRINT of my original ART
No need for a frame - just hang it and love it.
- Fine Art Canvas Print.
- Inks & Finish: Archival Eco-Solvent Ink
- Professionally hand stretched over 1 ½" deep wood stretched bars.
- Gallery stretching & wrap (image covering edges of canvas for a clean look).
- Mirror Wrap
- UV coated acrylic finish to protect the image from dust moisture and fading.
- Production time: 7 to 10 business days
*** OPTION for ONE-OF-A- KIND HAND EMBELLISHING and TEXTURING, which is painting over areas of the image to add brush strokes and texture, giving the impression of an original painting.
Signed by Artist.
- Production time: 14 to 21 business days if you choose the hand embellishing option.
- Arrives ready to hang
- Made in USA
- Artist Irena Orlov
* SIZE: Choose your size from price drop down menu.
Feel free to contact me for any questions and if interested in a size not listed.
***For the Large Artworks 60" and up, and International orders, please add your phone number as I will need it for the courier delivery.
Follow me:
7-14 business days
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 7 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 14 days of delivery
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
Buyers are responsible for any taxes that may apply. ( VAT, All import Duties and Taxes)
Please contact me
Please contact me
Please contact me