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BINO Clear Plastic Storage Bin with Handles – Plastic Storage Bins for Kitchen, Cabinet, and Pantry Organization and Storage – Home Organizers and Storage – Refrigerator and Freezer Organizer Bins - Portable design the storage bin has cutout handles for easy lifting, sliding and transportation. Multi-purpose great for pantry, cabinets, or office storage stores ice cream, bagged frozen vegetables, meat, produce, condiments and much more. Space saver maximize kitchen space, organize fridge, freezer or pantry shelves for easy access. Visible & accessible see the bin's contents without removing it from the refrigerator or high pantry shelves. Strong & sturdy durable clear plastic container measures 1025″ l x 9″ w x 6″ h.
HOMZ 60 Quart Underbed Wheels, Lid Latches, Set of 4 Plastic Holiday Storage Container, 40″ x 20″ x 6.125″, Red, Green and Clear, 4 Sets - This set includes 4 clear plastic bins and 4 lids. Large ergonomic handles and latches lock to secure the lid in place. 60 quart clear plastic storage container -ideal for underbed storage of holiday decorations, wrapping paper, or off season clothing, shoes, toys and more. Exterior dimensions including lid 40″ x 20″ x 6 125″ interior dimensions 35 16″ x 18 25″ x 5 14″ made in the usa. Each container has 4 wheels to easily slide under the bed and move even when full.
6 Pack 32 Oz Large Clear Plastic Storage Jars with Lids & 3 Plastic Beaker, Labels, A Pen, Wide Opening- BPA Free PET Container Pantry, Home & Kitchen Storage by ZMYBCPACK - Diameter x height 354″ x 708″ (9×18 cm) large capacity 32 oz. Great storage for food and some craft items or organization in daily life perfect storage for nuts,pasta shapes, cookies, process peanut butter, pickles, peanut, snacks, candy, spices, powders, etc. Package contains 6 pack 32 oz large clear plastic storage jars with lids extra 8 rewritable chalk labels and a pen, 3 plastic measuring beakers as gift[ optional to use for your need ]. Bpa free made from high food grade pet 100% food safe, but hand wash only not dishwasher safe. Wide mouth design 354 inch wide mouth jar makes items easy to dispense or measure plastic measuring beaker to control and show the dispensing condiment demand.
Clear Plastic Storage Organizer Container Bins with Cutout Handles, Transparent Set of 4 | BPA Free, Kitchen Cabinet Storage Bins, 11″ x 8″ x 6″ Each - 11x8x6 inch bin bin measure 11 inches long, 8 inches wide & 6 inches deep ideal size for organizing & storing household goods, office supplies & so on fill with ice, beer cans, bottles of water, juice boxes & more. Clear plastic bins are made out of clear plastic you can see through the clear view sides allow you to see what's inside perfect choice for organizing refreshments, fruit, sodas, boxes of snacks, shoes, accessories, etc. Sold in 4pc set each pack includes 4 bins that stack on top of one another when not in use perfect for organizing the kitchen, bathroom, break room, lunch room, classroom, kid's playroom, closet, baby nursery. Cutout handle easy to carry plastic bins with handles pick them up & carry them with ease great pick for hosting parties, family reunions, outdoor gatherings use to store items at work, at home or in the car. 30 day promise our storage organizer bins are built tough we just know you'll love them if you don't, feel free to return them for a full refund within 30 days eomaott proudly offers a 30 day satisfaction guarantee.
Sterilite Deep Clip Box Clear Plastic Storage Tote Container with Lid, 4 Pack - Heavy-duty. 8 bags total (4-pack of 2 each). Size extra large, 205″ x 17″. Clear plastic with zip-close and carry handle.
STERILITE 116 Quart Ultra Clear Plastic Storage Tote Container with Latching Lid (20 Pack) - Size dimensions (l x w x h) 33 x 201 x 135 inches. Quality these containers are made in the usa and feature durable plastic construction with latching lids that keep out bugs, dust, and dirt. Functionality recessed lid is great for easy stacking. Organization sterilite clear storage containers feature 116 quarts of storage space for larger and over-sized items that will keep your home clean and clutter free. What's included 20 sterilite 116 quart storage containers and 20 lids are included.
Jekiyo Clear Plastic Storage Bin, 14 Quart Latching Box Container with Lid, 4 Packs - In this way, they can be separated easily. Second, properly pressing some bit of strength to them. Then please take it easy since that here has the tips on it first, you are supposed to grasp both sides of the containers(longer sides). By constructing from real food-grade plastic, so they are of smooth feeling indeed. Truly we wanna say these food storage containers are well-built. And maybe when you received these containers, they are stacked together tightly, or even more tighter so that you have some difficulties in pulling them out of another.
STERILITE 80 Quart Plastic Home Storage Gasket Box Container, Clear (12 Pack) - Store your items safely and protect them from air and moisture in these sterilite 80-quart gasket boxes. This storage box has gasket seals lining the lid that keep your items secure. The clear plastic base and lid make it easy for you to see the contents so you don't have to dig around to find what you need. This pack of sterilite 80-quart gasket boxes includes 12 clear, plastic storage containers that are great for organizing paperwork, school projects, photographs, or even clothing in your home or office. The seals are resistant to air and moisture and keep pet food and bulk foods fresher for longer periods of time. The handles are comfortable and optimal for transportation.
Lawei 4 Pack Airtight Clear Acrylic Canister Set – 55 oz Food Storage Jars with Lids Wide Mouth Mason Jars Clear Plastic Jars forKitchen Serving Tea, Coffee, Spice, Candy, Cookie - Inlcuded set of 4 airtight clear acrylic canister, each jar measures 35 inch mouth width, 47 inch bottom width, 78 height, can holds 55 oz(1650 ml). Flip-top lids are easy to open and close, and wide-mouth makes it easy to fill and dispense each container is well sealed, equipped with a silicone gasket and a stainless steel locking clamp to make sure your food stay clean, fresh and safe while in storage, jars are easy to wash and can be reused again and again. Keeps food fresh your food will stay fresh longer with the airtight lid the locking clamps have silicone gaskets to ensure an airtight seal to preserve freshness of your pasta, rice, cereal, crackers, snacks, fruits, vegetables and much more. Break-resistant canister set pet material, lead-free and non-toxic material is lightweight, yet boasts great strength and is shatter-resistant even if it falls and hits the ground, the material won't break. Lawei's multipurpose prefect size to be used as canisters, storage jars for home and kitchen, ideal for pasta, coffee, beans, sugar, candy, cookies, snacks, rice, noodles, flour, spices, seeds, shells, bath salts, powder and much much more, also great for canning your own pickles and other canning foods.
Homz Plastic Storage, Modular Stackable Storage Bins with Blue Latching Handles, 66 Quart, Clear, 2-Pack - Large ergonomic latches lock to secure lid in place and make for a comfortable grip and handle when moving or storing the container stacking and modular design for best use of space bins nest into one another when not in use. Large- 66 quart storage capacity ideal for storing shoes, clothes, seasonal holiday decorations, personal items and more. Set includes 2 clear plastic bins and 2 clear plastic lids made in the usa. Exterior dimensions with lid 26 5″ x 16 5″ x 12 75″ interior dimensions 20 87″ x 14 39″ x 11 88″. Bins are made from durable see-through clear plastic that withstands ongoing use, allows you to see contents without opening the container.
Lawei 9 pack 15 oz Clear Plastic Jars with Black Lids – BPA Free Round Plastic Containers for Kitchen & Household Storage of Dry Goods, Nuts and more - Great for kitchen, pantry, or household use to store dry goods, spices, nuts or process peanut butter, pickles and more also use in utility room for nuts & bolts, use in play room for art & craft supplies endless possibilities lids have food safe pressurized foam liner seal for onetime use. Clear plastic containers designed with specialized food grade, high chemical resistance and high impact resistance pet plastic. Canister comes with caps that has inner foam liners to ensure a strong and reliable airtight seal, buy in bulk and store into these convenient, classy jars, they will stay fresh for a long time. Included 9 pack clear plastic jars with black lids, each jar measures 36 x 36 inch, capacity 15 oz. 35 inch wide mouth jar makes items easy to dispense or measure.
