text:
DEMMELER Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG
Alpenstraße 10
87751 Heimertingen
Tel: +49 (0) 8335 / 9859-0
Privacy Policy
1. An overview of data protection
The following gives a simple overview of what happens to your personal information when you visit our website. Personal information is any data with which you could be personally identified. Detailed information on the subject of data protection can be found in our privacy policy found below.
Data collection on our website
Who is responsible for the data collection on this website?
The data collected on this website are processed by the website operator. The operator's contact details can be found in the website's required legal notice.
How do we collect your data?
Some data are collected when you provide it to us. This could, for example, be data you enter on a contact form.
Other data are collected automatically by our IT systems when you visit the website. These data are primarily technical data such as the browser and operating system you are using or when you accessed the page. These data are collected automatically as soon as you enter our website.
What do we use your data for?
Part of the data is collected to ensure the proper functioning of the website. Other data can be used to analyze how visitors use the site.
What rights do you have regarding your data?
You always have the right to request information about your stored data, its origin, its recipients, and the purpose of its collection at no charge. You also have the right to request that it be corrected, blocked, or deleted. You can contact us at any time using the address given in the legal notice if you have further questions about the issue of privacy and data protection. You may also, of course, file a complaint with the competent regulatory authorities.
Analytics and third-party tools
When visiting our website, statistical analyses may be made of your surfing behavior. This happens primarily using cookies and analytics. The analysis of your surfing behavior is usually anonymous, i.e. we will not be able to identify you from this data. You can object to this analysis or prevent it by not using certain tools. Detailed information can be found in the following privacy policy.
You can object to this analysis. We will inform you below about how to exercise your options in this regard.
2. General information and mandatory information
Data protection
The operators of this website take the protection of your personal data very seriously. We treat your personal data as confidential and in accordance with the statutory data protection regulations and this privacy policy.
If you use this website, various pieces of personal data will be collected. Personal information is any data with which you could be personally identified. This privacy policy explains what information we collect and what we use it for. It also explains how and for what purpose this happens.
Please note that data transmitted via the internet (e.g. via email communication) may be subject to security breaches. Complete protection of your data from third-party access is not possible.
Notice concerning the party responsible for this website
The party responsible for processing data on this website is:
Demmeler Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG
Demmeler Automatisierung & Roboter GmbH
Alpenstr. 10
87751 Heimertingen / Germany
Phone: Tel. +49(0) 8335/ 98 59 - 0
E-Mail: email@example.com
The responsible party is the natural or legal person who alone or jointly with others decides on the purposes and means of processing personal data (names, email addresses, etc.).
Revocation of your consent to the processing of your data
Many data processing operations are only possible with your express consent. You may revoke your consent at any time with future effect. An informal email making this request is sufficient. The data processed before we receive your request may still be legally processed.
SSL or TLS encryption
This site uses SSL or TLS encryption for security reasons and for the protection of the transmission of confidential content, such as the inquiries you send to us as the site operator. You can recognize an encrypted connection in your browser's address line when it changes from "http://" to "https://" and the lock icon is displayed in your browser's address bar.
If SSL or TLS encryption is activated, the data you transfer to us cannot be read by third parties.
Information, blocking, deletion
As permitted by law, you have the right to be provided at any time with information free of charge about any of your personal data that is stored as well as its origin, the recipient and the purpose for which it has been processed. You also have the right to have this data corrected, blocked or deleted. You can contact us at any time using the address given in our legal notice if you have further questions on the topic of personal data.
Opposition to promotional emails
We hereby expressly prohibit the use of contact data published in the context of website legal notice requirements with regard to sending promotional and informational materials not expressly requested. The website operator reserves the right to take specific legal action if unsolicited advertising material, such as email spam, is received.
3. Data collection on our website
Some of our web pages use cookies. Cookies do not harm your computer and do not contain any viruses. Cookies help make our website more user-friendly, efficient, and secure. Cookies are small text files that are stored on your computer and saved by your browser.
Most of the cookies we use are so-called "session cookies." They are automatically deleted after your visit. Other cookies remain in your device's memory until you delete them. These cookies make it possible to recognize your browser when you next visit the site.
You can configure your browser to inform you about the use of cookies so that you can decide on a case-by-case basis whether to accept or reject a cookie. Alternatively, your browser can be configured to automatically accept cookies under certain conditions or to always reject them, or to automatically delete cookies when closing your browser. Disabling cookies may limit the functionality of this website.
Cookies which are necessary to allow electronic communications or to provide certain functions you wish to use (such as the shopping cart) are stored pursuant to Art. 6 paragraph 1, letter f of DSGVO. The website operator has a legitimate interest in the storage of cookies to ensure an optimized service provided free of technical errors. If other cookies (such as those used to analyze your surfing behavior) are also stored, they will be treated separately in this privacy policy.
Server log files
The website provider automatically collects and stores information that your browser automatically transmits to us in "server log files". These are:
- Browser type and browser version
- Operating system used
- Referrer URL
- Host name of the accessing computer
- Time of the server request
- IP address
These data will not be combined with data from other sources.
The basis for data processing is Art. 6 (1) (f) DSGVO, which allows the processing of data to fulfill a contract or for measures preliminary to a contract.
Contact form
Should you send us questions via the contact form, we will collect the data entered on the form, including the contact details you provide, to answer your question and any follow-up questions. We do not share this information without your permission.
We will, therefore, process any data you enter onto the contact form only with your consent per Art. 6 (1)(a) DSGVO. You may revoke your consent at any time. An informal email making this request is sufficient. The data processed before we receive your request may still be legally processed.
We will retain the data you provide on the contact form until you request its deletion, revoke your consent for its storage, or the purpose for its storage no longer pertains (e.g. after fulfilling your request). Any mandatory statutory provisions, especially those regarding mandatory data retention periods, remain unaffected by this provision.
Registration on this website
You can register on our website in order to access additional functions offered here. The input data will only be used for the purpose of using the respective site or service for which you have registered. The mandatory information requested during registration must be provided in full. Otherwise, we will reject your registration.
To inform you about important changes such as those within the scope of our site or technical changes, we will use the email address specified during registration.
We will process the data provided during registration only based on your consent per Art. 6 (1)(a) DSGVO. You may revoke your consent at any time with future effect. An informal email making this request is sufficient. The data processed before we receive your request may still be legally processed.
We will continue to store the data collected during registration for as long as you remain registered on our website. Statutory retention periods remain unaffected.
Processing of data (customer and contract data)
We collect, process, and use personal data only insofar as it is necessary to establish, or modify legal relationships with us (master data). This is done based on Art. 6 (1) (b) DSGVO, which allows the processing of data to fulfill a contract or for measures preliminary to a contract. We collect, process and use your personal data when accessing our website (usage data) only to the extent required to enable you to access our service or to bill you for the same.
Collected customer data shall be deleted after completion of the order or termination of the business relationship. Legal retention periods remain unaffected.
Data transmitted when entering into a contract with online shops, retailers, and mail order
We transmit personally identifiable data to third parties only to the extent required to fulfill the terms of your contract, for example, to companies entrusted to deliver goods to your location or banks entrusted to process your payments. Your data will not be transmitted for any other purpose unless you have given your express permission to do so. Your data will not be disclosed to third parties for advertising purposes without your express consent.
The basis for data processing is Art. 6 (1) (b) DSGVO, which allows the processing of data to fulfill a contract or for measures preliminary to a contract.
4. Analytics and advertising
Matomo (formerly Piwik)
This website uses the open source web analytics service Matomo. Matomo uses so-called "cookies". These are text files that are stored on your computer and that allow an analysis of the use of the website by you. For this purpose, the information generated by the cookie about the use of this website is stored on our server. The IP address is anonymized before it is stored.
Matomo cookies remain on your device until you delete them.
The storage of Matomo cookies is based on Art. 6 (1) (f) DSGVO. The website operator has a legitimate interest in analyzing user behavior in order to optimize both its website and its advertising.
The information generated by the cookies about your use of this website will not be disclosed to third parties. You can prevent these cookies being stored by selecting the appropriate settings in your browser. However, we wish to point out that doing so may mean you will not be able to enjoy the full functionality of this website.
If you do not agree with the storage and use of your data, you can disable this feature here. In this case, an opt-out cookie will be stored in your browser to prevent Matomo from storing your usage data. If you delete your cookies, this will mean that the opt-out cookie will also be deleted. You will then need to reactivate it when you return to our site if you wish your activity not to be tracked.
Google AdWords and Google Conversion Tracking
This website uses Google AdWords. AdWords is an online advertising program from Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheater Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States ("Google").
As part of Google AdWords, we use so-called conversion tracking. When you click on an ad served by Google, a conversion tracking cookie is set. Cookies are small text files that your internet browser stores on your computer. These cookies expire after 30 days and are not used for personal identification of the user. Should the user visit certain pages of the website and the cookie has not yet expired, Google and the website can tell that the user clicked on the ad and proceeded to that page.
Each Google AdWords advertiser has a different cookie. Thus, cookies cannot be tracked using the website of an AdWords advertiser. The information obtained using the conversion cookie is used to create conversion statistics for the AdWords advertisers who have opted for conversion tracking. Customers are told the total number of users who clicked on their ad and were redirected to a conversion tracking tag page. However, advertisers do not obtain any information that can be used to personally identify users. If you do not want to participate in tracking, you can opt-out of this by easily disabling the Google Conversion Tracking cookie by changing your browser settings. In doing so, you will not be included in the conversion tracking statistics.
Conversion cookies are stored based on Art. 6 (1) (f) DSGVO. The website operator has a legitimate interest in analyzing user behavior to optimize both its website and its advertising.
For more information about Google AdWords and Google Conversion Tracking, see the Google Privacy Policy: www.google.de/policies/privacy/. You can configure your browser to inform you about the use of cookies so that you can decide on a case-by-case basis whether to accept or reject a cookie. Alternatively, your browser can be configured to automatically accept cookies under certain conditions or to always reject them, or to automatically delete cookies when closing your browser. Disabling cookies may limit the functionality of this website.
Google reCAPTCHA
We use "Google reCAPTCHA" (hereinafter "reCAPTCHA") on our websites. This service is provided by Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheater Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA ("Google").
reCAPTCHA is used to check whether the data entered on our website (such as on a contact form) has been entered by a human or by an automated program. To do this, reCAPTCHA analyzes the behavior of the website visitor based on various characteristics. This analysis starts automatically as soon as the website visitor enters the website. For the analysis, reCAPTCHA evaluates various information (e.g. IP address, how long the visitor has been on the website, or mouse movements made by the user). The data collected during the analysis will be forwarded to Google.
The reCAPTCHA analyses take place completely in the background. Website visitors are not advised that such an analysis is taking place.
Data processing is based on Art. 6 (1) (f) DSGVO. The website operator has a legitimate interest in protecting its site from abusive automated crawling and spam.
For more information about Google reCAPTCHA and Google's privacy policy, please visit the following links: https://www.google.com/intl/de/policies/privacy/ and https://www.google.com/recaptcha/intro/android.html.
5. Newsletter
Newsletter data
If you would like to receive our newsletter, we require a valid email address as well as information that allows us to verify that you are the owner of the specified email address and that you agree to receive this newsletter. No additional data is collected or is only collected on a voluntary basis. We only use this data to send the requested information and do not pass it on to third parties.
We will, therefore, process any data you enter onto the contact form only with your consent per Art. 6 (1) (a) DSGVO. You can revoke consent to the storage of your data and email address as well as their use for sending the newsletter at any time, e.g. through the "unsubscribe" link in the newsletter. The data processed before we receive your request may still be legally processed.
The data provided when registering for the newsletter will be used to distribute the newsletter until you cancel your subscription when said data will be deleted. Data we have stored for other purposes (e.g. email addresses for the members area) remain unaffected.
6. Plugins and tools
Our website uses plugins from YouTube, which is operated by Google. The operator of the pages is YouTube LLC, 901 Cherry Ave., San Bruno, CA 94066, USA.
If you visit one of our pages featuring a YouTube plugin, a connection to the YouTube servers is established. Here the YouTube server is informed about which of our pages you have visited. If you're logged in to your YouTube account, YouTube allows you to associate your browsing behavior directly with your personal profile. You can prevent this by logging out of your YouTube account.
YouTube is used to help make our website appealing. This constitutes a justified interest pursuant to Art. 6 (1) (f) DSGVO.
Further information about handling user data, can be found in the data protection declaration of YouTube under https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy.
Google Maps
This site uses the Google Maps map service via an API. It is operated by Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
To use Google Maps, it is necessary to save your IP address. This information is generally transmitted to a Google server in the USA and stored there. The provider of this site has no influence on this data transfer.
The use of Google Maps is in the interest of making our website appealing and to facilitate the location of places specified by us on the website. This constitutes a justified interest pursuant to Art. 6 (1) (f) DSGVO.
Further information about handling user data, can be found in the data protection declaration of Google at https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy/.
7. Data Protection Officer
Andreas Gutsell
employed by
Service Provider
PCK IT Consulting GmbH
Edisonstraße 1
87437 Kempten
E-Mail: email@example.com


