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This article possibly contains original research. (August 2015) |
Kiteboarding or kitesurfing[1] is a sport that involves using wind power with a large power kite to pull a rider across a water, land, snow, sand, or other surface. It combines the aspects of paragliding, surfing, windsurfing, skateboarding, snowboarding, and wakeboarding. Kiteboarding is among the less expensive and more convenient sailing sports.
After some concepts and designs that emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s were successfully tested, the sport received a wider audience in the late 1990s and became mainstream at the turn of the century. It has freestyle, wave-riding, and racing competitions. The sport held the speed sailing record, reaching 55.65 kn (103.06 km/h) before being eclipsed by the 65.45 kn (121.21 km/h) Vestas Sailrocket. Worldwide, there are 1.5 million kitesurfers, while the industry sells around 100,000 to 150,000 kites per year.
Most power kites are leading-edge inflatable kites or foil kites attached by about 20 m (66 ft) of flying lines to a control bar and a harness. The kitesurfer rides on either a bidirectional board (a "twin-tip", similar to a wakeboard), a directional surfboard, or a foil board. They often wear a wetsuit in mild to cold waters. In the early days of the sport, there were significant injuries and some fatalities, but the safety record has improved with better equipment and instruction.
editLate 20th century
editIn October 1977 Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise (Netherlands) received the first patent[3] for KiteSurfing. The patent covers, specifically, a water sport using a floating board of a surfboard type where a pilot standing up on it is pulled by a wind-catching device of a parachute type tied to his harness on a trapeze-type belt. This patent did not result in any commercial interest.
Through the 1980s, there were occasionally successful attempts to combine kites with canoes, ice skates, snow skis,[4] water skis and roller skates.
Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, Dieter Strasilla from Germany developed parachute-skiing and later perfected a kite-skiing system using self-made paragliders and a ball-socket swivel allowing the pilot to sail upwind and uphill but also to take off into the air at will.[5] Strasilla and his Swiss friend Andrea Kuhn also used this invention in combination with surfboards and snowboards, grasskies, and self-made buggies.[6] One of his patents describes in 1979 the first use of an inflatable kite design for kitesurfing.[7]
Two brothers, Bruno Legaignoux and Dominique Legaignoux, from the Atlantic coast of France, developed kites for kitesurfing in the late 1970s and early 1980s and patented an inflatable kite design in November 1984, a design that has been used by companies to develop their own products.
Bill Roeseler, a Boeing aerodynamicist, and his son Cory Roeseler patented the "KiteSki" system, which consisted of water skis powered by a two-line, delta style kite, controlled via a bar-mounted combined winch/brake. The KiteSki was commercially available in 1994. The kite had a rudimentary water launch capability and could go upwind. In 1995, Cory Roeseler visited Peter Lynn at New Zealand's Lake Clearwater in the Ashburton Alpine Lakes area, demonstrating the speed, balance, and upwind angle on his 'ski'. In the late 1990s, Cory's ski evolved into a single board similar to a surfboard.[8][9]
The development of modern-day kitesurfing by the Roeselers in the United States and the Legaignoux in France was carried on in parallel with that of buggying.
In 1996, Laird Hamilton and Manu Bertin were instrumental in demonstrating and popularising kitesurfing off the coast of Maui, while, in Florida, Raphaël Baruch changed the name of the sport from flysurfing to kitesurfing by starting and promoting the first commercial brand of the industry: "Kitesurf".
In 1997, the Legaignoux brothers developed and sold the breakthrough "Wipika" kite design that had a structure of preformed inflatable tubes and a simple bridle system to the wingtips, both of which greatly assisted water re-launch. Bruno Legaignoux continued to improve kite designs, including developing the bow kite design, which has been licensed to many kite manufacturers.
In 1997, specialized kiteboards were developed by Raphaël Salles and Laurent Ness. By the end of 1998 kitesurfing had become an extreme sport, distributed and taught through shops and schools worldwide. The first competition was held on Maui in September 1998 and was won by Flash Austin..[8]
Starting in 1999, kitesurfing became a mainstream sport with the entry of key windsurfing manufacturers, namely Robby Naish and Neil Pryde. Single direction boards derived from windsurfing and surfing designs became the dominant form of kiteboard.
21st century
editIn 2000, a new freestyle competition, sponsored by Red Bull was launched in Maui. The competition, named Red Bull King of the Air, judged riders on height, versatility, and style. The competition is still held annually in Cape Town, South Africa.[10]
From 2001 onward, twin-tip bi-directional boards became more popular for most flat water riders, with directional boards still in use for surf conditions.
In May 2012, the course racing style of kitesurfing was announced as a sport for the 2016 Rio Olympics,[11] replacing windsurfing. However, after a vote by the General Assembly of the ISAF in November 2012, the RSX windsurfer was reinstated for both Men and Women, resulting in kitesurfing being left out.[12] The ISAF mid-year meeting of May 2013 proposed seeking an eleventh medal to include kitesurfing in 2020[13] without making any changes to existing events.
In 2014, course-racing kiteboarding was included in the ISAF World Sailing World Cup program. In November 2014, 20 athletes attended the final competition in Abu Dhabi. The first place among women was taken by Elena Kalinina, while the men's champion was Great Britain's Oliver Bridge.
In 2015, Elena Kalinina won again and received the title of the world champion, ahead of Great Britain's Steph Bridge and the Russian Anastasia Akopova. The world champion among men was Maxime Nocher from Monaco, making him the youngest world champion, ahead of Oliver Bridge and Polish native Blazek Ozog.
Kitesurfing was named an official event at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires.[14]
Mixed Kite - Formula Kite was chosen by World Sailing for inclusion in the 2024 Summer Olympics.[15][16]
Kitesurfing Records
editJump records (height, length, time)
editOn August 8, 2023 South African athlete Joshua Emanuel ascended 36.2 meters in the North Sea near Hanstholm, riding the CORE XR Pro 7m kite.[17] The previous record holder for the height of a single jump was Jamie Overbeek at 35.3m.[18] Nick Jacobsen achieved a previous world record for the highest kite jump, measured by WOO Sports on February 19, 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa, during a session with 40-knot winds. Jacobsen's jump reached 28.6 meters high, with an airtime of 8.5 seconds.[19] The record has been broken several times since then, and WOO Sports maintains jump-related leaderboards in different categories (airtime, height, etc.) based on the data recorded and uploaded by its users.
Jesse Richman holds the record for hangtime at 22 seconds, set at Crissy Field in San Francisco, California. Airton Cozzolino holds the record for strapless hangtime at 19 seconds.[20]
Speed records
editFrench kitesurfer Sébastien Cattelan [fr] became the first sailor to break the 50 knots barrier by reaching 50.26 knots on 3 October 2008 at the Lüderitz Speed Challenge in Namibia.[21] On 4 October, Alex Caizergues [fr] (also of France) broke this record with a 50.57 knots run. Similar speeds have been reached in the same location by windsurfers Anders Bringdal and Antoine Albeau, respectively 50.46 and 50.59 knots. These speeds are verified, but are still subject to ratification by the World Sailing Speed Record Council. Earlier in the event, on 19 September, American Rob Douglas reached 49.84 knots (92.30 km/h), becoming the first kitesurfer to establish an outright world record in speed sailing. Previously the record was held only by sailboats or windsurfers. Douglas also became the world's third over-50 knots sailor, when on 8 October he made a 50.54 knots (93.60 km/h) run.
On 14 November 2009, Alex Caizergues completed another run of 50.98 knots in Namibia.
October 2010, Rob Douglas became the outright record holder for the short distance 500 meters with 55.65 knots.[22] Sébastien Cattelan became the record holder of France and Europe with 55.49 and was the first rider to reach 55 knots.[23]
On 13 November 2017, French rider Alex Caizergues [fr] became the new world speed record holder in France (Salin-de-Giraud) reaching 57.97 knots or 107.36 km/h. [24]
Largest kitesurfing wave
editWhile Nuno "Stru" Figueiredo held the record at 62-foot (19-meter) from a 2018 ride at Praia do Norte in Nazaré, Portugal, Patri McLaughlin set a new Guinness World Record on January 22, 2023 (72 feet and four inches (22.04 meters)).[25]
Long distance
editDate | length | description |
2006-05-13 | 225 km (121 nmi) | Kirsty Jones, crossing solo from Lanzarote in the Canary Islands to Tarfaya, Morocco, in about nine hours[26] |
2007-07-24 | 207 km (112 nmi) | Raphaël Salles, Marc Blanc and Sylvain Maurain between Saint-Tropez and Calvi, Haute-Corse in 5h30 at 20 knots, beating Manu Bertin's previous record of 6h 30m for the same journey.[27] |
2008-10-12 | 419.9 km (226.7 nmi) | Eric Gramond crossing from Fortaleza to Parnaíba in Brazil during 24 hours[28] |
2010-03-22 | 240 km (130 nmi) | Natalie Clarke crossing Bass Strait from Stanley, Tasmania to Venus Bay, Victoria in Australia in 9h30[29] |
2010-05-10 | 369.71 km (199.63 nmi) | Phillip Midler (USA) from South Padre Island, Texas to Matagorda, Texas[30] |
2013-07-19 | 444 km (240 nmi) | Bruno Sroka between Aber Wrac'h, France and Crosshaven, Ireland[31] |
2013-09-18 | 569.5 km (307.5 nmi) | Francisco Lufinha from Porto to Lagos, Portugal[32] |
2015-07-07 | 874 km (472 nmi) | Francisco Lufinha from Lisboa to Madeira[33] |
2017-09-13 | 1,646 km (889 nmi) | Francisco Lufinha and Anke Brandt from Azores to Portugal Mainland[34] |
Notable journeys
editLouis Tapper completed the longest recorded solo kite journey, completing 2000 km between Salvador and Sao Luis, Brazil. The journey was completed between July/August 2010 and took over 24 days of kitesurfing. This trip is also the longest solo journey, completed without a support crew, using one kite and a 35-liter backpack .[35]
The previous longest recorded kite journey was by Eric Gramond who completed a 13-day trip of 1450 km along the coast of Brazil.[36]
Bering Strait crossing
editConstantin Bisanz, a 41-year-old Austrian, crossed a 80 km (50 mi) stretch of the Bering Strait, embarking from Wales, Alaska, US on 12 August 2011 at 04:00, and arriving in easternmost Russia two hours later, after which he returned by boat to Alaska. It occurred after 2 previously failed attempts, the first of which was on 28 July 2011, in which an incident occurred where he found himself floating in 36 °F water with no board, kite, or GPS unit for 1 hour before being rescued. On his second attempt on 2 August he and two friends sailed half the distance before turning around due to poor wind conditions.[37]
Transatlantic crossing
editA team of six kitesurfers, Filippo van Hellenberg Hubar, Eric Pequeno, Max Blom, Camilla Ringvold, Ike Frans, and Dennis Gijsbers crossed the Atlantic Ocean, from the Canary Islands to the Turks and Caicos Islands a distance of about 5,600 km (3,500 mi), from 20 November 2013, to 17 December 2013.[38] Each of the six spent four hours each day surfing, broken into two sessions of two hours each, one during the day, and the other during the night.[38]
editKitesurfing on water includes freestyle and big air using a kiteboard similar to a wakeboard, kiting in waves using small surfboards with or without footstraps or bindings, foiling, and speed kiting.
