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In a recent piece, The Media's Roving Eye, trying to establish a timeline that would offer context for the Plame case, I wrote the following:
"Vice President Cheney started the administration's atomic drumbeat to war in Iraq with a series of speeches on Saddam's supposed nuclear capabilities and desires beginning in August of 2002. (The crucial role of Cheney, whose eye was first caught by a Defense Intelligence Agency report on the Niger uranium documents back in February 2002, in the events that would become the Plame case, has been poorly covered…)"
As I soon found out, I did not stand apart from most others in poor coverage of Cheney's role. Jim Lobe, whose pieces for Inter Press Service I've quoted from, linked to, and recommended endlessly over the last years, sent a few lines my way to tell me that I, too, was off in my Cheney timeline, that the Vice President had started in on the subject of Saddam Hussein's supposed nuclear program significantly earlier than I realized, and that this mattered greatly in understanding the nature of the events to follow. I asked him for a bit of clarification and the next thing I knew I had a piece in hand — Lobe's first appearance at Tomdispatch — an exercise, as he put it, in the sorts of connections that begin to appear when you pull a single string in the tangled ball of yarn that is the history of the Plame case. It's a reminder, as he points out below, of how a powerful web of neocon insiders and outsiders (and their allies) set the U.S. on the path to war in Iraq.
What follows then, from the man who has, in my opinion, done better reportorial work on the neoconservatives and the Bush administration than any other reporter around, is a disquisition on timing — on Vice President Cheney's behaviour immediately before and after former ambassador Joseph Wilson's report on Saddam's supposed search for Niger yellowcake. Tom
Dating Cheney's Nuclear Drumbeat
Framing the Plame Case
By Jim LobeIn the wake of the release of the Downing Street Memo, there has been much talk about how the Bush administration "fixed" its intelligence to create a war fever in the U.S. in the many months leading up to the invasion of Iraq. What still remains to be fully grasped, however, is the wider pattern of propaganda that underlay the administration's war effort — in particular, the overlapping networks of relationships that tied together so many key figures in the administration, the neoconservatives and their allies on the outside, and parts of the media in what became a seamless, boundary-less operation to persuade the American people that Saddam Hussein represented an intolerable threat to their national security.
Vice President Cheney, for instance, is widely credited with having launched the administration's nuclear drumbeat to war in Iraq via a series of speeches he gave, beginning in August 2002, vividly accusing Saddam of having an active nuclear weapons program. As it happens though, he started beating the nuclear drum with vigor significantly earlier than most remember; indeed at a time that was particularly curious given its proximity to the famous mission former Ambassador Joseph Wilson took on behalf of the CIA.
Cheney's initial public attempts to raise the nuclear nightmare did not in fact begin with his August 2002 barrage of nuclear speeches, but rather five months before that, just after his return from a tour of Arab capitals where he had tried in vain to gin up local support for military action against Iraq. Indeed, the specific date on which his campaign was launched was March 24, 2002, when, on return from the Middle East, he appeared on three major Sunday public-affairs television programs bearing similar messages on each. On CNN's "Late Edition," he offered the following comment on Saddam:
"This is a man of great evil, as the President said. And he is actively pursuing nuclear weapons at this time."
On NBC's "Meet the Press," he said:
"[T]here's good reason to believe that he continues to aggressively pursue the development of a nuclear weapon. Now will he have one in a year, five years? I can't be that precise."
And on CBS's "Face the Nation":
"The notion of a Saddam Hussein with his great oil wealth, with his inventory that he already has of biological and chemical weapons, that he might actually acquire a nuclear weapon is, I think, a frightening proposition for anybody who thinks about it. And part of my task out there was to go out and begin the dialogue with our friends to make sure they were thinking about it."
Why do I think that Cheney moment, that particular barrage of statements about Saddam's supposed nuclear program, remains so significant today, in light of the Plame affair?
For one thing, that Sunday's drum roll of nuclear claims indicated that the "intelligence and facts" were already being "fixed around the policy" four months before Sir Richard Dearlove, head of Britain's MI6, reached that conclusion, as recorded in the Downing Street Memo. It's worth asking, then: On what basis could Cheney make such assertions with such evident certainty, nearly six months before, on September 7, 2002, Judith Miller and Michael Gordon of the New York Times first broke a story about how Iraq had ordered "specially designed aluminum tubes," supposedly intended as components for centrifuges to enrich uranium for Saddam Hussein's nuclear weapons program. Even five months later, after all, those tubes would still be the only real piece of evidence for the existence of an Iraqi nuclear program offered by Colin Powell in his presentation to the UN Security Council.
Indeed, on March 24 when Cheney made his initial allegations about an Iraqi nuclear program, we know of only two pieces of "evidence" available to him that might conceivably have supported his charges:
1) Testimony from Adnan Ihsan Saeed al-Haideri, a "defector" delivered up by Ahmad Chalabi's exile organization the Iraqi National Congress (INC), and enthusiastically recounted by the Times' Miller on December 20, 2001 (although rejected as a fabrication by both the CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency). Al-Haideri claimed to have personally worked on renovations of secret facilities for biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons in underground wells, private villas, and under the Saddam Hussein Hospital in Baghdad as recently as 2000.
2) The infamous forged Niger yellowcake documents that, at some point in December, 2001 or January, 2002 somehow appeared on Cheney's desk, supposedly through the Defense Intelligence Agency or the CIA, though accounts differ on the precise route it took from Italian military intelligence (SISMI) to the Vice President's office. It was these and related documents that spurred Cheney to ask for additional information, a request that would eventually result in Wilson's trip to Niger in late February, which, of course, set the Plame case in motion. Wilson's conclusion — that there was nothing to the story — would echo the conclusions of both U.S. ambassador to Niger Barbro Owens-Kirkpatrick and Marine Gen. Carlton W. Fulford Jr., then-deputy commander of the U.S. European Command who was also sent to Niger in February. A couple of days after his return to Washington, Wilson would be debriefed by the CIA.
How far up their respective chains of command Wilson's and Fulford's reports made it remains a significant mystery to this day. Cheney's office, which reportedly had reminded the CIA of the Vice President's interest in the agency's follow-up efforts even while Wilson was in Niger, claims never to have heard about either report. We do know that Fulford's report made it up to Joint Chiefs Chairman Richard Myers whose spokesman, however, told the Washington Post in July 2003, shortly after Wilson went public on the New York Times op-ed page, that the general had "no recollection" of it and so no idea whether it continued on to the White House or Cheney's office.
Meanwhile, Cheney, whose initial curiosity set off this flurry of travel and reporting, appeared to have lost interest in the results by the time he left on a Middle Eastern trip in mid-March; at least, no information has come to light so far indicating that he ever got back to the CIA or anyone else with further questions or requests on the matter of whether Saddam had actually been in the market for Niger yellowcake uranium ore. Yet, within four days of his return to Washington, there he was on the Sunday TV shows assuring the nation's viewers that Iraq was indeed "actively pursuing nuclear weapons at this time."
