text:
Last week's economic reporting included readings on job openings, inflation, and consumer sentiment. Weekly reports on mortgage rates and jobless claims were also released.
Job Openings Increase as Employers Struggle to Fill Positions
Job openings rose in April according to the Labor Department, but workers were quitting jobs in record numbers. 9.30 million openings were reported as compared to expectations of 8.20 million job openings and 8.30 million job openings reported in March. Increasing job openings indicate a stronger post-pandemic economy as businesses and service providers return to full capacity.
Employers faced multiple obstacles to filling job openings including early retirements taken during the pandemic, difficulty in finding childcare options, and continued fear of covid-19. Generous covid-19 benefits and jobless benefits delayed workers' return to their jobs. Job openings in restaurants and hotels rose by 349,000 openings in April. About one-third of all job openings were unfilled in April.
In other news, the Consumer Price Index, which tracks inflation, rose by 0.60 percent in May as compared to April's reading of 0.80 percent growth. Analysts expected a reading of 0.50 percent for May. May's reading was the fourth consecutive monthly increase in inflation since the pandemic. Higher used-car prices accounted for approximately a third of May's inflation growth.
The Core Consumer Price Index, which excludes volatile food and fuel sectors, rose by 0.70 percent in May and was 3.80 percent higher year-over-year for a 29-year high.
Mortgage Rates and Jobless Claims Fall
Freddie Mac reported lower average mortgage rates last week as the rate for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages fell three basis points to 2.96 percent; the average rate for 15-year fixed-rate mortgages fell by four basis points to 2.23 percent. Rates for 5/1 adjustable rate mortgages averaged 2.55 percent and were nine basis points lower. Discount points averaged 0.70 percent for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages, 0.60 percent for 15-year fixed-rate mortgages, and 0.20 percent for 5/1 adjustable rate mortgages.
Initial jobless claims fell last week with 376,000 new claims filed as compared to expectations of 370,000 new claims and the previous week's reading of 385,000 first-time claims filed. Continuing jobless claims also fell with 3.50 million ongoing claims filed as compared to the previous week's reading of 3.76 million continuing claims filed.
The University of Michigan released initial results for its June Consumer Sentiment Index. June's index reading was 86.4 as compared to the expected reading of 84.4 and May's index reading of 82.9.
What's Ahead
This week's economic readings include the National Association of Home Builders' Housing Market Index along with Commerce Department readings on housing starts and building permits issued. The Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve will release its usual post-meeting statement and Fed Chair Jerome Powell will give a press conference. Weekly readings on mortgage rates and jobless claims will also be released.


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Multi-Unit Any-Order Columns
Published 18 years, 8 months pastDuring last week's workshop in Chicago, I was asked to discuss Alex Robinson's One True Layout. This presented a bit of a challenge, since the article and its contents are rather new. While I've read through it all and grasped the main points, I wasn't entirely sure I grasped the nuances. For that matter, I'm still not entirely certain that I do. And I tend to be wary of speaking about things I don't fully understand. Still, the audience was interested, so I took the plunge, figuring that I could stick to the bits I knew relatively well.
The Any Order Columns seem straightforward enough, once you get that it's using margins to shift elements around. The Equal Height Columns aren't really, perhaps more properly being called "Extremely Tall But Clipped Columns", but they simulate the job well enough to count. And then there is the case of Vertical Grids, which I'm still pondering.
But as an illustration of why I say I'm not sure I grasp all the nuances, it was literally while presenting on this topic during the workshop that I hit on an extension of Any Order Columns (AOC) that allows for AOC to be used with columns of mixed width measures. It came in response to a question about that very thing. I'd been showing how to do AOC with columns sized with consistent units, like all with percentage widths or all with pixel widths. But, an attendee asked, what if you wanted to have one column with an em width and another with percentages?
Say, for example, you wanted the first and second blocks (to use the terminology from Alex's examples) to be the center and right columns, respectively, and the third block as the leftmost column. Furthermore, suppose you want the left column to be 10em wide, the center column 40em wide with 1em 'gutters', and the right column to be 200 pixels wide. I'm using pixels because it's a commonly-used unit, but if it makes you feel better, assume there are Flickr images there or something similar in that column.
Or… we could relatively position a float, using the float's margin to handle one of the measures, and the relative positioning to handle the other. So you start like this:
#block3 {float: left; margin-left: -200px;}
That will get the third block to sit right on top of the second. That's taken care of the 200 pixels, but what about getting it the rest of the way? Add the following:
#block3 {float: left; margin-left: -200px; position: relative; left: -52em;}
This puts the third block right where we want it.
There's one exception: IE5/Mac, which doesn't pay attention to the relative positioning when the element's been floated. So far as I've been able to discern, this is the one reduction of browser support from Alex's original AOC.
With a little bit of math, you can make this work so long as the elements to the left of the shifted column use no more than three different units in their sizing. To handle two types of units, you could do something like this:
#block1, #block2, #block3 {float: left;} #block1 {width: 35em; padding: 0 20px; margin-left: 9em;} #block2 {width: 12em; padding: 0 15px 1em 5px;} #block3 {width: 8em; padding: 0 0.5em; margin-left: -60px; position: relative; left: -56em;}
(code example with browser workarounds)
This approach would permit the ability to drop in pixel-sized decorations, like separators or drop shadows or whatever, while preserving em-width column contents in order to scale with font sizes.
Now suppose you have a mixture of all three unit types, which is a case I didn't tackle in the workshop. I might even have said it wasn't possible to handle, but if I did say that, I was wrong. With the addition of a negative right margin on the second column, we can handle all three units, as seen here:
#block1, #block2, #block3 {float: left;} #block1 {width: 50%; margin-left: 11em; margin-right: 1em;} #block2 {width: 200px; margin-right: -200px;} #block3 {width: 10em; margin-left: -50%; position: relative; left: -12em;}
(code example with browser workarounds)
Note that I'm not saying that you'd necessarily want to mix fixed-width columns with fluid-width columns. Doing so is a potentially volatile mix when using CSS-driven design, and this technique doesn't make it any more or less volatile. If you want to do it, though, this is a powerful approach.
In the examples to which I pointed, I came across some intermittent appearances of the double-margin float bug in IE5.5/Win, though oddly not in IE6/Win. I didn't try to work around these inconsistencies beyond using the display: inline
hack from Alex's original examples, but I'm sure they're surmountable. It's probably as good a case as any for using conditional comments to serve up fixes to pre-IE6 versions of IE/Win.
You may have noticed that, if the browser window is reduced in width, the columns start dropping in the two-unit example. That's something that could likely be handled with a sufficiently wide container, although doing that risks the dread horizontal scrollbar. You'd get the same scrollbar with either older CSS layout approaches or with table-driven design, though.
I suspect there are even more combinations and nuances to be found in the AOC technique, and still more in the column and grid ideas Alex has laid out. Hopefully I've made a good start here. For any omissions or inaccuracies there may have been in my Chicago presentation, I hope the attendees and organizers will accept my apologies.

subset: commoncrawl


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text: THE PASSING PARADE with John Doremus was a series of 130 tales that were originally syndicated in the United States. On a visit there in the mid 1960's, Grace Gibson Productions picked up the Australian, New Zealand and "South Pacific rim" rights to the show. We actually had great success with it, and The Passing Parade became something of a 'hit' in this part of the world. Unfortunately, that success seems not to have been emulated in the United States itself, and the series ceased production. This left Grace Gibson Productions in something of a dilemma, having a hit show going to air here, but with no more episodes being recorded in the US. What to do?? – Well, we went back to John Doremus and struck an agreement with him that saw a local Australian writer create the scripts, which were then sent over for John to record and ship back to us. In all we ended up with a series of about 1300 episodes.


text:
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text:
Aeragon examines how modern material human existence developed out of advances in military technology. Few elements of modern life are not the result of military development in some way. For example, the way that you are seeing this site, the Internet and computer, grew out of military technologies. Here, you can obtain a great deal of information about technological advances in military equipment down through the ages and their transfer to civilian uses.
Many of today's most popular consumer items were actually developed by the world's militaries. This includes many articles of clothing as well as things that would seemingly be unrelated such as trendy furniture. Some of the most sought after civilian vehicles and also certain modern building styles were spin-offs of military technologies. The consumer electronic products of today all owe their existence to advancements in military technology. In the few cases where the whole concept of a consumer electronic device is not the product of military technology, the underlying hardware technology such as printed circuits is. The influence of military design affects not only the functional aspects of material life, but also, the aesthetics of it.
This site contains information on many aspects of how modern societies have advanced technologically and materially through military advances. It also encompasses some facets that similar studies do not include. Many aspects of the social structures of modern Western societies are a direct result of defense advancements.
