text:
Messenger No. 55 (March 1989)
The Southern Crab.
ADS BibCode:
Schwarz, H.
The objeet under serutiny in this artieie - a suspeeted symbiotie star with the prosaie name of He2-104 - looks far more like a erab than the Grab nebula. A quiek look at Figure 1 will eonvinee you that the name Southern Grab is most suitable and fully deserved! Our seareh for sueh objeets was started by seleetion of speeial eases in the adapted emission line ratio diagram used by Sehwarz (1988). Four possible pratoplanetary nebulae were found of whieh He2-104 is by far the most speetaeular example.
Allen, D.A.; Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 204, 113
Allen, D.A.: Proc. Astr. Soc. Austr. 5, 369
Morris, M.: Publ. Astr. Soc. Pac. 99, 1115
Schwarz, H.E.; in IAU Coll. 103, 123 (1988).
Whitelock, P.A.: in IAU Coll. 103, 47 (1988).
Key Programmes on La Silla: First Allocations
ADS BibCode:
van der Laan, H.
AA(Director General, ESO)
With the Observing Programmes Committee's recommendations in hand, early December last year, all information was available to allocate and plan the observations for Period 43 (normal programmes) and Periods 43 and 44 (Key Programmes). The scenario of preparations and decisions has precisely followed the intentions outlined in my original article in the Messenger of March 1988 (No. 51). Here the community is briefly informed about the procedures, the proposals and the allocations. Investigators of Key Programme Proposals successful in this first round will themselves describe their research plans in brief Messenger articles, starting with three such contributions in this issue and to be continued. Later in this article there is an overview of Key Programme time committed and time expected to be available for subsequent rounds, with the 15th of October 1989 as the next deadline.
A redshift survey of galaxies with z ⪉ 0.6 using multi-object spectroscopy. Profile of key programme.
ADS BibCode:
de Lapparent, V.; Mazure, A.; Mathez, G.; Mellier, Y.
AA(Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, France) AB(Laboratoire d'Astronomie de Montpellier, France) AC(Observatoire de Toulouse, France) AD(Observatoire de Toulouse, France)
Through the steady acquisition of redshifts of galaxies, our understanding of the large-scale galaxy distribution has evolved drastically during the past decade. Most recently, the Centre for Astrophysics (CfA) redshift survey (B =5 15.5) has suggested a new picture of the galaxy distribution: galaxies appear to be distributed on thin shells surrounding vast regions with diameters between 20 and 50 h-1 Mpc (Ho = 100 h km S-1 Mpc-1) devoid of bright galaxies (de Lapparent, Geiler, and Huchra 1986). This new interpretation of the galaxy distribution is consistent with the detection of a 60 h-1 Mpc void in Boötes (Kirshner et al. 1981) and with the alternation of peaks and - 100 h-1 Mpc wide valleys in deep pencil-beam probes (Koo, Kron, and Szalay 1987). Shell-like structures are also detected in redshift surveys of HI galaxies (Haynes and Giovanelli 1986).
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Towards a physical classification of early-type galaxies. Profile of a key programme.
ADS BibCode:
Bender, R.; Capaccioli, M.; Macchetto, F.; Nieto, J.-L.
AA(Landessternwarte, Heidelberg, F. R. Germany) AB(Osservatorio Astronomico, Padova, Italy) AC(Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA) AD(Observatoire de Toulouse, France)
Hubble was the first who succeeded in classifying galaxies within a scheme of some physical meaning. Although it soon became clear that Hubble's tuning fork does not represent an evolutionary sequence, this essential diagram has proven to be a powerful tool especially for the understanding of late-type galaxies. On the other hand, the "early-type" sequence of elliptical (E) and SO galaxies is less satisfying, because it does not seem to reflect a unique sequence of physical properties. The SO class, although conceived to bridge the gap between disk- and disk-Iess galaxies, has often been abused to host ellipticals exhibiting peculiarities incompatible with their definition as structureless objects. For the elliptical galaxies themselves, "ellipticity" has been found to be essentially meaningless with regard to their angular momentum properties, and shows Iittle, if any, correlation with other global parameters. This fact became apparent after the first stellar kinematical measurements of luminous ellipticals (Bertola and Capaccioli 1975, IIlingworth 1977); E galaxies are not necessarily f1attened by rotation and may have anisotropie velocity dispersions (Binney 1978).
Barnes, J., Efstathiou, G.: 1987, Astrophys. J.
Bender, R.: 1987, Ph. O. thesis, University of
Bender, R, Möllenhoff, C.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys.
Bender, R.: 1988a, Astron. Astrophys. Letters
Bender, R: 1988b, Astron. Astrophys. Letters
Bender, R, Oöbereiner, S., Möllenhoff, C.:
1988, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Series 74,
Bender, R., Surma, P., Oöbereiner, S.,
Möllenhoff, C., Madejski, R: 1989, Astron.
Astrophys. in press.
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S. M., Stone, R P. S., Lynden-Bell, 0.,
Wegner, G.: 1987, Astrophys. J. Suppl.
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Structure and Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies,
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Astron. J. 94, 1519.
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Astrophysics and on the Origin and Structure
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G., Schechter, P.: 1983, Astrophys.
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Bell, 0., Terlevich, RJ., Wegner, G.:
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in press.
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Reunion de Astronomia Extragalactica,
Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba,
in press.
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Profiles of a Key Programme: Gravitational Lensing
ADS BibCode:
Surdej, J.; Arnaud, J.; Borgeest, U.; Djorgovski, S.; Fleischmann, F.; Hammer, F.; Hutsemekers, D.; Kayser, R.; Le Fevre, O.; Nottale, L.; Magain, P.; Meylan, G.; Refsdal, S.; Remy, M.; Shaver, P.; Smette, A.; Swings, J. P.; Vanderriest, C.; van Drom, E.; Véron-Cetty, M.; Véron, P.; Weigelt, G.
AA(Institute ofAstrophysics, University of Liege, Belgium) AB(Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation, Hawaii) AC(Hamburg Observatory, F. R. Germany) AD(Astronomy Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,USA) AE(Physics Institute of the Erlangen-Nürnberg University, F. R. Germany) AF(Meudon Observatory, France) AG(European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile) AH(CITA, University of Toronto, Canada) AI(Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation, Hawaii) AJ(Meudon Observatory, France) AK(Institute ofAstrophysics, University ofLiege, Belgium) AL(ESO, Garching, F. R. Germany) AM(Hamburg Observatory, F. R. Germany) AN(European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile) AO(ESO, Garching, F. R.Germany) AP(ESO, Garching, F. R.Germany) AQ(Institute ofAstrophysics, University ofLiege, Belgium) AR(Meudon Observatory, France) AS(European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile) AT(Haute-Provence Observatory, France) AU(Haute-Provence Observatory, France) AV(Physics Institute of the Erlangen-Nürnberg University, F. R. Germany)
Prior to Professor van der Laan's enquiry, in the March 1988 issue of the Messenger, on the general interest among astronomers from the European community to possibly participate in Key Programmes (KPs) at the European 80uthern Observatory, at least three distinct groups (including more than half of the above authors) were already involved in the study of "gravitational lensing" effects (see box on pages 10-11). Observations were being performed with the help of various telescopes on La 8illa as weil as at other observatories (VLA, CFHT, Palomar, Kitt Peak, etc.).
BorgeeSl, U.: 1986, Ap. J. 309, 467.
BorgeeSl, U., Refsdal, S.: 1984, A & A 141, 318.
Chang, K., Refsdal, S.: 1979, Nature 282, 561.
Chang, K., Refsdal, S.: 1984, A & A 132,168.
Fugmann, W.: 1988, A & A 204,73.
Gorenslein, M. V., Falco, E. E., Shapiro, 1.1.: 1988,
Ap. J. 327, 693.
Grieger, B.. Kayser, R., Refsdal, S.: 1986, Nature
Grieger, B., Kayser, R.. Refsdal, S.: 1988, A & A
Hammer, F., Notlale, L.: 1986a. A & A 155, 420.
Hammer, F.. Notlal , L.: 1986b, A & A 167, 1.
Hammer, F., Le Fevre, 0., Jon s, J., Rigaut, F.,
Soucail, G.: 1989, A & A 208, L7.
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Symposium no. 124, ed. by Hewill et al., Reidel,
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Le Fevre, 0., Hammer, F.: 1989, in preparation.
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The New Research Student Programme of the European Sothern Observatory
ADS BibCode:
van der Laan, H.
AA(Director General, ESO)
For many years ESO has appointed young astronomers as Fellows to work one to two years at Headquarters or on La Silla. The HO Fellows spend the greater part of their eftorts on personal research, the Fellows on La Silla split their time roughly 50/50 between their research and support astronomy duties. The ESO Fellowship programme has successfully contributed to the development of young scientists from member states into mature research astronomers. It has also promoted the interaction among investigators from many piaces and traditions, interactions that continue long after the collaborators have left their ESO posts. This postdoctoral Fellowship programme continues undiminished.
The Users Committee (UC)
ADS BibCode:
Marano, B.
AA(UC Chairman, Osservatorio Astronomico, Bologna, Italy)
The Users Committee meets as a rule once a year, in May. Besides the national representatives, the meeting is attended by the Director General and by the Heads of La Silla, of the Image Processlng and Measuring Machines and of the Visiting Astronomers Office. Other members of the ESO staff may attend, especlally If they are directly involved in some item in the agenda.
ESO's early history, 1953 - 1975. II. Searching for a site in South Africa.
ADS BibCode:
Blaauw, A.
AA(Kapteyn Laboratory, Groningen, the Netherlands)
Over a time span of more than seven years, with several interruptions from late 1955 to the middle of 1963, young European astronomers and their assistants have been engaged in the search for a site in South Africa. By the end of that time, it became clear that the observatory would not be built on this continent; the South American Andes Mountains offered superior observing conditions.
Abbreviations used:
EHA = ESO Historical Archives (see the description
in the previous issue of the
FHA = Files belonging to the Office of the
Head of Administration at ESO Headquarters.
EC = ESO Committee (the committee that
preceded the Council); for a list of the meetings
of the EC, see the previous article.
Heckmann Sterne = O. Heckmann, Sterne,
Kosmos, Weltmodelle, Verlag Piper & Co.,
München, Zürich, 1976.
[1] See the report on the site selection by
W. H. Stevenson and H. Knox-Shaw in
Monthly Notices R.A. S., Vol. 95, p. 447,
[2] In EHA-I.A.1.3. A paper presented at the
F/agstaff Conference on Photo-electric
Problems, Techniques, and Instrumentation,
Aug.-Sept. 1952.
