text:
This blog and its blogger are going on a Christmas break. I wish all readers a very good and relaxing holiday season with hopefully many opportunities to be together with loved ones and to dream of a Europe and a world in which human rights will be more firmly protected for each and everyone. And what better way to illustrate this last post of 2013 than with a photo of the famous Strasbourg Christmas market. Joyeux Noël à tous!
Friday 20 December 2013
Conference on Shifting Centres of Gravity in European Human Rights Protection
I am happy to announce a conference that the University of Iceland Human Rights Institute is organising on 6 and 7 March 2014 in Reyjkjavik. The conference, entitled 'Shifting Centres of Gravity in European Human Rights Protection' is organised by esteemed colleague Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir. This is the idea of the conference:
Registration can be done here. The full programme is as follows and can be found in PDF here:The protection of human rights in Europe is at crossroads. The European Union (EU) is increasingly prioritising fundamental rights, for example by giving the Charter of Fundamental Rights the status of primary law and through the treaty-based obligation of accession to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Accession, once it takes place, expands the mandate of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and is likely to bring about fundamental structural changes to the system of human rights protection in Europe, as decisions of the ECtHR will be binding on the EU and its courts. However, pulling in a somewhat different direction than developments in EU law, the political momentum for bringing the responsibility for the protection of ECHR rights 'home' to the member states has been growing ever stronger. This repositioning of the centre of gravity of human rights protection is beginning to take shape in two new Protocols to the ECHR, which emphasise the principle of subsidiarity and the margin of appreciation enjoyed by the member states (Protocol No. 15), and introduce a preliminary reference procedure under the ECHR (Protocol No. 16). Finally, and in light of the crisis created by the overwhelming case-load of the ECtHR, the Brighton Declaration of 2010 has put the long-term review of the Court's fundamental nature and role on the agenda before the end of 2019. Overall, therefore, the future of human rights in Europe faces major structural changes which could have significant consequences for access to justice and the quality of protection provided to victims of human rights violations.This conference will explore these themes from the perspective that current developments call for a critical assessment of classical approaches to the three-dimensional relationship between the ECHR, EU law and national law; of the theories and tools utilised to navigate this relationship; and of the effects current developments may have on victims and vulnerable groups.
Day 1 - Thursday 6 March 2014
08:30-09:00 Registration
09:00-09:15 Opening of the conference
09:15-12:15 The three-dimensional relationship between the ECHR, EU law and domestic law: Coexistence and cross-fertilisation in the context of recent developments - Chair: Dr. Antoine Buyse, Associate Professor, Utrecht University
09:15-09:45 Professor Davíð Þór Björgvinsson, University of Copenhagen, former judge at the European Court of Human Rights
Title TBC (The ECHR perspective on coexistence and cross-fertilisation)
9:45-10:15 Professor Xavier Groussot, Lund University
Title TBC (The EU perspective on coexistence and cross-fertilisation)
10:15-10:35 Coffee break
10:35-11:05 Dr. Giuseppe Martinico, Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales, Madrid
Title: National judges between EU law and the ECHR: The legacy of Kamberaj
11:05-11:35 Professor Björg Thorarensen, University of Iceland
Title TBC (Protocol 16 ECHR)
11:35-12:15 Questions and panel discussion
09:00-09:15 Opening of the conference
09:15-12:15 The three-dimensional relationship between the ECHR, EU law and domestic law: Coexistence and cross-fertilisation in the context of recent developments - Chair: Dr. Antoine Buyse, Associate Professor, Utrecht University
09:15-09:45 Professor Davíð Þór Björgvinsson, University of Copenhagen, former judge at the European Court of Human Rights
Title TBC (The ECHR perspective on coexistence and cross-fertilisation)
9:45-10:15 Professor Xavier Groussot, Lund University
Title TBC (The EU perspective on coexistence and cross-fertilisation)
10:15-10:35 Coffee break
10:35-11:05 Dr. Giuseppe Martinico, Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales, Madrid
Title: National judges between EU law and the ECHR: The legacy of Kamberaj
11:05-11:35 Professor Björg Thorarensen, University of Iceland
Title TBC (Protocol 16 ECHR)
11:35-12:15 Questions and panel discussion
12:15-13:30 Lunch at the University cafeteria
13:30-16:30 Subsidiarity and the margin of appreciation: In need of some re-thinking? - Chair: Professor Björg Thorarensen, University of Iceland
13:30-14:00 Professor Andreas Føllesdal, Oslo University
Title TBC (Subsidiarity)
14:00-14:30 Professor Geir Ulfstein, Oslo University
Title TBC (Subsidiarity)
14:30-14:50 Coffee break
14:50-15:20 Professor Niamh Nic Shuibhne, University of Edinburgh
Title TBC (The margin of appreciation in EU fundamental rights jurisprudence)
15:20-15:50 Dr. Basak Cali, Senior lecturer, University College London
Title TBC (ECHR margin of appreciation - 'responsible courts doctrine')
15:50-16:20 Professor Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir and Dóra Guðmundsdóttir, adjunct lecturer,
University of Iceland
Title: Speaking the same language? Comparing margins of appreciation at
the ECtHR and the ECJ
16:20-17:00 Questions and panel discussion
13:30-14:00 Professor Andreas Føllesdal, Oslo University
Title TBC (Subsidiarity)
14:00-14:30 Professor Geir Ulfstein, Oslo University
Title TBC (Subsidiarity)
14:30-14:50 Coffee break
14:50-15:20 Professor Niamh Nic Shuibhne, University of Edinburgh
Title TBC (The margin of appreciation in EU fundamental rights jurisprudence)
15:20-15:50 Dr. Basak Cali, Senior lecturer, University College London
Title TBC (ECHR margin of appreciation - 'responsible courts doctrine')
15:50-16:20 Professor Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir and Dóra Guðmundsdóttir, adjunct lecturer,
University of Iceland
Title: Speaking the same language? Comparing margins of appreciation at
the ECtHR and the ECJ
16:20-17:00 Questions and panel discussion
19:00 Conference dinner at Snaps restaurant
Day 2 - Friday 7 March 2014
9:15-12:15 Access to justice and effectiveness of protection: the effects of current
developments on victims and vulnerable groups - Chair: Professor Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir, University of Iceland
09:15-9:45 Professor Philip Leach, Middlesex University
Title TBC (Access to justice and effectiveness of protection)
09:45-10:15 Dr. Antoine Buyse, Associate Professor, Utrecht University
Title: Flying or landing? The future position of the pilot judgment procedure
in the changing European human rights architecture.
10:15-11:35 Coffee break
10:34-11:05 Lorna McGregor, Reader, University of Essex
Title TBC (Alternative dispute resolution at the ECtHR and ECJ)
11:05-11:35 Dr. Alexandra Timmer, researcher, Utrecht University
Title TBC (Vulnerable groups)
11:35-12:15 Questions and panel discussion
12:15-12:30 Closing of the Conference
Tuesday 17 December 2013
X v Latvia Child Abduction Grand Chamber Judgment
A few weeks ago, the Grand Chamber issued its judgment in the case of X. v Latvia (appl.no 27853/09) on child abduction by one of the parents. The judgment relates amongst other to the "best interests of the child". I am happy to present a guest post by two experts, Christina Jeppesen de Boer and Merel Jonker, colleagues here at Utrecht University and connected to UCERF, the Utrecht Centre for European Research into Family Law. This is their commentary on the case:
the European Court of Human Rights get it "right" or "wrong"
in international child abduction?
G. Jeppesen de Boer and Merel Jonker
the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Neulinger and Shuruk v. Switzerland (841615/07), Sneersone and
Campanella v. Italy (14737/09) and the earlier Chamber judgment of the Court in X v. Latvia, all cases concerning an application from an "abducting"
mother, the final verdict of the Grand Chamber in X v. Latvia was
awaited with much interest. There seems to be broad consensus that
the ECtHR is getting it "wrong" in international child abduction
cases. At least this seemed so in many contributions of this summer's
2nd International Family Law and Practice Conference 2013, at London Metropolitan University.
the above-mentioned cases concerned a primary carer, a mother's abduction
of the child to her place of origin following a divorce or
relationship breakup. In all cases, the national courts had ordered
the return of the child (in some cases only after lengthy procedures
at the appellate stage) and the application concerned the question
whether these return orders infringed the mother's and the child's
right to respect for family life. In all cases the ECtHR (eventually)
found an infringement of article 8 European Convention on Human
Rights (ECHR) based upon a too mechanical or not sufficiently detailed assertion of
the child's interests.
of these decisions argue that the ECtHR does not pay due consideration to
the main purpose of the Hague Convention, the purpose being the
immediate return of the child subject to specified exceptions that
have been construed narrowly in case law. The principle of immediate
return is based upon the principle that the court of the jurisdiction
from which the child was abducted (the habitual residence) is better
suited to assess which custody situation and possible relocation is
in the best interest of the child.
facts of X v. Latvia were the following: the mother, originally
Latvian, had settled in Australia where she gave birth to a child in
2005. At the time of giving birth, the mother was still married to another
man than the father of the child. However, paternity (of any father)
was initially not established. The mother lived together with the
father, however, formally the father rented accommodation with the
mother who received single-parent benefits. The mother acquired
Australian nationality in 2007. The relationship between the mother
and the father deteriorated and in 2008 she left Australia for Latvia
taking the child, aged three years and five months, with her.
the father submitted an application to the Australian Family Court to
establish parental rights in respect of the child and applied for the
return of the child under the Hague Convention. The Family Court
established his paternity on the basis of facts supplied by the
father (no DNA testing). It is further established that the mother
and father had had joint parental responsibility for their child
since birth (retroactively) in a decision dated 6 November 2008. The
mother had been invited to attend the hearing in person or to follow
the hearing by telephone but had not done so. She also did not appeal
the decision.
request for the return of the child is received by the Latvian
Central Authority in September 2008. The return request made by the
Australian Central Authority was accompanied by an affidavit
certifying, without prejudice to the issue of paternity (the decision
by the Australian Family Court had not been given yet) that on the
date the mother left Australia with the child, the father had
exercised joint parental responsibility over the child.
return request is heard in Latvia in two instances (district and
regional court) with the father being present for the proceedings.