MontoPack Bamboo Wooden Toothpicks |2000-Piece Large Wood Round Toothpicks in Clear Plastic Storage Box | Sturdy Safe Double Sided Party, Appetizer, Olive, Barbecue, Fruit, Teeth Cleaning Toothpicks. - Get a tremendous value toothpick set of full 1000 bamboo toothpicks in 2 sets of 500, safely stored in a clear plastic lidded storage box save money on your wooden toothpicks purchase with a great value set of round wood toothpicks for countless purposes. Get a quality set for home & professional use you deserve a pack of natural, safe, durable toothpicks that do not break easily and we are offering you the ultimate set of bamboo toothpicks in a plastic holder box for all your home, restaurant, café or hotel. The perfect set for your dental care quality-made from natural bamboo wood, these double-sided, splinter-free toothpicks will ensure your teeth are clean at all times, to save you visits to the dentist's sturdy and durable, they are all you need for premium dental health. Use them in 1000+1 purposes montopack round wooden toothpicks make a precious party accessory for all festive occasions use them as your cute cocktail or fancy party toothpicks, as your appetizer toothpicks, your olive toothpicks or the fruit toothpicks for the kids' party. Your reliable travel buddy safely stored in the toothpick holder with the lid, thesebamboo toothpicks are easily carried everywhere toss them into your backpack and take them with you on the refreshing day on the beach or the family picnic or the camping weekend.
Qsbon Clear Plastic Storage Bins/Basket Organizer for Home Bathroom Kitchen, 6-Pack - It has a high-capacity and a strong endurance. Frost, health, beauty, eco-friendly and practical plastic basket. Great use in beauty supplies, small tools, hobby and crafts parts storage. Competitive price with high quality. Outside dimensions 1063″ length x 728″ width x 551″ height.
essentials(TM) Heavy Duty Clear Plastic Storage Bags w/ Zip-Lock & Carry Handle, 1-Count XX Large 24″x20″(Pack of 4) - Store, organize, protect and transport anything conveniently. Essentials(tm) heavy duty clear plastic storage bags w/ zip-lock & carry handle, 1-count xx large 24″x20″(pack of 4).
Vababa 6 Quart Clear Plastic Storage Box Latch Box with Blue Handle - With cover design, the best choice for storing food, toys, medicines, books, and all kinds of sundries. Transparent box design, pure and transparent, things are put inside at a glance. Outside size 113″ x 76″ x 67″ , the inside top edges 1122 by 646 by 61 inches. Classified storage to keep the house tidy. Made of high quality plastic, 4-pack.
Hommp 5 Liter Clear Storage Box Containers, 4-Pack Plastic Latching Box with Lid - Outside dimension 1059 x 779 x 616 inch, inside dimension 905 x 661 x 578 inch. Sturdy buckle up latches keep the lid securely in place. Include 4 clear plastic storage box. Perfect for small craft items, letters, toys, makeup and more. Material sturdy plastic.
Sugar Packet Holders, 12 Pack – Clear Plastic Storage Containers for Kitchen – Commercial & Business Organization for Restaurants & Home, Coffee Bars, Diners – Food and Beverage Accessories - Measurements each holder is 325″ x 225″ x 2″ holds about 25-30 sugar packets for a quick grab when you need it most. Hold the sugar keep what you need handy and save space with these clear sugar holders for sweeteners, taco sauce packets, toothpicks, tea bags, paperclips, and other tiny supplies you may need during your day. Display in any room use at home in the kitchen, on the coffee bar, on your cosmetic vanity, in your craft room or at work desk the clear coat on this versatile set will complement any decor style. Convenient addition to your business perfect for kitchens, cafes, cafeterias, barista shops, break rooms, businesses, restaurants, serving tables, and food trucks. Clear plastic a simple yet elegant bundle to add to your makeup routine, pantry, or work desk plastic is less likely to break compared to glass or ceramic storage.
Qsbon Clear Plastic Storage Trays Basket for Closets, Countertop and Drawers, 6-Pack - Include 6 plastic basket. Made of durable, high quality plastic. Multiple storage solutions. Dimensions approximately 1031″ x 531″ x 476″(lwh). Hollowing frame, easy to keep dry and clean.
Vinylpac 5-Pack Clear Plastic Storage Bags with Zipper 9 x 11 x 2 Inch, Blue Trim and Handle, Perfect for Stadium and Events! - Bpa free and california proposition 65 compliant. Gauge 4 vinyl for durability and white three-sided nylon zipper. 9 inches tall by 11 inches wide by 2 inches deep. Water, dust, dirt and pest resistant storage solution for linens, toys and more. Clear vinyl perfect for stadium and events that require security checks.
Sunxenze 12" Three-Layer Clear Plastic Storage Box/Family First Aid Box/Tool Box, Multipurpose Organizer and Portable Handled Storage Case for Art Craft and Cosmetic (Light Blue) - The multi-layer separation design, good sealing performance, dustproof, moisture-proof, prevent children's open buckle design, diversified functions, powerful storage function, completely solve the disorder of items. The storage box made of durable high quality pp, light weight and long service life, made of environmentally friendly materials, no deformation, no cracking, easy to classify, easy to find, easy to store. Suitable for family, car, school, gym, workplace, travel, camping, office, health clinics, hospitals. Large-capacity storage, usually used to store basic first-aid items in the home multi-functional storage box, can also store food, stationery, cosmetics, clothing, tool accessories, etc. Approximate dimensions 118″ l x 71″ w x 59″h clear blue visible case perfect for art and craft supplies, tools, medicine, sewing kit, cosmetics or fishing supplies.
Monaco Hanging Storage Bags, 10-pack of 12 x 9-inch Clear Plastic Bags for Classroom, Library, and Pharmacy Use - Preferred by teachers, librarians, and pharmacists, these sturdy space-saving hanging bags keep books, games, puzzles, cds, and medications organized. Plastic hanging bags measure 12 inches wide by 9 inches high, and hang on a 3/8-inch diameter rod. Reusable plastic storage bags are made from acid free material that prevents discoloration and deterioration of contents. Heavy-duty bag handles are 60% thicker than ordinary bags, very easy to open and close. Multi-use, store books and accompanying audio media, hobby and craft supplies, game pieces, manuals, and more.
Clear Plastic Storage Bins, Refrigerator and Kitchen Pantry Cabinet Organizer Bin with Handle, Freezer Organizer Bins, Fridge Organizer Pantry Storage, Large - Smart storage -this storage organizer fits boxed foods, condiments, spices, baking supplies, dry goods, and many other kitchen essentials, use in the fridge to keep fruits and vegetables organized and ready to go, perfect for wellness items, store vitamin bottles, medicine, aspirin, adhesive bandages, first aid essentials, organize all of your kitchen essentials. Store more in less space, these bins can also be nested, so if not in use, these storage bins won't take up much space, these versatile storage bins can be used in any room of the home, use them in craft rooms, laundry/utility rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchens, offices, garages, toy room, playroom and more versatile, light weight and easy to transport, these are great in apartments, condos, dorm rooms, rvs and campers. Brand homyfort- the best customer service, if for any reason you're not completely happy with your purchase- if it breaks, if it's damaged in shipping, or even if you change your mind, simply let us know and we will either replace it or refund your money. Clear & durable, transparent pantry container bin for easy viewing, made of durable bpa and chlorine free shatter-resistant plastic, food safe, easy care, clean with mild soap and water, do not place in dishwasher,measures 118″l x 69″ wx 44″ high. Portable storage bins, the integrated handle on the bin makes it easy to pull the bin out, especially when stored up high, great for refrigerators, freezers as well as kitchen cabinets, pantries and drawers, ideal for general storage throughout the home.
Vababa 4-Pack 12 L Clear Plastic Latch Storage Boxes with Lids - Outside size 1417″ x 1004″ x 803″, the inside top edges 1268 by 866 by 768 inches. With cover design, the best choice for storing food, toys, medicines, books, and all kinds of sundries. Made of high quality plastic. Transparent box design, pure and transparent, things are put inside at a glance. Suitable for storing underwear, books, toiletries, etc.


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Weight Loss
At Revolution Fitness & Therapy, the focus for weight-loss is a combined effort between proper nutrition and proper exercise. There is no promise of overnight and/or rapid weight loss. The program involves steady, deliberate weight-loss in a way that makes it more difficult to gain the weight back once you've reached your goal.
All members of Revolution Fitness & Therapy receive free nutritional coaching/counseling as a way to maximize physique goals. Regardless of gender or body composition, it can be argued that an individual's diet is even more important than the exercises they do to accomplish their goals.
Strength Training
As strange as it may seem, not everyone needs to lose weight. In special circumstances, some individuals need to gain it. If you are one of these people, Revolution focuses on moderate increases to the diet to ensure that lean muscle is added on appropriately and proportionately to maximize gains.
Tatsyana Havel
I walked through the doors of RevFit almost two years ago. At the time, I was living in chronic back pain and my Dr. labeled me obese at my yearly check up. I didn't have much faith in myself as far as my ability to lose weight. However, Jason, our patient, kind, and motivational leader sure did. Fast forward one quick year and the results were truly astounding. My weight was down 54 pounds. I no longer had the severe debilitating back pain. My eldest son turned 30 and I didn't even cringe. The confidence and strength I have gained within the RevFit walls is life changing. The friendships I have built are amazing. Please consider joining us. You are worth it.