[3] In EHA-I.A. 1.3.
[4] H. Siedentopf: Climate of the Union of
South Africa, Astron. Inst. of the Univ. of
Tübingen, 1955, in EHA-1. A. 1.3.
[5] Memo of this meeting in EHA-1. A. 1.3.
[6] A. Danjon and A. Couder, Lunettes et
Telescopes, Paris 1935, Chapitre V. See
also Comptes Rendus No. 183, 1032,
1926 for the calibrations.
[7] EHA-1. A. 1.3. A long report by Elsässer
to Heckmann, Siedentopf and Unsöld
accompanies this letter.
[8] See I. A. 1.5. and I. B. 3.
[9] See I.C.2.3.a.
[10] EHA-I.C.2.3.d.
[11] Comm. Obs. de Belgique (Ucc/e),
No. 141,1958.
[12] See minutes of a discussion on 25 July
1958 following the 8th EC Meeting in
[13] See minutes EC Meeting of July 1958,
item 13 in EHA-I.A. 1.7.
[14] See letter of J. H. Oort to the EC of Oct.
21,1958 in EHA-I.C.2.3.
[15] This report in EHA-1. B. 11. and
[16] See the minutes of this (12th) meeting of
the EC. The report by Muller seems to
be missing from the EHA.
[17] In EHA-I.C.2.5.d.
[18] The report is contained in the minutes of
the meeting.
[19] In EHA-I.C.2.2.a.
[20] In EHA-1. B. 11.
[21] See map EHA-f.A.1.16.
[22] EHA-I.C.2.7.b., H. Siedentopf and F.
Unz, Temperature Fluctuations in the Atmospheric
Ground Layer observed at
Zeekoegat and Flathill (South Africa),
March 1964.
[23] F. Unz, Mitteilungen Tübingen No. 116 =
Meteorol. Rundschau 23, p. 87, 1970.
[24] J. Dachs, U. Haug and J. Pfleiderer, Mitt.
Tübingen No. 87 = J. Atm. Terr. Phys.
28, p. 637, 1966.
[25] J. Pfleiderer, J. Dachs and U. Haug, Mitt.
Tübingen No. 88 = Zeitsehr. für Astroph.
64, p. 116, 1966.
[26] In EHA-I.C.2.7.b.
[27] See letter van Geelen to B/aauw of 11
November 1960 in EHA-I.C.2.8.d.
Tentative Time-table of Council Sessions and Committee Meetings in 1989
The Benevolent Environment
ADS BibCode:
In the description of ESO's earliest history we encountered first of all the astronomers and their immediate collaborators. But their work would not have been possible without strong administrative support in Europe and the logistic services and hospitality of South African institutes.
Visiting Astronomers (April1-0ctober 1, 1989)
Wind turbulence in the dome of the 3.6-m telescope.
ADS BibCode:
Zago, L.; Rigaut, F.
It is a common experience that telescope tracking may be affected by strang winds, as in some cases the air flow and its associated turbulence penetrate the dome with an amplitude sufficient to perturbate the smooth operation of the telescope. Reports of this phenomenon are, however, only qualitative as no measured data were available (to the authors' knowledge) on quantities such as mean flow penetration, turbulence intensity and vortex scale in a dome with an open slit. Only some recent wind tunnel tests [1] have addressed this question, although the reIiability of the results may be somewhat questioned because of the scale similarity problems of wind tunnel simulations with raund buildings.
[1] Kiceniuk T. and Potter K., Internal Air Flow
Patterns for the Keck 1O-m Telescope Observatory
Dome, GALCIT Report 10'
IRC +10216: a peanut nebula!
ADS BibCode:
Le Bertre, T.; Magain, P.; Remy, M.
Carbon stars with low effective temperature (2,000-3,000 K) are thought to be long-period variables evolving on the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB). These objects are burning alternately hydrogen and helium in different shells around a degenerate core of carbon and oxygen [1]. Material processed during the helium burning phase is dredged-up by convection to the surface and enriches it in carbon relative to oxygen.
[1] Iben, I., Jr.: 1981, in Physical Processes
in Red Giants, I. Iben Jr. and A Renzini
(eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Company 3.
[2] Le Bertre, T.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys.
(3] Becklin, E. E., Frogel, J.A, Hyland, AR.,
Kristian, J., Neugebauer, G.: 1969, Astrophys.
(4] Dyck, H. M., Zuckerman, B., Howell, R R,
Beckwith, S.: Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 99,
[5] Le Bertre, T.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys.
176, 107.
(6] Skilling, J., Bryan, R. K.: 1984, Month.
Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 211, 111.
(7] Magain, P.: 1989, in preparation.
[8] Heydari-Malayeri, M.: 1988, The
Messenger 53, 23.
Guidelines for Authors of Articles for the ESO Messenger
ADS BibCode:
The Messenger is ESO's house-journal and serves as a link between ESO and the user community. It brings information about scientific and technical developments at ESO and also about administrative measures. At the same time it aims at providing interesting news about astronomy and astrophysics to a broader public, ineluding policy makers, science teachers, amateur astronomers, inside and outside the ESO member countries. At the present time, the Messenger is distributed free of charge to about 4,000 addresses (airmail to overseas destinations).
List of ESO Preprints (December 1988-February 1989)
ADS BibCode:
625. (1) C. N Tadhunter, RA E. Fosbury, S. di Serego Alighieri: Beamed lonizing Radiation in Radio Galaxies. (2) R Morganti et al.: What Are the Emission Line Filaments Along the Radio Axis of Centaurus A? Papers presented at the Como Workshop on BL Lac Objects: 10 Years After (September 1988).
A Distant View of La Silla
ADS BibCode:
Keel, W. C.
AA(University of Alabama, USA)
The domes and related structures on La Silla are prominent features of the Atacama landscape as seen for many kilometres, and would be for many more were it not for the intervening Andean foothills. Under proper conditions, they may be seen (with the unaided eye) for even greater distances. Possibly the most distant normally occupied vantage point (barring a SPOT image) is from the Inter-American Observatory on Gerro Tololo, about 103 km south-southwest of La Silla. For month-Iong periods twice a year (when the sun's declination is about -10°) the domes at ESO are prominent shortly before sunset, as shown in tlle photograph taken in midOctober of 1988. Five structures are prominent with another two visible on the original print. Part of La Silla is hidden behind a foreground mountain, identified in t11e Mapa Fisico de Chile as Gerro EI Pozo (east of Almirante Latorre); its presence accounts for the greater difficulty of locating Gerro Tololo from La Silla, even using binoculars.
Staff Movements
The Changing of Skyline of La Silla
ADS BibCode:
Madsen, C.
The Changing of Skyline of La Silla
Signposts of low mass star formation in molecular clouds.
ADS BibCode:
Reipurth, B.; Madsen, C.
Regions of massive star formation are easily recognizable because of the presence of bright, often very extended H11 regions. The more quiescent places where only low mass star formation takes place are not so immediately obvious to identify. Most of the low mass star forming regions known today were found in the 1950's, mainly through objective prism surveys for Ha emission stars done by Joy, Herbig, Haro and others. Their results are summarized and supplemented by later findings in a new catalogue by Herbig and Bell (1988), which Iists 742 mainly low mass pre-main-sequence stars. Another recent and rich source of low mass young stars is the IRAS catalogue. IRAS data towards clouds, however, often suffer from source confusion and, in particular, extraction problems because of background emission.
Bally, J., Langer, W.D., Stark, AA., Wilson,
R. W.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 312, L45.
Bührke, T., Mundt, R., Ray, T. P.: 1988, Astron.
Astrophys. 200, 99.
Cohen, M., Kuhi, L.V., Harlan, E.A: 1977,
Astrophys. J. 215, L 127.
Graham, J.A: 1986, Astrophys. J. 302, 352.
Herbig, G. H., Bell, K. R: 1988, Liek Observatory
Bulletin No. 1111.
Mundt, R: 1988, in Formation and Evolution
of Low Mass Stars, eds. A K. Dupree,
M.T.V.T. Lago, NATO ASI Series C vol.
241, p. 257.
Reipurth, B.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.
Reipurth, B., Bally, J.: 1986, Nature 320,336.
Reipurth, B., Bally, J., Graham, J.A, Lane,
A.P., Zealey, W.J.: 1986, As/ron. Astrophys.
Reipurth, B., Graham, J.A: 1988, Astron. Astrophys.
202, 219.
Scarrott, S. M., Wolstencroft, R 0.: 1988,
Monthly Notiees R. Astron. Soe. 231, 1019.
Schwartz, R.D., Henize, K. G.: 1983, Astrophys.
van den Bergh, S.: 1975, Publ. Astron. Soe.
Paeifie 87,405.
Observation of the 12CO (J = 1→0) line in NGC 613 with the SEST.
ADS BibCode:
Bajaja, E.; Hummel, E.
AA(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, F.R. Germany) AB(University of Manchester, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U. K.)
The availability of the Swedish-ESO SUbmillimeter Telescope (SEST) on La Silla opened the possibility of extending the radio observation of molecular lines to the very southern galaxies. In particular the observation of the CO lines in the nearest galaxies will permit not only to increase the sampling for statistical purposes but also to study in more detail the distribution and kinematical properties of the molecular clouds in relation to other components of the galaxies. The HPBW of the SEST, at the frequency of 115 GHz of the 12CO (J = 1 -> 0) line, is 43" which means that galaxies with diameters between 5.5 and 10 minutes of arc are weil suited for mapping since they do not require a prohibitive amount of time and the arms can be resolved if the inclination angle is adequate.
Bajaja, E.: 1978, Publ. Dept. Astron. Universidad
de Chile, 111, 55.
Booth, R.S., Oe Jonge, M.J., Shaver, P.A.:
1987, The Messenger48, 2.
Burbidge, E.M., Surbidge, G.R., Rubin, V.C.,
Prendergast, K. H.: 1964, Astrophys. J.
Elmegreen, D.M., Elmegreen, B.G.: 1982,
Astron. J. 87, 626.
Hummel, E., Jörsäter, S., Lindblad, P.O.,
Sandquist, A.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys.
Reif, K., Mebold, U., Goss, W.M., van Woerden,
H., Siegman, S.: 1982, Astron. Astrophys.
Suppl. Sero 50, 451.
Vaucouleurs, G. de, Vaucouleurs, A. de, Corwin,
H.C.: 1976, Second Reference Catalogue
of Bright Galaxies, The University of
Texas Press, Austin.