Before the Latvian courts, the mother argued that the father did not
have "custody" rights as he had not sought to have his paternity
established prior to her departure from Australia. She further,
amongst others, argued that the father had acted abusively, that the
child was connected to Latvia and she also produced (at the appellate
stage) a certificate from a psychologist stating that the child would
suffer trauma if separated from the mother. In short, the Latvian
courts ordered the return of the child thereby refusing to review
Australian law concerning the custody rights of the father and
further dismissing the arguments raised by the mother considering
these to pertain to the merits of the custody issue which is for the
court of the habitual residence to decide (the Australian Family
Court). Following an "abduction" of the child in Latvia by the
father, the Latvian Central Authority assisted the father in
supplying information that authorized his right to return to
Australia with his daughter. The mother then brought an application
against Latvia before the ECtHR alleging an infringement of article 8
of the ECHR.
In our
opinion there are three intrinsically relevant issues in this case.
The first is the relationship between the Hague Convention and the
ECHR (1). The second is the understanding of the requirement of the
best interests of the child such as enshrined in article 3 of the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child (2). A third essential issue in
this case concerns the question whether, in fact, there was a
wrongful removal contravening custody rights given the fact that the
mother was the sole legal parent at the time of the "abduction".
This last issue will not be dealt with in this case note.
The first inherent issue concerns the relationship between the ECHR
and the Hague Convention as a matter of hierarchy of conventions –
does one of these conventions take precedence? The ECtHR found that
the relationship between the two conventions involves "a combined
and harmonious application" (para. 94) of both conventions. Article 8
of the European Convention on Human Rights is to be "interpreted in
the light of the requirements of the Hague Convention" but also in
the light of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (CRC),
(para. 93). The Court also held that "consideration of international provisions
should not result in conflict or opposition (…) provided that the
Court is able to perform its task in full", i.e. to ascertain
whether the requirements of the ECHR have been observed.
Consequently, the Court stressed the harmony of conventions, yet also
the obligation to ascertain independently the rights inherent to the
ECHR. Although not stated directly this does involve precedence of
the ECHR when the issue concerns the application of the Hague
Convention by an ECHR member state. The concurring opinion of judge
Pinto de Albuquerque is more direct as precedence is presumed ("the
latter should prevail over the former", para. 43 of the judgment). In
our opinion the ECHR must have precedence, if one accepts that human
rights are fundamental rights,
the content being evolutive.
(2) An
understanding of the child's best interests – an understanding of
these interests as relating to what is generally thought to be best
for children as a group and the understanding of the requirement that
a decision is in the (primary or paramount) interest of an individual
child. The Hague Convention may be viewed to operate primarily on the
understanding of what is best for children as a group. The
assumptions being that the operation of the convention may prevent
child abduction in the first place and that secondly the court of the
child's habitual residence is better suited to assess the interest
of the individual child with respect to custody, care and possible
relocation. The main exception to returning the child being narrowly
construed to "grave risk" (article 13(b)). The understanding of
what is best for children as a group may be viewed as a legal
construction which may prove distant
from the reality of the individual child, for example, in situations
where the "abductor" is the primary carer who is unable or
unwilling to return with the child. At this point it must be kept in
mind that at the time of the draft of the Hague Convention, the issue
was more the abduction by the other non-custodial parent. Since then
underlying changes in national laws; the increasing allocation of custody
rights to both parents also after divorce and for unmarried parents,
even if one parent is obviously "a primary carer", all lead to
concerns with respect to the narrow exception which in most cases
will result in a return order. Is the exception too narrow? Should
the welfare of an individual child be subsumed under the generally
constructed welfare of children?
dividing line between that which is considered to be best for
children as a group and in the primary interest of an individual
child is not clear from the CRC itself. The principle enshrined in
article 3 relates to both contexts (CRC General Comment No.
14(2013), IV, A(b) and (c)). Nonetheless, the interests of an
individual child cannot (necessarily) be understood "as being the
same as those of children in general". Article 3(1) requires that
"the best interests of a child must be assessed individually"
(CRC General Comment IV A(c)). When it comes to custody decisions the
CRC comment stresses a best interest's principle of the particular
(individual) child stating explicitly that it is contrary to those
interests "if the law automatically gives parental responsibilities
to either or both parents". Yet with respect to the Hague
Convention no distinction is made, this convention is endorsed as a
facilitator of the child's best interests (CRC General Comment No.
14(2013), V, 1(c), No. 67/68). Consequently, the dividing line
between an understanding of the best interest's principle in
relation to children as a group and the individual child is unclear.
In our opinion the lack of clarity undermines any substantive content
of this principle.
therefore believe that the ECtHR got it "right" in this case by
stressing the assessment in relation to an individual
child rather than paying "lip
service" to the Hague Convention. This Convention may be viewed to
provide a "greater good", yet it cannot ignore the reality of the
individual child in view of the fact that at times primary carers
can also be the main abductors.
Monday 16 December 2013
Al-Dulimi UN Sanctions Judgment
It is my pleasure to introduce a guest post by my colleague here at SIM, dr Stephan Hollenberg, on the recent case of Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc v Switzerland, which focuses on UN sanctions. Stephan defended his PhD last year on judicial protection of human rights against decisions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Here are his comments on the case:
Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc v
Stephan Hollenberg
Mr Al-Dulimi
allegedly was the finance manager for the Iraqi secret services under Saddam
Hussein. His assets and of a company of which he was managing director have
been frozen following a Security Council resolution imposing sanction
measures against the ancient regime
of Iraq, as implemented against him by Switzerland. Under this sanctions
regime his assets not only had to be frozen but also confiscated and transferred
to the Development Fund for Iraq.
In response,
Mr Al-Dulimi complained before the Swiss Federal Court that he was not informed
of the reasons underlying the decision to impose the sanction measures against
him and he was not afforded any due process guarantees under article 6 ECHR. In
2008 the Swiss Court decided that it was not competent to engage in a judicial
review of the implementation of the UNSC decision. Any decision on de-listing
could according to the Swiss Court only be made by the relevant UNSC Sanctions
Committee. Hereupon Mr Al-Dulimi filed a compaint with the ECtHR, among others,
claiming a violation of his right to access to court.
The case
raises the issue of precedence of obligations created by the UNSC over those
under the ECHR, which the Court was confronted with earlier in the cases of Al-Jedda and Nada. Especially, the Nada
case, concerning an individual directly targeted by UNSC sanctions against
alleged financers of international terrorism, bears essential similarities to
the present case. In the Nada case the
Grand Chamber considered Switzerland
to have violated Mr Nada's rights to private and family life and his right to
an effective remedy, by implementing too strictly the travel ban imposed by the
UNSC, and by not affording him any possibility for review.
Presumption of Compliance
In the
cases of Al-Jedda and Nada the Court developed and employed the
interpretative technique of presumption of compliance. In those cases the Court
established that in addition to maintaining international peace and security,
the purposes of the UN include encouraging respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms as well. From this it derived that there must be a
presumption that the UNSC does not intend states to take measures that would
result in a breach of their obligations under international human rights law.
Hence the Court determined that when the meaning of a particular provision of a
UNSC resolution is unclear, the interpretation that harmonizes the obligation
created by the UNSC most with the states' obligations under international human
rights law must be followed. It added that the presumption could be rebutted
when the UNSC uses clear and explicit language to that effect. It did however
not indicate explicitly what the consequences of such rebuttal would be. Even
in the Nada case, in which it found a
rebuttal of the presumption, it did not consider what the consequences thereof
would be.
It was to
be expected that the Court would employ this same interpretative technique in
regard to the interferences with Mr Al-Dulimi's human rights following from Switzerland's
implementation of the impugned UNSC resolution. However, the Court (Second
Section) distinguished the Al-Dulimi from
the Nada case, on the basis of a
perceived difference in scope of discretion left by the UNSC for the
implementation of the measures imposed by the relevant UNSC resolution. Subsequently,
it employed the familiar concept of equivalent protection, which it developed
in the context of obligations created by the EU (see Bosphorus).
There are
two problems with this approach. First, the scope of discretion left by the UNSC
resolutions concerned in Al-Dulimi
and Nada appears to be the same.
Second, in regard to instances in which no scope of discretion is left by the
UNSC the presumption of compliance would appear a more appropriate approach to
follow than that of equivalent protection.