Land kiting needs a short and light mountain board, feet steered buggies, rollerskates, or sand boards for sand kiteboarding, which is also referred to as "sand kiting".[39] It is a great cross-training for kitesurfing as many of the mechanisms for kite control transfer to water use.[40]
Skis or snowboards are used on snow for snowkiting.
editIn 2012[update], the number of kitesurfers was estimated by the ISAF and IKA at 1.5 million persons worldwide[41] (pending review). The global market for kite gear sales was then worth US$250 million.[42] The Global Kitesports Association (GKA) estimates 10% of the kitesurfers continue during winter. After substantial growth, activity was levelling by 2017 at around 85,000 kites sold yearly by GKA members, twintip boards sales decreased from 37,000 in 2013 to 28,000 in 2016 and directional boards from 8,000 to 7,000.[43]
The largest manufacturers are Boards and More (previously under the North brand, now Duotone), then Cabrinha (Neil Pryde) with 25–35,000 kites a year each. They are followed by Naish, F-One, Core kiteboarding, Slingshot sports, Liquid Force, Airush, Ozone Kites, Flysurfer and others. The GKA recorded 100,000 kites sales in 2017 for its members, giving an estimated 140–150,000 total kites sales for 2017.[44] Technavio predicted a global kiteboarding equipment market reaching US$2,120 million by 2021, growing at a CAGR of almost 9% from 2017.[45]
editInternational kiteboarding has several promoting organizations and has undergone many changes in the governance of the sport, including long-lasting disputes between several of those entities, trying to negate each other the right to promote sporting events.[46] The significance of the associated economic activity could explain part of such turbulence, but the intense rate of innovation and of adoption made it difficult to conceive, regulate and formalize the new competitions, and offer opportunities for new players specializing in new variants of the sport.
Some of those international organizations are (or were):
- The Professional Kiteboard Riders Association (PKRA), and the Kiteboard Pro World Tour (KPWT), both of which promoted several international tour competitions since 2002, however not as Kiting governing bodies.
- The Global Kitesports Association (GKA) - Industry association that federates several industry stakeholders organizers of competition world tours.
- The International Federation of Kitesports Organizations (IFKO), established in 2016 as a not-for-profit kiters association, covering also land and snow kiting, claiming to be the only legal kiting governing body over WS.
- The World Kiteboarding League (WKL) promoted freestyle competitions in 2017.
- The Kiteboarding Riders United (KRU) is an informal union of the professional kiteboarders, since 2016.
- The Kite Park League (KPL) is dedicated to international competitions in kiteboarding parks.
- The International Kiteboarding Association (IKA), based in Gibraltar, a company, not an association, created by World Sailing to unite kite national associations. Organizer of several racing events tours.
- World Sailing (WS), formerly the International Sailing Federation (ISAF), a private company that has promoted sail and boating since 1907. Since 2008, the WS claims to affiliate the IKA as its kiteboard racing body.
Several world cup events are sanctioned by the WS on behalf of the International Olympic Committee, a private association.
KPWT exchanged endorsements with IKA in 2009. Both become opposing parties as the IKA also got an agreement with PKRA. IKA threatened and banned riders who take part in competitions without its endorsement.
In 2015, the PKRA was sold to a group of investors, becoming the Virgin Kitesurfing World Championship (VKWC).
The WS itself has split the governance of its own events between the GKA for the expression disciplines and the IKA for the racing disciplines. The GKA has then split the expression disciplines, choosing to run the Wave and Strapless Tour themselves, while ceding to the World Kiteboarding League to run the freestyle events and the Kite Park League to run the park events. The freestyle events were then handed to the Kiteboarding Riders United (KRU).[47]
editThis section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (August 2017) |
Several different kitesurfing styles are evolving, some of which cross over.[48]
Styles of kiteboarding, include freestyle, freeride, speed, course racing, wakestyle, big air, park, and surfing.[48]
Style |
Description | Similar sports |
Freeride | Freeride is anything that you want it to be and the most popular kitesurfing style. Most boards sold today are designed for freeride. It is about having fun and learning new techniques. Twintip boards and kites with good relaunch and a wide wind range are commonly used. | |
Freestyle | The kite and board are used to get big air (jumps) so that various tricks can be done while airborne. This style also used for competitive events and is free-format and "go anywhere". Smaller twintip boards and kites with good boost and hangtime are used. | |
Wave-riding | Wave riding (kitesurfing) in waves is a style that combines kiteboarding with surfing. Locations with a wave break are required. Most kitesurfers use a directional board (either with or without foot straps) that has enough flotation and sufficient turning characteristics to surf the wave. Many kiters use a surfboard that can also be used for regular surfing (with the foot straps removed). The kitesurfer follows the kite when riding the wave, so the pull of the kite is reduced. This style is popular with surfers since it resembles tow-in surfing. Some riders ride waves unhooked, and without foot straps. Foot straps dictate the kitesurfer's foot position and how weight and pressure is applied to the board. Surfers (other than tow-in surfers) do not wear straps and are therefore free to move their feet and position their weight over a greater area of the board to match what is needed to flow with the wave. Kitesurfing using a board without foot straps is referred to as "riding strapless". This allows the kitesurfer's feet to move around the board for optimal performance. Kitesurfers using foot straps often use the power of the kite to position themselves on a wave and to control their board. That is, they rely on the kite for propulsion rather than the power of the wave to surf. | Surfing, tow-in surfing |
Wakestyle | Wake-style is a crossover from wakeboarding with similar tricks and aerial maneuvers. Wake-style riders may also include tricks involving water obstacles such as ramps and rails as opposed to other styles that do not involve obstacles. Wake-style riders may also ride a board with bindings that more closely resembles a wakeboard than a more traditional twintip kiteboard with footstraps. Flat water is perfect for this style, and the use of big twintip boards with high rocker and wake booties is common. This style is commonly practiced by younger riders. | Wakeboarding |
Jumping or Airstyle | Jumping, arguably a subset of Freeride, consists of jumping high to optionally perform tricks, sometimes also using kiteloops to get extra hang-time. Often shorter lines and smaller kites are used in stronger wind. C-kites and twintip boards are commonly used. An extension of this style is Big Air as pioneered by Ruben Lenten where riders go out in gale force conditions and perform high risk moves like kiteloops or more exactly megaloops. | — |
Wakeskate | Wakeskaters use a strapless twintip type board covered with grip, similar to skateboard. Flat water and other conditions similar to Wakestyle. | Skateboarding |
Course racing | These are racing events - like a yacht race along a course, that involve both speed and tactics. Special purpose directional race boards with long fins are used. Some raceboards resemble windsurfing boards. Foilboards are also now used. The goal is to outperform other kiters and come first in the race. | Windsurfing |
Slalom | Performed with the same equipment like Course racing, this event is a downwind slalom course around buoys. Riders are often grouped in "heats", with the winners advancing into the next round. | Windsurfing |
Speed racing | Speed racing is a style practiced at either formal race events or informally, usually with GPS units. Special purpose directional speed boards, or raceboards with long fins are used. The goal is travel at the maximum possible speed over 500 meters. | |
Park Riding | Park riding resembles wakestyle. Riders use wakeboarding obstacles to perform tricks on them. Difficulty, execution and style | |
Foiling | Foiling involves the attachment of a hydrofoil (foil) and mast to the base of a board. The foil allows the board to completely exit the water, thus freeing the rider from the impact of surface conditions. The extreme efficiency of a foil allows its rider to propel themselves with significantly less wind than those riding on the water's surface while greatly increasing upwind ability and speed. Different sizes and shapes of the wings on the foil allow one to optimize their boards for speed, stability, or waves. |
Unhooked freestyle
Board Off hooked-in freestyle
Foiling with a kite
Course racing
The Lüderitz Speed Challenge had set records
editKiteboarding can pose hazards to surfers, beachgoers, bystanders and others on the water. Many problems and dangers that may be encountered while learning kiting can be avoided or minimized by taking professional instruction through lesson centers. Kitesurfing schools provide courses and lessons to teach entry-level skills and more advanced ones, including:
- Kite, lines and bar handling and maintenance
- True and relative wind concepts, including basic kite navigation in the wind window
- Landing and launching the kite
- Kite assisted swimming, known as 'body dragging'
- Water start
- Relaunch and self-rescue techniques
- Navigation rules and best practices regarding safety
- Up-wind and down-wind navigation
- Basic turning or jibing up to "heel turn jibe"
- Dealing with surf and waves
- Pop and controlled jumping and flying
- Board grabs, tricks performed while a rider is jumping or has gained air from popping by grabbing the board in a number of positions with either hand. Each grab has a different name dependent on which part of the board is grabbed and with which hand grabs it. The names generally originate from other board sports like skateboarding and snowboarding
Big Air
Kiteboarder edging his board
The wind
editWind strength and kite sizes
editKitesurfers change kite size and/or line length depending on wind strength — stronger winds call for a smaller kite to prevent overpower situations. Kitesurfers determine the wind strength using either an anemometer or, more typically, visual clues as shown in the Beaufort scale. Modern kites dedicated to kitesurfing provide a "depower" option to reduce the power in the kite. By using depower, the kite's angle of attack to the wind is reduced, thereby catching less wind in the kite and reducing the pull.
