text:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture
Document | Type |
- Proposed Standard
(April 2003)
Obsoleted by RFC 4291
Obsoletes RFC 2373
Authors | Dr. Steve E. Deering , Bob Hinden | ||
Last updated | 2015-10-14 | ||
RFC stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
Formats | |||
Additional resources | Mailing list discussion | ||
IESG | Responsible AD | Dr. Thomas Narten | |
Send notices to | (None) |
Network Working Group R. Hinden Request for Comments: 3513 Nokia Obsoletes: 2373 S. Deering Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems April 2003 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This specification defines the addressing architecture of the IP Version 6 (IPv6) protocol. The document includes the IPv6 addressing model, text representations of IPv6 addresses, definition of IPv6 unicast addresses, anycast addresses, and multicast addresses, and an IPv6 node's required addresses. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 Table of Contents 1. Introduction.................................................3 2. IPv6 Addressing..............................................3 2.1 Addressing Model.........................................4 2.2 Text Representation of Addresses.........................4 2.3 Text Representation of Address Prefixes..................5 2.4 Address Type Identification..............................6 2.5 Unicast Addresses........................................7 2.5.1 Interface Identifiers..............................8 2.5.2 The Unspecified Address............................9 2.5.3 The Loopback Address...............................9 2.5.4 Global Unicast Addresses..........................10 2.5.5 IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses.......10 2.5.6 Local-use IPv6 Unicast Addresses..................11 2.6 Anycast Addresses.......................................12 2.6.1 Required Anycast Address..........................13 2.7 Multicast Addresses.....................................13 2.7.1 Pre-Defined Multicast Addresses...................15 2.8 A Node's Required Addresses.............................17 3. Security Considerations.....................................17 4. IANA Considerations.........................................18 5. References..................................................19 5.1 Normative References....................................19 5.2 Informative References..................................19 APPENDIX A: Creating Modified EUI-64 format Interface IDs......21 APPENDIX B: Changes from RFC-2373..............................24 Authors' Addresses.............................................25 Full Copyright Statement.......................................26 Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 1. Introduction This specification defines the addressing architecture of the IP Version 6 (IPv6) protocol. It includes the basic formats for the various types of IPv6 addresses (unicast, anycast, and multicast). The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Paul Francis, Scott Bradner, Jim Bound, Brian Carpenter, Matt Crawford, Deborah Estrin, Roger Fajman, Bob Fink, Peter Ford, Bob Gilligan, Dimitry Haskin, Tom Harsch, Christian Huitema, Tony Li, Greg Minshall, Thomas Narten, Erik Nordmark, Yakov Rekhter, Bill Simpson, Sue Thomson, Markku Savela, and Larry Masinter. 2. IPv6 Addressing IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces and sets of interfaces (where "interface" is as defined in section 2 of [IPV6]). There are three types of addresses: Unicast: An identifier for a single interface. A packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by that address. Anycast: An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to one of the interfaces identified by that address (the "nearest" one, according to the routing protocols' measure of distance). Multicast: An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by that address. There are no broadcast addresses in IPv6, their function being superseded by multicast addresses. In this document, fields in addresses are given a specific name, for example "subnet". When this name is used with the term "ID" for identifier after the name (e.g., "subnet ID"), it refers to the contents of the named field. When it is used with the term "prefix" (e.g., "subnet prefix") it refers to all of the address from the left up to and including this field. In IPv6, all zeros and all ones are legal values for any field, unless specifically excluded. Specifically, prefixes may contain, or end with, zero-valued fields. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 2.1 Addressing Model IPv6 addresses of all types are assigned to interfaces, not nodes. An IPv6 unicast address refers to a single interface. Since each interface belongs to a single node, any of that node's interfaces' unicast addresses may be used as an identifier for the node. All interfaces are required to have at least one link-local unicast address (see section 2.8 for additional required addresses). A single interface may also have multiple IPv6 addresses of any type (unicast, anycast, and multicast) or scope. Unicast addresses with scope greater than link-scope are not needed for interfaces that are not used as the origin or destination of any IPv6 packets to or from non-neighbors. This is sometimes convenient for point-to-point interfaces. There is one exception to this addressing model: A unicast address or a set of unicast addresses may be assigned to multiple physical interfaces if the implementation treats the multiple physical interfaces as one interface when presenting it to the internet layer. This is useful for load-sharing over multiple physical interfaces. Currently IPv6 continues the IPv4 model that a subnet prefix is associated with one link. Multiple subnet prefixes may be assigned to the same link. 2.2 Text Representation of Addresses There are three conventional forms for representing IPv6 addresses as text strings: 1. The preferred form is x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where the 'x's are the hexadecimal values of the eight 16-bit pieces of the address. Examples: FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A Note that it is not necessary to write the leading zeros in an individual field, but there must be at least one numeral in every field (except for the case described in 2.). 2. Due to some methods of allocating certain styles of IPv6 addresses, it will be common for addresses to contain long strings of zero bits. In order to make writing addresses containing zero bits easier a special syntax is available to compress the zeros. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 The use of "::" indicates one or more groups of 16 bits of zeros. The "::" can only appear once in an address. The "::" can also be used to compress leading or trailing zeros in an address. For example, the following addresses: 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A a unicast address FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 a multicast address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 the loopback address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 the unspecified addresses may be represented as: 1080::8:800:200C:417A a unicast address FF01::101 a multicast address ::1 the loopback address :: the unspecified addresses 3. An alternative form that is sometimes more convenient when dealing with a mixed environment of IPv4 and IPv6 nodes is x:x:x:x:x:x:d.d.d.d, where the 'x's are the hexadecimal values of the six high-order 16-bit pieces of the address, and the 'd's are the decimal values of the four low-order 8-bit pieces of the address (standard IPv4 representation). Examples: 0:0:0:0:0:0:18.104.22.168 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:18.104.22.168 or in compressed form: ::22.214.171.124 ::FFFF:126.96.36.199 2.3 Text Representation of Address Prefixes The text representation of IPv6 address prefixes is similar to the way IPv4 addresses prefixes are written in CIDR notation [CIDR]. An IPv6 address prefix is represented by the notation: ipv6-address/prefix-length where ipv6-address is an IPv6 address in any of the notations listed in section 2.2. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 prefix-length is a decimal value specifying how many of the leftmost contiguous bits of the address comprise the prefix. For example, the following are legal representations of the 60-bit prefix 12AB00000000CD3 (hexadecimal): 12AB:0000:0000:CD30:0000:0000:0000:0000/60 12AB::CD30:0:0:0:0/60 12AB:0:0:CD30::/60 The following are NOT legal representations of the above prefix: 12AB:0:0:CD3/60 may drop leading zeros, but not trailing zeros, within any 16-bit chunk of the address 12AB::CD30/60 address to left of "/" expands to 12AB:0000:0000:0000:0000:000:0000:CD30 12AB::CD3/60 address to left of "/" expands to 12AB:0000:0000:0000:0000:000:0000:0CD3 When writing both a node address and a prefix of that node address (e.g., the node's subnet prefix), the two can combined as follows: the node address 12AB:0:0:CD30:123:4567:89AB:CDEF and its subnet number 12AB:0:0:CD30::/60 can be abbreviated as 12AB:0:0:CD30:123:4567:89AB:CDEF/60 2.4 Address Type Identification The type of an IPv6 address is identified by the high-order bits of the address, as follows: Address type Binary prefix IPv6 notation Section ------------ ------------- ------------- ------- Unspecified 00...0 (128 bits) ::/128 2.5.2 Loopback 00...1 (128 bits) ::1/128 2.5.3 Multicast 11111111 FF00::/8 2.7 Link-local unicast 1111111010 FE80::/10 2.5.6 Site-local unicast 1111111011 FEC0::/10 2.5.6 Global unicast (everything else) Anycast addresses are taken from the unicast address spaces (of any scope) and are not syntactically distinguishable from unicast addresses. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 The general format of global unicast addresses is described in section 2.5.4. Some special-purpose subtypes of global unicast addresses which contain embedded IPv4 addresses (for the purposes of IPv4-IPv6 interoperation) are described in section 2.5.5. Future specifications may redefine one or more sub-ranges of the global unicast space for other purposes, but unless and until that happens, implementations must treat all addresses that do not start with any of the above-listed prefixes as global unicast addresses. 2.5 Unicast Addresses IPv6 unicast addresses are aggregable with prefixes of arbitrary bit-length similar to IPv4 addresses under Classless Interdomain Routing. There are several types of unicast addresses in IPv6, in particular global unicast, site-local unicast, and link-local unicast. There are also some special-purpose subtypes of global unicast, such as IPv6 addresses with embedded IPv4 addresses or encoded NSAP addresses. Additional address types or subtypes can be defined in the future. IPv6 nodes may have considerable or little knowledge of the internal structure of the IPv6 address, depending on the role the node plays (for instance, host versus router). At a minimum, a node may consider that unicast addresses (including its own) have no internal structure: | 128 bits | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | node address | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ A slightly sophisticated host (but still rather simple) may additionally be aware of subnet prefix(es) for the link(s) it is attached to, where different addresses may have different values for n: | n bits | 128-n bits | +------------------------------------------------+----------------+ | subnet prefix | interface ID | +------------------------------------------------+----------------+ Though a very simple router may have no knowledge of the internal structure of IPv6 unicast addresses, routers will more generally have knowledge of one or more of the hierarchical boundaries for the operation of routing protocols. The known boundaries will differ Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 from router to router, depending on what positions the router holds in the routing hierarchy. 