Jackie Armstrong
I cannot speak highly enough of Rev Fit! When I first started training with Jason I was very sedentary. I was in a very depressed state over my weight gain. I was even scared to start with a trainer due to my own insecurities. I was very worried it would be to much for me to handle. Rev Fit has totally changed my life and perspective, it has made me a more confident person. Today, I have lost 11.5 lbs, which I NEVER thought would be possible. His knowledge, professionalism, and positivity he gives his clients is nothing less than amazing! If you're looking to change your life, get healthy, and feel good about yourself, I suggest giving Rev Fit the opportunity to do just that!!
Dr. Robert J. Ault
As a physician, the two most important things to me are my patient's health and my reputation. It's very comforting to know that when I send my patients to Jason Leenaarts, owner and certified personal trainer at Revolution Fitness & Therapy, they will be taken care of with those concerns in mind. Jason is extremely knowledgeable in the subjects of physical fitness and nutrition and works very diligently to achieve his client's goals. He is extremely dedicated to his passion for creating happier and healthier people through his hard work, warm personality, and genuine concern for his clients. I have heard countless people express great pleasure in their experience with Jason and Revolution Fitness & Therapy. As well as a physician that refers patients to see Jason, I am also a client. In the past five months, I have personally lost 17 lbs. with Jason's help and I am looking forward to losing another 17 more. When it comes to getting great fitness results at a great price, I would look no further than Jason Leenaarts and Revolution Fitness & Therapy.
Jonathan W.
Jason is the definition of a professional. He has a deep understanding of nutrition and exercise techniques, and is not only helping me get back on track with good eating habits, but designed a personal work-out routine specifically tailored to help me reach my personal goals. He's more than just a teacher, however, in that he is very passionate about my success, and is always very encouraging and positive. I simply can't recommend Revolution Fitness enough, it is definitely helping me turn my life around in the right direction.
Scott M.
As I approached my 50th birthday, I realized I had to make some changes in my life. I wasn't over weight per se, but needed to tone up the body and start to eat better. I had to make a decision. Continue what I had been doing, or make the call, and try to make some major changes in my lifestyle. I am here to say, I am glad I made the call. I wasn't sure in the beginning, as my body was having a difficult time adjusting. As time went by, and I started to eat a better diet, I found that it wasn't so bad. I could go through a rigorous set of exercises and feel good the next day. I appreciate the patience and knowledge that you have extended me, and I hope that I can continue to keep my body as healthy as possible. Only time will tell if I can stay motivated enough, but I at least have the tools necessary to continue a good workout and eat properly. Thanks for everything.
Bob C.
I can not express the heart felt appreciation I have for the effort and personal care Jason Leenaarts exhibited in the matter of the health of my son (and mine). We met with Jason and after a very brief meeting I was sure he could help us, my son was not so sure, but Jason gently eased his mind and soon won his respect, amazing to me, but easy for a great trainer like Jason. I had found myself turning into a slug with bad eating habits and no real work out routine to speak of, even worse my just pre teen son was a video junkie with my bad habits. Jason used his incredible gift of personality and direction, not to mention his skill as a trainer and diet coach to turn our lives around. involved and engaged in a work out program and actually made it a game. By training us together, my son and I seemed to gently push each other to do a little extra and with Jason's guidance we feel we can continue to live a healthy life. Sadly we are moving but Jason has even asked to keep in touch with us and guide us with training tips, he is much more than a trainer and diet specialist, he is truly a friend and our lives will not be the same in the future thanks to him. I highly recommend Revolution Fitness and Therapy for all your family's health needs. The fact that you work in a private one on one setting was the answer to our "not in public" problem and the "any time access" for cardio is great. Thank you, We will miss you.
Brian H.
I have worked out for more years than I care to count and so I came to Revolution Fitness with a pretty good understanding of physical training, or so I thought. After leaving my job in December 2008, which kept me away from home for most of the year, I decided that I would indulge myself and get serious about my workout with a personal trainer. Meeting Jason was one of the best things I could have done for my workout routine. He taught me exercises I didn't know existed and gave a real work out to muscles I hadn't focused on before. More importantly to me, he stressed the importance of a good diet. I'm not a chef but I enjoy good food and eating out frequently was a big part of my routine not to mention my love of all things sweet. So focusing on shopping for good foods, preparing them and throwing out the cakes and cookies was not small thing for me to accomplish. Jason was a great resource for healthy eating and guiding me through the world of calorie counting, body mass indexes and all the numbers I hadn't paid any attention to in the past. I truly know that I am the only person responsible for my health and well-being but having someone like Jason to help gauge that process is very beneficial and I would highly recommend working with Jason no matter what goals you want to achieve.
Keith B.
Jason has also been great in showing me how, when and what to eat to support my efforts. His understanding, encouragement, knowledge and ability to motivate me has been fantastic. If you're serious about making the most of the limited time we have on this earth, definitely give Jason a call. The days of insanity – doing the same thing over & over again, expecting a different result are long gone! Thanks Jason!

subset: commoncrawl


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Galliano has launched a new campaign to compete tongue-in-cheek with this national election stuff that we seem to be in the midst of. At the Vote 4 Wallbanger site, Harvey promises to "Make America Chill Again," and we can certainly all get behind that. Here's a modern twist on the classic Harvey Wallbanger cocktail:
Modern Harvey (pictured)
- 1 oz vodka
- 1/2 oz Galliano
- 3 oz fresh orange juice
- 1/2 oz lemon juice
- Shake & strain into a old fashioned glass filled with ice
- Top with 2 dashes Peychaud's Bitters
Special thanks to our sponsor Galliano L'Autentico.


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The Museum has now become one of the Worlds leading authorities on vintage lawnmowers and are now specialists in antique garden machinery, supplying parts, archive conservation of manuscript materials and valuing machines from all over the world. See 'Lawnmowers of the Rich and Famous' including Prince Charles and Princess Diana, Brian May, Nicholas Parsons, Eric Morcambe, Hilda Ogden, Alan Titchmarsh and many more.
The lawnmower was patented by Edwin Beard Budding in 1830. He was working in a textile mill in Stroud, Gloucester, where he designed a machine originally to trim the knap off the cloth, destined for Guardsmen's uniforms. His revolutionary idea was to use it to cut grass!!. At the time people thought he was a lunatic and a madman to invent such a contraption, so he had to test the machine at night so no one could see him. Why not book a guided tour and learn more of the extraordinary history of the garden machine industry. Included in this Unique National collection are manufacturers not normally associated with the garden industry, names such as Rolls Royce, Royal Enfield, Vincent, Dennis, Hawker Sidley, Perkins Diesel, British Leyland, Fraser Nash and many more. Most of the exhibit's technical and industrial artefacts are from the Victorian and Edwardian era. The restored exhibits are devoted to keeping a small part of British engineering Heritage alive. BRITISH AT ITS BEST over the last 200 years.
British Lawnmower Museum: © 2011 - ∞
This RingSurf Net Ring
is owned by B L M Want to join the Unusual Museums of the Internet ? |
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Does Fear Run Your Life? Part 2 ~ Dr. Helen Gitlevich
Creating Abundance With Ease ~ Dr. Helen Gitlevich
Last week we started conversation about fear and how much it is running your life. Let's continue with this conversation and see how much more of the fear we can let go of using tools of Access Consciousness and Akashic Records.
*Listen now on the Inspired Choices Network app! https://linktr.ee/inspiredchoicesnetwork
~ More About Creating Abundance with Ease ~
Magic is everywhere. Abundance is everywhere. What if we can tap into abundance and start creating it in our lives with total ease?
Are you choosing what you desire? What if more is available than you believe is possible?
Dr Helen Gitlevich will use the tools of Akashic Records and Access Consciousness to guide you on the journey to creating more in your life than you've ever imagined.
Helen Gitlevich is a Medical Doctor, a published Author, a Radio Show Host/Podcaster as well as a Teacher of Akashic Records and a Founder of Akashic School of Creation. She is also an Access Consciousness Certified Facilitator, 3 Day Body Class Facilitator and a Reiki Master who is always interested in empowering people to heal themselves and to see the magic that they are.
Helen has been facilitating and teaching classes and workshops around the world inviting people to a different possibility with their health, money and relationships.
Welcome to the world of magic. Is it your turn now to take control of Your Life?