Many aspects of modern life where military technology has had a great influence are so pervasive that the roots of their creation have now faded into oblivion. It seems that many historians conceal the military sources of many technological advances. Perhaps it is because the military role in development is often secret that it takes a lot of digging to get to the true origin of many innovations. Perhaps many people find the violent nature of mankind so perplexing that it is easier to ignore those issues. Whatever the reason, it is an inescapable fact that the structures of modern political and economic systems emerged as a result of advances in military technology.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most societies were in a perpetual state of armed conflict. In fact, some people have postulated that the oldest profession is actually arms smithing - probably not an unreasonable theory. Historically, most goods designed and produced were for military or defensive purposes. Arms are the most sophisticated objects a society produces and usually a very high percentage of resources are devoted to this purpose. The choices are clear in that, if a society decides not to spend on defense, it will be overtaken by one that has.
Historically, conquerors were held in high esteem, glamorized and idolized even if begrudgingly. In many cases, warriors were the most respected members of society. Frequently, this was reflected not only in the design of everyday items, but also in the arts. Many civilian items produced before the twentieth century had decorative military themes although they had no defensive function. Many grand household items were built to commemorate a battle or conquest.
The origin of modern society is directly traceable to the Industrial Revolution, and the origin of industrialization is directly traceable to changes in military techniques. Industrialization began with the production of arms. Since the Industrial Revolution, military technology continues to be the driving force in industrial production although military goods might not comprise the greatest percentage of output.
There are various reasons for this. One of the primary reasons is that manufacturing has become an increasingly important factor in the outcome of war. In addition, numerous wars have occurred which have required virtually all of the involved nations industrial output. In many instances, militaries have directly managed manufacturing and manufacturing capacity frequently increased exponentially during wars. Furthermore, armament builders developed many basic industrial production techniques.
Militaries have frequently been innovators, hoping to achieve a significant strategic advantage over their adversaries with more advanced weapons. Before about the eighteenth century this pace was much slower than that which is recognized today. Since that time militaries frequently directly visualize and create new things. In some cases, they manage the creative processes of defense contractors. Many items that have been developed for military use that subsequently had consumer applications would not have received adequate funding if they were not first developed for military purposes. In general, weapons are commonly considered to be at least ten years more advanced technologically than comparable consumer products. As new technologies become declassified and less costly, they find new uses in consumer products.
Strongest, fastest, lightest, heaviest, highest, hardest and farthest are the words used to describe military equipment. Material technologies, that is to say the technology to make various materials themselves have advanced incredibly through military research. Many of the manufacturing processes and methods of today are the result of military advancements. Naturally then, military objects are an inspiration for the design of all types of manufactured objects. Sometimes, a military item is simply converted to civilian use while in other cases a military technology is modified slightly for consumer applications. Therefore, the force that truly drives and molds all modern societies is conflict.


text:
I've got a quite intense body transformation coming up, and it is quite time consuming. Therefore I have finally decided I need to get rid of my worst habit - oversleeping.
It seems, that every time I get the chance (free days, Saturdays, Sundays) it is quite common for me to sleep anywhere from 10-15 hours per night, and it is starting to take its toll. That means, that in any given day, I am losing 2-7 hours of valuable workout/study/work time, which is no more fine by me.
So the question: How do I get rid of oversleeping?
Some background info: I am a freelance programmer therefore I spend quite a lot of time at a computer. I also study IT, so a bit more time is spent sitting. I currently don't work out at a gym, but have quite intense (3h+) dance practices 2x a week, so I'm not also completely sedentary. I am also a bit overweight, therefore the transformation. I am not currently on any diet per-se, but I try to keep things balanced. In regards to sleep, because of work, there are times (about 1x a week) when I have to work really late, like 4am, and get up at 6am for studies.


text:
(Redirected from Efforts)
Effort, in physical terms, is the amount of work involved in performing an activity; in general use it is also synonymous with Endeavor, which implies a deliberate exertion, and to use more energy than usual in an activity.
[edit]- In all human affairs there are efforts, and there are results, and the strength of the effort is the measure of the result. Chance is not. Gifts, powers, material, intellectual, and spiritual possessions are the fruits of effort; they are thoughts completed, objects accomplished, visions realized.
- James Allen, As A Man Thinketh, Visions and Ideals (1902)
- Inscribe all human effort with one word,
Artistry's haunting curse, the Incomplete!- Robert Browning (1812–1889), British poet. The Ring and the Book, Bk. 11, l. 1560 (1868–1869)
- Ah, but a man's reach should exceed his grasp,
Or what's a heaven for?- Robert Browning, "Andrea Del Sarto," The Complete Poetic and Dramatic Works of Robert Browning (1895), p. 346
- I didn't think that working hard and wanting something that's out of your control would be that bothersome to people. It was just really disappointing for me.
- Alessia Cara, interview with Patrick Ryan of USA Today (June 2018)
- Struggling. How many people in life have it easy? I don't care what you do for a living. I don't believe I'm gifted, like Clemente, or Cedeno, or Mantle. About 10% of the ballplayers are gifted. For the other 90% of us, it's a struggle.
- Horace Clarke, in response to sportswriter Dick Young's query, "How's it going?"; as quoted in "Young Ideas: The Hoss That Nobody Bets," New York Daily News (August 18, 1972), p. 77
- To rank the effort above the prize may be called love.
- Confucius, Analects, § 6.20.
- Beautiful objects are wrought by study through effort, but ugly things are reaped automatically without toil.
- Democritus (ca. 4th century BCE). Tr. Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (1948)
- Those who are striving to improve the lot of man may ground their hopes.
- Albert Einstein, Why Socialism? (1949) Monthly Review [1] New York (May 1949)
- Somebody said that it couldn't be done,
But he with a chuckle replied
"maybe it couldn't," but he would be one
wouldn't say so till he'd tried.
he buckled right in with the trace of a grin
his face. If he worried he hid it.
He started to sing as he tackled the thing
That couldn't be done, and he did it.- Edgar Albert Guest, "It Couldn't Be Done," stanza 1, Collected Verse of Edgar A. Guest (1934), p. 285
- The mode in which the inevitable comes to pass is through effort.
- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., "Ideals and Doubts", Collected Legal Papers (1937), p. 305
- Genius is often only the power of making continuous efforts. The line between failure and success is so fine that we scarcely know when we pass it — so fine that we are often on the line and do not know it. How many a man has thrown up his hands at a time when a little more effort, a little more patience, would have achieved success. As the tide goes clear out, so it comes clear in. In business sometimes prospects may seem darkest when really they are on the turn. A little more persistence, a little more effort, and what seemed hopeless failure may turn to glorious success. There is no failure except in no longer trying. There is no defeat except from within, no really insurmountable barrier save our own inherent weakness of purpose.
- Elbert Hubbard, as quoted from Electrical Review (c. 1895) without further attribution in The Search for the North Pole (1896) by Evelyn Briggs Baldwin, p. 520, this was later published as part of various works by Hubbard, including FRA Magazine : A Journal of Affirmation (1915), and An American Bible (1918) edited by Alice Hubbard.
- What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.
- Samuel Johnson, quoted in Biographia by William Seward (1799)
- If there is effort, there is always accomplishment.
- Jigoro Kano, as quoted in Black Belt : Judo Skills and Techniques (2006) by Neil Ohlenkamp, p. 36
- He has called on the best that was in us. There was no such thing as half-trying. Whether it was running a race or catching a football, competing in school—we were to try. And we were to try harder than anyone else. We might not be the best, and none of us were, but we were to make the effort to be the best. "After you have done the best you can," he used to say, "the hell with it."
- Robert Kennedy, tribute to his father, Joseph P. Kennedy. Read at Joseph Kennedy's funeral by Senator Edward Kennedy, November 20, 1969. — Congressional Record, November 25, 1969, vol. 115, p. 35877
- The smallest effort is not lost,
Each wavelet on the ocean tost
Aids in the ebb-tide or the flow;
Each rain-drop makes some floweret blow;
Each struggle lessens human woe.- Charles Mackay, The Old and the New, Voices from the Crowd, and Town Lyrics (1857)
- Give
Me leisure, all the time Maecenas found
For Horace and his Virgil, and I'll try
To build a masterpiece destined to live
And save my name from ashes. When the ground
Is poor, the ox works listlessly; rich soil
Tires, but there's satisfaction then in toil.- Martial, Epigrammata, translated by James Michie
- To have striven, to have made the effort, to have been true to certain ideals — this alone is worth the struggle.
- William Osler, as quoted in Wisdom for the Soul (2006) by Larry Chang, p. 678
- Verily, the Hour is coming but I am about to make it manifest so that every soul may be rewarded as it strives.
