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The Participatory Museum: An "Encore" Interview with Nina Simon
Since Nina Simon recently released her book, "The Participatory Museum" I thought I'd do an "encore" posting of the interview I did with her a while back. Enjoy!
Nina Simon, the creator of the Museum 2.0 blog, is a one-woman idea factory and independent museum professional based in California. I was able to pull her away from her bucolic workspace (see photo above) to answer a few questions about her work and herself:
What's your educational background?
I went to WPI, a small engineering college in Worcester, MA with a focus on hands-on learning. I learned to weld and build explosive electronic stuff. I left with a degree in electrical engineering and a minor in math, confident I would never again pick up the phone to hear a friend say, "Nina, come over here with as much metal as you can. I'm discharging a giant capacitor and I just vaporized a fork."
What got you interested in Museums?
I've always been interested in free choice learning. In high school, I got my hands on Grace Llewellyn's book, The Teenage Liberation Handbook: How to Quit School and Get a Real Life and Education and only my obsessive geekiness and the potential of my mom having a heart attack kept me from quitting to pursue my own education. But I did go on to read every book by John Holt and Paulo Friere and spend time on a free school farm in Minnesota.
In college, I taught differential equations and was shocked at how many of my fellow students hated and feared math. I also learned pretty quickly that engineering wasn't a great fit for the creative performer in me. I started searching for a place where I could share my love of math and science without handing out grades, and started working at science museums (the Boston Museum of Science and the Acton Discovery Museums) immediately after graduating.
What are some of your favorite museums or exhibitions?
I love the Museum of Jurassic Technology, a place I visited frequently as a teenager (and continue to visit whenever I'm back in LA). It's one of the few museums that has a mysterious aura to it--it feels like slipping into an attic or a book you read whenever it rains. I feel changed by each visit and that energizes me.
I loved the James Turrell exhibit at the Mattress Factory (2003) for the same reason--mysterious, dark corridors opening into astounding light, like secrets opened just for you.
I love the Exploratorium, a place that also feels like home for me. Each time I go in I feel ready to talk to strangers and interact with lovely, satisfying phemonena. It brings out friendliness and hope. The City Museum does the same. I don't think the City Museum is successful because of the "danger." I think it's successful because, like the Exploratorium, it assumes that its visitors are people worthy of awesome, unusual experiences.
I was really impressed by the Experience Music Project. I learned a ton. The museum uses technology and media intelligently, tells strong stories, and the interactives are killer. While there are definite negatives to the "single player" music booths, I think Quatrefoil did an amazing job creating experiences where you really feel like you could be a musician. I'm the daughter of a musician and I never felt as comfortable messing around with instruments as I did at EMP.
What prompted your interest in 2.0 technologies/communities and starting Museum 2.0?
My husband runs a software company called The Electric Sheep Company that deals with new technologies and a lot of his employees are hyper-connected, creative people. From them, I started learning about the world of Web 2.0, seeing how it was changing the business and social landscape of the internet. A huge revolution happened--and is continuing to happen--very quickly on the Web. It's the most accelerated media change in history. And I started drawing analogues to museums, getting excited about how we might similarly change our media (spaces, exhibits, programs) to engage visitors in new ways as participants and co-creators. I don't think that museums can or should undergo as dramatic and chaotic change as the Web supports. I think we should watch carefully from the sidelines and reach out and snag the good stuff whenever and wherever we find it. And that requires being engaged as a learner in that world.
Of course, there's a more personal reason I started the Museum 2.0 blog. I'm a free choice learner. I didn't want to go to graduate school, but I did want to pursue my own education in museums and learn enough to have something to say to some of the really smart people I was meeting at conferences. The blog really started as a personal learning device. It continues to be that for me, but now there are more co-learners involved.
Tell us a little bit about The Tech's exhibit development experiments using Second Life and your role in that?
The Tech is experimenting with a new exhibition department model that combines content experts with community managers. The content experts drive exhibitions conceptually, and the community managers translate those concepts into opportunities for creative folks around the world to design interactive elements and exhibit pieces to address those concepts.
There are two over-arching strategic goals with the project--to tap the brilliance and expertise of the whole world for exhibit content, and to develop exhibits on a very short timeline by working in parallel with many virtual exhibit development teams. I led the initial pilot of this model, developing an online community space in Second Life where creative amateurs could work together to design virtual prototypes for exhibits on the theme of technology in art, film, and music.
In three months, over 250 people submitted about 50 exhibit concepts on that theme. I then led the translation of the best of those virtual exhibits into a real exhibition of interactive analogs. The whole process, from the opening of the virtual workshop to the opening of the real exhibition, took 6 months.
I've written a lot about this project and its challenges and successes on the Museum 2.0 blog under the keyword "Tech Virtual," which you can find on the right sidebar under "Past Posts by Topics".
What are some of your best/favorite examples of both Web 2.0 and Museum 2.0?
There are several different kinds of Web 2.0 and Museum 2.0 projects. The best of these share a few commonalities: easy and rewarding entry point, clear benefits of the networked effects of more and more people participating, high quality experience for the lurking non-content provider (most Web 2.0 users are lurkers, not creators).
My current favorite Web 2.0 services are Flickr, the photo-sharing site, Twitter, the short-form communication platform, and Pandora, the personalized internet radio station. I love Flickr because it gives me access to a huge range of images I could never find through other search engines. I love Pandora because it exposes me to new music in an intelligent way. I love Twitter because unlike blogs, which are soap boxes (and I love my soapbox!), Twitter is a level playing field way to share information with others.
There are also some Web 2.0 services, like del.icio.us and LibraryThing, which I use, but rarely for the social functions. They keep my stuff (websites, books) in order.
On the museum side, I love every example of art museums letting visitors write labels (San Jose Museum of Art in the past, Tacoma Art Museum currently). I thought the Art Gallery of Ontario's In Your Face portrait exhibit was fabulous. I liked how the London Science Museum invited visitors to contribute their own toys to a larger curated exhibition on play. I'm interested in a range of visitor co-created exhibits, including Brooklyn Museum of Art's Click! and the Minnesota Historical Society's MN150.
Can you talk a little about some of your current projects?
I'm working with a few museums to strategize about how participatory design will be worked into their plans, whether for individual exhibitions or programs or for large-scale institutional planning. Some of these have to do with visitor co-creation of exhibits, as at the Chabot Space Science Center, where I'm helping plan a three-week institute in which teens will design exhibits as part of a larger exhibition on black holes. Others have to do with pushing the boundaries of how visitors are engaged in exhibits, as at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, where I'm helping conceive an exhibit component that encourages visitors to take a social/political action related to global warming.
I'll be teaching a museum grad course in the spring at the University of Washington (Seattle) on social technologies, and I look forward to working with those students on designing exhibits and experiences that intentionally support visitors (strangers) talking to and interacting with each other.
I'm also starting up a personal project with my dad, a podcast show called Museum Hater. He's a musician with a lot of free time, an artsy boomer who never goes to museums. We're going to visit museums and talk about why he (and lots of people) never go to museums. It will be funny, but we're also trying to dig into that essential question: who doesn't come and what keeps them from doing so? We usually approach that question with regard to underrepresented ethnic groups. But there are lots of people of all kinds who don't visit museums, and I think we need confront that and find out why.
How do you think museums will be different 10 years from now?
Not different enough. I think museums will keep dragging their feet on visitor participation, citing technological complexity when the real obstacle is the lack of willingness to give up authority. I hope that collections-based museums will move towards designing exhibits that set up the artifacts as opportunities for discussions. I hope that science and history museums will move away from big attraction-style setups to more open-ended and experimental attempts. I hope that programs and exhibits will fuse into a more holistic form of content sharing in the museum. I hope we can let people sit on couches and eat in the museum. But I expect there to be a gap between these hopes and reality.
