text:
1. Filial Conduct That Impressed The Gods: Shun The Great
2. Personally Checking His Mother's Prescriptions: The Learned Emperor Of Han
3. His Heart Was Pained When His Mother Bit Her Finger: Tseng Shen
4. Clad In A Threadbare Jacket, He Tolerated His Cruel Stepmother: Min Dz Chyan
5. Carrying Loads Of Rice On His Back To Feed His Parents: Dz Lu
6. Entering Servitude To Pay For His Father's Funeral: Dung Yung
7. Bringing Deers' Milk To His Ailing Parents: Young Master Tan
8. Taking On Menial Labor To Support His Mother: Jyang Ge
9. Stealing Oranges To Take Home For His Mother: Lu Ji
10. Never Tiring Of Feeding Milk To Her Mother-In-Law: Lady Tang
11. Attracting Mosquitos To Drink His Blood: Wu Meng
12. Lying Down On The Ice To Get Carp For His Stepmother: Wang Syang
13. Burying His Son To Save His Mother: Gwo Jy
14. Wrestling With A Tiger To Save His Father: Jyang Syang
15. Resigning Office To Search For His Mother: Ju Shou Chang
16. Deeply Concerned, He Tasted His Father's Stool: Yu Jin Lou
17. Costumes And Pranks To Amuse His Parents: Lao Lai Dz
18. Picking Mulberries For His Mother: Tsai Shun
19. He Fanned The Pillow And Warmed the Sheets: Huang Syang
20. A Bubbling Spring And Leaping Carp: Jyang Shr
21. Crying By The Grave When Thunder Rolled: Wang Wei-yuan
22. Serving Wooden Statues Of His Parents: Ding Lan
23. Tears That Brought Bamboo Shoots From The Frozen Earth: Meng Dzung
24. Personally Scrubbing His Mother's Chamber Pot: Huang Ting-Jyan.
The book entitled The Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Virtue was written by the Yuan Dynasty scholar Gwo Jyu-jing. His pen-name was Yi Dzu, and he was a native of Da Tian County, in Fujyan Province, China. Gwo was not only a well-known poet, he was also a reknowned filial son in his own right. After his father passed away, Gwo personally experienced the truth of the maxim:
"The tree would prefer stillness, but the wind continues to blow.
The child wishes to practice filial devotion, but his parents are already gone,"
and he felt deep grief over his loss.
His depth of feeling prompted him to comb the histories in search of true
stories of the finest examples of filial respect, as practiced by devoted
children throughout the centuries. He selected twenty-four such paragons,
and penned a verse to eulogize each authentic account of filial practice.
Then he told a story of the events that lead to each son or daughter's examplary
conduct. The book that resulted from his work was called The Twenty-four
Paragons of Filial Devotion.
1. Filial Conduct That Impressed The Gods: Shun The Great
Elephants in file plow the fields in Spring.
Little birds in flocks come weed the summer grass.
Following Emperor Yau, he took the Dragon Throne.
His filial conduct touched the hearts of the gods.
2. Personally Checking His Mother's Prescriptions: The Learned Emperor Of Han
Both filial and humane, he was known throughout the land.
Awesome as a leader, he ruled the Hundred Kings.
For three long years he nursed his ailing mother, the Empress,
Duty-bound, he tasted every medicine she took.
3. His Heart Was Pained When His Mother Bit Her Finger: Tseng Shen
His mother bit her finger, her son's heart felt the pain.
He bundled up the firewood And ran home just in time.
What age has ever witnessed deeper ties of filial love
Than the depth of shared between this mother and her son?
4. Clad In A Threadbare Jacket, He Tolerated His Stepmother: Min Dz Chyan
Mr. Min, the widower, has a worthy son;
Who never grudged his second mother's hateful, wicked ways.
"Keep her here at home!", he begged, while kneeling by the cart.
"Or else three boys will suffer from the biting wind and frost."
5. Carrying Loads Of Rice On His Back To Feed His Parents: Dz Lu
The rice bag on his back holds a rare treat for his parents;
Without a murmur of fatigue he ran those many miles.
Glory, wealth, and honor, once his parents had passed on,
Meant nothing: he only thought of the happy days gone by.
6. Entering Servitude To Pay For His Father's Funeral: Dung Yung
His father's funeral sent him into servitude,
A maiden charming and immortal, met him on the way.
They wove the cloth that ransomed back his freedom,
His filial conduct touched even the Gods.
7. Bringing Deers' Milk To His Ailing Parents: Young Master Tan
His parents needed milk, their eyes to cure,
He robed his body in a suit of fur.
If he had failed to shout aloud, "Don't shoot!"
The hunter would have killed him for a deer
8. Taking On Menial Labor To Support His Mother: Jyang Ge
Bearing mother on his back, he fled the troubled land.
Evil bandits caught them on the road.
A plea for mercy saved their lives, as always,
He labored hard to treat his mother well.
9. Stealing Oranges To Take Home For His Mother: Lu Ji
Filial love and brotherhood made nature "heaven-True",
Most rare in a boy just six years old.
He hid three oranges in his sleeve, as a gift for his Mom,
Just a token to repay her kindness without end.
10. Never Tiring Of Feeding Milk To Her Mother-In-Law: Lady Tang
Out of deep respect for the Tswei Family's matron,
After morning toilet she would feed the Grand Dame milk.
Kindness such as this is difficult to repay;
May every generation of descendants be so kind!
11. Attracting Mosquitos To Drink His Blood: Wu Meng
Summer nights and no mosquito netting!
Insects by the thousands, yet he wouldn't raise a hand.
"Let them drink my blood and fill their bellies,
Just don't disturb my parents while they sleep!"
12. Lying Down On The Ice To Get Carp For His Stepmother: Wang Syang
Stepmothers abound on this earth,
But rare are sons like Lucky Wang.
Even now when the river freezes over,
We recall his icy sacrifice for Mom.
13. Burying His Son To Save His Mother: Gwo Jyu
Gwo Jyu wished to serve his aging mother;
He buried his son, so that she might live,
The gods rewarded him with golden coins;
Their brilliant gleam lit up his humble hut.
14. Wrestling With A Tiger To Save His Father: Jyang Syang
In the wilds they met the fierce white jaws.
Yang Syang punched hard, and choked the smelly beast.
Delivered to safety were father and devoted son:
Snatched back alive from the tiger's mouth.
15. Resigning Office To Search For His Mother: Ju Shou Chang
He said good-bye to Mama at age seven,
He served the land with skill for fifty years.
One day he wished to see his long-lost mother,
His journey done, they both wept joyful tears.
16. Deeply Concerned, He Tasted His Father's Stool: Yu Jin Lou
He served in office but a few brief days,
When father caught a strange, and ill disease.
Jin Lou looked North, and bowed to star Polaris,
"Take me instead!", he vowed from bended knees.
17. Costumes And Pranks To Amuse His Parents: Lao Lai Dz
He cut a comic caper, and played the merry fool,
The Spring breeze fluttered his flower-drum gown.
The old folks laughed with toothless glee;
The sounds of their delight filled the air with joy.
18. Picking Mulberries For His Mother: Tsai Shun
The black mulberries went to feed his mother,
Whose blouse was stained with tears from hunger's pain;
The red-browed thugs heard his filial thoughts:
Then gave him meat and rice and set him free.
19. He Fanned The Pillow And Warmed the Sheets: Hwang Syang
In winter months he warmed the sheets just right;
And fanned the pillows on hot summer nights.
In knowing how to be a filial son,
In all these years, Hwang Syang's still number one.
20. A Bubbling Spring And Leaping Carp: Jyang Shr
The son delights in his filial regard;
The daughter, too, finds service not too hard;
Every morning carp came leaping out
Of the sweet-dew spring in their back yard.
21. Crying By The Grave When Thunder Rolled: Wang Pou
His mother dreaded most the sound of thunder-claps;
He knelt beside the bed to calm her fears;
Still he hurries to her grave and circles 'round,
Each time a rumbling thunder-storm appears.
22. Serving Wooden Statues Of His Parents: Ding Lan
Wooden statues of his parents,
Carved to look as if alive.
Pay heed, all good sons and daughters:
Serve your parents while you can!
23. Tears That Brought Bamboo Shoots From The Frozen Earth: Meng Dzung
His teardrops transformed winter at the roots;
Up from the ice crept tender bamboo shoots.
Instantly, the winter-sprouts matured;
Heaven's will: a happy, peaceful world.
24. Personally Scrubbing His Mother's Chamber Pot: Huang Ting-Jyan.
His noble virtue; known both far and near;
His life-long joy: service to his kin.
He never asked the hired staff to share
The jobs that rightly, filial sons should bear.
The Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Respect: Their Stories & Verses In Praise
Number One
Filial Conduct That Impressed The Gods: Shun The Great
Great Yau was an Emperor both humane and virtuous. Under his rule, the
citizens of China were both obedient and harmonious. They looked up to their
Emperor and treated him as respectfully as they did their own parents. Yau,
however, had grown old, and decided to request his military and civilian cabinet
ministers to select a wise and worthy successor, so that he could hand down
the duty of ruling all of China to him. The Emperor's advisors told him,
"There is a devoted filial son at Li Mountain named Shun. Although his family
does not get along, he still treats them with a proper attitude of respect
and affection. His father, Gu Sou, is unreasonable, and harsh. His step-mother
is petty by nature, and constantly abuses and scolds her son. Shun's
step- brother, Syang, is arrogant and lazy. He is jealous of his older brother
and wants to do him in. Living in such a family, Shun manages to not resent
them; he behaves as a devoted son and brother should."
The ministers told the Emperor, "When his family scolds or beats him,
he doesn't bear a grudge or strike back. He simply runs out into the fields
where no one can see him and cries to himself. You can find this boy plowing
the fields every day, and doing the planting and weeding. His father and
brother never lend a hand. Shun's devotion to filial respect does, however,
inspire the heavens and the earth to respond. How do we know this is true?
The elephants come down from the mountains to plow the furrows for this young
man; in the Spring you can see them line up and use their tusks to dig the
earth. In the Summer the crows and magpies flock down to pull up the weeds
with their beaks. Nature itself approves of his righteous attitude, especially
in the face of hardship, as in the case of his impossible family situation."
Hearing about Shun's filial conduct inspired Emperor Yau to dispatch
nine of his sons to assist Shun with the farming work. He instructed his daughters,
named Eh and Nyu Ying to serve Shun as his wives. The Emperor put the young
man through years of training and testing, and when he felt satisfied with
his capabilities, he bestowed the throne of Emperor on him, and retired from
the duties of ruling China.