- Quran 20:15
- The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and try it; if it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something. The millions who are in want will not stand by silently forever while the things to satisfy their needs are within easy reach.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, Looking Forward (1933), chapter 2, p. 51
- It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, and comes short again and again, because there is no effort without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat.
- Theodore Roosevelt, address at the Sorbonne, Paris, France, April 23, 1910.—"Citizenship in a Republic," The Strenuous Life (vol. 13 of The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, national ed.), chapter 21, p. 510 (1926)
- Do not attempt to accomplish greater results by a greater effort of your little understanding, but by a greater understanding of your little effort. The greater your understanding of the power within yourself, the less effort you need to make in order to achieve.
- Walter Russell, THINK - IBM Lecture Series
- Fanaticism consists in redoubling your efforts when you have forgotten your aim.
- George Santayana, in The Life of Reason (1905-1906), Vol. I, Reason in Common Sense
- These ceremonies and the National Statuary Hall will teach the youth of the land in succeeding generations as they come and go that the chief end of human effort in a sublunary view should be usefulness to mankind, and that all true fame which should be perpetuated by public pictures, statues, and monuments, is to be acquired only by noble deeds and high achievements and the establishment of a character founded upon the principles of truth, uprightness, and inflexible integrity.
- Alexander H. Stephens, remarks in the House, February 15, 1881, upon Vermont's presentation of a statue of Jacob Collamer to Statuary Hall. — Congressional Record, vol. 11, p. 1611


text:
Marylin Johnson Raisch is the Librarian for International and Foreign Law at the Bora Laskin Law Library of the University of Toronto Faculty of Law. She received her J.D. from Tulane University School of Law (1980) with work both in civil and common law courses as well as international law and Roman law. She holds degrees in English literature from Smith College ( B.A. magna cum laude 1973) and St. Hugh's College, Oxford (M.Litt. 1978). She received her M.L.S. degree from Columbia University School of Library Service in 1988 and has worked as a law librarian for fifteen years, the past ten of which were at Columbia University School of Law as International and Foreign Law Librarian. Marylin has served as moderator or panelist in several continuing education programs at the annual meetings of the American Association of Law Libraries on such topics as effective quick reference in international and foreign law, foreign law in English, and Russian law. She has also presented talks on web access to foreign and international materials for the International Association of Law Libraries, has co-directed one of a series of special four-day institutes on "Training the Next Generation" of international and foreign law librarians, and has edited (with Roberta I Shaffer) the resulting volume of proceedings, Transnational Legal Transactions (Oceana, 1995). Marylin is the author of several articles, reviews, and web guides on international and foreign legal research, such as The European Union: A Selective Research Guide, 1 Columbia Journal of European Law 149 (1994/95), and hyperlinked web guides to research in treaties and public international law, European Union law, and human rights law at http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/resguide/entry.htm.
Gail A. Partin is currently an Associate Law Librarian in the Sheely-Lee Law Library at the Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University http://www.dsl.edu. Her primary responsibility is providing legal research instruction and reference services. As the library's Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Librarian, she is also responsible for the development and maintenance of the library's international law collection. Gail has conducted numerous educational seminars on legal research instruction and Internet legal research. She also maintains the Dickinson Legal Research Resources http://www.dsl.edu/library/research.html web site for her library and publishes the International Criminal Law chapter of the ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law http://www.asil.org/resource/Home.htm. She is an active member of AALL's Foreign, Comparative & International Law SIS http://www.lawsch.uga.edu/fcil/fcil.html and the Research Instruction & Patron Services SIS http://www.aallnet.org/sis/ripssis/.
- I. Introduction
- A. Brief Statement of History
- II. General Background Sources, Research Guides, and Information Networks
- A. Web Sites
- B. Major Treatises
- III. Treaty Resources
- IV. International Criminal Court, the Ad Hoc Tribunals, and Other Relevant Judicial Sources
- A. International Criminal Court
- B. Ad Hoc Tribunals
- C. International and Regional Courts
- D. National Courts
- V. Extradition and Mutual Assistance
- A. Major Treaties and Documents
- B. Major Treatises
- C. N. B. Recent Watershed Cases
- VI. Specific Crimes
- A. Crimes Against Humanity and Human Rights Issues
- B. Organized Crime and Narcotics
- C. Terrorism and Piracy
- D. "Cyber-crime" and Crimes Against the Environment or Cultural Property
- VII. Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
- A. Statistical Sources
- B. Information Clearinghouses and Other Related Sources
- C. Law Enforcement
- VIII. Notes on Secondary Sources
The purpose of this guide is to provide researchers with a selective quick guide to basic and significant materials, both print and electronic, in the topic area of international criminal law and its processes. As a hyperlinked, contextual guide, it is not intended as a substitute for the compilation of any updated, comprehensive bibliography by using electronic indexes and catalogues and their print equivalents (for older and historic materials).
Origins and sources of the international criminal law regime include three out of the four sources of international law in general which are enumerated in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. According to Professor M. Cherif Bassiouni, only the first three of the sources apply to international criminal law since "writings of the most distinguished publicists" (that is, judges or jurists, especially of international courts or tribunals) and even surveys of national criminal laws cannot create supra-national binding laws in the same way that local legislative and adjudicatory bodies might do.1 The thinking here seems to be that even so-called jus cogens crimes, meaning ones well-established in customary law, require application by and through the cooperation of national states, even parties to a treaty. There are issues of notice, specificity, and legality as recognized within individual criminal justice systems at stake, and even the United Nations system is not yet one of "international legislation" except insofar as the treaty-making process might be looked at that way.2 National cooperation is required to make any form of international criminal law effective, and this principle will be recognized by member states under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court as well.3
II. General Background Sources, Research Guides and Information Networks
- United Nations Crime and Justice Information Network (UNCJIN) was established in 1989 and includes the text of treaties, conventions, and national laws, court decisions, UN documents, and statistical sources relating to drugs, crime, and crime prevention.
- World Justice Information Network (WJIN at http://www.wjin.net or http://www.justinfo.net) serves as a central point of access to a global virtual library containing thousands of professional publications and is a worldwide criminal justice news monitoring tool. Features include a specialized criminal justice search engine and multilingual capabilities.
- Justice Information Center is divided into sections covering corrections, courts, crime prevention, criminal justice statistics, drugs, international information, juvenile justice, law enforcement, research and evaluation, victims, and current highlights.
- Research Guide to International Law on the Internet, International Criminal Law is maintained by Massimo Magagni for the University of Bologna, Faculty of Political Science. This page covers many links for the International Criminal Court, the Ad Hoc Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and international criminal law in general.
- International Criminal Law is a comprehensive research guide created by Gail Partin as part of the ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law, a series of excellent research guides sponsored by the American Society of International Law.
- The NYU Law Library "Guide to Foreign and International Legal Databases," compiled and edited by Mirela Roznovschi has an "International Criminal Law" page which adds links to the Project on International Courts and Tribunals (PICT).
- Cecil Greek's Criminal Justice Links: International Criminal Justice Resources links to Web sites for criminal law, law enforcement, crime prevention & peacemaking, and includes regional source lists for the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Canada, Australia, Africa, Asia, and South America.
Major treatises on international criminal law and procedure in general include the following (a short list of major works):
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. International criminal law, 2nd ed. Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, 1998.
_________________. International criminal law conventions and their penal provisions. Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y: Transnational Publishers, 1997.
Dugard, John and Christine van den Wyngaert, eds. International criminal law and procedure. Aldershot; Brookfield, VT, 1996.
Hoogh, André de. Obligations erga omnes and international crimes: a theoretical inquiry into the implementation and enforcement of the international responsibility of states. Hague; Boston: Kluwer International Law; Cambridge, MA:1996.
Malekian, Farhad. The monopolization of international criminal law in the United Nations: a jurisprudential approach. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1995.
Ragazzi, Mauricio. The concept of internation obligations erga omnes. New York: Clarendon Press, 1997.
Sunga, Lyal S. The emerging system of international criminal law: developments in codification and implementation. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1997.
Van den Wyngaert, Christine, ed. International criminal law: a collection of international and European instruments. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1996.
There are a wide range of treaties, conventions, and agreements pertaining to international criminal law issues. The Web sites for locating the treaties of several international organizations are listed below.
United Nations Treaty Collection is an electronic system for locating the text and status of United Nations treaties. Since the United Nations has been the forerunner in undertaking actions to combat international crime this is an excellent source for treaty information, such as the convention establishing the International Criminal Court. Other relevant UN treaties and conventions include the UN Charter and conventions on apartheid, genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, torture, narcotic drugs, slavery, the taking of hostages, aircraft hijacking, and terrorism. Sample portions of the database are available free, however access to the complete UN treaty database is by subscription only.
Council of Europe: European Treaties provides the text of the Statute of the Council of Europe and all other COE treaties, including information on reservations, signatures, and ratifications.