Did he then acquire new information, perhaps from Iraq's neighbors, during his trip to the Middle East, or had he simply decided by then that the "facts" really had to be "fixed" — or more precisely in Wilson's case, ignored altogether — if the American people were to be persuaded that war was the only solution to the problem of Saddam Hussein? In any event, one can only describe his sudden lack of curiosity combined with his public certainty on the subject as, well curious.
That Cheney did indeed make the initial request to follow up on the Niger yellowcake report appears now to be beyond dispute, and it also draws attention to another little-noted curiosity of the Plame case — the knowledge and role of Clifford May, ex-New York Timesman, recent head of communications for the Republican National Committee (1997-2001), and president of the ultra-neo-conservative Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD). In an article at National Review Online (NRO) on September 29, 2003 (as pressure was building on John Ashcroft to appoint a special prosecutor in the case), he boasted that he had been informed by an unnamed former government official of Wilson's wife's identity long before her outing as a CIA operative by Robert Novak, on July 14, 2003, and so had assumed that her identity (and relationship to Wilson) had been an "open secret" among the Washington cognoscenti. He has subsequently told the Nation magazine's David Corn among others that he was interviewed by the FBI but has never been asked to testify on the subject before Special Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald's grand jury.
In that NRO article, he also noted that he "was the first to publicly question the credibility of Mr. Wilson" following the ambassador's Times op-ed. Indeed, only five days after that op-ed appeared, on July 11, 2003, NRO published May's first attack on Wilson — many more would follow right up to the present — depicting the ambassador as a "pro-Saudi, leftist partisan with an axe to grind." The article — and this is the curious part — included the following passage: "Mr. Wilson was sent to Niger by the CIA to verify a U.S. intelligence report about the sale of yellowcake — because Vice President Dick Cheney requested it, because Cheney had doubts about the validity of the intelligence report." This phrasing is fascinating because it purports to know Cheney's subjective motivation, and the motivation ascribed to him — that he had "doubts" about the Niger story — conflicts with everything we've otherwise come to understand about why he asked for the Niger story to be investigated. It hints, certainly, at how consciously Cheney would indeed fix the facts when it came to Saddam's nuclear doings.
Given this tidbit of curious information hidden in May's piece, it's important to know what former government officials might not only have told May about Plame's identity but possibly about Cheney's real thoughts on the subject of Saddam's nuclear program — presuming, that is, that Cheney himself or Scooter Libby, his chief of staff, was not the source. Among May's board of advisers at FDD were several former government officials, a number of whom were known to be very close to Cheney and Libby as well as to Pentagon hawks like Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz and Undersecretary of Defense Douglas Feith. They included Richard Perle, head of the Center for Security Policy Frank Gaffney, former CIA Director James Woolsey, and Weekly Standard editor Bill Kristol. All of them played starring roles in efforts to tie Saddam's Iraq to al-Qaeda and the 9/11 attacks as well as in raising the nuclear bogeyman well before Cheney did so on March 24, 2002.
In fact, a close examination of how the pre-war propaganda machine worked shows that it was led by the neocons and their associates outside the administration, particularly those on the Defense Policy Board (DPB) like Perle, Woolsey, and Kenneth "Cakewalk" Adelman (and Judith Miller of the Times) who had long championed the cause of Ahmad Chalabi and his Iraqi exile organization, the INC, and were also close to the Office of Special Plans that Douglas Feith had set up in the Pentagon to cherry-pick intelligence. They would invariably be the first to float new "evidence" against Hussein (such as the infamous supposed Prague meeting of 9/11 conspirator Mohammed Atta with an Iraqi intelligence officer). They would then tie this "evidence" into ongoing arguments for "regime change" in Iraq that would often appear in the Times or elsewhere as news and subsequently be picked up by senior administration officials and fed into the drumbeat of war commentary pouring out of official Washington.
It is by now perfectly clear that the neo-conservatives on the outside were aided by like-minded journalists, particularly the Times' Miller — then the only "straight" reporter on the client list of neoconservative heavyweights and columnists represented by Benador Associates — and media outlets, especially the Wall Street Journal's editorial page and Fox News. Working hand-in-glove with the war hawks on the inside, they created a powerful and persuasive machine to convince the public that Saddam Hussein's Iraq represented an imminent and potentially cataclysmic threat to the United States that had to be eliminated once and for all. The failure to investigate and demonstrate precisely how seamlessly this web of intra- and extra-administration connections worked in the run-up to the war — including perhaps in the concoction of the Niger yellowcake documents, as some former intelligence officials have recently suggested — has been perhaps the most shocking example of the mainstream media's failure to connect the dots (the reporters from Knight-Ridder excepted.)
In that context, it is worth noting the first moment that the specter of an advanced Iraqi nuclear-weapons program was propelled into post-9/11 public consciousness. On December 20, 2001, the New York Times published Judith Miller's version of the sensational charges made by Chalabi-aided defector al-Haideri. Her report was immediately seized on by former CIA Director and DPB member Woolsey, (who had just spent many weeks trying desperately but unsuccessfully to confirm the alleged Mohammed Atta meeting in Prague that would have linked Saddam to the 9/11 attackers). Appearing that same evening on CNBC's "Hard Ball," he breathlessly told Chris Matthews, "I think this is a very important story. I give Judy Miller a lot of credit for getting it. This defector sounds quite credible." Within a week, he was telling the Washington Post that the case that Iraq was developing nuclear weapons was a "slam dunk." (Now, there's a familiar expression!) He continued confidently, "There is so much evidence with respect to his development of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles that I consider this point beyond dispute."
One week later, Perle weighed in with an op-ed in the New York Times in which he also referred to Miller's work, albeit without naming her. "With each passing day, [Saddam] comes closer to his dream of a nuclear arsenal," he wrote.
"We know he has a clandestine program, spread over many hidden sites, to enrich Iraqi natural uranium [Nigerian yellowcake perhaps?] to weapons grade. We know he has the designs and the technical staff to fabricate nuclear weapons once he obtains the material. And intelligence sources know he is in the market, with plenty of money, for both weapons material and components as well as finished nuclear weapons. How close is he? We do not know. Two years, three years, tomorrow even? We simply do not know, and any intelligence estimate that would cause us to relax would be about as useful as the ones that missed his nuclear program in the early 1990's or failed to predict the Indian nuclear test in 1998 or to gain even a hint of the Sept. 11 attack."
It was a new argument being taken out for a test run, one that would become painfully familiar in the months that followed. At about that time, or shortly thereafter, a report about the mysterious Niger documents landed on Cheney's desk and the rest would be history.
Jim Lobe is a reporter for the Rome-based international news agency Inter Press Service and has followed the paths of the neocons since the early 1970s. Most of his work on the neocons can be accessed at his archive by clicking here.
Copyright 2005 Jim Lobe


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Transliteration-transcription How To Participate
About THL > THL Transliteration Resources > How to Participate
How to Participate in the Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan and Himalayan Languages Project
Thank you for your interest in contributing to the project. We are interested in further detail for any of relevant language, including the thorough documentation of well known and largely unknown transliteration and transcription schemes used historically. We prefer to document schemes within THL, rather than simply link to external documentation.
If you have submissions, please contact us at .