Would you like to join Helen and see if you can choose something greater?
https://www.creatingabundancewithease.com/ http://bit.ly/hgitlevich
To get more of Creating Abundance with Ease, be sure to visit the podcast page for replays of all her shows here: https://www.inspiredchoicesnetwork.com/podcast/creating-abundance-with-ease/


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Our stainless steel stairs are always custom made. The possibilities are endless: interior or exterior stainless steel staircases, either straight stairs or spinning stairs (quarter turn stairs, 2x quarter turn…), even spiral staircases are possible. Our stainless steel stairs can very well be combined with steps of glass, wood or even stone.
Links: Model Lex, Bolted Stair, Model Wing, Model Kristof, Staircase Industrial Look, Floating Staircases, Z-shaped Staircase, Model Culi, Spiral Staircases, Winding Staircase, Attic Stairs, Stairs - Custom made stairs


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FreeBSD General Other questions regarding FreeBSD which do not fit in any of the categories below. |
Thread Tools | Display Modes |
FreeBSD as firewall/router on VMware ESXi
I'm going to be inheriting an old Compaq Proliant server from work to use at home. It's nothing special, has a couple PIII procs, 4GB of RAM. But it will run VMware's free ESXi product on it, which I'd like to do. We're moving to VMware at work and the more experience I get, the better. Besides, it's fun to play with!
One thing I'd like to consider doing is running a FreeBSD virtual box as my router/firewall for my home network (I have DSL). Right now that job is handled by a Buffalo router with DD-WRT on it, and I've learned some iptables from it, but I'd really like to learn from the ground up with pf. However, my concern is the miserable network performance I think I'm seeing from FreeBSD 6.3 as a virtual device (I had problems loading 7.0 on ESXi). I read this page: http://taosecurity.blogspot.com/2007...nterfaces.html and it certainly makes sense, with the lnc driver network performance was pretty sad. Even pinging localhost gives me times around .165 ms, where as on two physical FreeBSD boxes (using fxp and sis network drivers) pinging localhost gives me responses in less than half that time. I did use the article's advice and changed to the em driver. That did cut my ping to localhost time down a little bit (more like .141 ms). But obviously that still isn't as good as a physical box. So, my questions would be, to anyone that has experience with this: 1. Is it worth my time to either recompile the 6.3 kernel or fight with 7.0 until it installs so I can use the le network driver instead of lnc or em? 2. Is it foolish to even attempt using a virtual machine as a gateway and firewall? (Obviously this is would just be for a tiny home network on a DSL line, so maybe I wouldn't notice a difference, but I'm curious what people's opinions are.) Thanks! Last edited by Bruco; 15th November 2008 at 12:13 AM. |
I wouldn't use such an electrical power consuming beast for a firewall. IMHO an ecological disaster
Why don't you just get an old Pentium I or II with 2 network cards, or a small machine like a Soekris or Via ITX. I think running a virtual machine as a firewall is a bad idea. Programmers already have a hard time writing secure operating systems. You think that in their initial attempt in writing secure virtualization layers they suddenly do better? I don't
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump |
I'd love a low-power solution, because I really want to be able to play with ESXi at home and learn more about it. But there aren't any low-power servers they are giving away for free at work! Maybe I should just look into one of these websites devoted to whitebox hardware that works with ESXi. Of course, then I have to spend money!
Thanks for your input - security is a good concern. I'm still very curious about the latency of network I/O, too. |
You still can play with that server and with ESXi. I just wouldn't use it as a firewall
If you use another box that thas 3 NIC's you can place your server in a DMZ. NIC one is the external interface, NIC two the internal interface. The last NIC is used for the DMZ. Because you have a single server machine in the DMZ you don't need a switch to connect it to the DMZ interface. Just a simple cross-over UTP cable. Using VMware you then can configure a nameserver, ftp server, www server etc.
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump |
I find it odd that you are having network performance issues with VMWare ESXi + FreeBSD.
I've had excellent luck with it, both VMWare ESXi and VMWare Server (windows as the Host OS). With VMWare server on windows I saw 5 to 8 MB/sec from a FreeBSD 7.0 webserver and on VMWare ESXi, I saw it max out the theoretical bandwidth after protocal overhead on the NICs that were available. (Same FreeBSD 7.0 webserver.) If there's anything I can do to help compare your system to mine, please let it be known. (I'm pretty new to FreeBSD and 'nix in general but I'm willing to help as much as I can.) Just watch out for the time issue, it's nasty! As for security as a border firewall/router... I can't speak for it in either way as I've never dabbled with a virtual guest as such. I can see a few cases where it would be feasible, but you'd need some pretty bulletproof VLANs and other nasties. |
Especially if you run a lot of virtual servers, then running a virtual firewall (or a virtual firewall cluster) makes sense.
Torfinn |
Torfinn |
they want to do no matter what. If you want to run firewalls on the top of WM it is your choice. It might be a good choice if you wan balance your desired level of security and cost of deployment. A real good solution might be cost prohibitive. Now back to my answer. Let me para-phrase Theo De Raadt:"Running your crap on the top of somebody else crap is not going to make your crap any better". Any peace of code (even couple lines) is prone to bugs. Adding another layer between your crappy OS (yes even OpenBSD is crap as well just far less than other Operating System) and a crappy PC machine (if nothing else sparc64 is at least less prone to buffer overflow) is not going to make you safer. If OpenBSD which is debugged for more than 10 years now still have bugs I can just imagine WMWare. When OpenBSD was firstly ported to Motorola 88000 new bugs were discovered on weekly basis. Some of them were in BSD Unix for more than 20 years. I am sure WMware team have ported WMware on 10 different processor architectures like OpenBSD just to find the bugs. So how long did you run WMware on Motorola 68000 or 88 000 processors. How long have you run it on SGI Mips architecture? Does it run flawlessly? Last edited by Oko; 26th November 2008 at 10:45 PM. |
I've decided I probably won't lug home one of these old dual-PIII servers - the power consumption would probably make me regret it! What I will do is look at putting together a whitebox than can run ESXi - I really like it as a test environment. In the meantime, I have an old Dell GX240 that I can try as a pf box. Maybe once I get an ESXi box I can replicate the setup onto a virtual machine and compare network performance. |
Read here and here . This is a clip from the VMware site: Strengthen Security & Improve Reliability VMware ESXi is the only hypervisor that does not incorporate or rely on a general-purpose operating system (OS), eliminating many common reliability issues and security vulnerabilities. The slim 32MB footprint of VMware ESXi is a fraction of the size of a general-purpose operating system, resulting in a smaller attack surface while minimizing the effort required for tasks such as security hardening, user access control, anti-virus and backup. In addition, integration into solid-state components inside a server enables diskless server configurations. This reduces hardware failure rates and decreases server power consumption. Indeed, the small footprint makes it less of a target. I am not saying it's perfect. Even one of my favorite OSes, OpenBSD is not perfect, but I have several VM firewall implementations in production environments and I have found it actually easier to secure them due to the fact that I can create virtual networking to isolate traffic on different networks. I just installed a box very similar to the one the OP is thinking about using (it's a dual PIII Dell 2550). We run 2 pfsense firewalls on it, one for the general network and one for the mail server. I keep all the mail server traffic on a completely separate and different network so that if there is a virus outbreak on the LAN, the e-mail server is not affected and vice versa. Of course, someone will always be able to take advantage of exploits if there is any, but considering that the DOD has certified Windoze, this is order of magnitude better than that situation. ESXI can also be run from a CF card or a thumb drive. We are going to start using dual CF cards and use the disks only for the VMS. That should be even more secure. Finally, the Dell 2550 we put in didn't draw THAT much power, even with 5 SCSI drives. Of course, I'm not that politically correct either. One thing I forgot to mention. SATA drives are not supported for VM storage unless you use certain controllers. Be careful. I built a $2,000 box only to find out I had to put the 2TB of storage in the SAN. -Tim |
Windependence, please never read the thread http://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=119304079603049&w=2, that will make you more upset
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump |
Here is a paper in favor of virtualization:
http://shell.cse.ucdavis.edu/~bill/virt/virt.pdf And this post addresses some of the Xen issues in Ormandys paper: http://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=119324474519679&w=2
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In the interest of furthering a science of service systems, the language-action perspective may be relevant. Business-oriented researchers have an appreciation of the gap between what people say and what they do, but may not be familiar with the development of this framework coming from computer science. Two decades of the language-action perspective were recently marked since the publication of Understanding Computers and Cognition in 1986 by Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores. It's been almost three decades since "Doing and Speaking in the Office" by Fernando Flores and Juan Ludlow first appeared in an IIASA conference proceedings in 1980. This approach was foundational to the Commitment Management Protocol, as described in Adaptive Enterprise: Creating and Leading Sense-and-Respond Organizations by Steve Haeckel in 1999. The language-action perspective can provide some clarity in describing coordination within a service system.