High resolution Hα spectroscopy of Nova Centauri 1986. Tracing a transient in the spectral evolution.
ADS BibCode:
Bandiera, R.; Focardi, P.
AA(Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italia) AB(Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, Italia)
We present here some preliminary results and considerations regarding high resolution spectroscopy of Nova Centauri 1986. This object was discovered on November 22.7 UT as a 5.6 V magnitude star (1), and observed by us in Ha two months later, when it was of about 10 magnitude. A considerable change in the Ha line profile, basically consisting in the disappearance of the original f1attop profile substituted by a more regular multicomponent profile, is clearly visible in our set of spectra, obtained monitoring the nova for nearly a week. A fitting of the line profile by means of three gaussian components shows a narrowing of the components and a rapid fading of one of them as a function of time. This behaviour can be interpreted in terms of blobs which have been formed in a non-spherical explosion and that were evaporating at the time of the observations.
(1) McNaught, RH. 1986, IAU Gire. N. 4274.
(2) Dekker, H., Delabre, B., D'Odorico, S.,
Lindgren, H., Maaswinkel, F., and Reiss,
R 1986, The Messenger43, 27.
(3) Gratton, RG., Focardi, P., and Bandiera,
R. 1989, M.N.RAS., submitted.
(4) Bandiera, R, Focardi, P., Altamore, A.,
Rossi, C. and Stahl, O. 1988 Physies of
Luminous Blue Variables, IAU Coll.
No. 113, in press.
(5) Mustel, E. R, and Boyarchuk, A.A. 1970,
Ap.Sp.Sei.6, 183.
(6) Hutchings, J.B. 1972, M.N.R.A.S. 158,
(7) McNaught, RH., Campos, J. 1987, lAU
eire. N. 4298.
(8) McNaught, RH., 1987, IAU Gire. N. 4315.
The European working group on chemically peculiar stars of the upper main sequence. The first 10 years.
ADS BibCode:
Mathys, G.; Maitzen, H. M.; North, P.; Hensberge, H.; Weiss, W. W.; Ansari, S.; Catalano, F. A.; Didelon, P.; Faraggiana, R.; Fuhrmann, K.; Gerbaldi, M.; Renson, P.; Schneider, H.
AA(Geneve) AB(Vienna) AC(Lausanne) AD(Brussels) AE(Vienna) AF(Vienna) AG(Catania) AH(Strasbourg) AI(Trieste) AJ(Göttingen) AK(Paris) AL(Liege) AM(Göttingen)
A fraction of the Band A type stars have chemical peculiarities (CP). 4 subgroups are recognized: CP 1 or Am, CP2 or magnetic Ap (with enhanced Sr, Cr, Eu, Si lines), CP3 (ar non-magnetic Ap, with Hg Mn enhanced) and CP4 (B type stars with He peculiarities, a fraction of them appear to be a hot extension of CP 2).
Abt, H.A.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 230, 485.
Baade, D., Weiss, W. W.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys.
Suppl. 67, 147.
Bidelman, W.P., MacConnell, D.J.: 1973, Astron.
Catalano, F.A., Renson, P.: 1984, Astron.
Astrophys. Suppl. Sero 55, 371.
Catalano, F.A., Renson, P.: 1988, Astron.
Astrophys. Suppl. Sero 72, 1.
Didelon, P.: 1987, The Messenger49, 5.
Gerbaldi, M., Faraggiana, R.: 1986, Astron.
Maitzen, H. M.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 51,
Maitzen, H.M.: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 96,
Maitzen, H. M., Schneider, H., Weiss, W. W.:
1988, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Sero 75,
Maitzen, H. M., Vogt, N.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys.
123, 48.
Manfroid, J., Mathys, G.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys.
Suppl. Sero 59, 429.
Manfroid, J., Mathys, G.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys.
Suppl. Sero 64, 9.
Mathys, G., Manfroid, J.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys.
Suppl. Sero 60, 17.
Mathys, G., Manfroid, J., Renson, P.: 1986,
Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Sero 63, 403.
North, P.: 1984, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.
Sero 55, 259.
North, P.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.
Sero 69, 371.
Robinson, R.D.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 239,
Schneider, H.: 1981 , Astron. Astrophys.
Suppl. Sero 44, 137.
Schneider, H.: 1986, "Upper Main Sequence
Stars with Anomalous Abundances", IAUColl.
No. 90, eds. C. R. Cowley et al. ,
Schneider, H.: 1987, Hvar Obs. Bull. 11,29.
Schneider, H., Weiss, W. W.: 1986, Mon. Not.
Roy. Astr. Soc. 215, 77.
Schneider, H., Weiss, W.W.: 1989, Astron.
Astrophys., in press.
Weiss, W. W., Kreidl, T. J.: 1980, Astron. Astrophys.
81, 59.
Weiss, W. W., Schneider, H.: 1984, Astron.
Astrophys. 135, 148.
Waelkens, Ch., Rufener, F.: 1985, Astron.
Astrophys. 152, 6.
AK Scorpii: a new pre-main-sequence spectroscopic binary.
ADS BibCode:
Andersen, J.; Lindgren, H.; Hazen, M. L.; Mayor, M.
AA(Copenhagen University Observatory, Denmark, AND Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass., USA) AB(ESO) AC(Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass., USA) AD(Observatoire de Geneve, Switzerland)
While we know that perhaps - 25% of normal main-sequence stars are spectroscopic binaries, very few of their Progenitor systems have yet been detected among (low-mass) pre-main-sequence stars: Mathieu's (1988) review at the recent IAU General Assembly lists only 11, and for only three had orbits been published at that time. This meagre yield must be due mainly to selection effects mitigating against the discovery of pre-main-sequence binaries. These stars are intrinsically faint and generally found in highly obscured regions, so systematic and accurate radial-velocity observations were impossible until the advent of efficient cross-correlation techniques. Oue to their importance for the understanding of star formation processes in general, pre-main-sequence binaries are now being searched for very actively, and the sampie will no doubt increase sharply over the next few years. We would like
Herbig, G.H., Raa, N.K.: 1972, Astrophys. J.
Kilkenny, D., et al.: 1985, South Afr. Astron.
Obs. Cire. No. 9, 55.
Mathieu, R.D.: 1988, Highlights of Astronomy,
Val. 8, in press.
Popper, D. M.: 1980, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.
18, 115.
Walter, F.M., et al.: 1988, Astron. J., 96, 297.
Supershells and galactic fountains.
ADS BibCode:
Shustov, B. M.
AA(Astronomical Council, Moscow, USSR)
In the gaseous disk of our Galaxy as well as in other galaxies, HI structures (shells, bubbles, holes, etc.) on scales of 0.1-1 kpc are recognized to be common features; see e.g. the comprehensive review by Tenorio-Tagle and Bodenheimer (1988). The larger ones are usually named with the prefix "super". The estimated energies which are required to produee sueh large objeets are high - up to some 1054 erg. These energetic events must exert a significant influenee upon the gaseous galactic disk and eorona.
Ambarzumian, V.A.: 1947, Stellar Evolution
and Astrophysics., Armenian Aead. Sei.
Blaauw, A.: 1964, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.
2, 213.
Bregman, J.N.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 236, 577.
Corbelli, E., Salpeter, E. E.: 1988, Astrophys.
Cox, D. P., Smith, B. W.: 1974, Astrophys. J.
(Letters) 189, L 105.
Hulbosh, A.N.M., Wakker, B.P.: 1988, Astron.
and Astrophys. Suppl. 75, 191.
Igumentshehev, I. V., Tutukov, A. V., Shustov,
B. M.: 1988, Astron. Zirkular N 1532, 21.
Igumentshchev, I. V., Tutukov, A. V., Shustov,
B. M.: 1989, Astron. Zh. (in press).
McKee, C. F., Cowie L. L.: 1977, Astrophys. J.
Shapiro, P. R., Field, G. B.: 1976, Astrophys.
Tenorio-Tagle, G., Bodenheimer, P.: 1988,
Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 26, 145.
Weaver, R., MeCray, R., Castor, J., Shapiro,
P., Moore, R.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 218,
Searching for light echoes from circumstellar dust shells around SN 1987A.
ADS BibCode:
Paresce, F.
AA(Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, AND Astrophysics Division, Space Science Department of ESA)
The Space Telescope Science Institute coronograph (described in the Messenger, 47, p.43) mounted on the 2.2-m telescope at La Silla was used by myself and my colleague Chris Burrows to look for light echos in the immediate vicinity of the SN 1987A in the LMC. This technique allows us to probe circumstellar regions from about 2 to 20 arcseconds in the vicinity of very bright objects such as the SN 1987A for faint features otherwise completely lost in their glare.
The Geneva photometric monitoring of SN 1987A.
ADS BibCode:
Burki, G.; Cramer, N.; Burnet, M.; Rufener, F.; Pernier, B.; Richard, C.
AA(Geneva Observatory, Switzerland) AB(Geneva Observatory, Switzerland) AC(Geneva Observatory, Switzerland) AD(Geneva Observatory, Switzerland) AE(Geneva Observatory, Switzerland) AF(Geneva Observatory, Switzerland)
A systematie photometrie monitoring of SN 1987A has been earried out from the Swiss station at the ESO La Silla Observatory (Chile), by using a 70-em teleseope equipped with the P7 photometer (Burnet and Rufener, 1979), devoted to the Geneva 7-eolour photometric system. The supernova has been measured 463 t;mes fram Feb. 24, 1987, to Jan. 17, 1989 (see Burki et al., 1989).
Arnett, W. D.: 1988, Theoretical models of
supernova 1987A, in Supernova 1987A in
the LMC, eds. M. Kafatos and A. Michalitsianos,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
p. 301.
Burki, G., Cramer, N., Burnet, M., Rufener, F.,
Pernier, B., Richard, C.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys.
Letter, in press.
Burnet, M., Rufener, F.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys.
74, 54.
Nomoto, K., Shigeyama, T., Kumagai, S.,
Itoh, M., Nishimura, J., Hashimoto, M.,
Saio, H., Kato, M.: 1988, to appear in
Physics of Neutron Stars and Black Holes,
ed. Y. Tanaka, Universal Academy Press,
Tokyo, p. 441.
Woosley, S.E., Pinto, P.A., Hartmann, D.:
1989, Astrophys. J., submitted.
Squeezing the most from the CES.
ADS BibCode:
Butcher, H.; Schoenmaker, T.