2.5.1 Interface Identifiers Interface identifiers in IPv6 unicast addresses are used to identify interfaces on a link. They are required to be unique within a subnet prefix. It is recommended that the same interface identifier not be assigned to different nodes on a link. They may also be unique over a broader scope. In some cases an interface's identifier will be derived directly from that interface's link-layer address. The same interface identifier may be used on multiple interfaces on a single node, as long as they are attached to different subnets. Note that the uniqueness of interface identifiers is independent of the uniqueness of IPv6 addresses. For example, a global unicast address may be created with a non-global scope interface identifier and a site-local address may be created with a global scope interface identifier. For all unicast addresses, except those that start with binary value 000, Interface IDs are required to be 64 bits long and to be constructed in Modified EUI-64 format. Modified EUI-64 format based Interface identifiers may have global scope when derived from a global token (e.g., IEEE 802 48-bit MAC or IEEE EUI-64 identifiers [EUI64]) or may have local scope where a global token is not available (e.g., serial links, tunnel end-points, etc.) or where global tokens are undesirable (e.g., temporary tokens for privacy [PRIV]). Modified EUI-64 format interface identifiers are formed by inverting the "u" bit (universal/local bit in IEEE EUI-64 terminology) when forming the interface identifier from IEEE EUI-64 identifiers. In the resulting Modified EUI-64 format the "u" bit is set to one (1) to indicate global scope, and it is set to zero (0) to indicate local scope. The first three octets in binary of an IEEE EUI-64 identifier are as follows: 0 0 0 1 1 2 |0 7 8 5 6 3| +----+----+----+----+----+----+ |cccc|ccug|cccc|cccc|cccc|cccc| +----+----+----+----+----+----+ written in Internet standard bit-order , where "u" is the universal/local bit, "g" is the individual/group bit, and "c" are the bits of the company_id. Appendix A: "Creating Modified EUI-64 format Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 Interface Identifiers" provides examples on the creation of Modified EUI-64 format based interface identifiers. The motivation for inverting the "u" bit when forming an interface identifier is to make it easy for system administrators to hand configure non-global identifiers when hardware tokens are not available. This is expected to be case for serial links, tunnel end- points, etc. The alternative would have been for these to be of the form 0200:0:0:1, 0200:0:0:2, etc., instead of the much simpler 1, 2, etc. The use of the universal/local bit in the Modified EUI-64 format identifier is to allow development of future technology that can take advantage of interface identifiers with global scope. The details of forming interface identifiers are defined in the appropriate "IPv6 over <link>" specification such as "IPv6 over Ethernet" [ETHER], "IPv6 over FDDI" [FDDI], etc. 2.5.2 The Unspecified Address The address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 is called the unspecified address. It must never be assigned to any node. It indicates the absence of an address. One example of its use is in the Source Address field of any IPv6 packets sent by an initializing host before it has learned its own address. The unspecified address must not be used as the destination address of IPv6 packets or in IPv6 Routing Headers. An IPv6 packet with a source address of unspecified must never be forwarded by an IPv6 router. 2.5.3 The Loopback Address The unicast address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 is called the loopback address. It may be used by a node to send an IPv6 packet to itself. It may never be assigned to any physical interface. It is treated as having link-local scope, and may be thought of as the link-local unicast address of a virtual interface (typically called "the loopback interface") to an imaginary link that goes nowhere. The loopback address must not be used as the source address in IPv6 packets that are sent outside of a single node. An IPv6 packet with a destination address of loopback must never be sent outside of a single node and must never be forwarded by an IPv6 router. A packet received on an interface with destination address of loopback must be dropped. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 2.5.4 Global Unicast Addresses The general format for IPv6 global unicast addresses is as follows: | n bits | m bits | 128-n-m bits | +------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ | global routing prefix | subnet ID | interface ID | +------------------------+-----------+----------------------------+ where the global routing prefix is a (typically hierarchically- structured) value assigned to a site (a cluster of subnets/links), the subnet ID is an identifier of a link within the site, and the interface ID is as defined in section 2.5.1. All global unicast addresses other than those that start with binary 000 have a 64-bit interface ID field (i.e., n + m = 64), formatted as described in section 2.5.1. Global unicast addresses that start with binary 000 have no such constraint on the size or structure of the interface ID field. Examples of global unicast addresses that start with binary 000 are the IPv6 address with embedded IPv4 addresses described in section 2.5.5 and the IPv6 address containing encoded NSAP addresses specified in [NSAP]. An example of global addresses starting with a binary value other than 000 (and therefore having a 64-bit interface ID field) can be found in [AGGR]. 2.5.5 IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses The IPv6 transition mechanisms [TRAN] include a technique for hosts and routers to dynamically tunnel IPv6 packets over IPv4 routing infrastructure. IPv6 nodes that use this technique are assigned special IPv6 unicast addresses that carry a global IPv4 address in the low-order 32 bits. This type of address is termed an "IPv4- compatible IPv6 address" and has the format: | 80 bits | 16 | 32 bits | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ |0000..............................0000|0000| IPv4 address | +--------------------------------------+----+---------------------+ Note: The IPv4 address used in the "IPv4-compatible IPv6 address" must be a globally-unique IPv4 unicast address. A second type of IPv6 address which holds an embedded IPv4 address is also defined. This address type is used to represent the addresses of IPv4 nodes as IPv6 addresses. This type of address is termed an "IPv4-mapped IPv6 address" and has the format: Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 | 80 bits | 16 | 32 bits | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ |0000..............................0000|FFFF| IPv4 address | +--------------------------------------+----+---------------------+ 2.5.6 Local-Use IPv6 Unicast Addresses There are two types of local-use unicast addresses defined. These are Link-Local and Site-Local. The Link-Local is for use on a single link and the Site-Local is for use in a single site. Link-Local addresses have the following format: | 10 | | bits | 54 bits | 64 bits | +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+ |1111111010| 0 | interface ID | +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+ Link-Local addresses are designed to be used for addressing on a single link for purposes such as automatic address configuration, neighbor discovery, or when no routers are present. Routers must not forward any packets with link-local source or destination addresses to other links. Site-Local addresses have the following format: | 10 | | bits | 54 bits | 64 bits | +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+ |1111111011| subnet ID | interface ID | +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+ Site-local addresses are designed to be used for addressing inside of a site without the need for a global prefix. Although a subnet ID may be up to 54-bits long, it is expected that globally-connected sites will use the same subnet IDs for site-local and global prefixes. Routers must not forward any packets with site-local source or destination addresses outside of the site. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 2.6 Anycast Addresses An IPv6 anycast address is an address that is assigned to more than one interface (typically belonging to different nodes), with the property that a packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the "nearest" interface having that address, according to the routing protocols' measure of distance. Anycast addresses are allocated from the unicast address space, using any of the defined unicast address formats. Thus, anycast addresses are syntactically indistinguishable from unicast addresses. When a unicast address is assigned to more than one interface, thus turning it into an anycast address, the nodes to which the address is assigned must be explicitly configured to know that it is an anycast address. For any assigned anycast address, there is a longest prefix P of that address that identifies the topological region in which all interfaces belonging to that anycast address reside. Within the region identified by P, the anycast address must be maintained as a separate entry in the routing system (commonly referred to as a "host route"); outside the region identified by P, the anycast address may be aggregated into the routing entry for prefix P. Note that in the worst case, the prefix P of an anycast set may be the null prefix, i.e., the members of the set may have no topological locality. In that case, the anycast address must be maintained as a separate routing entry throughout the entire internet, which presents a severe scaling limit on how many such "global" anycast sets may be supported. Therefore, it is expected that support for global anycast sets may be unavailable or very restricted. One expected use of anycast addresses is to identify the set of routers belonging to an organization providing internet service. Such addresses could be used as intermediate addresses in an IPv6 Routing header, to cause a packet to be delivered via a particular service provider or sequence of service providers. Some other possible uses are to identify the set of routers attached to a particular subnet, or the set of routers providing entry into a particular routing domain. There is little experience with widespread, arbitrary use of internet anycast addresses, and some known complications and hazards when using them in their full generality [ANYCST]. Until more experience has been gained and solutions are specified, the following restrictions are imposed on IPv6 anycast addresses: Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 o An anycast address must not be used as the source address of an IPv6 packet. o An anycast address must not be assigned to an IPv6 host, that is, it may be assigned to an IPv6 router only. 2.6.1 Required Anycast Address The Subnet-Router anycast address is predefined. Its format is as follows: | n bits | 128-n bits | +------------------------------------------------+----------------+ | subnet prefix | 00000000000000 | +------------------------------------------------+----------------+ The "subnet prefix" in an anycast address is the prefix which identifies a specific link. This anycast address is syntactically the same as a unicast address for an interface on the link with the interface identifier set to zero. Packets sent to the Subnet-Router anycast address will be delivered to one router on the subnet. All routers are required to support the Subnet-Router anycast addresses for the subnets to which they have interfaces. The subnet-router anycast address is intended to be used for applications where a node needs to communicate with any one of the set of routers. 