Under Shun's guidance, the people of China prospered. Following his virtuous
influence, all creatures enjoyed peace and happiness. Such were the manifold
benefits of a proper attitude of filial respect.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Two
He Personally Tested His Mother's Prescriptions: The Learned Emperor Of
During the Western Han Dynasty in China, after its founding patriarch Liu
Bang died, the throne came by succession to his son, "Liu the Constant". He
earned the name Han Wen Di, "The Learned Emperor of Han". As a ruler, he
practiced vigorous, just government, and he loved the citizens, moving and
inspiring them to self-improvement through education. State business was
extremely complex and demanding of time, nonetheless he still found time
to serve his mother with respectful, filial devotion. He was neither careless
nor tardy in his treatment of his mother.
Once the matron suffered a serious illness and Han Wen Di, as soon
as he had completed the various governmental matters , would immediately leave
the state chambers and return to his mother's bedside to nurse her with tender
concern. She was sick for a full three years, and his care was constant and
untiring. He waited on her by night and day throughout her convalescence,
without relaxing his vigilance in the least. He never grumbled or resented
the toil and tedium.
The Emperor's care of his mother was thorough to the last detail. He would
wait by her bedside without closing his eyes, often forgetting to change
his robes for long periodst afraid that he might be remiss in his nursing
care. As soon as the servants had prepared any dose of medicine, the Emperor
would first sample the mixture himself, to make sure it was neither too hot
nor too weak. As soon as it was fit to drink, he would spoon-feed the mixture
himself to his mother.
Many years passed, and the Learned Emperor nursed his mother throughout.
He earned the praises of all the citizens. An outstanding leader, he was
also a most unusual, filially-devoted son, and set the standards of behavior
towards parents. The people of China respected him, and accepted his
teaching. They were deeply influenced and transformed by his model of virtue.
The people in their turn, practiced filial respect towards their parents,
and treated them well. The Learned Emperor's name, Han Wen Di, has passed
down through a thousand ages to the present - - people still admire his model
of virtuous, selfless conduct.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Three
His Heart Was Pained When His Mother Bit Her Finger: Tseng Shen
During the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history, there lived a
student of Confucius, Tseng Shen, who become well-known for his filial attitude
of respect. His father passed away while Shen was still young. He was extremely
respectful and obedient to his mother. Every day the young man would go into
the mountains to cut firewood; his mother would stay home and weave cloth
to sell. Mother and son had to work hard to earn enough to get by.
One day Tseng Shen set out early for the mountains. A guest who had
traveled a long distance arrived at the Tseng household that very morning.
The family being poor, there was nothing with which to entertain the guest,
and no way to properly welcome him. As Tseng Shen was not at home, his mother
did not know what to do, and she could only hope that her son would return
soon from the mountains.
The boy did not show up, and Mrs. Tseng grew agitated. Without realizing
what she was doing, she put her finger into her mouth and bit it. In her
nervousness, she bit her finger so hard that it bled. Tseng Shen, in the
mountains, suddenly felt a stinging pain in his heart, and knew there must
be something amiss with his mother. He quickly bundled up the brush and kindling
and ran back down the mountain.
Arriving before his mother, he knelt in the doorway and asked her what
was the matter. Relieved and happy, she said, "A guest has come and I was
so upset that I bit my finger. You must be a truly respectful child that
you can know your mother's thoughts from a distance!"
A verse in his praise says,
Number Four
Clad In A Threadbare Jacket, He Tolerated His Cruel Stepmother: Min Dz
Confucius's disciple, Min Dz Chyan was foremost in filial respect. His
mother died early, and his father remarried, but to a woman who mistreated
her stepson. Because he was not her natural child, she gave him only cruel
words and harsh treatment. Min Dz Chyan often went cold and hungry, and suffered
from loneliness, as his stepmother gave all her love and attention to her
own two sons.
When the weather turned cold, the second Mrs. Min made her two sons
warm coats padded with warm cotton linings. She gave Min Dz Chyan a coat
stuffed only with dry rushes. From the outside the two coats looked alike,
but the one stuffed with reeds was not warm at all. It neither blocked
the biting wind, nor kept out the stinging cold. His only jacket being so
thin, Min Dz Chyan was always shivering and miserable in the cold.
One icy winter day, Min Dz-Chyan's father had business in town, and
told the boy to fetch the horse and cart from the stable. The evening air
was frigid, the wind blew hard, and the young boy was so cold that his entire
body trembled. His hands and feet were frozen to the point of immobility.
His numb fingers dropped the cart reins, and his father scolded him for his
In his anger the man grabbed Dz Chyan's coat-sleeve and ripped it from
the jacket, revealing the dried grass lining. He was shocked at the sight
of the flimsy jacket that could not protect his son from the cold. Mr. Min
suddenly recognized the pattern of cruel treatment his wife had given his
boy. He understood at once the injustice of her harshness, and it infuriated
him so that he flew into a rage.
He ran back into the house, yelling at the top of his lungs for his
wife. She appeared and cowered before him on her knees. He angrily ordered
her to leave the house and never return.
Min Dz Chyan knelt beside his stepmother and begged his father to give her
another chance. He pleaded for leniency. "When my mother is here only one
boy has to suffer the cold. But if she goes, then three sons will have no
one to care for them. Please, Father, let her stay!"
At this, his stepmother cried piteously in deep shame. She was so deeply
touched that her attitude totally changed. She turned over a new leaf, and
ever after treated Min Dz Chyan as lovingly as she did her own sons.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Five
Carrying Loads of Rice to Feed His Parents: Dz Lu
Confucius's disciple, Dz Lu, was born to the Jung family during the
Jou Dynasty. His given name was You, and he was a most filial, devoted son.
His family was poor, and the boy had to dig wild greens and roots from the
fields in order to feed himself. Because he wished his parents to have adequate,
suitable food, he had to travel long miles, out of the poverty-stricken neighborhood,
where so many families were forced to forage for their meals, in order to
find a wage-paying job.
You would rise long before dawn every week, and lay aside enough dried
fruits, roots, and vegetables for his parents' table that week, and then
make a lengthy, dangerous trip into the neighboring states, seeking work.
He would often travel over one hundred miles, earning what money he could,
in order to buy rice and staples for his household. Then shouldering the
sack of provisions, he would run back the many miles, arriving in time to
cook up a nourishing meal for the Jung elders. When the bag was empty, he
would tie up his leggings and set off once more for the market towns. While
his parents remained on earth, Dz Lu would spare no effort to treat them
with proper filial respect. Everyone considered him an unusually good-hearted
example of true filial service.
After his parents died, the young man left his native land for the
country of Chu in the south. The king of Chu was impressed with Jung You's
learning, and with his righteous character, and offered him a post in the
civil service. Dz Lu accepted, and soon grew quite wealthy, drawing a handsome
salary and rich side-benefits for his able leadership of state affairs. Whenever
he went riding in his silk-lined carriage, a retinue of one hundred chariots
flanked the royal coach on four sides. His personal storehouses of grains,
cloth, books, and silver covered an acre of land. Woolen blankets and thick
rugs adorned his personal quarters in luxury. His dinner table was set with
fine and rare delicacies.
Despite the life of affluent comfort, Dz Lu in his heart constantly
pined for the days of his youth, when he was able to serve his mother and
father. He would often sigh, "This wealth and honor is flavorless, and depressing.
How I wish I could return to the old days, when I ate field-greens and carried
rice on my back for Mom and Dad. How happy I was in those days!. Now that
my parents have left this world I can no longer fulfill my duty as a filial
A verse in his honor says,
Number Six
Entering Servitude To Pay For Father's Funeral: Dung Yung
Dung Yung lived during the Han Dynasty, and as his mother had passed away
years ago, he scratched out a meager living to support his ailing father.
Dung Yung found work as a farm laborer, and earned barely enough to keep
his father in medicine. The old man was an invalid, so Dung Yung would carry
him to a cart and tenderly wheel the eider to the shade of a tall tree
beside the field where he was working. In this way he was able to keep his
job and also nurse his father at the same time.
Several years passed in this fashion, but then the senior Dung died, and
Dung Yung, having spent the last penny for last-minute medical care, found
himself unable to pay for a proper funeral. All he could do to scrape together
sufficient funds for a coffin and mourners was to sell himself into bondage
as indentured servant, with the promise to repay the bond-moneys in the future.
Having sent off the coffin, the young man headed for his owner's house.
A pretty girl met him on the road, and told him her story, how both her parents
had passed away, and how she couldn't locate her relatives in the area. She
said she hoped that Dung Yung would be kind enough to take her in, so that
she could have some security and reliance. He found no objection and the
two of them asked Heaven and Earth to be witnesses as they pledged their
troth then and there.
Together they entered the home of Dung Yung's indentured Master, an
extremely miserly weaver. He read the labor contract to the couple, and demanded
three hundred bolts of perfect cloth to redeem the freedom of Dung Yung.
The young man was not afraid of hard work, but figured out that if
man and wife co-operated and joined their strength, it would take at least
three years of labor before the task could be completed.
To Dung Yung's complete surprise, the new bride wove all three hundred bolts
of cloth in less than one month! The weaving boss was even more astonished
when the young couple handed over the perfect fabric and, contract in hand,
gaily walked out the door to freedom.
They strolled past the tree where they had first met, and his wife
suddenly fell silent. Her countenance glowed with an uncanny light, and Dung
Yung asked her to explain her demeanor. "I now have my freedom, you should
be happy!"
Tears ran down her face as she said, "I am an Immortal from the heavens. Your
heart of filial respect is so noble that I was touched, and came down to
this world to assist you in your task. But now I must return, I am not able
to stay with you. Take good care of yourself:."
Dung Yung couldn't bear to part with her, but how could he prevent an
Immortal from the heavens from returning when the time was up? Helplessly
he watched his wife slowly ascend into the sky and fly away.
A verse in his honor says,
During China's Spring and Autumn period, there was a filial son in the
Tan family whose name has not been recorded. People simply referred to him
as Young Master Tan, or Tan Dz. While he was quite young, both his parents
came down with an eye disease that the doctors said could only be cured by
giving them deer's milk to drink. As the family was very poor, and
milk was both rare and expensive, the young lad was upset and worried that
he would be unable to provide the medicine that could cure his mother and
father. Wandering out in the mountains, he pondered the situation,
but couldn't come up with a solution. There in the meadow before him, a herd
of deer grazed. The does stood patiently while the spring's crop of young
fawns frolicked and ran, then returned to their mothers to nurse on milk.