European Union Web Site is an umbrella site for all of the Union's institutions and organizations and includes the text of EU founding treaties, policies, and institutional documents.
Organization of American States (OAS) Web site contains the text and status of conventions and treaties relating to corruption, human rights, judicial cooperation, terrorism, and weapons in the Inter-American Treaties database.
The Multilaterals Project at the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy is an ongoing project to make the full text of international conventions and other instruments available electronically. The selective list of treaties dates back to 1899 and can be searched by subject or chronologically.
For a comprehensive guide to treaty research sources and methodology, see the Treaties chapter of the ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law.
IV. International Criminal Court, the Ad Hoc Tribunals, and Other Relevant Judicial Sources
A. International Criminal Court
The purpose of this court is stated succinctly at the official United Nations Home Page in its "Overview" section as follows:
An international criminal court has been called the missing link in the international legal system. The International Court of Justice at The Hague handles only cases between States, not individuals. Without an international criminal court for dealing with individual responsibility as an enforcement mechanism, acts of genocide and egregious violations of human rights often go unpunished. In the last 50 years, there have been many instances of crimes against humanity and war crimes for which no individuals have been held accountable. In Cambodia in the1970s, an estimated 2 million people were killed by the Khmer Rouge. In armed conflicts in Mozambique, Liberia, El Salvador and other countries, there has been tremendous loss of civilian life, including horrifying numbers of unarmed women and children.4
Set out briefly below are sources for some of the major documents of the court, including the statute, (a charter-type convention), its preparatory history, and the continuing revisions, discussions, and ratification process.
1. Web Sites – Major Documents
The International Criminal Court's official Web site contains:
- the text of the Rome Statute of 17 July 1998 establishing an International Criminal Court , U.N.Doc. A/CONF.183/9 and corrections
- Documents of the Preparatory Commission (1999-)
- Documents of the Preparatory Committee for the Rome Conference (1996-1998)
- Documents of the Ad Hoc Committee for the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (1995)
This list indicates, in reverse chronological order, the United Nations bodies which were set up, in sequence, to address the establishment of the court and the drafting of its statute.
The Preparatory Commission of the International Criminal Court, the currently active body, is charged with drafting rules of procedures and other practical matters related to the actual setting up of the court and its operation.
United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court is the official UN Web site for the Rome Conference and provides a unique glimpse of the daily conference proceedings as they unfolded. A daily photo gallery, audio coverage, and transcripts of speeches and statements combine to provide a recreation of the Rome Conference proceedings
Just prior to this process there had been a project of the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) on a Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind, this site reproduces documentation culminating in the ILC report in U.N. Doc. A/51/10 (1996).
In addition to the official United Nations sites referenced above, the following selected sites provide substantial information on the International Criminal Court:
- International Criminal Court: Resources in Print and Electronic Format compiled by Lyonette Louis-Jacques. Excellent hyperlinked traditional bibliography integrating web sites with full-text secondary sources, such as journal articles, for commentary.
- ASIL Bibliography on the International Criminal Court is a bibliography of journal articles on the International Criminal Court held in the ASIL Library.
- Coalition for an International Criminal Court
- Human Rights Watch, Making the Treaty Work: International Criminal Court Ratification Campaign. Commentary and action alerts from the advocacy side.
- Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, International Criminal Court Briefing Series
- Reasonable Doubt: The Case against the Proposed International Criminal Court by Gary T. Dempsey, Cato Policy Analysis No. 311 July 16, 1998 for the Cato Institute
- Considerations on the Financing of an International Criminal Court Prepared by Jeffrey Laurenti, Executive Director, Policy Studies UNA-USA.
- ASIL Insights are brief essays on current topics by international law experts:
- Results of the Rome Conference for an International Criminal Court, by Michael P. Scharf. August 1998.
- Rome Diplomatic Conference for an International Criminal Court, by Michael P. Scharf. June 1998.
- Is a U.N. International Criminal Court in the U.S. National Interest? Senate Hearing 105-724 conducted by the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee on the establishment of the International Criminal Court, includes testimony from David J. Scheffer, Ambassador-At-Large for War Crimes Issues, John R. Bolton, Former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs, attorney Lee A. Casey, Professor Michael P. Scharf, along with statements submitted by The Lawyers Committee for Human Rights and Human Rights Watch.
2. Major Treatises
- M. Cherif Bassiouni. The statute of the international criminal court: a documentary history. Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, 1998.
- _________________, general editor Leila Sadat Wexler,special editor Observations on the consolidated ICC text before the final session of the Preparatory Committee. Paris: Association Internationale de Droit Penal, 1998.
- Ferencz, Benjamin B. An international criminal court, a step toward world peace :a documentary history and analysis. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1980.
- George Ginsburgs and V.N. Kudriavtsev, eds. The Nuremberg trial and international law. (Law in Eastern Europe. no. 42. Dordrecht; Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1990.
- Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (U.S.) The International Criminal Court trigger mechanism and the need for an independent prosecutor. New York, N.Y., USA (333 7th Ave., New York 10001): Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1997.
- Lee, Roy, ed. The International Criminal Court: the making of the Rome statute : issues, negotiations, and results.; in cooperation with the Project of International Court and Tribunals. Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999.
The history of the need for an International Criminal Court and indeed the history of international criminal law in general would be incomplete without reference to the ad hoc tribunals discussed below and also the Nuremberg War Crimes trials.
1. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia contains links to its statute, judgments, rules of procedure, and a Bulletin of all activities at the court.
Additional information relating to the Yugoslavian crisis:
- General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, known as the Dayton Peace Accords, and related documents are available from the Office of the High Representative or the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.
- ASIL Insight: The Yugoslav Tribunal and Deferral of National Prosecutions of War Criminals, by Dorothea Beane. September 1996.
2. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (http://www.ictr.org/ or http://www.un.org/ictr/ (mirror site)) is the official UN Web site for the ICTR and includes the full text of some tribunal judgments, case summaries, the ICTR statute, Security Council resolutions, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, press releases, and listings of indictments and hearing transcripts.
The UN Research Guide: Special Topics: International Law provides quick access to the statute and list of reports on the tribunal. The guide indicates in part: "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, located in Arusha (United Republic of Tanzania), was established by Security Council resolution 955 (1994) of 8 November 1994; the annexed Statute defines its mandate. Articles 10-12 of the Statute were amended by Security Council resolution 1165 (1998) of 30 April 1998".
The Organization of African Unity endorsed the formation of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities (IPEP) to investigate the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and the surrounding events. The IPEP Special Report, transmitted to the OAU on 29 May 2000, is available along with information on the panel members, the project background, and documentation from the drafting process.
Additional resources pertaining to the Yugoslavian and Rwandan crises:
- The University of Minnesota Human Rights Library has an International Criminal Courts section which includes material from the history of the Yugoslav and Rwanda conflicts as well as the court links.
- War Criminal Watch, designed and maintained by the Coalition for International Justice, is dedicated to information relating to the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals, including audio and video files on the Tribunal for former Yugoslavia, the status of cases in national courts, implementing legislation, and other legal resources. The ICTY/ICTR pages offer case files, rules of procedure, a manual for practitioners, annual reports, and other related documents.
3. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials materials are available at the web site of the Yale Avalon Project, which includes access to digitized material from Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal : Proceedings Volumes 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Nuremberg : The Tribunal, 1947-1949 and the Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1946) set as well.
C. International and Regional Courts
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
All ICJ judgments delivered since its inception in 1946 are listed, along with information on the background of the Court, its current docket, procedures, jurisdiction, and rules. Recent cases pertaining to international criminal law include the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie and the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Yugoslavia). Most judgments are summarized rather than reported in full text. The Cornell Law Library maintains a mirror site for the Court and includes additional research guides and links to international law sources. A complete set of ICJ decisions is available electronically in the INT-ICJ database on WESTLAW, which is a fee-based service. Many international criminal law issues fall within the jurisdiction of national courts, so researchers will find relevant information by searching for cases within the individual judicial systems of specific countries. Several Web sites offer thorough coverage of the countries of the world (Note, however, that all countries do not provide electronic access to their judicial documents):
Lexadin World Law Guide links directly to judicial decisions in over 40 countries.