AA(Kapteyn Observatory, Roden, the Netherlands) AB(Kapteyn Observatory, Roden, the Netherlands)
In the Messenger No. 51 (p. 12-15), an attempt to use the GES for radioactive chronometry of the Galaxy was described. Two instrumental aspects of the observations were noted as being not yet under adequate control: (i) The determination in detail of the instrumental profile, the wings of which cannot be determined weil, except at laser line wavelengths, and the shape of which is found to depend on the often variable focus across the array detector format, and at least sometimes on the signal level in the detector used. (ii) The markedly asymmetrical distribution of the noise from the Reticon detector (caused by energetic particle detections) for low flux levels and integrations of an hour and longer. Treatment of the data in an optimum way is problematical due to these effects, and although the CES remains one of the world's best instruments of its type, study of such deficiencies can be expected to improve its Performance significantly.
Is there a pulsar in supernova 1987A ?
ADS BibCode:
A recent announcement of the discovery of a pulsar in Supernova 1987 A in the Large Magellanic Gloud has excited the world-wide astronomical community. New observations at the La Silla Observatory by a group of European astronomers1 from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and the European Southern Observatory, however, do not confirm the reality of this object. More observations are now needed to settle this important question.
What is the mass-to-light ratio of the old Magellanic globular cluster NGC 1835?
ADS BibCode:
Meylan, G.; Dubath, P.; Mayor, M.; Magain, P.
AA(ESO) AB(Observatoire de Geneve, Switzerland) AC(Observatoire de Geneve, Switzerland) AD(Institut d'Astrophysique de Liege, Belgium)
We astronomers are lucky: our Galaxy as two companion galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, situated weil above the galactic plane, which Contain a huge potential of astrophysical information. For example, concern: ng star clusters, the realm of the globuar clusters is much richer and more Varied in the Magellanic Clouds than in the Galaxy: rich clusters of all ages are observed, from the youngest, having ages of a few tens 10^6 yr to the oldest 1haV'lng ages of the order"or larger than 10 10^9 yr. In this paper, only old Magellanic and galactic globular clusters are considered.
Baranne, A., Mayor, M., and Poncet, J. L.
1979, Vistas in Astronomy, 23, 279.
Ghun, M.S. 1978, Astron. J., 83, 1062.
Elson, R.A.W., and Freeman, K.G. 1985, Astrophys.
Freeman, K.G. 1974 ESO/SRG/CERN Conference
on Research Prog. for the New
Large Telesc. Geneva p. 177.
Griffin, R. F. 1967, Astrophys. J., 148, 465.
Gunn, J. E., and Griffin, R. F. 1979, Astron. J.,
Lupton, R., Gunn, J. E., and Griffin, R. F. 1985 Dynamics of Stars Clusters IAU Symp·
113, Princeton 1984, Edit. J. Goodman
and P. Hut, p. 19.
Lupton, R., Gunn, J. E., and Griffin, R. F.
1987, Astran. J, 93, 1114.
Mateo, M. 1987 Ph. D. Thesis University of
Meylan, G. 1987, Astron. Astrophys., 184,
Meylan, G. 1988a, Astron. Astrophys., 191,
Meylan, G. 1988b, Astrophys. J. 331, 718.
Meylan, G. 1989, Astron. Astrophys. in press.
Pryor, C., McClure, R.D., Fletcher, J. M.,
Hartwiek, F.D.A., and Kormendy, J. 1986,
Astron. J, 91, 546.
High-tech telescope on top of Mount Wendelstein.
ADS BibCode:
Barwig, H.
AA(Universitäts-Sternwarte München, F. R. Germany)
A prominent feature of the silhouette of the Alps, tl1e Wendelstein Mountain, can be seen from Garching on clear days. Extremely transparent skies sometimes even allow one to recognize On top of that mountain the domes of lhe Observatory of the University of Munich (USM). Only 75 km away, after One hour's ride, this site can easily be reached via cable car or by means of a famous 75-year-old cog railroad. Final access to the very top is achieved by an elevator climbing up 114 m within the mountain.
Spatial resolution imaging of the radio source 3C 255.
ADS BibCode:
Giraud, E.
The optical identifications of the 3CR sources are now nearly complete (Spinrad et al. 1988), and only 7 are lacking redshifts. The radio source 3C 255 is one of these remaining sources, and the deep image presented here was taken to search for a possible underlying distant cluster. Three CCO exposures in V and R were taken with the 2.2-m ESO-MPI telescope on La Silla under moderately good seeing conditions (1.2 to 1.5 arcsec). Adding these images gives a total exposure time of 2 h. The visible counterpart of the radio source is the central object of the frame. There are three other objects, W, E, and S, located at about 7 arcsec from it.
Gunn et al., 1986, Ap. J., 306, 30.
Le Fevre and Hammer, 1988, Ap. J. Letters,
Mac Carthy et al., 1987, Ap. J. Letters, 319,
Spinrad et al., 1988, A. J., 96, 836.
The spectacular binary system PG 1550+131.
ADS BibCode:
Haefner, R.
AA(Universitäts-Sternwarte, München, F. R. Germany)
PG 1550+ 131 was known as a faint, very blue object (V = 16.8, U-B =-1.2) in the constellation Ophiuchus. Its optical Spectrum showed the Balmer lines and the Balmer jump in emission. Scarce Photometric data indicated large amPlitude variations. So it seemed to be a relatively uninteresting member of the cataclysmic variables, not deserving further detailed observational attention. Nevertheless, it was included in a programme to search for eclipsing, faint Cataclysmic variables and aiming at the determination of primary masses in such systems. The observations were performed using the CCD camera at the Oanish 1.5-m telescope at La Silla. PG 1550+ 131 turned then out to be the most spectacular eclipsing system found during this survey.
Report on the last observing run of multiobject spectroscopy. OPTOPUS is alive and kicking.
ADS BibCode:
Avila, G.; D'Odorico, S.; Tarenghi, M.; Guzzo, L.
AA(ESO) AB(ESO) AC(ESO) AD(Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy)
The ESO fibre facility for multiobject spectroscopy at the Cassegrain focus of the 3.6-m telescope, OPTOPUS, has been operating since March 1985. A complete description of the system is given in the ESO Operating Manual No. 6. It is possible to observe with OPTOPUS a maximum of 52 objects distributed over a field of 33'. Special aperture plates are prepared in advance of the observations in the ESO workshop from accurate alpha and delta coordinates of the selected objects. These plates are eventually mounted at the telescope and the fibres are manually inserted in the apertures; at the other end they form the entrance slit of a CCD spectrograph. In the last four years OPTOPUS has been used in 33 nights for 14 different programmes. It has always operated with high reliability, collecting some 6,000 spectra. The limiting magnitudes at a resolving power of about 500 in the visual are about 18.5 for galaxies and 20 for quasars in a two-hour exposure. While these limits allow useful work for a large number of programmes, there are two aspects of the present system which must be considered as unsatisfactory: the poor blue-UV transmission of the fibres and the reduced efficiency of a number of them, mainly due to imperfect centring of the microienses at their input ends. As the interest in using the facility is actually increasing (see e.g., DAEC Workshop, 1988), ESO started a programme to improve the weak points while keeping the basic conceptunchanged.
Avila, G. and D'Odorico, S.: 1988, Proceed"
ings of the ESO Conference on Very Large
Telescopes and their Instrumentation,
M. H. Ulrich editor, p. 1121.
Avila, G.: 1988, ASP Conference Series, S.G.
Barden editor, Vol. 3, p. 63.
DAEC Workshop, 1988, "Large Scale Struc"
tures: Observations and Instrumentation",
Proceedings edited by C. Balkowski and S.
Geiler, M.J., de Lapparent, V., and Huchra,
J., 1988: in "Large Scale Structures in the
Universe", IAU Symp. 130, J. Audouze and
A. Szalay eds., Dordrecht, Reide!.
Giovanelli, R., Haynes, M. P., 1988: in "Large
Scale Structures in the Universe", IAU
Symp. 130, J. Audouze and A. Szalay eds.,
Dordrecht, Reide!.
Heydon-Dumbleton, N.H., Collins, G.A., and
MacGillivray, H. T., 1989: M.N.R.A.S., sub"
Hili, J. M., Lasser, M. P.: 1986, SPIE 627, 303.
Parry, I.A., Gray, P.M.: 1986, SPIE627, 118.
Rood, H.J., 1988: Ann. Rev. Astron. Astro"
phys. 26, 245.
Optics and grisms of EFOSC2.
ADS BibCode:
Dekker, H.
In the Messenger No. 52 the construction of a second EFOSC for the 2.2-m telescope was announced. Mechanically, EFOSC2 is virtually a copy of EFOSC but comparison of the optical data (see Table 1) shows considerable differences which for some programmes will make EFOSC2 the preferred instrument, even if it is mounted on a smaller telescope.
ESO Image Processing Group: MIDAS Memo
ADS BibCode:
Now that system developments in the portable version of MIDAS have stabilized, activities in the area of applications have resumed. The echelle package is being upgraded to minimize the number of parameters controlling the reduction sequence, and to correct some known deficiencies of the current version. The new package will also be optimized to process data from other instruments like EFOSC and Echelec.
Ethernet at ESO Headquarters.
ADS BibCode:
Chittim, D.
AA(Benney Electronics, ESO)
Ethernet is a cable used with associated software packages for connecting computer equipment throughout a building. It has the advantage that equipment can be connected along its length at almost any point. Due to the high data transmission speeds involved, ethernet is most suitable for computer-to-computer communications although terminals can be connected onto it if necessary.
A Slice of Swiss Cheese Made Out of Steel
ADS BibCode:
D'Odorico, S.
A Slice of Swiss Cheese Made Out of Steel


text:
Girls Night out!
Look who came for a visit and dinner?
Cheri from jovial Quilts!
We had a lovely visit, then we took a walk from my place,(it was so nice out!) to a restaurant downtown fro some yummy Indian food. One of my favorite places in NY. What fun!
She thought it was funny when I said let's walk I need the fresh air!
Well, as fresh as it can get in NY.... But we did actually see the moon and a few stars which you pretty much can never see in NYC. Bonus!
Macy's has their Christmas window displays up, and so we had to take a peak.
They did a pretty fun set of windows this year.
We're out of here Wednesday, for Thanksgiving. We live to close to all the parade gathering and crowds so we get out early...Believe me it's so much better to sit at home and watch the parade on TV, in front of a fire...