What 2.0 technologies/techniques do you think are underutilized currently in museums?
There are two related techniques I think we are most lacking. First is profile power--the ability for a visitor to be recognized and responded to as a unique individual. On Web 2.0 sites, everything revolves around you. Your Facebook page shows you what your friends are up to. Your Netflix account shows you what you rented, what you enjoyed, and what you might enjoy. Even at the library, your card relates you to certain books and fines. But at most museums, even members are faceless. We have so little data about what people like, what brings them in, what brings them back. And that makes for poor audience development both in terms of providing a sticky experience (by making them feel personally valued) and cultivating potential donors.
The second thing is the right to a personalized visit. There's this weird bias in museums, especially collections-based ones, against confronting the reality that visitors like some exhibits and artifacts more than others. We don't make it easy for people to express their preferences and receive custom content (i.e. other exhibits you might like) based on that. Again, Netflix isn't offended if you rate a movie poorly--in fact, that information HELPS them serve you better. We need to turn our heads around to a model where we understand that we can provide overall better museum experiences if we respond to visitors' likes and dislikes.
If money were no object, what would your "dream" exhibit project be?
Hm. Two dreams. First, I'd like to build a place that operates as a bar but also provides social interactives--objects and experiences that encourage people to interact with each other. But since this is a dream I'm hoping to realize in the next five years, let me tell you about another one.
I'd like to work with a collection-based museum to create an entirely networked visitor experience. By this I mean that the museum tracks data about the visitor in every way--which artifacts they visit, how long they stand in front of each piece--and responds to the visitor constantly to provide new content and opportunities of interest. Conceptually, this means treating every visitor as a unique individual, offering the exhibits, the programs, and the other visitors that might interest that person as they move through the space. This is as much related to gaming as it is to social media. Games (and Web 2.0 sites) store what you've already done. They give you new challenges and rewards based on your previous actions.
How do you decide on topics for your Museum 2.0 blog?
I keep a running list of things I "should" write about--projects that come up, interesting articles people send me. I am vigilant about posting 2-3 times a week, never less than 2, even if I'm working overtime on other things. I focus on four main areas of interest: relevant projects (social media, games, art) happening outside museums, experiments happening inside museums, theoretical arguments about the future of museums, and explanations/demystifications of technologies. I try to balance these within a given week so that I don't post twice in a row about Web 2.0 tools or any other specific element.
I spend about equal amounts of time weekly learning about new things (reading, interviewing people, visiting exhibits) as I do writing about them. It really is an educational experience for me.
Are museums good forums for 2.0 interactions and communities?
YES! This is why I'm so excited about the whole idea. Web 2.0 doesn't mean that the real world is obsolete. In fact, most active users of Web 2.0 sites are frequently scheduling meetups in-person to connect live. And there is no ideal place for those meetings--no real world analog to the community spaces popping up on the Web. I think museums have a huge opportunity to become those analogs, to become physical places that experiment with ways in which regular people can create and share content with each other. We already have congregant spaces. We're trusted places about content. We have stuff. Now all we need is the desire and the trust to make it happen.
2.0 and Green Design are two of the hottest topics right now in the museum biz. Do you see any connections between the two?
Both get more lip service than action. Both sound expensive. I'm glad to see that much of the green design discussion is moving to include our practices (cradle to cradle exhibit production, for example) and not just "ideas we share with visitors." The same thing has to happen with 2.0--it can't just be a talkback wall. It has to be part of how we do business to be legitimate.
I think it's interesting that both 2.0 and green design are in large part reactions to visitor pressure. Kids are the greatest champions of recycling in America. They expect it from their families, their schools, and hopefully from their museums. Likewise the ability to judge, comment on, and remix content.
This is a good thing. The more we feel the need to respond to visitor cultural expectations, the more relevant we will be to their lives.
What's it like to live "off the grid" in the shadow of Silicon Valley?
Awesome! As an engineer at heart, I love living with systems that are easy to master and fix without a specialist. It's elegant in a scrappy, rustic way. We compost our human waste for fruit trees. We get our power from the sun. We don't have fancy Dwell magazine-style green systems--it's more like summer camp in the country. It was interesting to move here and realize which things we didn't need (like flush toilets) and which were necessary (hence a major winter project to move from dial-up to high-speed internet). And we've met several other hippie/techies living similarly in this area.
My partner's work involves much more computer time than mine, and when we lived in the city, he was always working. Here, things are different. I love living in a place where it is so easy and compelling (and on cloudy days, necessary) to unplug. We spend our free time building tree houses and wandering in the woods. It keeps my life balance healthy.
Thanks again to Nina for taking the time for our interview. Check out Nina's interesting and enthusiastic musings at the Museum 2.0 blog.
Know another "big thinker" inside or outside the museum biz that you'd like us to interview? Drop you suggestions into an email or the Comments Section below.
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Course Objectives:
This four week, four-module short course, running from May 1 to May 31, introduces the philosophy and socio-cultural movement that is Transhumanism. We will survey its core ideas, history, technological requirements, potential manifestations, and ethical implications. Topics to be discussed include: the various ways humans have tried to enhance themselves throughout history; the political and social aspects of Transhumanism; the technologies required to enhance humans (including cybernetics, pharmaceuticals, genetics, and nanotechnology); and the various ways humans may choose to use these technologies to modify and augment their capacities (including radical life extension, intelligence augmentation, and mind uploading). Along the way we will discuss social and ethical problems that might be posed by human enhancement.I've put together an amazing curriculum and reading list, so I hope to see you in the virtual classroom.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Dodgers owe about $10 million in payroll Wednesday, according to one of the people, but that figure roughly triples for the June 30 payment as several deferred salaries come due, including more than $8 million to Manny Ramirez.From my understanding, deferred payments are also due to Juan Pierre and Andruw Jones.
The Dodgers appear to have "no chance" to meet the June 30 payroll without a cash infusion from a new television contract, according to a person familiar with McCourt's finances but not authorized to discuss them. If McCourt misses payroll, Selig could make the payments for him, seize the team and put it up for sale.
Our long regional nightmare may soon be coming to an end. (I'm crossing my fingers)
I guess the only thing that could stop the inevitable is if Selig approves the TV deal soon thereby giving McCourt the funds to continue his ownership. But, by the sounds of this LA Times report, that doesn't seem likely since the MLB report is not due until the end of this month which probably makes it too late for McCourt to gather the funds to make payroll.
Perfect timing, eh?
That Selig, he's a crafty one.


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In a moment of unexpected high drama, Republicans were stymied once again in their effort to repeal the Affordable Care Act — and they have John McCain to thank for it.
In the early morning hours Friday, the senator showed why he earned the nickname "Maverick" over his long tenure.
McCain, who was diagnosed with brain cancer and returned to Washington to advance the health care bill, turned around and bucked his party's leadership — and President Trump — by joining two moderate Republicans, two independents and every Democrat in voting against the so-called "skinny repeal" of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.
McCain's office released a statement from the senator on his reasoning:
"From the beginning, I have believed that Obamacare should be repealed and replaced with a solution that increases competition, lowers costs, and improves care for the American people. The so-called 'skinny repeal' amendment the Senate voted on today would not accomplish those goals. While the amendment would have repealed some of Obamacare's most burdensome regulations, it offered no replacement to actually reform our health care system and deliver affordable, quality health care to our citizens. The Speaker's statement that the House would be 'willing' to go to conference does not ease my concern that this shell of a bill could be taken up and passed at any time."
McCain continued, calling on lawmakers to "return to the correct way of legislating and send the bill back to committee, hold hearings, receive input from both sides of aisle, heed the recommendations of nation's governors, and produce a bill that finally delivers affordable health care for the American people."
