text:
The guy in the hat is Wells.
1994 play WinoTime was supposedly about "Liberalism's capitulation
to Authoritarianism", or something along those squiggly lines: "Authoritarian Liberalism"
being a coy euphemism for "Fascism."
speaking, the essence of Fascism is anti-Communism. And the essence of Communism is anti-Fascism. Those
Liberals, like Wells here, who would soften this distinction or otherwise
occult this diametrical opposition, regardless of which side of the Assemblée
Nationale they occupy, serve as handmaidens (or wet-nurses or fluffers) to
Fascism: that retral order, nostalgic for blood-drenched privilege and the
High Art of Feudalism, that has so hermetically fortified the interests of
Private Capital against all reasonable or decent restraint—stifling all
significant reform, to say nothing of socio-political revolution—as to enable
private interests to abstract themselves out of any possible moral or material
sustainability or even relevance—allowing the rapacious criminal elites that currently
hold the paper on our planet to put an orgiastic end to themselves while
assuring that none shall survive their disappearance. After the Waste,
there is Nothing.
What is stunning about this chautauqua between the
Soviet dictator, History's greatest anti-Fascist leader, and the Teabag Sci-Fi
scribbler, whose idealist fantasies have amused children of all ages for
decades, is the reasoned, polite calm with which the Maréchal faces what would
become the USSR's—and Humanity's—greatest torturer and executioner: the
US/UK/EU/Israeli axis of liquifactionist privatization.—mc]
Wells : I am very much obliged to you, Mr. Stalin, for agreeing to see me. I was in the United States recently. I had a long conversation with President Roosevelt and tried to ascertain what his leading ideas were. Now I have come to ask you what you are doing to change the world. . .
Stalin : Not so very much.
Wells : I wander around the world as a common man and, as a common man, observe what is going on around me.
Stalin : Important public men like yourself are not "common men". Of course, history alone can show how important this or that public man has been; at all events, you do not look at the world as a "common man."
Wells : I am not pretending humility. What I mean is that I try to see the world through the eyes of the common man, and not as a party politician or a responsible administrator. My visit to the United States excited my mind. The old financial world is collapsing; the economic life of the country is being reorganized on new lines. Lenin said : "We must learn to do business, learn this from the capitalists."
Today the capitalists have to learn from you, to grasp the spirit of socialism. It seems to me that what is taking place in the United States is a profound reorganisation, the creation of planned, that is, socialist, economy. You and Roosevelt begin from two different starting points. But is there not a relation in ideas, a kinship of ideas, between Moscow and Washington? In Washington I was struck by the same thing I see going on here; they are building offices, they are creating a number of state regulation bodies, they are organising a long-needed Civil Service. Their need, like yours, is directive ability.
Stalin : The United States is pursuing a different aim from that which we are pursuing in the U.S.S.R.
The aim which the Americans are pursuing, arose out of the economic troubles, out of the economic crisis. The Americans want to rid themselves of the crisis on the basis of private capitalist activity, without changing the economic basis. They are trying to reduce to a minimum the ruin, the losses caused by the existing economic system. Here, however, as you know, in place of the old, destroyed economic basis, an entirely different, a new economic basis has been created. Even if the Americans you mention partly achieve their aim, i.e., reduce these losses to a minimum, they will not destroy the roots of the anarchy which is inherent in the existing capitalist system. They are preserving the economic system which must inevitably lead, and cannot but lead, to anarchy in production. Thus, at best, it will be a matter, not of the reorganisation of society, not of abolishing the old social system which gives rise to anarchy and crises, but of restricting certain of its excesses. Subjectively, perhaps, these Americans think they are reorganising society; objectively, however, they are preserving the present basis of society.
That is why, objectively, there will be no reorganisation of society.
Nor will there be planned economy. What is planned economy? What are some of its attributes? Planned economy tries to abolish unemployment. Let us suppose it is possible, while preserving the capitalist system, to reduce unemployment to a certain minimum.