So i stand corrected since baseball season is long over! thank you Amy for pointing that out! ;-)
click here...
A cool site shows why the empire state building is the color it is each night...
It was actually the 125th Anniversary of Boys and girls clubs of America last night and their colors are blue & orange. who knew!
And, I got home to find my package from Jenny who swapped me some 4"ers for
my ON POINT quilt! I got two more blocks laid out with her blocks! Thanks Jenny!
They were perfect!!
QUESTION: Can anyone recommend a Good beginner sewing machine that you know of that someone has? Like the Janome beginner machines etc.? I have a 14 year old friend who wants a beginner machine, and am trying to keep it to under a $100... If anyone had any advice I'd be thrilled. thanks!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Which marketing channel should you use?
You don't want to get this wrong.
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When your marketing budget is close to zero, you can't afford to waste what little time you have on a dead-end marketing channel.
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Read on to learn more about five free digital marketing channels worth exploring in 2024.
What are Marketing Channels?
Marketing channels are platforms, tools, and strategies that businesses use to communicate with their target market in an effort to sell their products or services.
For example, you might use Facebook advertising to promote your new line of women's clothing. Or you might hand out flyers to promote your next pop-up store.
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However, in this article, we're going to focus solely on five free digital marketing channels.
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Before digital marketing channels became widely available, businesses would usually have to spend money on advertising, promotions, and sponsorships.
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So which free digital marketing channels are available in 2021?
A Complete List of Free Digital Marketing Channels in 2024
Before we explore five free digital marketing channels in depth, here's a complete list of free digital marketing channels in 2023, along with links to learn more about each of them.
Owned Digital Marketing Channels
Social Media Marketing Channels
Organic Search Engine Marketing Channels
Other Digital Marketing Channels
5 Free Digital Marketing Channels You Should Prioritize in 2024
Here is a rundown of five types of marketing channels in 2021 that you can use to grow your business – for free.
First up?
1. Social Media Marketing
Social media is the perfect digital sales channel for scrappy entrepreneurs looking to start a business.
It's free, it's powerful, and when done right, can effectively drive sales.
A massive 45 percent of the world's population uses social media daily and the opportunity available is incredible.
For example, Instagram has grown to more than two billion monthly active users.
Plus, more than half of Instagram's users visit the platform at least once per day and 70 percent of Instagram users actually want to consume content from brands.
So how can you succeed with social media marketing?
Social Media Marketing Tips
1. Choose the Best Social Media Platform for Your Brand
There are tons of social media platforms in 2023, but not all are created equal.
Some social media platforms are more suited to people with certain demographic or psychographic characteristics.
For example, Instagram tends to be better for Millennials, Snapchat is great for marketing to Generation Z, and LinkedIn is usually better for business-to-business marketing.
In fact, 92 percent of B2B marketers prefer to use LinkedIn over all other platforms.
So do some research to ensure that you choose the best social media platform to connect with your target audience.
2. Prioritize Relationships over Sales
It might sound counter-productive, but the way to sell more is to focus on relationships, not the sales themselves.
This is because, at its core, social media marketing is relationship marketing. The time for the hard-sell is further down the sales funnel.
Social media marketing is all about the long-term.
The idea is to develop a genuine connection with your target audience over time. This way, you'll build a following of loyal customers and advocates who regularly purchase your products and promote your brand.
Do it right and it will pay off handsomely – for example, repeat customers spend 67 percent more than new customers.
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Relationships take time, so consistency is vital.
You have to show up and develop an intimate, authentic brand presence that your followers enjoy interacting with on a regular basis.
This is why companies that thrive on customer relationships post around two or three posts per day .
Plus, this is another reason to choose just a handful of social media platforms to focus on.
If you try to use them all, it's likely that you'll spread yourself too thin and find it difficult to maintain an effective social media schedule.
2. Influencer Marketing
There are many social media influencers that will partner with you to promote your products or services to their loyal and engaged followers.
It's an effective way to get your products in front of your target market.
But why does it work so well?
Influencer marketing harnesses a powerful social phenomenon called "social proof." This refers to the fact that people are heavily influenced by others' opinions, actions, and recommendations.
Other commonly used forms of social proof are product reviews, testimonials, and case studies.
There are six key types of influencer marketing campaigns:
- Sponsored content
- Product and content collaborations
- Reviews
- Competitions and giveaways
- "Takeovers" on your platforms
- Long-term ambassadors
Many larger influencers will expect you to pay them a fee in exchange for promotion.
However, plenty of smaller influencers will happily promote your products if you offer them freebies or promote their account in return.
So what should you bear in mind when using this marketing channel?
Influencer Marketing Tips
1. Make Sure you do Your Research
The whole point of influencer marketing is to expose your products to your target audience through someone they trust who will… well, influence them to buy from you.
Success depends on two things.
First, are their followers your exact target market? In other words, there's no point partnering with a beauty influencer to sell mountain bike gear.
Secondly, how engaged are their followers? Sure, they might have 100,000 followers, but how many likes and comments do they get? You want diehard fans, not vaguely interested people.
2. Stick to Micro-Influencers
Micro-influencers typically have between 5,000 and 50,000 followers.
Compared to the big-hitters, micro-influencers are easier to connect with, are less likely to demand large fees, and are actually more effective than big-name celebrities.
In fact, Collective Bias found that only three percent of shoppers are influenced by celebrity endorsements, while a massive 30 percent of consumers are likely to buy a product recommended by a non-celebrity blogger.
This is because they tend to have stronger relationships with their followers.
3. Get Proactive and Reach Out
"Start with a direct Instagram message," says Zach Benson, Founder of Assistagram.
"Just let them know that you're interested in working together. Keep your DM short, clear, and conversational. Include the relevant accounts, a direct request, and your trade."
Here's one of the messages Benson has used in the past:
4. Develop Long-term Relationships
Long-term influencer partnerships can be incredibly powerful. Most brands call these influencers ambassadors.
Gymshark has a page on its website dedicated to promoting their ambassadors.
Ambassador relationships increase social proof and deepen market penetration. In other words, if you work with an influencer over a longer period, a larger proportion of their following is likely to become customers.
3. Content Marketing
Content marketing is the process of creating, publishing, and distributing content to attract and engage your target audience.
(This article you're reading is content marketing!)
Plus, there are tons of different types of content that you can create for free, such as:
- Videos
- Blog posts
- Images
- GIFs
- Infographics
- Case studies
- Ebooks
- White papers
- Podcasts
Content marketing can be incredibly effective.
One study found that it can cost 62 percent less than traditional marketing and generate three times as many leads.
Content marketing is also a large part of social media marketing and search engine optimization (SEO).
So, how can you get started with content marketing?
Content Marketing Tips
1. Focus on Value
The content you create must be interesting and engaging.
Think about content that entertains your target audience or teaches them something new that they care about.
For example, hair extension brand Luxy Hair often creates video tutorials for their audience.
With more than 3.2 million YouTube subscribers and over 465 million views, it seems to be working!
2. Repurpose Content for Different Channels
Creating great content takes time.
Thankfully, you don't always need to create content from scratch. Instead, you can repurpose every long piece of content into many other pieces of content.
This is a great way to get more out of each piece of content you create.
For example, say you write a long-form blog post for your website, you could repurpose it into:
- Long-form video for YouTube
- Video snippets for Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and Twitter
- Shorter social media posts for Facebook
Each of Luxy Hair's video tutorials is also turned into a blog post for their website.
3. Invest in the Long-Term
It can take time to gain traction with content marketing.
Just like with social media marketing, to succeed, you must consistently create and publish quality content.
4. Search Engine Optimization
Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of trying to rank high in the search engine results pages (SERPs). The idea is to expose your website or content to people interested in your niche.
Like any effective marketing strategy, SEO takes time and effort.
However, when you consider that Google receives more than 74,000 searches per second, it's well worth the effort!
For example, when you search "dropshipping" on Google, Shopify pops up as the first result – they've also claimed Google's featurd snippet.
Plus, in the image below, you can see that an average of 450,000 people are searching this term each month – that's a lot of free exposure and traffic!
Although there are plenty of alternative search engines, Google rules the roost with 78.23 percent of the worldwide search engine market share.
So how can you get started with SEO?
Search Engine Optimization Tips
1. Research Effective Keywords
There are many different aspects to a successful SEO strategy. However, a good place to start is with keywords.
Keywords are the way in which Google indexes your website and content, and how searchers find it. In the example above, the Shopify webpage has been optimized for the keyword "dropshipping."
You can use tools like Chrome extension Keywords Everywhere to find keywords with a substantial flow of traffic.
You can also use content research tools like Buzzsumo to find topics that are popular with your target audience.
2. Optimize Your Website and Content for these Keywords
Once you have a set of keywords that your target audience is searching for, you need to create content and web pages around them.
For blog content, you can use an online tool like SEO Review Tools, Yoast, or SEMrush to help.
Shopify makes it easy to optimize your webpages for SEO – check out this guide on how to add keywords to your website.
3. Continually Refresh and Update Old Content
Google prioritizes up-to-date content.
This makes sense – up-to-date content is likely to be more relevant to searchers.
So, as your content ages, it helps to go back and update it. Just remove the outdated parts, add any new relevant information, and optimize the keywords.
Although you can't update parts of a podcast or YouTube video, you can revisit popular topics in new content to ensure that you always have relevant content available.
5. Email Marketing
Email marketing is one of the oldest forms of internet marketing. And although it might not be as cool as it once was, it still has a huge return on investment.
One of the best things about this marketing channel is that you're in control. This means that it's unaffected by third-party developments, such as social media algorithms.
Plus, you don't need to invest a huge sum to create a winning campaign, making email one of the best low budget marketing tactics you could use for your business.
There are tons of different types of email marketing campaigns you can use to grow your business, including:
- Send a follow-up email to consumers who abandon their shopping carts
- Nurture new subscribers with a welcome sequence
- Promote new products
- Share discounts, offers, and giveaways
- Follow-up with new customers to land repeat sales
- Ask for reviews and gather feedback
- Re-engage inactive subscribers to land repeat sales
So how can you get started with email marketing?
Email Marketing Tips
1. Create a Compelling Lead Magnet
Think of a lead magnet like bait.
This is often some sort of premium content or a discount designed to attract new leads that you can nurture into customers.
Here's an example from jewelry brand Biko in which website visitors can sign up to receive $15 off their first order.
2. Segment Your Email List
Email list segmentation is a way to carve up your subscriber list into groups.
This allows you to send different emails to different groups of people. In other words, you can strategically target subscribers at different stages of the buyer's journey.