'That's it!" exclaimed Master Tan. "I'll get my folks deer' milk!" The
next morning, dressed in a deer's skin, with head, tail and fur, Tan Dz set
off for the mountain meadow, bucket in hand. When the young deer ran, Tan
Dz ran beside them. When they grazed, he stood and grazed. When they came
to the does for milk, Tan Dz nursed too, only the milk went into his bucket,
not into his stomach.
When the day was over, Tan Dz carefully walked back down the mountain,
carrying a full bucket of milk, delighted with the success of his plan. His
parents were overjoyed to have deer' milk to drink, and praised their clever,
considerate, and resourceful boy. The next day, Young Master Tan returned
to the meadow and again played with the fawns, and again returned home at
sunset with a bucket of milk. So it continued for weeks, and his parents
began to recover their sight, thanks to their filial son's dutiful sacrifice
on the mountainside.
One day as Tan Dz was playing amid the young deer, the herd leaders
suddenly bleated, picked up their white tails, and ran for the trees. The
herd followed in fear, leaving Tan Dz alone in the middle of the meadow. He
looked towards the path and saw why the deer had fled. A fierce-looking
hunter, bow in hand, stood in the shade, prepared to shoot some venison.
Arrows began to zip past Tan Dz's ears, their deadly whistle much too
close for comfort. The boy quickly stood up, threw back his deer-skin cloak
and loudly shouted, "I'm a person, not a deer. Don't shoot !"
The hunter was shocked. "Hey, Boy, what are you doing here in the woods! I
nearly killed you! Why are you dressed up like that?"
Tan Dz answered, "My parents are sick and need deer's milk to drink
in order to recover. I come here to milk the does, disguised as a deer."
Deeply impressed, the hunter said softly, "You are certainly a rare child,
to go to so much trouble for your parents. But this is dangerous! If you
had waited one minute longer to reveal your identity, I would have shot you
down. Be more careful in the future!"
After this warning, the hunter escorted Young Master Tan safely out
of the forest and back home.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Eight
Laboring For His Mother: Jiang Ge
During the Later Han Dynasty, a filial son named Jyang Ge supported his
widowed mother. As his father had passed on years ago, the son and mother
got along as best they could. Bandit gangs roamed the countryside nearby,
and Jyang Ge resolved to take his mother to safety, far from the chaos and
trouble of his home. Having no cart or horse, the young man simply carried
his mother on his back along the highway, escaping the onslaught of the brigands.
As luck would have it they promptly ran into first one, then another group
of rebels. When the leaders demanded that Jyang Ge join their number, the
young filial son knelt down and pleaded for mercy, crying, "If I run off
with you, my old mother will starve. She needs me to take care of her; please
let us travel on in peace. "
Touched by his sincere plea, the bandits would always let them go.
Traveling in this way, the two eventually reached the county of Sya Bi in
Jyang Su province. They had spent all their money, and their clothing had
grown tattered and torn beyond repair. Lacking relatives in Jyang Su to support
them, mother and son could only fashion a lean-to of grass and camp out with
the other refugees from the civil war to the North.
Jyang Ge would go out each morning in search of odd jobs. Whatever bits
of cash he earned would go to supporting his mother in the style she was
accustomed to before her husband had passed on. Jyang Ge wore ragged clothes
and went barefoot, he are wild greens and broken rice himself, but the clothing
and food he provided for his mother was the finest he could afford. He was
not the least bit remiss in the care of his mother. Their neighbors praised
his selflessness in service to his mother, and urged him to relax the ascetic
hardship he imposed upon himself. Jyang Ge would only smile, and say, "A
son's duty is to care for his parents."
At long last he found a secure, salary-paying job that promised a comfortable
living for his mother. Peace had returned to their home-land by this time,
and his mother wished to return. The ride in a horse-drawn cart would have
proved too strenuous for her, so Jyang Ge passed over the good job that could
have brought him a luxurious life. Instead he found a sturdy cart, settled
his mother comfortably within, and pulled it himself all the way back home.
Good people all along the way praised his devotion as a genuine model of
filial compliance.
A verse in his praise says,
In the Later Han period, a young boy of only six years old showed a deep
filial regard for his mother. He traveled with his father to visit the Chief
Minister of Nan Yang, named Yawn Hs. Elder Yawn Hs saw how precocious the
young boy was, and ordered his butler to bring a dish of oranges to offer
to young Lu Ji.
The boy saw the delicious, large fruit, and immediately ate two . He waited
until nobody was looking, and secreted three oranges away in the sleeve of
his robe. When it was time to say good-bye, along with his father, little
Lu Ji raised his hands up in salute. Unexpectedly, the three oranges came
rolling out, and fell to the floor in front of Lu Ji.
Ywan Shu saw the oranges and laughed: "Little Brother, you're my guest
today. How come you stole your host's oranges?"
The little boy replied, "Pardon me, my mother likes oranges best of all.
Because we don't have any money, it's hard to provide oranges for her. Today
I enjoyed two of these ripe, sweet, oranges, and I could not resist taking
a few of them back for Mother. She likes them so much."
Minister Ywan Shu was impressed by the six-year-old's concern for his
mother's happiness. He told his staff to give the entire plate of fruit to
Lu Ji for his family.
A verse in his honor says:
Number Ten
Never Tiring Of Feeding Her Mother-in-law Milk: Lady Tang
In the Tang Dynasty, an official named Tswei Nan Shan, had in his family
the Grand Dame Jang Sun, Mr. Tswei's great-grandmother. She was quite elderly,
and had lost all her teeth, thus she could not chew even soft rice. Eating
was a big problem. Mr. Tswei's grandmother, the Lady Tang, realized the difficulty
her mother-in-law had in chewing food, and thus hit upon a solution to keep
the Grand Dame alive and in good health. The Lady Tang would wake up each
morning, perform her daily toilet of washing her face and combing her hair,
then she would enter her mother-in-law's chambers and proceed to feed her
breast-milk from her own body. The elderly matron had no trouble digesting
this nutriment, and thus thanks to her daughter-in-law, even though she could
not eat normal food, her body stayed strong and healthy.
One day she fell ill, and knowing that her life was about to reach
its natural end, she summoned all her generations of descendants into her
room and told them, "All these years I have been looked after by my daughter-in-law.
She has treated me most kindly, and I am deeply grateful to her. I only hope
that the wives of all my children and grandchildren will be as considerate
and proper in their filial devotion as she has been towards me."
When the family heard her final words, they were deeply impressed, and
ever after, used the Grand Dame Jang Sun's advice as the motto of the household.
The teaching was passed down and cherished through the many generations of
the Tswei family.
A verse in her honor says,
Number Eleven
Attracting Mosquitoes To Drink His Blood: Wu Meng
In the Chin Dynasty, a filial eight-year-old boy named Wu Meng served his
parents with devoted compliance. His family was extremely poor and could
not afford mosquito netting. On hot summer nights the mosquitoes would come
swarming in as thick as smoke. The little boy would remove his shirt and
let the insects land on his bare skin. He would watch then drink their fill
of his blood, and fly away; he wouldn't raise a hand to shoo them off, no
matter how painfully they stung him. Wu Meng wasn't an fool, why didn't he
brush the bugs away?
He knew that his parents had no netting at their bedside. If he drove
the mosquitoes away from his body, they would surely fly over and wake up
his mother and father with their stinging. So the devoted son simply let
the mosquitoes drink his blood instead.
So that his parents wouldn't know about his sacrifice and demand that
he stop, the boy would wake up earlier than they, slip his shirt over his
swollen torso, and return to his own bed. But one morning, being tired from
loss of sleep, he forgot to wake up and pull on his shirt. His father arose
and found his son asleep by his bed. He looked at the boy' s pathetic,
mosquito-bitten skin that was covered with red welts, and understood immediately
what Wu Meng had done. Mr. Wu woke up his wife and told her the story. The
two parents, deeply moved by their son's unselfish concern for them, began
to cry. They were so touched, their sounds of sobbing could be heard by the
neighbors. From all sides the neighbors gathered to investigate the matter,
and learned about Wu Meng's sacrifice on behalf of hi s parents.
Everyone thought that the boy's attitude of filial respect was most
remarkable, especially for one only eight years old. Someone reported the
incident to the local magistrate, who wrote a memorandum to the Dragon Throne,
to inform the imperial court. The matter thus came to the attention of the
Emperor, who rewarded Wu Meng with a scholarship to the academy. Further,
he gave the family a set of mosquito nets and a stipend, so that they never
again lacked the necessities of life.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Twelve
Lying Down On The Ice to Fetch Carp For His Stepmother: Wang Syang
During the Jin Dynasty, a young boy named Wang Syang (Wang the Lucky) lost
his mother to illness. His father took another wife so that the boy would
have maternal care. His stepmother, however, was a bad-tempered, evil-natured
woman, who took a dislike to her stepson, and often berated him in front
of his father. This went on incessantly, and eventually, she managed to turn
Lucky Wang's father against the boy. Despite this hardship, Lucky Wang remained
devoted in his filial regard for them both.
One winter it was unusually cold, and snow fell for many days. The
snow piled up on all sides of the house, and the small creek nearby froze
solid with ice. The severe weather forced the family indoors, and all the
animals found shelter wherever they could. The world outdoors was a broad
blanket of white.
Wang Syang's stepmother took sick. She craved medicine, and her thoughts fixed
on the image of fresh fish. She demanded fresh carp as medicine to cure her
illness. As it was still snowing, and everywhere the rivers had long since
frozen solid, where could fresh fish be found? Lucky Wang was a dutiful son,
however, and could not bear seeing his parents unhappy.
He forced his way out into the cold and walked to the creek side to
see what he could do. The snow was piled deep, and the boy shivered in the
cold. He looked and looked, but found no access to running water. Tired and
disappointed, he sat down on the ice and lamented his failure to find fish
to cure his mother. Having no way to solve the problem, he simply let his
tears flow.
An idea came to him as he cried, and having no recourse, in his desperation,
he removed his coat and shirt, and lay down on the ice amid his hot tears.