The Senate voted 51-49 against the legislation aimed at dismantling the Affordable Care Act.
"This is clearly a disappointing moment," Republican Senate leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky said immediately after the bill failed. He added, "I regret that our efforts simply were not enough this time."
McConnell, who seemed to exhaust every trick in the procedural playbook to get to this point, seemed surprised and undercut by the result.
The defeat ends — for now — the health care debate in Congress. The chamber adjourned following the defeat, and there are no further Senate votes this week. In the short term, the Senate intends to move on to defense legislation and the nomination of Christopher Wray to be the next FBI director.
In a written statement from McConnell's office after the vote, he seemed to indicate a GOP-only effort on health care may be dead.
"We look forward to our colleagues on the other side suggesting what they have in mind," McConnell said in the statement.
Republican senators said there was no consensus and no plan for what comes next on health care. Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, warned of potentially severe political consequences for Republicans for failing to deliver on what has been the GOP's unifying campaign pledge for the previous three elections.
"I sadly feel a great many Americans will feel betrayed," Cruz told reporters, "that they were lied to, and that sentiment will not be unjustified."
The "skinny repeal" was a pared-down version of Republican proposals to undo Obamacare with no plan for what to replace it with. It would have eliminated the individual and employer mandate and key taxes, defunded Planned Parenthood for a year and eliminated key protections of health benefits that were required under Obamacare.
The bill was deeply unpopular, but GOP leaders worked to assure members it would never become law. Instead, they wanted the Senate to pass it in order to advance the legislation to a third round of negotiations with the House to try to craft a final bill both chambers could pass.
McCain was not moved by these assurances, including a private meeting with House Speaker Paul Ryan on Thursday prior to the Senate vote. After the vote, McCain quickly left the Capitol and declined to comment to reporters.
Something seemed afoot before the vote. It was delayed. McCain was seen huddling with Democrats. Vice President Pence, who had come to the Capitol expecting to be the tiebreaking vote, personally — and unsuccessfully — lobbied McCain on the floor to try to win his vote.
With McCain's vote apparently gone, Republicans were seen trying to persuade Alaska's Lisa Murkowski to vote for the bill — to no avail. She eventually also voted no (as originally expected) along with Maine's Susan Collins.
Some GOP senators worried the measure would go back to the House, where leaders would put it on the floor, pass it and send it to Trump — who has said he would sign whatever lands on his desk when it comes to Republican-passed health care legislation.
Before the vote, at 10:43 p.m. ET, Trump was rooting them on in a tweet: "Go Republican Senators. Go!"
Go Republican Senators, Go! Get there after waiting for 7 years. Give America great healthcare!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) July 28, 2017
Afterward, it was a different story, with the president tweeting at 2:25 a.m. ET that those who voted no had "let the American people down."
3 Republicans and 48 Democrats let the American people down. As I said from the beginning, let ObamaCare implode, then deal. Watch!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) July 28, 2017
It's somewhat ironic that McCain was the one to derail what seemed like a sure Trump victory (even if only a short-term one). After all, Trump's comments about the former prisoner of war were among the earliest to land the then-candidate in controversy.
"He's not a war hero," Trump said in 2015 of McCain. "He was a war hero, because he was captured. I like people who weren't captured. He's been losing so long he doesn't know how to win anymore."
That was likely never lost on McCain.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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© 2024 MJH Life Sciences™ and Pharmaceutical Technology. All rights reserved.
The Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S) has finalized a risk-based inspection planning tool for inspectorates to use in applying science- and risk-based principles to planning GMP inspections.
The Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S) has finalized a risk-based inspection planning tool for inspectorates to use in applying science- and risk-based principles to planning GMP inspections. The tool is contained within a PIC/S document titled, "A Recommended Model for Risk-Based Inspection Planning in the GMP Environment," which was published in Dec. 2011 and became effective on Jan. 1, 2012 (1). This article describes the history behind the new methodology.
PIC/S' work to develop a quality risk management (QRM) tool designed to facilitate risk-based GMP inspection planning began in 2007 through an Expert Circle. The International Conference on Harmonization's (ICH) Q9 QRM guideline, which had been finalized in 2005, provided a firm regulatory basis for developing such a tool as well as other risk-based initiatives.
The Expert Circle first met in Paris in July 2007 to create a QRM work program for inspectorates, which involved developing a QRM training program and related guidance for inspectors that would enable them to inspect QRM-related activities at manufacturers in a harmonized manner. Another task was the development of QRM models for inspectorates that would address the planning and conduct of inspections, as well as their follow-up, and the management of quality defects.
In Jan. 2008, a working group (part of the Expert Circle) comprising inspectors from various drug regulatory agencies assembled. Over the next three years, the group developed an approach to risk-based inspection planning that was relatively novel, simple to use, science-based, and highly flexible in design. It became apparent early on, however, that the remit of this working group was very broad in scope. Hence, it was decided during the third meeting of the Expert Circle, in Malta in Sept. 2008, that the working group would focus only on the GMP and GDP risk-based inspection planning aspects of the mandate. This shortened goal proved a wise decision because it allowed efforts and resources to be dedicated to, what was proving to be, quite a difficult task. The aim was to develop a tool that would allow the frequency and scope of GMP and GDP inspections to be determined using a formalized risk-based approach, a concept directly based on ICH Q9. Several different types of risk scoring models were developed and assessed, but each was found to be problematic, for one reason or another.
For example, a key development at the Maltese meeting was the identification of a set of nine risk-indicating factors that could form the basis for risk assessment of GMP and GDP sites. These factors related to:
Coming up with an effective and practical scoring system for these various factors, however, proved to be a challenge. The group had to always bear in mind that any risk-scoring approach developed for the tool had to be one that could be easily used by a large and diverse group of inspectorates, ranging from those in European, African, and Asian countries, to the inspectorates of certain parts of North and South America, as well as Australia and New Zealand.
By the fourth meeting, in Paris in April 2009, the group saw some breakthroughs. Key concepts underpinning the tool were crystallized into a risk-scoring model and a tool design that were, while not yet optimized, capable of meeting the broad requirements set out for the tool. These requirements included that the tool should represent a simple and science-based QRM methodology that may be used by inspectorates when planning the frequency and scope of inspections. The tool also had to be based on the principles of ICH Q9 and the concept of ranking sites on the basis of an estimated risk that they may pose to patients, consumers, animals, and users of the drug products. The model also had to take into account the risk to product quality, such as the risk of producing non-compliant batches as a result of high levels of process complexity.
The risk-scoring model
The risk-scoring model that arose out of the Paris 2009 meeting centered around the concept that sites would be risk-rated on the basis of three main attributes: complexity, criticality, and compliance. These attributes encompassed almost all of the nine risk factors previously identified as being important:
The complexity and criticality scores for a site would then be combined using a matrix to obtain what is termed an intrinsic risk rating for the site. This rating refers to the inherent risk that is associated with a site, its processes and products, regardless of its compliance status. It reflects the complexity of the site, its processes and products, as well as the criticality of the products or services provided by the site from a supply perspective. Complexity and criticality often remain fairly constant, regardless of the compliance status of the site. Therefore, one usually cannot assess this risk on the basis of inspection deficiencies or compliance history.
Once the intrinsic and compliance risks associated with a site have been estimated, they are combined using another matrix to generate a relative risk rating for the site. It is this risk rating that is considered when deciding the frequency of the next routine inspection at the site.
With regard to the scope of the next routine inspection at the site, the tool requires the inspector who last inspected the site to consider certain items before making his/her recommendation for the scope of the next inspection. These items include, for example:
Another significant change in the tool that arose from the 2009 Expert Circle meeting was the decision to focus the tool on GMP inspections only, because it proved too difficult to design one tool that could effectively be applied to both GMP and GDP inspections at the same time.