The following sites provide an eclectic array of links to all countries in the world:
V. Extradition and Mutual Assistance
A. Major Treaties and Documents
- U.N. Model Treaty on Extradition, G.A. Res. 45/116 of 14 December 1990 (gopher://gopher.un.org:70/00/ga/recs/45/116 or at http://www.uncjin.org/Standards/Rules/r17/r17.html)
- U.N. Model Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (and optional protocol), G.A. Res. 45/117 of 14 December 1990
- Convention of 19 June 1990 applying the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 [re Benelux, Germany, France] on the Gradual Abolition of Checks at their Common Borders
- European Union, Legislation in Force, legislation listed under "police and judicial cooperation in criminal and customs matters" and "judicial cooperation in criminal matters" form the Europa Web site
- Council of Europe, European Convention on Extradition of 13 December, 1957, European Treaty Series (ETS) No. 24
- Additional protocol to the European convention on extradition of 15 October 1975, ETS No. 86;
- Second additional protocol to the European convention on extradition of 17 March 1978, ETS No. 98
- Commonwealth Scheme for the Rendition of Fugitive Offenders, 1966 as amended 1990, 1990 Commonwealth Law Bulletin 1936.
- Scheme Relating to Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters within the Commonwealth including Amendments of Commonwealth Law Ministers, April 1990, 1990 Commonwealth Law Bulletin 1043.
- European convention on mutual assistance in criminal matters of 20 April 1959, ETS No. 30, and additional protocol of 17 March 1978, ETS No. 99
- Inter-American Convention on Extradition, B-47, under "Judicial Cooperation in the "treaties" section of the "documents" service.
- Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, A-55, and its Optional Protocol, A-59.
- Inter-American Convention on Serving Criminal Sentences Abroad, A-57
- U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, Note on problems of extradition affecting refugees
- Extradition Reform in Canada (from Department of Justice web site)
Amnesty International.United Kingdom : the Pinochet case : universal jurisdiction and the absence of immunity for crimes against humanity. London : Amnesty International, International Secretariat, 1999.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. International extradition : United States law and and practice. New York : Oceana Publications, 1996.
Gilbert, Geoff. Transnational fugitive offenders in international law : extradition and other mechanisms. The Hague ; Boston : M. Nijhoff Publishers ; Cambridge, MA, 1998.
Ristau, Bruno A . International judicial assistance. Washington, D.C. : International Law Institute, 1984- (looseleaf updated).
C. N.B. Recent Watershed Cases
Regina v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet Regina v. Evans and Another and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex Parte Pinochet (On Appeal from a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division), [1998] 2 All ER 97, [1999] 2 WLR 827, (prerequisites and double criminality rule)
United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 505 U.S.655 (1992), (US Supreme Court sanctioned abduction versus formal extradition)
A. Crimes Against Humanity and Human Rights Issues
1. Major Treaties and Documents
United Nations
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966, and its optional protocols, one setting up individual complaints procedure, and another second protocol aimed at abolition of the death penalty.
- Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Adopted by General Assembly resolution 3452 (XXX) of 9 December 1975.
- Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman o Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 10 December 1984.
- Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Adopted by General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982.
- A further collection of conventions and rules on the following: Rights of those facing the death penalty, code of conduct for law enforcement officials and their use of firearms, role of prosecutors, minimum rules for non-custodial measures, administration of juvenile justice, guidelines for prevention of juvenile delinquency, basic principles on independence of the judiciary, transfer of proceedings, transfer of supervision of offenders, enforced disappearances, and summary executions. All collected in full text under "human rights in the administration of justice" at the site of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Council of Europe
- Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms of 4 November, 1950, ETS No. 5, as amended by protocol No. 11 of 11 May 1994.
- European convention for the prevention of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of 26 November 1987, ETS No. 126 and two amending protocols.
- European convention on the supervision of conditionally sentenced or conditionally released offenders of 30 November 1964, ETS No. 51.
- European convention on the international validity of criminal judgments of 28 May 1970, ETS No. 70.
- European convention on the transfer of proceedings in criminal matters of 15 May, 1971, ETS No. 73.
- European convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitation to crimes against humanity and war crimes of 25 January 1974, ETS. No. 82.
- European convention on the control of the acquisition and possession of firearms by individuals of 28 June 1978, ETS No. 101.
- Convention on the transfer of sentenced persons of 31 March 1983, ETS No. 112.
- European convention on the compensation of victims of violent crimes of 24 November 1983, ETS No. 116.
Organization of American States
- American convention on human rights "Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica".
- Protocol to the American convention on human rights to abolish the death penalty.
- Inter-American convention on forced disappearance of persons.
- Inter-American convention to prevent and punish torture.
Organization of African Unity
2. Court and Monitoring Body Sites
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Click on "human rights" from pull-down menu for links to the Court and the Commission. The Cambodian Genocide Program
The Cambodian Genocide Program is studying the events of the Pol Pot era, to learn as much as possible about the tragedy, and to help determine who was responsible for the crimes of this regime. The bibliographic database contains records on some 2,000 primary and secondary documents dealing with atrocities in the Khmer Rouge regime. Major War Criminals/Suspects
Links to sources including articles from newspapers to create an extensive list of criminals/suspects and their alleged atrocities.3. Major Treatises
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes against humanity in international criminal law. 2nd rev. ed. Cambridge, MA : Kluwer Law International, 1999.
__________________ and Ziyad Motala, eds. The Protection of human rights in African criminal proceedings. Dordrecht; Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1995.
__________________, ed. with the collaboration of Alfred de Zayas. The Protection of human rights in the administration of criminal justice: a compendium of United Nations norms and standards. Irvington, NY: Transnational Publishers; Geneva: Centre for Human Rights United Nations; 1994.
Matas, David. No more: the battle against human rights violations. Towards the new millennium series; [edited by Dennis Mills].: Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994.
Ratner, Steven R. Accountability for human rights atrocities in international law: beyond the Nuremberg legacy . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1997.
B. Organized Crime and Narcotics
1. Major Treaties and Documents
- United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988.
- United Nations Draft Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
- Council of Europe, Convention on laundering, search, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds from crime of 8 November 1990, ETS No. 141.
- Council of Europe, Criminal law convention on corruption of 27 January 1999, ETS no.173.
- Inter-American convention against corruption (Adopted at the third plenary session, held on March 29, 1996).
- United Nations Crime and Justice Information Network is an electronic access to some of the documents it has compiled regarding drug laws and bilateral treaties; also consult UN indexes such as AccessUN and the Official Documents Search (S) system (both by subscription only).
2. Research Sites
Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC)
TraCCC is a non-profit institute dedicated to the research of trends in organized crime and corruption and includes organized crime links to information on arms, corruption, cybercrime, drugs, environmental crime, moneylaundering, terrorism, and white collar crime. International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy (ICCLRCJP)
The Centre monitors activities concerning economic and organized crime. United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP)
This is the "agency responsible for coordinating activities relating to international control of narcotic drugs." The web site lists drug-related resolutions and decisions and includes a summary of the World Drug Report. Drugtext Legal Pages
Serves as a springboard to UN drug control bodies, treaties on drugs, European Union documents, international reports, articles & papers, legislation & legal proposals, and jurisprudence. International Money Laundering Information Network (IMoLIN)
IMoLIN was developed under the auspices of the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention to assist governments, organizations and individuals in the fight against money laundering. The Money Laundering Compliance Website
This site was "created for the purpose of increasing the available knowledge about money laundering and includes a listing of conferences and seminars, articles, and links to sites dealing with financial crimes.3. Major Treatises
Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Eduardo Vetere, eds. and compilers, with the cooperation of Dimitri Vlassis. Organized crime: a compilation of U.N. documents 1975-1998. Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, 1998.
Punch, Maurice, ed. Coping with corruption in a borderless world : proceedings of the fifth International Anti-Corruption Conference. Deventer; Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers; Arnhem: Gouda Quint, 1993.
The OECD Convention on Bribery, by Geoffrey R. Watson. March 1998.
1. Major Treaties and Documents
- United Nations, International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, U.N. Doc. A/52/653 (25 November 1997; not in force yet)
- Canada's Department of International Trade and Foreign Affairs has collected several older treaties at its site on terrorism at http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/english/foreignp/treaties-e.htm –what follows is a selection of these treaties of the numerous ones at the site in full text.
- Convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft signed at the Hague, on 16 December 1970.
- Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation signed at Montreal on 23 September 1971.
- Convention on the physical protection of nuclear material, signed at New York and Vienna, 3 March 1980.
- Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation, signed at Rome, 10 March 1988.
- European convention on the suppression of terrorism of 27 January, 1977, ETS No. 90.
2. Research Sites
Terrorism Research Center
Terrorism Research Center is "an independent institute dedicated to the research of terrorism, information warfare, and other issues related to low-intensity political violence and gray-area phenomena." Security Resource Net's Counter Terrorism
The Security Resource Net is the online site for the National Security Institute. The Counter Terrorism page provides links to information on topics such as, Terrorism Legislation and Executive Orders (primarily United States), Terrorism Facts, Commentary, Terrorism Precautions, and other related sources.3. Major Treatises
Chadwick, E. Self-determination, terrorism and the international humanitarian law of armed conflict. The Hague; Boston, Mass.: M. Nijhoff, 1996.