The more he cried, the more upset he got. The more upset he got, the more
his tears flowed. Before long, his body heat and the rapidly expanding puddle
of tears melted a hole in the ice. Two carp that had been frozen into the
river-water suddenly leaped up out of the crack in the ice and flapped onto
the bank. Amazed and delighted, Wang Syang scooped them up and carried them
home to his ailing mother.
Seeing the two live fish, Wang Syang's stepmother felt thoroughly ashamed
of her selfishness. Afterwards, she changed her attitude towards her stepson,
and became a kind and caring person. Many people said that Wang Syang's response
came from his sincere filial devotion. His noble attitude moved Nature into
giving him a reward.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Thirteen
Burying His Son To Save His Mother: Gwo Jyu
Gwo Jyu, lived during the Han Dynasty with his wife, his aging mother,
and their three-year-old son. The household was extremely poor, and the four
of them often found it difficult to make ends meet. There was rarely enough
food to go around. The grandmother, being fond of the baby, would often take
her scanty portion of food and feed it to her grandson. She never got enough
nutrition and frequently went hungry. As the baby grew, the elderly woman's
health deteriorated, and before long, she fell sick.
Since Gwo Jyu could afford neither nutritious food nor medicine to
heal his mother, his heart felt great consternation. He discussed the situation
with his wife, saying, "We are unfilial children. We can't feed our mother
properly, and now she is sick! What are we going to do?" His wife had no
solution. Gwo Jyu couldn't sleep at night, wrestling with his problem. His
heart was agitated and upset.
In desperation, finally he resolved to part with his own son, in order
to serve his first allegiance, his mother, in proper fashion, during the
final days of her life. "Perhaps we can have more children in the future,"
he told his wife, "but mother in her old age deserves our best offerings
and care. Don't you agree?"
Gwo Jyu's wife, although she loved her infant son, was also a devoted
filial daughter. Nodding her head and weeping with grief, she agreed to go
along with the heart-rending solution to their problem. The two of them carried
the infant into the back yard, and with a planter's hoe, Gwo Jyu dug a hole
in the earth. Before he had dug down three feet, he heard a loud thunk! and
felt something solid beneath the hoe-blade. He dug more carefully, and unearthed
a sturdy metal chest.
Opening the cover, to their astonishment, they discovered a pile of
golden coins and silver bars, worth a king's ransom. "Oh, look!" the husband
and wife exclaimed. Written on top of the casket was a sentence: "A gift
to the filial son Gwo Jyu."
The couple took the fortune in gold to the local magistrate, but owing
to the inscription on the lid, and the unusual circumstances surrounding
its appearance, the government officials returned the money to the husband
and wife. Gwo Jyu promptly found a doctor and medicine for his mother, and
was able to keep his son alive. The family ever after had sufficient supply
of life's necessities and enjoyed the blessings due to filial children.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Fourteen
Wrestling With A Tiger To Save His Father: Yang Syang
In the time of the Jin Dynasty, a boy of fourteen years, named Yang Syang
used to follow his father to work in the fields each day. One morning as
they climbed down to the paddies to harvest rice, from out of nowhere a large,
striped tiger appeared before them. The tiger scooped up Yang Syang's father
in its mouth and headed back to the forest.
"Save me! Save me!" cried the boy's father.
Hearing his pathetic wails, Yang Syang anxiously looked for his Father.
He saw the big cat carrying the old man away. With no thought but to rescue
his father from mortal danger, and completely forgetting about his own safety,
the boy ran headlong after the tiger. He leapt up on the tiger' s back and
using every ounce of strength, he choked the animal tightly by the throat..
Throttled in a death-grip by Yang Syang, the tiger fought for its breath.
He had to drop the man he carried in his fangs. Frightened by the ferocity
of the young boy's attack, the tiger put its tail between its legs and ran
for its life.
Saved from death's door, Yang Syang's father was in shock, but otherwise
unhurt. Yang Syang watched the tiger disappear into the forest, and then
carried his father back home to recover. When news of the incident reached
the neighbors, they heaped praise on the boy, calling him a heroic, filial
A verse in his praise says,
Number Fifteen
Resigning Office to Search For His Mother: Ju Shou Chang
A man of the Sung Dynasty named Ju Shou Chang lost his mother at age seven
in this way: His mother was a concubine, and his father's first wife, consumed
by jealousy over the concubine's favor with her husband, drove the woman
out of the house, thereby cutting off contact between Shou Chang and his
mother. The boy went to live with his father and step-mother from age seven
Ju Shou Chang grew up and served the Sung Dynasty's "Celestial Ruler"
(Shen Dzung) as an official. Suddenly one day he felt an overwhelming impulse
to find his real mother and take care of her in proper style. This impulse
continued to grow, until he had to quit his post in the civil service and
set off in search of her. His filial quest lead him through torrential rains
and gale winds, as he traveled on, asking everybody he met for news of his
mother. Although he found no trace of her, meeting nothing but mis-information
or ignorance, the young man never gave up hope, but only deepened the sincerity
of his single-minded quest.
One day a man told him that his mother lived nearby, in Tung Jou, on
the banks of the Unity River in modern-day Shan Xi province. Delighted with
the news, Shou Chang hurried on to Unity River, and arrived after enduring
great toil and suffering. Having traveled so fast, he fainted by the roadside
near the outskirts of town. A crowd soon gathered, and someone handed the
man a cup of ginger tea, to revive him. The townspeople asked, Where are
you from?" "What is your business that you overexerted this way?"
He told the whole story to the crowd, and related all that he had experienced
in search of his mother. From the midst of the throng stepped an old woman.
"You are my son! I haven't seen you for fifty years!" cried the lady,
her voice choked with tears of joy. The weary traveler, having realized his
heart's desire, happily embraced his mother and shortly thereafter, took
her home to care for her properly.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Sixteen
With Deep Concern, Tasting His Father's Stool: Yu Jin Lou
Jin Lou lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties,
in the country of Chi. He rose to office and served as the governor of Jyan
Ling for only ten days, when for no apparent reason, as he worked in the
capital, he broke out in a cold sweat, and his heart palpitated, and would
not stop.
"Do you suppose there is a problem at home?" he wondered. Being devoted
son, the duties at home always sat foremost on his mind. Immediately he resigned
his office and hurried home. After arriving he discovered that as he had
feared, his father had suddenly been stricken with a strange illness that
the doctors could not diagnose.
"If you want to know your father's prognosis and chances of recovering, you
must test his stool. If it is sweet-tasting, then the malady is serious, and
chronic. If it tastes bitter, then the problem is acute, and short-term,"
said the doctor. Lacking any sophisticated testing procedure, the physician
advised Yu Jin-lou that he would have to taste the old man's excrement to
determine whether he could quickly recover from the disease. Jin-lou promptly
sampled the stool and to his dismay, found it sweet-tasting.
That night, in desperation, he lit a stick of incense and knelt before
the family alter, and prayed to Polaris, the Pole Star. "If my father an
recover his health, I will offer up my life in exchange for his. Take me
and let him live," he vowed.
After news of Yu Jin-lou's courageous oath got around, the family and neighbors
all praised him as a truly extraordinary, filial child.
A verse in his honor says:
Number Seventeen
Costumes and Pranks To Amuse His Parents: Lao Lai-dz
During the Spring and Autumn period there lived a filial son named Old
Master Lai (Lao Lai Dz). From his youth he had always been most respectful
and obedient towards his parents. He obeyed their wishes, and even took special
care of their innermost thoughts, so concerned was his heart in serving them
as a dutiful son. At age seventy he still earnestly made offerings to the
elderly couple, who had reached such a lengthy life span due to his filial
devotion. He kept them warm in winter, cool in summer, and fed them soft
foods, that were easy to digest in their toothless mouths.
Old Master Lai, wanting to keep his parents' spirits high, never mentioned
the word "old" in their hearing. When he overheard the old friends lamenting
one day, "Look at our son, he's already in his dotage! Surely our own days
must be drawing to a close!", his heart could not endure the helpless feelings
that arose. "I must find a way to lighten their hearts!" he vowed. Determined
to keep his parents from lamenting over their increasing years, he hit upon
a plan.
Old Master Lai dressed up in the costume of a young child at the circus,
or imitate the walk and manner of a mischievous boy at play. He would paint
on comic opera make-up and carry a flower drum, horse-playing and cutting
comic antics in front of his delighted parents' eyes.
To tickle their funny-bone he would take a toy in hand and mimic a
child's nonsense prattle, singing and dancing, and falling in a heap. Sometimes
he would carry a pole into the sitting room that balanced two full
buckets of water. Singing a silly tune he would trip up on purpose, sending
water showering over the floor and soaking his foolish-looking wig and face-powder.
His ridiculous show never failed to send the old folks into gales of laughter.
Playing the fool always dispelled his elders' periods of melancholy, and
made them happy for days. Even though he was not a youngster, he was able
to dutifully care for the physical health and mental well-being of his seniors.
This was his first priority in life.
Lao Lai Dz's filial devotion impressed all who heard of it, and he
received unreserved praise as an unusual example of perfect respect and proper
affect ion.
A verse in his honor says,
Number Eighteen
Picking Mulberries For His Mother: Tsai Shen
During the Han Dynasty, there lived a devoted son named Tsai Shen, whose
father passed away when the boy was quite young. He and his mother relied
on each other to survive the days and years. Wang Mang had just usurped the
throne at that time, and the entire country was in great commotion, suffering
a famine, a drought, and a civil war in progress all at once. The people
suffered from these dire calamities, many families starved, and those who
could manage to do so, were forced into the fields to forage wild plants
and roots for food. Often, decent men turned to banditry and robbery, just
to pass this time of hardship. The roads were infested with gangs of thieves;
the forests were havens for the homeless and the desperate.
One day Tsai Shun took two wicker baskets out into the woods to gather
mulberries for his mother. Beneath the trees he ran into two wicked looking
robbers. They were carrying long sharp swords and their faces were cruel
and dark.
"Hey kid, don't you want to live? How do you dare invade the big Boss's
territory?" shouted the biggest of the bandits. Little Tsai Shun was scared
The smaller bandit looked closely at the boy's work, planning to eat anything
of value. "Child, why are you tossing that fruit into two baskets?"
Tsai Shun answered in a trembling voice: "The black mulberries are
riper and sweeter. I give those to my mother. The red ones are not ripe,
but sour. Those I eat myself, sir. I hope you two gentlemen will not kill
me or else my mother won't have anybody to look after her."