Bow kites have a wider wind range than C-kites, so two kite sizes (such as 7 m2 and 12 m2) could form an effective quiver for winds ranging from 10 to 30+ knots for a 75 kg (165 lb) rider.[49]
Wind direction and speed
editCross-shore and cross-onshore winds are the best for unassisted kiteboarding. Direct onshore winds carry the risk of being thrown onto land or stuck in shallows. Direct offshore winds pose the danger of being blown away from the shore in the event of equipment failure or loss of control. However offshore winds can be quite suitable in confined waters, like in a lake or estuary, or when a safety boat is assisting.
The kiter must maintain a clear perception of the wind direction but also of the wind speed. The Beaufort scale[50] is of great assistance in helping users assess the situation. A range of wind up to 33 knots covers the conditions for a safe practice for an experienced rider. A less experienced one should avoid riding with more than 15 knots. Most twintip boards and inflatable kites would be barely rideable below 11 knots, therefore for most cases a user should focus on the winds classified as moderate up to strong.
Apparent wind
editEven if there is no wind blowing, a kiter can act on the kite lines and force it to move, and then, like with a row, it generates some force resulting from the incidence of the air into the kite's surface. In a gentle breeze, if the user action increases the air speed around the kite 10 times, the generated force increases 100 times, since the wind force acting on a kite is proportional to the square of the wind speed acting on it.[51] Thus the relevant notion of apparent wind, which is the actual wind acting on the moving kite, sail or wing.
The apparent wind is measured taking the moving kite as the reference frame, therefore its other name as relative wind. By opposition, the wind measured relatively to the ground is called true wind.
While the other wind sports can generate considerable apparent wind, their wind forces are limited by the movement of the user platform, since it is attached more or less rigidly to the wing or sail. In this aspect, kiteboarding seems unique among other wind sports, since it allows the user to generate apparent wind independently of the movement of the user platform, the board. For instance, in the initiating kiteboard technic called waterstart, while the user prepares to start in the water, the kite is sent aggressively, generating a propulsive impulse. Then the resulting movement of the board increases tension on the kite lines, which the user controls to manage the riding speed and to navigate at will. The composition of the movements of both the kite and the board, offer the user a great deal of navigation flexibility and creativity, including the possibility to jump significantly, making this a true 3-dimensional sport.
Wind power, control lines and kite paths
editIn some way all wind sports harvest the energy of the wind. The greater the volume of the atmosphere available to be harvested by the sails, the bigger the available energy to propel the users. As a taller sailing ship harvests more energy from the wind, so does a kiteboarder with longer lines. Compared to a kiteboarder, a windsurfer can extract a higher ratio of wind energy from the available atmosphere volume, but since such volume is much smaller, the resulting energy could be much less than in kiteboarding.
To increase the power, the kiteboarder typically navigates the kite along an S-shape path, increasing the harvesting of energy since it is traversing most of the atmosphere volume around him. This S-shaped movement is most common when the kiters need a moderate improvement of power. If the user needs an intense improvement of power, it loops the kite. Such loops are stronger when the loop radius is large, and traverses a larger atmosphere volume. The kite loop is an advanced practice, and its power can be quite dangerous. With most modern kites and control bars, to end a kite loop the user just pushes away or releases the bar.
Regarding the length of the lines connecting the kite to the user, longer lines allow the user to harvest wind energy in a larger volume. Due to the boundary layer effect[52] longer lines also allow to harvest stronger winds higher up in the atmosphere. But longer lines make the kite slower to respond to the user actions on the control bar, since the lines form a more pronounced spring-like catenary. Therefore, kitesurfers, who need to react fast to incoming waves, tend to use shorter lines than the other kiters. For safety reasons the newcomers to the sport are usually trained with short lines, limiting the power build up.
Wind window
editThe wind window is the 180 degree arc of the sky downwind of the rider in which the kite can be flown - roughly one fourth of a sphere's surface, which radius is the length of the lines. It is the atmosphere volume in which the kiter can navigate the kite to harvest wind energy.
If the rider is facing downwind on a surface, like the ocean, the wind window covers roughly all the area the rider can see, from the rider's peripheral vision on one side, along the horizon to the other side, and then directly overhead back to the first side. If the rider somehow puts the kite out of the window — for example, by riding downwind too quickly and sending the kite directly overhead and behind, the kite stalls and often falls out of the sky.
The eventual inefficiency of the kite can obviate for it to reach the edge of the wind window. In such cases the magnitude of the wind window can be reduced to as little as a 120 degree arc, instead of the expected 180 degree.
The wind window is centered in the user location. Since the user is carried by the board, the wind window is affected by the movement of the board. Therefore, the wind window rotates as the board moves and generates apparent wind into itself. For instance, when the kiter navigates perpendicular to the true wind at a speed equal to the true wind's, the apparent wind felt on the board increases 42% compared to the true wind, but rotates 45º against the movement. With such rotation, even if the user keeps the kite at the edge of the wind window for trying to keep it pulling in the travelling direction, the kite lines would be at an angle of 45º downwind of the board path, forcing the kiter to edge the board to oppose its tendency to slip downwind. Such board edging is an indispensable technique for navigating upwind, and can be made at a much more extreme angle to the kite lines, almost up to 90º.
The wind window rotation degrades the performance when riding fast in a path upwind. To minimize the wind window rotation and sail upwind as much as possible, the kiter should keep the slowest board speed without sinking the board by lack of hydrodynamic lift. High flotation boards like surfboards are preferable in such cases. Also, keeping the kite high in window, pulling up the user and the board, is quite efficient in coping both with the reduced hydrodynamic lift of the board and with the intended reduction of the board speed.
Arbitrary atmosphere volume swept by the kite
editThe kite is a peculiar sail because it can be swept arbitrarily through the atmosphere, usually in specific patterns, so the user can harvest a significant amount of wind energy, much larger than with an equivalent sail fixed to a mast.
The kite and the lines are light, in the range between 2 and 4 kg, but the aerodynamic drag can be significant since the kite can travel much faster than a windsurf sail. Therefore, part of the energy harvested is spent in the movement of the kite itself, but the remainder propels the user and the board.
For instance, a user riding toward the beach raises the kite to slow it down and convert traction into lift. Then, instead of speed he feels an increase of the force upward, necessary to keep himself above the breaking waves.
Another specific advantage of the kite being able to be swept at will, is that the user can take advantage of the atmosphere boundary layer, either rising the kite to harvest the stronger winds blowing in the higher zone of the wind window, or during overpowering gusts he can drive the kite low, skimming the water near the edge of the wind window.
Air temperature and humidity
editSeasoned kiteboarders frequently attribute to moist and hotter air a notable reduction in kite performance. In fact the lift force of a kite is proportional to the air density. Since both the temperature and the relative humidity are important detrimental factors in the air density, the kiters subjective valuation is correct.
In the range between 10 °C and 40 °C a kite loses approximately 0.4% of lift per degree Celsius. It means that a kiter practicing one given day in the Baltic, and then travelling to the Mediterranean, could experience 10% less pull using the same kite at the same wind speed.
editWith the development of Internet markets for used goods, used but reliable kiteboarding equipment has become much less expensive, significantly reducing the barrier to the adoption of the sport. Moreover, the sport is convenient regarding transportation and storage, since the kites are foldable and the boards are smaller than most surf and paddling boards.
Equipment depreciation can cost between £270 per year for second hand gear, to £1360 per year for brand new, not discounted kites and accessories. In 2017, 150,000 kites were sold globally, compared to 400,000 surfboards sold each year.[53]
Power kites
editA power kite is available in two major forms: leading edge inflatables and foil kites.
Leading edge inflatables
editLeading edge inflatable kites, known also as inflatables, LEI kites, are typically made from ripstop polyester with an inflatable plastic bladder that spans the front edge of the kite with separate smaller bladders that are perpendicular to the main bladder to form the chord or foil of the kite.[54] The inflated bladders give the kite its shape and also keep the kite floating once dropped in the water. LEIs are the most popular choice among kitesurfers thanks to their quicker and more direct response to the rider's inputs, easy relaunchability if crashed into the water and resilient nature. If an LEI kite hits the water or ground too hard or is subjected to substantial wave activity, bladders can burst or it can be torn apart.