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subset: commoncrawl


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7 Super Effective Yoga Poses for Beautiful Breasts
We at Bright Side are positive that everyone is capable of building the body of their dreams. We have collected the most efficient yoga poses that will not only improve the shape of your breasts and the volume of your lungs, but also make you feel strong and healthy.
Warrior Pose
Virabhadrasana, or the Warrior Pose, will not only make you feel your strength, but also help you extend your thorax and make it elastic and active:
- Place your feet wide apart, parallel to each other.
- Turn your left foot to the left 90 degrees and your right foot inside. Breathe out, and bend your left knee.
- Your right leg should stay straight. Raise your arms, and put them in line with your shoulders. Turn your head left, looking at your wrist.
- Repeat 7-10 times, then do the same to the right side.
Triangle Pose
Trikonasana, or the Triangle Pose, will release and strengthen your thorax, stretch your spine, and improve your blood flow:
- Place your feet wide apart. Turn the left one 90 degrees and the right one 15 degrees.
- Touch your left ankle with your left hand (with time, you'll be able to put your open palm on the floor), and stretch your right arm upwards so that your arms make a straight line. Keep your knees and spine straight too.
- Turn your face up, and look at your fingers. Then repeat the exercise with the other side.
Cobra Pose
Bhujangasana, or the Cobra Pose, helps increase the lung volume, stretch the thoracic muscles, strengthen your abdominal muscles, and improve your posture:
- Lie on your stomach and inhale deeply. Slowly raise your torso, and keep your lower body to the floor at the same time. Balance on your legs and arms.
- Raise your head and look up.
- Slowly breathe out and assume the initial position. Try increasing the time you stay in the pose with each repetition.
Bow Pose
Dhanurasana, or the Bow Pose, is advised to all those who have backaches. This exercise helps stretch the whole spine and beautifully shapes your breasts:
- Lie on your stomach, breathe out, bend your knees, and raise them behind you to your head. Try holding your ankles with your hands.
- Now slowly breathe out again, and pull your legs and arms upwards as far as you can. Your hips and breasts should lift from the floor, and you should balance on your stomach.
- Try to stay in this position for 30 seconds.
Wheel Pose
Chakrasana, or the Wheel Pose, helps you stretch your thorax, spine, and neck, lifts fatigue, and cures headaches:
- Lie down on your back, and place your feet a bit more than shoulder width apart, then pull them to your buttocks.
- Put your hands behind your head palms down with your fingers pointing to your back. Breathe out and raise your breasts and hips as high as you can.
- Try straightening your arms completely. Stay in this position for 30 seconds.
Supported Headstand
Salamba Sirsasana, or the Supported Headstand, is helpful for the ligaments and muscles of the spine and thorax. It improves breathing and blood flow, but is advised for the experienced:
- Stand on your knees and put your forearms on the floor. Knit your fingers together to form a bowl, then put the top of your head on the mat so that the back of your head is in the 'bowl.'
- Bend your knees, breathe out, and raise your feet off the ground.
- Stretch your legs upwards, and stay like this for 30 seconds to 2 minutes, depending on your ability.
Camel Pose
Ustrasana, or the Camel Pose, is effective against backaches. It also increases the lung volume and strengthens the thorax:
- Stand on your knees and pull your feet together.
- Slowly bend backwards and put your hands on your heels. Then arch your back and stretch your ribs. Your head should be pulled to the floor.
- Stay like this for 30 seconds and assume the initial position.
Brilliant article , very informative and encompassing. These yoga poses has truly helped a lot.
Stop telling women the breast (an absolutely common shape of a breast) in the first picture isn't beautiful! Ridiculous!


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Katherine Woodward Thomas
Main profile
Katherine Woodward Thomas is the national bestselling author of Calling in "The One," a transformative educator, licensed psychotherapist and the co-creator and co-leader, along with teaching partner, Claire Zammit of the Feminine Power transformative courses and the Feminine Power Global Community, a thriving learning community serving women worldwide. Katherine is a creative and inspired transformative educator with nearly 20 years experience designing and facilitating seminars and programs that support the emergence of life-altering shifts in consciousness, both individually and collectively.
Katherine possesses a deep commitment to personal and planetary transformation that began with her own spiritual awakening at the age of 14, when she whole heartedly devoted herself to the evolution of love in the world. For the past five years, since the release of her first book, she has worked with thousands of students throughout the world who have actively participated in the live and virtual transformative learning community she has co-created with Claire.
Katherine also both co-created and co-facilitates the highly acclaimed Women on the Edge of Evolution teleseries, which has become an international phenomenon, gathering close to 50,000 women weekly to engage the biggest questions facing women today regarding our role in co-creating the future of our world, and featuring many of the world's preeminent female luminaries, thinkers, artists and agents of change. She is also working on her forthcoming book, Feminine Power: Awakening to the Co-creative Force of Life (with foreword written by Michael Beckwith).
For more information, please see www.katherinewoodwardthomas.com.
We all want to be a force for positive change. Yet, until we actually make the choice for care over indifference, faith over control, humility over ego, and uncertainty over certainty, we will be less than effective. Becoming a true evolutionary-- one who is able to midwife the unmanifest potentials of life into the manifest world, requires great character, commitment and courage.


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Announcing NetBSD 3.1
The NetBSD Project is pleased to announce that version 3.1 of the NetBSD operating system is now available in both source and binary form. NetBSD is a general-purpose Open Source operating system that provides interfaces for running a wide range of applications on a big number of different hardware platforms, all from one source tree. NetBSD 3.1 contains many bugfixes, security updates, new drivers and new features like support for Xen3 DomU.
NetBSD 3.1 is the first feature update of the NetBSD 3.0 release branch. Changes include bugfixes, critical security updates and new minor features like new drivers.
Complete source and binaries for NetBSD 3.1 are available for download at many sites around the world. A list of download sites providing FTP, AnonCVS, SUP, and other services is provided at the end of this announcement; the latest list of available download sites may also be found at http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/.
We encourage users who wish to install via a CD-ROM ISO image to download via BitTorrent by using the torrent files supplied in the ISO image area. BitTorrent has recently been added to the list of distribution mechanisms and its use is strongly encouraged to help keep bandwidth available.
NetBSD is a general-purpose Open Source operating system that provides interfaces for running a wide range of applications on a big number of different hardware platforms, all from one source tree. Applications can range from proprietary closed source applications to Open Source software, covering desktop environments, database servers, firewalls, routers, embedded appliances and many more, all made available easily through pkgsrc, the NetBSD Packages Collection, which currently contains over 6.300 packages. Picking up its ancestry from the Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-lite and 4.4BSD-Lite2, the NetBSD project continues to provide its application platform on a wide range of hardware platforms - not only vintage hardware, but also modern desktop and server hardware with Intel and AMD Opteron CPUs as well as embedded systems with MIPS, PowerPC, Super-H, ARM and Xscale CPUs. More recently, NetBSD was also ported to "virtual" hardware provided by the Xen machine monitor. Today, NetBSD runs on 54 different system architectures featuring 17 machine architectures across 17 distinct CPU families, all from a single source tree. In addition, the system offers cross compiling for the kernel, userland and the X Window system.
The NetBSD 3.1 release contains complete binary releases for 53 different machine types, and support for four more machine architectures in source form.