Elagab, Omer Y., compiler. International law documents relating to terrorism. 2nd ed. London: Cavendish Pub., 1997.
Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. Counter Biological Terrorism Panel. Countering biological terrorism in the U.S. : an understanding of issues and status. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1999.
Rubin, Alfred P. The law of piracy. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Transnational, 1998.
D. "Cyber-crime" and Crimes Against the Environment or Cultural Property
1. Environment
For a comprehensive guide to environmental conventions, declarations, and online resources in general, see the guide "International Environmental Law" by Anne Burnett at the site for the ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law . Not all environmental treaties carry provisions which can be deemed strictly penal in nature, although this may be the intended effect.
- Convention on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law of 4 November 1998 (not yet in force).
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna of 3 March 1973, 993 U.N.T.S. 243 (CITES).
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by Ships of 2 November 1973 and protocols of 1978 and 1997 (MARPOL), (at site of Harvard's International Environmental Policy Reference Guide).
- Conventions on depletion of the ozone layer and transboundary movement of hazardous waste at the site for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
- International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy (ICCLRCJP) gathers information on issues concerning Environmental Crime. Access is provided to the report from the International Meeting of Experts, held in Portland, Oregon in 1994, entitled Use of Criminal Sanctions in the Protection of the Environment: Internationally, Domestically
2. Cultural Property
Two leading web sites for texts and documents relating to the protection of cultural property are the site for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site; and the International Council on Monuments and Sites.
- Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954 and regulation and Protocol I of same date, 249 U.N.T.S. 240; 249 U.N.T.S. 358; Protocol II of 26 March 1999.
- Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 16 November 1972.
- Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property of 14 November 1970, 823 U.N.T.S. 231.
- Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects of 24 June 1995.
- INTERPOL's U.S. National Central Bureau (USNCB) is also a point of contact for the Cultural Property Program home page, which includes descriptions and photos of a wide range of stolen cultural property, pictures of the "Most Wanted Works of Art", and details on how to report the loss or theft of cultural property.
3. "Cyber-crime"
International law is just beginning to address cyber-"terrorism" and hacker crimes. Most regional provisions to date have dealt with privacy protection and, more recently, consumer protection with regard to data and the internet.
- Council of Europe, Draft Convention on Cyber-crime: According to C of E press release: "The text should be finalized by a group of experts by December 2000 and the Committee of Ministers could adopt the text and open it for signature as early as Autumn 2001." Press release and latest draft (scroll down) at http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/cadreprojets.htm
- Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data of 28 January 1981, ETS. No. 108.
- Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, Official Journal of the European Communities L 281 , 23/11/1995 p. 31-50.
- The EU has newly in force a new e-commerce directive beyond the scope of this paper but indicative of a pro-active legislative stance for Europe.
4. Major Treatises on the Newer Crimes Against the Environment and Cultural Property, Cyber-crime
a. Environment
Chris Backes & Gerrit Betlem (eds.). Integrated pollution prevention and control: the EC directive from a comparative legal and economic perspective. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999.
Heine, Gunter, and Prabhu, Mohna A., eds. Environmental protection: potentials and limits of criminal justice: evaluation of legal structures. Freiburg im Breisgau: Edition Iuscrim: Rome, Italy: UNICRI, 1997.
Kiss, Alexandre Charles. International environmental law. 2nd, ed., Ardsley, NY: Transactional Publishers, 2000.
Larsson, Marie-Louise. The law of environmental damage: liability and reparation. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999.
Robb, A.R. Cairo, ed. International environmental law reports , 5 vols. Cambridge, U.K.; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999-.
b. Cultural Property
Briat, Martine, and Freedberg, Judith A. International art trade and law = Le commerce international de l'art et le droit. Paris; New York: ICC Publishing: Deventer ; Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation, 1991.
Jote, Kifle. International legal protection of cultural heritage. Stockholm: Juristforlaget, 1994.
King, Thomas F. Cultural resource laws and practice: an introductory guide . Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1998.
Protection pénale du patrimoine archéologique: actes du colloque de Lyon, 6 et 7 décembre 1989. [Lyon]: L'Hermès, 1992
c. Cyber-crime
- Alexander, Yonah and Swetnam, Michael S. Cyber terrorism and information warfare. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y. : Oceana Publications, 1999.
VII. Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
United Nations Crime and Justice Information Network (UNCJIN): Statistics and Research Sources
Includes the UN Surveys of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, the UN International Study on Firearm Regulation, and an impressive array of links to collections of crime statistics worldwide. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), International Justice Statistics
A complete resource for international criminal statistics providing explanations and references to the full range of United Nations statistical sources, Social Sciences Data Archives, International Web Sites, and National Archive of Criminal Justice Data. The World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems, developed under a BJS grant, provides narrative descriptions of the criminal justice systems of countries around the world. The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics sourcebook. British Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate
British and international criminal justice statistics. University of Michigan Documents Center: Statistical Resources on the Web
A well organized center for statistical sources on all subjects. Most relevant to criminal law issues are the sections for Foreign Governments and Sociology (which includes crime statistics).B. Information Clearinghouses and Other Related Sources
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
NCJRS "maintains a database of abstracts for more than 150,000 criminal justice books, journal articles, and reports published by the U.S. Department of Justice, other local, state, and federal government agencies, international organizations, and the private sector." National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
NIJ is the research agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ's links with the international community include participation in the network of criminological institutes affiliated with the United Nations; financial and administrative support of the World Justice Information Network; participation in the development of the United Nations Criminal Justice Information Network (UNCJIN); and establishment of an International Center within NIJ. A Web page for the International Center is at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international/welcome.html. Articles discussing international crime, in NIJ publications such as National Institute of Justice Journal, NIJ Research Forum, Research Report, and Research in Brief are available from 1994 to the present at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs.htm State University of New York at Albany, School of Criminal Justice, Links to Criminal Justice Sites
A comprehensive clearinghouse for U.S. and international criminal law and justice resources.
International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL)
This Web site offers detailed explanations of Interpol's administrative structure and basic principles. The Interpol Reference Library includes keynote articles, technical papers, and Interpol press releases. INTERPOL United States National Central Bureau (USNCB)
This site maintains a State Liaison Division which facilitates the exchange of information and requests between foreign and domestic police. It maintains a network roster of liaison coordinators, a list of INTERPOL member countries with U.S. Extradition Treaties, and instructions for filing a Request for International Assistance. Europol (European Police Office)
In July 1995, the Europol Convention was drawn up and submitted for approval to the member states of the European Union. Europol's mission is "to improve police cooperation between the Member States to combat terrorism, illicit traffic in drugs and other serious forms of international crime." International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
Founded in 1893, the IACP provides assistance and direction to police professionals from over 80 nations. Its Private Sector Liaison Committee (PSLC) sponsors publications on topics such as drugs and violence in the workplace, product tampering, and a model substance abuse policy. Police Officer's Internet Directory
This "Directory" is a user-friendly list of links of interest to the law enforcement community world wide. It is organized into subjects covering, for example, US and international agencies, police associations, hate groups, law libraries, investigations, listservs, and "most wanted" lists from around the world.VIII. Notes on Secondary Sources
This guide presumes knowledge of, or familiarity with, legal periodical indexes and incorporates references to more specialized indexes in the three guides cited in the first paragraph of this presentation. Lexis, QL, and Westlaw materials are similarly referenced as potential sources using topical and Boolean search approached within those fee-based systems, as appropriate. However, of particular interest for web-based searching may be the following free web sites, particularly for staying abreast of developments in international criminal law:
Big Ear: Current Legal Resources on the Net lists new site reported in listservs, and the Scout Report for the Social Sciences lists and evaluates new sites for substantial research.
JSTOR indexes and provides full text access to the American Journal of International Law and several other publications.
RAVE, a site at the university at Duesseldorf, Germany, produces a bibliography of Public International Law and European Law articles and links to full text where possible.
The "Virtual Institute" of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg provides a kind of online encyclopedia of public international law similar to the print counterpart.
1M. Cherif Bassiouni, International Criminal Law (2d ed.) (Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, 1998), pp. 4-5. <back to text>
2 Id. at 4. <back to text>
3 http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm , U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9, as corrected by the proces-verbaux of 10 November 1998 and 12 July 1999. <back to text>
4 http://www.un.org/law/icc/general/overview.htm <back to text>


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Investors in The Boeing Company BA need to pay close attention to the stock based on moves in the options market lately. That is because the Apr 26, 2019 $425.00 Put had some of the highest implied volatility of all equity options today.
What is Implied Volatility?
Implied volatility shows how much movement the market is expecting in the future. Options with high levels of implied volatility suggest that investors in the underlying stocks are expecting a big move in one direction or the other. It could also mean there is an event coming up soon that may cause a big rally or a huge sell off. However, implied volatility is only one piece of the puzzle when putting together an options trading strategy.