In 2005, Bow kites (also known as flat LEI kites) were developed with features including a concave trailing edge, a shallower arc in planform, and a distinctive bridle with multiple attachment points along the leading edge. These features allow the kite's angle of attack to be altered more and thus adjust the amount of power being generated to a much greater degree than previous LEIs. These kites can be fully depowered, which is a significant safety feature. They can also cover a wider wind range than a comparable C-shaped kite. The ability to adjust the angle of attack also makes them easier to re-launch when lying front first on the water. Bow kites are popular with riders from beginner to advanced levels. Most LEI kite manufacturers developed a variation of the bow kite by 2006.[55] Bow kites with a straight trailing edge are named ´delta´ kites, given their triangular outline.
Early bow kites had some disadvantages compared to classic LEI kites:
- They can become inverted and then not fly properly
- They can be twitchy and not as stable
- Heavier bar pressure makes them more tiring to fly
- Lack of "sled boosting" effect when jumping[56]
In 2006, second generation flat LEI kites were developed, combining near total depower and easy, safe relaunch with higher performance, no performance penalties, and reduced bar pressure. Called Hybrid or SLE kites (Supported Leading Edge), these kites are suitable for both beginners and experts.
In 2008, Naish introduced another kite design, with their "Sigma Series" of kites. These kites are a SLE design and feature a unique "bird in flight" shape with the center of the kite swept back to put much of the sail area behind the tow point, which Naish claims has multiple benefits.
In 2009, the performance revolution shows no sign of slowing. Bridled designs feel more like C kites, and five-line hybrids have better depower capability than ever before.[57] There are more than thirty companies manufacturing Leading edge inflatable kites. The delta-kites are growing in popularity since 2008 with around 12 companies offering delta-kites since 2008/2009.
Between 2009 and 2013 kite technology has continued to grow. Kites have become lighter, more durable, much easier to launch and safer. Manufacturers have continued to add new safety features. This has resulted in a growing number of new riders, both younger and older. In 2013, there are at least 20 "major" kite manufacturers, each with multiple models available. Many of the manufacturers are on their third or fourth generation of kites.[58]
Foil kites
editFoil kites are also mostly fabric (ripstop nylon) with air pockets (air cells) to provide it with lift and a fixed bridle to maintain the kite's arc-shape, similar to a paraglider. Foil kites have the advantage of not needing to have bladders manually inflated, a process which, with an LEI, can take up to ten minutes. Foil kites are designed with either an open or closed cell configuration.
- Open Cell
- Open cell foils rely on a constant airflow against the inlet valves to stay inflated, but are generally impossible to relaunch if they hit the water, because they have no means of avoiding deflation, and quickly become soaked.
- Closed Cell
- Closed cell foils are almost identical to open cell foils except they are equipped with inlet valves to hold air in the chambers, thus keeping the kite inflated (or, at least, making the deflation extremely slow) even once in the water. Water relaunches with closed cell foil kites are simpler; a steady tug on the power lines typically allows them to take off again. An example for a closed cell kite is the Arc Kite.
Kite sizes
editKites come in sizes ranging from 0.7 square meters to 21 square meters, or even larger. In general, the larger the surface area, the more power the kite has. Kite power is also directly linked to speed, and smaller kites can be flown faster in stronger winds. The kite size—wind speed curve tapers off, so going to a larger kite to reach lower wind ranges becomes futile at a wind speed of around eight knots. Kites come in a variety of designs. Some kites are more rectangular in shape; others have more tapered ends; each design determines the kite's flying characteristics. 'Aspect ratio' is the ratio of span to length. High aspect ratios (ribbon-like kites) develop more power in lower wind speeds.
Seasoned kiteboarders may have three or more kite sizes to accommodate various wind levels, although bow kites may change this, as they present an enormous wind range; some advanced kiters use only one bow kite. Smaller kites are used by light riders, or in strong wind conditions; larger kites are used by heavier riders or in light wind conditions. Larger and smaller kiteboards have the same effect: with more available power a given rider can ride a smaller board. In general, however, most kiteboarders only need one board and one to three kites (7-12 sq m in size).
Other equipment
edit- Flying lines are made of a strong material such as ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, to handle the dynamic load in unpredictable wind while maintaining a small cross-sectional profile to minimize drag. They come in lengths generally between seven and thirty-three meters. Experimentation with line lengths is common in kiteboarding. The lines attach the rider's control bar to the kite using attachment cords on the kite edges or its bridle. Most power kites use a 3, 4 or 5-line configuration. Most control bars have 4 lines, 2 for most of the propulsive power and 2 for steering and for control of the angle of attack. The 5th line is used to aid in re-launching or to further adjustment of the kite's angle of attack, mostly in C-kites.
- The control bar is a solid metal or composite bar that attaches to the kite via the lines. The rider holds on to this bar and controls the kite by pulling at its ends, causing the kite to rotate clockwise or counter-clockwise like a bicycle. Typically a chicken loop from the control bar is attached to a latch or hook on a spreader bar on the rider's harness. Most bars also provide a quick-release safety-system and a control strap to adjust the kite's minimum angle of attack. Kite control bars, while lightweight and strong, are usually heavier than water; "bar floats" made of foam may be fixed to the lines right above the harness to keep the bar from sinking if lost in the water. Control bars can be specific to a particular kite type and size and not suitable for use with different kite types.
- A kite harness comes in seat (with leg loops), waist, or vest types. The harness together with a spreader bar attaches the rider to the control bar. The harness reduces the strain of the kite's pull from the rider's arms, spreading it across part of the rider's body. This allows the rider to perform jumps and other tricks while remaining attached to the kite via the control bar. Waist harnesses are the most popular harnesses among advanced riders, although seat harnesses make it possible to kitesurf with less effort from the rider, and vest harnesses provide both flotation and impact protection. Kite harnesses resemble windsurfing harnesses, but with different construction; a windsurfing harness is likely to fail when used for kiteboarding.
- Kiteboard, a small composite, wooden, or foam board. There are now several types of kiteboards: directional surf-style boards, wakeboard-style boards, hybrids that can go in either direction but are built to operate better in one of them, and skim-type boards. Some riders also use standard surfboards, or even long boards, although without foot straps much of the high-jump capability of a kite is lost. Twin tip boards are the easiest to learn on and are by far the most popular. A new trend is kitesurfing with hydrofoil boards, which is difficult but opens new horizons to the riders by allowing them to ride in low winds. The boards generally come with sandal-type footstraps that allow the rider to attach and detach from the board easily; this is required for doing board-off tricks and jumps. Bindings are used mainly by the wakestyle riders wishing to replicate wakeboarding tricks such as KGBs and other pop initiated tricks. Kiteboards come in shapes and sizes to suit the rider's skill level, riding style, wind and water conditions.
- A wetsuit is often worn by kitesurfers, except in warmer conditions with light winds. When kitesurfing in strong winds, body heat loss is reduced by wearing a wetsuit. A "shortie" is worn to protect the torso only, and a full suit is used for protection against cool conditions, from marine life such as jellyfish, and also from abrasions if the rider is dragged by the kite. Neoprene boots are required if the beach has much shellfish or hard rocks. Dry suits are also used to kitesurf in cold conditions in winter.
- A safety hook knife is considered required equipment. The corrosion resistant stainless steel blade is partially protected by a curved plastic hook. It can be used to cut entangled or snagged kite lines, or to release the kite if the safety release system fails. Some kitesurfing harnesses are equipped with a small pocket for the knife.
- A helmet is often worn by kitesurfers to protect the head from blunt trauma. Helmets prevent head lacerations, and can also reduce the severity of impact injuries to the head, as well as compression injuries to the neck and spine.
- A personal flotation device or PFD may be required if the kitesurfer is using a boat or personal water craft for support. It is also recommended for kitesurfing in deep water in case the kitesurfer becomes disabled and must wait for rescue.
- An impact vest provides some protection against impacts to the torso area. They also provide some flotation and preclude the harness to climb the chest and hurt the ribs, during high power maneuvers.
- A board leash that attaches the board to the kitesurfer's leg or harness is used by some riders. However, many kitesurfing schools discourage the use of board leashes due to the risk of recoil, where the leash can yank the board to impact the rider, which can result in serious injury or even death. Generally, kitesurfers that use a board leash also wear a helmet to help protect against this.
- Signaling devices are useful if the kitesurfer needs to be rescued. This may be as simple as a whistle attached to the knife, or retro-reflective tape applied to the helmet. Some kitesurfers carry a mobile phone or two-way radio in a waterproof pouch to use in an emergency. A small Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) can be carried and activated to send out a distress signal.
- A buddy is important to help with launching and retrieving the kite, and to assist in an emergency.[59]
- A GPS can be used to measure distance travelled, tracks and speed during a session.[60]
- Poncho towels and changing robes are commonly used to dry off and get changed into and out of a wetsuit or swimwear waterside. Poncho towels are more commonly used in warmer weather, whereas changing robes typically have a waterproof shell and provide more insulation for colder temperatures.
Physical practice
editKiteboarding is seen as a mid to high intensity exercise, but freeriding can be a low intensity practice like walking, and is usually done in long sessions of up to 2–3 hours. It is amenable to almost all ages, at least from teenagers up to 70 years old or more.[61][62] It can be seen as a supplement or a substitute for other fitness practices.