text:
Tuesday, October 2, 2012
Remembering the Murder of Donald Scott
9 comments:
- non de guerre said...
I want to buy a pair of kevlar pajamas.
- October 2, 2012 at 5:12 AM
The Nazis were pros at the midnight raid.
Their raids were so effective they discarded
the warrant altogether.
The unasked question in this article is,
"what judge signed the defective warrant allowing the
midnight invasion of Scott's home?"
Who turned the dogs loose?
Therein lay the primary culprit in this tragedy.
Why is the public never informed about the true
instigators of these crimes?
Any judge who cannot discern a defective warrant
is a public danger, obviously. - October 2, 2012 at 7:02 AM
- Abigail said...
Wouldn't do you any good, non de guerre. They'd just aim for your head.
- October 2, 2012 at 7:14 AM
When all you have is a teepee a dog and an acoustic guitar will they finally leave you alone? (rhetorical)
- October 2, 2012 at 8:52 AM
- Kit Maira said...
A year after the raid that left Mr. Scott dead, a fire whipped through Malibu in 1993. The Scott home was burned to the ground. This why Frances was living in the teepee. Anecdotally, I have heard that the fire authorities commanded firefighters to let it burn. She spoke about the raid at a California Libertarian Party convention a couple of years later. There is a picture and story at - October 2, 2012 at 3:12 PM
I remember this very well. Wasn't there a television documentary about it? And where oh where did Mr. Spencer slither off to?
- October 3, 2012 at 6:11 PM
I guess Bradbury had the 'Broken Windows' theory partly correct, at least.
20 years ago a mafia comprised of agents of various state and county and city and federal bureaucracies murdered a man in cold blood in order to steal his possessions. Like a street filled with shattered glass, no members of the coterie were prosecuted and convicted. And what's happened since? More and more men and women and children (and dogs) murdered by other little mafia-styled 'families'.
I too would love to know what that sicko Gary Spencer is doing with his time these days. An evil, evil man to do the bidding of the State. - October 8, 2012 at 6:56 PM
- Mr. Mcgranor said...
There is competition, and a change in use, regarding the term goon -- as the police or the gangster.
- October 29, 2012 at 2:04 PM
- Unknown said...
That was my Daddy
- April 30, 2016 at 1:09 AM