More information on the goals of the NetBSD Project can be procured from the NetBSD web site at http://www.NetBSD.org/Goals/.
NetBSD is free. All of the code is under non-restrictive licenses, and may be used without paying royalties to anyone. Free support services are available via our mailing lists and web site. Commercial support is available from a variety of sources; some are listed at http://www.NetBSD.org/gallery/consultants.html.
More extensive information on NetBSD is available from the NetBSD web site http://www.NetBSD.org/.
NetBSD is the work of a diverse group of people spread around the world. The `Net' in our name is a tribute to the Internet, which enables us to communicate and share code, and without which the project would not exist.
The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-3.1 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 3.1 release tree.
A summary list of changes is as follows:
- Supported devices
- brgphy(4): added support for BCM5714 and BCM5780 PHY's.
- Added iteide(4): driver for ITE 8212 IDE controller.
- Added SpeedStep support for the Pentium M 710, 730, 740, 750, 760 and 770 CPU's.
- Added support for nForce430 ATA133 and SATA controllers.
- pdcsata(4): Added support for Promise PDC2057x, PDC20771, PDC20775, PDC40518 and PDC40718 SATA Controllers.
- ums(4): Added support for Apple's "Mighty Mouse", and USB mice with more than 7 buttons
- agp(4): Added support for Intel i915 chipset integrated graphics.
- pchb(4): Added support for Intel i925X, i945G/P and i955X hardware RNG's.
- Added ciss(4): driver for the Command Interface SCSI-3 Support implemented by recent HP/Compaq Smart Array RAID controllers.
- Added nfe(4): driver for NVIDIA nForce MCP Ethernet.
- Added svwsata(4): driver for Serverworks K2, Frodo4, Frodo8 and HT-1000 SATA controllers.
- sk(4): added support for the DLink DGE-530T and DGE-560T Gigabit Ethernet adapters.
- bge(4): added support for BCM5714, BCM5715, BCM5780/HT-2000 and BCM5752 chip variants.
- wi(4): added support for Siemens SS1021 WLAN.
- Added twa(4): driver for the 3ware Apache RAID controllers.
- viaide(4): added support for nForce3 250 SATA controllers.
- hptide(4): added support for HPT368 IDE controller.
- Networking
- Enabled SSL support in BIND.
- A second dhclient(8) instance now exists gracefully instead of leaving the system in a broken state.
- Removed the date from the dhclient(8) generated resolv.conf(5) file, since changes to this file are tracked by /etc/security.
- Changed the default sshd_config(5) to enable SSH version 2 only.
- Don't accept TCP connections to broadcast addresses.
- File system
- The stability of the LFS file system has been vastly improved.
- Added scan_ffs(8) from OpenBSD (modified to also support FFSv2 and LFS), a utility to recover lost disklabels.
- Write performance of large files to msdos filesystems has been improved.
- We now drop into single-user mode when /etc/rc.d/fsck is interrupted by ^C at boot-time.
- Libraries
- Password aging works again.
- Security
- Fixed a denial of service vulnerability in sendmail when handling malformed multipart MIME messages (SA2006-017).
- Fixed a buffer overflow in the in-kernel PPP code share by ISDN PPP interfaces ippp(4) and pppoe(4) (SA2006-019).
- X11: fixed an integer overflow in FreeType (SA2006-020).
- Fixed a potential DoS attack with sendmail(8) (SA2006-017).
- Fixed a DoS vulnerability in BIND (SA2006-022).
- Fixed a RSA signature forgery in openssl(1) (SA2006-023).
- X11: fixed a vulnerability in Adobe Type 1 font handling (SA2006-021).
- Fixed a number of DoS vulnerabilities in openssl(1) (SA in preparation, CVE entries: 2006-2937, 2940, 3738 and 4343).
- Fixed a number of DoS vulnerabilities in sshd(8) (SA in preparation, CVE entries: 2006-4924 and 5051).
- Miscellaneous
alpha specific
- Support booting from FFSv2 filesystems.
amd64 specific
- Make sure that the system reboots after a panic instead of halting.
mac68k specific
- sysinst now newfs'es and mounts the target filesystem(s).
sparc specific
- Disabled threading in named(8) on sparc and sparc64 to avoid a crash.
xen specific
- Added Xen-3 domU support.
- Renamed XEN kernel config files to be more consistent: XEN2_DOM0, XEN2_DOMU, XEN3_DOMU, INSTALL_XEN2_DOMU and INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU.
Please note that at the moment, sysinst will not assist you in installing pre-built third-party binary packages or the pkgsrc system itself. See the NetBSD packages collection documentation: http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html.
The NetBSD Foundation would like to thank all those who have contributed code, hardware, documentation, funds, colocation for our servers, web pages and other documentation, release engineering, and other resources over the years. More information on the people who make NetBSD happen is available at http://www.NetBSD.org/people/.
We would like to especially thank the University of California at Berkeley and the GNU Project for particularly large subsets of code that we use. We would also like to thank the Internet Systems Consortium and the Helsinki University of Technology for current colocation services.
The NetBSD Foundation was chartered in 1995, with the task of overseeing core NetBSD project services, promoting the project within industry and the open source community, and holding intellectual property rights on much of the NetBSD code base. Day-to-day operations of the project are handled by volunteers.
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Finnaly after much searching found this site Very Happy
This ALDI Go Cruise S350 has Igo Amigo on it.(the older ones have Route66)
I followed all the direction but made changes to the boot.ini file to suit as per below so I could put Ozi Explorer on it and try out the new Maplorer from this site as well Smile .
Button1 = ".\MobileNavigator_Igo.exe"; IGO
Button2 = "\residentflash\MAPLORER_v2\maplorer.exe"; Maplorer
Button3 = "\residentflash\ozi\OziExplorerCE.exe"; Ozi
Button4 = "explorer"; Windows
Have not tested Maplorer yet but ozi seems ok and Igo as well Very Happy


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Afghan Biographies
Alizada, Muhammad Ali
Name | Alizada, Muhammad Ali |
Ethnic backgr. | Hazara |
Date of birth | 1965 |
Function/Grade | Wolesi Jirga Member 2010 MP MNA Ghazni |
History and Biodata |
Muhammad Ali Alizada
2. Previous Functions:
3. Biodata:
Alizada participates in cultural and social activities in both Ghazni and Bamyan provinces. From 1994-1996, he was a member of the Writers' Council of the Emroz-e-Ma Magazine (a publication of Hezb-e-Wahdat Islami Mardom Afghanistan) in Peshawar, Pakistan. He has been involved with the cultural section of Hezb-e-Wahdat since 1994. In 2002, Alizada was a member of the Secretariat of the Election Commission for the Constitutional Loya Jirga, where he worked as a public hearing officer for one year. Following this, he focused on political party activities as the Vice-President of Hezb-e-Wahdat Islami Mardom Afghanistan, led by Mohaqiq. From 2003-2005, Alizada was the manager of the Rah-e Hambastagi weekly magazine. He is close to Mohaqiq· and he is the Vice President People's Unity Party of Afghanistan. Alizada was a representative from Jaghori district in the Emergency Loya Jirga in 2002. He resigned as the vice president of Hezb-e-Wahdat Islami Mardom Afghanistan in 2011, and is now independent.