Scope of Discretion
For UNSC
resolutions to become effective they need to be implemented by UN member states
in their respective domestic legal orders. The UNSC usually formulates a
certain aim or result that needs to be achieved, it is then for states
themselves to determine how best to do that. Therefrom emanates a scope of
discretion. However, in regard to the targeted sanctions regimes it can hardly
be maintained that there is any scope of discretion for states. The obligation
to freeze assets is phrased by the UNSC as an obligation of conduct, leaving
hardly any scope of discretion for states to implement these measures as they
deem fit. They have no other possibility but to freeze the assets of the
individuals designated by the relevant UNSC sanctions committee. Moreover, this
conduct (and result) may be interfered with if states would provide an
opportunity for fair trial or an effective remedy to the individuals concerned.
Therefore, despite the fact that the relevant resolutions remain silent on
possibilities to afford due process guarantees while implementing these
sanction measures, it must be assessed as falling outside the states' scope of
discretion. Thus providing such guarantees would go against the obligation
created by these resolutions.
However, the
Grand Chamber accepted in Nada that
the UNSC had left states a certain scope of discretion. Similarly, the Court of
Justice of the EU had held earlier in the Kadi
case that such discretion existed in relation to the implementation of the
targeted sanctions. These courts arrived at this conclusion by arguing that the
UN Charter does not prescribe how states should implement UNSC resolutions,
rather than looking at the text of the relevant resolution. These courts'
approach is not very compelling because if the UNSC would impose a clearly circumscribed
obligation of conduct, then any scope of discretion that might emanate from the
fact that the UN Charter does not prescribe how to implement that obligation is
illusory. States can then do no other but to engage in the conduct prescribed.
Moreover, following these courts' reasoning every UNSC resolution would leave
states a scope of discretion. However, in the present instance of the Al-Dulimi case, the Court accepted that
the UNSC left no such scope. On the basis of this finding it distinguished it from the
Nada case (see paragraph 117). It did
not further clarify how it arrived at that determination. It only considered
that such a difference exists.
As was
mentioned, this difference cannot be arrived at by relying on the argument of
the UN Charter not prescribing how to implement, because that is exactly the
same in both situations. However, also when comparing the two provisions
concerned in the relevant UNSC resolutions a distinction is not immediately
obvious. Especially when the limitation of the right to a fair trial in the
present instance is compared to the limitation of Mr Nada's enjoyment of his
right to an effective remedy, it becomes clear that the relevant provisions are
significantly similar. Both resolutions decide merely that states should take
the measures prescribed against the individuals designated by the relevant UNSC
Sanctions Committee. They do not explicitly address the issue of a fair trial
or an effective remedy, but it is implied in the system of the centralized
sanctions regime that such due process guarantees were not foreseen by the
UNSC. Providing such guarantees at a domestic level would automatically impair
the effectiveness of the centralized sanctions regime. It might result in a
fragmented application of the sanction measures. Accordingly, there appears to
be no difference in the scope of discretion left by the UNSC in regard to the
two different sanction regimes.
The UNSC
resolution relevant to Mr Al-Dulimi does mention that 'claims made by private individuals
or non-government entities on [funds transferred to the Development Fund for
Iraq] may be presented to the internationally recognized, representative
government of Iraq.' This might suggest that Mr Al-Dulimi's only remedy
foreseen by the UNSC is via the Iraqi government, and therewith a contrario excluding other
possibilities. But the context of this provision indicates that it must be concerned
with the claims of others than the targeted individual. Moreover, the Court
does not consider this aspect of the provision at all.
Equivalent Protection
having distinguished Al-Dulimi from Nada, the Court engaged in an equivalent
protection test. This test entails that if the Court is asked to review a
state's conduct that was strictly required by that state's membership of an
international organization, it presumes that the state did not act in
contravention of the ECHR if the international organization in question
protects human rights in a manner that is at least equivalent to the protection
offered by the Convention. If a presumption of equivalent protection is then established
this can only be rebutted when in a particular instance the protection was
manifestly deficient. The Court employed and developed this test primarily in
the context of the relationship between the ECHR and the EU.
this test similarly in regard to the UNSC is highly remarkable. Especially,
since the Court appears to have gone through a lot of effort in earlier cases
in order to avoid applying it in that context, due to the special task and
position of the UNSC (see the cases of Behrami;
Beric; Kanlinic and Bilbija; Galic;
and Blagojevic). In addition, it is
hardly conceivable that an organization such as the UN would ever be able to
provide a measure of equivalent protection to individuals directly affected by
a UNSC resolution.
logically speaking it does not make sense to assess a situation concerning a
UNSC decision that does not leave a scope of discretion within the context of
the equivalent protection rather than consider it to be a rebuttal of the
presumption of compliance. In this regard, the Court appears to make a
distinction between latitude for interpretation following from ambiguous
language and the scope of discretion. Such distinction is however difficult to
maintain. Scope of discretion and room for interpretation are closely
intertwined. Scope of discretion often emanates from what a resolution is
silent about.
if the presumption of compliance would only be employed in cases where there is
a scope of discretion then the Court would assess a respondent state's conduct
that is not necessarily required by the UNSC. That state had an opportunity to
implement the UNSC decision differently within the latitude left by the scope
of discretion. Hence there is no conflict of norms. Therefore it cannot be
maintained that the respondent state was under an obligation to give precedence
to an obligation created by the UNSC over obligations under other international
agreements, pursuant to article 103 of the UN Charter. Consequently, a rebuttal of
a presumption by employing clear and explicit language would not be relevant,
because the respondent state could have acted otherwise within the scope of
this appears to be the result in the Nada
case in which the presumption of compliance was rebutted but in which the Court
also found a certain latitude for Switzerland to implement the sanctions in
accordance with the ECHR. But this would mean that the whole doctrine of
presumption of compliance (or at least the option for its rebuttal) loses its
meaning. The UNSC will then never be able to override states' obligations under
the ECHR. That is a position one could defend, but perhaps it would be better
if that would be phrased in clear and explicit language.
Violation of Article 6
could be said of that, the Court concluded that no presumption of equivalent
protection could be established and that therefore it had to fully scrutinize
the lawfulness of the interference with the applicant's right to a fair trial - just
like the Grand Chamber did in regard to article 13 in the Nada case. In that sense, the present decision could also be seen
as making explicit what remained unmentioned in the Nada case. There the Court did not explicitly apply the equivalent
protection doctrine but did establish that the protection afforded at the UN
level was not considered to be sufficient. That is to say, the Grand Chamber
followed the Swiss Federal Court's evaluation of such protection it made five
years earlier. That was before all the recent amendments were made to the
de-listing procedure, such as the institution of the Ombudsperson in 2009. In
that sense, the Court's Chamber in the Al-Dulimi
case went a bit further and relied on a recent rapport by UN's Special Rapporteur
on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism (Ben
Emmerson) in holding that the present Ombudsperson procedure does not afford
sufficient guarantees. Therefrom it deduced that the mere Focal Point presently
available to Mr Al-Dulimi, which obviously affords a lower level of protection
than the Ombudsperson, can a fortfiori
never provide sufficient guarantees.
It has to
be noted, however, that with regard to the possibility to ensure the
individuals' right to a fair trial there is an important difference between the
targeted sanctions against people such as Mr Kadi and Mr Nada and those against
Mr Al-Dulimi. The first two are anonymous individuals allegedly involved in
financially supporting international terrorism. Such allegations can often only
be substantiated by relying on confidential material, gathered by national
intelligence agencies, which is not likely to be shared with the targeted
individual or with foreign courts. In contrast, the question whether Mr
Al-Dulimi was indeed the finance manager for the Iraqi secret services under
Sadam Hussein is in principle publicly available information. In a cable, made
public by Wikileaks, the US State Department, which already in 2008 foresaw
this decision by the ECtHR, asked for additional information on the allegations
against Mr Al-Dulimi. The cable notes that 'Al-Dulimi denies he was ever a
member of the Baath Party, and further denies he was "a director of investments
for the Iraqi Intelligence Service" under Saddam Hussein.' Therefore the
US Embassy in Baghdad was instructed to ask the Iraqis whether they could
provide further information about what Al-Dulimi did for the Saddam Hussein
regime. According to the Iraqis it was public information that Mr Al-Dulimi
held that position and that he was one of the senior officials of the former
Iraqi regime. This statement might not be sufficient, but perhaps some official
documents might do. At least this makes it easier to organize a fair trial for
people such as Mr Al-Dulimi than for those such as Mr Kadi and Mr Nada. An example
thereof can be found in the recent decision of EU's General Court in the case
of Makhlouf, concerning sanction
measures against members of the Syrian regime.
decision by the Second Section of the ECtHR is another example after decisions
by the Grand Chamber (Nada) and the Court
of Justice of the EU (Kadi) that the
European judiciary is not going to back down and is seeking full confrontation
with the Security Council. This obviously is putting member states in a very
difficult situation. They are under two conflicting international obligations,
which are very difficult to harmonize. This confrontational approach might
eventually result in better protection at the UN level. The UNSC, seeing its
efficacy and efficiency of action undermined by substantial annulments of
domestic implementations, might be willing to adjust its measures to the requirements
upheld by these courts. However, for such approach to be effective these courts
need to maintain a dialogue with the Security Council. In that regard, the
Second Section's use of the equivalent protection doctrine in the Al-Dulimi case, which might indicate that
it is willing to engage in such dialogue, is to be preferred over the Court of
Justice's decision in its latest Kadi
case, in which it largely ignored the progress being made at the UN level. The
difficulty, however, remains that equivalent protection at UN level is very
unlikely ever to be achieved in regard to individuals directly affected by a
Security Council decision. A mere possibility for review would probably not be
sufficient, also substantive human rights guarantees would have to be in place.