subset: commoncrawl


text:
When installing micro-electronic devices in locations that are expensive or hard to reach, or just downright dangerous, you don't want to have to keep returning to swap out a battery cell. City Labs has announced the commercial launch of its NanoTritium betavoltaic power source, a thumb-sized battery that draws on the energy released from its radioactive element to provide continuous nanoWatt power for over 20 years.
Contrary to the celluloid claims of Dr Octavius (in the movie Spiderman 2), there's quite a bit more than 25 pounds (11 kg) of tritium (a radioactive isotope of hydrogen) in the world today. Although occurring naturally in the upper atmosphere, it's also produced commercially in nuclear reactors and used in such self-luminescent products as aircraft dials, gauges, luminous paints, exit signs in buildings and wristwatches. It's also considered a relatively benign betavoltaic, providing a continuous flow of low-powered electrons for a good many years.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years and the Model P100a NanoTritium betavoltaic power source from Toronto's City Labs is claimed to be capable of providing juice to low-power micro-electronic and sensor applications for over 20 years. It's described as robust and hermetically sealed, and the tritium is incorporated in solid form.
Independent testing undertaken by Lockheed Martin during an industry-wide survey also found the technology to be resistant to broad temperature extremes (-50° C to 150° C/-58° F to 302° F), as well as extreme vibration and altitude.
Examples of possible applications for the technology offered by City Labs include environmental pressure/temperature sensors, intelligence sensors, medical implants, trickle charging lithium batteries, semi-passive and active RFID tags, deep space probes, silicon clocks, SRAM memory backup, deep-sea oil well electronics, and lower power processors.
The company reports that it has just been granted a Product Regulatory General License to manufacture, sell, and distribute its NanoTritium battery, making its P100a the first betavoltaic power source to be made available to customers who don't have a radiation license, haven't obtained regulatory approval or undergone special training.
The company's Denset Serralta confirmed that its betavoltaic power source is available now (with a 6 to 8 week lead time) and told us that "price ranges are in the US$1,000s, future price ranges will drop from that or will increase in power output."
City Labs (which is backed by Alienware's co-founder Alex Aguila, currently located within the NASA-sponsored Carrie Meek Business Center in Homestead, Florida and includes betavoltaic pioneer Larry Olsen as Director of Research) says that higher power batteries are currently under development, which could provide tens of microwatts over the long haul as well as short bursts of milliwatt power.
Source: City Labs


text:
Here's a an expansion of primer I wrote for Twitter, covering some of the basics. To get specific questions answered, go to the website listed below for instant chat or call the toll-free number, 24/7.
Obamacare 101
Q. I get insurance at work. What do i need to do per new law?
A. Absolutely nothing! You are already insured. Stay well!
Q. I am on Medicare. What should I do on October 1?
A. Enjoy a good walk in the park. You are already insured.
Q. I just changed jobs and my new boss doesn't offer insurance. What to do?
A. Buy discounted insurance through your state exchange. Or, see if you can join an association that will insure you.
Q. I'm a cancer survivor with no insurance. What can I do?
A. Starting January 1, 2014, insurers cannot turn you down. Get insurance now through your state exchange Oct 1, for coverage beginning Jan 1, 2014. If you need help before then, there is a bridge-program designed for such situations. Ask an exchange navigator for more information.
Q. I'm insured but my 20 year old son needs insurance and can't afford it.
A. Insurers now must let him stay on your policy until age 26
Q. I heard insurance rates are going to sky rocket.
A. So far, that is not the case. See http://nyti.ms/15THiyg
for sample costs. (Note: If you haven't shopped for insurance lately, these prices may seem high, but they are discounted compared to today's premiums. Also, like all insurance, the broader the coverage, the higher the premium. You might be able to get away with a cheaper plan to start with, then upgrade next year when enrollment re-opens in the fall.
Q. What happens if I don't take out health insurance? Can they make me?
A. You'll pay a penalty when you file your next income tax. That penalty will increase every year you are not insured.
Q. Where are these state exchanges?
A. Online or through your state offices. See http://HealthCare.gov/
for more info.
Q. I don't make much and need insurance. Can I get Medicaid?
A. A state insurance exchange navigator can tell you if you qualify.
Q. I'm on Medicaid. What do I do?
A. If you still qualify, you will stay on Medicaid.
For answers to your own questions about Obamacare, see http://HealthCare.gov/
or call 1-800-318-2596, for live responses in many languages, 24/7.
Feel free to share.
State-by-State Premiums Under the Health Care Law
New data from the Department of Health and Human Services outline how much monthly health care premiums will cost for individuals and families buying insurance through new exchanges in 36 states.