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2023) |
Power kites are powerful enough to pull the rider like a boat in wakeboarding and to lift their users to diving heights. An uncontrolled kite can be dangerous, especially in environments with solid obstacles. A rider can lose control from falling or from sudden wind gusts, which can occur in the presence of strong winds from squalls or storms ("collard").
It is possible to be seriously injured after being lofted, dragged, carried off, blown downwind or dashed, resulting in a collision with hard objects including sand, buildings, terrain or power lines or even by hitting the water surface with sufficient speed or height ("kitemare", a portmanteau of kite and nightmare). Adequate quality professional kiteboarding training, careful development of experience and consistent use of good judgement and safety gear should result in fewer problems in kiteboarding.
editWeather forecasting and awareness is the principal factor to safe kiteboarding. Lack of weather awareness and understanding the figures is frequent, but avoiding weather problems is possible.[63] Choice of inappropriate locations for kiteboarding where the wind passes over land creating wind shadow, rotor with pronounced gusts and lulls has also factored in many accidents.[64] Paying attention to the weather and staying within the limits of the rider's ability provides the safest experience.[65][66] Kitesurfing close to storm fronts can be particularly dangerous due to rapid changes in wind strength and direction.[67]
Aggravating factors
editLack of a sufficient downwind buffer distance between the kiter and hard objects has contributed to accidents reducing the available distance and time for reaction. Jumping and being airborne at inappropriate places such as shallow water or near fixed or floating objects can be hazardous. Collisions with wind surfers, other kite boarders or water craft are hazards, particularly at busy locations.
Solo kiteboarding has been a frequent contributing cause to accidents; kiteboarders should try to kite with friends and keep an eye on one another. A kitesurfer can get farther from shore than an easy swim, which is the primary reason kitesurfing in directly offshore winds is discouraged. Marine hazards include sharks, jellyfish, sea otters, dolphins, and even crocodiles, depending on the location. Potential conflicts can also arise from the migratory movements of birds.[43] Drowning has been a factor in severe accidents as well and may have been avoided in some cases through the use of an appropriate flotation aid or impact vest and development of acceptable swimming skills.
Safety equipment
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2023) |
Some kite designs from late 2005 and onward have included immediate and almost full depower integrated with the control bar and improved quick release mechanisms, both of which are making the sport much safer. However, lack of sufficient practice of emergency depowering the kite and going out in excessively strong or unstable weather can reduce the benefit of high depower kites.
Another important part of the safety equipment is the impact vest, which doubles as an improved floatation device. It reduces the severity of eventual impacts, but also improves the user endurance in the long procedures of self-rescue in deep waters, which almost every freeriding kiter experiences sooner or later. It is also important and overlooked as a complement to the harness, precluding it to climb along the chest during powerful kite loops, which otherwise would hurt the ribs.
The other important pieces of a reasonable safety kit are the safety hook knife to cut tangled lines, the helmet in a high visibility colour, a wet suit of reasonable thickness, depending on the water temperature, and possibly neoprene boots if the beach has much shellfish or hard rocks.
editAccidents can generate serious injuries or even be deadly. 105 accidents were reported in the Kiteboarding Safety Information Database between 2000 and September 2003, with 14 fatalities.[68] In South Africa between October 2003 and April 2004, 83% of search & rescue missions involving kitesurf were in offshore winds with the kite still attached to the harness, uncontrolled in strong winds or impossible to relaunch in weak winds. On 30 missions, there was no fatalities but five injuries : two had bone fractures after being hit by their boards, two others were suffering from critical hypothermia and exhaustion and the fifth was exhausted and lacerated.[69]
Advances in hybrid and bow kite designs leads to a better ability to control the power that they provide and effective safety release systems. [70] In 2003, fatality ratings for the U.S. stated that 6 to 12 kiteboarders died for 100,000 participants. This being higher than 4 to 5 in SCUBA diving (and much higher than the two Walkers), comparable to the 15 in Motor Vehicle Traffic, and 56 for Paragliders.[71]
However these figures have to be correctly interpreted, since they do not account for the rate of accidents per hour of practice, which would be the telling index. Kiteboarding lends itself to a rather frequent practice, much like a gym program, arguably more frequent than other risky sports like scuba diving. Therefore, further data is required to properly evaluate the risk associated with kiteboarding.
Kitesurfing safety rules
editWhile some countries have specific regulations on flying kites that may also apply to kitesurfing,[72] most don't. However a kitesurfer should comply to the sailing rules regulating water crafts in many countries, like the U.S. Coast Guard regulations.[73] Developed from such generic rules a set of kitesurf specific rules or recommendations has been taking form since the beginning of the sport.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2010) |
The first such rule is the prudential rule: with so many people just discovering water sports, a kiter shouldn't assume others adequate knowledge, training or even proper attitude, and be prepared to observe self-preserving distances and always let the others perceive clearly its intentions and its intended path.
Waterstarters have priority: the rider going out from the beach has always priority over the riders coming in.
Kite High Rule - A kiter who is upwind (closest to the wind) must keep their kite high to avoid their lines crossing those of downwind kiters. Similarly, the downwind kiter must keep their kite low to avoid their lines crossing upwind kites. This applies regardless of whether kiters are on the same, or opposing courses.
Clearance Rule - A kiter while jumping must have a clear safety zone of at least 50m downwind because they move downwind during the jump. A rider must also have a clear safety zone of 30m upwind to jump as his lines could touch the kite or the lines of another rider kiteboarding close by (see Kite High rule). It's important to also consider potential hazards downwind and crosswind of the rider such as people, buildings, trees and other fixed obstacles. Because of the clearance rule a jumper never has the right of way.
Kiters are also considered as sailing vessels – so all the standard sailing rules apply such as:
Starboard Rule When kiters approach from opposite directions the kiter who has the wind on the starboard (right side, right leg/arm leads in direction of travel) has right of way. The kiter who has the wind on the port side (left side, left leg/arm are leads in direction of travel) shall keep out of the way of the other. In simple terms, this means "keep right" with the kiter coming in the opposite direction passing on the left.
In sailing terms, a sailor or kiter with right of way is entitled to "insist" on exercising that right (warning opposing kiters) by shouting "starboard" clearly and in good time.
Many of the sailing rules of right of way are different expressions that the most maneuverable craft should give way to the less maneuverable one. Therefore, kiters should give way to fishing vessels, but not to a jet ski. Other boating rules such as no-go zones, distance from shore and swimmers also apply.[74] Also surfing rules do apply, so for instance, the rider to catch a wave closer to the crest has the right of way even if not on a starboard tack, freeriders included.
Terminology and jargon
edit- Air time: the amount of time spent in the air while jumping. This can be remarkably long; the record is Jesse Richman's 22 second long jump. Five to ten seconds is not unusual.
- Apparent wind: the kite's speed relative to the surrounding air. When kitesurfing in a straight line, the kite's apparent wind is a combination of the wind speed and the speed of the kite over the surface, but since the kite is highly steerable the apparent wind can vary widely depending on how the kite is being flown. Most ways of increasing power from the kite involve giving it a higher apparent wind somehow, i.e. diving the kite, riding faster, or riding at a greater angle into the wind. Any of these raises the kite's apparent wind speed.
- Back stall: A condition in which the kite ceases to move forward through the air and becomes difficult to control, often resulting in the kite flying backward and crashing. Back stall is often caused by lack of wind or by flying the kite with too great of an angle of attack.
- Big air: performing a high jump utilizing the lift of the kite. The jump is often assisted in its initial stage by the rider being catapulted off the lip of a wave.
- Body dragging: being pulled through the water without standing on a board. This is an early step in the learning process, and is essential before trying the board after flying a trainer kite.
- Boost: to suddenly become airborne
- Brain fart: to forget what trick you intended to perform mid air and end up crashing or landing on the water.
- Chicken loop: a hard rubber loop attached to the middle line that has been fed through the control bar. It is used to attach the control bar to the harness so the kitesurfer can produce tension in the lines using their entire bodyweight instead of using purely arm strength.
- Chicken dick / chicken finger/ donkey dick / donkey tail: a hard rubber "tongue" attached to the chicken loop that the rider feeds through the spreader bar hook to prevent the rider from becoming "unhooked".
- Deathloop: when a kite performs an uncontrollable loop with the kiteboarder still attached, often resulting in serious injuries. See also Kitemare
- De-power: to reduce the kite's power (pull), generally by adjusting the angle of attack of the kite. Most kites and control bars now allow a rider to rig a kite for a number of different power levels before launching, in addition to powering the kite up and down "on the fly" by moving the bar up and down. Depowerability makes a kite safer and easier to handle. Some new kite models, especially "bow" kites, can be de-powered to practically zero power, giving them an enormous wind range.
- DP: dawn patrol; an early morning session.
- Downwind: the direction the wind is blowing toward; to leeward. When a rider is facing downwind the wind is at their back.
- Downwinder: a kitesurfing "trip" (could actually be as short as a few minutes) where the rider starts at one point and ends up at another point downwind of their original position.
- Edge: tilting the board with its edge into the water. Used to control the direction of travel. Learning to edge properly is critical for learning to tack upwind. Edging is one of the fundamental skills of kitesurfing and is one of the ways kitesurfing is different from windsurfing or wakeboarding. While windsurf boards have daggerboards and/or skegs to steer the board upwind while lift and planing is provided by the board itself, generally kiteboards actually combine both functions and the bottom of the board lifts the rider and steers simultaneously. Kiteboard fins are generally much smaller and are for keeping the board in the water (see "tea-bagging"), but are not essential. Because kite boards have a small rocker, a deep edge can allow the board to act as a large low drag fin. Edging in wakeboarding is used for steering the board; whereas in kite boarding not only does edging steer the kite board, it is essential for kite control and controlling board speed. Riding downwind toward the kite subtracts massively from the kite's power and helps control board speed as well.