2.7 Multicast Addresses An IPv6 multicast address is an identifier for a group of interfaces (typically on different nodes). An interface may belong to any number of multicast groups. Multicast addresses have the following format: | 8 | 4 | 4 | 112 bits | +------ -+----+----+---------------------------------------------+ |11111111|flgs|scop| group ID | +--------+----+----+---------------------------------------------+ binary 11111111 at the start of the address identifies the address as being a multicast address. +-+-+-+-+ flgs is a set of 4 flags: |0|0|0|T| +-+-+-+-+ Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 The high-order 3 flags are reserved, and must be initialized to 0. T = 0 indicates a permanently-assigned ("well-known") multicast address, assigned by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA). T = 1 indicates a non-permanently-assigned ("transient") multicast address. scop is a 4-bit multicast scope value used to limit the scope of the multicast group. The values are: 0 reserved 1 interface-local scope 2 link-local scope 3 reserved 4 admin-local scope 5 site-local scope 6 (unassigned) 7 (unassigned) 8 organization-local scope 9 (unassigned) A (unassigned) B (unassigned) C (unassigned) D (unassigned) E global scope F reserved interface-local scope spans only a single interface on a node, and is useful only for loopback transmission of multicast. link-local and site-local multicast scopes span the same topological regions as the corresponding unicast scopes. admin-local scope is the smallest scope that must be administratively configured, i.e., not automatically derived from physical connectivity or other, non- multicast-related configuration. organization-local scope is intended to span multiple sites belonging to a single organization. scopes labeled "(unassigned)" are available for administrators to define additional multicast regions. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 group ID identifies the multicast group, either permanent or transient, within the given scope. The "meaning" of a permanently-assigned multicast address is independent of the scope value. For example, if the "NTP servers group" is assigned a permanent multicast address with a group ID of 101 (hex), then: FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 means all NTP servers on the same interface (i.e., the same node) as the sender. FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 means all NTP servers on the same link as the sender. FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 means all NTP servers in the same site as the sender. FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 means all NTP servers in the internet. Non-permanently-assigned multicast addresses are meaningful only within a given scope. For example, a group identified by the non- permanent, site-local multicast address FF15:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 at one site bears no relationship to a group using the same address at a different site, nor to a non-permanent group using the same group ID with different scope, nor to a permanent group with the same group ID. Multicast addresses must not be used as source addresses in IPv6 packets or appear in any Routing header. Routers must not forward any multicast packets beyond of the scope indicated by the scop field in the destination multicast address. Nodes must not originate a packet to a multicast address whose scop field contains the reserved value 0; if such a packet is received, it must be silently dropped. Nodes should not originate a packet to a multicast address whose scop field contains the reserved value F; if such a packet is sent or received, it must be treated the same as packets destined to a global (scop E) multicast address. 2.7.1 Pre-Defined Multicast Addresses The following well-known multicast addresses are pre-defined. The group ID's defined in this section are defined for explicit scope values. Use of these group IDs for any other scope values, with the T flag equal to 0, is not allowed. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 Reserved Multicast Addresses: FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 The above multicast addresses are reserved and shall never be assigned to any multicast group. All Nodes Addresses: FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 The above multicast addresses identify the group of all IPv6 nodes, within scope 1 (interface-local) or 2 (link-local). All Routers Addresses: FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 The above multicast addresses identify the group of all IPv6 routers, within scope 1 (interface-local), 2 (link-local), or 5 (site-local). Solicited-Node Address: FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFXX:XXXX Solicited-node multicast address are computed as a function of a node's unicast and anycast addresses. A solicited-node multicast address is formed by taking the low-order 24 bits of an address (unicast or anycast) and appending those bits to the prefix FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF00::/104 resulting in a multicast address in the range FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF00:0000 to FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFFF:FFFF Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 For example, the solicited node multicast address corresponding to the IPv6 address 4037::01:800:200E:8C6C is FF02::1:FF0E:8C6C. IPv6 addresses that differ only in the high-order bits, e.g., due to multiple high-order prefixes associated with different aggregations, will map to the same solicited-node address thereby, reducing the number of multicast addresses a node must join. A node is required to compute and join (on the appropriate interface) the associated Solicited-Node multicast addresses for every unicast and anycast address it is assigned. 2.8 A Node's Required Addresses A host is required to recognize the following addresses as identifying itself: o Its required Link-Local Address for each interface. o Any additional Unicast and Anycast Addresses that have been configured for the node's interfaces (manually or automatically). o The loopback address. o The All-Nodes Multicast Addresses defined in section 2.7.1. o The Solicited-Node Multicast Address for each of its unicast and anycast addresses. o Multicast Addresses of all other groups to which the node belongs. A router is required to recognize all addresses that a host is required to recognize, plus the following addresses as identifying itself: o The Subnet-Router Anycast Addresses for all interfaces for which it is configured to act as a router. o All other Anycast Addresses with which the router has been configured. o The All-Routers Multicast Addresses defined in section 2.7.1. 3. Security Considerations IPv6 addressing documents do not have any direct impact on Internet infrastructure security. Authentication of IPv6 packets is defined in [AUTH]. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 4. IANA Considerations The table and notes at http://www.isi.edu/in- notes/iana/assignments/ipv6-address-space.txt should be replaced with the following: INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 ADDRESS SPACE The initial assignment of IPv6 address space is as follows: Allocation Prefix Fraction of (binary) Address Space ----------------------------------- -------- ------------- Unassigned (see Note 1 below) 0000 0000 1/256 Unassigned 0000 0001 1/256 Reserved for NSAP Allocation 0000 001 1/128 [RFC1888] Unassigned 0000 01 1/64 Unassigned 0000 1 1/32 Unassigned 0001 1/16 Global Unicast 001 1/8 [RFC2374] Unassigned 010 1/8 Unassigned 011 1/8 Unassigned 100 1/8 Unassigned 101 1/8 Unassigned 110 1/8 Unassigned 1110 1/16 Unassigned 1111 0 1/32 Unassigned 1111 10 1/64 Unassigned 1111 110 1/128 Unassigned 1111 1110 0 1/512 Link-Local Unicast Addresses 1111 1110 10 1/1024 Site-Local Unicast Addresses 1111 1110 11 1/1024 Multicast Addresses 1111 1111 1/256 Notes: 1. The "unspecified address", the "loopback address", and the IPv6 Addresses with Embedded IPv4 Addresses are assigned out of the 0000 0000 binary prefix space. 2. For now, IANA should limit its allocation of IPv6 unicast address space to the range of addresses that start with binary value 001. The rest of the global unicast address space (approximately 85% of the IPv6 address space) is reserved for future definition and use, and is not to be assigned by IANA at this time. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 5. References 5.1 Normative References [IPV6] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. [RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9 , RFC 2026, October 1996. 5.2 Informative References [ANYCST] Partridge, C., Mendez, T. and W. Milliken, "Host Anycasting Service", RFC 1546, November 1993. [AUTH] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", RFC 2402, November 1998. [AGGR] Hinden, R., O'Dell, M. and S. Deering, "An Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format", RFC 2374, July 1998. [CIDR] Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J. and K. Varadhan, "Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): An Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy", RFC 1519, September 1993. [ETHER] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks", RFC 2464, December 1998. [EUI64] IEEE, "Guidelines for 64-bit Global Identifier (EUI-64) Registration Authority", http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/tutorials/EUI64.html, March 1997. [FDDI] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over FDDI Networks", RFC 2467, December 1998. [MASGN] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments", RFC 2375, July 1998. [NSAP] Bound, J., Carpenter, B., Harrington, D., Houldsworth, J. and A. Lloyd, "OSI NSAPs and IPv6", RFC 1888, August 1996. [PRIV] Narten, T. and R. Draves, "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 3041, January 2001. [TOKEN] Crawford, M., Narten, T. and S. Thomas, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Token Ring Networks", RFC 2470, December 1998. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 [TRAN] Gilligan, R. and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 2893, August 2000. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 APPENDIX A: Creating Modified EUI-64 format Interface Identifiers Depending on the characteristics of a specific link or node there are a number of approaches for creating Modified EUI-64 format interface identifiers. This appendix describes some of these approaches. Links or Nodes with IEEE EUI-64 Identifiers The only change needed to transform an IEEE EUI-64 identifier to an interface identifier is to invert the "u" (universal/local) bit. For example, a globally unique IEEE EUI-64 identifier of the form: |0 1|1 3|3 4|4 6| |0 5|6 1|2 7|8 3| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ |cccccc0gcccccccc|ccccccccmmmmmmmm|mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm|mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ where "c" are the bits of the assigned company_id, "0" is the value of the universal/local bit to indicate global scope, "g" is individual/group bit, and "m" are the bits of the manufacturer- selected extension identifier. The IPv6 interface identifier would be of the form: |0 1|1 3|3 4|4 6| |0 5|6 1|2 7|8 3| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ |cccccc1gcccccccc|ccccccccmmmmmmmm|mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm|mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ The only change is inverting the value of the universal/local bit. Links or Nodes with IEEE 802 48 bit MAC's [EUI64] defines a method to create a IEEE EUI-64 identifier from an IEEE 48bit MAC identifier. This is to insert two octets, with hexadecimal values of 0xFF and 0xFE, in the middle of the 48 bit MAC (between the company_id and vendor supplied id). For example, the 48 bit IEEE MAC with global scope: Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 |0 1|1 3|3 4| |0 5|6 1|2 7| +----------------+----------------+----------------+ |cccccc0gcccccccc|ccccccccmmmmmmmm|mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm| +----------------+----------------+----------------+ where "c" are the bits of the assigned company_id, "0" is the value of the universal/local bit to indicate global scope, "g" is individual/group bit, and "m" are the bits of the manufacturer- selected extension identifier. The interface identifier would be of the form: |0 1|1 3|3 4|4 6| |0 5|6 1|2 7|8 3| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ |cccccc1gcccccccc|cccccccc11111111|11111110mmmmmmmm|mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ When IEEE 802 48bit MAC addresses are available (on an interface or a node), an implementation may use them to create interface identifiers due to their availability and uniqueness properties. Links with Other Kinds of Identifiers There are a number of types of links that have link-layer interface identifiers other than IEEE EIU-64 or IEEE 802 48-bit MACs. Examples include LocalTalk and Arcnet. The method to create an Modified EUI- 64 format identifier is to take the link identifier (e.g., the LocalTalk 8 bit node identifier) and zero fill it to the left. For example, a LocalTalk 8 bit node identifier of hexadecimal value 0x4F results in the following interface identifier: |0 1|1 3|3 4|4 6| |0 5|6 1|2 7|8 3| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ |0000000000000000|0000000000000000|0000000000000000|0000000001001111| +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ Note that this results in the universal/local bit set to "0" to indicate local scope. Links without Identifiers There are a number of links that do not have any type of built-in identifier. The most common of these are serial links and configured tunnels. Interface identifiers must be chosen that are unique within a subnet-prefix. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 When no built-in identifier is available on a link the preferred approach is to use a global interface identifier from another interface or one which is assigned to the node itself. When using this approach no other interface connecting the same node to the same subnet-prefix may use the same identifier. If there is no global interface identifier available for use on the link the implementation needs to create a local-scope interface identifier. The only requirement is that it be unique within a subnet prefix. There are many possible approaches to select a subnet-prefix-unique interface identifier. These include: Manual Configuration Node Serial Number Other node-specific token The subnet-prefix-unique interface identifier should be generated in a manner that it does not change after a reboot of a node or if interfaces are added or deleted from the node. The selection of the appropriate algorithm is link and implementation dependent. The details on forming interface identifiers are defined in the appropriate "IPv6 over <link>" specification. It is strongly recommended that a collision detection algorithm be implemented as part of any automatic algorithm. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 APPENDIX B: Changes from RFC-2373 The following changes were made from RFC-2373 "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture": - Clarified text in section 2.2 to allow "::" to represent one or more groups of 16 bits of zeros. - Changed uniqueness requirement of Interface Identifiers from unique on a link to unique within a subnet prefix. Also added a recommendation that the same interface identifier not be assigned to different machines on a link. - Change site-local format to make the subnet ID field 54-bit long and remove the 38-bit zero's field. - Added description of multicast scop values and rules to handle the reserved scop value 0. - Revised sections 2.4 and 2.5.6 to simplify and clarify how different address types are identified. This was done to insure that implementations do not build in any knowledge about global unicast format prefixes. Changes include: o Removed Format Prefix (FP) terminology o Revised list of address types to only include exceptions to global unicast and a singe entry that identifies everything else as Global Unicast. o Removed list of defined prefix exceptions from section 2.5.6 as it is now the main part of section 2.4. - Clarified text relating to EUI-64 identifiers to distinguish between IPv6's "Modified EUI-64 format" identifiers and IEEE EUI- 64 identifiers. - Combined the sections on the Global Unicast Addresses and NSAP Addresses into a single section on Global Unicast Addresses, generalized the Global Unicast format, and cited [AGGR] and [NSAP] as examples. - Reordered sections 2.5.4 and 2.5.5. - Removed section 2.7.2 Assignment of New IPv6 Multicast Addresses because this is being redefined elsewhere. - Added an IANA considerations section that updates the IANA IPv6 address allocations and documents the NSAP and AGGR allocations. - Added clarification that the "IPv4-compatible IPv6 address" must use global IPv4 unicast addresses. - Divided references in to normative and non-normative sections. - Added reference to [PRIV] in section 2.5.1 - Added clarification that routers must not forward multicast packets outside of the scope indicated in the multicast address. - Added clarification that routers must not forward packets with source address of the unspecified address. - Added clarification that routers must drop packets received on an interface with destination address of loopback. - Clarified the definition of IPv4-mapped addresses. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 - Removed the ABNF Description of Text Representations Appendix. - Removed the address block reserved for IPX addresses. - Multicast scope changes: o Changed name of scope value 1 from "node-local" to "interface-local" o Defined scope value 4 as "admin-local" - Corrected reference to RFC1933 and updated references. - Many small changes to clarify and make the text more consistent. Authors' Addresses Robert M. Hinden Nokia 313 Fairchild Drive Mountain View, CA 94043 USA Phone: +1 650 625-2004 EMail: email@example.com Stephen E. Deering Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA Phone: +1 408 527-8213 EMail: email@example.com Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 3513 IPv6 Addressing Architecture April 2003 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Hinden & Deering Standards Track [Page 26]


text:
Linen Tea Towel In Dusty Rose
Linen tea towel made from stone washed OEKO-TEX® certified European linen fabric. The towel can be used as tea towels in your kitchen, your face or even hand towel. Many colors variations are available to match every kitchen style.
Size: 50 x 70 cm / 19.6 x 27.5 in, finished with a loop for hanging.
- Linen fabric is made in Lithuania, medium weight (200g)
- Made from OEKO - TEX Standard 100 certified European linen fabric which guarantees You that it meets human - ecological requirements.
- The fabric is supremely soft as the garment is prewashed to ensure no shrinkage in the future.
We recommend washing linen by hands, or in low-temperature water (30C) on a gentle cycle, wash separately or with similar colors. Dry on low heat or hang to dry for best results. To remove wrinkles, we recommend ironing garments inside-out on a medium-high setting. Do not bleach.
Made-To-Order shipping time is 1 week. As each item is handmade individually by our meticulous tailors to ensure the lowest possible waste. In-stock items will be dispatched within 1-2 working days of when the order is received.
Delivery times for standard shipping: Europe 2-7 working days. USA 4-14 working days. Rest of the world: 4-20 working days.
Delivery times for express shipping: Europe 1-2 working days. USA 2-3 working days. Rest of the world 2-5 working days.
If you are not satisfied with your purchase, you can easily return your Daily Linen garment (s) within 14 days from the date of delivery. Read more about returns here.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Apart from the "pistou" itself — a pesto-like blend of garlic, basil, olive oil and hard cheese stirred in at the end — the only real requirement of an authentic southern French "soupe au pistou" is that it is made in the summer with seasonal vegetables. Naturally that is almost one restriction too many for me, for whom it seems that a thick, hot and nourishing broth of beans, vegetables, herbs and cheese should be just the thing to fill up and warm a person up on a cold winter day.
Served with buttered slices of French bread on the side, this delicious and aromatic soup is a wholesome and satisfying meal all by itself … which makes it a natural choice for my contribution to this month's No Croutons Required challenge of nourishing vegetable soups. I can tell you that it certainly did the trick for one very delighted guest who arrived with a very large appetite.
Here's a bonus tip: If you ever have a rind left over from grating Parmesan cheese, or any other hard aged cheese, never throw them away — they add a wonderful depth and base to savory bean or vegetable soups when added to the stock, and can be refrigerated or frozen for later use.
Provençal Bean and Vegetable Soupe au Pistou | |||
Recipe by Lisa Turner Cuisine: French Published on January 11, 2009 A thick, hot and nourishing southern French broth with beans, vegetables, herbs and Parmesan cheese seasoned with a fresh homemade garlic and basil pistou


text:
I got a ghost in my home! How do I get rid of it?
Unedited Version of My June Article for YYZ Lifestyle Magazine...
This is one of those rare times you're humble author will use these words... "Who ya gonna call?"
The answer is... No one - if possible.
Let's assume you feel there's "something" in your house and you want rid of it. The first thing you must do is eliminate all possible "natural" possibilities for what you're experiencing before going to the "supernatural" answers.
For examples of separating the "natural" from the "supernatural"... If you're seeing "weird shadows", what are the light sources casting those shadows? Could something in front of this light source be to blame like a blowing curtain or leaves on a tree? If you're hearing odd noises, can you be 100% sure it's not from the street below or neighbours? Have you checked your vents or heating pipes for strange raps or noises? How about pets or other animals? It is essential that you eliminate this before making the "leap" to the paranormal... You don't want to tell someone about your ghost only to have them debunk it on the spot.
Once you feel you've eliminated all "natural" causation, the next step is to start keeping a journal. Note what time and place things either happen or where you've noticed the affects of the phenomena. Is there any pattern? Can you see any "natural" possibilities with this? As an example, if you notice that at 6:30am pretty much Monday through Friday your dishes rattle in the cupboard, is it the first streetcar of the day rattling by or something else?
On a more "believers" angle with the journal, can you attribute the phenomena to anyone via the movements? Is there method to the phenomena? A journal is important to find the patterns... if there's any patterns to find.
Now, once you've got your information (a week or preferably more of journal entries and elimination of as many natural possibilities as you feel necessary), what next?
Many would say a priest to exorcise the spirit. Some would say a psychic or shaman to clear the home. Others would tell you to do nothing.
All may be right... all may be wrong.
The first words of wisdom I can impart are... DON'T OPEN YOUR WALLET.
I'm highly sceptical of any person(s) that charge money for clearing a house. Since no one (honestly) knows for sure what a ghost is, how can someone charge you to get rid of one? We have reports of people almost bankrupting themselves paying for clearings and psychical help... Oh sure, "guarantees" and whatnot are promised, but rarely delivered. Also, to date, every clearing attempt we've investigated did not work 100%. Sometimes, it "made things worse" according to the witnesses. Often, it "dissipated, but did not go away completely". One woman we communicated with in the GTA spent over $8,000.00 for a "clearing" that, when the psychic came over initially, was proclaimed to be her "late husband" and then new fees were charged to communicate with said "husband" to find out what he wanted. The problem is, the "psychic" made it very clear (legally) that she was doing her thing "For Entertainment Purposes Only", so there was little that could be done to retrieve the money... although things are, according to the witness, still pending.
I don't care who says what, there are no guarantees and shouldn't be. Caveat emptor to the customer of the 'house clearer'.
So, what to do if you feel that something needs to be done?
Well, I asked several psychics and clergymen for opinions. Here's what the "overall" suggestions were...
#1: If you feel "something" is in your home, ignore your own discomfort of feeling 'weird' and don't be afraid to speak out loud to it as if speaking to a person nearby. All the sources I spoke to said the same thing... Don't yell or be belligerent, simply state, with respect, that this is your home now and you're willing to share or work with whatever/whoever is bothering you, but those certain things that are frightening you should stop. Treat this "unseen thing" as you would an adult roommate who plays their stereo too loud... try to use reason, be respectful, but make your point... gently.