Let's trace the development of ideas, following milestones in three major sections:
- 1. What's the linkage between language and action at work? Doing and speaking in the office
- 2. How do computers fit into collaborative work? Understanding computers and cognition
- 3. How can empowered workers coordinate outcomes and roles? Commitment management protocol
These works were published in 1980, 1986 and 1999. The viewpoints are all complementary, with each oriented towards slightly different issues.
In a retrospective view, the roots of the language-action perspective are in the era when the potential and limits of artificial intelligence were being debated, as described by Weigand (2006).
At the core of this perspective is the question: How can IT play a role in improving human communication in organizations and in society as a whole? The conclusion that software is unlikely to ever exhibit intelligent behavior was reached by a powerful new interpretation of skillful action based in the work of modern philosophers. The essence of their interpretation is that skillful action always occurs in a context set by conversations, and in the conversations people perform speech acts by which they commit to and generate the action.
Expert behavior requires an exquisite sensitivity to context and an ability to know what to commit to. Computing machines, which are purposely designed to process symbols independent of their context, have no hope of becoming experts. Winograd and Flores said that questions on the AI agenda at the time, such as "Can a machine think?", are meaningless. They proposed instead that we use our understanding of action-through-language to improve the way we design computers to effectively support human practice. [pp. 45-46]
The struggle around artificial intelligence is demonstrated in the publication by Hubert Dreyfus of What Computers Can't Do in 1972 — revised as What Computers Still Can't Do in 1992. Fernando Flores was at Berkeley in the late 1970s, and acknowledges the influence both of Hubert Dreyfus and John Searle.
1. What's the linkage between language and action at work? Doing and speaking in the office
Circa 1980, in addition to the interest in artificial intelligence, there was a large body of research into decision support systems. The meeting by IIASA was convened under the theme of decision support systems. At a slight tangent was the concrete question of "what do people do in an office?", making a linkage between action and communications by Flores and Ludlow (1980).
If we examine the basic issues underlying the questions, "What do people do in an office?" and "What is communication in an office?" we find that the questions are not truly different. Our theory of commitments and conversations allows us to give an answer to these questions that provides guidelines for examining the work in an office or organization.
Let us use the insights gained into the relationship between commitments and action to analyze organizations. For this purpose we make the following assertions:
- Organizations exist as networks of directives and commissives.
- Break-downs will inevitably occur and organizations need to be prepared for them. In the process of coping with break-downs, whole new networks of directives and commissives are triggered. [p. 102]
- The process of division of labor may be considered a cultural heritage of ways to cope successfully with anticipated break-downs. This has been a constant concern for managers.
Let us present an example that illustrates these three assertions. Consider a company that sells books by mail. Requests for books arrive in letters worded in the following way: "Please dispatch to me, and charge to my account. the book XXXX, by the author such and such." If the business is well organized the client will be attended to quickly and the company will make some profit. When the number of such requests is large, several persons will carry out different parts of the work in the organization. Some will receive the requests, others will dispatch the books and invoices, send letters of acknowledgment, order books from the publishers, anticipate the levels of the inventories, and so on.
The organization must be careful to influence the orders from the clients through advertising and promotions: it would be fatal to receive hundreds of requests for cookbooks if the company specialized in scientific books.
Break-downs are the way in which concerns appear to each member of the organization. Many are already anticipated in the form of work specialization, standard forms, rules for credit, policies about levels of inventories, etc. In this sense the notion of breaking-down also applies to daily notions such as negative perturbation or trouble. To be in business is to know how to deal with break-downs, to anticipate their arrival, and to face them. The concerns are concerns about doing somethinq. The two par excellence social forms of concern are contracts, two mutual promises, and the internal managerial conversations within the organization. The principal flow in the network of action is generated by the contractual relations of the organization, linked to the internal managerial relationships. Internal conversations may be supported by other networks of action that appear to be related only in a very indirect way with the principal flow. [p. 103]
Directives and commissives naturally occur between supervisors and subordinates. More generally, however, they can occur between peers. Breakdowns naturally occur as a fact of business life. Whether the breakdown is remediated at the peer level or requires escalation to a higher power depends on the skills of the parties involved, and the scope of the impact. The majority of breakdowns really shouldn't be handled by the management hierarchy, as the communication channels would soon become flooded.
The above description of organizations naturally leads to questions about what directives and commissives are. They appeared a little bit earlier in Flores and Ludlow (1980).
Searle distinguishes five kinds or 'families' of illocutionary acts along these dimensions of commitment, namely assertives, directives, commissives, declaratives, and expressives. [….]
The distinguishing characteristic of a directive is the commitment by the speaker, as he asks for the (future) performance of some action by the hearer. The propositional content of the directive expresses the action to be performed. [….] An imperative, where no illocutionary verb is explicitly mentioned, is normally understood as a directive. We may also distinguish actions such as requests, petitions, implorations, and orders as members of this class. [….] [p. 98]Commissives
Searle gives the name commissives to the particular class of acts in which the speaker becomes committed to the future performance of an action. As a speaker utters a commissive — a promise for example — he is also making the commitment that he has a serious intention to perform the action. [….] Verbs such as swear, commit, vow, and pledge in the present indicative are normally taken as commitments of this kind. [….]All utterances are commitments according to this theory. In everyday use the word commitment is normally associated with what we call commissives, but this is an understanding we challenge. We instead assert:
- It is unavoidable that commitments are expressed and listened to by the participants in a conversation.
What is peculiar about commissives is the double self referentiality of the commitment of the speaker, i.e., the expressed commitment to the intention to perform the act and the creation of the obligation to perform the act, as such. [p. 98]
Customers (or supervisors in an office) clearly issue directives (e.g. do X, do Y) as speech acts. The probability that the future will include such an outcome depends greatly on (a) an actor responding with a commissive (e.g. I will do X), and (b) the customer (or supervisor) hearing the commissive. While the actor may proceed on a directive without a confirming conversation with the customer or supervisor, this introduces a risk that the outcome produced may not be exactly as desired.
Of the other kinds of illocutionary acts, two are described later in the Flores & Ludlow (1980).1
2. How do computers fit into collaborative work? Understanding computers and cognition
The 1980 publication focused on conversations and action, and only briefly touched on the supporting information technologies. For the details that would be asked by information systems designers, the dynamics within conversations for action are better described in Winograd and Flores (1986).
… we will consider in some detail the network of speech acts that constitute straightforward conversations for action — those in which an interplay of requests and commissives are directed towards explicit cooperative action. [….]
We can plot the basic course of a conversation in a simple diagram like that of Figure 5.1, in which each circle represents a possible state of the conversation and the lines represent speech acts. This is not a model of the mental state of a speaker or hearer, but shows the conversation as a 'dance.' [p. 64]
Figure 5.1: The basic conversation for actionThe lines indicate actions that ran be taken by the initial speaker (A) and hearer (B). The initial action is a request from A to B, which specifies some conditions of satisfaction. Following such a request, there are precisely five alternatives:
- the hearer can accept the conditions (promising to satisfy them),
- can reject them, or
- can ask to negotiate a change in the conditions of satisfaction (counteroffer).
- The original speaker can also withdraw the request before a response, or
- can modify its condition. [p. 65, editorial paragraphing added]
Each action in turn leads to a different state, with its own space of possibilities. In the 'normal' course of events, B at some point asserts to A that the conditions of satisfaction have been met (moving to the state labelled 4 in the figure).
- If A declares that he or she is satisfied, the conversation reaches a successful completion (state 5).
- On the other hand, A may not interpret the situation in the same way and may declare that the conditions have not been met, returning the conversation to state 3.
In this state, either party may propose a change to the conditions of satisfaction, and in any state one or the other party may back out on the deal, moving to a state of completion in which one or the other can be held 'liable' (states 7 and 9). [pp. 65-66, editorial paragraphing added]
There are more details about the conversation structure, which we can leave for the motivated.2
It's worth noting that the conversations for action framework has not been without significant discussion in the Computer Supported Cooperative Work journals. Concern arose about management control of workers, potentially approaching Foucault's model of discipline and punishment when control is too heavy-handed. The impact of technology on organization was a concern, "for technical systems it is the computer scientist (presumably assisted by organizational development consultants and the managers who employ them) who is now cast into the role of designer not only of technical systems but of organizations themselves" (Suchman, 1994). Responses included that, in large enterprises, "the use of explicitness makes possible coordination of kinds that could not be effectively carried out without it." (Winograd, 1994).
3. How can empowered workers coordinate outcomes and roles? Commitment management protocol
The application of Flores' conversations for action and the commitment management protocol in Haeckel's Adaptive Enterprise are obvious. However, the context for the framework has a different orientation. Flores cites Henry Mintzberg on "The Manager's Job: Folklore and Fact" in Harvard Business Review, from 1975.