Following the 2009 meeting, the tool was refined to reflect the lessons learned to date, and a pilot testing phase on the tool began. Between Oct. 2009 and March 2010, several inspectorates evaluated the tool as part of their national inspection planning programs. The tool was also presented for critical analysis to another PIC/S Expert Circle, relating to APIs, which met in Dublin in May 2010. Useful lessons were gained from each of these meetings, and the penultimate version of the tool was presented for review at the final meeting of the Expert Circle in Warsaw, in Sept. 2010, where the tool was adopted.
A PIC/S-wide consultation on the tool ran from Dec. 2010 to March 2011. Afterward, additional refinements were made to further improve the tool. The final version was reviewed and formally adopted by the PIC/S Committee in December of that year.
Looking ahead
The finalized QRM tool is contained within the PIC/S document 037-2 (1). While there are, of course, certain limitations associated with the use of this tool, it is hoped that the methodology provided will enable inspectorates to apply more science- and risk-based principles to the planning of GMP inspections. There are several important design features of the tool that are not discussed in this brief article, but the aforementioned PIC/S document provides a comprehensive overview of the tool, its design, and how it works.
There is also evidence that the tool can easily be customized for application in other areas. For example, it is likely that pharmaceutical companies will be able to customize the tool for application in their own auditing programs, such as in relation to active substance suppliers.
The author would like to acknowledge the contribution made by the PIC/S inspectors who worked on the development of the inspection planning tool between 2007 and 2012.
Kevin O'Donnell, PhD, is Market Compliance Manager of the Irish Medicines Board (IMB).
1. PIC/S website, "A Recommended Model for Risk-Based Inspection Planning in the GMP Environment," http://www.picscheme.org/, accessed Oct. 16, 2012.
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President Donald Trump will allow year-round sales of renewable fuel with blends of 15 percent ethanol as part of an emerging deal to make changes to the federal ethanol mandate.
Republican senators and the White House announced the deal Tuesday after a closed-door meeting, the latest in a series of White House sessions on ethanol.
The Environmental Protection Agency currently bans the 15-percent blend, called E15, during the summer because of concerns that it contributes to smog on hot days. Gasoline typically contains 10 percent ethanol. Farm-state lawmakers have pushed for greater sales of the higher ethanol blend to boost demand for the corn-based fuel.
Iowa Sen. Chuck Grassley called the agreement good news for farmers and drivers alike, saying it would increase ethanol production and consumer choice at the pump.
Texas Sen. Ted Cruz said the deal will save the jobs of thousands of blue-collar workers at refineries in Texas, Pennsylvania and other states.
"Terrific final decision from @POTUS meeting," Cruz tweeted. "This is a WIN-WIN for everyone."
The decision allowing E15 to be sold year-round will provide "relief to refiners" and "protect our hardworking farmers and refinery workers," White House spokeswoman Lindsay Walters said. "The president is satisfied with the attention and care that all parties devoted to this issue."
Trump met Tuesday with Grassley, Cruz, Iowa Sen. Joni Ernst and Pennsylvania Sen. Pat Toomey, as well as EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue.
The EPA oversees the decade-old Renewable Fuel Standard, commonly known as the ethanol mandate, which sets out how much corn-based ethanol and other renewable fuels refiners must blend into gasoline. The program's intent was to address global warming, reduce dependence on foreign oil and bolster the rural economy by requiring a steady increase in renewable fuels over time.
The mandate has not worked as intended, and production levels of renewable fuels, mostly ethanol, routinely fail to reach minimum thresholds set in law.
Environmental groups criticized the deal, saying it would worsen air pollution during summer months.
"Waiving clean-air standards at the behest of one favored industry would not only set a precedent for bad policy, it could cost lives," a coalition of environmental groups said in a statement.
Ernst said allowing year-round sale of E15 "will drive up domestic ethanol production and consumption" while helping to "maintain already low prices" for fuel credits that oil refiners must buy if they can't blend ethanol into their fuels.
She and Grassley also said they were encouraged that the Trump administration will take a closer look at "hardship" waivers that have been granted to small refineries, a practice they say has hurt biofuels and undermined the RFS.
The EPA has reportedly granted a waiver to a refinery owned by billionaire Carl Icahn, a former Trump adviser, as well as other small refineries. The agency has not disclosed which refineries received the waivers, saying it did not want to reveal private business information.
Cruz said the president also agreed to consider his proposal to include fuel credits for ethanol that is produced domestically and exported. The proposal is meant to make it easier for the industry to meet annual sales volumes required under the renewable-fuel mandate.
"This is good for farmers, refiners and America," Cruz said in a statement.
But the Renewable Fuels Association, an industry group, said allowing exports to qualify for RFS compliance could dramatically reduce domestic demand and result in retaliatory trade barriers from countries that import U.S. ethanol.
The group's president, Bob Dinneen, called the export idea a "disgrace" and said ethanol producers and farmers would bear the brunt of any retaliatory tariffs.


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South and Central Asia
Working closely with businesses, governments, and non-governmental organizations in the South and Central Asia region, the Institute of International Education (IIE) has developed and implemented a strong set of activities in higher education scholarship administration, leadership development, and critical development fields, including energy.
IIE is a leader in research on higher education in India and U.S.-India exchange, as well as in promoting partnerships between U.S. institutions of higher education and their counterparts in India. In addition, IIE maintains strong participant representation from countries in South and Central Asia traditionally underrepresented in exchange programs. Among others these countries include: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Representative Programs in South and Central Asia
Cargill Global Scholars Program
Ford Foundation Global Travel and Learning Fund
GE Foundation Scholar Leaders Program
IAF Grassroots Development Fellowship Program
Scholarship Management
IIE specializes in the management of undergraduate and graduate scholarships for students in the South and Central Asia region.
On behalf of its sponsors, IIE New Delhi organizes and convenes conferences, workshops, and seminars of all sizes on a variety of substantive topics and themes related to international higher education and exchange.
Assisting New Global Higher Education Institutions
IIE provides strategic outreach to assist new higher education institutions to reach out to promising scholarship candidates as we did in the past with New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) and the King Abdullah Science and Technology (KAUST) University.
IIE Offices in South and Central Asia
Jonah Kokodyniak
Senior Vice President, Program Development and Partner Services


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Regardless of religion, gender, disability, culture, language, LOVE is the universal connector that ALL human seeks and deserve to experience. Being connected with, and truly loving others - no matter whether that love is returned, gives our lives meaning and a sense of belonging. Love provides security. Love assists health and well being. Love generates happiness and joy. Love is all.
Our home loves all children who come to our door - each and every one, no matter their disability or past trauma. We nurture what each individual child can contribute to our world through love - so that they can serve, not be served.


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LoudHailer, Loud Hailers, and Marine Electronics
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text: Trust. Prey. Obey. That is the code of the cultists of the Project at Eden's Gate, the doomsday cult that has overthrown Hope County in Far Cry® 5. These two Far Cry® 5 lighter designs are shown on Brushed and Street ChromeTM lighters and created using color imaging and laser engrave imprint methods.


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The GolfWorks Industrial Grip Shooter Needles are designed for high volume repair shops to help eliminate breakage. The 1 1/2", 16 gauge stainless steel needle construction is ideal for penetrating firmer two piece wrap grips as well as stubborn over-sized putter grips without sacrificing the integrity of the needle. Each needle is manufactured by hand with industrial strength adhesive to ensure the needle will not separate from the brass fitting.
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Next weekend, I will be in Louisville for the Bourbon Classic. It starts Friday evening, March 22, at 7:00 PM and continues on Saturday, March 23, starting at 2:30 PM at the Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts, 501 West Main Street in downtown Louisville.