Alizada ran unsuccessfully for parliament in the 2005 elections, gaining 8,403 votes and missing a seat by 2 votes.
Commission (2012): Oversight of the Implementation of the Law and Central Audit He is married and has six children. speaks Dari, Pashto and English. |
Last Modified | 2012-07-04 |
Established | 2010-10-21 |


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Bad breath stinks, but what can you actually do about it? Chew some gum? Suck on a mint? These strategies offer some benefit, but they're short lasting.
You need a complete strategy.
So let's start with the root cause of bad breath: volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). While they sound more like fumes you'd emit from your butt than your mouth, scientists say these substrates are what typically lead to halitosis.
Volatile sulfur compounds are thought to arise from the interaction of oral bacteria that occurs in conditions like gum disease and infections, and within pockets and crevices of your teeth.
But your tongue is the real problem, according to a report in the Journal of Clinical Periodontology. Turns out, its large surface area—with all the tiny cracks and grooves—allow it to harbor lots of the microorganisms that lead to volatile sulfur compounds.
In fact, in separate studies, scientists in Japan found that "tongue coating" had the greatest impact on producing volatile sulfur compounds in people's mouths. This would also help explain why your breath is most likely to stink in the morning, since the compounds build up over night.
Which brings us to that complete strategy.
1. Clean your tongue. This helps disturb and remove the bacteria that create volatile sulfur compounds, and leads to a reduction in their odor. You can do this by literally brushing your tongue, but an even better approach is to scrape your tongue from back to front with a plastic tongue scraper.
When you brush your tongue with a little toothbrush, you might just be moving smelly bacteria around to different places on your tongue. But the larger surface area and flat design of a tongue scraper allow it to carry more bacteria out of your mouth when you scrape it forward, says Denis Kinane, B.D.S., Ph.D., the dean of University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine.
According to a Cochrane review of scientific literature, people who use a tongue scraper reduce volatile sulfur compounds by 42 percent, compared to 33 percent in those who brush their tongue. Plus, the effects of the tongue scraping last longer.
2. Brush and floss twice a day. This isn't a surprise, of course. You'll remove tiny food particles and microorganisms that can lead to those volatile sulfur compounds. If you don't floss, try it and then give the floss a sniff. Smell nasty? You've probably uncovered a breeding ground for unhealthy bacteria—and hopefully gained motivation to start flossing regularly. Keep in mind that gingivitis and periodontitis can lead to volatile sulfur compounds and bad breath, so regular dental checkups are a must.
3. Keep your mouth well-hydrated. When you experience "dry mouth," dead cells on your tongue, gums, and cheeks might build up. Without enough saliva to wash them away, bacteria will begin to feed off the dead cells and multiply. This produces a bunch of sulfur-related molecules that trigger bad breath, Dr. Kinane says.
If you frequently feel like your mouth is dry, try an over-the-counter rinse like Biotene, which has been shown to help with dry mouth. If your breath really reeks and you don't have a rinse around, simply swish your mouth out with plain water. The rinsing action will physically remove some of the stinky bacteria, says Dr. Kinane.


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: Glass Ideas
: Articles
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�2005-2010 ELY�s GLASS
All Rights Reserved
Tempered glass
In the production of flat glass the molten silica-based mix is cooled slowly under carefully controlled conditions. This annealing procedure removes undesirable stresses from the glass. Cooling occurs in an annealing "lehr"; hence, the glass is termed "annealed" or "ordinary" glass. Annealed glass which has been heated to a temperature near its softening point and forced to cool rapidly under carefully controlled conditions is described as "heat-treated glass." The heat treating process produces highly desirable conditions of induced stress (described below) which result in additional strength, resistance to thermal stress, and impact resistance.
Heat-treated glasses are classified as either fully tempered or heat strengthened. According to Federal Specification DD-G-1403B, fully tempered glass must have a surface compression of 10,000 psi or more or an edge compression of 9,700 psi or more. Heat-strength glass must have a surface compression between 3,500 and 10,000 psi, or an edge compression between 5,500 and 9,700 psi. The fracture characteristics of heat- strengthened glass vary widely from very much like annealed glass near the 3,500 psi level to similar to fully tempered glass at the 10,000 psi level.
Glass can fracture when its surfaces or edges are placed into tension. Under these conditions inherent surface or edge fissures may propagate into visible cracks.
The basic principle employed in the heat treating process is to create an initial condition of surface and edge compression. This condition is achieved by first heating the glass, then cooling the surfaces rapidly. This leaves the center glass thickness relatively hot compared to the surfaces. As the center thickness then cools, it forces the surfaces and edges into compression. Wind pressure, missile impact, thermal stresses or other applied loads must first overcome this compression before there is any possibility of fracture.
In the "heat-treatment" process the key procedure is application of a rapid air quench immediately upon withdrawal of hot (approx. 1200 � F) glass from the "tempering furnace." The immediate and sustained application of an air quench produces the temper. As air direction against hot glass from arrays of fixed, reciprocation or rotating blast nozzles, it is important to extract heat uniformly from both surfaces (uneven heat extraction may produce bow or warp) and to sustain the quench long enough to prevent reheating of the glass surfaces from the still-hot glass core. A quenched condition becomes stable when the glass is reduced to a temperature of approximately 400-600 � F.
There are two principal manufacturing methods for producing heat-treated glass. One process heat treats the glass in a horizontal position while the second method moves the glass through the furnace in a vertical position with each light of glass held by metal tongs.
Under wind pressure, tempered glass is approximately four times as strong as annealed glass. It resists breakage by small missiles traveling approximately twice as fast as missiles which break annealed glass. Tempered glass is also able to resist temperature differences (200 � F - 300 � F) which would cause annealed glass to crack.
Annealed Glass
Tempered Glass
Typical Breaking Stress
(large light 60 sec. load)
6,000 psi
24,000 psi
Typical Impact Velocity Causing Fracture
(1/4" light 5 gm missile, impact normal to surface)
30 ft/sec
60 ft/sec
Fully tempered glass is used in many applications because of its safety characteristics. Safety comes from strength and from a unique fracture pattern. Strength, which effectively resists wind pressure and impact, provides safety in many applications. When fully tempered glass breaks the glass fractures into small, relatively harmless fragments. This phenomenon called "dicing," markedly reduces the likelihood of injury to people as there are no jagged edges or sharp shards.
Fully tempered glass is a safety glazing material when manufactured to meet the requirements of the ANSI Z97.1 Standard and Federal Standard CPSC 16 CFR 1201. Federal Standard CPSC 16 CFR 1201, as well as state and local codes, require safety glazing material where the glazing might reasonably be exposed to human impact. This includes doors, tub and shower enclosures, side lights, and certain windows. Applicable building codes should be checked for specific information and requirements.
Fully tempered glass is used traditionally in place of other glass products in applications requiring increased strength and reduced likelihood of injury in the event of breakage. The building industry, motor vehicle industry and certain manufacturing industries find tempered glass is effective and economical in a wide range of applications.