text:
Responsive design is a design approach you can employ to create sites that users can view from a variety of devices – desktop and mobile. Responsive design addresses the need to provide, optimize, and adapt viewing experience based on the capabilities or constraints of the device and its screen size. The technology you use to create responsive design is CSS3 media queries which enables web pages to detect the visitor's device-type and screen resolution and adapt the web styles to create an optimized user interface (UI) for that device. That is, one and the same HTML code defines the page content regardless of the device accessing it, but the presentation of the content changes reflecting the CSS media queries that specify which CSS rules apply for the device displaying the page.
A website created using the responsive design approach has an adaptable page layout, fluid grid and page elements, and dynamically resized UI and content, such as videos or images.
When using responsive design you benefit from:
PREREQUISITES: By default, the Responsive & Mobile design module in Sitefinity CMS is disabled. To use the module you must install and activate it. For more information, see Activate and deactivate modules.
With Sitefinity CMS, you can create responsive web designs for desktop computers, tablets, and smartphones. By establishing a set of adaptive styles, web pages fluidly conform to an unlimited number of devices and resolutions. In addition, there is no need to recreate website content or create dedicated markup for a particular device. Your web page transforms into a perfect fit for all devices.
You can configure pages and display settings for these pages for different mobile devices. To do this, you must first define the rules for the output devices, then for each of the defined devices, choose how to display the pages. You can also define transformations that automatically optimize your website for each visitor's unique screen by transforming Sitefinity CMS built-in layout widgets for mobile displays.
Once you create the rules, you need to apply them to a specific page or a page template and then you can see how the result looks in the preview mode.
Using the responsive and mobile design module in Sitefinity CMS you can:
Use responsive design in Feather
Responsive design of Feather widgets depends on the CSS framework in the Bootstrap package.
The Navigation widget is an exception. You can transform the navigation into a <select> tag (dropdown). For more information, see Responsive design and grid widgets.
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text:
Fully Exposed VD03-2
1111 x 111 cm, © 2015,
prijs op aanvraag
Tweedimensionaal | Grafiek | Digitaal
Fully Exposed is a pure revelation of inner beauty, power and energy that is revealed and exposed in it's total fullness. Elements that were not visible by the naked eye are found and discovered by taking the time to observe and to dig deep. Going beyond the limited boundaries of what we physically are able to perceive. But, once we have seen and are exposed to this amazing beauty, power and energy, we are overwhelmed with amazement, inspiration and excitement. We then see that even the smallest dot or spot becomes meaningfull and significant, making Fully Exposed a truly mind-blowing revelation and experience. This work of Art is unique and original. It is offered and available only once as diasec.