What do the Analysts Think?
Clearly, options traders are pricing in a big move for Boeing shares, but what is the fundamental picture for the company? Currently, Boeing is a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold) in the Aerospace - Defense industry that ranks in the Top 38% of our Zacks Industry Rank. Over the last 60 days, no analysts have increased their earnings estimates for the current quarter, while six have revised their estimates downward. The net effect has taken our Zacks Consensus Estimate for the current quarter from $4.28 per share to $3.11 in that period.
Given the way analysts feel about Boeing right now, this huge implied volatility could mean there's a trade developing. Often times, options traders look for options with high levels of implied volatility to sell premium. This is a strategy many seasoned traders use because it captures decay. At expiration, the hope for these traders is that the underlying stock does not move as much as originally expected.


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The kitchen sink
The heart of every kitchen.
Whether extravagant or classic, modern or traditional – they are available in many designs, materials and colours, for any needs, tastes and kitchen forms.
Even if today you can find a dishwasher in almost every household – the kitchen sink is still indispensable. It is where all the chopping, cleaning, defrosting and seasoning takes place, and very often, it must satisfy special design requirements. That is why functionality and look are important criteria when purchasing a sink.
Thanks to its variability, it can be integrated into diverse room concepts. The most common option are built-in sinks. They are inserted into the countertop, their rim being supported by the same. Then there are corner sinks, which provide an interesting use of the different areas and make the most of the existing corner space. Undercounter sinks are preferably installed under natural stone countertops and blend in subtly into the kitchen style. Flat sinks provide a seamless line with the countertop and are best suited for modern kitchen designs.
The classical stone sink, however, is a piece of timeless beauty, which can mainly be found in country house kitchens, but becomes more and more common in modern kitchens, too.
This means there is a variety of forms and designs when choosing your kitchen sink: from traditional, classic to round or straight-lined-modern. Depending on the size, you can find single or double sink solutions, including leftover drains.
The look mainly depends on the material. The classic sink made from stainless steel is available in glossy or matt; those who prefer a kitchen sink in colour have the choice between granite and ceramics.
Thanks to its hard surface, the natural ceramic material is resistant to heat, cold and acid based household articles. It also is easy to clean and impact and scratch-resistant and, therefore, ideally suited for any challenge in the kitchen.
The history of ceramic sinks can be traced back into the 19th century. As early as 1870, the first ceramic wash bowls and basins existed. Improved production techniques and materials were key in order to facilitate mass production of sanitary fittings in the 20th century.
Soon, ceramics also found their way into the kitchen. "Granny's stone sink" already existed in 1921, and its predecessor, a kind of trough, could even be found in catalogues from 1912. Back then, such a sink would weigh up to 60 kg. In the following years, this weight could be significantly reduced by further development of the production method. Around 1950, the first ceramic table sinks were produced. Built-in sinks, as we know them today, were invented in the 60s.
There are kitchen sinks made from stainless steel, enamel, ceramics, granite, marble, and others. Different installation options, designs and colours offer the right sink for every taste.


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Rama Raksha Mantram
Rama Raksha Mantram
[Rama Protection Prayer]
By Budha Koushika
Translated by P. R. Ramachander
[This is a very great prayer composed by a saint called Budha Koushika. Several verses are simply quoted from other great stotras. It is believed that recitation of this great prayer would get rid of all the problems created by the nine planets.]
Asya Sri Rama Raksha stotra manthrasya
Budha Kousika rishi,
Sri Sita Ramachandra devatha,
Anushtup Chanda,
Sita Shakthi, Sri Hanman Keelakam,
Sri Ramachandra preethyarthe Rama raksha stotra mantra jape viniyoga.
For the Rama protection prayer,
The sage is Budha* Kousika, God is Ramachandra with Sita,
Meter is Anushtup, power is Sita, and Limit is Hanuman,
And I am starting the chant of this prayer to please Ramachandra.
* Budha means wise
Meditative prayer
Dhyayed Ajanu bahum drutha sara danusham badha padmasanastham,
Peetham vaso avasanam nava kamala dala spardhi nethram, prasannam,
Vamangaruda Sita mukha kamala milalochanam neeradhabham,
Danalangara deeptham datha muru jada mandalam ramachandram.
I meditate on that Ramachandra, whose arms reach up to his thighs,
Who carries bow and arrows, who sits in a lotus pose,
Who is dressed in yellow cloths, who has eyes like the petals of newly opened lotus flower,
Who is always pleasant looking, who is the colour of the black cloud,
Whose sight is fixed on the lotus eyes of Sita, sitting on his left thigh,
And who shines in various decorations and who has a matted hair around his face.
* Normally before starting the prayer we have to bring the deity in to our mind.
Charitham Raghu nadasya satha koti pravistharam,
Yekaikamaksharam pumsam maha pathaka nasanam. 1
The story of Rama is written in four billions words,
But reading even one letter of that destroys all great sins.
Dhyathwa neelolpala shyamam Ramam Rajeevalochanam,
Janaki Lakshmano petham jada makuta manditham,
Sasi thoona dhanur bahu panim nakthancharaanthakam,
Swa leelaya jagathrathum avirbhoottham ajam vibhum,
Rama raksham padeth pragna papagneem sarva kamadham. 2-4
Meditating on Rama who is black like the blue lotus flower,
Who has lotus like eyes, who is our Lord
Who is accompanied by Sita and Lakshmana,
Whose head is surrounded by the tufted hair,
Who carries sword, bows, arrows and quiver,
Who is born in the world to playfully kill rakshasas,
And save and protect this world, who does not have birth,
The intelligent one should chant, Rama protection prayer,
So that he realizes all his desires.
Siro may Raghava pathu, phalam dasarathathmaja,
Kousalyeyo drusou pathu, viswamithra priya sruthi. 5
Let Raghava protect my head,
Let my forehead be protected by son of Dasaratha,
Let my eyes be protected by son of Kousalya,
And let my ears be protected by, he who is dear to Viswamithra.
Granam pathu makhathrath, Mukham soumithri vathsala,
Jihwam Vidhyanidhi pathu, kandam Bharathavanditha,
Skandou divyayudha pathu, bhujowbhagnea karmukha.
Karou Sithapathi pathu, Hrudayam Jamadagnyajith.
Madhyam padu Khara dwamsi, Nabhim Jambhavadasrya,
Sugreevesa kateem pathu, sakthithini Hanumath prabhu.
Ooru Raghoothama pathuraksha kulavinasa kruth,
Januni Sethu kruth padu, Janghe dasamukhandaka,
Padou Vibheeshanasreedha, pathu Ramokhilam vapu. 6-9
Let my nose be protected by protector of sacrifices,
My face by him, he who is dear to Lakshmana,
My toungue be protected by the treasure of wisdom,
My neck be protected by him who is saluted by Bharatha.
Let my shoulders be protected by him who has celestial weapons,
Let my arms by him who broke the bow,
Let my hands be protected by the husband of Sita,
Let my heart be protected by him who won over Parasurama.
Let my middle be protected by him who killed Khara,
Let my stomach be protected by the Lord of Jhambhavan,
Let my hips be protected by Lord of Sugreeva,
Let my behinds be protected by Lord of Hanuman.
Let my thighs be protected by the best of the Raghu clan,
Who is the destroyer of the clan of Rakshasas,
Let my knees be protected by maker of the bridge,
Let my calves be protected by the killer of Ravana,
Let my feet be protected by him who give protection to Vibheeshana,
And let all my body be protected by Sri Rama.
Yetham Rama balopethaam rakshaam ya sukruthee padeth.
Sa chirayu sukhee puthree vijayee bhaveth. 10
The do gooder who reads the protective chant based on strength of Rama,
Would live long, be blessed with sons, be victorious and will have humility.
Patala bhoothala vyoma charina Chathmacharina,
Na drushtumapi shakthasthe rakshitham Ramanamabhi. 11
They who travel in the hades, earth and heaven and who travel secretly,
Would not be able to see the one who reads the protective chant of Rama.
Ramethi, Ramabhadrethi Ramachandrethi yaa smaran,
Naro na lipyathe Papair bukthim mukthincha vindathi. 12
On the man who remembers Rama, Rambhadra and Ramachandra,
Sins will never get attached and he would get good life and salvation.
Jagajaithrakamanthrena Ramanamnabhirakshitham,
Ya kande dharayethasya karastha sava sidhaya. 13
He who wears the chant of the name of Rama as
A protection round his neck would get all the occult powers in his hand.
Vajra panjara namedham yo Rama kavacham smareth,
Aavyahathagna sarvathra labhathe jaya Mangalam. 14
The orders of him who reads this armour of Rama called the cage of diamond,
Would be obeyed by everywhere and he will get victory in all things.