But surely, no capitalist would ever agree to the complete abolition of unemployment, to the abolition of the reserve army of unemployed, the purpose of which is to bring pressure on the labour market, to ensure a supply of cheap labour. Here you have one of the rents in the "planned economy" of bourgeois society. Furthermore, planned economy presupposes increased output in those branches of industry which produce goods that the masses of the people need particularly. But you know that the expansion of production under capitalism takes place for entirely different motives, that capital flows into those branches of economy in which the rate of profit is highest. You will never compel a capitalist to incur loss to himself and agree to a lower rate of profit for the sake of satisfying the needs of the people. Without getting rid of the capitalists, without abolishing the principle of private property in the means of production, it is impossible to create planned economy.
Wells : I agree with much of what you have said.
But I would like to stress the point that if a country as a whole adopts the principle of planned economy, if the government, gradually, step by step, begins consistently to apply this principle, the financial oligarchy will at last be abolished and socialism, in the Anglo-Saxon meaning of the word, will be brought about. The effect of the ideas of Roosevelt's "New Deal" is most powerful, and in my opinion they are socialist ideas. It seems to me that instead of stressing the antagonism between the two worlds, we should, in the present circumstances, strive to establish a common tongue for all the constructive forces.
Stalin : In speaking of the impossibility of realising the principles of planned economy while preserving the economic basis of capitalism, I do not in the least desire to belittle the outstanding personal qualities of Roosevelt, his initiative, courage and determination. Undoubtedly, Roosevelt stands out as one of the strongest figures among all the captains of the contemporary capitalist world. That is why I would like, once again, to emphasize the point that my conviction that planned economy is impossible under the conditions of capitalism, does not mean that I have any doubts about the personal abilities, talent and courage of President Roosevelt. But if the circumstances are unfavourable, the most talented captain cannot reach the goal you refer to. .
Theoretically, of course, the possibility of marching gradually, step by step, under the conditions of capitalism, towards the goal which you call socialism in the Anglo-Saxon meaning of the word, is not precluded. .
But what will this "socialism" be? At best, bridling to some extent, the most unbridled of individual representatives of capitalist profit, some increase in the application of the principle of regulation in national economy. That is all very well. But as soon as Roosevelt, or any other captain in the contemporary bourgeois world, proceeds to undertake something serious against the foundation of capitalism, he will inevitably suffer utter defeat. The banks, the industries, the large enterprises, the large farms are not in Roosevelt's hands. All these are private property. The railroads, the mercantile fleet, all these belong to private owners. And, finally, the army of skilled workers, the engineers, the technicians, these too are not at Roosevelt's command, they are at the command of the private owners; they all work for the private owners. We must not forget the functions of the State in the bourgeois world.
The State is an institution that organises the defence of the country, organises the maintenance of "order"; it is an apparatus for collecting taxes. The capitalist State does not deal much with economy in the strict sense of the word; the latter is not in the hands of the State. On the contrary, the State is in the hands of capitalist economy. That is why I fear that in spite of all his energies and abilities, Roosevelt will not achieve the goal you mention, if indeed that is his goal. Perhaps, in the course of several generations it will be possible to approach this goal somewhat; but I personally think that even this is not very probable. .
Wells : Perhaps, I believe more strongly in the economic interpretation of politics than you do. Huge forces driving towards better organisation, for the better functioning of the community, that is, for socialism, have been brought into action by invention and modern science. Organisation, and the regulation of individual action, have become mechanical necessities, irrespective of social theories. If we begin with the State control of the banks and then follow with the control of transport, of the heavy industries of industry in general, of commerce, etc., such an all-embracing control will be equivalent to the State ownership of all branches of national economy. This will be the process of socialisation. Socialism and individualism are not opposites like black and white. .
There are many intermediate stages between them. .
There is individualism that borders on brigandage, and there is discipline and organisation that are the equivalent of socialism. The introduction of planned economy depends, to a large degree, upon the organisers of economy, upon the skilled technical intelligentsia, who, step by step, can be converted to the socialist principles of organisation. And this is the most important thing. Because organisation comes before socialism. It is the more important fact. .
Without organisation the socialist idea is a mere idea. .