text:
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text:
One. It is not just about crime. Our jails and prisons have grown from holding about 500,000 people in 1980 to 2.2 million today. The fact is that crime rates have risen and fallen/a> independently of our growing incarceration rates.
Two. Police discriminate. The first step in putting people in jail starts with interactions between police and people. From the very beginning, Black and poor people are targeted by the police. Police departments have engaged in campaigns of stopping and frisking people who are walking, mostly poor people and people of color, without cause for decades. Recently New York City lost a federal civil rights challenge to their police stop and frisk practices by the Center for Constitutional Rights during which police stopped over 500,000 people annually without any indication that the people stopped had been involved in any crime at all. About 80 percent of those stops were of Black and Latinos who compromise 25 and 28 percent of N.Y.C.'s total population. Chicago police do the same thing stopping even more people also in a racially discriminatory way with 72 percent of the stops of Black people even though the city is 32 percent Black.
Three. Police traffic stops also racially target people in cars. Black drivers are 31 percent more likely to be pulled over than white drivers and Hispanic drivers are 23 percent more likely to be pulled over than white drivers. Connecticut, in an April 2015 report, on 620,000 traffic stops which revealed widespread racial profiling, particularly during daylight hours when the race of driver was more visible.
Four. Once stopped, Black and Hispanic motorists are more likely to be given tickets than white drivers stopped for the same offenses.
Five. Once stopped, Blacks and Latinos are also more likely to be searched. DOJ reports Black drivers at traffic stops were searched by police three times more often and Hispanic drivers two times more often than white drivers. A large research study in Kansas City found when police decided to pull over cars for investigatory stops, where officers look into the car's interior, ask probing questions and even search the car, the race of the driver was a clear indicator of who was going to be stopped: 28 percent of young Black males twenty five or younger were stopped in a year's time, versus white men who had 12 percent chance and white women only a seven percent chance. In fact, not until Black men reach 50 years old do their rate of police stops for this kind of treatment dip below those of white men twenty five and under.
Six. Traffic tickets are big business. And even if most people do not go directly to jail for traffic tickets, poor people are hit the worst by these ticket systems. As we saw with Ferguson where some of the towns in St. Louis receive 40 percent or more of their city revenues from traffic tickets, tickets are money makers for towns.
Seven. The consequences of traffic tickets are much more severe among poor people. People with means will just pay the fines. But for poor and working people fines are a real hardship. For example, over four million people in California do not have valid driver's licenses because they have unpaid fines and fees for traffic tickets. And we know unpaid tickets can lead to jail.
Eight. In schools, African American kids are much more likely to be referred to the police than other kids. African American students are 16 percent of those enrolled in schools but 27 percent of those referred to the police. Kids with disabilities are discriminated against at about the same rate because they are 14 percent of those enrolled in school and 26 of those referred to the police.
Nine. Though Black people make up about 12 percent of the U.S. population, Black children are 28 percent of juvenile arrests. DOJ reports that there are over 57,000 people under the age of 21 in juvenile detention. The U.S. even has 10,000 children in adult jails and prisons any given day.
Ten. The War on Drugs targets Black people. Drug arrests are a big source of bodies and business for the criminal legal system. Half the arrests these days are for drugs and half of those are for marijuana. Despite the fact that Black and white people use marijuana at the same rates, the ACLU found a Black person is 3.7 times more likely to be arrested for possession of marijuana than a white person. The ACLU found that in some states Black people were six times more likely to be arrested for marijuana than whites. For all drug arrests between 1980 and 2000 the U.S. Black drug arrest rate rose dramatically from 6.5 to 29.1 per 1,000 persons; during the same period, the white drug arrest rate barely increased from 3.5 to 4.6 per 1,000 persons.
Eleven. Many people in jail and prison because the U.S. has much tougher drug laws and much longer sentences for drug offenses than most other countries. Drug offenders receive an average sentence of seven months in France, twelve months in England and 23 months in the U.S.
Twelve. The bail system penalizes poor people. Every day there are about 500,000 people are in jails, who are still presumed innocent and awaiting trial, just because they are too poor to pay money to get out on bail. Not too long ago, judges used to allow most people, even poor people to be free while they were awaiting trial but no more. In a 2013 study of New York City courts, over 50 percent of the people held in jail awaiting trial for misdemeanor or felony charges were unable to pay bail amounts of $2,500 or less.
Thirteen. Jails and prisons provide a lot of jobs to local, state and federal officials. To understand how this system works it is good to know the difference between jails and prisons. Jails are local, usually for people recently arrested or awaiting trial. Prisons are state and federal and are for people who have already been convicted. There are more than 3000 local jails across the US, according to the Vera Institute, and together usually hold about 500,000 people awaiting trial and an additional 200,000 or so convicted on minor charges. Over the course of a year, these local jails process over 11.7 million people. Prisons are state and federal lockups which usually hold about twice the number of people as local jails or just over 1.5 million prisoners.
Fourteen. The people in local jails are not there because they are a threat to the rest of us. Nearly 75 percent of the hundreds of thousands of people in local jails are there for nonviolent offenses such as traffic, property, drug or public order offenses.
Fifteen. Criminal bonds are big business. Nationwide, over 60 percent of people arrested are forced to post a financial bond to be released pending trial usually by posting cash or a house or paying a bond company. There are about 15,000 bail bond agents working in the bail bond industry which takes in about $14 billion every year.
Sixteen. A very high percentage of people in local jails are people with diagnosed mental illnesses. The rate of mental illness inside jails is four to six times higher than on the outside. Over 14 percent of the men and over 30 percent of the women entering jails and prisons were found to have serious mental illness in a study of over 1000 prisoners. A recent study in New York City's Rikers Island jail found 4,000 prisoners, 40 percent of their inmates, were suffering from mental illness. In many of our cities, the local jail is the primary place where people with severe mental problems end up. Yet treatment for mental illness in jails is nearly non-existent.
Seventeen. Lots of people in jail need treatment. Nearly 70 percent of people prison meet the medical criteria for drug abuse or dependence yet only seven to 17 percent ever receive drug abuse treatment inside prison.
Eighteen. Those who are too poor, too mentally ill or too chemically dependent, though still presumed innocent, are kept in cages until their trial dates. No wonder it is fair to say, as the New York Times reported, our jails "have become vast warehouses made up primarily of people too poor to post bail or too ill with mental health or drug problems to adequately care for themselves."
Nineteen. Poor people have to rely on public defenders. Though anyone threatened with even a day in jail is entitled to a lawyer, the reality is much different. Many poor people facing misdemeanor charges never see a lawyer at all. For example, in Delaware more than 75 percent of the people in its Court of Common Pleas never speak to a lawyer. A study of Jackson County Michigan found 95 percent of people facing misdemeanors waived their right to an attorney and have plead guilty rather than pay a $240 charge for a public defender. Thirteen states have no state structure at all to make sure people have access to public defenders in misdemeanor courts.
Twenty. When poor people face felony charges they often find the public defenders overworked and underfunded and thus not fully available to provide adequate help in their case. In recent years public defenders in Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri and Pennsylvania were so overwhelmed with cases they refused to represent any new clients. Most other states also have public defender offices that have been crushed by overwork, inadequate finances and do not measure up to the basic principles for public defenders outlined by the American Bar Association. It is not uncommon for public defenders to have more than 100 cases going at the same time, sometimes several hundred. Famous trial lawyer Gerry Spence, who never lost a criminal case because of his extensive preparation for each one, said that if he was a public defender and represented a hundred clients he would never have won a case.
Twenty-One. Lots of poor people plead guilty. Lack of adequate public defense leads many people in prison to plead guilty. The American Bar Association reviewed the U.S. public defender system and concluded it lacked fundamental fairness and put poor people at constant risk of wrongful conviction.
All too often, defendants plead guilty, even if they are innocent, without really understanding their legal rights or what is occurring...The fundamental right to a lawyer that America assumes applies to everyone accused of criminal conduct effectively does not exist in practice for countless people across the U.S.
Twenty-Two. Many are forced to plead guilty. Consider all the exonerations of people who were forced by police to confess even when they did not do the crime who were later proven innocent: some criminologists estimate two to eight percent of the people in prison are innocent but pled guilty. One longtime federal judge estimates that there is so much pressure on people to plead guilty that there may easily be 20,000 people in prison for crimes they did not commit.
Twenty-Three. Almost nobody in prison ever had a trial. Trials are rare in the criminal injustice system. Over 95 percent of criminal cases are finished by plea bargains. In 1980, nearly 20 percent of criminal cases were tried but that number is reduced to less than three percent because sentences are now so much higher for those who lose trials, there are more punishing drug laws, mandatory minimum sentences, and more power has been given to prosecutors.
Twenty-Four. Poor people get jail and jail makes people worse off. The poorest people, those who had to remain in jail since their arrest, were 4 times more likely to receive a prison sentence than those who got out on bail. There are tens of thousands of rapes inside jails and prisons each year. DOJ reports over 4,000 inmates are murdered each year inside each year. As US Supreme Court Justice Kennedy told Congress recently "This idea of total incarceration just isn't working. And it's not humane. We [society and Congress and the legal profession] have no interest in corrections, nobody looks at it."
Twenty-Five. Average prison sentences are much longer than they used to be, especially for people of color. Since 1990, the average time for property crimes has gone up 24 percent and time for drug crimes has gone up 36 percent. In the U.S. federal system, nearly 75 percent of the people sent to prison for drug offenses are Black or Latino.
Twenty-Six. There is about a 70 percent chance that an African American man without a high school diploma will be imprisoned by the time he reaches his mid-thirties; the rate for white males without a high school diploma is 53 percent lower. In the 1980, there was only an eight percent difference. In New York City, for example, Blacks are jailed at nearly 12 times the rate of whites and Latinos more than five times the rate of whites.
Twenty-Seven. Almost one of 12 Black men ages 25 to 54 are in jail or prison, compared to one in 60 nonblack men. That is 600,000 African-American men, an imprisonment rate of five times that of white men.
Twenty-Eight. Prison has become a very big private business. Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) owns and runs 67 for-profit jails in 20 states with over 90,000 beds. Along with GEO (formerly Wackenhut), these two private prison companies have donated more than $10 million to candidates and spent another $25 million lobbying according to the Washington Post. They lobby for more incarceration and have doubled the number of prisoners they hold over the past ten years.
Twenty-Nine. The Sentencing Project reports that over 159,000 people are serving life sentences in the U.S. Nearly half are African American and one in six are Latino. The number of people serving life in prison has gone up by more than 400% since 1984. Nearly 250,000 prisoners in the U.S. are over age 50.
Thirty. Inside prisons, the poorest people are taken advantage of again as most items such as telephone calls to families are priced exorbitantly high, some as high as $12.95 for a 15 minute call, further separating families.
Thirty-One. The DOJ reports another 3.9 million people are on probation. Probation is when a court puts a person under supervision instead of sending them to prison. Probation is also becoming a big business for private companies which get governments to contract with them to collect outstanding debts and supervise people on probation. Human Rights Watch reported in 2014 that over a thousand courts assign hundreds of thousands of people to be under the supervision of private companies who then require those on probation to pay the company for the supervision and collect fines, fees and costs or else go to jail. For example, one man in Georgia who was fined $200 for stealing a can of beer from a convenience store was ultimately jailed after the private probation company ran up over a thousand dollars in in fees.
Thirty-Two. The DOJ reports an additional 850,000 people are on parole. Parole is when a person who has been in prison is released to serve the rest of their sentence under supervision.
Thirty-Three. The DOJ reported in 2012 that as many as 100 million people have a criminal record, and over 94 million of those records are online.
Thirty-Four. Everyone can find out people have a record. Because it is so easy to access to arrest and court records, people who have been arrested and convicted face very serious problems getting a job, renting an apartment, public assistance, and education. Eighty-seven percent of employers conduct background checks. Employment losses for people with criminal records have been estimated at as much as $65 billion every year.
Thirty-Five. Race is a multiplier of disadvantage in unemployment for people who get out of prison. A study by Professor Devah Pager demonstrated that employers who were unlikely to even check on the criminal history of white male applicants, seriously discriminated against all Black applicants and even more so against Black applicants with criminal records.
Thirty-Six. Families are hurt by this. The Sentencing Project reports 180,000 women are subject to lifetime bans from Temporary Assistance to Needy Families because of felony drug convictions.
Thirty-Seven. Convicted people cannot get jobs after they get out. More than 60 percent of formerly incarcerated people are unemployed one year after being released. Is it a surprise that within three years of release from prison, about two-thirds of the state prisoners were rearrested?
Thirty-Eight. The US spends $80 billion on this big business of corrections every year. As a retired criminal court judge I know says, "the high costs of this system would be worth it if the system was actually working and making us safer, but we are not safer, the system is not working, so the actual dollars we are spending are another indication of our failure." The cost of being number one in incarceration is four times higher than it was in 1982. Anyone feeling four times safer than they used to?
Thirty-Nine. Putting more people in jail creates more poverty. The overall poverty rate in our country is undoubtedly higher because of the dramatic increase in incarceration over the past 35 years with one research project estimating poverty would have decreased by 20 percent if we had not put all these extra people in prison. This makes sense given the fact that most all the people brought into the system are poor to begin with, it is now much harder for them to find a job because of the barriers to employment and good jobs erected by a criminal record to those who get out of prison, the increased number of one parent families because of a parent being in jail, and the bans on receiving food stamps and housing assistance.
Forty. Putting all these problems together and you can see why the Center for American Progress rightly concludes "Today, a criminal record serves as both a direct cause and consequence of poverty."
What does it say about our society that it uses its jails and prisons as the primary detention facilities for poor and black and brown people who have been racially targeted and jail them with the mentally ill and chemically dependent? The current criminal system has dozens of moving parts from the legislators who create the laws, to the police who enforce them, to the courts which apply them, to the jails and prison which house the people caught up in the system, to the public and business community who decides whom to hire, to all of us who either do something or turn our heads away. These are our brothers and sisters and cousins and friends of our coworkers. There are lots of proposed solutions. To learn more about the problems and the solutions are go to places like The Sentencing Project, the Vera Institute, or the Center for American Progress. Because it's the right thing to do, and because about 95 percent of the people who we send to prison are coming back into our communities.
Link to original article from Huffington Post