Email list segmentation is incredibly effective.
In fact, the Direct Marketing Association found that 77 percent of email marketing ROI comes from segmented, targeted, and triggered campaigns.
Check our full guide on email list segmentation to get started.
3. Use Email Templates
Writing incredible emails from scratch can take time – especially if you've never written an email campaign before.
Instead, get started with some effective email marketing templates.
You don't need tons of money to start a successful business.
Thanks to these free marketing channels, it's possible for anyone with a computer, wifi, and some elbow grease to start an online business.
Here's a summary of the key takeaways from each marketing channel:
Social Media Marketing
- Choose a few social media platforms so you don't spread yourself too thin.
- Make sure a large portion of your target audience spends time interacting on these sites.
- Prioritize relationships over sales.
- Be consistent with your social media schedule.
Influencer Marketing
- Create a compelling offer – what's in it for them?
- Make sure to thoroughly research influencers before you partner with them.
- Stick to micro-influencers, to begin with.
- Get proactive and reach out to many influencers.
- Develop long-term ambassador relationships.
Content Marketing
- Focus on producing and sharing value.
- Entertain your target audience or teach them something.
- Repurpose content for different channels and platforms.
- Invest in the long-term.
Search Engine Optimization
- Research effective keywords that your target audience is already searching for.
- Optimize your website and content for these keywords.
- Continually refresh and update old content to ensure it stays relevant.
Email Marketing
- Create a compelling lead magnet to get people to sign up to your mailing list.
- Segment your email list into groups so you can strategically target people at different stages in the buyer's journey.
- Start by using effective email templates to save time.
Which marketing channels are you currently using to promote your business? Let us know in the comments below!


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Grease Pencil object has three main basic components: points, edit lines and strokes.
The main element used in editing Grease Pencil objects are points. Points represent a single point in 3D space.
Each point stores all the properties that define the final appearance of the strokes as its location, thickness, alpha, weight and UV rotation for textures.
Point (Grease Pencil) and Vertex (meshes) are equivalent names.
Edit Lines(編集ライン)
Points are always connected by a straight line, which you see when you are editing in Edit Mode or when you look at a stroke in wireframe view. They are invisible on the rendered image and are used to construct the final stroke.
The stroke is the rendered image of the points and edit lines, using a particular Grease Pencil material. (Grease Pencil materials are linked at stroke level.)


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Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Editoral address:
Faculty of Biology, UGM
Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
ISSN: 2540-9581 (online)


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Ideal for enclosures and electrical cabinets, we developed a variety of gaskets and optimized them for the respective application. We offer an extensive range of gaskets, including: along with customized gaskets based on a customer's unique application request.
Depending on a customer's requirements, we provide gaskets made of PVC, EPDM, Neoprene, NBR, or a combination of foam rubber and PVC.
The EPDM seals by DIRAK adhere to the UL (Underwriters Laboratories) safety standards. This certification constitutes the basis for the final UL approval for the entire enclosure/cabinet.
Additionally, we produce window profile and edge protection profiles that reduce the risk of injury due to sharp edges.
Get to know our assortment:
-Edge protection profiles
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and many more


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S&P 500 Monthly Valuation & Analysis Review: 05-31-22
Also, read our commentary on why low rates don't justify high valuations.
J. Brett Freeze, CFA, founder of Global Technical Analysis. Each month Brett will provide you with their valuable S&P 500 Valuation Chart Book. This unique analysis provides an invaluable long-term perspective of equity valuations. If you are interested in learning more about their services, please connect with them.
J. Brett Freeze, CFA, is the principal of Global Technical Analysis. Mr. Freeze has 23 years of experience, having managed capital in both major financial institutions and private investment funds across the major asset classes. He has managed capital through multiple complete market cycles with a focus on risk management and generating positive investment returns. For more information, please click


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Universal signaling pathway found to regulate sleep
- Date:
- May 6, 2011
- Source:
- Brown University
- Summary:
- An unexpected observation in the C. elegans nematode may help explain the neurobiology of sleep in a wide variety of creatures, including humans.
- Share:
Sleeping worms have much to teach people, a notion famously applied by the children's show "Sesame Street," in which Oscar the Grouch often reads bedtime stories to his pet worm Slimy. Based on research with their own worms, a team of neurobiologists at Brown University and several other institutions has now found that "Notch," a fundamental signaling pathway found in all animals, is directly involved in sleep in the nematode C. elegans.
"This pathway is a major player in development across all animal species," said Anne Hart, associate professor of neuroscience at Brown. "The fact that this highly conserved pathway regulates how much these little animals sleep strongly suggests that it's going to play a critical role in other animals, including humans. The genes in this pathway are expressed in the human brain."
The work, to be published May 24 in the journal Current Biology, offers new insights into what controls sleep. The lead authors are Komudi Singh, a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University, and Michael Chao, a previous member of the Hart laboratory, who is now an associate professor at California State University-San Bernardino.
"We understand sleep as little as we understand consciousness," said Hart, the paper's senior author. "We're not clear why sleep is required, how animals enter into a sleep state, how sleep is maintained, or how animals wake up. We're still trying to figure out what is critical at the cellular level and the molecular level."
Ultimately, Hart added, researchers could use that knowledge to develop more precise and safer sleep aids.
"We only have some really blunt tools that we can use to change sleep patterns," she said. "But there are definite side effects to manipulating sleep the way we do now."
Mysterious napping
Hart first realized that Notch pathway genes might be important for sleep when her group was investigating an entirely different behavior. She was studying the effect of this pathway on the nematodes' revulsion to an odious-smelling substance called octanol. What she found, and also reports in the Current Biology paper, is that adult nematodes without Notch pathway genes (like osm-11) have their Notch receptors turned off and, therefore, they do not avoid octanol as normal worms do.
But she was shocked to find that the adult nematodes in which the osm-11 gene was overexpressed were doing something quite bizarre. "Normally, adult nematodes spend all of their time moving" she said. "But, these animals suddenly start taking spontaneous 'naps.' It was the oddest thing I'd seen in my career."
Nematode sleep is not exactly the same as sleep in larger animals, but these worms do go into a quiescent sleep-like state when molting. The worms with too much osm-11 were dozing when they were not supposed to.
Other experiments showed that worms lacking osm-11 and the related osm-7 genes were hyperactive, exhibiting twice as many body bends each minute as normal nematodes.
The story became clear. The more Notch signaling was turned on, the sleepier the worms would be. When it is suppressed, they go into overdrive and become too active.
In humans, the gene that is most similar to osm-11 is called Deltalike1 (abbreviated DLK1). It is expressed in regions of the brain associated with the sleep-wake cycle.
Beyond Notch
That result alone is not enough to lead directly to the development of a new sleep drug, even for worms. Notch signaling is implicated in a lot of different activities in the body, Hart said, some of which should not be encouraged.
"Too much Notch signaling can cause cancer, so we would have to be very targeted in how we manipulate it," she said. "One of the next steps we're going to take is to look at the specific steps in Notch signaling that are pertinent to arousal and quiescence."
Focusing on those steps could minimize side effects, Hart said.
In addition to Hart, Singh, and Chao, other authors from Brown were Mark Corkins, Melissa Walsh, and Emma Beaumont, an intern from University of Bath. Authors who worked at Massachusetts General Hospital were Gerard Somers, Hidetoshi Komatsu, Jonah Larkins-Ford, Tim Tucey, and Heather Dionne. Author Douglas Hart is from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and author Shawn Lockery is from the University of Oregon.
The National Institutes of Health and Massachusetts General Hospital funded the research.
Story Source:
Materials provided by Brown University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
- Komudi Singh, Michael Y. Chao, Gerard A. Somers, Hidetoshi Komatsu, Mark E. Corkins, Jonah Larkins-Ford, Tim Tucey, Heather M. Dionne, Melissa B. Walsh, Emma K. Beaumont, Douglas P. Hart, Shawn R. Lockery, and Anne C. Hart. C. elegans Notch Signaling Regulates Adult Chemosensory Response and Larval Molting Quiescence. Current Biology, 2011; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.010
Cite This Page:


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Some like it fudgy, some like it cakey. Some add walnuts, some don't. Some prefer thin slices, some like it thick. No matter which, I believe every baker has a favorite brownie recipe of his own.
For instance, according to Dorie, Julia Child prefers them dark, fudgy and soft, whereas Katharine Hepburn likes them thin and chocolaty, prepared without much flour.
I like mine somewhere in between. Moist but definitely not gooey. And of course, intensely chocolaty. As far as nuts go, I prefer my brownie batter without them.
I also like to add a generous amount of melted milk chocolate on top and sprinkle with pistachios.
So there you go, this is brownies my way. If you ever get bored of your classic brownie recipe, give this one a try and let me know how you like it.
Update (2008/04/01) – Recipe and photo also published in The Washington Post, "On These Blogs, Bakers Can Find Their Fix" by Nick Malgieri.
- 9 ounces (260 grams) bittersweet (%70 cacao) chocolate, chopped
- 8 tablespoons (1 stick/120 grams) butter
- 1 cup (200 grams) sugar
- 4 eggs
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 3/4 cup + 2 tablespoons (130 grams) all-purpose flour
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 6 ounces (170 grams) milk (%40 cacao) chocolate, chopped
- 1/4 cup pistachios, slivered
- Center a rack in the oven and preheat your oven to 350F. Butter an 8 inch square pan, line bottom and sides with parchment paper and set aside.
- Melt butter and bittersweet chocolate in a bowl over simmering water and let cool to room temperature. Add sugar and whisk until combined.
- Add the eggs, one at a time, and whisk until combined. Add the vanilla extract. Fold in flour and salt.
- Pour the mixture into the baking pan, smooth the top with a spatula and bake for 30 minutes. Let cool to room temperature.
- Melt the milk chocolate in a bowl over simmering water. Let cool for 5 minutes and pour over cooled brownie.
- Smooth the top with a spatula and sprinkle with pistachios.
- Place in the refrigerator and let the milk chocolate set. Serve it cold.


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Product Description
High quality scarf in an elegant blend of 90% wool and 10% silk. Warm during winters and cool in summers. This scarf is 100 x 200 cm and is made in Denmark. Each and every scarf has a label stitched on it with my details.
It is not always easy to see what the colours will be like in use, so I have tried to show some examples on the photo here. You can change a lot depending on how you choose to drape your scarf, suddenly different colours altogether will be more dominating


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'The Internet is a Game Changer' - A Paperless World
The debate is no longer confined to a few academics in distant universities. It is now a widely prevalent, mainstream topic of discussion.