This will be very difficult to realize in the primarily inter-governmental
setting of the UN.
Thursday 12 December 2013
Stricter Rules for Lodging Complaints at the European Court
Even long before a future entry into force of Protocol 15 to the ECHR which will render the time limits of applying to the Court shorter, changes are around the corner: as of 1 January 2014 a new rule 47 of the Rules of Court will enter into force. The changes, like many previous reforms are geared towards increasing the efficiency of handling complaints. It adds two requirements to the way in which complaints should be lodged with the Court:
1. Application forms sent to the Court must be completed in full and must be accompanied by copies of the relevant documents. A failure to do so, will lead to a rejection of the application.
2. In addition, a change is made to "the interruption of the period within which an application must be made to the Court, that is, within six months from the final decision of the highest domestic court with jurisdiction; for the period to be interrupted, the application will now have to fulfill the conditions set out in Rule 47. The form must be sent to the Court, duly completed and accompanied by the relevant documents, within the period laid down by the Convention. Incomplete files will no longer be taken into consideration for the purpose of interrupting the running of the six-month period."
To enable applicants to lodge a complaint, a new simplified application form will be put on the Court's website on 1 January. More precision and due care is thus asked of the applicants. The full press release can be found here.
Wednesday 11 December 2013
René Cassin Competition 2014
The newest edition of the René Cassin Human Rights Moot Court has been launched. The French-language competition will take place at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg on 10 and 11 April 2014. The time schedule, including deadlines for participation, can be found here. As in previous editions, the organisers emphasize that it is an entertaining legal exercise for students ("il s'agit de s'amuser avec le droit, pour le droit et autour du droit.").
The case itself, written this year by professor Jean-Pierre Marguénaud, about allegations against a cyclist of doping usage can be found here.
Friday 6 December 2013
New ECHR Readings
A number of new articles have recently been published, some in the most unlikely places (see the first one), on the European Convention on Human Rights. Please find an overview of these here:
* Benny
Spanier, Israel Issi Doron & Faina Milman-Sivan, 'Older Persons' Use of the
European Court of Human Rights', Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology, vol. 28 (2013) pp. 407-420.
* Maarten den Heijer, 'Shared Responsibility Before the European Court of Human Rights', Netherlands International Law Review, vol. 60, no. 3 (2013).
* Triestino Mariniello, 'The 'Nuremberg Clause' and Beyond: The Legality Principle and Sources of International Criminal Law in the European Court's Jurisprudence', Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 82, no. 2 (2013):
* Maarten den Heijer, 'Shared Responsibility Before the European Court of Human Rights', Netherlands International Law Review, vol. 60, no. 3 (2013).
* Triestino Mariniello, 'The 'Nuremberg Clause' and Beyond: The Legality Principle and Sources of International Criminal Law in the European Court's Jurisprudence', Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 82, no. 2 (2013):
Legislative acts or constitutional courts' decisions allowing
the prosecution of alleged perpetrators of international crimes committed in the
past continue to attribute to the legality principle a central role within
domestic criminal proceedings or complaints before the European Court of Human
Rights. This article assesses the evolution of the recent jurisprudence of the
Strasbourg Court, which in the 2008 Korbely and Kononov cases for the first time
extended the standards of the legality principle over war crimes and crimes
against humanity. It examines the rationale for this development, which
constitutes an attempt by the Court to restore a proper balance between
substantive justice and individual protection, by ascertaining whether domestic
convictions were consistent with the qualitative elements of the legality
principle, such as accessibility and foreseeability. Through a detailed analysis
of the European jurisprudence, the article argues that, although the new
approach of the Court entails in abstracto a strengthening of individual
safeguards from the arbitrariness of state power, the meaningful protection of
the legality principle may be in concreto significantly narrow. The reasons for
such a result are two-pronged: first, the Court seems to provide an
interpretation of past law which radically diverged from the interpretation of
the law in place in the legal system at the material time of the events; second,
the international sources accepted by the Court as a valid basis for the
applicants' convictions – pursuant to the standards of the legality principle –
were intended to create obligations only upon states, rather than
In addition, a case comment on Österreichische Vereinigung zur Erhaltung, Stärkung und Schaffung eines wirtschaftlich gesunden land- und forstwirtschaftlichen Grundbesitzes v. Austria has been written by Dirk
Voorhoof & Rónán Ó Fathaigh, entitled 'The press and NGOs' right of access toofficial documents under strict scrutiny of the European Court of Human Rights' on Strasbourg Observers.
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Thomas & Friends: Explore the Rails
Kids can learn, play, and solve problems with Thomas the Tank Engine and his engine friends while immersing themselves in locations from the beloved TV series. Thomas & Friends: Explore the Rails opens. Young learners can practice counting objects, comparing sizes, and learning colors. Older kids can practice their math skills, learn basic engineering concepts, discover science ideas through play, and see how technology works to keep engines running. The smiling faces of Thomas, Percy, Victor, and others are there to offer encouragement and remind children how "really useful" we all are!
Photo Courtesy of Liberty Science Center

subset: commoncrawl


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As a powdering or pulverizing process, there are both wet grinding and dry grinding; both open circuit grinding and closed circuit grinding. For ores and minerals grinding, there are ball mill, ultrafine mill, coarse powder mill and Raymond mill, etc.
Grinding Machine
The design of SBM Grinding Mill produces stable durability and exceptional value for construction, mining, quarry and rock breaking industry. Take cement plant as example. Ball mill has been widely used for cement grinding.
Complete Grinding Plant
SBM grinding machines are available in a wide variety of designs, sizes and power capacities. Each mill is tailor-made according to the requirements of individual customers. Also, there will be special solutions and common spare parts for you.
For product information and pricing, Chat with sales agent:
or email us:
[email protected]
Build an end-to-end solution that fits your applications, work processes, and business needs.


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Mfg Item #: 01LPECT1F
Advanced performance meets precision machining and ultra slick styling in the shape of the new E-CT1 Single Stage Trigger from LANTAC. - Available in both Hybrid Curve & Flat Bow designs to suit any shooters preference. - The trigger features massive improvements over the original with entirely different sear engagement surfaces that remove creep and deliver a super crisp break. Radically different internal geometry also creates insanely short reset and near non existent over travel that will greatly decrease split times and give you a big advantage over the competition. - The Hammer Trigger & Disconnector are precision machined from S7 tool steel with a proprietary sear manufacturing process that yields an incredibly smooth engagement surface and all parts are then case hardened before Black Oxide finish. - The CNC machined Aluminum cassette has adjustment set screws built in that allows the user to set perfect pin tension and the trigger can be installed with standard pins or the threaded screw types seen in previous designs. The cassette is Type 3 Hard Coat Anodized Class2 Black and then Laser engraved for identification. - Comes complete with Trigger Assembly and Pin Set. - The evolution of the E-CT1 is here. - Manufactured and assembled according to strict AS9100 aerospace requirements and quality-assured with the latest technology inspection equipment ECT-1s are designed for use with AR receivers in 5.56/.223 or 7.62/.308. - Trigger mechanism manufactured by Rise Armament.


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Metal Bands With Deceptively Cute Names (PHOTOS)
Let's face it, we can't get enough of kitten and puppy videos. In a life filled with so much stress, there's something positively soothing about watching our furry friends rolling around with each other, or just hanging out in random places. Seriously, what's not to like? But what happens when a band name like Kittie lures you in with images of adorable felines, only to hit you over the head with bloodcurling guitars and pounding drums? Is it false advertising? Noisecreep just put together a list of some of the most deceptively cute metal band names around today. Think of it as a friendly warning guide.
Watch 'Cat Plays Keyboards' Video


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Place of Origin: | China |
Brand Name: | GY |
Certification: | CE, SGS , ROHS, FCC |
Model Number: | GYS-100AB |
Minimum Order Quantity: | 1 set |
Price: | negotiation |
Packaging Details: | wooden box |
Delivery Time: | Depend on the order and destination |
Payment Terms: | TT |
Supply Ability: | 500set/month |
After-sales Service Provided: | Engineers Available To Service Machinery Overseas,Online Support,Video Technical Support | Warranty: | 1 Year |
Duty Cycle: | 24 Hours No-stop | Heating Principle: | Magnetic Field Induction Heating |
High Light: | Induction Heating device,Induction Heating Machine |
100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine For Gear Quenching
Quick Detail:
Name |
100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine For Gear Quenching |
Application |
Hot forging, hot fitting, smelting, surface quench, welding, annealing |
Work power |
Out power |
Product size |
main :790x695x1060mm |
Certificate |
transformer : 865x420x650mm |
Model |
GYS-100AB (Three phase) |
work power |
Maximum input current |
Output power |
fluctuating frequency |
20-50khz |
output current |
the flow rate of cooling water |
0.08-0.16Mpa 10L/Min |
water temperature protection point |
product size |
main :790x695x1060mm |
transformer : 865x420x650mm |
Major Applications:
1. 100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine For Gear Quenching adopts the IGBT inverter circuit in parallel connection, which has high load adaptability.