Now, from a "believers" point of view, this should help as "ghosts" are/were people too and probably want respect... that's all.
From a "non-believers" point of view, call this the "magic placebo". Taking ownership of things someone is having trouble understanding.
The above should always be your first avenue of resolution, but if you feel it was ineffective, try the next one...
#2: If you practice a religious faith, ask your local cleric to come and bless your home. Don't ask for an exorcism (as that might tie up the works while proper permissions are given to the clergy by their "higher-ups"), but a blessing. For most clerics, this is part of their duty and they will do it for free... or worse case, a small donation to their church/temple.
#3: Only if the above fail, try to find a psychic to assist you (if you feel this may help). Many psychics and sensitive do feel that they have a "gift" and to assist someone with this gift should be done free of charge. In fact, there are large groups of psychics that have this as a credo... "Help is free." In other words, readings and psychic impressions of "things to come" and the like will be "chargeable" things. Helping someone in distress is not chargeable. If you need help finding a psychic to help, contact a local "ghost group" like Torontoghosts (or someone else) and ask where you could contact such a person. REMEMBER: DON'T OPEN YOUR WALLET!
Lastly, for the non-believers and more sceptical...
#4: Invite either trustworthy friends or family or a ghost group (again, like Torontoghosts) to come and have a look. Perhaps they may "catch" something you missed in your initial look around for answers.
Now, the "DON'Ts"...
DON'T open your wallet. Money should never be involved.
DON'T be afraid. Your chances of winning a large lottery are much better than being harmed physically by a ghost. Most "injuries" from ghosts are caused be people "running away" or reacting to the phenomena and hurting themselves in the process. Hollywood, urban legends, folkloric tales and old stories may differ, but if you do the numbers, not too many people are honestly physically 'hurt' by ghosts.
DON'T use a Ouija board or the like to "make contact" with things. Remember: There are two lines of thinking about Ouija boards... You can see them as a dangerous portal that might welcome anything to "come through" without restraint, or you may see them as a dangerous toy that allows a person to let their own imagination and sub-conscious go crazy making the believe that something worse is coming out via the toy. Either way, almost everyone we spoke to said leave the "YesYes" board alone.
DON'T assume that a history of your home will be revealing. The only time you should break out the historical research side of things is when you have something tangible (through your journal entries?) that seems to point to a possible person. It's a given that many older homes have had deaths in them... but can you be 100% sure you're on the right historical track?
DON'T bring in an "expert" from somewhere and expect answers... or at least, correct answers. First of all, ghosts are a study of the "unknown". How can one be an expert of "The Unknown"? Everything about ghosts from "experts" (or even myself) is guesswork... hypothesis... and, untested hypothesis at that! Take all information said as "fact" with a grain of salt and separate what may work for you while ignoring those items that may not jive with what you're thinking. Unless empirical evidence is brought to the table, it's all best guesses.
DON'T assume that "orb" photos or "mist" photos are evidence of a ghost. Far from it. Most "orb" and "mist" (and even "vortex") photos can be easily explained via natural phenomenon. The question I inevitably ask a person who sends me a photo like that as "evidence" that their home or whatever is "haunted", I ask if this is the only "evidence" or have other things happened to lead them to this conclusion.
As a note, if you are unfamiliar with "orb", "mist" (sometimes called "ecto") and "vortex" photos are, first of all, consider yourself lucky. Secondly, I promise I'll cover these things in another article. For now, just use good old Google to find out more...
DON'T assume all things are ghostly in nature. It's very easy to get a little lost in things when you feel you've stumbled on something supernatural. Your senses get heightened as you strain and wait for the "next" thing to happen... This can sometimes lead to every little noise and weird shadow being taken as something "very" supernatural. Trust me, if there's something to be "found", you'll find it... without straining to hear/see every little thing.
DON'T assume that your home is on an "ancient native burial ground" or "cemetery where they moved the stones, and not the bodies". These explanations make for great Hollywood movies, but don't pan out too well in the real world. Think of all the "true ghost stories" you've heard or read... "Ghosts" are usually seen where the person they represent lived, worked, played or died, not where they are buried. Also, sites of native ossuaries (burial grounds) are well marked (for the most part) by the city and province. If you do believe this is "possible", a call down to city hall can often tell you the truth. If I believed all the sites that we've heard in Toronto were "ancient native burial grounds", I got news for you... the whole city seems to be (by dint of rumour) a huge cemetery! Thanks to those Hollywood movies, many people jump to the assumption that their house is indeed on top of a lot of dead people... when, chances are, they're not.
DON'T assume someone like myself or another 'ghost investigator' (or worse, 'ghost hunter') has magic toys that "detect" ghosts. We don't. In fact, there's nothing like that available... how can you "detect" something when you don't know really what it is? Many assume (incorrectly) that ghosts are "detectable" via weird electro-magnetic field variances. Unfortunately, there is absolutely zero credibility to this. I know, many people "assume" this to be the case, (after all, don't all ghost hunters run around with EMF detectors?) but there's no documented scientific correlation of this. Like poltergeists (noisy, un-seen ghosts) only being around pre-pubescent girls (totally unfounded through statistical analysis), this is just something someone decided "must" be the case long ago.
DON'T cave in to rumours and "stories". Just because the local kids talk about "The Ghost House", it may have been a wonderful tale made up over Halloween to amuse or scare children as opposed to something tangible in folklore or legitimate history. Research will answer that pretty quickly.
So, "Who ya gonna call?" Start with yourself, save your money, keep a truly open mind (not only to things being "paranormal", but also to the possibility of things being not-so "paranormal") and relax... There are ways to deal with a pesky ghost!
Matthew Didier


text:
Mon, Jul 15
Angel Time - Monday (3pm ET)
Are you looking to practice with your Angel Oracle cards or in giving your own Angel messages? Then B Carleton's Angel Time circles are just the ticket.
Time & Location
Jul 15, 2024, 3:00 PM – 5:30 PM EDT
About the Event
The intent behind the Angel Time circles is to bring together like minded individuals to share the love and light of the Angels. Angel Time circles are led by B Carleton as she is guided by the angels to give messages for the circle's highest good. B will begin with a gratitude blessing and then provide angel messages for each person in attendance.
- Questions about attending this event should be emailed to email@example.com. We strive to respond within 48 hours during normal business hours.
- The Zoom Information is emailed the day before.
- All sales are final. No refunds or credits if you miss the event.
- *If you are unable to attend, you may transfer your reservation to someone else with prior approval from firstname.lastname@example.com
Everyone in attendance is encouraged to participate in giving and receiving messages from the Angels. Please have your own Angel Oracle cards (no tarot cards please) available to practice giving your own angel-guided messages. If you don't have cards just bring a favorite quote or positive words to give as a gift to the designated receiver. We ask that everyone be 100% present during Angel Time with no distractions.


text:
View enlargement
Zoom image
Email to a friend
Print this page
Winslow Homer
American, 1836-1910
The Water Fan, 1898/99
Watercolor, with blotting and touches of scraping, over graphite, on thick, rough twill-textured, ivory wove paper
374 x 534 mm
Signed recto, lower right, in brush and black watercolor: "Homer"
Inscribed verso, lower left edge, in graphite: "7073"; upper center, in graphite: "The Water Glass/Nassau"
Gift of Dorothy A., John A., Jr., and Christopher Holabird in memory of William and Mary Holabird, 1972.190
The Water Fan depicts a young black man intently searching for coral using a glass-bottomed bucket. Referred to as a "water glass" or "sponge glass," this device was used to stabilize the surface of moving water in order to improve visibility. Homer may have been attracted to the subject because it draws attention to the constantly moving surface of the water as well as its transparency, aspects of the sea that especially intrigued him in the Bahamas. Like The Sponge Diver (1898/99; MFA Boston), this work originally had more visible red washes in the water, hinting at the pink coral beneath the surface. While these areas have faded, the fluid strokes of darker blue over layers of transparent turquoise are effective in suggesting the play of light, both direct and reflected, over water.
Homer depicted light shimmering on the ocean using watercolor paper with a heavy twill texture in The Water Fan. The diagonal pattern of the sheet, which runs from top right to lower left, was imparted during manufacture by the papermaker's woven wire screen that supported the paper pulp during sheet formation. The opposite side is relatively smooth. A truncated watermark reading "J WHAT," for J Whatman, the manufacturer, reads from the textured side, indicating the side intended for painting.
Exhibition, Publication and Ownership Histories
Exhibition History
Chicago, J.W. Young Galleries, "Ten Watercolors by Winslow Homer," opened January 11, 1908, no. 8, no cat.
Tucson, Ariz., The University of Arizona Art Gallery, "Yankee Painter: A Retrospective Exhibition of Oils, Water Colors, and Graphics by Winslow Homer," October 1–December 1, 1963, pp. 55 and 84, cat. 62 (ill.).
New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, "Winslow Homer," April 3–June 3, 1973, p. 141, cat. 152, cat. by Lloyd Goodrich; also traveled to the Los Angeles County Museum, July 1–August 15, 1973; and The Art Institute of Chicago, September 8–October 21, 1973.
The Art Institute of Chicago, "Great Drawings in The Art Institute of Chicago: The Harold Joachim Years 1958–83," July 27–September 22, 1985, pp. 172–73, cat. 79 (ill.), cat. by Martha Tedeschi.
The Art Institute of Chicago, "Watercolors by Winslow Homer: The Color of Light," February 16-May 11, 2008, pp. 15, 180, 181 (ill.), 185, 211, cat. by Martha Tedeschi and Kristi Dahm.