I'm moderating a panel at 5:30 PM on Saturday called "Lives, Legends and Legacies: An Interactive Conversation about the Bourbon Barons." The panel is Bill Samuels Jr., retired Maker's Mark CEO; Mike Veach, bourbon historian; and Freddie Johnson, Buffalo Trace tour guide and third-generation distillery worker.
We're going to talk about Kentucky bourbon history, from settlement to the present, or as much as we can in 45 minutes.
The panel is part of something called Bourbon Classic University. You have a choice of three programs for the first session (4:15 PM - 5:00 PM), and four for the second (5:30 PM - 6:15 PM). Mine is during the second session and I do so hope you'll pick me.
I'll be around for all of the other major events too.
There has never been anything quite like the Bourbon Classic. It's the first major event for bourbon enthusiasts presented in Louisville, Kentucky's largest city. It's 14 hours of nothing but Kentucky whiskey, bourbon and rye. It's a new event, inspired by the recent explosion of interest in American whiskey. The complete schedule of activities is here.
One ticket gets you into all of the Friday activities, another gets you into all of the Saturday activities, and you can get a package deal for both. At this late date, you probably should call the box office, toll free, at 800-775-7777. (In Louisville it's 502-584-7777.)
All events are at the beautiful Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts, which is downtown on the riverfront, on Louisville's historic 'Whiskey Row,' where most of Kentucky's whiskey companies had their offices and warehouses during the industry's pre-Prohibition heyday.
Heaven Hill Distilleries, which has had offices on Main Street since the 1940s, is presently converting its building into The Evan Williams Experience, opening sometime next year.
Main Street and vicinity is where you'll also find the Louisville Slugger Museum, Louisville Slugger Field, 21c Museum Hotel, Frazier History Museum, Muhammad Ali Center, Kentucky Show, Kentucky Museum of Art and Crafts, Louisville Science Center, Yum Center, and many bars, restaurants and hotels. Much of Main Street still looks as it did in the late 19th century. It has the largest concentration of 19th century cast iron facades outside of New York.
This promises to be a very fun weekend and because it's the first time, anything can happen. I'm looking forward to it and hope to see you there.
Sunday, March 17, 2013
3 comments:
Great weekend ahead. Have fun. Freddie Johnson is a great guy. He led my friends and I on a Buffalo Trace Tour. We still laugh remembering his humor. - March 18, 2013 at 11:16 AM
- Erik S. said...
I'm a local Louisvillian and I'll be there. Hope to see you around!
- March 22, 2013 at 7:03 AM
- Erik S. said...
Hi Chuck, I'm a local who will be there this weekend. Also going to be doing some blogging about the event and any news that comes out of it. Hope to see you around!
- March 22, 2013 at 7:03 AM
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Next: The INDEX File, Up: Creating Packages [Contents][Index]
The DESCRIPTION file contains various information about the package, such as its name, author, and version. This file has a very simple format
NameOfOption: ValueOfOption
The following is a simple example of a DESCRIPTION file
Name: The name of my package Version: 1.0.0 Date: 2007-18-04 Author: The name (and possibly email) of the package author. Maintainer: The name (and possibly email) of the current package maintainer. Title: The title of the package Description: A short description of the package. If this description gets too long for one line it can continue on the next by adding a space to the beginning of the following lines. License: GPLv3+
The package manager currently recognizes the following keywords
Name of the package.
Version of the package. A package version is typically digits separated by
dots but may also contain '+', '-', '~', and alphanumeric
characters (in the "C" locale). For example, "2.1.0+"
could indicate
a development version of a package.
Versions are compared using compare_versions.
Date of last update.
Original author of the package.
Maintainer of the package.
A one line description of the package.
A one paragraph description of the package.
Optional keyword describing the package (if no INDEX file is given this is mandatory).
Optional list of known problems.
Optional list of homepages related to the package.
A list of other Octave packages that this package depends on. This can include dependencies on particular versions, with the following format:
Depends: package (>= 1.0.0)
Possible operators are <
, <=
, ==
, >=
or >
If the part of the dependency in ()
is missing, any version of the
package is acceptable. Multiple dependencies can be defined as a comma
separated list. This can be used to define a range of versions of a particular
Depends: package (>= 1.0.0), package (< 1.5.0)
It is also possible to depend on particular versions of Octave core:
Depends: octave (>= 3.8.0)
An optional short description of the used license (e.g., GPL version 3 or newer). This is optional since the file COPYING is mandatory.
These are the external install dependencies of the package and are not
checked by the package manager. This is here as a hint to the
distribution packager. They follow the same conventions as the
These are the external build dependencies of the package and are not checked by
the package manager. This is here as a hint to the distribution packager.
They follow the same conventions as the Depends
keyword. Note that in
general, packaging systems such as rpm
or deb
autoprobe the
install dependencies from the build dependencies, and therefore a
dependency usually removes the need for a
The developer is free to add additional arguments to the
DESCRIPTION file for their own purposes. One further detail to
aid the packager is that the SystemRequirements
keywords can have a distribution dependent section,
and the automatic build process will use these. An example of the
format of this is
BuildRequires: libtermcap-devel [Mandriva] libtermcap2-devel
where the first package name will be used as a default and if the RPMs are built on a Mandriva distribution, then the second package name will be used instead.
Next: The INDEX File, Up: Creating Packages [Contents][Index]


text:
Abstracts of the Collected Works of C.G. Jung
Volume 3: The Psychogenesis of Mental Disease
000039 The psychology of dementia praecox. 1. Critical survey of theoretical views on the psychology of dementia praecox. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 1-37).
A critical survey of the theoretical views on the psychology of dementia praecox includes discussions and comparisons of the works of Freud, Gross, Jiling, and a number of others. An overview of the literature on the subject shows that the research, although fragmentary and apparently uncoordinated, agrees that the symptoms commonly include a central disturbance — a lowering of attention or apperceptive deterioration. This is typically manifest in superficiality of associations, symbolism, stereotypies, perseverations, command automatisms, apathy, aboulia, disturbance of reproduction, and negativism. Rene Masselon's exhaustive study on catatonic psychology emphasizes the characteristic reduction of attention. He feels the patient suffers a perpetual distraction in which perception of external objects, awareness of his own personality, judgment, the feeling of rapport, belief, and certainty all fade or disappear when power of attention disappears. Freud was the first to demonstrate the "principle of conversion', in a case of paranoid dementia praecox. In explaining the emotional impoverishment characteristic of dementia praecox' Neisser observed that the mobility of symptoms in hysteria is due to the mobility of affects, while paranoia is characterized by a fixation of affects. It is hypothesized that in dementia praecox there is a specific concomitant of the affect that causes the final fixation of the precipitating complex, impeding the further development of the personality. The possibility that in some cases the primary factor may be a change in the metabolism is postulated. Such ideas and their detailed psychological processes are outlined for a large selection of the leading authors on dementia praecox near the turn of the century. 58 references.
000040 The psychology of dementia praecox. 2. The feeling-toned complex and its general effects on the psyche. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 38-51).
Observations based on experimental work are made on the feeling toned complex and its acute and chronic effects on the psyche. The feeling toned complex is defined as the whole fabric of ideas surrounding the feeling tone, an affective state accompanied by somatic effects. The attempt is made to define the essential basis of personality, which is held to be affectivity. Virtually every individual association is deemed to relate to some complex, as well as to the ego complex, the whole mass of ideas pertaining to the ego — in a normal person the strongest complex. Egocentric ideas are commonly interrupted by affects leading to new complexes that inhibit other ideas. The acute effects and the chronic effects of the complex are defined and compared. Disturbances caused by complexes have been demonstrated in association experiments by prolonged reaction times, abnormal reactions, and forgetting critical or postcritical reactions. The effect of a strong complex on a normal psyche is illustrated in the classical state of being in love. Other forms of the sexual complex and other complexes are sometimes influenced by various types of displacement, including disguising the complex by superimposing a contrasting mood. 11 references.