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We have some exciting news to share with you today about continuing expansion and growth of the Disneyland Resort. For the first time in almost two decades, we will open a new Four Diamond hotel! Set to open in 2021, this hotel will transform the west end of the Downtown Disney District and anchor a new gateway to the Disneyland Resort.
The stunning 700-room hotel will feature a sophisticated design and be a game-changer for Anaheim, creating a dynamic dining, entertainment and hotel experience for resort visitors and local residents. Extensive landscaping and water elements will create a resort oasis, showcasing nature on every level of the hotel. The hotel's location embraces the iconic Disneyland Monorail with a dedicated platform inside the hotel for direct transport into Disneyland park.
Guest rooms, public spaces and gardens will provide views of the Downtown Disney District. In addition, an upper-level restaurant and lounge will give guests a view of the popular Disneyland park fireworks.
The ground level of the hotel will include shops and restaurants opening onto an expansive landscaped plaza complete with playful water features, creating a gathering place for guests and visitors. The new hotel also connects all four Hotels of the Disneyland Resort through lush gardens and beautifully landscaped walkways, transforming the gateway on the west side and creating a welcoming entry for our Disneyland Resort guests.
And that's not all. This new hotel creates great benefits for the community, generating approximately $25 million in new taxes in its first five years of operation that go directly to Anaheim's general fund. It also will create thousands of additional construction and permanent jobs and attract new hotel guests to the resort area.
Construction is scheduled to start in summer 2018, with a grand opening slated for 2021. Check back here for updates!


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Anchovies you say? Yes, anchovies. I was a little hesitant and even considered leaving them off... but I'm glad I didn't. The contrast between the sweet onions and the savory umami of the anchovies created multi-dimensional deliciousness... at least for me. My very favorite vacation I've ever taken was a trip to Provence and visiting the marchés Provence every day. My dad had rented a fabulous house in the middle of lavender fields and cherry trees in the town of Bonnieux and invited all of us to visit him there. Best vacation ever. Miss you dad. This flatbread reminds me of that trip and and my dad's culinary sensibilities. I broke out the Provencal linens I bought on that trip for these photos.
For the olives, the original recipe calls for nicoise olives, but you could use any olive to suit your taste.
If you'd like more anchovy flavor, you can also thinly spread anchovy paste on top of the dough prior to topping it with the onions.
Pissaladière Recipe
Pate Fermentee (a preferment that is made the day before to develop flavor)
Final Dough
Topping (for one crust)
Pate Fermentee
- Mix all of the ingredients until just incorporated.
- Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and let it sit for 12 to 16 hours at room temperature.
- Saute the onions and garlic in the olive oil over medium heat in a large skillet for about 30 minutes.
- Add the thyme, salt, and pepper.
- Allow the onion mixture to cool.
Final Dough
- In the bowl of a stand mixer, mix all of the dough ingredients except the olive oil and the pate fermentee on low for three minutes. Add the pate fermentee in chunks.
- Turn the mixer to the next highest speed, and slowly drizzle in the olive oil. Mix for 6 minutes.
- Place the dough into an oiled bowl or bucket and allow to rise for about 2 hours, folding the dough at the one hour mark.
- Preheat the oven with a stone to the highest temperature available. In my case, this was 550 degrees F.
- Divide the dough in half, form each piece into a ball, cover with plastic wrap, and let rest for about 20 minutes. At this point, you can wrap and freeze half of the dough, or set it aside to bake after the first Pissaladière has baked.
- Stretch or roll the dough into a 12 by 16 inch rectangle. This may take some time as the dough might need some time to relax. Transfer the dough to parchment paper on top of a peel or the back of a cookie sheet.
- Top the dough with the onion mixture. Place the anchovies into lattice pattern, and place the olives in the middle of the squares.
- Let the Pissaladière rest, covered, for about 20 minutes.
- Drag the pizza, parchment and all, onto the stone and bake for about 15 to 20 minutes, until browned.