The manager's job can be described in terms of various "roles,", or organized sets of behaviors identified with a position. My description, shown in Exhibit I, comprises ten roles. As we shall see, formal authority give rise to three interpersonal roles, which in turn give rise to the three informational roles; these two sets of roles enable the manager to play four decisional roles. [p. 54]
Exhibit I: The manager's roles [p. 55]
Formal authority
and status |
Interpersonal roles
Informational rules
Decisional roles
Disturbance handler
Resource allocator
In the 1990s, Haeckel saw that management as command-and-control didn't reflect the realities of the rise of the knowledge worker and the market driven organization. While business executives continue to maintain their formal authority and status, senior business professionals can be more effective when responding directly to customer requests by taking on roles devolved situationally. They can set up their own structures of action with clarity, as who owes what to whom. Self-coordination across groups can be established and operate effectively, with the management hierarchy required to intervene only in cases of breakdowns, in Haeckel (1999):
By coordinating the dynamics of who owes what to whom and detecting breakdowns early on, leadership can manage the interactions without interfering with the actions of empowered and accountable people. [….]
Organizational responsiveness comes from giving individuals and groups the freedom to behave in ad hoc ways to respond to unforeseen circumstances. Because followers know more than leaders do about how to respond, it makes no sense for managers to define their subordinates' behaviors in advance. It is the ends — not the means — that matter. As the discussion of high-level business designs emphasized, specifying outcomes, rather than the activities undertaken to produce them, is the essence of adaptive system design. In a sense-and-respond organization, roles make commitments to one another to produce outcomes. These inter-role commitments are the interactions that matter most and must be managed. For this reason, organizational roles are defined in terms of accountability for commitments to particular outcomes, rather than in terms of activities. [p. 142]
As a complement to the formalization of conversations for action, outcomes and acceptance of accountabilities when taking a role are emphasized in Haeckel (1999).
In the sense-and-respond governance system, a commitment is an agreement between two parties to produce a defined outcome and to accept that outcome if it meets the conditions agreed to. One party, the supplier, takes responsibility for producing the outcome. The other party, the customer, must accept the outcome it if meets the conditions of satisfaction. Accountability is established by this interaction. It is a personal acceptance of the consequences of making a commitment. Accountabilities exist only in connection with commitments between people. A person must be accountable to someone, which means no one can be generically accountable for sales, manufacturing, or quality. For the same reason, no process, machine, or system can be accountable for anything. Accountability arises from an agreement between two people about who-owes-what-to-whom. [pp. 142-143]
Describing commitments as protocols reflects the desire for adaptiveness. The meaning of protocol has linguistic roots as the first pages — think of first steps — in a larger set of procedures or rules. The approach is not to create an exhaustive representation for every potential path and contingency, but instead to capture the essential features of a desired future state so that action can proceed. The commitment management protocol is described in greater depth in an appendix of Haeckel (1999):
Every commitment involves a supplier and a customer. The terms identify the provider recipient of any specified outcome and so can refer to two parties within an organization internal supplier responding to an external customer. A visualization of the commitment management protocol described in Chapter 8 looks like the diagram in Figure C-1.
Figure C.1 Another view of the commitment management protocolThe vertical arrows represent the speech acts separating the task stages of a commitment. Defining or recognizing a need leads to a request, which leads to negotiation. Agreement in turn leads to the performance of the tasks required to achieve the outcome. (These tasks may, of course, involve subsidiary commitment workflows.) Reporting completion of the work leads to assessment of the outcome (that is, of whether it meets the agreed-to conditions of satisfaction) and its acceptance or rejection. [p. 243]
This sequence is always the same, except that it may start with an offer rather than a request. The specific positioning of the speech acts allows a process designer to affect the amount of risk associated with a particular commitment. Making a commitment, for example, (agreeing) immediately after receiving a request, and without negotiating the subordinate commitments on which its fulfillment depends, invites some risk. [….] But if the request will always be a standard one carried out successfully many times before, the risk will be minimal, and designing for an immediate agreement is reasonable. If, on the other hand, the request is unprecedented, the supplier will want to minimize risk by positioning the agreement closer to the report of completion and adding subsidiary protocols in the negotiation phase to charter a feasibility study or development of a prototype. In especially high-risk circumstances, the supplier may even choose to cary out tasks normally not carried out until the perform phase, such as conducting a feasibility study, before agreeing to the commitment. [pp. 243-244]
Using the commitment management protocol to design adaptive processes involves these basic steps.
- Define the roles.
- Establish the customer-supplier relationships between roles, specifying outcomes and conditions of satisfaction.
- Sequence the speech acts within and between customer/supplier pairs, making sure that necessary communications with subsidiary suppliers precede the communications that depend on them.
- Define the tasks to be accomplished in each of the four procedural, or task, phases in appropriate detail. [pp. 244-245]
In addition to tracking commitments, the protocol can be used as a tool for diagnosing existing processes. [p. 245]
The formal recording of commitments that individuals should take on in roles can be limited to the most significant. However, as parties find that clarity helps to accelerate desirable outcomes while minimizing communication breakdowns, they may begin to recognize the patterns in their speech and more carefully articulate verbal agreements. Language action can be seen as a skill that can be developed to enable innovating as a practice.
Application to a science of service systems
A service system defined "as a dynamic configuration of resources" requires a method of coordination. When a supplier, customer and subcontractors form a value constellation, keeping track of "who owes what to whom" enables multiple actors to effectively contribute towards mutual benefit. The degree to which commitments need to be formally documented depends on the scale of effort, number of parties involved and willingness to clarify expectations and roles. While the language action perspective can contribute to improved effectivess in personal interactions, the challenge at scale is adoption of its precision at organizational and inter-organizational levels.
1 Flores and Ludlow (1980) focus on directives and commissives, but do also describe assertions and declaratives. Assertions become important in completing a conversation for action. Declaratives enable an individual to act on behalf of another individual, or as an agent for an organization.
Assertions. This is the kind of utterance in which a speaker becomes committed that the belief (or disbelief) that is expressed is justified and justifiable. In other words, the speaker is committed that something is the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition.
There are different kinds of assertions, such as assurances, reports, evaluations, and predictions. Their central feature is the speaker's implicit offer to provide some evidence or grounding for what he is asserting. If he fails to provide this, it could be said that the speaker has made a false assertion. If this failure is intentional the assertion will be called a lie. […]
Declaratives. The distinguishing feature of the declarative form of commitment may be described as follows:
when it is performed by a speaker, it brings about a correspondence between the propositional content and the World. Successful performance of these utterances guarantees that the propositional content corresponds to the World. Through.declaratives it is possible to bring about a reorganization of the whole social space, including the rights of the other members of the universe of discourse to question what is declared as something true or appropriate.Declarative forms of commitment occur within an organization in a very particular way: they are executed with the support and within the protection of institutions of Law. When someone is appointed to a new position, or receives the power to sign documents like bank checks on behalf of a company, it is necessary that this act of transference of a new status of power be carried out by people especially endowed with the authority to perform it; as well, this act must be done in the proper circumstances. […]
2 Assertions, listening, and conditions of satisfaction are significant details in the conversations for action in Winograd and Flores (1986).
Several points about this conversation structure deserve note:
1. At each point in the conversation. there is a small set of possible actions determined by the previous history. We are concerned here with the basic structure, not the details of content. For example, the action 'counteroffer' includes any number of possibilities for just what the new conditions of satisfaction are to be.
2. All of the relevant acts are linguistic — they represent utterances by the parties to the conversation or silences that are listened to as standing for an act. The act that follows a commitment is an assertion (an assertive speech act) from the original hearer to the requestor that the request has been satisfied, and must be followed by a declaration by the requestor that it is satisfactory. The actual doing of whatever is needed to meet the conditions of satisfaction lies ontside of the conversation.
3. There are many cases where acts are 'listened to' without being explicit. If the requestor can recognize satisfaction of the request directly, there may be no explicit assertion of completion. Other acts, such as declaring satisfaction, may be taken for granted if some amount of time goes by without a declaration to the contrary. What is not said is listened to as much as what is said.
4. Conditions of satisfaction are not objective realities, free of the interpretations of speaker and hearer. They exist in the listening, and there is always the potential for a difference among the parties. This can lead to breakdown (for example, when the promiser declares that the commitment is satisfied, and the requestor does not agree) and to a subsequent conversation about the understanding of the conditions.
5. There are a few states of 'completion' from which no further actions can be taken (these are the heavy circles in the figure). All other states represent an incomplete conversation. Completion does not guarantee satisfaction. For example, if the promiser takes the action of 'reneging,' the conversation moves to a completed state, in which the original request was not satisfied.