000041 The psychology of dementia praecox. 3. The influence of the feeling-toned complex on the valency of associations. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 52-69).
The diminution of the valency of associations caused by the feeling toned complex is discussed and general remarks on the complexes are made, based on word association tests and illustrated with examples from cases. It was shown that a sudden striking increase in superficial associations during the association experiment without any artificial distraction indicates a reduction in attention, caused by a feeling toned complex. If the complex is repressed, the subject may not be conscious of it. Other examples of disturbances of attention are found in slips of the tongue, slips of the pen, misreading, melodic automatisms (in which whistling or humming contain the complex in metaphorical form), and puns. Dreams, symbolic expressions of the repressed complex, are excellent examples of expression by similarity of imagery. A detailed analysis of a dream emphasizes the ambiguity of dream images, comparable to the superficial associations seen in a state of reduced attention in distraction experiments. The complexes have a tendency to cause contrasting associations, seen as emotional and verbal contrasts in hysteria and as verbal contrasts in dementia praecox. It is concluded that every affective event becomes a complex. Most complexes are held to be sexual, as are most dreams and most of the hysterias, especially in women. Time usually frees the normal individual from obsessive complexes, but sometimes he needs artificial aid, and it has been found that displacement can help. If the complex is successfully repressed, the S will be complex sensitive for a long time. If the complex remains entirely unchanged, which happens only after severe damage to the ego complex, dementia praecox can develop. It is conjectured that toxic effects may be involved in this degeneration. 20 references.
000042 The psychology of dementia praecox. 4. Dementia praecox and hysteria. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 70-98).
A review of the psychological similarities of dementia praecox and hysteria compares emotional disturbances, character abnormalities, intellectual disturbances, and stereotypy in the two diseases. The emotional indifference in cases of acute dementia praecox is similar to the inadequate responses of the hysteric whose complex is under special inhibition. Explosive excitements may be brought about in dementia praecox in the same way as the explosive affects in hysteria. Typical symptoms of dementia praecox include lack of self-control and lack of emotional rapport, both of which are sometimes found in hysteria as well. Character disturbances common to the two illnesses include affectation, especially when patients are out of their social element, lack of consideration, narrow-mindedness' inaccessibility to persuasion, and stupid behavior, although in dementia praecox the mechanisms go much deeper. Intellectual impairments found in both dementia praecox and hysteria include shades of clouding of lucidity of consciousness, ranging from perfect clarity to deepest confusion, disturbance of attention, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, compulsive thinking, negativism, and sleep disturbances. Stereotypy, a characteristic symptom of dementia praecox, is also seen in hysteria and, in the form of automatization, is a common phenomenon in normal development. It is concluded that in hysteria the psyche is disabled because it cannot rid itself of a complex, but many hysterics can regain their equilibrium by partially overcoming the complex and avoiding new traumas. In dementia praecox, one or more complexes have become permanently fixed and cannot be overcome, but it is not clear whether the complex caused or precipitated the illness, or whether at the onset of the illness a definite complex was present which then determined the symptoms. 25 references.
000043 The psychology of dementia praecox. 5. Analysis of a case of paranoid dementia as a paradigm. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 99-151).
The analysis of a case of paranoid dementia in a middleaged unmarried dressmaker suffering from delusions and auditory hallucinations is discussed as a typical paradigm of psychoanalysis. It is shown how the patient in her psychosis creates a complicated and utterly confused and senseless fantasy structure. She describes the hopes and disappointments of her life in her symptoms. The nearest analogy to her thinking is the normal dream, which employs the same or similar psychological mechanisms. Word associations revealed a series of complex constellations including the complex of personal grandeur (exaggerated according to the patient's morbidly intensified self-esteem), the complex of injury, and an erotic complex. The first part of the analysis (conducted in the manner of dream analysis) describes her sufferings and their symbols; the second, her wishes and their fulfillment in symbolic images and episodes; and the third deals with her intimate erotic wishes and the solution of the problem through the transfer of her power and sufferings to "her children". 10 references.
000044 The content of the psychoses. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 153-178).
Case studies are presented in which an argument is presented for the present position regarding the content of the psychoses. It is contended that the difference between his theory and E. Bleuler's is whether psychological disturbance should be regarded as primary or secondary in relation to the physiological basis, and that resolution depends on whether the prevailing dogma — that mental diseases are diseases of the brain — represents a final truth or not. It is pointed out that 45% of the patients admitted to Burgholzli Mental Hospital over a period of 4 years suffered from dementia praecox, usually with some disturbance of feeling and often with delusions and hallucinations. However, even in the most severe cases, lasting for a period of years, an intact brain was frequently found post-mortem, which is proof that the purely anatomical approach leads only indirectly to an understanding of psychic disturbance. Following the lead of older clinicians, it was found that mental illness often occurred at a moment of some great emotional episode that had arisen in a more or less normal manner, and that there were a number of symptoms in the ensuing disturbances that could not be understood from a purely anatomical standpoint but became comprehensible when considered from the standpoint of the individual's previous history. Freud's study of the psychology of hysteria and dreams is cited as the greatest stimulus and aid in this work. These insights may have general or limited validity but nonetheless there is no symptom in dementia praecox that can be described as psychologically meaningless. 3 references.
000045 On psychological understanding. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 179-193).
A constructive method of approaching the workings of the mind in the diagnosis of dementia praecox, based on prospective understanding, is advanced in preference to Freud's analytical, reductive method, based on a causality or retrospective understanding, which seems better suited to understanding hysteria. Pnncipal criticism of the analytic method is that it does not engage the wealth and variety of symbolism of the psychotic. The futility of understanding symbolism by the causative, analytic methods applied in science is illustrated in attempts to understand the symbolism in Faust II, which requires the subjective conditioning of knowledge to be fully appreciated. Similarly, any understanding of the human psyche, of man's dreams, or of anything psychological must be tempered by the evaluator's subjective attitude toward it. Mental development results from active speculation based on experience, not from experience alone. The psyche, therefore, creates it own future as it lives; therefore, any causative evaluation of it in retrospect can be only partially true; its dynamic quality as a creative entity eludes us. A patient, therefore, should be asked what his goals are, not only what he has felt and thought. Extraversion and introversion are explained in detail and, to simplify pathological typing, the hysterics are assigned to the former, and the psychasthenics and schizophrenics to the latter. 14 references.
000046 A criticism of Bleuler's theory of schizophrenic negativism. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 197-202).
E. Bleuler's theory of schizophrenic negativism, examined in the light of the complex theory is criticized because it gives the impression that the ideas or tendencies of the schizophrenic are always accompanied by their opposites. Bleuler presents the new and interesting concept of ambivalence, which hypothesizes that every tendency is balanced by a contrary one. It is noted that all feeling tones are balanced by their opposites, giving the feeling tone an ambivalent character. But a strict sequence of psychological causes conditions the negative reaction. The characteristic of the diseased mind is not the ambitendency, ambivalence, or schizophrenic splitting of the psyche cited by Bleuler, but resistance' which is set up by the pathological thought complex. The "splitting of the psyche" is not a predisposing cause but a manifestation of inner conflict. Bleuler's list of causes of negativism (autistic withdrawal, a "life wound", hostile relationship with the environment, sexuality, etc.)is examined and each is found to be directly related to the complex. Bleuler does not put much emphasis on the role of sexuality, which is surprising since psychoanalysis has shown that the source of negativism is resistance, which in schizophrenia as in the neuroses arises from the sexual complex. 5 references.
000047 On the importance of the unconscious in psychopathology. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 203-210).