2. 100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine For Gear Quenching has such features as high power, fast heating speed, high efficiency and easy operation.
3. As compared with other heating modes, it can significantly promote the economic benefits, improve the quality of heated work pieces and save the energy and material, alleviate labor intensity and improve the production environment.
4. 100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine For Gear Quenching has super small size, which can save the production space by 10 times.
5. 100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine For Gear Quenching is safe and reliable, and requires no equipments of ten thousand voltage, and thus can ensure the safe operation.
6. The comprehensive full load design is available for 24-hour continuous operation.
Heating (hot forging, hot fitting and smelting)
Hot forging aims to fabricate the work pieces of certain temperature (different materials require different temperatures) into other shapes through forging press with the help of punch press, forging machine or other equipments, for instances, hot extrusion of watch case, watch flan, handle, mold accessory, kitchen and table ware, art ware, standard part, fastener, fabricated mechanical part, bronze lock, rivet, steel pin and pin.
Hot fitting refers to the connection of different metals or metals with nonmetals through the heating based on the principle of hot expansion or hot smelting, for instances, embedded welding of copper core of computer radiator with aluminum sheet and speaker web, compound of steel and plastic tube, sealing of aluminum foil (tooth paste peel), motor rotor and sealing of tubular electric heating element.
Smelting mainly aims to melt the metal into liquid by using the high temperature, which is mainly applicable to the smelting of iron, steel, copper, aluminum, zinc as well as various noble metals.
Heat Treatment (surface quench)
Quench for various hardware and tools, such as plier, wrench, hammer, ax, screwing tools and shear (orchard shear).
Quench for various automobile and motorcycle fittings, such as crankshaft, connecting rod, piston pin, chain wheel, aluminum wheel, valve, rock arm shaft, semi drive shaft, small shaft and fork.
Various electric tools, such as gear and axes.
Quench for machine tools, such as lathe deck and guide rail.
Quench for various hardware metal parts and machined parts, such as shaft, gear (chain wheel), cam, chuck and clamp etc.
Quench for hardware molds, such as small-size mold, mold accessory and inner hole of mold.
Welding (braze welding, silver soldering and brazing)
Welding of various hardware cutting tools, such as diamond tool, abrasive tool, drilling tool, alloy saw blade, hard alloy cutter, milling cutter, reamer, planning tool and solid center bit.
Welding of various hardware mechanical gadget: Silver soldering and brazing of metals of the same variety or different varieties, such as hardware toilet and kitchen products, refrigerating copper fitting, lamp decoration fitting, precision mold fitting, hardware handle, eggbeater, alloy steel and steel, steel and copper as well as copper and copper.
Compound pot bottom welding is mainly applicable to the braze welding of circular, square as well as other irregular plain pot bottom. It is also applicable to plain braze welding of other metals.
Welding of heating disc of electric hot-water kettle mainly refers to the braze welding of stainless steel flat base, aluminum sheet and tubular electric heating elements of various forms.
Annealing (tempering and modulation)
Annealing of various stainless steel products, such as stainless steel basin, annealed and extruded can, annealed folded edge, annealed sink, stainless steel tube, tableware and cup.
Annealing of various other metal work pieces, such as golf ball head, cue, brass lock, hardware copper fitting, kitchen knife handle, blade, aluminum pan, aluminum pail, aluminum radiator and various aluminum products.
Major Features:
1. 100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine adopts the IGBT inverter circuit in parallel connection, which has high load adaptability.
2. 100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine has such features as high power, fast heating speed, high efficiency and easy operation.
3. As compared with other heating modes, it can significantly promote the economic benefits, improve the quality of heated work pieces and save the energy and material, alleviate labor intensity and improve the production environment.
4. 100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine has super small size, which can save the production space by 10 times.
5.100KW Induction Heating Equipment Machine is safe and reliable, and requires no equipments of ten thousand voltage, and thus can ensure the safe operation.
6. The comprehensive full load design is available for 24-hour continuous operation.
Operating Principle
Frequency conversion electromagnetic induction heating or induction heating for short is a method for heating metal materials by converting power frequency power supply into that of specific range based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It is mainly applicable to the metal hot working, heat treatment, welding and melting. This type of heating technique is also applicable to packing industry (such as sealing of aluminum foil used in medicine and food industry), semiconductor material (such as extruded monocrystalline silicon and heated affixing metal parts for auto glass).
Basic components of induction heating system include induction coil, AC power source and work pieces. Induction coil can be fabricated into different shapes as per different heated objects. The coil is connected with the power source providing alternating current for coil. The alternating current possessed by the coil can create a alternating magnetic field passing through the work pieces to produce eddy flow as required by heating.
Advantages of Induction Heating Equipment
1. Fast heating: the minimum rate of heating is less than 1 second (rate of heating is available for adjustment and control).
2. Wide coverage of heating: it can be used to heat various metal parts (replace removable induction coil as per different operating switches).
3. Easy installation: it can be used once it is connected with power source, induction coil as well as water supply pipe and rising pipe; it is small in size and light in weight.
4. Easy operation: you can learn to operate it within several minutes.
5. Fast start-up: it can be started to perform heating operation on condition that water and power supply is available.
6. Low power consumption: As compared with conventional vacuum tube high frequency equipments, it can save the power by approximately 70%. The smaller the size of the work piece is, the lower power consumption would be.
7. High effectiveness: it has such features as uniform heating (it is applicable to adjust the spacing of the induction coil to ensure the appropriate temperature as required by each part of work piece), fast warming and limited oxic horizon, and can guard against any waste after annealing.
8. Comprehensive protection: it has such functions as overpressure, over-current, overheat and water shortage alarm indications as well as automatic control and protection.
9. Controllable temperature: it is applicable to control the temperature for heating work pieces as per the preset heating time, and thereby control the heating temperature at a certain technical point.
10. Comprehensive full load design: it can work continuously for 24 hours.
11. Small size and light weight: it has a weight of only several dozens of kilograms, of which, the limited floor space can effectively save the workshop space.
12. Elimination of high voltage: it requires no step-up transformer which may produce approximately ten thousand voltage, and thus can ensure the maximum safety.
Contact Person: Mr. Ma
Tel: 1365378334
Fax: 86-21-3106937
industrial laminate Scoring Saw Blade / diamond sawblade for portablee saw
circular Scoring Saw Blade With Diamond PCD , 6 Element Adjustable
custom made table Scoring panel Saw Blade Diamond Sawblade 140 x 2.2 x 8
TCT Thin - Cut Circular power Saw Blades Cermet - Tipped for Cold Circular Saw Automats
195mm disposable rotary Cermet tipped cold thin kerf saw blades for steel
10 inch table Cermet Tipped circular woodworking Saw Blades for steel cutting
80 / 100 Tooth TCT Circular Saw Blade , Cut Off Saw Blades For Cutting Brass
450mm SKS Japan Steel With Ceratizit Tips Table Reciprocating TCT Circular Saw Blade
18 Inch Table Reciprocating TCT Circular Saw Blade Sharpener


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Ceiling Fan Installation
Its On Electric is a local leader in ceiling fan installation. Each season we get plenty of calls asking how we can help people keep their homes cool without having to install an expensive HVAC system.
Ceiling fans are relatively inexpensive and quick to install. However, we do not recommend doing it yourself as there are some special safety precautions to take, as well as professional wiring techniques to apply.
For more information on our ceiling fan installation services or to get a free quote, call us now at (973) 763-2894.
Our Ceiling Fan Installation Process
First, we'll conduct a consultation to understand your needs. We can either come to your home or chat on the phone to help you pick out the best fan make and model for your space. Once we figure out the details, we can set a time to do the install.
As we complete the work, we are always careful to practice safety measures, and we'll get the job done quickly and efficiently. Rest assured, we offer a 100% satisfaction guarantee on all our work, and if for some reason you aren't happy with the results, we'll do everything possible to change this.
Before we go, we'll even let you know what you need to do with regards to ceiling fan maintenance so that yours will function correctly for years to come.
Why Hire a Professional for Ceiling Fan Wiring?
Here are a few reasons why you should consider consulting an expert to install your ceiling fan:
Ceiling Fan Location
An expert can assess the structure of the ceiling to make sure that they install the fan in the safest place. Ceiling fans can be heavy, so care must be taken concerning its height and positioning.
That being said, we can install them in any room of the house, and you may want to consider getting more than one for maximum cooling benefits.
Ceiling Fan Electrical Wiring
Ceiling fans can be complicated to wire, especially if there isn't a lighting fixture in the room where you'd like it installed. We can help with wiring so that you can put the fan anywhere you want. Depending on the setup, it may simply need extra support brackets.
The Benefits of Ceiling Fan Installation Services
There are many reasons why you might want to consider getting this simple cooling device in your home, including:
- Affordable cooling
- Year-round air circulation
- Energy-efficiency
- Compatibility with lighting systems
Our electricians can match your home with exactly the right type of setup for your needs.