The boy's earnest simplicity and honest answer touched the two thugs'
heart of compassion. Remembering their own parents' suffering, they decided
not to harm Tsai Shun. Instead they supplied him with food and drink, and
released him back to his mother.
A verse in his praise says:
During the Han Dynasty, a nine-year-old boy named Hwang Syang became
famous as a model of filial service to his father. His mother had just died,
and the young boy noticed that his father was wasting away with grief and
loneliness. He resolved to make it his business to cheer up his father.
After making that decision, there was no job in the house too troublesome
for him, and he performed his chores with vigorous, positive energy. His
only concern was to spare his father worry and anxiety. While the elder Hwang
read by the light of a candle, Hwang Syang, in the sticky heat of the summer's
evening would fan the pillows, so that they would be cool when his father
went to sleep.
In wintertime, when the freezing winds and drifting snow turned the
world to ice, the little boy would first hop into his father's bed to warm
up the blankets. Then he would call his father in to come sleep in the cozy
nest he had made.
Mr. Hwang was deeply touched by his son's considerate treatment, and his
mind was greatly calmed. To have such a rare person as his son, who spared
no details in serving as a dutiful child, was certainly a blessing. The story
of Hwang Syang's behavior spread far and wide. Eventually his reputation
as an exemplary filial son reached everyone in the land. "There's no one
to- compare with Hwang Syang anywhere", was a verse that could be heard throughout
The magistrate of Jyang Sya, named Lyou Hu heard of a nine-year-old
filial child in his district who understood the principles of filial respect,
and made a special petition to the Imperial Court for recognition of Hwang
Syang. How glorious and noteworthy was Hwang Syang's filial regard!
A verse in his honor says,
Jyang Shr was a filial son who lived during China's Han Dynasty. He and
his wife were both devoted to serving his aged mother. The elder woman had
a curious habit in that she didn't like to drink well-water. She preferred
river-water, because the rapid current of the river produced cleaner water,
and the flavor was much improved over well-water.
The nearest river was over six, miles from the family home. Jyang Shr's
wife volunteered to travel the distance every day with bucket in hand to
carry back fresh river-water for her mother-in-law. No one ever heard her
complain of the trouble involved; she was glad to serve the mother of her
Jyang Shr's mother also enjoyed eating fresh fish. On order to comply
with her wishes, the husband and wife would bring back fresh fish from the
river as well, and then prepare it the way she liked it. Further, they would
invite in all the elderly women from the neighborhood to enjoy the meal,
so that their mother would have company with her dinner.
The two filial children passed many years in this way, and they never
expressed dislike or resentment over the toil. One day a spring gushed up
right behind the house, and its flavor was just like that of running river-water.
Strange as it may seem, two carp would leap out of the spring each day, as
if waiting for Jyang Shr's wife to gather them in for the meal. Ever after,
the couple did not have to travel so far to serve their mother, and without
as much tiring effort, they could still bring her river-water and fresh fish.
A verse in their honor says,
Number Twenty-one
Crying By the Grave When Thunder Rolled: Wang Pou
Wang Pou (Wang Wei-ywan) was a filial son who lived during the Three Kingdoms
Period. His mother dreaded the sound of thunder-claps. Every time the sky
filled with dark clouds and rain was on the way, Wang Pou would run to his
mother's side to comfort her and to calm her fears. If her son was not at
her side, the old woman felt unbearable alarm.
After his mother passed on, Wang Pou buried her in a neighboring graveyard.
Even though the old lady was no longer alive, every time a storm approached,
and it appeared that lightning was coming, he would run to the graveside
and kneel by his mother's tombstone with tears running down his cheeks. "Don't
cry Mother, your son is nearby!", he would call, just as if his mother was
alive. As long as the storm lasted, the man remained near the grave, circling
around it countless times, to protect his mother's spirits and keep her from
Later when he taught school, every time he read a passage that mentioned
the emotion felt by devoted sons and daughters for their departed parents,
Wang Pou's own feelings would overflow, and he would cry with deep longing.
Seeing this behavior, his students would carefully remove any texts that
talked about the tender feelings of children for their parents. Wang Pou
always emphasized in his lessons the necessity of repaying the kindness of
one's parents while they are still alive. He was considered a model of filial
behavior, and his constant regard for his departed mother moved the hearts
of all those who witnessed it.
A verse in his honor says:
Number Twenty-two
Serving Wooden Statues Of His Parents: Ding Lan
During the Han Dynasty a young man named Ding Lan lost both his parents
at an early age, before he knew how to serve them properly. After growing
to adulthood, he longed to pay proper filial regard to mother and father,
but as they had left the world, he could not get his wish. He hit upon a
plan that would allow him to fulfill his filial duties: he gave a large piece
of fine-quality wood to a craftsman and asked him to carve it into the images
of his parents. The artisan fashioned two statues that satisfactorily captured
the likeness of Ting's mother and father.
When the images were done, Ding Lan reverently placed them in the living-room
altar. Every day, morning and evening without fail, he would offer up incense,
bow, and ask after the well-being of the statues. After he married, Ding
Lan would lead his wife before the altar twice each day and perform the same
ceremony of offerings to his departed elders.
His wife grew weary of the tedious ritual, and one day, out of boredom,
when Ding Lan was not home, pricked the hand of one of the small wooden carvings,
just to play a joke. Who could have guessed that the statue's hand would
bleed! The sight of real blood dripping from the image on the altar
frightened his wife out of her wits.
Ding Lan returned home and bowed before the images as usual, and noticed
the eyes of one of the statues were filled with tears. Marveling at this
state, he looked closer and saw a trickle of blood running down the tiny
hand. He demanded an explanation from his wife. She shamefully admitted her
little joke, and how she had pricked the statue's hand with a needle. Ding
Lan blew up in anger, and calling his wife an unfilial wretch, he threw her
out of the house and, got a divorce!
A verse in his honor says,
Number Twenty-three
Tears That Brought Bamboo-shoots From the Frozen Earth: Meng Dzung
Meng Dzung lived during the Three Kingdoms Period of China's past. His
father died when he was young, and he and his mother struggled to survive.
One winter his mother was stricken with a serious illness, and craved some
bamboo-shoot broth as medicine. But in the depths of winter, with snow and
ice blanketing the ground, where was anyone to find fresh bamboo shoots, shoots
that emerge only in the warm months? Nonetheless, Meng Dzung, to avoid disappointing
his mother, bravely fetched his shovel and went out into the white landscape
in search of bamboo shoots.
In the thicket he found only frosted leaves and green stalks coated with
snowflakes and ice. Look as he might, there were simply no fresh shoots growing
in the winter. The thought of his poor mother lying sick on her
bed, waiting for bamboo-broth medicine, made his heart ache. Uncontrollably,
tears began to fall in rivers to the ground beneath the tall, emerald canes.
Even now, as his tears flowed down, he kept a light of faith in his heart.
If he was truly sincere in his search, perhaps ....
Just then Meng Dzung nearly tripped and fell over a sharply protruding
lump of earth. He quickly knelt down and knocked aside the dirt with his trembling
fingers. How uncanny! Underneath his frozen hands he discovered a bed of
fresh, tender bamboo shoots! Overjoyed, he gathered up a coatful and carried
them back home. The broth that he quickly set stewing in the pot soon cured
his mother's illness.
The neighbors, hearing the story, exclaimed that it was the strength
of his sincere, unselfish, filial resolve that inspired heaven and earth to
respond, and to bring up, out of season, the fresh shoots that cured his
mother's disease.
Before Meng Dzung's prayers generated this miracle, it was normally considered
impossible for bamboo shoots to grow in the winter. After the miracle took
place, however, people were able to gather and to eat bamboo shoots all year
round. The winter variety that existed hereafter became known as "winter
The villagers were deeply influenced by Meng Dzung's courage and devotion.
They renamed the spot where the event took place, "Meng Dzung's Bamboo Grove".
We can now enjoy bamboo sprouts during the winter as well, and as we do so,
it is fitting to recollect Meng Dzung's outstanding example of filial respect,
and reflect on our conduct as sons and daughter of our parents.
A verse in his honor says,
Hwang Tyng-jyan was a well-known calligrapher, poet, and filial son who
lived during the Sung Dynasty. His pseudonym was Hwang Shan-gu. As a man
of letters, his fame was well-established during his life-time. No matter
the style of poetry, essays, or calligraphy, his work met with popular acclaim.
Su Tung-po was his colleague, and the two men were known as "The Poets Su
and Hwang."
During the Ywan-you reign period of the Sung Je Dzung Emperor,
Hwang Ting-jyan served China as "Chief Historian'.' His duty was to chronicle
the astronomical events of the period, and to regulate the calendars of the
Empire. Despite his high status, he was not arrogant, or haughty. His nature,
on the contrary, was respectful and compliant, especially in his filial regard
for his mother. Although he had a houseful of servants, when it came to serving
his mother, regardless of the chore, he insisted on performing it himself.
He never required a servant or family staff person to wait on his mother.
Every night he personally scrubbed out the chamber-pot his mother had used
during the previous day.
His reason for seeing to this business himself was that since parents
raise children to adulthood, sparing no efforts in accomplishing this difficult
and often troublesome task, the children in turn, by rights should personally
see to the care of their parents . They should not pass the job on to others.
A verse in his honor says;
This edition has been compiled from the following sources:
Chen Ze-ming Ed., Di Zi Guei, World Publishing Co., Taipei,
Su Hwa, ed., Stories of the 24 Paragons of Filial Respect, Culture Library
Publishing Co, Taipei, 1974.