Stalin : There is no, nor should there be, irreconcilable contrast between the individual and the collective, between the interests of the individual person and the interests of the collective. There should be no such contrast, because collectivism, socialism, does not deny, but combines individual interests with the interests of the collective. Socialism cannot abstract itself from individual interests. Socialist society alone can most fully satisfy these personal interests. More than that; socialist society alone can firmly safeguard the interests of the individual. In this sense there is no irreconcilable contrast between "individualism" and socialism. But can we deny the contrast between classes, between the propertied class, the capitalist class, and the toiling class, the proletarian class?
On the one hand we have the propertied class which owns the banks, the factories, the mines, transport, the plantations in colonies. These people see nothing but their own interests, their striving after profits.
They do not submit to the will of the collective; they strive to subordinate every collective to their will. On the other hand we have the class of the poor, the exploited class, which owns neither factories nor works, nor banks, which is compelled to live by selling its labour power to the capitalists which lacks the opportunity to satisfy its most elementary requirements. How can such opposite interests and strivings be reconciled? As far as I know, Roosevelt has not succeeded in finding the path of conciliation between these interests. And it is impossible, as experience has shown. Incidentally, you know the situation in the United States better than I do as I have never been there and I watch American affairs mainly from literature. But I have some experience in fighting for socialism, and this experience tells me that if Roosevelt makes a real attempt to satisfy the interests of the proletarian class at the expense of the capitalist class, the latter will put another president in his place. The capitalists will say: Presidents come and presidents go, but we go on forever; if this or that president does not protect our interests, we shall find another. What can the president oppose to the will of the capitalist class?
Wells : I object to this simplified classification of mankind into poor and rich. Of course there is a category of people which strive only for profit. But are not these people regarded as nuisances in the West just as much as here? Are there not plenty of people in the West for whom profit is not an end, who own a certain amount of wealth, who want to invest and obtain a profit from this investment, but who do not regard this as the main object? They regard investment as an inconvenient necessity. Are there not plenty of capable and devoted engineers, organisers of economy, whose activities are stimulated by something other than profit? In my opinion there is a numerous class of capable people who admit that the present system is unsatisfactory and who are destined to play a great role in future socialist society. During the past few years I have been much engaged in and have thought of the need for conducting propaganda in favour of socialism and cosmopolitanism among wide circles of engineers, airmen, military technical people, etc. It is useless to approach these circles with two-track class war propaganda. These people understand the condition of the world. They understand that it is a bloody muddle, but they regard your simple class-war antagonism as nonsense.
Stalin : You object to the simplified classification of mankind into rich and poor. Of course there is a middle stratum, there is the technical intelligentsia that you have mentioned and among which there are very good and very honest people. Among them there are also dishonest and wicked people, there are all sorts of people among them, But first of all mankind is divided into rich and poor, into property owners and exploited; and to abstract oneself from this fundamental division and from the antagonism between poor and rich means abstracting oneself from the fundamental fact. I do not deny the existence of intermediate middle strata, which either take the side of one or the other of these two conflicting classes, or else take up a neutral or semi-neutral position in this struggle. But, I repeat, to abstract oneself from this fundamental division in society and from the fundamental struggle between the two main classes means ignoring facts. The struggle is going on and will continue. The outcome will be determined by the proletarian class, the working class.
Wells : But are there not many people who are not poor, but who work and work productively?
Stalin : Of course, there are small landowners, artisans, small traders, but it is not these people who decide the fate of a country, but the toiling masses, who produce all the things society requires.
Wells : But there are very different kinds of capitalists. There are capitalists who only think about profit, about getting rich; but there are also those who are prepared to make sacrifices. Take old Morgan for example. He only thought about profit; he was a parasite on society, simply, he merely accumulated wealth. But take Rockefeller. He is a brilliant organiser; he has set an example of how to organise the delivery of oil that is worthy of emulation. Or take Ford. Of course Ford is selfish. But is he not a passionate organiser of rationalised production from whom you take lessons? I would like to emphasise the fact that recently an important change in opinion towards the U.S.S.R. has taken place in English speaking countries. The reason for this, first of all, is the position of Japan and the events in Germany. But there are other reasons besides those arising from international politics. There is a more profound reason namely, the recognition by many people of the fact that the system based on private profit is breaking down. Under these circumstances, it seems to me, we must not bring to the forefront the antagonism between the two worlds, but should strive to combine all the constructive movements, all the constructive forces in one line as much as possible. It seems to me that I am more to the Left than you, Mr. Stalin; I think the old system is nearer to its end than you think.