Call the Area's Best Fan Installation Experts Now
Enjoy year-round energy bill savings and temperature comfort thanks to our ceiling fan installation services. When it comes to fan installation, one of our qualified electricians can get the job done for you in a jiffy.
Want to know if a ceiling fan is the best option for you? Want to learn about other cooling options? Call us now at (973) 763-2894, and we'll get started with a consultation.


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Hiya, this is a long overdue blog post! The Kuala Lumpur trip was made during the long weekend of 7th to 9th August 2010 where Singapore was celebrating it's National Day and it's a holiday on 9th August 2010. We (a group of 6 adults and 2 children) took the opportunity to go for a last-minute short trip and the hotels was almost full (well, they did jack up the prices though!). It was a self-drive journey and there was jams along the way (especially at immigration) as many Singaporeans also had the same idea of relaxing out of Singapore! Anyway, the photo above show my lunch (Fish Ball Kway Teow Soup) at Yong Peng Rest Stop.
By the time we reached our hotel (The Gardens Hotel) at Mid Valley, it was already around 6pm. There was a queue at the front desk and we got our rooms separated on different floors even though we have made requests.
The Gardens Hotel – Nice room with comfortable-looking bed.
The Gardens Hotel – Large desk area for those who are going to do work or surf internet.
The Gardens Hotel – Vanity area.
The Gardens Hotel – the bathroom comes with a selection between using the normal shower head or the rain shower function. You can also take a soak in the bath tub too!
The Gardens Hotel – Separated dry toilet for you to take a dump without getting your feet wet! 😛
The Gardens Hotel – View from our room.
The Gardens Hotel – Comes with a mini-fridge and complimentary tea/coffee/drinking water.
The Gardens Hotel – Outside of the hotel where you can valet park your vehicle. For hotel guests, it is much more economical to valet then to park on your own.
The Gardens Hotel – Sofas at the lobby area where we always use as a meeting place. 🙂
Taking a walk at Mid Valley Megamall.
Having our dinner at Little Penang Kafe at Mid Valley Megamall.
Little Penang Kafe serves the best of Penang cuisine and seems to get a fair bit of press write-ups!
Assam Laksa at Little Penang Kafe.
Prawn Mee at Little Penang Kafe.
After our dinner, we continue to take a walk around Mid Valley Megamall.
After several grueling hours of shopping, we head off to T.G.I. Friday's to have a drink and light supper. It was already 10.30pm!
T.G.I. Friday's – Long Island Tea for my partner and I had Erdinger.
Our simple supper at T.G.I. Friday's.
T.G.I. Friday's – The interior of the restaurant. Love the "Kitchen" signage!
T.G.I. Friday's – Guitars and photos of singers are hung on the wall. Not sure why but it sure gives me a feeling that I am in Hard Rock Cafe…
Forward to the next morning, we had our free buffet breakfast within The Gardens Hotel.
Breakfast time at The Gardens Hotel was having long queues at the reception to wait for tables. Believe that lot of the tourists are Singaporeans!
After breakfast, we went to the swimming pool to have a look even though we were not planning to swim. Nice looking pool!
The view from the swimming pool at The Gardens Hotel.
After our tour at the swimming pool, we went to Suria KLCC and it's shopping time for the ladies. Huge crowd here even though it was early morning!
Interesting roof architecture at Suria KLCC.
Our wives getting all frenzied up with Vincci shoes… It was so packed that there is virtually no air-conditioning in the shop… haha!
Went outdoors to take a photo of Petronas Twin Tower.
Open area in front of Suria KLCC. We didn't hang around for long as it's really warm outside!
We went back indoors and then to Olio Dome Café to take a break from our tired legs.
My drink at Olio Dome Café, think it was Passion Fruit Berries or something like that… hehe!
Wanted to have Bak Kut Teh but it was not open yet so we had lunch at a Chinese restaurant at the corner of Jalan Alor. My partner having chicken noodles.
I am having Wonton noodles. Decent meal.
The outside of the restaurant. Think most people might be familiar with this location.
After our meal, my friend decided that we should have durians for dessert and went to buy a couple of them. We brought them into the restaurant to eat after seeking the staff's approval. Damn, these durians are good!
Next, we went to Pavilion Mall to walk around. Basically, this trip is more of hanging around and shopping rather than like my usual of exploring the less-traveled areas. It's good for a change but not too often as I do get bored at shopping centers! Haha!
The next morning, we will be leaving Kuala Lumpur and back to Singapore, but before so, we will stop by Malacca for a couple of hours to buy food stuffs and eat Cendol! 🙂


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Australian Open 2013: Novak Djokovic Beats Andy Murray To Win Hat-Trick Of Titles In Melbourne
MELBOURNE, Australia — Novak Djokovic returned to his dominant best, becoming the first man in the Open era to win three consecutive Australian titles when he beat Andy Murray 6-7 (2), 7-6 (3), 6-3, 6-2 on Sunday night.
Nine other men had won back-to-back titles in Australia since 1968, but none were able to claim three in a row.
"I love this court," Djokovic said. "It's definitely my favorite Grand Slam. It's an incredible feeling winning this trophy once more."
He has won four of his six majors titles at at Melbourne Park, where he is now unbeaten in 21 matches.
Born a week apart in May 1987 and friends since their junior playing days, the two played like they knew each other's game very well in a rematch of last year's U.S. Open final won by Murray. There were no service breaks until the eighth game of the third set, when Djokovic finally broke through and then held at love to lead by two sets to one.
Djokovic earned two more service breaks in the fourth set, including one to take a 4-1 lead when Murray double-faulted on break point.
The 25-year-old Serb didn't rip his shirt off this time, as he did to celebrate his epic 5-hour, 53-minute win over Rafael Nadal in last year's final. He just did a little dance, looked up to the sky and then applauded the crowd after the 3-hour, 40-minute match.
Murray's win over Djokovic in the U.S. Open final last year ended a 76-year drought for British men at the majors, but he still is yet to make a breakthrough in Australia after losing a third final here in the last four years.
Djokovic's win went against the odds of recent finals at Melbourne Park. In four of the past five years, the player who won his semifinal second has won the tournament. But this year, Djokovic played his semifinal on Thursday – an easy three-set, 89-minute minute win over No. 4-seeded David Ferrer. Murray needed five energy sapping sets to beat 17-time major winner Roger Federer on Friday night.
The win consolidated Djokovic's position as the No. 1-ranked player in the world, while Federer and Murray will be second and third when the ATP rankings are released Monday.
Their last two matches in Grand Slams – Murray's five-set win at last year's U.S. Open and Djokovic's victory here last year in five in the semifinals – had a total of 35 service breaks.
It was a vastly different, more tactical battle on Sunday, with the first two tight sets decided in tiebreakers.
Murray, who called for a trainer to retape blisters on his right foot at the end of the second set, was visibly annoyed by noise from the crowd during his service games in the third set, stopping his service motion twice until the crowd quieted down. After dropping the third set, he complained about the noise to chair umpire John Blom.
Djokovic also appeared frustrated at times, kicking the ball football-style back over the net after he hit a forehand long during a lengthy point, and muttering to himself while sitting down in his chair during changeovers. But both players were guilty of making unforced errors, often ending long rallies with shots into the net or long.
Murray's fans came dressed for the occasion, with some wearing "Braveheart"-style wigs, Scottish flags painted on their faces and tartan caps. One group of men wore white T-shirts with black letters that spelled out A-N-D-Y; they serenaded Murray at the start of the first two sets.
There were a number of Serbian shirts, caps and flags in the stadium, as well as fans calling "Ajde!" or "Come on!" in Serbian to support Djokovic. Retired NBA basketball star Vlade Divac was sitting in Djokovic's box.
Djokovic looked agitated after failing to convert the break points in the first set, frequently looking up to his box and yelling at the members of his team and himself.
Although Djokovic went into the match with a 10-7 lead in head-to-heads, Murray had beaten Djokovic five out of eight times in tiebreakers, and that improved to six of nine after four unforced errors by Djokovic to end the first set.
Djokovic pegged back that edge in the second set, when Murray also didn't help his cause by double-faulting to give Djokovic a 3-2 lead, and the Serbian player didn't trail again in the tiebreaker. He leveled the match after nearly 2 hours, 15 minutes.
Andre Agassi was among those in the capacity crowd at Rod Laver Arena – the four-time Australian champion's first trip Down Under in nearly 10 years – and he later presented the trophy to Djokovic.
Victoria Azarenka, who won Saturday's women's singles final over Li Na, was in the crowd with her boyfriend rapper Redfoo. Actor Kevin Spacey, who met in the dressing room with both players ahead of the match and later tweeted a photo of himself with them, also was in attendance for the third straight night.
In the earlier mixed doubles final Sunday, wild-card entrants Jarmila Gajdosova and Matthew Ebden of Australia beat the Czech pair of Lucie Hradecka and Frantisek Cermak 6-3, 7-5.


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There will be a meet-up session with Chau Deming, a graduate student from Cornell University. He would like to share his experiences in research in the biomedical sciences with students who hold the same interests.
Chau Deming was a former student at INTI College and transferred to the University of Wisconsin, Madison before he started pursuing his PhD in biomedical science in Cornell University, Ithaca in 2004.