Wang Mian-san, ed., The 24 Paragons Illustrated, Rui Ch'eng Publishing Co.,


text:
Here's a list of problems people have reported in
ANSI Common Lisp
. I haven't checked them all yet. The ones that say caught I have checked, the ones that say reported I haven't.
p. 34. I should have said that our-equal works for "lists of symbols," rather than just "lists". Caught by Bill Stratford.
p. 46. Richard Fateman points out that the best way to check for palindromes is simply (equal x (reverse x)).
p. 57. To solve problem 3.6(b) you need to use a rest parameter, which is not introduced until p. 102. Caught by Ricardo Ferreira de Oliveira.
p. 57. Problem 3.9 should say the longest path with no duplicates.
p. 60. The version of bin-search in figure 4.1 blows up if you give it an obj which is smaller than the smallest element in vec. Reported by Richard Green.
p. 71. The definition of bst-remove is
. Sorry about that! It and bst-delete have been corrected in the
source code
. Caught by Chris Stover.
p. 80. In exercise 4.5, the definition of bst-adjoin is identical to the functionality of the already written bst-insert. Reported by Richard Green.
p. 97. In exercise 5.4, num-month should be month-num. Caught by David Sletten.
p. 120. "there should be single line" should have an "a" in it. Caught by Marcel Molina Jr.
p. 165. In the definition of quicksort, > should be >= on lines 12 and 13. Reported by Jed Crosby.
p. 177. Pierpaolo Bernardi reports that bubble sort should be selection sort.
p. 203. The definition of bst-delete is broken. See note on p. 71.
p. 204. In the last full paragraph, "rest field" should be "next field". Caught by Adam Langley.
p. 317. The template for cond has an extra set of parentheses. It should be (cond (test expression*)*). Caught by Adam Jacobs.
p. 338 The :read-only-p defstruct slot option should be :read-only. Caught by Laurent Peron.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Since this autumn is a season of celebration, with 40th anniversary of Ursula K. Le Guin's "The Left Hand of Darkness" and 25th anniversary of David Gemmell's "Legend", here is a cover art for a novel by the same David Gemmell. This is the cover artwork for the French edition of "White Wolf", a novel in the same Drenai series that celebrates the 25th anniversary from its first novel release. The novel was released on 15th of September by Bragelonne and benefits from yet another amazing artwork, in the line with which Bragelonne accustomed me with. The artist of this wonderful artwork is Didier Graffet.
Saturday, October 3, 2009
2 comments:
- Adele said...
likes it! I picked up the anniversary edition of legend today.
- October 3, 2009 at 9:07 PM
- Mihai A. said...
I like it a lot :) I ordered the anniversary edition too.
- October 5, 2009 at 1:18 PM
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text:
Digital Download
This apostrophes grammar challenge is a new and fun way to engage your students and improve their understanding of apostrophe rules using an escape room style challenge. The resource includes everything you need to teach, assess, and practice apostrophes with your students.
This is a Google-compatible resource and students complete all the work on the computer. This works well with distance learning, 1:1 classrooms, remote teaching, Google Classroom, Google Drive or for online education.
Included in your purchase:
- A pre-assessment quiz in Google Forms (self-grading)
- An original narrative backstory that puts students within the story and sets up the challenge
- A Google Slides presentation to guide the lesson and activity with instructional slides, activity prompts, the narrative story text, story conclusion slides, and an answer keys for review
- An interactive, digital, paperless challenge in Google Slides format
- A link to a password-protected file where students can check their own answer
How it works:
- Start by assigning the self-grading quiz to check your students' understanding of the topic before you begin.
- Use the Google Slides presentation to guide you through each element of the lesson and activity. The slides will help you teach the grammar concept, introduce the story and challenge, and review the answers.
- Read the narrative story as a class to hook students and introduce the challenge.
- Once you have completed the quiz, taught the grammar concept, and read the story, students are ready to try the digital challenge!
- Within the digital challenge, a link is included to a password-protected answer document where students can check their answer. If they are correct, the conclusion slides will appear to complete the story! These slides are also found in your presentation for you to read as a class when the challenge is over.
- Want to check to see if your students' understanding of the concept has improved? Assign the pre-assessment quiz again after they have completed the challenge to see if they have improved.
© Presto Plans © Limitless Lessons


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Pink, Selena Gomez + More Share Their Support and Donations For Australia Amid Devastating Fires
Celebrities have been sharing their love and support of Australia during the devastating bushfires that have already destroyed over 14 million acres of land.
Pink shared resources for fans wishing to donate to one of the numerous causes that benefit the land, wildlife and people of Australia. The singer even pledged a donation of $500,000 to the local fire services that are "battling so hard on the frontlines."
Selena Gomez tweeted a news article for fans to see the real devastation caused by the fires. The 27-year-old also revealed that she donated to the cause and urged fans to do so as well.
Kacey Musgraves asked social media how she can help and shared some of the standout organizations that are supporting the country during their time of crisis.
Australian native Rebel Wilson shared a sweet photo of her with a koala while promoting the Featherdale Wildlife park who is rescuing wild animals from the fires.
Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo has treated over 90,000 animals during this difficult time with their mobile rescue unit and wildlife hospital.
See celebrities' social media posts of support, below.


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LineQuest, err Comic-Con Report
Having now been to my first Comic-con International conference in San Diego, I have come up with a new official T-shirt for the event. It will say on the front, "What is this line for?"
That was the question on everyone's lips. No matter where you went, either in the exhibit hall or in the meeting room area or outside, there were lines everywhere. There were lines for giveaways. There were lines to get in rooms. There were lines for autographs. There were even lines to get tickets to have a preferential place in a line later. One line, for the largest theater that had the hottest programming, was over a mile and a quarter long, with people lined up overnight to get in. There were so many lines it was often unclear what lines were for. Five people could likely start a line randomly by simply standing in line at some random spot and people would start getting in behind them.
I have decided that the origin of the word Comic-Con is not actually from Comic-Convention but in fact is actually a corruption of COMECON. It is an organization that has embraced the old Soviet economy with both arms. It has bent over backwards to absolutely ensure that no allocation of scarce resources will be based on price -- thus the incredibly complicated process for even obtaining a ticket to the event in the first place. So all goods are free (or in the case of a 4-day ticket, very inexpensive) and allocation of scarce resources is entirely by queue.
A one-day pass to see the exhibit hall and people-watch the Cosplay is well worth the price, both in money and more importantly in time. My son and I had a great time. But any attempt to enjoy any of the programming content will require at least 1 hour of line-standing for every 1 hour of program time. And if the program has any recognizable person's name in it, or if the title includes the words "Star Wars, Star Trek, or Firefly", then you can count on at least 3 hours of waiting for every one hour of programming.
As an example, my son and I showed up 1-1/2 hours early for an afternoon program called something like "Star Wars vs. Firefly." We were about 50th in a line that eventually ran to about 600 people. We thought we were in good shape. Foolish mortals. It turns out people showed up at 7 and 8 in the morning for the first program of the day in that room, and then never left, solely to get to the 1:30 Star Wars/Firefly program. None of us in line outside the door at 1:30 got in.
I am not going to argue resource allocation methodologies here -- this is a private event and they are welcome to do it any way they wish. And since their target audience tends to be young and perhaps under-employed, then I can see how an allocation methodology based on investing one's time rather than money would be appealing to that audience. Again, a day at the trade show and people watching the Cosplay is worth it. As for the rest, if you are someone who will wait in line an hour to save 10 cents on gas, you will probably love it. If you are someone who thought the FastPass system was the greatest thing ever implemented by Disney, they you should likely give the programming a miss.
A few other notes:
- One of the shorter lines was for autographs from Stan Lee, which goes to show how far Comic-Con has evolved from its roots
- Building on the previous observation, I saw only one or two booths on the entire (huge) exhibit floor actually selling vintage comic books
- The Cosplay is everywhere but the best place to see it is just outside the hall where the photographers are taking pictures of folks coming in. This is one area Comic-Con is really missing an opportunity. If I were them I would create a red carpet ala the Oscars for Cosplayers to come in and everyone else to watch. Put in some grandstands and big screens, maybe even with live commentary or voting
- The masquerade is very miss-able. A costume competition but it is run in a tedious manner and the Cosplay on the exhibit floor is better.
- Fortunately I have a lot of nerds in my clan so I came away with good gifts. My son got an autographed Summer Glau photo, my daughter an autographed Benedict Cumberbatch photo, and my niece an autograph of the most current Doctor Who (sorry, my first Doctor was Tom Baker and I can't keep track of the new ones). My son also scored a Disney Princess calendar drawn in that, ahem, fantasy style made famous in publications like Heavy Metal. It is sure to horrify my wife and daughter, which I assume was half the point.


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The use of cocaine dropped sharply across the United States from 2006 to 2010, while the amount of marijuana consumed increased significantly during the same period, according to a new report.
Studying illegal drug use nationally from 2000 to 2010, researchers found the amount of marijuana consumed by Americans increased by more than 30 percent from 2006 to 2010, while cocaine consumption fell by about half. Meanwhile, heroin use was fairly stable throughout the decade.
Methamphetamine consumption dramatically increased during the first half of the decade and then declined, but researchers did not have enough information to make a credible estimate of the drug's use from 2008 to 2010.
The findings come from a report compiled for the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy by researchers affiliated with the RAND Drug Policy Research Center.
"Having credible estimates of the number of heavy drug users and how much they spend is critical for evaluating policies, making decisions about treatment funding and understanding the drug revenues going to criminal organizations," said Beau Kilmer, the study's lead author and co-director of the RAND Drug Policy Research Center. "This work synthesizes information from many sources to present the best estimates to date for illicit drug consumption and spending in the United States."
Because the project only generated estimates through 2010, researchers say the report does not address the recent reported spike in heroin use or the consequences of marijuana legalization in Colorado and Washington. The report also does not try to explain the causes behind changes in drug use or evaluate the effectiveness of drug control strategies.
The study, published on the website of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, provides estimates of the amount of cocaine, heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine used each year from 2000 to 2010. The study includes estimates of retail spending on illicit drugs and the number of chronic users, who account for a majority of drug consumption.
Researchers say that drug users in the United States spent on the order of $100 billion annually on cocaine, heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine throughout the decade. While the amount remained stable from 2000 to 2010, the spending shifted. While much more was spent on cocaine than on marijuana in 2000, the opposite was true by 2010.
"Our analysis shows that Americans likely spent more than one trillion dollars on cocaine, heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine between 2000 and 2010," Kilmer said.
The surge in marijuana use appears to be related to an increase in the number of people who reported using the drug on a daily or near-daily basis.
The estimates for marijuana are rooted in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which surveys nearly 70,000 individuals each year. Estimates for cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine are largely based on information from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program, or ADAM. The final estimates also incorporated information from other data sources
However, since the federal government recently halted funding for ADAM, researchers say it will be considerably harder to track the abuse of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine in the future.
"The ADAM program provided unique insights about those who abused hard drugs and how much they spent on these substances," said Jonathan Caulkins, a study co-author and the Stever Professor of Operations Research and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University. "It's a tragedy that 2013 was the last year for ADAM. It is such an important data system for understanding drug problems."
To improve future estimates, the report recommends investments in programs like ADAM that collect detailed data from heavy users. It also recommends that federal agencies revise some of the questions on existing self-report surveys.