Fully tempered glass can satisfy federal, state and local building code requirements for safety glazing in such applications as doors, side lights, shower and tub enclosure, and interior partitions. It is also used in storm doors, patio-door assemblies, and escalator and stairway balustrades. As a glazing product it is used in windows and in spandrel areas (for wind pressure, small missile impact and thermal stress resistance). Special building applications include sloped glazing, racquetball courts, skylights (see below), and solar panels. Any conditions or requirements imposed in the applicable safety glazing laws and building codes limiting such special uses should be determined prior to glazing.
The domestic motor vehicle industry employs tempered glass as side and rear windows in automobiles, trucks, and multi-purpose vehicles. Manufacturing industries use tempered glass in refrigerators, furniture, ovens, shelving, and fireplace screens.
Tempered glass should not be used where building codes require wired glass for fire-spread resistance. Tempered glass should not be used, alone, where the objective is to provide security against forced entry or bullet passage. Combinations of annealed and tempered glass can be effective barriers against forced entry and bullet impact, if properly designed and constructed. When using tempered glass in fireplace screens, provisions must be made for expansion and edge insulation.
Because of its high resistance to thermal stresses and small missile impact, tempered glass is used in skylights and sloped glazing. On rare occasions when tempered glass in these applications fails, it may fail completely from the opening, individual fragments from tempered glass are relatively small and harmless. A number of these fragments may be loosely joined and fall in this manner. Such pieces do not have the sharp edges normally associated with broken glass but may have significant weight. Some building codes may require the use of screens under skylights. The use of screens may also be dictated by considering the risk of breakage and the resulting consequences.
Tempered glass should receive the same care as annealed glass. Unfortunately, familiarity with the greatly improved strength of tempered glass may mislead people to exert less care in handling it. Careless handling and improper installation sometimes produce edge damage. Delayed breakage can ensue when edge-damaged tempered glass is subjected to a moderate thermal of mechanical stress. Full penetration of the compression layer will likely produce instantaneous total fragmentation of tempered glass. Hence, tempered glass cannot be cut or modified following heat treatment.
Inclusions in glass originate from impurities in th batch or cullet, or are combined from furnace refactories. Common forms of inclusions include aluminous stones, iron stones, and silicon. Nickel sulfide stones are uncommon, microscopic defects in glass, and may cause breakage. Delayed breakage may occur when a nickel sulfide stone is present near the center of the glass thickness.
The tempering process rarely introduces imperfections into glass. The basic glass may contain bubbles, vents, chips, and inclusions which, if accepted or not revealed by inspection before tempering can cause breakage in the initial heating or final quench operations. If inclusions are not eliminated by self destruction during the tempering process, in rare cases they may lead to failure at a later time.
Tempered glass possesses the basic optical qualities of annealed glass. The induced stress condition sometimes produces a slight bow in tempered glass lights. Tempered glass that has been manufactured in a vertical tempering oven contains small surface depressions resembling dimples along one edge. These marks are caused by the pointed metal tongs which support the glass during its passage through the oven. Glass which is passed horizontally through an oven may contain a very slight surface wave caused by contact with the rollers. The waviness can sometimes be detected when viewing reflected images from a large distance. Finally, the air quench nozzles discharge air in a fixed, reciprocating or rotating motion. The area of air quench can be seen through polarized glass as arrays of irridescent spots or lines. Under some lighting conditions these patterns can be seen in ordinary light.
Decorative Mirrors
Glass Table Tops
Glass Shower Enclosures
Aluminum Storefronts
Commercial Vestibules and Commercial Partitions
Glass Railings
Thermal Unit Installation
Frameless Glass Doors
Wall Mirrors
Patterned Glass
Sliding Mirror Doors
Georgian Wired Glass
Laminated Safety Glass
Tempered Safety Glass


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A lightweight, incredibly soft scarf perfect for a cool evening. Knit with 100% bamboo in a simple mesh pattern. Appropriate for beginners and more advanced knitters looking for a simple project that doesn't require too much concentration.
This reversible scarf is approximately 3" wide and 60" long. To make a wider scarf, cast on a multiple of three stitches plus two (for example, 26, 32, or 38 stitches). To see variations of the pattern knit by others, please see my post titled More mesh scarves.
K1: knit one stitch
K2TOG: knit two stitches together
YO: yarn over
Southwest Trading Company 100% Bamboo (one ball)
Straight needles size US 10
Note: Your scarf-in-progress will look different than mine because it needs to be lightly blocked when finished to flatten it and open up the pattern. I block mine by dampening it with water and laying it flat on a towel on a table.
To knit the scarf:
Cast on 23 stitches
Row 1: Knit
Row 2: Knit
Row 3: K1 *K1, YO, K2TOG*; repeat from *, end the row with K1
Repeat rows 2 and 3 until scarf reaches desired length, ending with row 3.
Knit two more rows and then b ind off.
Lightly block the scarf to flatten it and accentuate the pattern.
Update: Here is an example of the same pattern knit in pink and white bamboo. This is one of my favorite scarves because the bamboo isn't scratchy against my neck, plus the pink just makes me feel pretty.


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text:
Member Dazza presents his contributions, reports, articles etc... about Liverpool history.
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text:
[Table of contents is listed at the end of the review.]
The fifth century is one of the more important centuries for the history of Western Europe and the Middle East, as well as the transformation of the Roman world, and the evidence for it is notoriously varied and complex. For decades scholars of late antiquity would shy away from tackling fifth-century events, with A.H.M. Jones, for example, avowedly sticking with the extensive material from the fourth and sixth centuries. Some of this is due to the inherent difficulties in disentangling the details of the century's chronology, something complicated by the lack of an extant contemporary historical narrative. Nevertheless, scholars are now starting to fix their gaze on this neglected period, with Fergus Millar, for one, having recently drawn our attention to the rich material found in the Theodosian Code and the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon.1 Attila too, always a popular subject among non-academics, continues to harbour interest as a recent book by Chris Kelly demonstrates.2 The book under review here, 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire, is one of the most recent books to tackle the fifth century, and where other works have focused on more specific issues, this study offers a wide-ranging, if less-detailed, overview of the fifth-century Mediterranean world, and some of its more important people, in one particular year (428). This focus on one year is novel, though as we soon discover, Traina's choice of 428 is far from arbitrary, and more important events went on in this year than this reviewer, at least, had realized. With endnotes rather than footnotes and the style of this translation conversational, the primary audience is seemingly the general public (a bibliography is conspicuously absent): this reviewer found the book on the shelf of an ordinary, in other words non-academic, bookshop in Winnipeg. Nevertheless, the book is also likely to attract of the attention of scholars of late antiquity.
This fairly short book has eleven diminutive chapters, not including the introduction and epilogue, as well as a preface by Averil Cameron. As noted, the scope is wide-ranging, as Traina endeavours to cover as much of the Mediterranean as possible. The book is written as a pseudo-travelogue with the narrative moving from east to west, and back east again, with some glances towards the north. In the introduction, Traina, like Millar, highlights the richness and variety of the material available for investigation of the fifth century. He also admits that there was more cohesion between east and west at this time than he had expected, a confession which nevertheless paves the way for his discussion of the transformation of the ancient world.