Stalin : In speaking of the capitalists who strive only for profit, only to get rich, I do not want to say that these are the most worthless people, capable of nothing else. Many of them undoubtedly possess great organising talent, which I do not dream of denying. We Soviet people learn a great deal from the capitalists. And Morgan, whom you characterise so unfavourably, was undoubtedly a good, capable organiser. But if you mean people who are prepared to reconstruct the world, of course, you will not be able to find them in the ranks of those who faithfully serve the cause of profit. We and they stand at opposite poles. You mentioned Ford. Of course, he is a capable organiser of production. But don't you know his attitude to the working class?
Don't you know how many workers he throws on the street? The capitalist is riveted to profit; and no power on earth can tear him away from it. Capitalism will be abolished, not by "organisers" of production not by the technical intelligentsia, but by the working class, because the aforementioned strata do not play an independent role. The engineer, the organiser of production does not work as he would like to, but as he is ordered, in such a way as to serve the interests of his employers. There are exceptions of course; there are people in this stratum who have awakened from the intoxication of capitalism. The technical intelligentsia can, under certain conditions, perform miracles and greatly benefit mankind. But it can also cause great harm. We Soviet people have not a little experience of the technical intelligentsia.
After the October Revolution, a certain section of the technical intelligentsia refused to take part in the work of constructing the new society; they opposed this work of construction and sabotaged it.
We did all we possibly could to bring the technical intelligentsia into this work of construction; we tried this way and that. Not a little time passed before our technical intelligentsia agreed actively to assist the new system. Today the best section of this technical intelligentsia are in the front rank of the builders of socialist society. Having this experience we are far from underestimating the good and the bad sides of the technical intelligentsia and we know that on the one hand it can do harm, and on the other hand, it can perform "miracles." Of course, things would be different if it were possible, at one stroke, spiritually to tear the technical intelligentsia away from the capitalist world. But that is utopia.
Are there many of the technical intelligentsia who would dare break away from the bourgeois world and set to work reconstructing society? Do you think there are many people of this kind, say, in England or in France? No, there are few who would be willing to break away from their employers and begin reconstructing the world.
Besides, can we lose sight of the fact that in order to transform the world it is necessary to have political power? It seems to me, Mr. Wells, that you greatly underestimate the question of political power, that it entirely drops out of your conception.
What can those, even with the best intentions in the world, do if they are unable to raise the question of seizing power, and do not possess power? At best they can help the class which takes power, but they cannot change the world themselves. This can only be done by a great class which will take the place of the capitalist class and become the sovereign master as the latter was before. This class is the working class. Of course, the assistance of the technical intelligentsia must be accepted; and the latter in turn, must be assisted. But it must not be thought that the technical intelligentsia can play an independent historical role. The transformation of the world is a great, complicated and painful process. For this task a great class is required. Big ships go on long voyages.
Wells : Yes, but for long voyages a captain and navigator are required.
Stalin : That is true; but what is first required for a long voyage is a big ship. What is a navigator without a ship? An idle man.
Wells : The big ship is humanity, not a class.
Stalin : You, Mr. Wells, evidently start out with the assumption that all men are good. I, however, do not forget that there are many wicked men. I do not believe in the goodness of the bourgeoisie.
Wells : I remember the situation with regard to the technical intelligentsia several decades ago. At that time the technical intelligentsia was numerically small, but there was much to do and every engineer, technician and intellectual found his opportunity. That is why the technical intelligentsia was the least revolutionary class. Now, however, there is a superabundance of technical intellectuals, and their mentality has changed very sharply. The skilled man, who would formerly never listen to revolutionary talk, is now greatly interested in it. Recently I was dining with the Royal Society, our great English scientific society. The President's speech was a speech for social planning and scientific control. Thirty years ago, they would not have listened to what I say to them now. Today, the man at the head of the Royal Society holds revolutionary views and insists on the scientific reorganisation of human society. Mentality changes. Your class-war propaganda has not kept pace with these facts.