The function of the unconscious in mental disturbances as a compensation of the conscious psychic content is discussed. The unconscious is defined as the sum of all those psychic events that are not intense enough to enter into consciousness. In normal people the unconscious effects a compensation of all conscious tendencies through a counter impulse and produces a balance. This agency expresses itself in unconscious, apparently inconsistent and uncharacteristic activities which Freud calls symptomatic actions. Dreams are examples of the compensating functions of the unconscious. In psychopathology the working of the unconscious, seen most clearly in such disturbances as hysteria and obsessional neurosis, is also seen clearly in the delusions and hallucinations of the psychoses, but is not so easily recognized. The mentally unbalanced person, suffering from a real imbalance between the conscious and the unconscious, struggles against his own unconscious, as in the case of the eccentric inventor, the paranoid alcoholic, or the fanatical religious convert. Because of the characteristic onesidedness of conscious striving in such cases, the normal functioning of the unconscious breaks through in an abnormal form, which upsets the mental balance and disturbs the person's adaptation to his environment. 1 reference.
000048 On the problem of psychogenesis in mental disease. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 211-225).
Psychogenesis in mental diseases is discussed, with arguments presented for their physiological and psychological origins. The materialistic dogma in psychiatry is attributed to the fact that medicine is a natural science and the psychiatrist, as a physician, is a natural scientist. The psychological and emotional experiences, however, have been proved to play a decisive role in the courses of neuroses and in mental diseases. Although there are some cases of dementia praecox in which there is change in the brain cells, these changes are not usually present, and there are striking differences between the usual symptoms of dementia praecox and those occurring in organic brain disease. Cases of dementia praecox frequently improve or deteriorate in response to psychological or environmental conditions, demonstrating that this disease should not be considered only organic. Several cases are described in which the onset of the disease, or a new outbreak of it, took place under special emotional conditions. One comparatively simple case of a sudden outbreak of dementia praecox in a young girl stresses the importance of examining the psychological factors in the etiology and course of psychoses. Psychosis considered from the psychological viewpoint is primarily a mental condition in which unconscious elements replace reality in the mind of the patient; therefore, this area is recommended to psychiatrists as a wide unexplored field for psychological research.
000049 Mental disease and the psyche. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 226-230).
The question of psychogenesis in mental diseases other than the neuroses, which are now generally considered psychic in origin, is discussed, and the psychic etiology of schizophrenia is affirmed. Mental processes are products of the psyche, and that same psyche produces delusions and hallucinations when it is out of balance. In turn, schizophrenia is considered as having a psychology of its own. But whereas the healthy person's ego is the subject of his experiences, the schizophrenic's ego is only one of the subjects. In schizophrenia, the normal subject has split into a plurality of autonomous complexes, at odds with one another and with reality, bringing about a disintegration of the personality. The simplest form of schizophrenia is paranoia, a simple doubling of the personality. The idea of being a persecuted victim gains the upper hand, becomes autonomous. and forms a second subject that at times replaces the healthy ego. The healthy ego, unable to counter the affectivity of the second subject becomes paralyzed This is the beginning of schizophrenic apathy. An example shows how the individual, perhaps predisposed toward schizophrenia, becomes ill because of an emotional shock and is overwhelmed by the pathological idea of persecution at a given psychological moment. A study of the psychogenesis of schizophrenia explains why some milder cases can be cured by psychotherapy. Such cures are rare, however, as the nature of the disease, involving the destruction of the personality, rules against the possibility of psychic influence. The microscopic lesions of the brain often found in schizophrenia are regarded as secondary symptoms of degeneration.
000050 On the psychogenesis of schizophrenia. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 233-249).
In a discussion on the psychogenesis of schizophrenia an attempt is made to gain insight into the nature of its origin — whether psychic or organic — by comparing certain of its primary symptoms with those of hysteria and other neuroses. Tracing the development of expert opinion on the etiology of mental disorders, a swing from a belief in organic to psychic primary causes is evident. In the neuroses, as in schizophrenias, the normal associations are disturbed by the spontaneous intervention of complex contents, typical of an "abaissement" (A decline in conscious mental strength). Its effect on the personality and a variety of conditions that may produce it are outlined in detail. Most are evident in the neuroses and the psychoses. In the neuroses, however, the unity of the personality is potentially preserved, whereas in the schizophrenias it is almost always irreparably damaged. The dissociation of thought, present in both types of diseases, is more permanent and more severe in the schizophrenias. In its extreme form, an abaissement reduces the mental level to a point where the ego lacks the power to overcome the more powerful unconscious, whether this be in the form of dreams or hallucinations. No reliable evidence is reported for organic causes of schizophrenia; on the other hand, the psychogenic conditions are at best indicators of symptoms that favor the disease, and not proved causes of its origin. A thorough understanding of psychology and aberrant mentality by clinicians who practice psychotherapy is advocated.
000051 Recent thoughts on schizophrenia. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p (p. 250-255).
The need for extensive research in psychology and psychopathology, particularly in the area of schizophrenia, is emphasized in a paper prepared for a symposium on "the frontiers of knowledge and humanity's hopes for the future" in December 1956. A thorough description of the schizophrenic mental process dominates the paper, in which its complexity is highlighted by comparisons with the neuroses. The hypothesis is advanced that certain systemic toxins may be the cause of psychotic dissociation in schizophrenia. The profound understanding of psychology and the human mind including the mystic, mythological and cultural ramifications, is deemed necessary, since the psychotic dreams are generally numinous and highly impressive, and their imagery often contains motifs analogous or identical to those of religion or mythology. The principal ailment is considered mental or psychic, in which the normal thought processes are weakened (abaissement), concentration and attention are relaxed, and the value of associations decreases and becomes relaxed. As a result, thoughts and fractions or flashes of ideas become manifest in the conscious (weakened) mind, interrupting thematic continuity, and producing illogical images. This process and the source of its images requires thorough study and understanding.
000052 Schizophrenia. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Princeton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 256-271).
Comments on 50 years' experience in observing schizophrenia contain impressions from experimental investigations of the distintegration of ideas prevalent in the disease. Similarity to dreams and dream content is observed, in that ideas and images appear in random, abrupt, absurd, grotesque, and fragmentary confusion. Latent and potential psychoses among neurotics are estimated to run as high as 10:1. Obsessional impulses typical of neuroses are converted to auditory and visual hallucinations common to psychoses. In such cases, the psychosis still has not undermined the compensating activity of consciousness. Therapeutic intervention aims at restoring conscious awareness by changes in methods, by inducing concentration on reality, and by engaging the patient in activities that lure him away from the unconscious. This may be accomplished by having him draw or paint his visions, a process by which the terrifying images become commonplace to him, and the applied colors draw his feelings into the picture, causing the chaotic situation to be visualized and objectified and thus depriving it of its power to terrify. Rather than applying numerous therapeutic methods, the therapist's personal devotion to the patient and his problems are more effective. However, excessive personal involvement, unless adequately controlled, may produce an induced psychosis in the therapist. In a summary statement outlining the nature and mental mechanics of schizophrenia, it is admitted that no true etiology for the disease has so far been discovered. A shift of an older opinion now holds that an entire psychogenic complex dominates schizophrenia, and that the weakening of the ego personality, formerly thought to be causal and primary, is but a secondary manifestation of the feeling toned complex; furthermore, a psychogenic causation is considered more probable than toxic causes previously hypothesized as important.
000053 Letter to the chairman, symposium on chemical concepts of psychosis. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 3. Pnuceton University Press, 1972. 303 p. (p. 272).
In a letter to the chairman of the Symposium on Chemical Concepts of Psychosis, held at the second International Congress for Psychiatry in Zurich, September 1957, the etiology of schizophrenia is considered to be both chemical and psychological. It is hypothesized that the emotions that are the initial cause of metabolic changes are accompanied by chemical processes that cause temporary or chronic mental disturbances.