The starting point, in chapter one, "The Travels of Flavius Dionysius and the End of Armenia", is the end of the Kingdom of Armenia, which he considers to be the most important political event of the time. This, for Traina, was a major defeat for Rome, and he frames his account with a look at the political organization of the empire at the highest levels, in the process hinting at Barnish's polycracy (p. 2), which is the notion that there was no dominant political group (military, civilian, etc.), but rather several with the individuals more important than the office itself.3 His list of the qualities needed for high-powered diplomats, such as "honesty and incorruptibility" and the suggestion that Roman military might was superior to that of their neighbour Sasanid Persia, I find a bit dubious (p. 2), for there was surely little to separate the two powers.4 On the other hand, his stressing of the complex relationship between warfare and diplomacy in the interactions between East Rome and Sasanid Persia is undoubtedly correct; his focus on this important event, which usually falls outside the register of most students of the late antique world, is refreshing, and unsurprising, perhaps, given the focus of some of Traina's past research.5
In the next chapter, "The World of Nestorius: Bishops, Monks, and Saracens", Nestorius, Theodosius II, and Antioch all feature prominently. Traina characterizes the election of the Syrian Nestorius as bishop of Constantinople as an important moment for the Christian communities in the East Roman empire, as this was meant to have strengthened ties between Constantinople and Antioch, to the advantage of the former. On the other hand, why this "constituted an important moment for the Syriac tradition" (p. 8) is not entirely clear, especially since Traina notes that Nestorius was not the first Syrian bishop of the capital. Traina describes Antioch's economic growth and prosperity during the fifth century, as well as its multicultural population, and the power of many of its officials, such as the governor of Syria and the comes Orientis. Traina also notes in this chapter the role of Christianity and the clergy in military affairs, the spreading of the worship of saints, and the popularity of heresies in frontier areas such as Edessa, which was home to a number of Arians, Manichaeans, and the doctrine of Marcion (p. 12).
In "On the Pilgrim's Road" the narrative continues its shift westwards, here with some discussion of the peoples inhabiting the landscape along the pilgrim's route through Asia Minor. Here Traina touches on the character of ancient travel as well as the Itinerarium Burdigalense, which describes this journey from Antioch to Constantinople, including the specific stages and distances. The primary focuses, however, are the warlike Isaurians and the persistence of paganism in the more isolated parts of the Roman Empire such central Asia Minor. He notes the opportunism of the former group of people: later in the century they reach the highest echelons of power. As regards the empire's religiosity he notes the state's fear of certain strands of Christianity, with Novatianism highlighted (p. 23).
Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern empire, occupies "The New Rome and Its Prince". Unlike the city of Rome, Traina notes that this capital lacked many vestiges of the empire's pre-Christian traditions, the implication being that the city was more easily able to evolve into a more visibly Christian city. Traina, perhaps conveniently, suggests a peak in building activity in 428, noting, for example, the completion of water storage tanks in 421, the Theodosian Baths in 427, as well as a number of fora, horrea, and public ovens (p. 28). Much of this chapter is concerned not only with the imperial city itself, but also with its chief occupant, Theodosius II. Traina notes the powerful influence of the empresses over his religious decisions, though he suggests that despite his reputation, among some, for being weak, he was in reality anything but, partially on the basis of his relative success in comparison to his western counterparts, and partially, somewhat paradoxically, by his decision to withdraw into the palace, so shunning active combat. For Traina it is largely his ascetic habits that garner such authority. Theodosius II's contemporary Sozomen, however, exaggerates the power of the emperor, referring to him as the ideal ruler.6
"The Anatomy of an Empire", chapter five, opens with the surprising statement "in 428, the empire was close to reunification" (p. 41). The rest of the chapter delves into this matter, with Traina suggesting that the impetus for this change was the coronation of Valentinian III. He suggests that this belief was fairly widespread. As regards the sources used, there are at least two problems. First, many of them are westerners, such as Augustine and Prosper, and one could argue that this group is in fact only concerned with the unity of the Western Empire, rather than East and West. Second, some, like Olympiodorus, are fragmentary, and so making broad claims on their underlying themes, such as "unity between East and West" (p. 43), is problematic given the incompleteness of the parts of the text that we have.
The late Republican and Imperial heart of the Roman Empire, Italy, is the focus of the next chapter, which is entitled, "From Ravenna to Nola: Italy in Transition". Traina notes that Rome was still the seat of the senate, and that the majority of its members were committed to upholding its traditions. He refers to the ever-changing fortunes of Christianity and the different forms of paganism, and the impact they had on the Italian peninsula, such as the seeming rise in religious tension (p. 57), exemplified by the assassination of a certain Pyrrhus in 428.7 The complex relationship between town and countryside features in this discussion, with some parts of the country, such as southern Italy, fairing better than others, such as the Apennine regions (p. 59ff). Traina also refers to the divergent fortunes of different parts of the country, with Ravenna growing in importance, and Rome still reeling from the Visigothic incursions.8
Generals, barbarian warlords, ethnic identity, and monks are the focus of the chapter, "Trial Runs for the Middle Ages". The interplay between "civilized" court officials and uncouth generals opens the chapter, with the identity and aspirations of the latter, with Aetius being the most notable, attracting some attention. There is a brief interlude in which Traina turns to monks, before he comes back to barbarization, generals, and the integration of non-Romans into the wider community, whether it is in Gaul or elsewhere. The ordinary character of 428 is again called into question, with Traina referring to the rise of Aetius, which includes his victory over the Franks, and to Nennius' fictitious claim that Vortigern summoned the Saxons to Britain, both of which are said to have happened in that very year. There are more points of contention in this chapter than some others, though I say this as a reviewer who has considerable interest in the subject matter discussed here. Whether the foederati, who frame much of this part of the chapter, really were a "separate social category" (p. 64) is debatable. I am also not sure that Procopius is necessarily a "chauvinist historian", at least in comparison to any other historian of antiquity. Traina also makes a passing reference to Germanus' (the subject of Constantius' Life of Saint Germanus) military education, an intriguing point which deserves further explication, given that we know so little about the training of officers.
In "Waiting for the Vandals", the year 428 is characterized, at least in part, as the calm before the storm of the great migration of the Vandals to Africa. 428 is the year of Gaiseric's accession, as well as a civil war involving the one who was, at that time, the leading man in Africa, Count Boniface, a man who was the rival of the "last of the Romans", Aetius. 428 is also the year that Augustine is said to have finished writing the City of God —which engenders some interesting remarks, including the suggestion that earthly salvation emanated from Constantinople (pp. 88)—and in which the Vandals are believed by some, or so Hydatius, to have converted to Arianism, which, Traina argues, paved the way for their invasion.9 When it did come, it would have momentous repercussions for the rest of the empire, with Italy losing its breadbasket, and so accelerate the disintegration of the Western empire. The East's second attempt to recover Africa in 468 was disastrous, while a later (536) initially successful attempt led to considerable instability. In the 420s, before the arrival of the Vandals, it is not clear whether the "empire looked on anxiously at the movement of peoples" (p. 83) quite as Traina claims, given the difficulties in communication and transportation, which were compounded by the loss of Roman military authority at sea at the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth centuries. One could argue that Count Boniface was seen at the time as much more of a threat to Africa than the Vandals.