Stalin : Yes, I know this, and this is to be explained by the fact that capitalist society is now in a cul-de sac. The capitalists are seeking, but cannot find a way out of this cul-de-sac that would be compatible with the dignity of this class, compatible with the interests of this class. They could, to some extent, crawl out of the crisis on their hands and knees, but they cannot find an exit that would enable them to walk out of it with head raised high, a way out that would not fundamentally disturb the interests of capitalism. This, of course, is realised by wide circles of the technical intelligentsia. A large section of it is beginning to realise the community of its interests with those of the class which is capable of pointing the way out of the cul-de-sac.
Wells : You of all people know something about revolutions, Mr. Stalin, from the practical side. Do the masses ever rise? Is it not an established truth that all revolutions are made by a minority?
Stalin : To bring about a revolution a leading revolutionary minority is required; but the most talented, devoted and energetic minority would be helpless if it did not rely upon the at least passive support of millions.
Wells : At least passive? Perhaps sub-conscious?
Stalin : Partly also the semi-instinctive and semiconscious, but without the support of millions, the best minority is impotent.
Wells : I watch communist propaganda in the West and it seems to me that in modern conditions this propaganda sounds very old-fashioned, because it is insurrectionary propaganda. Propaganda in favour of the violent overthrow of the social system was all very well when it was directed against tyranny. But under modern conditions, when the system is collapsing anyhow, stress should be laid on efficiency, on competence, on productiveness, and not on insurrection.
It seems to me that the insurrectionary note is obsolete. The communist propaganda in the West is a nuisance to constructive-minded people.
Stalin : Of course the old system is breaking down and decaying. That is true. But it is also true that new efforts are being made by other methods, by every means, to protect, to save this dying system.
You draw a wrong conclusion from a correct postulate.
You rightly state that the old world is breaking down.
But you are wrong in thinking that it is breaking down of its own accord. No, the substitution of one social system for another is a complicated and long revolutionary process. It is not simply a spontaneous process, but a struggle, it is a process connected with the clash of classes. Capitalism is decaying, but it must not be compared simply with a tree which has decayed to such an extent that it must fall to the ground of its own accord. No, revolution, the substitution of one social system for another, has always been a struggle, a painful and a cruel struggle, a life and death struggle. And every time the people of the new world came into power they had to defend themselves against the attempts of the old world to restore the old power by force; these people of the new world always had to be on the alert, always had to be ready to repel the attacks of the old world upon the new system.
Yes, you are right when you say that the old social system is breaking down; but it is not breaking down of its own accord. Take Fascism for example.
Fascism is a reactionary force which is trying to preserve the old system by means of violence. What will you do with the fascists? Argue with them? Try to convince them? But this will have no effect upon them at all. Communists do not in the least idealise the methods of violence. But they, the Communists, do not want to be taken by surprise, they cannot count on the old world voluntarily departing from the stage, they see that the old system is violently defending itself, and that is why the Communists say to the working class : Answer violence with violence; do all you can to prevent the old dying order from crushing you, do not permit it to put manacles on your hands, on the hands with which you will overthrow the old system. As you see, the Communists regard the substitution of one social system for another, not simply as a spontaneous and peaceful process, but as a complicated, long and violent process. Communists cannot ignore facts.
Wells : But look at what is now going on in the capitalist world. The collapse is not a simple one; it is the outbreak of reactionary violence which is degenerating to gangsterism. And it seems to me that when it comes to a conflict with reactionary and unintelligent violence, socialists can appeal to the law, and instead of regarding the police as the enemy they should support them in the fight against the reactionaries. I think that it is useless operating with the methods of the old insurrectionary socialism.
Stalin : The Communists base themselves on rich historical experience which teaches that obsolete classes do not voluntarily abandon the stage of history.
Recall the history of England in the seventeenth century. Did not many say that the old social system had decayed? But did it not, nevertheless, require a Cromwell to crush it by force?
Wells : Cromwell acted on the basis of the constitution and in the name of constitutional order.