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text: RESOLVER(3) Linux Programmer's Manual RESOLVER(3) NAME res_init, res_query, res_search, res_querydomain, res_mkquery, res_send, dn_comp, dn_expand - resolver routines SYNOPSIS #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/nameser.h> #include <resolv.h> extern struct state _res; int res_init(void); int res_query(const char *dname, int class, int type, unsigned char *answer, int anslen); int res_search(const char *dname, int class, int type, unsigned char *answer, int anslen); int res_querydomain(const char *name, const char *domain, int class, int type, unsigned char *answer, int anslen); int res_mkquery(int op, const char *dname, int class, int type, char *data, int datalen, struct rrec *newrr, char *buf, int buflen); int res_send(const char *msg, int msglen, char *answer, int anslen); int dn_comp(unsigned char *exp_dn, unsigned char *comp_dn, int length, unsigned char **dnptrs, unsigned char *exp_dn, unsigned char **lastdnptr); int dn_expand(unsigned char *msg, unsigned char *eomorig, unsigned char *comp_dn, unsigned char *exp_dn, int length); DESCRIPTION These functions make queries to and interpret the responses from Inter- net domain name servers. The res_init() function reads the configuration files (see resolv+(8)) to get the default domain name, search order and name server address(es). If no server is given, the local host is tried. If no domain is given, that associated with the local host is used. It can be overridden with the environment variable LOCALDOMAIN. res_init() is normally executed by the first call to one of the other functions. The res_query() function queries the name server for the fully-quali- fied domain name name of specified type and class. The reply is left in the buffer answer of length anslen supplied by the caller. The res_search() function makes a query and waits for the response like res_query(), but in addition implements the default and search rules controlled by RES_DEFNAMES and RES_DNSRCH (see description of _res options below). The res_querydomain() function makes a query using res_query() on the concatenation of name and domain. The following functions are lower-level routines used by res_query(). The res_mkquery() function constructs a query message in buf of length buflen for the domain name dname. The query type op is usually QUERY, but can be any of the types defined in <arpa/nameser.h>. newrr is cur- rently unused. The res_send() function sends a pre-formatted query given in msg of length msglen and returns the answer in answer which is of length anslen. It will call res_init(), if it has not already been called. The dn_comp() function compresses the domain name exp_dn and stores it in the buffer comp_dn of length length. The compression uses an array of pointers dnptrs to previously compressed names in the current mes- sage. The first pointer points to the beginning of the message and the list ends with NULL. The limit of the array is specified by lastdnptr. if dnptr is NULL, domain names are not compressed. If lastdnptr is NULL, the list of labels is not updated. The dn_expand() function expands the compressed domain name comp_dn to a full domain name, which is placed in the buffer exp_dn of size length. The compressed name is contained in a query or reply message, and msg points to the beginning of the message. The resolver routines use global configuration and state information contained in the structure _res, which is defined in <resolv.h>. The only field that is normally manipulated by the user is _res.options. This field can contain the bitwise ``or'' of the following options: RES_INIT True if res_init() has been called. RES_DEBUG Print debugging messages. RES_AAONLY Accept authoritative answers only. res_send() continues until it fins an authoritative answer or returns an error. [Not cur- rently implemented]. RES_USEVC Use TCP connections for queries rather than UDP datagrams. RES_PRIMARY Query primary domain name server only. RES_IGNTC Ignore truncation errors. Don't retry with TCP. [Not currently implemented]. RES_RECURSE Set the recursion desired bit in queries. Recursion is carried out by the domain name server, not by res_send(). [Enabled by default]. RES_DEFNAMES If set, res_search() will append the default domain name to sin- gle component names, ie. those that do not contain a dot. [Enabled by default]. RES_STAYOPEN Used with RES_USEVC to keep the TCP connection open between queries. RES_DNSRCH If set, res_search() will search for host names in the current domain and in parent domains. This option is used by gethostbyname(3). [Enabled by default]. RETURN VALUE The res_init() function returns 0 on success, or -1 if an error occurs. The res_query(), res_search(), res_querydomain(), res_mkquery() and res_send() functions return the length of the response, or -1 if an error occurs. The dn_comp() and dn_expand() functions return the length of the com- pressed name, or -1 if an error occurs. FILES /etc/resolv.conf resolver configuration file /etc/host.conf resolver configuration file CONFORMING TO BSD 4.3 SEE ALSO gethostbyname(3), hostname(7), named(8), resolv+(8) BSD 1993-05-21 RESOLVER(3)


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Automatic Handicap Washroom Doors Operator Toronto
Automatic door openers for handicapped access
Disabled washroom systems
We install disabled washroom access systems and are pioneers in this area with market leading products. We also provide consultancy to our customers
Either manually or with 'assisted entry' the door must be shut before the 'touch to lock' sensor will function. This is achieved by the use of a door sense normally closed magnetic contact.
Operate the 'Touch to Lock – Touch to Open' sensor, the red LED changes to blue and the door will unlock and open automatically (if an operator is fitted).
Any civilization can be judged on how it treats its disadvantaged and sick. Toronto has quietly been beavering away to ensure the disabled can have unfettered access in public buildings. Automatic door openers for handicapped access will take this concept even further. Today the technology is available to many doors that only 10 years ago were unsuitable. The most common example of automated door openers can be found in high traffic commercial buildings such as shopping centres.
The commercial sector must by law make their building "disabled friendly" but what do you do is the building is heritage listed ? What if the building construction is of the type that makes it tricky to install a standard automatic door openers for handicapped access? Our answer is to install a after market door opener.
Best Brothers Group have a large range of automatic door openers for handicapped access. Free ingress or egress is freely available to the disabled once these are professionally installed. Most of the automatic door openers we install are in domestic dwellings. However we have seen a marked increase in the demand for commercial auto door openers in Toronto. They are being fitted to Washroom doors and even entry doors in smaller shops and businesses.
We can also incorporate access control readers as well. This will allow remote opening switches which allow the door to be opened from the security control room. All the auto door closers we install have a neutral function. In the event the power is interrupted the closer will go into passive mode. This ensures the door can still function and keep the door closed until the power is resumed.
With over 15 years in the security industry BBG are well provided and implement door closing and door opening devices in Toronto. All equipment and work we supply is covered either by the manufacturers warranty. Should you need use of our emergency after hours service we have a roster system in place which ensures there is a tech always available to help.
Products and Accessories for Automatic Doors
These include Swing and Sliding Door Operators
Swing Door Activation Sensors
Push Pads, Touch Pads & Barriers
Disabled Washroom Doors
and a range of popular accessories
Contact us today to discuss your requirements with industry leading experts and we will ensure that we meet your needs having given you all of the options best suited to what you require.
For advice and installation of disabled washroom systems, call the experts on…


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Part of the building just collapsed on the north facing side, more flames burst forward #yyj @VictoriaNews pic.twitter.com/i2aUWctFPe
— Nicole Crescenzi (@NicoleCrescenzi) May 6, 2019
One man is still unaccounted for in relation to the largest downtown Victoria fire that the city has seen in years.
Shortly after 5 a.m. the Victoria Fire Department responded to fire alarms going off in the 1400-block of Government Street before quickly realizing the fire was actually coming from the neighbouring building at 603 Pandora Ave.
The Plaza Hotel has been abandoned for years, but one caretaker occasionally lived in the building.
The Victoria Fire Department and the building's owners have not been able to verify if he was in the building or not.
"We've been reaching out all morning, but we haven't heard back from him," said Fire Chief Paul Bruce. "At this point we have been unable to locate him."
The Victoria Police Department is also trying to track the caretaker down.
Bruce said that after firefighters entered the building, they got up to the first three floors before realizing flames were coming from the basement and that they had to evacuate. The crew then took on defensive measures from the outside, spraying down the building and protecting adjacent structures.
The fire department does not believe anyone else was in the building, but wants to be certain in tracking down the caretaker. No injuries were reported.
One neighbour reported that the caretaker had been away for a few days, but this could not be confirmed.
READ MORE: Vigorous fire engulfs rear section of Victoria gas station
Buildings between Johnson Street and Pandora Avenue were evacuated; many of the occupants were short term renters through apps like Air BNB and VRBO.
The 600 block of Pandora is closed to traffic, as is the 1400 block of Government Street. It will remain closed for the near future. Bus routes in the area are affected.
READ MORE: Grass fire near Langford school under investigation
Deputy Fire Chief Dan Atkinson said it's believed the fire started in the basement. At this point there is no known cause of the fire, and it has not yet been determined if it's suspicious or not.
The City of Victoria issued an advisory that air quality in the area poor, and advised residents and visitors to stay a safe distance away.
Bruce advised that there's always a possibility of toxic chemicals hitting the air when there's fire, and that asbestos may have been present the building.
READ MORE: One woman confirmed dead following Esquimalt fire
Smoke is still pouring out. pic.twitter.com/ilYih7kd5G
— kendra crighton (@kendracrighton) May 6, 2019


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While in our previous issue we looked at the topic of PUBLIC, in the current issue we are looking at NETWORK. Both elements have been crucial in the recent events in North Africa and are unequivocally connected. While the power of people has been the engine of the protests, telecommunication networks have been critical for their coordination. And physical networks have been equally relevant, from the public plazas used for gathering to the internet data centers disconnected by the government to control the information. Much has been written about these events but it is especially interesting in an Andrew Blum's essay in The Atlantic1, 2 where he establishes and identifies the internet choke points, physical data centers strategically located around the world.
In this issue, we look at the topic of NETWORK through a series of contributions that explore the physical and virtual relationships that shape our lives. One of the goals of MAS Context is to organize events that generate a discussion coinciding with the topics of each journal. For the event related to this issue, my design office, MAS Studio, along with the Chicago Architectural Club, organized NETWORK RESET, an international design competition to rethink the Chicago Boulevard System. With proposals received from all over the world, inside this issue you will find the winning entries as well as the honorable mentions.
Continuing with the exploration of physical infrastructures of Chicago, Bruce G. Moffat uncovers the freight tunnels that lay beneath the Loop. Currently housing communications and high voltage electrical conduits or lying empty, during the firs half of the 20th Century they were a vital network for the city and the images from Bruce's collection are a testimony of it.
Designer Nick Axel looks at the city of Phoenix and proposes in his thesis a sprawling form superimposed over its landscape. A juxtaposing of distinct spatial ecologies that engenders a dynamic landscape of differentiation and localization.