Egypt was often a hotbed for religious violence in late antiquity, and this issue is covered in chapter nine, "Pagans and Christians on the Nile". Traina notes that out of concerns for their safety, a number of non-Christians left Egypt for the, at the time, safer environs of Athens in Greece. Of course, a century later some of these same groups would be on the move again, though largely thanks to the closure of the Academy in 529, rather than from the fears of the same sort of violence that rocked Egypt, especially Alexandria, in the fifth century. Some of the trouble stemmed from the fact that it was the Christian bishops who were charged with dealing with religious disputes. On the other hand, Traina notes that the fifth century witnessed the flowering of Coptic literature with the language coming into its own, a process aided by the spread of Christianity. The elusive Blemmyans also merit some discussion in the chapter, with Traina noting their raids in south, and the problems this caused the soldiers and civilians who inhabited the region (pp. 100-103).
With chapter ten, "Easter in Jerusalem", Traina returns to the Near East. He notes that Easter was the most important festival for, and this was perhaps nowhere more visible than in Jerusalem, the fortunes of which had improved considerably with the Christianization of the empire. Traina also speculates that the "monasteries of Palestine contributed to the development of the economy" (p. 109), pointing to the improvement of an irrigation system in the Negev, and the presence of pilgrims. Surely there were a fair number of pilgrims in the late antique period, though we cannot quantify this traffic. Thus, positing that they had a significant impact on the regional economy is speculative at best, and regarding the volume of non-official traffic in antiquity, which we cannot quantify, I would suggest we err on the side of caution, with the numbers probably less than we might think. Local factors, such as regional stability, are likely to have played a bigger role in this economic development. Judaism also features in the chapter, with Traina noting that the position of patriarch, conveniently enough, ceased to exist before 429 (p. 113). It also seems that the Palestinian Talmud was nearing completion, if not already complete, by 428.
In the final chapter, "The Great King and the Seven Princesses", Traina returns to Sasanid Persia. In keeping with a major theme of this book—the continued unity of the empire in the face of the changes in its different regions—he states that "there was still an entity that could be defined as 'Rome'" (p. 117). With this he launches into his discussion of that other great, and unified, empire, Sasanid Iran. Theodosius II's contemporary was Bahram V, one of its greatest leaders, and under whom Traina argues Persia "experienced its period of greatest splendor". This image, like much of our information concerning Sasanid Persia, comes, largely, from later medieval works written in Arabic and Pahlavi, among others. Like his counterpart Theodosius II, Bahram V faced great challenges in this period mixed with some significant success. Armenia again fell under the Persian yoke, while there was military success against the Huns over the course of the decade, not to mention the minor conflict with Rome in 421/422. There are also legendary accounts of campaigns in India (p. 125). In closing Traina notes the relative harmony among the various religions in the Sasanid Persian Empire, which contrasts with the situation in Rome.
Traina closes his book with an epilogue in which we find the following words: "the imperial crisis and the arrival of new peoples were responsible for bringing the various and previously hidden elements of a complex and multiethnic world to the surface. The men of the fifth century appear more sensitive to this variety and this complexity, which had once been dismissed as things of marginal concern. It is true that the Mediterranean was no longer a shared geographical space. Yet, the empire left behind a clearly defined political dimension, which would continue for many generations" (p. 132). In his sweeping survey of the fifth-century Mediterranean Traina has managed to convey some of this variety and complexity. We also get some sense of this multiethnic world, with many, complementary shared identities, but which was, nevertheless, diverging politically and culturally. Traina provides us with snapshots of a number of interesting individuals, many of whom I have not mentioned in this review. To be sure, there is much that he overlooks, which is to be expected given the length of the book and the breadth of the material that he covers. On the other hand, the chapters seem to end rather abruptly, a point that hinders the unity of the book and, to a lesser degree, the strength of the argument. Although Traina is avowedly travelling round the Mediterranean, and so each chapter represents a different mansio on the tour, so to speak, I would have preferred more effort at connecting the chapters; geography aside, each chapter does not necessarily follow the next in a logical way. There are a number of points he mentions for which I think there might be other, more plausible explanations, some of which I highlighted in the paragraphs above. Plus, I am not sure that the people of the fifth century appear any more sensitive than their ancestors or descendants. Nevertheless, Traina has done the fifth century a tremendous service by describing it in such a lively and engaging style, and it is hoped that his book will help inspire research on this under-studied period.
Table of Contents Preface
I The Travels of Flavius Dionysius and the End of Armenia
II The World of Nestorius: Bishops, Monks, and Saracens
III On the Pilgrim's Road
IV The New Rome and Its Prince
V The Anatomy of an Empire
VI From Ravenna to Nola: Italy in Transition
VII Trial Runs for the Middle Agesv
VIII Waiting for the Vandals
IX Pagans and Christians on the Nile
X Easter in Jerusalem
XI The Great King and the Seven Princesses
1. F. Millar, A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408-450) (Berkeley, 2006).
2. C. Kelly, Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire (London, 2008).
3. S. Barnish, S., A.D. Lee, and M. Whitby, "Government and Administration", in CAH 14 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 164-206.
4. J. Howard-Johnston, "The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: a Comparison," in A. Cameron (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East 3: States, Resources, and Armies (Princeton, 1995), pp. 157-226.
5. "Moise de Khorène et l'Empire sassanide", in R. Gyselen (ed.), Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides : données pour l'histoire et la géographie historique [Res Orientales
6. Note Sozomen's comments in the preface to his Ecclesiastical History. On Sozomen see P. van Nuffelen, Un héritage de paix et de piété: étude sur les histories ecclésiastiques de Socrate et de Sozomène (Louvain, 2004).
7. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, (Cambridge, 1980), p. 886.
8. See also B. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford, 2005), passim, for the fate of Italy in late antiquity.
9. Hydatius, Chronicle, 89.


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This is an exercise in skateboard nostalgia for old school skaters and a glimpse of the roots of British skating for historians and people researching street culture: part of the Long Tail for skateboarding in the U.K. There are also hints of what life was like producing magazines in the days before desktop publishing. (more…)


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"Close quarter squabbles." - RG Aware
Sunday, November 17, 2013
4 comments:
- Auntie Jane (It is official!) said...
Oh, Chico, why don't you just wave a red cape in front of Zoey?
- November 17, 2013 at 9:42 PM
- Unknown said...
Chico El Matador.
Remember, Chico, when el toro wins, it is too late to decide you do not want to be a matador.
In real bullfights, I LOVE when the bull wins! Poor thing is gonna die anyway, so he might as well go out in blaze of bloody, gory, visceral glory! And there is nothing more priceless than the look on the matador's face when that horn rips him a new butthole or two. Dumbasses. You all know the saying...Mess with the bull, get the horns...TORO TORO!!!! - November 17, 2013 at 9:52 PM
- Crafty Green Poet said...
Chico has a very guilty look on his face
- November 18, 2013 at 10:57 AM
- SixBunnies said...
She looks pretty mad this time, Chico ...
- November 18, 2013 at 11:08 AM
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