How will the news of the future be distributed? The jury is still out, but not completely. Increasingly, we are driven to believe that the future will be paperless. Some argue that the "paper" will be taken out of the "newspaper" within a few years. Their logic might have come across as far-fetched in the late 1990s, but it can hardly be dismissed in 2010.
Two American intellectuals added their voices to the chorus of those predicting that the print media would not continue to define the news for long. In October 2009, Leonard Downie Jr., vice president at large and former executive editor of The Washington Post, and Michael Schudson, professor of Communication at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, co-authored a 98-page paper entitled, "The Reconstruction of American Journalism."
Here, they made the assertion that: "Newspapers and television news are not going to vanish in the foreseeable future ... But they will play diminished roles in an emerging and still rapidly changing world of digital journalism, in which the means of news reporting are being re-invented, the character of news is being reconstructed, and reporting is being distributed across a greater number and variety of news organizations, new and old."
The idea is not a new one. In August 24, 2006, The Economist published an article entitled, "Who killed the newspaper?," which claimed that, "Of all the 'old' media, newspapers have the most to lose from the Internet. Circulation has been falling in America, Western Europe, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand for decades ... in the past few years the Web has hastened the decline."
While we freely refer to the digital media revolution as "new media," few dare classify print newspapers as "old." The Economist did, nearly four years ago. Considering the speed at which the digital media world is moving - with the introduction of new gadgets and the level of Internet penetration throughout the world - print papers are now most definitely old and aging.
The magazine also made an interesting reference to Philip Meyer, whose works include, "Precision Journalism: A Reporter's Introduction to Social Science Methods and Newspaper Ethics in the New Century: A Report to the American Society of Newspaper Editors."
In his most recent book, "The Vanishing Newspaper," Meyer calculates that "the first quarter of 2043 will be the moment when newsprint dies in America as the last exhausted reader tosses aside the last crumpled edition."
More, digital media are making waves not just in the constant improvement of news and information technology, but also influencing the level of trust readers have in the new media. Indeed, it is not just about how the news is conveyed - digitally or on paper - but how our perception of the news is changing altogether.
American intellectual and best-selling author John Mearsheimer didn't neglect to refer to the Internet in one of the most important and honest assessments on "The Future of Palestine." In his recent speech, he stated that "The Internet is a game changer. It not only makes it easy for the opponents of apartheid to get the real story out to the world, but it also allows Americans to learn the story that the New York Times and the Washington Post have been hiding from them."
Those familiar with the book Manufacturing Consent, by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky understand well that traditional media coverage of news is largely determined by "filters" which allow competing interests to determine what we read and watch, and thus our perception of the world. The Internet, despite all its shortcomings, is much more equitable and democratic. That should not discount the fact that poorer countries still do not have the kind of Internet availability, speed and access that is common and widespread in the developed world. But the fact that an online community newspaper has a fighting chance, like any other mainstream newspaper, is certainly worth celebrating as an achievement.
There is also another reason why we will continue to go digital, and why it will only be a matter of years before the pendulum turns in favor of paperless media world.
The latest Climate Change conference in Copenhagen failed to set limits on carbon emissions or to come up with any serious or binding agreements. It was a colossal disappointment. But that failure was political more than scientific. Very few still argue that global warming is a hoax, or believe that the environment is sustainable, considering our long-unchecked way of life. More, recycling is no longer a fad. Some countries are debating laws that make recycling mandatory, and to punish violators. Considering all of this, it is difficult to imagine that years from now we will continue to use and discard newspapers so readily, as if the paper on which news is printed doesn't come from trees, and as if discarded papers don't constitute landfill.
Bob Dylan continues to be right. "The Times They Are a-Changin." And it's time that we also appreciate that change, not resist it; work with it, not against it. There is no shame in embracing change. When the first commercially successful trans-Atlantic telegraph cable was completed in July 1866, some must have thought that humanity had reached the zenith of achievements as far as the field of communications was concerned. Now telegraphs are only found in museums and are coveted collectors' items. Instead, hundreds of millions of people routinely and conveniently send texts, sounds, images and videos through their cell phones without much fuss or excitement. Although the concept is still the same, the medium has changed dramatically.
The same can be said about news. The news industry will never die; in fact, in a globalized and interconnected world, we will seek news more than ever before. But the medium will inevitably change, and there is nothing we can do to stop it. It is telling that the most featured and best-selling item from Amazon.com is the Kindle digital reader, and that iPad has been topping news related to publishing technology all around the world.
The Times They Are a-Changin'. And we'd better change accordingly.
Ramzy Baroud (www.ramzybaroud.net) is an internationally-syndicated columnist and the editor of PalestineChronicle.com. His latest book is "My Father Was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza's Untold Story" (Pluto Press, London), now available on Amazon.com.


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The Arts
With its famous graphic collection, the Albertina is considered one of the most important museums in the world. Here, one can find Dürer's "The Field Hare" and Klimt's studies of women. Once the largest Habsburg living quarters, the Albertina sits majestically on the south end of the Imperial Palace on one of the last remaining bastions of Vienna.
Do & Co Albertina caters to your every culinary desire at the highest level. Located immediately next to the Albertina Collection, Café Albertina and the Augustinerkeller offer many culinary specialties from Viennese cuisine.
1, Albertinaplatz 1
U, Tram, Bus: Karlsplatz/Oper
Tel. 534 83-0
Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736), successful general and art connoisseur, had Belvedere garden palace built by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt as his summer residence – at the time it was still outside the gates of the city.
This baroque architectural jewel consists of two palaces (Upper and Lower Belvedere), which today house Austrian art from the Middle Ages to the present day.
Upper Belvedere
3., Prinz-Eugen-Str. 27
tram D: Schloss Belvedere
tram O, 18, bus 13A: Südbahnhof
daily 10am-6pm (last admission 5.30 p.m.)
Lower Belvedere:
3., Rennweg 6
tram 71: Unteres Belvedere
daily 10am-6pm,
Wed 10am-9pm
Palace stables
daily 10am-noon
In 1897 a number of artists broke their ties with Künstlerhaus, the association and gallery of Vienna's art establishment which they considered intolerably conservative, seceded and formed a new art association with the name of Secession and the motto, "To the Age, its Art. To Art, its Freedom."
In 1898, Joseph Maria Olbrich, a student of Otto Wagner, erected an Art Nouveau gallery building for the new association. In 1985-86, the cupola of the Secession was gilded anew and the Secession was renovated and adapted under the guidance of Adolf Krischanitz.
The 112-foot Beethoven Frieze, a virtuoso pictorial interpretation of the 9th Symphony, created by Gustav Klimt for the Beethoven Exhibition of 1902, is on permanent display in a new room on the basement level.
1., Friedrichstrasse 12
U, tram, bus: Karlsplatz/Oper


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The idea behind it: if you like my blog, you join the page. When I post an article on there, you see it.
Turns out that, on average, only 75 of the 1,135 fans see each update. And those tend to be people who have 'liked' and commented on recent posts. Everyone else is frozen out.
To reach them, I have to pay for 'sponsored posts'.
Facebook is free? Don't be ridiculous.
You can pay for Facebook ads to bring in New 'fans'. But if you do that, you have to pay to promote posts for them to actually see them.
It's down to me to opt out. Again.
You make your choices, decide on the options, but each step of the way they change your decisions to suit them.
3. The idea of the Facebook news feed is that you see your friend's updates in chronological order.
Turns out that's not true. Facebook's algorithms decide who you'll see.
And sure, Facebook claims it knows you and what you like, so it's trying to help you - that's how they see it.
You've collected your friends in one online community, and now this company, Facebook, is picking and choosing what you see, based on algorithms they don't share.
4. Hiding information. Being selective. This is what the old media did.
With the internet, we were finally meant to be free. To share information as we please, with whomever we want.
But Facebook filters information. It makes decisions on our behalf. It's like law enforcement, or government. We feel we're free, but they take that freedom away from us. You can say it's not a big deal --- but if you're following me on Facebook, you're not even seeing my posts! Shouldn't YOU get to decide that?


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- World premiere: first new generation Ford Fiesta rolls off Cologne production line
- Developed in Europe for customers around the world
- Fiesta to be produced and sold in Europe, the Americas and Asia, and will go on sale progressively across these regions between now and 2010
- Over 5.3 million Fiestas produced in Cologne since 1979
COLOGNE, August 14, 2008 – Volume production of the new Ford Fiesta, the first of a generation of new global small Ford cars, started at the company's Cologne plant in Germany today.
This all-new model of the Ford Fiesta has been conceived and developed by the European arm of Ford's global product development team to meet the demands and expectations of customers around the world.
It is also the blueprint for future Ford global product development, bringing together Europe, the Americas and Asia. The new Fiesta will be tailored for each region and go on sale progressively between now and 2010, starting now with Europe.
The Cologne plant has the honour of being the first Ford assembly facility in the world to build the new car. In January 2009, the Valencia plant in Spain will also begin to manufacture the new Fiesta. The production facilities for new Fiesta outside of Europe will be Nanjing in China, Rayong in Thailand and Cuautitlàn in Mexico. They will begin to produce the car for their respective regions from late 2008 through early 2010.
In a video message to Ford of Europe employees at today's ceremony in Cologne, Ford Motor Company President and CEO, Alan Mulally, said: "Today we are celebrating the start of a new era for our fabulous Ford Motor Company. The first product of our Global Product Development System, the all-new Fiesta is an outstanding symbol for our One Ford vision of a single, global company designing and building cars for customers around the world. Be proud of what you have achieved and be proud of your contribution to a model that will get the world talking."
A total of 455 million Euros was invested in the restructuring and modernisation of the Cologne plant for the new Fiesta.
The all-new Fiesta is manufactured with sophisticated techniques more commonly found in the production of large cars: Ford production experts introduced these features at the highly efficient Cologne Assembly Plant, without interfering with existing Fiesta production. The all-new Fiesta production team went into the plant on weekends to install and verify new systems on the existing line. Some of the 50,000 hours of operator training was done off-line on static cars, while some training was dynamic (on-line). In one example of the training undertaken over a six week period, the production team built the same car on the line every day, then stripped it down and built it again.
In 2008, Ford plans to manufacture 148,000 new Fiestas in Cologne. When operating at full capacity, a total of more than 1,900 cars every day – new Fiestas together with the Ford Fusion – will be manufactured in Cologne over three shifts.