Stalin : In the name of the constitution he resorted to violence, beheaded the king, dispersed Parliament, arrested some and beheaded others!
Or take an example from our history. Was it not clear for a long time that the tsarist system was decaying, was breaking down? But how much blood had to be shed in order to overthrow it?
And what about the October Revolution? Were there not plenty of people who knew that we alone, the Bolsheviks, were indicating the only correct way out?
Was it not clear that Russian capitalism had decayed?
But you know how great was the resistance, how much blood had to be shed in order to defend the October Revolution from all its enemies, internal and external.
Or take France at the end of the eighteenth century.
Long before 1789 it was clear to many how rotten the royal power, the feudal system was. But a popular insurrection, a clash of classes was not, could not be avoided. Why? Because the classes which must abandon the stage of history are the last to become convinced that their role is ended. It is impossible to convince them of this. They think that the fissures in the decaying edifice of the old order can be repaired and saved. That is why dying classes take to arms and resort to every means to save their existence as a ruling class.
Wells : But there were not a few lawyers at the head of the Great French Revolution.
Stalin : Do you deny the role of the intelligentsia in revolutionary movements? Was the Great French Revolution a lawyers' revolution and not a popular revolution, which achieved victory by rousing vast masses of the people against feudalism and championed the interests of the Third Estate? And did the lawyers among the leaders of the Great French Revolution act in accordance with the laws of the old order? Did they not introduce new, bourgeois revolutionary laws?
The rich experience of history teaches that up to now not a single class has voluntarily made way for another class. There is no such precedent in world history. The Communists have learned this lesson of history. Communists would welcome the voluntary departure of the bourgeoisie. But such a turn of affairs is improbable; that is what experience teaches. That is why the Communists want to be prepared for the worst and call upon the working class to be vigilant, to be prepared for battle. Who wants a captain who lulls the vigilance of his army, a captain who does not understand that the enemy will not surrender, that he must be crushed? To be such a captain means deceiving, betraying the working class. That is why I think that what seems to you to be old-fashioned is in fact a measure of revolutionary expediency for the working class.
Wells : I do not deny that force has to be used, but I think the forms of the struggle should fit as closely as possible to the opportunities presented by the existing laws, which must be defended against reactionary attacks. There is no need to disorganise the old system because it is disorganising itself enough as it is. That is why it seems to me insurrection against the old order, against the law, is obsolete; old-fashioned. Incidentally, I deliberately exaggerate in order to bring the truth out more clearly. I can formulate my point of view in the following way :
First, I am for order; second, I attack the present system in so far as it cannot assure order; third, I think that class war propaganda may detach from socialism just those educated people whom socialism needs.
Stalin : In order to achieve a great object, an important social object, there must be a main force, a bulwark, a revolutionary class. Next it is necessary to organise the assistance of an auxiliary force for this main force; in this case this auxiliary force is the Party, to which the best forces of the intelligentsia belong. Just now you spoke about "educated people." But what educated people did you have in mind? Were there not plenty of educated people on the side of the old order in England in the seventeenth century, in France at the end of the eighteenth century, and in Russia in the epoch of the October Revolution? The old order had in its service many highly educated people who defended the old order, who opposed the new order. Education is a weapon the effect of which is determined by the hands which wield it, by who is to be struck down.
Of course, the proletariat, socialism, needs highly educated people. Clearly, simpletons cannot help the proletariat to fight for socialism, to build a new society. I do not underestimate the role of the intelligentsia; on the contrary, I emphasize it. The question is, however, which intelligentsia are we discussing?
Because there are different kinds of intelligentsia.
Wells : There can be no revolution without a radical change in the educational system. It is sufficient to quote two examples: The example of the German Republic, which did not touch the old educational system, and therefore never became a republic; and the example of the British Labour Party, which lacks the determination to insist on a radical change in the educational system.
Stalin : That is a correct observation.
Permit me now to reply to your three points.
First, the main thing for the revolution is the existence of a social bulwark. This bulwark of the revolution is the working class.
Second, an auxiliary force is required, that which the Communists call a Party. To the Party belong the intelligent workers and those elements of the technical intelligentsia which are closely connected with the working class. The intelligentsia can be strong only if it combines with the working class.