Philadelphia Museum of Art, "American Watercolor in the Age of Homer and Sargent", February 23 - May 14, 2017, pp. 314-316, cat. 265 (ill.), cat. by Kathleen A. Foster.
Publication History
Lloyd Goodrich, Winslow Homer (New York, 1959), p. 29, pl. 85.
Patti Hannaway, Winslow Homer in the Tropics (Richmond, 1973), pp. 236–37, pl. 48.
Gordon Hendricks, The Life and Work of Winslow Homer (New York, 1979), p. 286, fig. CL–122.
James N. Wood and Debra N. Mancoff, Treasures from The Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, 2000), p. 180 (ill).
Megan Holloway Fort, "Current and coming," The Magazine Antiques 173: 2 (February 2008), pp. 14 (ill.).
Ownership History
The artist to James W. Young, Chicago, 1907; sold by J.W. Young Galleries, Chicago, to William (1854–1923) and Mary (Mrs. William) Holabird, c. 1908 [according to correspondence from Abigail Booth Gerdts to the Art Institute, February 10, 2007]; by descent to their son, John A. Holabird (1886–1945); by descent to his wife, Dorothy (1897–1988); given to the Art Institute, 1972.


text:
Gangrene, or dead body tissue, occurs when blood flow and oxygen are cut off or severely restricted. Gangrene can result from bacterial infections deep frostbite, or open sores that do not heal properly. Those with weakened circulatory systems and nerve damage, such as diabetics, are more prone to foot gangrene.
Gangrene is characterized by acute, sudden pain or numbness in a lower extremity, which may be accompanied by skin that feels cold and looks darker than usual. Wet gangrene shows signs of tissue decay; redness, oozing, swelling, and foul odor at the site may be present.
It is important that gangrene areas are removed surgically to prevent infection that can move quickly throughout the body and cause death. If gangrene is suspected, seek immediate medical help.


text:
Run GitLab in the Cloud
One of the first things that you should do before starting a software project is set up a version control system (VCS) for your code. A version control system allows you to track changes for your code, concurrently maintain different versions (eg. production and development) and simplifies the task of merging and integrating contributions from multiple developers. One of the most popular VCSs is Git, a distributed version control and source code management system. Though Git itself is mainly a collection of command line tools, many people manage Git repositories using third party tools and services, such as GitHub, Gitorious or GitLab.
GitLab is a Ruby on Rails web application that helps you manage who has permissions to contribute to which repository. It also includes a wiki, enables code reviews and many other features. GitLab CI is a complementary web application that provides Continuous Integration (CI) closely integrated with Git to run tasks after a new change or run tests in different branches in the repository.
This guide describes how to create your own Git repository and integrate it with a Continuous Integration (CI) server in the cloud using the Bitnami GitLab CE Stack.
NOTE: The steps below assume that you already have the Bitnami GitLab CE Stack running on a cloud server and that you have the credentials for the GitLab administration panel.
Step 1: Create a Git repository using GitLab
The first step is to log in to the GitLab administration panel and upload your public SSH key in the "User's Profile" section. This key will be necessary to push code into the repository and it will also be needed when granting new users privileges to modify the code.
Next, ensure that you have a Git client installed in your development environment. There are different ways to install Git, but one of the easiest is to use the Bitnami LAMP Stack. These provide a complete PHP, MySQL and Apache development environment for Linux and also include a Git client by default.
Once you've confirmed you have a Git client installed, upload project files to the GitLab repository as shown in the image below. Remember to copy your private SSH key to the correct directory before doing so (usually C:\Users\USERNAME.ssh\id_rsa on Windows, /home/USERNAME/.ssh/id_rsa on Linux and /Users/USERNAME/.ssh/id_rsa on Mac OS X).
If all goes well, you should be able to see the README.txt file in the repository and in the GitLab application.
Step 2: Configure and manage GitLab
The Bitnami GitLab CE Stack can be customized in a variety of ways.
Use a custom domain name
Once the GitLab application is running, you can use a custom domain to access it. The only requirement is that the domain name should point to the server's IP address.
Configure outgoing email settings
Configure the Bitnami GitLab application to send notifications via email.
Set project roles
Managing projects from the GitLab application is extremely easy. From the administration panel, add new users or to create teams and groups with different permissions within a project.
GitLab projects can also be set up as public. With this setting, all users have read access to that project and can clone the project with a command like the one below:
$ git clone http://SERVER-IP/gitlab/example.git
Control the servers
GitLab uses the following servers:
- A MySQL database
- An Apache server configured with a Passenger module for Ruby on Rails applications
- A Redis server for storing job messages
- A GitLab Sidekiq server for processing the jobs in the background
Check the status of the servers with the command below:
$ sudo /opt/bitnami/ctlscript.sh status
Debug server errors
To troubleshoot server problems, refer to each server's log files, as described in these instructions. Sidekiq also ships a control panel where it is possible to check the logs and the status of the jobs.
Step 3: Integrate GitLab with GitLab CI
A Continuous Integration process typically performs different tasks: running tests, measuring performance, building releases and other tasks. You can integrate GitLab and GitLab CI to run these tasks automatically.


text:
- "Total control. I could make it jump out the window, drown itself, throw itself down one of your throats..."
- —Barty Crouch Jr. as Alastor Moody on a spider he had put under Imperius Curse[src]
The Imperius Curse is one of the three Unforgivable Curses. When cast successfully, it places the victim completely under the caster's control, though a person with exceptional strength of will is capable of resisting it. This makes it unique among the unforgivable curses, as it is the only one of them with a known, reliable (depending on the victim's will) method of resistance. The curse's incantation is Imperio.
- "It was the most wonderful feeling. Harry felt a floating sensation as every thought and worry in his head was wiped gently away, leaving nothing but a vague, untraceable happiness. He stood there feeling immensely relaxed, only dimly aware of everyone watching him."
- —Harry Potter under the Imperius Curse[src]
Unlike the other Unforgivables, being subjected to the Imperius Curse - when adequately cast - is not an unpleasant experience, in fact, quite the opposite; the victim of an Imperius Curse is placed in a calm, trance-like state in which all feeling of responsibility and anxiety is banished. However, when Harry was Imperiused, he believed that his curse may not have been very strong, thus the sensation from casting a more powerful Imperius Curse may be more intense than the known account.
An adequately Imperiused being is placed under the caster's total control and may be directed to do anything the caster wishes, including crimes such as murder, political corruption, embezzlement, and so on. Also, whilst under the caster's control, the curse may also endow the victim with whatever skills that are required in order to complete the task at hand, such as increased strength or allowing them to cast spells far above their level. For example, an Imperiused Neville Longbottom was able to perform a series of "quite astonishing gymnastics" under the curse that he would not normally be capable of.[1]
If the Imperius Curse is performed poorly, then the victim would have their mind addled, an example being Muggle Junior Minister Herbert Chorley. It seems the damage is long-lasting, as Chorley was sent to St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries to recuperate. This is likely due to the fact powerful, dark magic may leave irreversible biological damage, such as when George had his ear cursed off permanently.
Resisting the Imperius Curse is possible, but requires great strength of will and character. Harry Potter, Barty Crouch Sr. and Barty Crouch Jr. each learned to resist the curse after being subjected to its effects, though the latter two took quite a long time before building the said resistance, and in Barty Sr.'s case, resistance against Voldemort's powerful curse has seemingly caused mental damage.[1] Resisting the Imperius Curse is similar to Occlumency, which requires a great amount of willpower, though it is unknown if Occlumency would actually work against the curse.
It is possible for someone who has been Imperiused to place others under the curse as well. For example, Madam Rosmerta, who had been Imperiused by Draco Malfoy sometime during the 1996–1997 school year, was able to place Katie Bell under the Imperius Curse in an attempt to deliver a cursed necklace to Albus Dumbledore. It is also possible that the Death Eater Yaxley used the Imperiused Pius Thicknesse to place other high-ranking members of the Ministry of Magic under the curse in order to facilitate the overthrow of Rufus Scrimgeour.
When a correctly cast Imperius curse is terminated - for whatever reason - the victims become themselves again, as happened after the final defeat of Voldemort and the Death Eaters in the Battle of Hogwarts, when all of the people across the country who had been Imperiused by him or his supporters were released from the spell. Also, any pain that the curse has negated by the pleasant sensation would return, along with any other pain that the victim suffered for the duration of the curse.
The Imperius Curse was invented during the early middle ages by dark witches or wizards. The curse was created for the coercion and brainwashing of others into slavery.
Legal status[]
- "The Cruciatus, Imperius and Avada Kedavra Curses were not made "unforgivable" until 1717."
- —Albus Dumbledore[src]
After the Wizards' Council was reformed into the Ministry of Magic, tighter restrictions were placed on the use of certain kinds of magic. The Imperius Curse was deemed by the Ministry to be dark magic, and, along with the Cruciatus and Killing curses, were declared "unforgivable" in 1717. The use of any of these three curses on a fellow human being would result in a life sentence in Azkaban, unless there is sufficient evidence that the caster did so under the influence of another's Imperius Curse; this tends to be a factor that many Dark Wizards abuse and lie about when they were facing prison, particularly after the First Wizarding War.
During the First Wizarding War, when Barty Crouch Sr. was in charge of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement, he fought violence with violence, and legalised the three Unforgivable Curses for Aurors against the Death Eaters in order to win the war. This was repealed once the war was over, as it was no longer necessary. It was also at that time that many Death Eaters, such as Lucius Malfoy and Walden Macnair, claimed that they had served under Lord Voldemort only because of the Imperius Curse. While their claims were accepted, the Ministry has gone as far as to assign several personnel to determine who is truly under the curse, and who is lying to escape punishment; however, they were not perfect in capturing deception, as Malfoy and Macnair, along with several others, still eluded justice.