He has researched on cancer research utilizing biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, and immunology technique and specifically, the elucidation of the function of gamma-secretase in cancer development.
He has worked in three different labs during college, first in the immunology department, followed by the food science department, and finally in the pharmaceutical science department.
The details of the event are as follows:
Venue: Starbucks outlet at SS15 Subang Jaya (opposite Taylor's College)Admission is free. For more information, visit Descartes website ;).
Date: 9th November (Friday)
Time: 2-4pm


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Mookaite 13x18mm Rectangle Beads
In stock
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Rich, tones of mahogany red, wine and dusky pink with occasional beige/brown/yellow markings. Sold as temporary strung 40cm (approx) strands.
Named for where it was first found - Mooka Creek on the west side of the Kennedy Range in Western Australia. Held by Australian Aboriginals to be a powerful healing stone that bestowed strength. Sometimes incorrectly spelt as mookite, moukaite and moakite. Said to be a physically stabilizing stone, helping to balance the internal and external. A very positive stone. Rich, earthy tones of mustard yellow, mahogany red, beige and brown strongly combined. Sold as temporary strung 40cm (approx) strands.
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Show Summary
Adam opens the show complaining about his most recent appearance on Bill O'Reilly and the misinformation in the media. He also talks about a memorable hike with his son and his dog, and the guys play a round of Blah Blah Blog. Chris D'Elia enters the studio next, and Adam talks to him about whether or not 'Whitney' is coming back for another season. They also discuss sitcom mishaps, and Chris talks about the new pilot he just wrapped. Later, Alison starts up the news discussing the latest updates in catching the Boston Marathon bomber. They also talk about Reese Witherspoon's recent run in with the police, and Adam's experiences interviewing Elliot Gould. As the show wraps up, the gang chats about the death of Divinyls' lead singer Christina Amphlett.Links
For more info, visit http://ChrisDElia.com, or follow him on Twitter @ChrisDEliaSuperfan Sidebar
Click Here for Superfan Giovanni's recap and commentary on today's episode. For more, go to AdamCarolla.com/Gio.Show Credits
Producers: Mike August, Mike Lynch, and Mike Dawson
Co-Producers: Gary Smith, Chris Laxamana, Matt Fondiler and Jeff Fox
Newsgirl: Alison Rosen
Sound Effects: Bryan Bishop


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Comoros Owls Tyto Alba Birds Mini Sov. Sheet MNH
Owls are birds from the order Strigiformes, which includes about 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers adapted for silent flight. Exceptions include the diurnal northern hawk-owl and the gregarious burrowing owl.
Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except Antarctica and some remote islands.
Owls are divided into two families: the true (or typical) owl family, Strigidae, and the barn-owl family, Tytonidae.
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Discover Membership
Our Signature Clubs offer a fortunate few the opportunity to experience the best of Vail and Beaver Creek through personalized services, exclusive amenities and unsurpassed locations. Each club has its own incomparable style and provides a place to gather, dine with friends and relish in the day's conquests on the slopes or on the golf course. Whether you live to ski or golf or enjoy fine dining with friends, you'll find the club that makes the perfect place to further your passion.


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When I discovered that I was being victimized by judicial corruption, I decided to fight.
I am not an attorney, and I am not giving legal advice.
This is the first in a series of articles that detail the things that I have done in fighting judicial corruption.
Most of this applies to fighting any form of government corruption….
Go in with Your Eyes Open
I went into this process expecting to win because mine is an easily-proven case of judicial misconduct and corruption. I have found that you can't win with the system because the judges are corrupt and protect each other. Your best hope is a grand jury, but I believe taking every available shot is the best way to go.
If I had it to do over again, I wouldn't have done much any different. When I realized how pervasive the corruption was, I set out to document as much wrongdoing as possible. This is very important in the fight against corruption because we need to build a tsunami of evidence of wrongdoing.
As you make decisions about what you will and won't do in battling corruption, please realize that you will probably lose in court. You won't lose because you have a bad case or because you won't do an adequate job of presenting your case. You will lose because the system is corrupt.
How to Fight Judicial Corruption and Government Corruption — A Step-by-Step Procedure
Part 1 in this series is "Go in with Your Eyes Open."
Part 2 in this series is "Fire Your Attorney."
Part 3 in this series is "Establish a Support Network."Always abide by the Rules
Part 4 in this series is "Know How Judges Commit Crimes."
Part 5 in this series is "Document Everything — Take Notes — Put it in Writing."
Part 6 in this series is "Always abide by the Rules."
Part 7 in this series is "Prepare Everything Very Carefully."
Part 8 in this series is "Get Your Facts and Evidence Together."
Part 9 in this series is "Get Help from Others."
Part 10 in this series is "Take Advantage of Every Opportunity to Generate Proof of Corruption."
Part 11 in this series is "File Motions for Conferences and Hearings"
Part 12 in this series is "Always have Witnesses at Hearings"
Part 13 in this series is "Check the Orders in Your Case"
Part 14 in this series is "Put your Proof on a Website"
Part 15 in this series is "Appeal Early and Often"
Part 16 in this series is "File Criminal Charges with the District Attorney and U.S. Attorney"
Part 17 in this series is "File Motions for Recusal"
William M. Windsor
I, William M. Windsor, am not an attorney. This website expresses my OPINIONS. The comments of visitors or guest authors to the website are their opinions and do not therefore reflect my opinions. Anyone mentioned by name in any article is welcome to file a response. This website does not provide legal advice. I do not give legal advice. I do not practice law. This website is to expose government corruption, law enforcement corruption, political corruption, and judicial corruption. Whatever this website says about the law is presented in the context of how I or others perceive the applicability of the law to a set of circumstances if I (or some other author) was in the circumstances under the conditions discussed. Despite my concerns about lawyers in general, I suggest that anyone with legal questions consult an attorney for an answer, particularly after reading anything on this website. The law is a gray area at best. Please read our Legal Notice and Terms.
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Prepare for a career as a residential interior designer by learning the basics of good design, getting familiar with design styles and movements, exploring the materials that interior designers use, and putting your knowledge to work as you create your own design concept for a family room.
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Elevate your design aspirations and transform spaces with our Certified Residential Interior Designer course. Ideal for aspiring and experienced designers, this interior design class empowers you to expand your knowledge, advance your career prospects, and enhance your industry standing. If you love interior decorating, and want to make those dreams a reality, take the first step towards a fulfilling and thriving residential interior design career.
This comprehensive interior design certification course will give you invaluable insights and foundational principles for building a successful design business. You will learn to cultivate your client base and hone your craft by engaging with our enriching, practical coursework intended to help you fine-tune your skills. In this interior designer course, you will develop the start of a compelling portfolio presentation that you can use to earn new business and captivate potential clients by showcasing your unique design concepts.
The Residential Interior Designer Education (R.I.D.E.) exam is the final exam in the course and is included with your enrollment. Achieving the R.I.D.E. certificate of completion credential, endorsed by the Designer Society of America (DSA), strengthens your professional image and highlights your excellence to future clientele. As a R.I.D.E. graduate, you will receive a complimentary one-year DSA membership. This membership not only provides you with the opportunity to connect with fellow interior designers but also nurtures your ongoing professional development within the field.
Before enrolling in this course, please ensure that this certification meets the requirements of your state. For more information, we encourage you to visit your state board's website.
What you will learn
How you will benefit
Hardware Requirements:
Software Requirements:
Instructional Material Requirements:
The instructional materials required for this course are included in enrollment. The following textbooks will be shipped to you approximately 7-10 business days after enrollment:
You do not need any interior design experience to participate in this course. You should, however, have a strong interest in interior design and a desire to learn.
Our highly knowledgeable Enrollment Specialists will answer any questions you might have about the course and payment options.
Natasha Lima-Younts
Natasha Lima Younts has worked in interior design for more than 20 years and is one of the founders of the Designer Society of America (DSA). She is devoted to increasing opportunities for residential interior designers through purposeful education, believing that creative individuals should enter the field with a solid understanding and professional knowledge.
Previously, Natasha designed couture clothing under her own signature and created themed parties for high-profile clients. The latter evolved into her clients requesting her talents as a designer for their homes. This led her to establishing Gables Interiors, where she managed multi-million-dollar interior design project budgets for luxury homes valued up to 30 million dollars as principal designer and owner. She also developed interior design "Discover Your Style" seminars for design shows to help the public with DIY projects.
Natasha has also designed green rooms for the Latin Billboard Awards and has been selected to design for the "Designer for the Stars" seven times. She has published several articles about her home designs in magazines and newspapers, including Lincoln Road, Florida Architecture, Florida Design, Veranda, Elle, Southwest Georgia Living, and Miami Herald. She has also featured luxury homes on "The View."
Natasha balances her time between her own interior design work, educational programs for residential interior designers and her roles at DSA.
What is the average salary of an interior designer?
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary of interior designers is $61,590. This can vary based on location, years of experience, and whether you decide to work for a firm or go into business for yourself.
Top-paying states for interior designers include Washington DC, Massachusetts, California, Rhode Island, and South Dakota.
What is an interior designer? What does an interior designer do?