- Facial: total loss of flying kite control while on the beach, resulting in the harnessed rider being dragged face first downwind across rocks and sand.
- Freeride: kiteboarding style. Plain kiteboarding that does not involve tricks or jumping. The main goal is keeping a good edge and ability to traverse upwind. This would normally require a board with little rocker.
- Freestyle: kiteboarding style. Freestyle involves tricks (or combinations of tricks) where the rider is jumping off the water and experiencing enhanced elevation using lift generated from the kite. Freestyle is, weather-wise, a multi-condition concept and is to some degree equipment-specific. "Big air" is commonly associated with freestyle.
- Goofy: the footedness of the rider, with the right foot leading.
- Guinea pig a person who goes out to test if the wind is rideable or not. If it is, others start riding too. Also known as a Wind-dummy.
- Heel side: the side of a board on the edge where a rider's heels are (opposite of toe side). "Riding heel side" is riding with heels down.
- Hindenburg: (a reference to the Hindenburg Airship disaster of 1937) a kite falling out of the air due to the loss of tension in the control lines, and therefore the loss of kite control. Hindenburging can be caused either by lack of wind or by the kite advancing to a position upwind of the kitesurfer in the wind window, also called "overflying the kite".
- Handlepass: while unhooked, passing the control bar behind a riders back while in the air. This is one of the main trick categories in Wakestyle
- Hot launch: recovering and launching the kite from a position deep inside the wind window so the kite is immediately under maximum power (potentially dangerous).
- Kiter: the person driving the kite.
- Kiteloop: is a powered group of tricks where a rider loops the kite through the power zone.
- Kitemare: a kiteboarding accident or dangerous mishap. Kitemares can be deadly.
- Launch: getting the kite in the air. The kite may be launched assisted or unassisted. An assisted launch is generally safer than an unassisted launch.
- Lofted: to get lifted vertically into the air by the kite due to a strong gust of wind. Being lofted has resulted in fatalities when kiters on or near land were dragged into obstacles. The danger can be avoided by minimizing time on land with the kite flying directly overhead, and by not kiting in overpowered situations.
- Luff: when the air flow stalls around the kite. It may then stall and fall out of the sky. Like sails, a luffing kite has rippling and flapping panels. When launching the kite, if the kite is luffing, the rider should move farther upwind, or the person holding the kite should move downwind.
- Mobe: this term has two meanings: either a class of wakestyle tricks involving an invert with a 360-degree spin or a specific trick involving a back roll with a frontside 360 handlepass (while keeping the kite below 45 degrees). The former meaning stems from the latter, which was the first type of mobe to ever be landed. Other types of mobes include: mobe 540, mobe 720, slim chance, KGB, crow mobe, moby dick, Pete Rose, blind pete, crow mobe 540, etc.
- Nuking: wind blowing at great speeds (30-40 knots). These extreme conditions are dangerous for most riders.
- Offshore: wind blowing at the water from the shore. Never ride in offshore winds without some means of recovery, i.e. a chase boat. This is somewhat less important in smaller bodies of water, of course.
- Onshore: wind blowing perpendicular to and directly at the shore from the water. A challenging condition for beginners, especially if waves are present.
- Dookie dive: loss of power during air time resulting in a crash into the water.
- O-Shit loop: two loops on either ends of the bar that are attached to the kite lines and run through rings attached to the bar. A standard leash attachment point.
- Overhead waves: waves 2 m (7 ft) or larger from trough to crest;
- Overpowered: the condition of having too much power from the kite. Can be a result of an increase in wind, incorrect kite choice (too large for the conditions), incorrect adjustment, simply going too fast, etc. Experienced riders who are overpowered can switch to a smaller board to compensate, to a degree, although it's common to have just one board.
- Pop: height gained above the water using only the board and tension in the lines to get lift, with the kite usually positioned at 45 degrees. Lower kite angles are possible for more experienced riders. Used as a basis for many tricks and regarded as an essential skill for progressing.
- Port the left side of a vehicle, as perceived by a person on board facing the bow (front).
- Power up: when the kite's power increases (suddenly), because of wind gusts or the kite's movement.
- Power zone: is the area in the sky where the kite generates the most lift (pull), this is generally between 0 and 60 degrees arc from the center of the downwind direction.
- Raley / Railey: a trick where the rider unhooks and then pops in order to fully extend his body into a "superman" position, before landing. This is a power move that's often performed relatively low to the water and forms the basis of more advanced tricks.
- Regular: the footedness of the rider, with the left foot leading.
- Re-launch: a general term for getting the kite back up in the air after crashing it (on land or water). A relaunch is unassisted and requires the rider to follow a kite-specific procedure (check the manual). As years of development have gone by, the more recent kites are easier to relaunch.
- Rider: kiteboarder.
- S-Bend: when the rider unhooks and performs a raley followed by a front roll.
- Self rescue: a maneuver by which a rider with a downed kite manipulates the kite in the water to assist them in swimming back to shore. The rider generally wraps up their lines until they reach their kite, then positions their kite so that it is on its back as it would be carried on land but with the wing-tip closer to shore catching the wind. This wing tip acts as a sail and helps pull the rider to shore. This is considered an important manoeuvre to learn.
- Send it: to move the kite aggressively up through the power zone.
- Schlogging: this is riding extremely underpowered. A rider has no power to plane and definitely not enough to jump. A rider and their board bounce from planing on the surface to being dragged in the water.
- Shit hot: the art of stylish smooth moves.
- SLE: Supported Leading Edge. A C-shaped kite with an inflatable leading edge, currently the most advanced kite design available allowing massive de-power.
- Side offshore: wind blowing between sideshore and at a 45-degree angle away from the shore.
- Side onshore: wind blowing between sideshore and at a 45-degree angle toward the shore.
- side shore: winds blowing parallel to the shore. Usually the most desirable direction for kitesurfing.
- Spreader bar: a stainless steel bar that attaches to the rider's harness. It has a hook that holds the "chicken loop" when riding hooked in.
- Starboard the right side of a vehicle as perceived by a person on board facing the bow (front).
- Stomp: to successfully perform a trick.
- Surfstyle: Wave riding using surfboards. Ideal conditions are cross shore to cross offshore with the wind blowing in the same direction that the wave is breaking. Boards can be ridden with or without foot straps.
- Tack: the direction being sailed, normally either starboard tack or port tack. In a starboard tack the wind is coming in from the rider's starboard (right-hand) side, similar to sailing a boat. In normal riding, the kitesurfer takes a heading as close to into the wind as possible, and in any event leads at some angle slightly upwind, sometimes as much as 45 degrees; jumping or wave riding usually results in traveling downwind, so the net result is to maintain relative position. Alternatively, see "downwinder".
- Tea-bagging: popping out of and falling back into the water intermittently due to light or gusty wind, poor flying skills, twisted lines etc.
- Toe side: the side of a board on the edge where a riders toes are (opposite of heel side). "Riding toe side" is riding with toes down.
- Underpowered: the condition of having insufficient power from the kite. Can be a result of insufficient wind, choosing a kite that is too small for the wind, rigging incorrectly, board too small, water current in the same direction as the wind, not riding fast enough, etc. A rider who is continuously diving the kite and sending it back up in a sine-wave pattern is usually underpowered.
- Unhooked is when a kitesurfer is riding while the chicken loop is not attached to the rider's harness.
- Upwind: the direction from which the wind is blowing; windward; into the wind.
- VaS conditions: Victory at Sea; rough sea conditions characterized by overhead wind waves causing severe shore break.
- Wakestyle: A style of kiteboarding in which the rider usually uses wakeboarding (or kiteboarding) "boots" for their kiteboard (as opposed to straps and pads), ensuring their feet remain firmly attached at all times (hense the term "Wakestyle"). This style is also associated with performing powered tricks with the kite as low to the water as possible (something generally perceived by kiteboarders to be more difficult and stylish).
- Walk of shame is the act of beach walking back upwind to the location where the kite was originally launched. It could mean that the kiter wasn't able to sail upwind.
- Wind-dummy a person who goes out to test if the wind is rideable or not. If it is, others start riding too. Also known as a Guinea pig.
- Zenith the location in the wind window directly over the kiter's head. This is the neutral position where kitesurfers can place the kite to stop moving or prior to movement. This places the kite in a more vulnerable to "Hindenburgs" position than any other.
Market data
editIn 2012[update], the number of kitesurfers was estimated by the ISAF and IKA at 1.5 million persons worldwide[41] (pending review). The global market for kite gear sales is worth US$250 million.[42] The markets related to kiteboarding continue developing, as seen in these statistics from 2012:[75]
- 60,000 new kiters annually
- 180,000 kites sold annually
- 75,000 boards sold annually
- 14 board builders
- 19 kite builders
Evolution of kite sales, worldwide:
- 1999: 29,000
- 2006: 114,465
- 2008: 140,000
- 2012: 180,000
A kiteboarding quiver for a single user could typically include 2-4 kites and 2-3 boards. With the exception of foil kites, these equipment pieces are quite rugged and would last from 3 up to 10 years of active use, and be repaired and resold several times. This aftermarket further improves the market development, removing cost barriers for newcomers. In locations like Portugal in 2018, a newcomer to kiteboarding typically buys a proper hands-on tutorial and then buys a basic set of used equipment for an overall total below €1000.