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▶ Two hearts embellished with Cubic Zirconia stones, interlocked together as a symbol of never-ending love.
▶ Celebrate your everlasting love and express your affection with a look that says "I'll love you until the end of time."
▶ Comes with a message card with the design and text as shown in the first image.
▶ Every order comes with beautiful gift box for FREE.
▶ This interlocking heart-shaped symbol is hand polished to show off the magnificent shine.
▶ Made with high quality polished surgical steel.
▶ Cable chain is adjustable and measures 18 inches with a 4 inch extension, and fastens with a lobster clasp.
▶ Height 0.6" (1.5cm)
▶ Width 1.1" (2.7cm)


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Mindflex: New Year's prediction fun
Pop the champagne, toss the confetti and prepare for a fun twist on ringing in the New Year. Forget generic resolutions that fade into the abyss come February. This year, we've created prediction cards for you to share with friends and family. These whimsical cards give you a chance to manifest a year full of joy, surprise, adventure and laughter. Help your loved ones predict their 2024!
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Showing Collections: 1 - 3 of 3
Movement Against Destruction Records
Identifier: R0062-MAD
Scope and Contents
Collection documents the activities of the Movement Against Destruction (MAD) coaltion of community groups between 1968 and 1988 as they organized against the proposed construction of expressway highways through neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. Materials are mainly textual and include publications, meeting minutes, correspondence, legal briefs, newspaper clippings, press releases, newsletters, brochures, research files, records documenting public hearings and testimonies, reports. Also...
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Southeast Community Organization Records
Collection — Box: 5
Identifier: R0110-SECO
Scope and Contents
The Southeast Community Organization Records collection documents the history and advocacy work of the community organization in Baltimore City between 1972 and 1996. Materials are mainly textual and include the organization's articles of incorporation, meeting minutes, correspondence, newspaper clippings, photographs, annual reports, financial records, newsletters, personnel files and publications. A notable subject is the interstate highway construction plans proposed to be built through...
Found in:
Baltimore Studies Archives
Southeast Council Against the Road Records
Identifier: R0108-SCAR
Scope and Contents
The Southeast Council Against the Road Records document the activities and organization of the community coalition in their efforts to prevent the proposed East-West Highway from routing through Baltimore neighborhoods in the 1960s and 1970. The collection also includes materials related to their partnerships with other community organizations, their work related to historic neighborhood preservation, and other functions. Materials include articles of incorporation for community...
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Our Services
WG Studios provides graphic design service to businesses in Miami Florida and around the country. With more than 100 years of combined experience in graphic design, our clients are not just clients, we build relationships and create friendships.
Juan Vasquez is a commercial and advertising photographer located in Miami Florida. He has made a name for himself by creating beautiful memorable images for corporate, advertising and editorial clients not only in South Florida but also throughout the country.
WG studios offers complete web development services including website design, coding and special effects. Our web designers develop your website bursting creativity from initial concept to final production. We integrate user interface web design, web usability and functionality to achieve sales.
Everything from Internet sites to in-store presentations, from exciting animations to kiosk interactive media, we have what you need to engage consumers around the world at any time. WG Studios provides complete in-studio and on-location services for audio and video productions in Miami, Florida and other parts of the world.
Who We Are
Established in 1998, WG Studios has been creating innovative, eye catching marketing materials for businesses around the world. WG studios, Miami creates work to help companies evolve and win. The result is not just a logo or a package; it's a brand experience that shapes a perception.
We take your business seriously, in fact we become your best ally being involved in every aspect of your branding, promotions & advertising campaigns. In simpler words: your success is literally our success.
Expect results
We're not as good as our ideas; we're as good as our execution. We're in the business of building a singular, emotional relationship: the one between you and your customers. We produce images that shift paradigms and designs that elevate your brand in ways you can see, touch and measure.
What We Do
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We create powerful, memorable web design that will promote your brand and deliver your message with authority. View our graphic design services or visit our graphic design portfolio.
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WG Studios is a web design services company that works with a bursting creativity from the initial concept to final production. View our web design services or visit our web design and web development portfolio.
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We produce creative and effective images for commercial, editorial and advertising use. Learn more about our professional photography services or visit our portfolio.


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1x Reaper Virinia, Female Demon 1x Hasslefree Suzi (b) 1x Hasslefree Zombie Suzi 6x Hasslefree Zombie #4 1x Enigma Miniatures Ahnamoth
1x Hasslefree 40mm Artemis 1x Reaper 2008 Christmas Sophie 1x Games Workshop Terrorgeist 1x Games Workshop Cockatrice 1x Games Workshop Vlad von Carstein 1x Games Workshop Necromancer 2x Games Workshop Cairn Wraiths 1x Games Workshop Tomb Banshee 1x Games Workshop Grave Guard box 1x Games Workshop Zombies box 2x Games Workshop Crypt Ghouls boxes 1x Forgeworld Brass Scorpion 1x CMON Cang the Implacable
The mailman brought my Cassar marine, and my friend gave me: 1x Games Workshop Celeborn 1x Games Workshop Aragorn 1x Games Workshop Gamesday 2010 Chaos Sorceror Celeborn and hopefully the Sorceror will be done in time for GD this year.
Found a Wolfen Scorpions Starter kit at the LGS. Inside are: 1x Wolfen Great Fang 1 1x Wolfen Great Fang 2 1x Ysis, Viper of the Desert 1x Sentinel of Danakil 1 1x Sentinel of Danakil 2 1x Sentinel of Danakil 3 It also included an Onyx the Prowler, but I already had one so I have it to Elly.
To help me keep track of what I have vs. what I have done. So far, this year, I have purchased: Kingdom Death Forsaker Pinup Kingdom Death Twilight Kinght Pinup (32mm) Kingdom Death Wet Nurse Knight Models Scout Trooper on Speeder Bike Gamezone Miniatures Chaos Anointed Knight Hero Anima Tactics Cordelia Rosalind Soda Pop Miniatures Kisa and Scratch Soda Pop Miniatures Princess Malya and Mr Tomn Reaper Miniatures Urban Legend ...
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U.S. regulators are investigating complaints that steering wheels can come loose or fall off in the Ford Fusion, a midsize sedan.
A person in Georgia told the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration that a steering wheel fell into their lap in a 2015 Fusion when turning into a gas station on Sept. 23.
People who file complaints are not identified in the NHTSA public database.
The agency opened the probe after receiving three complaints about loose steering wheels.
The probe revealed in documents posted Friday covers about 841,000 midsize sedans from the 2014 through 2016 model years.
Two other people reported that the bolt attaching the wheel to the steering column came loose while driving and had to be retightened at a repair shop. The agency doesn't have any reports of crashes or injuries.
Ford says it's cooperating with the investigation and that owners who have concerns should contact their local dealer.
Investigators will determine how often the problem happens, how many vehicles are affected and will assess safety consequences of the problem. No recall has been issued.