As a residential interior designer, you have a wide range of responsibilities. Your main task is to turn a house into a warm and inviting home by designing practical and aesthetically pleasing spaces that your clients will adore. You'll be involved in reading and creating diagrams, selecting colors, lighting, and materials, as well as making sure that your design meets building inspection codes. You must be able to read blueprints and have knowledge of universal accessibility standards and building regulations.
Will this course prepare me for a certification?
Yes, you will complete the Residential Interior Designer Education (R.I.D.E.) exam as the final exam in the course. The R.I.D.E. credential provided by the Designer Society of America (DSA) will increase your status with potential clients and make you a stronger candidate in the industry. Once you achieve this certification, you will receive a free one-year DSA membership, a $295 value for designers.
How will I submit my final project?
Your project is to complete the floor plan and design concept for a family room. You do not need to execute your concept in a real interior. When you're ready to complete the course, you will follow the detailed instructions for completing your family room project presentation board. You will submit a written portion as well as several photos of your presentation board to your instructor. You may need to purchase some inexpensive supplies (foam core and mat boards, a cutting tool, and mounting materials such as foam tape or Velcro) to put your board together. You will not need to send the presentation board itself to your instructor—this will be yours to keep.
What does my free one-year membership in the Designer Society of America entitle me to?
Membership in the Designer Society of America (DSA) has many benefits, including:
How do you become a residential interior designer?
The first step to becoming a residential interior designer is to complete an introductory course that will help you understand the profession and best practices of design. You don't necessarily need to find an interior design school near you—our online certificate course can provide all the instruction you need. You will even gain the knowledge needed to sit for professional certification as well as the ability to create professional-level design boards for clients.
Why do I need formal training to be an interior designer?
Interior designers go through a multi-step process to create innovative designs. Enrolling in an online interior design course, like the one we offer, can provide you with formal education that covers the basics of excellent design, such as materials, colors, textures, lighting, and accents. Additionally, you can hone your design skills to create a portfolio that showcases your abilities to potential clients. The course also offers valuable information about running your own design business and how to grow your client base. By completing the course, you'll be prepared to become a Certified Residential Interior Designer, which will establish you as a respected professional in the industry.
What are the skills of a good residential interior designer?
As an interior designer, effective communication is paramount. You will engage with various stakeholders daily, including clients, contractors, manufacturers, and workers. It is essential to listen attentively to your client's needs and translate them into visually appealing spaces in their homes. Strong attention to detail and a creative flair are also crucial skills. Additionally, excellent planning and time management abilities are necessary to excel in this field.
Are residential interior designers in demand?
The employment of interior designers is projected to remain consistent from 2020 to 2030, offering, on average, 7,800 openings (projected annually over the decade). Give yourself an edge in the industry by understanding how to design environmentally friendly and accessible spaces.
What kind of hours do interior designers work?
Interior designers may work a typical 9-5 workday, but they also may be required to work nights and weekends, especially in the case of residential projects when you may have to be available when homeowners are not working. Working for a design firm will ensure you a more regular working schedule in an office environment, while working for yourself may mean more freedom but also odd hours and sporadic work as you get your business off the ground.
Where do residential interior designers work?
As a residential interior designer, you may work for an interior design firm or be self-employed. Ultimately, you will work for your clients and do everything possible to ensure their happiness with your finished product. You will most likely work some hours from your home or office and many more hours in the homes of clients, ensuring that your project is completed as seamlessly as possible.
When can I start the course?
This course is open enrollment, so you can register and start the course as soon as you are ready. Access to your course can take 24-48 business hours.
How long does it take to complete this course?
This course is self-paced and open enrollment, so you can start when you want and finish at your own pace. When you register, you'll receive six (6) months to complete the course.
What if I don't have enough time to complete my course within the time frame provided?
The time allotted for course completion has been calculated based on the number of course hours. However, if you are unable to complete the course, contact the student advising team to see what options you may have available to work out a suitable completion date. Please note that an extension fee may be charged.
What kind of support will I receive?
The course instructor will be available by email to answer any questions and provide feedback on your performance. You will also receive support from the student advising team.
What happens when I complete the course?
Upon successful completion of the course, you will be awarded a Certificate of Completion. You will also be prepared to sit for the Residential Interior Design Education (R.I.D.E.) exam, developed and endorsed by the Designer Society of America (DSA). The R.I.D.E. exam is the final exam in the course and is included with your enrollment.
Am I guaranteed a job?
This course will provide you with the skills you need to obtain an entry-level position in most cases. Potential students should always do research on the job market in their area before registering.
Can I get financial assistance?
This course is non-credit, so it does not qualify for federal aid, FAFSA or Pell Grant. In some states, vocational rehab or workforce development boards will pay for qualified students to take our courses. Additionally, some students may qualify for financial assistance when they enroll, if they meet certain requirements. Financing is available from select schools. Learn more about financial assistance.
How can I get more information about this course?
If you have questions that are not answered on our website, representatives are available via LIVE chat. You can also call us at 1-877-221-5151 during regular business hours to have your questions promptly answered. If you are visiting us during non-business hours, please send us a question using the "Contact Us" form.
"I simply cannot express my appreciation of the comprehensiveness of the materials; additionally, the instructor's eloquence in translating these concepts is remarkable. It has been an absolute delight absorbing the materials and diving deeper into concepts I often brushed aside." - Tri-County Technical College – Anderson
"Passing the RIDE course has meant the world to me! The subjects covered are inspiring and challenging and have given me enough tools to realize what a Residential Interior Designer can do and how to start my own business. Natasha, our instructor, was an inspiration to my designer path." - University of North Florida
"I wanted to thank you very much for what has been quite a journey into the craft of interior design. I have truly loved the course, it has been informative and so detailed." - Dean College
"I appreciate everything shared and the knowledge the instructor bestowed through this excellent course! You've helped me broaden my perspective because... now, I realize I can dream and do even more creative things to help others achieve their own sanctuary." - Monroe County Community College
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For the lucky people who discover early on what they want to do for a living, picking a career can be as easy as following interests. But sometimes, knowing your primary interest isn't enough to form a decision on a career since you don't know what in the world you could do in the field that would actually make you money. I mean, come on. I could love collecting quarter-machine stickers, but unless at least one of them become a collector's item, what exactly am I going to do career-wise with that interest?
You might have a similar struggle with sewing since it's often treated as a hobby or a practical exercise, but as hesitant as you might be to try your hand at it for a living, you can absolutely earn money working in the sewing world. In fact, Sewing Machines Plus is currently hiring salespeople. Just sayin'.
If you're looking for something a little different than a salesperson though, here are six career options that you can explore to make cash with your interest in sewing.
1. Be a seamstress. This might be the most obvious choice, so let's go ahead and cover it! As a seamstress, you'll have the opportunity to be the community go-to for sewing repairs, which works out well since certain people aren't interested in making those repairs themselves! You can use your interest to earn money while helping out people with their clothing needs. Sound good?
2. Make clothes. On the same train of thought, you can make clothes to sell for people who don't have the interest or skill to make these projects themselves. If you can construct something fancy, like a prom dress, you might find that you can make real money for weddings and dances by allowing people to have more input in their clothes designs than they can get by shopping retail. It might take time to prepare yourself for these kinds of tasks, but talk about the creativity involved with this one!
3. Write. If you have interests in sewing and writing, this is a good fit! You might not find that perfect writing opportunity as soon as you start looking for it, but trust me when I say that a consistent effort in looking for freelance writing jobs can lead to some possibilities that are in line with non-writing interests. Fitness, education, and traveling are varied topics that you could find freelance offers for, and they'll hopefully give you an idea of how assorted freelance subjects can be. It's reasonable then to believe that someday a sewing-related possibility could come your way if you keep searching for it! You might even end up with a career writing regularly for a famous magazine that deals with sewing.
4. Own a shop. There's variety in this option because your shop could be for a number of things. Maybe it's exclusively to sell the clothes you make, or it might be a collection of community sewing projects all sold under one roof. Maybe you're only interested in selling quilts, or baby supplies, or handmade home décor… Whatever your niche and however far your reach for merchandise, if you have the knack for running a business, this might be the career for you!
5. Teach. If you search online *right now,* you could find job listings for tutors or teachers in the field of sewing. This makes sense since sewing beginners might breathe a little easier with someone there to guide them in their early projects and learning experiences. You might not even have to look online to get a chance at this type of job if you happen to know someone who wants to learn to sew. Then maybe one student leads to another, and perhaps one day you can have a full class of people waiting to learn about sewing. As a side note, if you're technologically inclined, you might think of filming classes, making them look professional, and selling them as DVD's through vendors. It might take a while for this to really take off, but that doesn't mean it can't happen!
6. Make Patterns. It's entirely possible that you adore sewing, but you're not overly interested in teaching the practice. Maybe your appreciation of the sewing process is primarily in the most technical aspects—like building patterns. If so, be aware that a pattern maker is a job possibility! You could land a job as a pattern maker for a designer or company to put ideas to paper, but honestly, what's to stop you from creating your own designs, mapping out the patterns, presenting them in a professional manner, and selling them? In fact, this would be an interesting detail to add to that shop that was mentioned earlier! Either way, it's possible to make money by making patterns!
And there you have it—six ways you could earn money by putting your love of sewing into a career choice. Some of these might be easier to attain, like a seamstress, but even the more obscure options can be done part-time to boost your income. Basically, you can make a living on your sewing!