Transportation and storage is easy because the kites are foldable and the boards are smaller than surf and paddling boards. Compared to other sailing sports, kiteboarding is among the less expensive and more convenient. Moreover, nearby most metropolitan areas, it can be practised almost all year long, since it just requires some wind and a reasonably flat surface, like an estuary, a lake, a sandy strip, or a snow flat.
Despite the image of a youth radical sport, many newcomers are middle age, older than the typical wakeboard or snowboard practitioners. Such trends are quite conspicuous, not so much in the trendy summer holiday locations, but in the low season in metropolitan areas around the globe, where kiteboarding is becoming a regular practice for people of middle income, living in apartments not so close to the waterfront, for a short evasion and substituting for the gym.
Compared to windsurfing
editKiteboarding | Windsurfing | |
Record Speed | 55.65 (WR) knots | 55.50 knots (Avg. 53.27 Windsurf WR, Antoine Albeau 2/11/15) |
Upwind Capabilities | About 70° from wind direction on a twin-tip board, or 42° on the more efficient Hydrofoil board.[76] The more a kite board tracks upwind, the more its leeward side must edge into the water to resist lateral drag. Upwind riders adopt a similar stance to kite fliers onshore, who slide their feet forward in the beach sand to brake the kite. The kite board's center line is way off the track line, dramatically reducing speed. | About 45° from wind direction depending on the skills of the rider. The sail board's center line runs virtually parallel to the track line, as most lateral forces are encountered by the tail fin and little edging is required. Because of this, upwind courses are fairly fast. Fastest speeds are achieved at broad reach. |
Theory | The faster the kite moves the more force it develops. Standing still and actively steering the kite up and down (pumping) one can almost immediately create a lot of force. It is almost always possible to have the kite travel faster (much) than the board. The dynamic nature of the kiter/kite system is why kites have so much range (wind range). | The sail and board move at the same speed. With pumping one can sometimes push oneself onto a plane or maintain planing in marginal conditions. But sail and board travel at basically the same speed. This is the main reason why windsurfing requires a lot of equipment. The equipment must match the wind conditions much closer than kiting. |
Physical Strain on Rider | The traction force of the kite is solely transferred to the rider via the harness loop attached to the harness hook when hooked in. When "hooked in" the rider uses muscle strength (thumb and index finger suffice) to steer the kite and control the kite power by pushing the bar in and out (depending on setup one might actually notice a slight effort). When "unhooked" the rider steers the kite using their arms with no depower, which can be strenuous. Generally, kitesurfing is more of a light cardio training. | Windsurfing without a harness requires a lot of physical effort, especially in strong wind. With a harness, recovering from a fall or when maneuvering (jibing, tacking, ...) the rider needs to detach the harness completely from the sail, which means that both traction and steering forces are to be countered solely by the rider's muscle. For jibing maneuvers, muscle effort diminishes as the rider becomes more skilled in maintaining board speed in the jibe. In race conditions it can get quite physical as well, planing "over the top" of wave sets keeping the board absolutely level and the sail well powered. In the strongest winds it can get physical as well due to the sheer force of the wind, but that is attributed to poor choice of equipment or lack of skill. |
Fall Recovery | The kite is fairly easy to keep flying during a fall, with 'Hindenburgs' being rather exceptional. The rider can be pulled out of the water by the force of the moving kite. The kite power can be regulated by changing the angle of attack of the kite. In light winds the kite may fall into the water and stay there. | In light winds (non planing conditions), the rider needs to get on the board and pull the sail out of the water. However, in stronger winds (planing conditions (depending on equipment/weight/experience approx. from 9 knots on)), water starting is a better option. This means positioning the board-sail combination through aligning the sail into the right wind angle, allowing the wind to pull the body out of the water onto the board using the sail, and then easily hooking back in and stepping into foot straps. This maneuver actually requires slightly less than planing conditions. |
Tacking and Jibing | Twin tip kiteboards (the majority of kiteboards) are designed to be bidirectional. If the rider wants to start the next tack only the kite's sailing direction must be reversed. The "stern" of the board now becomes the "bow", so the feet can be kept in the footstraps. Since the windward edge of the board doesn't change sides, the terms "jibing" or "tacking" are somewhat of a misnomer. Falling into the water is not a major problem, as even beginning riders can quickly and fairly effortlessly execute a water start using the kite to pull them out of the water. Nower days many kiters use directionals as well (all wave, racing as well as foils). These need to be jibed or tacked. This actually requires practice. Full planing race jibes are almost as difficult as in windsurfing. | The rider has the choice between tacking or jibing. In both cases the windward edge changes sides, so the rider must change footstraps. At high winds the only option to change tacks while maintaining speed is to carve jibe, which is a maneuver that requires many practise hours for it to be performed with a reasonably low risk of falling. . |
Jumping | Kitesurfers can use their kite to "jump" (actually using it as a paraglider), without the need for a launch wave. Jumping is relatively easy but can be hazardous. Being launched (jumping) can also happen unintended, even to beginners, especially in shifting winds or fast kite movements, where the rider can get pulled into the air as the kite reverses direction. | The rider needs considerable forward speed and ideally a "ramp wave" to get airborne. When the wave is not large enough, the riders must initiate the jump by kicking down the tail of the board. Unintended jumps rarely occur (unless bouncing over waves, ...), as jumping requires active rider input. Jumping requires skill and can generally only be executed by advanced riders. |
Aerobatics | Most aerobatics and tricks (tail grab, barrel roll etc.) can be executed without the airfoil's position in the air having to change. Therefore, executing "aerobatics" is only marginally different from executing them on shore suspended by the harness from some fixed point. Beginners with a lot of caution may start attempting some basic tricks after the first few weeks or even days. This part of kiting can actually be physical. | With most aerobatics the airfoil's position in the air changes dramatically. Each figure has its own ideal airfoil movement. With some aerobatics like the barrel roll, the rider needs to jump sufficiently high to allow the full length of the mast to rotate forward underneath. Often the risks to the rider of having fast moving and relatively heavy (board + mast + sail) gear so close by are substantial. As aerobatics are considerably more complicated than jumping, they are the done by the most experienced of riders, commanding huge respect within the sail boarding community. |
Clearance | Clearance of at least 50 meters upwind (from any object) and 30 meters downwind (from another kitesurfer) is required. The risk of being blown into an airborne situation by a strong wind gust is real, effectively turning the kite boarder into an uncontrolled para-glider in risk of hitting any object downwind. | Since there are no kite lines, no upwind or downwind clearance is required from any object other than a kite surfer or fishing lines, which means that windsurfers do not need to worry about 'rotor' or strong wind gusts. Also, they can emergency stop almost immediately. Experienced riders do this by 'crashing' while beginning riders (who typically do not wear a harness) can depower the sail instantly by releasing the back hand or letting the mast fall on water. The risk of hitting hard objects or other water-goers is therefore minimal. |
Learning Curve | Kiteboarding has a different learning curve from windsurfing. At the beginning the handling the kite can be largely taught on shore, as kite boarding evolved from beach kiting. However once on the water, an instructor is needed initially. After learning the basics and achieving independence, a rider can progress much faster than in windsurfing.
Recovery from falling is relatively easy (the kites, especially the newest models, stay normally aloft to pull the rider out of the water, with little effort) as is changing tacks, even in strong wind. Staying upwind is regarded as an advanced technique. Light wind kiting (<9 knots) is also an advanced technique: traveling much faster than the wind any mistake can lead to loss of apparent wind -> kite falls into the drink and stays there. |
The learning curve for windsurfing is gradual, and rewarding as the rider progresses through each stage of learning, and one can engage in solo practice. Initially handling of the airfoil (sail) can be learned on the water or on land. Once on the water it takes much of practice to improve.
Recovery from falling takes more effort than kiting. The rider needs to either up haul the sail standing on the board or water start, which both take some balance. Up hauling large sails can be a bit of work. Falling into the water is part of the overall experience. |
Equipment Safety | In case of material failure or accidents, normal kitesurfing equipment offers limited rescue possibilities. Kitesurfers can perform a self rescue and use their kite to sail back to shore. The last option for the rider is to abandon the kite and kiteboard and swim to shore. | Any sail board allows the rider to keep the body sufficiently out of the water to postpone or avoid hypothermia. Smaller boards may require that the mast be detached, to avoid sinking. Thus, as a rule, a rider should never abandon the board. Windsurfing equipment is inherently safe in high winds against tea bagging or collisions due to loss of control: In case of too strong wind, the rider can depower the sail instantly by letting go with the back hand or letting the sail drop on water. Doing so (or falling) means that the board stops almost immediately as the sail acts as a floating anchor in water. |
Equipment Transport | A kite and kiteboard can fit in most vehicles. An average rider may need two to three kites and one board to ride in a wide range of wind strength. | The sail board and sail mast (even telescopic) do not fit in most vehicles, and need to be transported on a roof rack or trailer. If they do, they often exclude passengers from the vehicle. Several different sails and boards (and often masts and booms) are necessary to cover the full range of rideable conditions. |
World Champions
editYear | Men | Women |
2022[77] | Gianmaria Coccoluto (ITA) - 2 470 pt
[Duotone, ION] |
Mikaili Sol (BRA) - 2 870 pt,
[Duotone, ION] |
2021 | Arthur Guillebert (FR) - 1 580 pt
[Eleveight] |
Mikaili Sol (BRA) - 2 000 pt
[Duotone, ION] |
2020 | no title crowned | No title crowned |
2019 | Valentine Rodriguez (CO) - 8 301 pt
[Duotone] |
Mikaili Sol (BRA) - 8 400 pt
[Duotone, ION] |
2018 | Carlos Mario Bebe (BRA) - 3 000 pt
[Slingshot] |
Mikaili Sol (BRA) - 3 000 pt
[Duotone, ION] |
2017[78] | Carlos Mario Bebe | Bruna Kajiya |
2016[79] | Carlos Mario Bebe | Bruna Kajiya |
2015[80] | Liam Whaley | Gisela Pulido |
2014 | Christophe Tack[81] | Karolina Winkowska[82] |
2013 | Alex Pastor [es][83] | Gisela Pulido |
2012[84] | Youri Zoon [nl] | Karolina Winkowska |
2011 | Youri Zoon | Gisela Pulido |
2010 | Andy Yates | Gisela Pulido |
2009 | Kevin Langeree [nl] | Bruna Kajiya |
2008 | Aaron Hadlow | Gisela Pulido |
2007 | Aaron Hadlow | Gisela Pulido |
2006 | Aaron Hadlow | Kristin Boese |
2005 | Aaron Hadlow | Kristin Boese |
2004 | Aaron Hadlow | |
2003 | Martin Vari | Cindy Mosey |
2002 | Cindy Mosey | |
2001 | Martin Vari |
See also
edit- ^ "KITESURFING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". Dictionary.cambridge.org. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ US 4708078, Bruno T. Legaignoux, Dominique M. Legaignoux, "Propulsive wing with inflatable armature"
- ^ , Patent NL7603691 (A) ― 11 October 1977
- ^ Mark Harris Sea kayaking and kites Archived 3 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, July 2002
- ^ "Dieter Strasilla".