6. The network does not say what people should do, or deal with consequences of the acts (such as backing out of a commitment). These are important phenomena in human situations, but are not generated in the domain of conversation formalized in this network. [p. 66]
The analysis illustrated by this network can then be used as a basis for further dimensions of recurrent structure in conversations. These include temporal relations among the speech acts, and the linking of conversations with each other (for example, a request is issued in order to help in the satisfaction of some promise previously made by the requestor). [p. 67]
Dreyfus, Hubert L. 1992. What computers still can't do : A critique of artificial reason. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dreyfus, Hubert L. 1972. What computers can't do: A critique of artificial reason. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Flores, Fernando, and Juan J. Ludlow. 1980. Doing and speaking in the office. Decision Support Systems: Issues and Challenges, Proceedings of an International Task Force Meeting, June 23-25, 1980.
Haeckel, Stephan H. 1999. Adaptive enterprise : Creating and leading sense-and-respond organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Mintzberg, Henry. 1975. The manager's job: Folklore and fact. Harvard Business Review 53, (4) (07//Jul/Aug75): 49-61.
Suchman, Lucy. 1994. Do categories have politics? Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 2, (3): 177-90.
Weigand, Hans. 2006. Introduction to the special issue on two decades of the language-action perspective. Communications of the ACM 49, (5): 44-6.
Winograd, Terry. 1994. Categories, disciplines, and social coordination. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 2, (3): 191-7.
Winograd, Terry, and Fernando Flores. 1986. Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Pub. Corp.


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8. Vinyl Control
Vinyl control allows a user to manipulate the playback of a track in Mixxx using a real turntable as a controller. In effect, it simulates the sound and feel of having your digital music collection on vinyl. Many DJs prefer the tactile feel of vinyl, and vinyl control allows that feel to be preserved while retaining the benefits of using digital audio.
8.1. How does it work?
Vinyl control uses special timecode records or CD's which are placed on real turntables or CDJ. The audio output of the turntables is plugged into a audio interface connected to a computer on which Mixxx is running. When a record is played on one of the attached turntables, Mixxx reads the timecode from the record and uses the information to manipulate whatever track is loaded.
8.2. What do I need to use it?
It is possible to use Mixxx's vinyl control with a variety of setups. Unlike some proprietary DJ software, Mixxx can use several types of timecode media and any audio interface that your operating system has drivers to use. Optionally, any MIDI/HID controller can be used together with timecode control. The basic setups for timecode control are:
Setup 1: Vinyl DJ
2-4 timecode vinyls, 2-4 turntables with phono pre-amplifiers (or line-level output), and 2-4 stereo sound inputs.
Your audio interface inputs must match the turntable outputs. Turntables output very quiet phono-level outputs that must be amplified for Mixxx to use. You should either find a audio interface that has phono pre-amplifiers built in (one for each deck), use standalone phono pre-amplifiers, or use turntables with built in phono pre-amplifiers.
You can try skipping the phono pre-amps if you use the software pre-amp in Mixxx on the Vinyl Control preferences pane. This may not work for everyone. Line-level signals are preferred and recommended.
For turntables a typical setup is depicted in the figure below. First, connect the RCA cables from the turntables to the inputs on your audio interface. Second, connect the outputs of your audio interface to the inputs on your mixer.
Many modern turntables have a Line/Phono select switch. If yours does, make sure it matches the input or switch setting on your sound card.
Setup 2: CDJ
2-4 timecode CDs, 2-4 CD decks, and 2-4 stereo sound inputs.
Setting up CDJs for use with timecode CDs is similar to setting up turntables. The figure below outlines a typical configuration. First, connect the RCA cables of the CDJs to inputs of your audio interface. Second, connect the inputs of your mixer to the outputs of your audio interface. Make sure the input mode of your audio interface is set to Line.
Sound inputs
It is recommended to use a DJ audio interface that has multiple stereo line inputs on it.
Alternatively you can use multiple audio interfaces, each with a single stereo line in, but this is strongly discouraged.
Mixxx supports vinyl control input through a single audio interface with at least 4-channels of input (two stereo line-in jacks), or through multiple separate audio interfaces which each have 2-channels of input (a single stereo line-in jack). Vinyl control requires the use of stereo line-in jacks - Mono or microphone inputs will not work.
It is strongly recommended to use a audio interface that comes with native low latency drivers such as ASIO (Windows) or CoreAudio (Mac). Linux users depend on the quality of the corresponding open source driver.
For best scratch performance with vinyl control, we recommend using a system capable of latencies of 10ms. With higher latencies the scratch sound will start to become distorted.
An external hardware mixer is not required for using timecode control. You can use a MIDI or HID controller to mix in software instead.
Supported Timecode media
You can use any of the timecode media supported by Mixxx:
Type |
Responsiveness |
Serato CV02/2.5 Vinyl |
Very high |
Serato Control CD 1.0 |
Very high |
Traktor Scratch MK1 Vinyl |
Very high |
Traktor Scratch MK2 Vinyl |
Not supported |
MixVibes DVS V2 Vinyl |
Very high |
At the present time, Serato records are recommended if you are looking to buy vinyl. If you want to use CDs, you can download a free copy for personal use from Serato.
8.3. Configuring Input and Output devices
Mixxx can be controlled by up to 4 decks with either timecoded vinyl or timecoded CDs.
Select the Input tab
From the Vinyl Control 1 - Vinyl Control 4 drop-down menus, select the audio interface(s) which your decks are plugged into.
In the channel selection drop-down menu, select the channel pairs corresponding to the plug on your audio interface that your deck(s) are plugged into, typically Channels 1-2 and Channels 3-4 etc.
Click Apply to save the changes.
Select the Output tab
Specify Deck 1 - Deck 4 to route Mixxx's output directly to the external mixer
Click Apply to save the changes.
8.4. Configuring Vinyl Control
You can configure vinyl control in
.Turntable Input Signal Boost
Many turntables provide unamplified "phono level" output which must be boosted to a "line level" signal. Normally, a mixer or audio interface provides this amplification, but if you're plugging a turntable's phono output directly into a audio interface that doesn't support phono input, Mixxx can do the amplification. The Turntable Input Signal Boost slider allows you to adjust the level of preamplification applied to your decks› signal. However, it is always preferable to use a proper phono preamplifier if you have one.
Vinyl Configuration
Vinyl Type: Several types of timecoded media can be used to control Mixxx. Configure the drop-down menus to match what type of timecoded media you are using on your decks.
Deck Vinyl Tempo: Change this if you prefer to scratch with your turntable or CDJ set at 45 RPM, default is 33 RPM.
Lead-in Time: Allows you to set a dead-zone at the start of your vinyl or CD, where the time code will be ignored. This is useful in situations where the time code begins very close to the edge of a vinyl which can make back-cueing over the first beat in a track tricky to do without your turntable's needle falling off the vinyl. Setting a lead-in time of 20 seconds or more helps alleviate this by giving you more room on the vinyl to cue with. It's also useful when you've worn the grooves at the edge of a control record to the point that it no longer works reliably: you simply set the lead-in so that the start of the tracks begin in good groove area. You can keep doing this until you run out of groove area, thereby decreasing your record replacement frequency.
Show Signal Quality in Skins: If enabled, a circular representation of the incoming timecode signal is displayed in real-time on the Vinyl Widget in the Mixxx Interface.
Although not recommended, you can use different kinds of timecode media per deck.
Control Mode
Mixxx has three control modes regardless of which control records you use.
Absolute Mode: Provides Mixxx with both pitch and position information from the timecode, and allows you to seek by needle dropping on your vinyl or seeking on your CDJ.
Relative Mode: Takes the position to be relative to your deck's starting point, and only controls the pitch in Mixxx. It is not possible to seek using your deck in relative mode, with one exception. If you drop the needle in the Lead-in Time area (see Vinyl Configuration), Mixxx will seek back to the beginning of the track. Once a track is playing in Relative Mode, Mixxx will not allow you to select Absolute mode. Otherwise, the track would suddenly jump to a new position. Make sure the record is stopped and then you're free to select Absolute mode.
Constant Mode: This special mode is usually only activated when Mixxx needs to keep playing a track even if the vinyl control signal isn't present. Constant mode is automatically enabled when the needle reaches the end of a vinyl control record.
Cueing Modes
Mixxx has two optional cueing modes for vinyl control which only apply to Relative Mode. These modes are useful for quickly seeking to specific positions in a track without touching the laptop. Turntablists often need to find a break or a vocal sample, and cueing modes make these easy to find.
Cue: In this mode, when you drop the needle on the record after the Cue point, Mixxx will seek to that cue point.