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Looking for the perfect watch or sunglasses to go with your street-style outfit? We have a few ideas and suggestions to complete your look.
Sunglasses are a definite summer essential and, of course, a secret weapon for tired eyes. But whether it's sunny or not, there isn't a fashionista who'd be caught dead without a fly pair. Whether worn on the face, on the top of the head, or draped over the neckline of a blouse or dress, a good pair of sunnies is as essential an accessory as any other.


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Creative Inspirations: Cardiff cake makers, 'Scrumptons Cakes'.
In part 3 of my 'Creative Inspirations' series, where I showcase artists and creatives that inspire me, I interview Anne Yewlett, who runs the Cardiff cake makers, Scrumptons Cakes, with her husband Dan. I discovered Scrumptons Cakes whilst on holiday in Wales and I've been desperate to share Anne and Dan's story and talent ever since!


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At the Maker Faire this year I got lots of questions about soil moisture sensors, which I knew little about. So I started seriously researching the subject. I found a few different soil sensors, learned about their principles, and also learned about how to make my own. In this blog post, I will talk about a cheap wireless soil moisture sensor I found on Amazon.com for about $10, and how to use an Arduino or Raspberry Pi to decode the signal from the sensor, so you can use it directly in your own garden projects.
What is this?
A soil moisture sensor (or meter) measures the water content in soil. With it, you can easily tell when the soil needs more water or when it's over-watered. The simplest soil sensor doesn't even need battery. For example, this Rapitest Soil Meter, which I bought a few years ago, consists of simply a probe and a volt meter panel. The way it works is by using the Galvanic cell principle — essentially how a lemon battery or potato battery works. The probe is made of two electrodes of different metals. In the left picture below, the tip (dark silver color) is made of one type of metal (likely zinc), and the rest of the probe is made of another type of metal (likely copper, steel, or aluminum). When the probe is inserted into soil, it generates a small amount of voltage (typically a few hundred milli-volts to a couple of volts). The more water in the soil, the higher the generated voltage. This meter is pretty easy to use manually; but to automate the reading you need a microcontroller to read the value.
Resistive Soil Moisture Sensor
Another type of simple soil sensor is a resistive sensor (picture on the right above). It's made of two exposed electrodes, and uses the fact that the more water the soil contains, the lower the resistance between the two electrodes. The resistance can be measured using a simple voltage dividier and an analog pin. While it's very simple to construct, resistive sensors are not extremely reliable, because the exposed electrodes can degrade and get oxidized over time.
Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor
Capativie soil sensors are also made of two electrodes, but insulated (i.e. not exposed). The two electrodes, together with the soil as a dielectric material, form a capacitor. The higher the water content, the higher the capacitance. So by measuring the capacitance, we can infer the water content in soil. There are many ways to measure capacitance, for example, by using the capacitor's reactance to form a voltage divider, similar to the resistor counterpart. Another way is to create an RC oscillator where the frequency is determined by the capacitance. By counting the oscillation frequency, we can calculate the capacitance. You can also measure the capacitance by charging the capacitor and detecting the charge time. The faster it charges, the smaller the capacitance, and vice versa. The Chirp (picture below), which is an open-source capacitive soil sensor, works by sending a square wave to the RC filter, and detecting the peak voltage. The higher the capacitance, the lower the peak voltage. Capacitive sensors are not too difficult to make, and are more reliable than resistive ones, so they are quite popular.
More Complex Soil Sensors
There are other, more complex soil sensors, such as Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR), Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), and neutron sensors. These are more accurate but also will cost a fortunate to make.
Wireless Soil Moisture Sensor
Because soil sensor is usually left outdoors, it's ideal to have it transmit signals wirelessly. In addition, because soil moisture can vary from spot to spot, it's a probably good idea to use multiple sensors distributed at different locations to get a good average reading. Wireless would make it more convenient to set up multiple sensors.
Recently I found this 433MHz wireless soil sensor from Amazon, for only $10, very cheap. It comes with a transmitter unit and a receiver display unit. The transmitter unit has a soil probe. The receiver unit has a LCD — it displays soil moisture level (10 bars) and additionally indoor / outdoor temperature. Let me open up the transmitter to see what's inside:
There is a soil probe, a 433MHz transmitter, a microcontroller at the center, a thermistor, and a SGM358 op-amp. Pretty straightforward. The soil probe looks quite similar to the battery-free soil meter probe that I mentioned above. So I am pretty sure this is not a resistive or capacitive probe, but rather a Galvanic probe. Again, the way it works is by outputting a variable voltage depending on the water content in soil. By checking the PCB traces, it looks like the op-amp is configured as a voltage follower, which allows the microcontroller to reliably read the voltage generated by the Galvanic probe.
Now we understand the basic principle of the sensor, let's take a look at the RF signal from the sensor. I've done quite a few similar experiments before, so I will just follow the same procedure as described in this post.
Raw Waveform. To begin, I use a RF sniffing circuit to capture a raw waveform, which looks like this:
Encoding. Each transmission consists of 8 repetitions. The above shows one repetition: it starts with a sync signal (9000us low); a logic 1 is a impulse (475us) high followed by a 4000us low; a logic 0 is the same impulse high followed by a 2000us low. So the above signal translates to:
11110011 01100000 11111111 00111001 1111
The signal encodes both temperature and soil humidity values. By varying temperature and soil moisture, and observing how the signals change, it's pretty easy to figure out that the 12 bits colored blue correspond to temperature (10 times Celcius), and the 8 bits colored red corespond to the soil moisture value. The first 12 bits are device signature, which is quite typical in this type of wireless sensors; the last four bits are unclear, but likely some sort of parity checking bits for the preceding four bytes). So the above signal translates to 25.5°C and a soil moisture value of 57.
The display unit shows soil moisture level in 10 bars — 1 to 3 bars are classifed as 'dry', 4 to 7 bars are classified as 'damp', and above 7 bars are classified as 'wet'. How does this translate to the soil moisture value? Well empirically (from the data I observed) the dry-damp boundary is around 60, and damp-wet boundary is around 100.
Arduino Program. I next wrote an Arduino program to listen to the sensor and display the soil moisture value and temperature to the serial monitor. For this you will need a 433MHz receiver, and the program below assumes the receiver's data pin is connected to Arduino digital pin 3. Because the encoding scheme is very similar to a wireless temperature sensor that I've analyzed before, I took that program and made very minimal changes and it worked instantly.
Raspberry Pi Program. By using the wiringPi library, the Arduino code can be easily adapted to Raspberry Pi. The following program uses wiringPi GPIO 2 (P1.13) for data pin.
I haven't done much tests about the transmission range. I've put the sensor at various locations on my lawn, and I've had no problem receiving signals inside the house. But my lawn is only a quarter acre in size, so it's not a great test case.
One thing I really liked about using off-the-shelf sensors is that they are cheap and have ready-made waterproof casing. That combined with an Arduino or RPi can enable a lot of home automation projects at low cost.


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