In the 1994–1995 school year, Barty Crouch Jr., under the disguise of Alastor Moody, showed these three curses to his fourth year classes on spiders despite the Ministry's disapproval. Later, in fact, he claimed that he had permission to perform the Imperius Curse on students in order to teach them how to resist it.
When Lord Voldemort took over the Ministry, the three curses were once again legalised: this time every wizard and witch had the right to use them as they please. In fact, they were practiced in Hogwarts as part of the curriculum in the Dark Arts class under the tutelage of Professor Amycus Carrow. After Voldemort's death and the revolutionising of the Ministry under Minister Kingsley Shacklebolt, the three curses were once again forbidden, and many people under its influence felt like they were coming out of trances.
History of use[]
- "Scores of witches and wizards have claimed that they only did You-Know-Who's bidding under the influence of the Imperius Curse. But here's the rub: how do we sort out the liars?"
- —Barty Crouch Jr on the Imperius Curse's controversy.[src]
Death Eaters made use of the curse in both the First and Second Wizarding Wars to force innocent people to do their bidding. For example, Lucius Malfoy used the Imperius Curse to force Broderick Bode and Sturgis Podmore to try to steal a prophecy from the Department of Mysteries in 1996[2], and Yaxley placed the Imperius Curse on Pius Thicknesse as part of the plan to take over the Ministry of Magic in 1997[3].
Ironically, many Death Eaters, such as Lucius Malfoy, avoided imprisonment in Azkaban after Voldemort's first defeat in 1981 by claiming that they had been under the Imperius Curse.[4] As such, it became the Ministry's work to determine who was lying, even though many "victims" managed to deceive them.
Harry Potter and Albus Dumbledore speculated that Merope Gaunt may have used the Imperius Curse on Tom Riddle Sr. to force him to marry her, although Dumbledore thought it more likely that she used a Love Potion.
Other known uses[]
- Herbert Chorley, a Muggle Junior Minister, was the victim of a "poorly-performed Imperius Curse." The resulting symptoms included impersonation of a duck in public, which required him to be removed from society temporarily and transferred into St. Mungo's.
Known Practitioners[]
Victim | Caster | Notes |
Barty Crouch Jr. | Barty Crouch Sr. | Kept under house arrest; 1994. |
Alastor Moody | Barty Crouch Jr. or Wormtail | Imperiused to maintain containment and to reveal the habits of Alastor Moody to impersonate. |
Barty Crouch Sr. | Lord Voldemort | Kept under house arrest in 1994. |
A spider[1] | Barty Crouch Jr. | Demonstration in Defense Against the Dark Arts class, while impersonating Alastor Moody in 1994. |
Harry Potter | Barty Crouch Jr. | Same as above. Harry successfully resisted the curse after several attempts. |
Neville Longbottom | Barty Crouch Jr. | Same as above. Neville did "a series of quite astonishing gymnastics". |
Dean Thomas | Barty Crouch Jr. | Same as above. Dean hopped around the room singing the national anthem. |
Lavender Brown | Barty Crouch Jr. | Same as above. Lavender imitated a squirrel. |
Viktor Krum | Barty Crouch Jr. | During the Triwizard Tournament, Third Task. Viktor was forced to attack Cedric Diggory with the Cruciatus Curse. |
Harry Potter | Lord Voldemort | Little Hangleton graveyard; After being forced by an unspecified spell to bow at the beginning of a duel, Harry successfully resisted Voldemort's Imperius command to answer a taunting question. |
Broderick Bode | Lucius Malfoy | Forced to attempt to steal a prophecy from the Department of Mysteries in 1995. |
Sturgis Podmore | Lucius Malfoy | Same as with Broderick Bode. |
Madam Rosmerta | Draco Malfoy | Forced to assist in the smuggling of a cursed necklace and poisoned mead into Hogwarts, as well as to give notice on Dumbledore's departure. |
Katie Bell | Madam Rosmerta | Forced to assist in the smuggling of a cursed necklace into Hogwarts in a plot to kill Albus Dumbledore. |
Pius Thicknesse | Yaxley | Forced to act as puppet Minister for Magic at the behest of Voldemort in 1997. Noted by Yaxley that the curse was placed with great effort, as Thicknesse resisted. |
Stan Shunpike | Unknown, possibly a Death Eater | Forced to serve the Death Eaters, fought in the Battle of the Seven Potters in 1997. |
Bogrod | Harry Potter | Forced to allow Hermione Granger, disguised as Bellatrix Lestrange, into the Lestrange Vault at Gringotts in 1998. |
Bogrod | Ron Weasley | To replace the curse that the Thief's Downfall washed away. |
Travers | Harry Potter | Forced to act as an accomplice in the aforementioned bank heist. |
Amycus Carrow | Minerva McGonagall | As a means to confine him in the Ravenclaw Common Room in 1998. |
This curse takes its name from the Latin imperiosus, meaning "commanding, mighty, and powerful", or imperio, which means "to rule".
This is also the root of imperative, which is the form of a verb that acts as a command: this is certainly what the imperius curse achieves.
Behind the scenes[]
- In the 1995-1996 school year, Professor Severus Snape wanted an essay on how to resist the Imperius Curse from his sixth year class, and to his displeasure, he found they were poorly written, calling them tripe.
- In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire:
- the Imperius curse appears to give the victim's eyes a milky, glazed appearance which is not mentioned in the books and would decrease the curse's effectiveness, since it would be easily detectable. However, it's possible that this is a sign of a poorly or hastily performed curse, or one where the victim is actively resisting.
- when Barty Crouch Jr. (disguised as Alastor Moody), puts the Imperius Curse on the spider, he directs it movements with his wand, including having it float and hover in midair, as if a Levitation Charm was put on it.
- In the part 2 film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows:
- the Imperius curse appears to be a mist that the victim smells and gets under the caster's bidding. It also appears to leave the victim in a slightly intoxicated, elated state.
- the incantation is said to be Imperius, as opposed to the proper incantation Imperio. It is unknown why this is.
- when the Imperius curse wears off on Bogrod, Ron replaces the initial curse.
- This spell does not appear to be illegal in the handheld versions of LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7, as Severus Snape teaches it to Harry in place of the Occlumency lessons from the book and film.
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (video game)
- Harry Potter: Spells
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
Notes and references[]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince


text:
The Importance of Adding Texture, Dimension, & Luxury
It's time to shift the spotlight to the unsung heroes of arrangements: accent flowers.
Accent flowers play a crucial role in all floral arrangements, adding depth, texture, and whimsy to every bouquet. While often upstaged by their more prominent counterparts, like roses, peonies, ranunculus, and so on, accent flowers are far from "filler flowers." These stems are the secret ingredients that transform a bouquet from ordinary to extraordinary. They complement, enhance, and elevate every arrangement with grace and style. Whether you're decorating for a big event or just sprucing up your space, incorporate the beauty and versatility of accent flowers in your designs.
What Are Accent Flowers?
Accent flowers are small stems that complement and complete a bouquet or arrangement, like fun accessories to an outfit that showcase your personal style. While these flowers aren't the main stars of the show, they do a lot more than simply fill in the gaps. Instead of being "filler flowers," accent blooms are a supporting cast that brings everything together and emphasizes the look and feel of a design. Adding variety and texture, accent flowers come in a wide array of unique shapes and brilliant hues. They offer interest and dimension when mixed into a bouquet, creating a lush and luxurious floral design.
Arranging Accent Flowers
Before selecting accent flowers, florists consider the shape, structure, and longevity of the arrangement. Accent flowers help achieve a desired form, be it tall and dramatic or soft and round. Choices can also be made based on fragrance, adding a sensory element to a design. Seasonal and local accent flowers are preferred for freshness and a unique touch, making each bouquet a blend of technical skill and creative vision.
Common Accent Flowers
The best accent flowers speak to the season and solidify a specific style. From bright, cheerful alstroemeria to warm, golden yarrow, each of these brilliant accent blooms tells a unique story and offers a different look. While amaranthus and thistle can create a moody arrangement fit for fall, delphinium and stock flowers add a splash of vibrancy and height to elevate spring or summer bouquets. Pampas grass and spray roses are ideal for creating neutral boho designs, and hypericum berries bring joy and cheer to any holiday arrangement. Since there are so many wonderful accent flowers to highlight, here is a list of our favorites.
Far from being mere fillers, accent flowers are critical in transforming a collection of blooms into a cohesive masterpiece. Whether it's adding a pop of color, an unexpected texture, or a hint of fragrance, accent flowers are essential in creating arrangements that truly stand out and tell a story. They're not just accent flowers; they're the heart and soul of every floral creation.


text: Normal glass can only reflect UV rays, leaving infrared light (heat radiation) to pass through virtually unhindered. We use a special coating, based on a silver alloy, on our Infrared Reflective Glass which reflects much of the long-wave infrared light. This reduces the heat felt if strong sunlight is shining into the car.


text:
Italy free shipping over 150€ eu free shipping over 350€
Italy free shipping over 150€ EU free over 350€
No products were found matching your selection.
I agree to use my personal data according to the Privacy Policy which I have read and understood.
News about our brands of footwear and accessories collections, tips and tricks to recognize and maintain quality shoes, special and exclusive offers …
Username or email address *
Password *
Remember me Log in
Lost your password?
Email address *
Your personal data will be used to support your experience throughout this website, to manage access to your account, and for other purposes described in our privacy policy.