Hot Cue: When the needle is dropped Mixxx will seek to the nearest hotcue point, working backwards. So if you have a hotcue at the one-minute mark, and another at the two-minute mark, you can drop the needle anywhere between one and two minutes and Mixxx will seek to the one-minute hotcue.
You can change the Control and Cueing Modes directly in the Mixxx user interface while mixing, go to Vinyl Control Mode and Cueing controls. Alternatively, use the Application shortcuts.
Signal Quality
A successful vinyl control setup hinges on good signal quality. Many factors can affect signal quality, but the most important one is ensuring the volume level of your timecode signal is moderate. A signal that is too loud or too quiet will cause adverse performance, often characterized by a loss of position data causing absolute mode to behave like relative mode.
Mixxx represents the quality of the timecode signal as a circular graphic coming from the vinyl control audio itself. The graphs correspond to your active input devices Deck 1 - Deck 4 .
If your vinyl signal is working, you should see a round, green circle drawn with two lines. This vinyl "doughnut" should be as circular as possible, and the lines should be clear with a minimum amount of fuzz.
You can display the signal quality in the Mixxx user interface while mixing, see Configuring Input and Output devices .
8.5. Enabling Vinyl Control
For each deck, select Application shortcuts.
, or use theVinyl Control Status Display
A rectangle provides visual feedback with regards to vinyl control status of a deck.
Off: Vinyl control disabled on the deck.
Green: Vinyl control is enabled on the deck.
Yellow: The needle has reached End-Of-Record.
8.6. Single Deck Control
If you only have one turntable, you can still use Mixxx to play your sets. In the Vinyl Control decks.
tab, use the same audio input for bothWhen mixing, you'll have one track playing automatically while the other is controlled by the turntable. Start by enabling vinyl control on the first deck, and start mixing. When you're ready to cue up the next record, just disable vinyl control on the first deck and enable it on the second deck. Playback will continue on the first deck without interruption. Cue up the second track and mix it in. When you're ready to cue the first deck again, just toggle the second deck off and the first deck on again.
Use the Application shortcuts to swap focus from one deck to the other. Alternatively, select in the Controller Wizard, to assign the control to a key on your controller.
8.7. End-Of-Record Mode
Sometimes the track you are playing is longer than the timecode area on your record. If the needle reaches the end of the vinyl timecode, Mixxx will enter a special End-Of-Record Mode. When this happens, the vinyl indicator (usually a green rectangle) will blink yellow as a warning. At the same time, Mixxx will automatically enable Constant Mode and will ignore the turntable's pitch. At this point the track will simply continue playing until the end. When you load a new track, End-Of-Record Mode will be automatically disabled and Constant Mode turned off.
When you're in End-Of-Record Mode and you want to still use the turntable for pitch control, simply lift the needle and place it anywhere in the main timecode area. It's OK, the track won't stop playing. As soon as Mixxx detects that the needle has settled, it will automatically switch to Relative Mode.
8.8. Control Track
Some vinyl control records have a special portion of grooves near the center of the record for selecting and loading tracks in the user interface. You can see these grooves because there is a gap between the main timecode area and the inner circle. Some control records have not been tested with Mixxx, and their control areas are not supported. Serato CV02 Vinyl and Traktor Vinyl MK1 are known to work. Serato CV02 CDs are known not to work.
Just drop the needle in the control area and let the record play forward or backward. The highlighted row in the library should move up or down. Simply lift the needle and drop it anywhere in the main timecode area to load the track.
8.9. Troubleshooting
To complete your setup you must configure Mixxx properly. Make sure you have:
specified Deck 1 - Deck 4 in to route Mixxx's output directly to the external mixer
specified Vinyl Control 1 - Vinyl Control 4 under
selected the correct control type under Supported Timecode media
in the preferences. See the list ofenabled vinyl control via the menu under
Signal Quality
The graph is displayed in Signal Quality.
, seeSignal |
Meaning |
Troubleshooting |
Vinyl control input channels not correctly set up. Vinyl control will not work. |
Open Preferences/ Sound Hardware and set up the devices you want to use, see Configuring Input and Output devices |
Vinyl control input channels set up correctly. Waiting for timecode input signal. |
Start your turntable or CDJ with the selected timecode vinyl or CD. |
Nearly perfect green doughnut about half the width of the graph. Rotating radar sweeps in the direction your record on the turntable is spinning. |
Everything is OK, nothing to do. Go spin some beats. |
Incorrect choice of vinyl control source. Doughnut looks good but has a solid red color. |
Select the correct vinyl type in the preferences. E.g. maybe you selected side B of the Serato Vinyl but your record is on side A. |
Input signal is bad. As the vinyl signal gets worse, you'll see the color of the doughnut change from green over orange to red. |
Check the wiring / grounding on your turntable / CDJ. You timecode record / CD might be worn out or the needle on your turntable is dirty. |
Wrong direction. The green doughnut looks good but the radar sweeps in the opposite direction of the record on your turntable / CDJ. |
You probably have a wiring problem. Try reversing the left and right inputs on your turntable. You may also have to rewire the headshell. |
Input signal is no timecode signal. Mixxx receives a normal audio signal while it expects a timecode signal. |
Start your turntable or CDJ with the selected timecode vinyl or CD. You may want to check if the inputs devices are set up correctly in the preferences. |
Left or right channel is missing. Mixxx receives only a mono signal but needs a stereo timecode signal to operate. |
Check the wiring on your turntable / CDJ and also the headshell and needle on your turntable. |
Timecode signal too loud. Mixxx receives a signal which has too much amplification. |
Lower the amplification, either on your external mixer, audio interface, or with the Turntable Input Signal Boost. |
Timecode signal too quiet. Mixxx receives a signal which has not enough amplification. |
Boost the amplification, either on your external Mixer, audio interface, or with the Turntable Input Signal Boost. |


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The level of risk for smartphones grows increasingly as the number of devices utilizing the system increases. Here are tips to avoid 6 common risks for your device.
The risk of a single device is the risk of the entire corporate system. The level of risk for smartphones grows increasingly as the number of devices utilizing the system increases. It is not enough to install partial protection, full-on firewalls and back-ups are necessary to ensure the safety of information on your network.
Below are 6 common risks for devices and tips on how to avoid them.
1. The risk of people
As more and newer feature become available to smartphones, its vulnerabilities also increase. Security risks become more and more innovative that it's not enough anymore to simply ask people to be 'alert' or 'careful.' There is an immediate need to create policies that cater to the introduction of devices into the organizations network. Policies safeguard the business and teach people to be more vigilant about the work they do, and how they do it.
2. The risk of loss and theft
Mobile devices are prime targets of theft as they could easily be snatched and hidden. The loss of a device could lead to impetuous risks of security breach and information leaks. Consider no place as a safe place for your mobile devices so always lock your phone with a strong, unique password.
Even without the device itself, the network is still open game for attackers to take advantage. This is why it is advisable to use Mobile Device Management features that can remotely lock your phone and clear it of data.
3. The risk of apps
The number of available apps steadily increases every day. They are ideal carriers of malware as they are accessible, making it easy for your phone or device to be infected. Some devices now comes with isolated app sandbox, which disables apps to access the system, your data, and other apps installed. It is important to check the app provider and see the policies they have in place that safeguards it from malware attacks. If you are unsure, you can restrict the apps that users download with a private corporate app store.
4. The risk of dodgy downloads
Not all smartphones have hardened handsets to safeguard the device against malicious downloads. Make sure to place measures on your phone against malwares and viruses, and be more mindful when browsing with your device.
Some of the safeguards you should check are:
- Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) and Secure Boot. These ensure that only trusted sofwares are loading upon startup.
- Trusted Boot. This keeps your operating system components and drivers untouched and free from viruses and malware.
- System and app integrity. This makes sure that all system software and apps are licensed and credible.
- Layout randomisation (ASLR) and data execution prevention (DEP). These help ensure that malware cannot be introduced into a device's memory.
5. The risk of Wi-Fi and public networks
Data transfers are major breeding grounds of malware even if your device and network is secure. File sharing in public networks can introduce risk to your otherwise clean device. It is best to use Information Rights Management (IRM) to encrypt sensitive information and prevent unauthorized sharing. You can also back up walls with secure Wi-Fi and VPN access.
6. The risk of multiple devices
Multiple devices require multiple protections. To push the challenge further, different operating systems also pose different vulnerabilities that you need to individually address. Smartphones act as connections to business systems and cloud applications, thus, encouraging growth of level of risk. When a device is compromised, the data of the entire business is compromised. Having a limited number of devices to your network is the best way of ensuring that your system is safe.
Have questions about mobile security? Veltec Networks are your trusted mobile security experts. Phone us at (408) 849-4441 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.