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Search found 48 results.
Adobe Dimensions was a low cost 3-d object editing and rendering program. Unlike other 3d rendering programs, Dimensions is specifically geared towards producing illustrations for print. programs, such as Adobe Illustrator or Freehand, and edited to create 3d objects. Then, instead of outputting a pixilated raster image, it outputs in postscript bezier curves, which can then be further processed by other 2d illustration packages.
Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Adobe Systems. It was often sold as a companion product to the bit-map/photo editor Adobe Photoshop. Illustrator was originally released in 1987 for the Apple Macintosh. Early versions were ported to NexT, Silicon Graphics, and Sun Solaris.
Adobe Photoshop Elements is the successor to Photoshop LE, a somewhat reduced, home-oriented version of Adobe Photoshop.
AppleWorks is an all-in-one Word Processor, Spreadsheet, Database, Graphics Editor, and Presentations tool. The original product was a text-based product for the Apple II. The Apple Macintosh and Windows versions were forked from ClarisWorks in 1998 by Apple. At the time, Apple was under a lot of pressure to have a direct alternative to Microsoft Office. There were serious concerns that Microsoft might pull Microsoft Office for the Macintosh from development.
Ashlar Vellum is a CAD package for mechanical engineers and designers, that includes the ability to intelligently predict where the user wants to connect the next object. There were both "2D" and "3D" versions.
AutoCAD, from Autodesk and first released in 1982, is a powerful Computer Aided Design tool. It was, and still is, often considered the standard for CAD tools. Primarily for the IBM PC platform, it was ported to x86 machines with higher video resolutions such as the Zenith Z-100 and NEC APC. Intermittently, versions for the Macintosh appeared. Later versions use a dongle copy protection.
Claris Impact is a business graphing program that provides attractive business presentations with minimal artistic skill. It features the ability to create graphs using "Models", a guided module somewhat like a wizard.
Claris Organizer is an easy to use personal information management (PIM) program for the classic Mac OS. It integrates calendar, contacts, tasks, and notes in to one small lightweight application. It has a variety of flexible print option and can print mailing labels. It competed with the Apple Newton PDA. Claris Organizer was praised for its small size and well thought out interface. It was sold to Palm when Claris was broken up, and was used as the basis for the Palm Desktop for Mac.
ClarisDraw is a vector based drawing program and the successor to MacDraw. The name was changed partially because there was now also a Microsoft Windows port. The final release was 1.0v4.
ClarisWorks is an all-in-one Word Processor, Spreadsheet, Database, Graphics Editor, and Presentations tool from Claris. In 1998, after version 5.0.2, ClairsWorks was purchased by Apple and re-branded under the "AppleWorks" name. It is not related to the Apple II AppleWorks product.
Cricket Graph, from Cricket Software and later Computer Associates, was a best selling presentation graphics program, and a companion product to CA-Cricket Presents (formerly Xerox Presents). This program can create a variety of graphs, such as line, bar and pie charts. CA-Cricket Presents can then import the graphs in to presentations.
DeltaGraph, originally from DeltaPoint and later SSPS, was a powerful business and scientific statistical graphics package for the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. graphics-only packages like Excel.
Design It! 3D is an easy to use budget 3D modeling tool. It is suitable for creating home arrangement designs, and features a 3D preview that lets you "walk" through your creation.
Expert draw is an easy to use budget drawing programs for the Macintosh sold through Expert Software. It features a library of editable clipart, and shape based drawing tools.
FreeHand is a vector based drawing program used to create illustrations. It is similar to CorelDraw and Adobe Illustrator. Initially it offered more features and flexibility than illustrator. It was created by Altsys, sold through Aldus, then sold to Macromedia, and then finally was assimilated by Adobe. Later versions repositioned itself as a content creation system for the web through Flash. The final version was Freehand MX (version 11) in 2003.
Full Impact is an advanced, easy-to-use, high performance spreadsheet from Ashton-Tate. Compared to other spreadsheets of the time, its main advantage was superior graphing abilities. Full Impact sold alongside other Ashton-Tate products such as dBase, Applause, and FullWrite.
FullPaint, originally created by Ann Arbor Softworks, is a MacPaint work-alike for the Macintosh that adds many enhancements and improvements over MacPaint. It was acquired by Ashton-Tate as an attempt to enter the Macintosh market.
Originally developed by Ann Arbor Softworks and Aquired by Ashton-Tate, FullWrite is a full-featured word processor, targeted at professional writers, that includes both powerful editing capabilities, as well as advanced WYSIWYG layout abilities. Supports styles, revision highlighting, table of contents, indexes, footnotes, hyphenation, spellchecker, and thesaurus. It also includes a graphics editor, and import/export functionality.
Ensemble, created by Controle X and published by Hayden Software, is an integrated office suite that includes Spreadsheet, Graphing, Word Processing, and Database functionality. It was notable as claiming to be the first integrated suite on the Macintosh, before Lotus Jazz or Microsoft Works as well as its ability to run on both the Mac 512k and the original Mac 128k.
IBM Personal Computer Graphics Terminal Emulator is essentially a demonstration application developed using the IBM Graphical Kernel System. GKS is a shared, standardized graphics library, designed primarily to support IBM's high end CAD oriented IBM Professional Graphics Controller. GKS supports IBM's other video systems through the use of interchangeable device drivers.
Design Center 3D is an easy to use budget 3D modeling tool. It is suitable for creating home arrangement designs, and features a 3D preview that lets you "walk" through your creation. This appears to be a slightly earlier version of Softkey Design It!.
Lotus 1-2-3 was an early spreadsheet application available for MS-DOS. It became extremely popular in the late 1980s, displacing the former leader VisiCalc. Lotus had difficulties adapting 1-2-3 to the Windows environment, and was overtaken by Microsoft Excel. Spreadsheet functionality was also included in Lotus Symphony. Later versions were included in Lotus SmartSuite.
Lotus Jazz was a heavily marketed all-in-one integrated office suite that included a word processor, spreadsheet, graphing, database, and communications program. Jazz was targeted as a universal solution for all office workers. Although at release, the program was exclusively for the Apple Macintosh 512k. Despite the marketing effort, it flopped miserably. Although it was from Lotus, the spreadsheet was not related to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft Works.
Lotus Notes is a powerful e-mail and collaboration tool. It was heavily used by large corporations. It was sometimes criticized for its complexity and bloat. Notes is a client server tool, and uses the Lotus Domino server (originally just called Lotus Notes server). Lotus Notes and Lotus Domino competed against Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Exchange.
MacComCenter is a telecommunication program for the Apple Macintosh that includes a terminal emulator and Fax manager. MacComCenter was bundled with modems, sometimes accompanied by Smith Micro's IBM PC communication suite, Quicklink.


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Minseok Kang, M.Sc.
Theory of Cognitive Systems
Theory of Embodied Cognition
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Institut für Neuroinformatik
Universitätsstraße 150
Building NB, Room NB 02/75
Universitätsstraße 150
Building NB, Room NB 02/75
D-44801 Bochum, Germany
The Institut für Neuroinformatik (INI) is a central research unit of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum. We aim to understand the fundamental principles through which organisms generate behavior and cognition while linked to their environments through sensory systems and while acting in those environments through effector systems. Inspired by our insights into such natural cognitive systems, we seek new solutions to problems of information processing in artificial cognitive systems. We draw from a variety of disciplines that include experimental approaches from psychology and neurophysiology as well as theoretical approaches from physics, mathematics, electrical engineering and applied computer science, in particular machine learning, artificial intelligence, and computer vision.
Universitätsstr. 150, Building NB, Room 3/32
D-44801 Bochum, Germany
Tel: (+49) 234 32-28967
Fax: (+49) 234 32-14210