WhatsApp Chat


text:
In Parsha Haazinu Moses recites the song he scribed in the previous portion. He knows his life and his life's work is at an end and as a parting song Moses recites words that act as an indictment of the ancient Hebrew's sins, words that foretell punishment for future sins, and words that reassure them of Hashem's love and redemption.
Why a song after writing down the Torah? Simple, literacy was not as prevalent then as it is today and lyrics have a way of burrowing themselves deep into the conscious mind. I often wake up humming a tune I heard the previous night or quietly sing to myself the same verse of a song over and over again throughout the day. Whether one finds having a song stuck on repeat in his/her head as annoying or not the fact he/she is conscious of those words and their meaning is important.
In Haazinu [Read more…]


text:
Clothing Length: Regular
Material: Wool
Decoration: NONE
Collar: Half high collar
Elasticity: Medium Strecth
Sleeve Style: Regular
Style: Casual
Pattern Type: Solid
Fit Type: Regulai Fit
Origin: Mainland China
CN: Hebei
Season: Spring/Summer
Sleeve Length(cm): Full
Thickness: STANDARD
Place Of Origin: China (Mainland)
Closure Type: None
Material Composition: 100% Merino Wool
Pattern: A-straight
Age: 25-34
Percentage of Material: 95% above
Gender: WOMEN
Model Number: NS-7G-2209
Product Name: Women's Sweater Top
Size: S, M, L, XL, 2XL
women's sweaters 2022 Knitwears: Merino Wool
Women's jumper 2023: Women's Long Sleeve Sweater
Woman sweater spring: Pullover Turtleneck Knitted Sweater
Service: Wholesale, Dropshipping
Product Information
*100% Australia Extrafine Merino Wool.
*Merino wool is 100% natural product, which is obtained from merino sheep. The functionality of merino as a fibre has made it one of the most sought for materials in cold and moist circumstances. Even a thin layer of merino wool warms more effectively than any man-made fibre.
*Made of 26Nm/2 pure Merino wool fine yarn, this 100% merino wool sweater has a wool fineness of 17.9-micron, with beautifully soft and fluffy texture, 2-Ply densely-knitted yarn of Long Staple finest fibers to deliver Best Anti-Pilling Performance.
*Hand Wash Only
*Thick 7 gauge fabric, Medium thickness. Normal fit, long sleeve turtleneck cable design, casual style. Lightweight, Warm and soft. This turtleneck pure merino wool sweater is suitable for fall and winter.
*Merino Wool is an entirely natural, renewable and biodegradable fiber that comes from the Merino breed of sheep. Merino wool is softer and lighter than traditional wool because the fibers from Merino sheep are finer and smoother. As a result, the fabric is thinner and buttery soft next-to-skin (unlike the scratchy feeling you may typically associate with wool).
*It's thinner and softer than regular wool—making it easy to wear next to skin. And when you wear wool next to skin, a lot of benefits come with it. Shop our pure 100% Merino wool clothing and accessories. These Merino wool products are luxurious, soft and completely biodegradable.
*Model is 5'9" (176cm) ,Bust 83--Waist 60--Hips90cm and is wearing a size Small.
*Hand wash with gentle detergent, wool, or baby shampoo. Not machine washable. Do not tumble dry.
*All the products of our company is Standard EU size,please choose your suitable size according to the following size chart
Size |
Bust(cm) |
Sleeve (cm) |
Length(cm) |
- |
- |
- |
90 |
59 |
57 |
95 |
60 |
58 |
100 |
61 |
59 |
105 |
62 |
60 |
We are professional manufacturer on 100% Merino,100% Cashmere,Cashmere & Wool and wool accessiories.
We have our own factory,we could provide the OEM & ODM services,custom your own LOGO.Our products are all high quality and low price.
We will make new style every month,our style are simple and fashionable,was popular in USA,Europe,Canada,Japan and other countries.
Welcome to our store,hope have long business relationship with you!


text:
Add a mailbox database copy
Applies to: Exchange Server 2013
When you add a copy of a mailbox database, continuous replication is automatically enabled between the existing database and the database copy. Database copies are automatically assigned an identity in the format of <DatabaseName>\<HostMailboxServerName>. For example, a copy of the database DB1 that's hosted on the server MBX3 would be DB1\MBX3.
Looking for other management tasks related to mailbox database copies? Check out Managing mailbox database copies.
What do you need to know before you begin?
Estimated time to complete this task: 2 minutes, plus the time to seed the database copy, which depends on a variety of factors, such as the size of the database, the speed, available bandwidth and latency of the network, and storage speeds.
You need to be assigned permissions before you can perform this procedure or procedures. To see what permissions you need, see the "Mailbox database copies" entry in the High availability and site resilience permissions topic.
The active copy of the database must be mounted.
The specified Mailbox server must not already host a copy of the database.
The path for the database copy and its log files must be available on the selected Mailbox server.
The server hosting the active copy and the server that will host the passive copy must be in the same database availability group (DAG). The DAG must also have quorum and be healthy.
If you're adding the second copy of a database (for example, creating the first passive copy of the database), circular logging must not be enabled for the specified mailbox database. If circular logging is enabled, you must first disable it. After the mailbox database copy has been added, circular logging can be enabled. After circular logging is enabled for a replicated mailbox database, continuous replication circular logging (CRCL) is used instead of JET circular logging. If you're adding the third or subsequent copy of a database, CRCL can remain enabled.
For information about keyboard shortcuts that may apply to the procedures in this topic, see Keyboard shortcuts in the Exchange admin center.
Having problems? Ask for help in the Exchange forums. Visit the forums at Exchange Server.
Use the EAC to add a mailbox database copy
In the EAC, go to Servers > Databases.
Select the database that you want to copy, and then click .
On the add mailbox database copy page, click browse..., select the Mailbox server that will host the database copy, and then click OK.
Optionally, configure the Activation preference number for the database copy.
Click More options... to designate the database copy as a lagged database copy by configuring a replay lag time, or to postpone automatic seeding of the database copy.
Click Save to save the configuration changes and add the mailbox database copy.
Click OK to acknowledge any messages that appear.
Use the Shell to add a mailbox database copy
This example adds a copy of mailbox database DB1 to the Mailbox server MBX3. Replay lag time and truncation lag time are left at the default values of zero, and the activation preference is configured with a value of 2.
Add-MailboxDatabaseCopy -Identity DB1 -MailboxServer MBX3 -ActivationPreference 2
This example adds a copy of mailbox database DB2 to the Mailbox server MBX4. Replay lag time and truncation lag time are left at the default values of zero, and the activation preference is configured with a value of 5
. In addition, seeding is being postponed for this copy so that it can be seeded using a local source server instead of the current active database copy, which is geographically distant from MBX4.
Add-MailboxDatabaseCopy -Identity DB2 -MailboxServer MBX4 -ActivationPreference 5 -SeedingPostponed
This example adds a copy of mailbox database DB3 to the Mailbox server MBX5. Replay lag time is set to 3 days, truncation lag time is left at the default value of zero, and the activation preference is configured with a value of 4
Add-MailboxDatabaseCopy -Identity DB3 -MailboxServer MBX5 -ReplayLagTime 3.00:00:00 -ActivationPreference 4
How do you know this worked?
To verify that you have successfully created a mailbox database copy, do one of the following:
In the EAC, navigate to Servers > Databases. Select the database that was copied. In the Details pane, the status of the database copy and its content index are displayed, along with the current copy queue length.
In the Shell, run the following command to verify the mailbox database copy was created and is healthy.
Get-MailboxDatabaseCopyStatus <DatabaseCopyName>
The Status and Content Index State should both be Healthy.


text:
- 欢迎访问聊城成考网! 本网站为成考报名咨询,主要为广大考生提供报成考指导服务,网站信息仅供学习交流使用,官方信息以山东省教育招生考试院www.sdzk.cn为准。
- 咨询、投诉电话:15562253555
The truth is,that in one point of view,this matter of national literature has come to such a pass with us,that in some sense we must turn bullies,else the day is lost,or superiority so far beyond us,that we can hardly say it will ever be ours.
(1)动词短语相关部分被分隔(当"make use of ","take notice of","pay attention to",等动词短语变成被动语态时)。
Use is made of solar energy in heating houses.
But there is of culture another view,in which not solely the scientific passion,the sheer desire to see things as they are,natural and proper in an intelligent being,appears as the ground of it.
In 1600 the earth was not the center of the universe because the majority then supposed it was;nor,because she had more readers,was Ella wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.
I can not say of myself what Johnson said of Pope:He never passed a fault unamended by indifference,nor quitted it by despair. I do not write as I do;I write as I can.
Anything is better than not to write clearly. There is nothing to be said against lucidity,and against simplicity only the possibility of dryness. This is a risk that is well worth taking when you reflect how much better it is to be bold than to wear a curly wig.
6、"so much that…"句型
But he developed gradually a very musical English. He learnt to write sentences that fall away on the ear with a misty languor and it delighted him so much that he could never have enough of it.
No less obvious is the fact there are great numbers of people so constituted or so brought up that they cannot get so much pleasure out of processes and experiences resulting in a poorer life less full of meaning.
8、"to be doing…when…"是一个句型,多译为"某人正在做……时,突然……"。在简单的句子中容易看出,一旦句子变得复杂一些,可能就不太容易识别这种句型。
She said she and a friend had gone out to dinner that night,and were walking home together at about 10 o"clock,when a "very big,very tall man",accosted them and demanded their purses.
9、"by doing…"结构。这个结构的意思是"通过(做)……",但翻译实践中不能拘泥于这种释义,不少情况下需要灵活变通。
The hippos,by depositing dung in the water,fed the fish that support the storks that destroy the rare trees.
Then I remembered how often I,too,had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day,too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.