- ^ Dieter Strasilla (1987). History of paragliding: Andrea with surfboard and skywing. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021.
- ^ Patent DE2933050
- ^ a b Peter Lynn A brief history of kitesurfing Archived 19 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Aquilandia.com, 2006
- ^ "Inventors of kiteboarding inducted into Kirkland Plaza of Champions". Kirkland Reporter. 28 May 2015.
- ^ "Red Bull King of the Air: Learn more about the history and legends". Red Bull.
- ^ "ISAF Selects Kiteboarding For Rio 2016". International Sailing Federation. 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Windsurfing restored to Brazil 2016 Olympics". BBC Sport.
- ^ "News & Features | ISAF | World Sailing | Official Site : 2013 ISAF Mid-Year Meeting President's Report". Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ "Kiteboarding coming to 2018 Youth Olympics! - Kitesurfing Magazine". June 2015.
- ^ "Windfoiling included for 2024 Paris Olympics". Yachting New Zealand. 4 November 2019.
- ^ "Formula Kite: the official foiling equipment for the Olympic Games". Surfer Today. 14 July 2020.
- ^ Kitesurfing Magazine, ed. (9 August 2023). "A Historic Day for Kiteboarding: New World Record Set in Denmark!". kitesurfingmag.com.
- ^ "Official WOO Kite - Big Air Leaderboards".
- ^ "Nick Jacobsen: Kite World Record for biggest jump on WOO, 28.6 mt". PKR. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
- ^ SurferToday.com (ed.). "19 seconds of hang time: Airton Cozzolino sets a new strapless record". SurferToday.
- ^ "Luderitz Speed Challenge: Official closing ceremony held at Nest Hotel". BYM Sailing & Sports News. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ^ "ISAF Rolex Sailor of the Year Awards: Rob Douglas (USA)," International Sailing Federation, www.sailing.org
- ^ "500 Metre Records". World Sailing Speed Record Council.
- ^ "Kitenews.fr". Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ "Patri McLaughlin set a new Guinness World Record for the largest wave ever kitesurfed".
- ^ "Kirsty Jones Kiteboards from Lanzarote to Morocco". Windsurfing & kitesurfing travel.
- ^ "Long Distance between Saint Tropez and Calvi: 207 km in 5 h 30". M8 distribution Australia.
- ^ Eric Gramond (26 October 2008). "24h with kitesurf". Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
- ^ "Natalie Clarke kite crosses the Bass Strait in record time". SurferToday.com. 24 March 2010.
- ^ "American Phil Midler Breaks Kiteboarding Long Distance World Record". The Kiteboarder. 13 May 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Sroka completes kite cross between France and Ireland". SurferToday.com. 19 July 2013.
- ^ "Francisco Lufinha sets world record for the longest kitesurfing journey". SurferToday.com. 18 September 2013.
- ^ "Kiteboarder Francisco Lufinha sails for 874 kilometers in the Atlantic Ocean". SurferToday.com. 7 July 2015.
- ^ "Lufinha and Brandt complete kite cross between the Azores and mainland Portugal". SurferToday.com. 13 September 2017.
- ^ , Louis Tapper Blog
- ^ "1450km with kitesurf : Downwindbrasil". Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013. Downwind Brazil
- ^ Dolan, Kerry (4 January 2015). "Strait Shooter: CEO Constantin Bisanz And His Bering Strait Kite-Surfing Adventure". Forbes. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
- ^ a b Detroit Free Press, 12 January 2014, KITE-SURFING TEAM CROSSES ATLANTIC, by Wayne Peal, page 4A
- ^ Sand Kiting: Kitesurfing on sand. Sand-boarding.com
- ^ Land kiteboarding.
- ^ a b "ISAF Kiteboarding Format Trials" (PDF). International Sailing Federation. May 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.
- ^ a b Gill South (24 June 2013). "Small Business: Kiwi kitesurfing company takes off". The New Zealand Herald.
- ^ a b "Kitesurfing and birds – a review" (PDF). Global Kitesports Association. November 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2018.
- ^ Rou Chater (August 2018). "Astorm in a teacup". IKsurfMag.
- ^ Technavio (1 June 2017). "Kiteboarding Equipment Market Analysis by Share, Size, Drivers, and Trends" (Press release).
- ^ "IKA, PKRA, KPWT, IKF, ISAF: What does it all Mean?". The Kiteboarder Magazine. 9 July 2010.
- ^ SurferToday.com (ed.). "World Kiteboarding League is no longer sanctioned by World Sailing". Surfertoday. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ^ a b Kitesurfing styles, Kitesurfing Handbook
- ^ North Rebel Manual 2012North Sails kitesurfbarcelona.com Archived 5 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine 1 June 2012
- ^ "Beaufort Wind Scale". www.spc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ "The Lift Equation". www.grc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "Boundary Layer". www.grc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ Rou Chater (December 2019). "How Much Does It Cost To Kitesurf?". iksurfmag. No. 78.
- ^ LEIs, Kiteboarding Review, 27 June 2011
- ^ "North signs up for Best Kiteboarding patent - Kitesurfing Magazine". 11 June 2015.
- ^ Flat Inflatable Kites, Bow Kites, Flat LEIs Archived 1 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Kitesufingschool.org, 27 June 2006
- ^ "2009 Kiteboarding Buyers'Guide". Archived from the original on 4 April 2009.
- ^ kiteboardingreview.com
- ^ FAQ, Kitesurfing Handbook
- ^ GPS for kitesurfing, Kitesurfing Handbook
- ^ "Meet David: The 77 Year Old Kite Surfer Showing The Rest Of Us How It's Done - Mpora". Mpora. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^ Nancy Scardaoi. "Kitesurfing at 85-Years-Old FRED". Kitesurfing Magazine.
- ^ Rick Iossi. "Kiteboarding weather planning and monitoring". Florida KiteSurfing Association Forum.
- ^ Rick Iossi. "Shadow Blasted ... Flying In Dirty Air". Florida KiteSurfing Association Forum.
- ^ Kitesurfing Dangers Archived 15 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine www.kitesurfingnow.com
- ^ Weather, Kitesurfing Handbook
- ^ Kitesurfing storm fronts, Kitesurfing Handbook
- ^ "Kitesurfing Safety". KitesurfingSchool. 7 May 2007.
- ^ Exadaktylos, A. K.; Sclabas, G. M.; Blake, I.; Swemmer, K.; McCormick, G.; Erasmus, P. (21 December 2004). "The kick with the kite: an analysis of kite surfing related off shore rescue missions in Cape Town, South Africa". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (5): e26. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.014795. PMC 1725208. PMID 15849279.
- ^ "Kite Advantages and Disadvantages – How do Bow, C, and Hybrid Kites Compare to Each Other?". KiteboardingEvolution. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009.
- ^ Rick Iossi (7 June 2007). "Fatality Analysis, 2000 to July 2006". Florida KiteSurfing Association.
- ^ "Kite Safety" Archived 29 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine www.kiteman.co.uk
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- ^ "Kite sales statistics - 2014 - Kiteforum.com". www.kiteforum.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ HydroFoil Pro Tour (22 August 2016), Nico Parlier - Winners Circle Interview - 2016 Mauritius, archived from the original on 18 November 2021, retrieved 20 January 2017
- ^ Gaunt, Jim (11 November 2022). "Mika Hits Six While Coccoluto Completes His Destiny - Finals Day Taiba". GKA Kite World Tour. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "Congratulations to our 2017 Champions!". World Kiteboarding League. 10 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
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- ^ "Liam Whaley and Gisela Pulido 2015 World Champions". Kiteworld Magazine.
- ^ "Christophe Tack claims 2014 World Champion Title". The Kiteboarder Magazine. 29 October 2014.
- ^ "Karolina Winkowska World Champion 2014". iksurfmag.
- ^ "Alex Pastor World Champion". Airush. 3 April 2020.
- ^ "Youri Zoon and Karolina Winkowska Crowned 2012 PKRA World Champions After Intense Last Day of Competition". The Kiteboarder Magazine. 26 November 2012.


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