"The Ford Fiesta is very special to us in Ford of Europe and to our customers," said John Fleming, President and CEO, Ford of Europe. "Over the past 32 years it has consistently been at the top of the list of Europe's best-selling cars.
"Its dynamic, bold design and high manufacturing quality will attract a new generation of Fiesta owners and appeal to existing customers. I am confident that the all-new Fiesta will build on the success of its predecessor," he added.
Since the very first Fiesta was launched in 1976, over 12 million have been sold, with over 400,000 customers in 2007 proving the enduring popularity of the model.
The new Fiesta's dramatic exterior design and exciting interior styling are instantly recognisable, accentuated by the bold use of colours and the use of high quality materials throughout. The new vehicle extends the core Fiesta values of style, efficiency and driving quality.
External industry organisations regard the Fiesta plant in Cologne as the most efficient vehicle assembly plant in Europe. A total of 410,900 Fiestas and Fusions was manufactured in Cologne in 2007. Approximately 85 per cent of the vehicles produced in Cologne last year were exported to more than fifty countries. The Cologne assembly plant employs directly some 4,000 people.
Earlier this year, Ford began sourcing renewable electricity to cover the full electric power demand of its Fiesta manufacturing and engineering facilities in Cologne. Through this initiative, the company will reduce its CO2 emissions by 190.000 tonnes per year. This initiative is part of the company's overall commitment to further reduce the environmental footprint of its vehicles through their entire life cycle.
"We're very proud of the Cologne Assembly Plant and the vehicles produced here. Not only does the new Fiesta bring innovative design and engineering to the small car market, but it brings new manufacturing technologies as well", said Jim Tetreault, Vice-President Manufacturing, Ford of Europe.
"This new Fiesta is tough, strong, and safe due to the body construction technologies which allow us to build a lightweight, yet extremely strong body through the innovated use of high strength steel. It is also built with care, craftsmanship and precision by an efficient and dedicated workforce, which is second to none", he added.


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Next: Other Builtins, Previous: Atomic Builtins, Up: C Extensions
GCC implements a limited buffer overflow protection mechanism that can prevent some buffer overflow attacks.
is a built-in construct that returns a constant number of bytes from ptr to the end of the object ptr pointer points to (if known at compile time).
never evaluates its arguments for side-effects. If there are any side-effects in them, it returns(size_t) -1
for type 0 or 1 and(size_t) 0
for type 2 or 3. If there are multiple objects ptr can point to and all of them are known at compile time, the returned number is the maximum of remaining byte counts in those objects if type & 2 is 0 and minimum if nonzero. If it is not possible to determine which objects ptr points to at compile time,__builtin_object_size
should return(size_t) -1
for type 0 or 1 and(size_t) 0
for type 2 or 3.type is an integer constant from 0 to 3. If the least significant bit is clear, objects are whole variables, if it is set, a closest surrounding subobject is considered the object a pointer points to. The second bit determines if maximum or minimum of remaining bytes is computed.
struct V { char buf1[10]; int b; char buf2[10]; } var; char *p = &var.buf1[1], *q = &var.b; /* Here the object p points to is var. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (p, 0) == sizeof (var) - 1); /* The subobject p points to is var.buf1. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (p, 1) == sizeof (var.buf1) - 1); /* The object q points to is var. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (q, 0) == (char *) (&var + 1) - (char *) &var.b); /* The subobject q points to is var.b. */ assert (__builtin_object_size (q, 1) == sizeof (var.b));
There are built-in functions added for many common string operation
functions, e.g., for memcpy
built-in is provided. This built-in has an additional last argument,
which is the number of bytes remaining in object the dest
argument points to or (size_t) -1
if the size is not known.
The built-in functions are optimized into the normal string functions
like memcpy
if the last argument is (size_t) -1
or if
it is known at compile time that the destination object will not
be overflown. If the compiler can determine at compile time the
object will be always overflown, it issues a warning.
The intended use can be e.g.
#undef memcpy #define bos0(dest) __builtin_object_size (dest, 0) #define memcpy(dest, src, n) \ __builtin___memcpy_chk (dest, src, n, bos0 (dest)) char *volatile p; char buf[10]; /* It is unknown what object p points to, so this is optimized into plain memcpy - no checking is possible. */ memcpy (p, "abcde", n); /* Destination is known and length too. It is known at compile time there will be no overflow. */ memcpy (&buf[5], "abcde", 5); /* Destination is known, but the length is not known at compile time. This will result in __memcpy_chk call that can check for overflow at runtime. */ memcpy (&buf[5], "abcde", n); /* Destination is known and it is known at compile time there will be overflow. There will be a warning and __memcpy_chk call that will abort the program at runtime. */ memcpy (&buf[6], "abcde", 5);
Such built-in functions are provided for memcpy
, mempcpy
, memset
, strcpy
, stpcpy
, strncpy
and strncat
There are also checking built-in functions for formatted output functions.
int __builtin___sprintf_chk (char *s, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, ...); int __builtin___snprintf_chk (char *s, size_t maxlen, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, ...); int __builtin___vsprintf_chk (char *s, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, va_list ap); int __builtin___vsnprintf_chk (char *s, size_t maxlen, int flag, size_t os, const char *fmt, va_list ap);
The added flag argument is passed unchanged to __sprintf_chk
etc. functions and can contain implementation specific flags on what
additional security measures the checking function might take, such as
handling %n
The os argument is the object size s points to, like in the
other built-in functions. There is a small difference in the behavior
though, if os is (size_t) -1
, the built-in functions are
optimized into the non-checking functions only if flag is 0, otherwise
the checking function is called with os argument set to
(size_t) -1
In addition to this, there are checking built-in functions
, __builtin___vprintf_chk
and __builtin___vfprintf_chk
These have just one additional argument, flag, right before
format string fmt. If the compiler is able to optimize them to
etc. functions, it will, otherwise the checking function
should be called and the flag argument passed to it.


text:
The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) on Sept. 22 awarded $2.75 million in Susan Harwood Targeted Topic Training Grants to 16 organizations, including nonprofit and community/faith-based groups, employer associations, labor unions, joint labor/management associations, and colleges and universities.
The University of Alabama will use grant funds to develop and implement a fall protection program for the construction industry in Alabama and Mississippi. Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry. Any time a worker is at a height of four feet or more, the worker is at risk and needs to be protected. OSHA requires fall protection at six feet in construction.
The training materials will focus on fall hazard recognition, avoidance, abatement and control. The grant is for $191,000. These grants will assist organizations in providing safety and health training, and educational programs for workers and employers. The $2.75 million is in addition to the $8 million OSHA awarded Sept. 9 to 45 organizations for the Susan Harwood Capacity Building Grants.
Targeted Topic Training Grants are one-year grants that support the development of quality occupational safety and health training materials and programs for workers and employers addressing workplace hazards and prevention strategies. Earlier this month, OSHA announced the multi-year Susan Harwood Capacity Building Grants that build capacity in organizations to provide training and related services to workers and employers.
"This grant program is a crucial component to our efforts to provide workers with training about job hazards and their rights. It also provides employers with information about unsafe working conditions and their responsibilities under the law," said Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis in a prepared statement. "The education and training organizations receiving grants are designed to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses and deaths by providing the knowledge and tools that workers and employers need to identify and correct workplace safety and health hazards," said Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA Dr. David Michaels.
The Susan Harwood Targeted Topic Training Grant Program was named in honor of the late Susan Harwood, a former director of the Office of Risk Assessment in OSHA's health standards directorate, who died in 1996. The targeted topic grants support workplace occupational safety and health programs in both construction and general industry that educate workers and employers in industries with high hazard and fatality rates, workers with limited English proficiency, hard-to-reach workers and supervisors, and small business employers.
Additionally, the grant provides funds to develop training materials to train workers and employers to recognize, avoid, abate and prevent safety and health hazards in their workplaces. The agency received a total of 168 targeted topic grant applications.
This grant program is an important component of OSHA's efforts to provide workers in high-risk industries with training about job hazards and their rights, the government agency says in a press release.
It also provides employers with crucial information about unsafe working conditions, mitigation strategies and their responsibilities under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, according to the news release.
For more information on the 2010 Susan Harwood Targeted Training Topic grant recipients, visit https://www.osha.gov/dte/sharwood/2010_grant_targeted_recipients.html.
For more information on the grant program, go to https://www.osha.gov/dte/sharwood/index.html.
Public inquiries should be directed to Kimberly Newell at 847-759-7705 or Jim Barnes at 847-759-7781.
FY 2010 Susan Harwood targeted topic training grant recipients, arranged alphabetically by state
Organization Name | City, State | Funding Amount | Targeted Topic | Subtopic |
University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa, Ala. | $191,000 | Construction | Fall Protection |
National Jewish Health | Denver, Colo. | $139,924 | General Industry | Beryllium |
International Association of Fire Fighters | Washington, D.C. | $220,000 | General Industry | Emergency Preparedness |
Roofers and Waterproofers Research and Education Joint Trust | Washington, D.C. | $29,755 | Construction | Green Jobs Industry Hazards |
Sustainable Workplace Alliance | Stuart, Fla. | $198,150 | General Industry | Green Jobs Industry Hazards |
Owensboro Community and Technical College | Owensboro, Ky. | $150,000 | Both Construction and General Industry | Electrical Safety |
National Association of Home Builders Research Center | Upper Marlboro, Md. | $220,000 | Construction | Fall Protection |
Ozarks Technical Community College | Springfield, Mo. | $181,674 | General Industry | Confined Space Hazards in General Industry |
North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Project | Greensboro, N.C. | $80,000 | Both Construction and General Industry | Musculoskeletal Disorders and Ergonomic Principles |
UMDNJ-School of Public Health | Piscataway, N.J. | $220,000 | Construction | Focus Four |
Ohio State University | Columbus, Ohio | $200,000 | General Industry | Musculoskeletal Disorders and Ergonomic Principles |
Hispanic Contractor's Association de San Antonio, Inc. | San Antonio, Texas | $119,800 | General Industry | Safety & Health Programs |
Texas Engineering Extension Service | College Station, Texas | $198,012 | Construction | Work Zone Safety |
William Marsh Rice University | Houston, Texas | $236,000 | General Industry | Nanotechnology |
Professional Landcare Network | Herndon, Va. | $164,900 | General Industry | Landscaping & Tree Service Safety |
University of Wisconsin Oshkosh | Oshkosh, Wis. | $200,785 | General Industry | Safety & Health Programs |