Aadishtavan yada swapne Ramaraksham imama hara,
Thadha likhithavan pratha prabudho budhakousika. 15
This protective chant of Rama was told by Lord Shiva in the dream,
And was written down by Budha Koushika without leaving a letter next day morn.
Aarama kalpa vrukshanam, virama sakalapadam,
Abhiramassthrilokanam, Rama sriman na prabhu. 16
There is no Lord like Rama, who is like a wish giving tree,
Who lives in all places and who is the prettiest in all worlds.
Tharunou roopa sampannou, sukumarou Maha balou,
Pundareeka visalakshou Cheerakrushna jinambarou,
Phala moolasinou danthou thapasou brahmachrinou,
Puthrou dasarathasyathou bratharou Ramalakshmanou,
Saranya sarva sathwanam sreshtou sarva danushmatham,
Raksha kula nihanthou traayetham no raghothamou. 17-19
Let us be protected by the brothers Rama and Lakshmana,
Who are young , full of beauty, who are very strong,
Who have broad eyes like lotus, who wear the hides of trees,
Who eat fruits and roots, who are self controlled, who are ascetic,
Who are celibate, who are sons of Dasaratha,
Who give protection to all beings, who are great,
Who are the best among those who wield the bow,
And who destroy whole clans of Rakshasas.
Aatha sajja danusha vishu sprusa,
Vakshaya suga nishanga sanginou,
Rakshanaya mama Ramalakshmanaavagratha,
Padhi sadaiva gachathaam. 20
Let those Rama and Lakshmana,
Who hold arrows ready to shoot,
Who have the inexhaustible quiver on their shoulders,
Walk in front of me protecting me.
Sanadha Kavachee Gadgi chapa bana dharo yuva,
Gachan manoradhosmakam Rama pathu sa Lakshmana. 21
Let Rama and Lakshmana, who are ready for war,
Wearing armour holding sword and having bows and arrows,
Travel in the chariot of my mind and protect me.
Ramo Dasaradhi sooroLakshmanucharo balee,
Kakustha purusha poorna Kousalyayo Raghothama,
Vedantha vedhyo yagnesa purana purushothama,
Janaki vallabha sreeman aprameya parakrama,
Ithyethani japan nithyam thad bhaktha sradhayanvitha,
Aswamedhadhikam punyam samprapnothi na samsaya. 22-24
That devotee who daily chants with devotion the names,
Rama, son of Dasaratha, heroic one, he who is accompanied by Lakshmana,
He who is from Kakustha clan, complete man, son of Kausalya, Best among Raghu clan,
He who can be known by Vedantha, Lord of Yagnas, He who is ancient,
The best among men, Consort of Sita, Gentleman without properties and valorous one
Without doubt would get more blessings than performing of the Aswamedha sacrifice
Ramam doorvadala shyamam padmaksham peetha vasasam,
Sthuvanthi namabhir divyai na they samsarino nara. 25
He who chants the divine names of Rama
Who is as black as the bud of Dhoorva grass,
Who has lotus like eyes, who wears yellow silk,
Would never again lead another domestic life.
Ramam Lakshmana poorvajam Raghuvaram Seethapathim Sundaram,
Kakustham karunarnavam Guna nidhim vipra priyam dharmikam,
Rajendram sathya sandham Dasaratha thanayamShyamalamSanthamoorthim,
Vande Lokabhiramam, Raghukula thilakamRaghavam Ravanarim. 26
Salutations to him who is attractive to the entire world,
Who is the best among the Raghu clan, who killed Ravana,
Who is Rama, Who is elder brother of Lakshmana,
Who is a blessing to Raghu clan, Who is consort of Sita,
Who is pretty, Who belongs to clan of Kakusthas,
Who is the treasure of mercy, Who is wealthy of good characters,
Who likes Vedic scholars, who is just, Who is the best among kings,
Who is truthful, who is son of Dasaratha, Who is black and
Who is the personification of peace and patience.
Ramaya ramabhadraya ramachandraya Vedhase,
Raghu nadhaya nadhaya Seethaya pathae nama. 27
My salutations to the consort of Lady Sita,
Who is the basis of all Vedas as Rama,
Ramabhadra and Ramachandra and,
Who is lord of the world as the lord of Raghu clan.
Sri Rama Rama Raghu nandana Rama Rama,
Sri Rama Rama Bharathagraja Rama Rama,
Sri Rama Rama rana karkasa Rama Rama Rama,
Sri Ramachandra saranam bhava Rama Rama. 28
Oh Rama, become my protection Oh Rama,
Rama, Rama, son of Raghu, Rama, Rama,
Rama Rama elder brother of Bharatha, Rama Rama,
Rama, Rama expert in war, Rama, Rama.
Sri Ramachandra charanou manasa smarami,
Sri Ramachandra charanou vachasa grunami,
Sri Ramachandra charanou sirasa namami,
Sri Ramachandra charanou saranam prapadhye. 29
I meditate on the feet of Sri Ramachandra,
I tell with words about feet of Ramachandra,
I salute with my head the feet of Ramachandra,
And I seek for protection to the feet of Ramachandra.
Matha Ramo, math pitha Ramachandra,
Swami Ramo, math sakha Ramachandra,
Sarvaswam may Ramachandro dayalu,
Na anyam naiva jane na jane. 30
My mother is Rama, my father Ramachandra,
My lord is Rama and my friend is Ramachandra,
Everything for me is the merciful Ramachandra,
And I do not see any one else except him and him.
Dakshine Lakshmano, yasye vame cha Janakathmaja,
Puratho Maruthir yasya tham vande Raghunandanam. 31
I salute that son of Raghu, on whose right is Lakshmana,
On whose left is Sita and n whose front is Hanuman.
Lokabhiramam rana ranga dheeram rajheeva nethram Raghuvamsa nadham,
Karunya roopamkarunakaram tham Sri Ramachandram Saranam prapadhye. 32
I surrender to Lord Sri Rama, who is prettiest in this world,
Who is very brave in battle field, who has lotus like eyes,
Who is the chief of the Raghu clan, who is mercy personified,
And who is extremely merciful
Mano javam, maruda thulya vegam,
Jithendriyam buddhi matham varishtam,
Vatha atmajam vanara yudha mukhyam,
Sree rama dootham sirasa namami. 33
I bow my head and salute the emissary of Rama,
Who has won over his mind,
Who has similar speed as wind,
Who has mastery over his organs,
Who is the greatest among knowledgeable,
Who is the son of God of wind,
And who is the chief in the army of monkeys.
Koojantham Rama Ramethi maduram madsuraksharam,
Aaroohya kavitha shakhaam vande Valmiki kokilam. 34
Salutations to The nightingale Valmiki,
Who sits on the poem like branch,
And who goes on singing sweetly,
Rama, Rama and Rama.
Apadam apa hantharam datharam dana sarva sampadam,
Lokabhiramam Sriramam bhooyo bhooyo namamyaham. 35
I again and again salute that Rama, who is ever beautiful,
Who destroys all dangers and gives all sorts of wealth.
Bharjanam bhava bheejanamarjanam sukhasampadam,
Tharjanam yama dhoothanam rama ramethi garjanam. 36
The roar of the name Rama, Rama,
Burns away all miseries of the world,
Increases al sorts of pleasure and wealth,
And drives away the messengers of God of death.
Ramo rajamani sada vijayathe ramam ramesam bhaje,
Ramenabhihatha nisachara chamooRamaya thasmai nama,
Ramannasthi parayanam paratharam Ramasya dasosmyaham,
Rame chitha laya sada bhavthu may bho Rama mamudhara. 37
Always victory to Rama, who is the king of gems,
I salute Rama, who is the consort of Lakshmi,
The Rakshasas who move at night were killed by Rama,
And my salutations to that Rama,
There is no place of surrender greater than Rama,
And I am the slave of Rama,
My mind is always fully engrossed in Rama,
And Oh God, Rama, please save me.
Sri Rama Rama ramethi reme rame manorame,
Sahasra nama thathulyam rama nama varanane 38
Hey beautiful one,
I play with Rama always,
By chanting Rama Rama and Rama,
Hey lady with a beautiful face,
Chanting of the name Rama,
Is same as the thousand names.
Ithi Budha Koushika virachitham Rama Raksha stotram sampoornam
Thus ends the prayer of protection to Rama composed by Budha Koushika.


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Water Pressure
Now my questions are why does water have pressure? Do all liquids have pressure?
How does the water pressure change at different depths? How can we reduce or increase water pressure? Can we use water pressure to do something, such as lifting a car, breaking a tree, or digging into the ground? Any of these questions can be the subject of a science project.