Transportation networks have a constant presence in the city. They overlap, connect, divide, evolve and become obsolete. Photographers Marc Goodwin and Cecilia Galera document the everyday traces left during the winter by the cars, streetcars, pedestrians, skiers and boats in the city of Helsinki.
Architect Ioanna Angelidou looks into two key conditions in contemporary Japanese architecture, namely genealogy and mediation. The first is relevant to Japan's long tradition of hierarchy and apprenticeship. The second is relevant to its contact with Western culture through Modernism. The two of them together essentially constitute aspects of network and networking respectively.
Media and information are generating new opportunities based on networking. The work of Aaron Koblin, featured in our Information issue is a great example of the possibilities of this approach. In this issue, Ethel Baraona and Cesar Reyes from dpr-barcelona talk to Beatriz Colomina on the idea of blogs and on-line conversation as the little magazines of our time and they discuss if it is the new adequate forum to speculate on the future of architecture.
Our second conversation revolves around the idea of looking at the city through existing food networks. Sarah Rich and Nicola Twilley, founders of the Foodprint project, respond to my questions about built environments, physical networks, food behaviors, the role of design and if food can ultimately help reshape the new American city.
Architect Jesse LeCavalier explores two accounts of architecture understood and deployed as a network of connected buildings in pursuit of a territorial agenda. Looking at these two examples together helps to better understand the possibilities of architecture to operate in unison, beyond the envelope of any single building.
But this territorial network can work at different scales and contexts. This is the case of Dafen, a village on the outskirts of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. Through the essay by Jiang Jun, the diagrams by Underline Office, and the images of photographer Haibo Yu we understand the territorial strategy and building network of this town known for its replication of masterpieces and popular oil paintings.
And to start it all off, Paddy Harrington, creative director of Bruce Mau Design, opens the issue with his essay about the power of network. Our process to create MAS Context is based on that power. It is the way we collaborate with all contributors and the way we generate each issue. Let us be part of your network, connect with us.


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Decisions, decisions. The mere thought of a kitchen remodel may sound overwhelming. Should you reface or replace your cabinet doors? What type of kitchen flooring should you install? Do you prefer an open floor plan or a smaller, contained eat-in kitchen. No matter what you decide, there's so much to consider that it can be hard to know where to begin, especially with the seemingly endless options available.
With that being said, homeowners in Marshfield, NY are in luck. A local kitchen renovations company in Erie County can help you plan the smoothest, easiest kitchen remodel project. Reface America receives consistent positive customer reviews in Marshfield, NY and is highly rated with Angie's List, Better Business Bureau (BBB) and Google.
Reface America is Continually Performing Kitchen Renovations in Marshfield, NY, One Home at a Time
Reface America is a locally owned and operated business in Marshfield, NY.Reface America prides itself with a huge list of satisfied customers. The team strives to make the best kitchen renovations possible, while maintaining a professional yet friendly attitude.
Reface America enjoys the kitchen remodel business, and it shows with each kitchen remodel that gets finished. The skilled contractors from Reface America respect each home in Erie County as they treat their own homes.
Selecting a Style For Your Kitchen
When you turn the pages of a home decorating magazine, what types of kitchen designs catch your attention? Do you prefer a rustic, contemporary, craftsman or farmhouse style? Or perhaps you'd rather go in a classic, retro or industrial design direction. It's your dream kitchen so why not go for that Mediterranean, Scandinavian, mid-century modern or shabby chic style? Whatever your design, one thing is important. You need to convey your style or styles to the kitchen remodel company to ensure you are selecting consistent pieces to your kitchen renovation puzzle. If you are unsure about what style you are leaning towards, there is a plethora of kitchen design advice online. In addition, the Reface America team is always ready and willing to discuss your ideas in detail during a free consultation.
Have Your Kitchen Cabinets Seen A Better Day?
Is it time to finally replace your worn-out cabinets? When you select cabinets, you need to consider cabinet door styles, colors, materials and hardware. Cabinets come in natural, light, white and dark woods or shiny laminates in a variety of eye-catching colors. Styles vary and include shaker-style, beadboard, flat-front and plywood. You can even select glass door options for wall cabinets so you can conveniently display your everyday dishware, favorite china or stemware. Floor-to-ceiling cabinets provide additional kitchen storage so you can utilize maximum space while offering an attractive seamless visual to your kitchen design.
Reface America Takes a Standard Kitchen Remodel to a Whole New Level
These Reface America kitchen remodel professionals also perform state of the art custom cabinet refacing in Erie County. That means Reface America can transform the look of your kitchen cabinets in days – not months. Refacing is also cost effective – typically 50% or more savings not having to do a total gut of the existing kitchen. With minimal construction, there's less mess and job debris is easily cleaned up and removed daily during installation. Besides the savings opportunity, a home gains instant equity return on your investment. Refacing includes new custom doors, drawers, toe kick, soft close hinges, hardware, customer molding and more.
Incorporating Islands in Kitchen Renovations
You see islands in upscale designer open concept kitchens. It would be a dream to have one of your own. The team at Reface America agrees. If your floor space allows, a kitchen island is a must have for many reasons. It not only adds visual interest, but it also aids in food prep, a gathering spot for entertaining, and makes the perfect surface for working remotely and kids' doing homework. A kitchen island may also offer additional storage. Some islands may even house a kitchen sink.
Adding a Perfectly Functional Food Pantry
Be honest. You recently visited a friend's house and was envious of the food pantry. It's not surprising since a food pantry plays an important part of how a kitchen functions. A pantry can hold a large volume of food, cleaning supplies, paper goods and even store small appliances. If you are considering the addition of a food pantry as part of your kitchen remodel, be sure you calculate an adequate size and location. You want to be sure it's located in close and convenient proximity to your cooking preparation area and cooking appliances.
Lighting Up Your Dream Kitchen
There are a few areas in a kitchen that provide lighting for functional and aesthetic purposes. There are overhead lights, the type that are recessed in the ceiling. There are pendant lights that are strategically placed to hang directly above a kitchen island. There are also under cabinet lights that illuminate your countertops. Don't forget the importance of coordinating with the light fixture that hangs centered above your dining table. Of course, no matter what lighting you choose, the priority of kitchen lighting is to provide adequate illumination.
Backsplashes and Countertops
Selecting a backsplash and countertop from the huge number of options can be daunting. The question also remains as to which should be selected first. There is nothing more disappointing than to find out at the very last minute of a kitchen remodel that your backsplash and countertop are of clashing designs. The best solution is to pick them out at the same time. Both kitchen elements add personal style, visual interest, color and texture.
Backsplashes materials include tile, marble, quartz, glass, stone and more. Countertops can be made of granite, quartz, solid surface, marble, wood, concrete and more. The end goal of your selection is to have the backsplash and the countertop complement one another as well as the other areas of the kitchen design.
Learn More About Kitchen Renovations from Reface America in Marshfield, NY
Reface America knows that every kitchen remodel project is different, so the expert team takes special care to focus on the needs of each homeowner in Erie County. Whether you are planning a full kitchen makeover or simply want the quicker cabinet refacing update, Reface America wants to help you create your dream kitchen. The quality of craftsmanship performed by the seasoned professionals at Reface America has earned them high ratings and continuous customer reviews.
Get started now with the planning of your kitchen remodel Marshfield. The team at Reface America offers free consultations and free estimates. Call 716-553-8602 or visit https://www.refaceitbuffalo.com today. Reface America will be pleased to answer your project questions and help you design your dream kitchen.


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Make Your Kitchen A Place You Love
Even if you enjoy cooking, there are times when getting dinner on the table may still seem like a chore. To make cooking be more enjoyable, here are some simple and budget-friendly ideas to make your kitchen the most welcoming room at home:
- Consider painting a single kitchen wall a bright or soothing color.
- Hang family photos, children's artwork or pictures of your favorite places to visit.
- Keep clutter, like gadgets, papers, keys, etc., in cabinets, drawers or baskets.
- Place some non-slip, brightly-colored throw rugs on the kitchen floor.
- Put a bowl of brightly colored fruits on your counter for decoration and for snacking.
- During colder months, simmer a few cinnamon sticks in a pot of water on your stove for a pleasant aroma.
- Drop in lemon, lime or orange rinds to freshen the garbage disposal.
- Plant great smelling herbs (like mint, thyme or lavender) in small pots on your sunny window sill or counter top.
- Use fruit or spice scented soaps for hand and dish washing.
- Listen to your handheld, mini-stereo or radio while you cook.
- Check out audio books at the library and listen to novels, biographies or non-fiction during your kitchen time.
- Open a window and enjoy the sounds of nature.
- Turn off everything to enjoy a few minutes of peace and quiet.
- Ask your family to join you in the kitchen to tell you about their day.
- Add cushions to kitchen bar stools, benches or chairs.
- Place a rubber mat in front of the stove and/or sink to soothe your feet when cooking or washing dishes.
- Rearrange your kitchen drawers so that all the utensils and spices you use most often are easy to reach when cooking. Place items that you don't use regularly in the backs of cabinets or drawers. (Write yourself notes if you think you may forget where items are stored.)
- Keep hand lotion near the sink to moisturize after washing your hands.
Last reviewed 1/2015


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World Spay Day
February 28 is World Spay Day! Today we recognize the importance of spaying/neutering our pets. There are many benefits and it can save lives!
Spaying or neutering reduces the risk of the following health conditions:
- Uterine infection: Known as a pyometra, this is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be very expensive to treat. It is 100% preventable if your pet is spayed.
- Mammary Tumors (breast cancer): Over one-half of all mammary tumors are malignant and can spread to other areas of the body. Spaying reduces the risk of these tumors.
- Testicular Cancer: This cancer, as well as prostatitis (an infection causing malignant or benign swelling of the prostate), can be greatly reduced with early neutering.
- Behavioral Problems: Unwanted behaviors such as dominance, aggression, marking territory, and wandering can be avoided with spaying or neutering.
Spaying or neutering helps with overpopulation.
There are more puppies and kittens in shelters than there are people willing to provide them with love and care. Sadly, many are euthanized. Spaying or neutering can help reduce the number of animals in need of homes.
Spayed and neutered pets live healthier and longer lives! Consider the benefits to your pet and the community, and ask your veterinarian when to spay or neuter your pet.
If you have any questions about the spay/neuter process or would like to set up an appointment for your pet, call us at (310) 276-7113 today!