If it opposes the working class it becomes a cipher.
Third, political power is required as a lever for change. The new political power creates the new laws, the new order, which is revolutionary order.
I do not stand for any kind of order. I stand for order that corresponds to the interests of the working class. If, however, any of the laws of the old order can be utilised in the interests of the struggle for the new order, the old laws should be utilised.
I cannot object to your postulate that the present system should be attacked in so far as it does not ensure the necessary order for the people.
And, finally, you are wrong if you think that the Communists are enamoured of violence. They would be very pleased to drop violent methods if the ruling class agreed to give way to the working class. But the experience of history speaks against such an assumption.
Wells : There was a case in the history of England, however, of a class voluntarily handing over power to another class. In the period between 1830 and 1870, the aristocracy, whose influence was still very considerable at the end of the eighteenth century, voluntarily, without a severe struggle, surrendered power to the bourgeoisie, which serves as a sentimental support of the monarchy. Subsequently, this transference of power led to the establishment of the rule of the financial oligarchy.
Stalin : But you have imperceptibly passed from questions of revolution to questions of reform. This is not the same thing. Don't you think that the Chartist movement played a great role in the Reforms in England in the nineteenth century?
Wells : The Chartists did little and disappeared without leaving a trace.
Stalin : I do not agree with you. The Chartists, and the strike movement which they organised, played a great role; they compelled the ruling class to make a number of concessions in regard to the franchise, in regard to abolishing the so-called "rotten boroughs," and in regard to some of the points of the "Charter."
Chartism played a not unimportant historical role and compelled a section of the ruling classes to make certain concessions, reforms, in order to avert great shocks. Generally speaking, it must be said that of all the ruling classes, the ruling classes of England, both the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, proved to be the cleverest, most flexible from the point of view of their class interests, from the point of view of maintaining their power. Take as an example, say, from modern history, the general strike in England in 1926. The first thing any other bourgeoisie would have done in the face of such an event, when the General Council of Trade Unions called for a strike, would have been to arrest the trade union leaders.
The British bourgeoisie did not do that, and it acted cleverly from the point of view of its own interests.
I cannot conceive of such a flexible strategy being employed by the bourgeoisie in the United States, Germany or France. In order to maintain their rule, the ruling classes of Great Britain have never foresworn small concessions, reforms. But it would be a mistake to think that these reforms were revolutionary.
Wells : You have a higher opinion of the ruling classes of my country than I have. But is there a great difference between a small revolution and a great reform? Is not a reform a small revolution?
Stalin : Owing to pressure from below, the pressure of the masses, the bourgeoisie may sometimes concede certain partial reforms while remaining on the basis of the existing social-economic system.
Acting in this way, it calculates that these concessions are necessary in order to preserve its class rule. This is the essence of reform. Revolution, however, means the transference of power from one class to another. That is why it is impossible to describe any reform as revolution. That is why we cannot count on the change of social systems taking place as an imperceptible transition from one system to another by means of reforms, by the ruling class making concessions.
Wells : I am very grateful to you for this talk which has meant a great deal to me. In explaining things to me you probably called to mind how you had to explain the fundamentals of socialism in the illegal circles before the revolution. At the present time there are only two persons to whose opinion, to whose every word, millions are listening : you, and Roosevelt. Others may preach as much as they like; what they say will never be printed or heeded.
I cannot yet appreciate what has been done in your country; I only arrived yesterday. But I have already seen the happy faces of healthy men and women and I know that something very considerable is being done here. The contrast with 1920 is astounding.
Stalin : Much more could have been done had we Bolsheviks been cleverer.
Wells : No, if human beings were cleverer. It would be a good thing to invent a five-year plan for the reconstruction of the human brain which obviously lacks many things needed for a perfect social order.
Stalin : Don't you intend to stay for the Congress of the Soviet Writers' Union?
Wells : Unfortunately, I have various engagements to fulfil and I can stay in the USSR only for a week.
I came to see you and I am very satisfied by our talk. But I intend to discuss with such Soviet writers as I can meet the possibility of their affiliating to the PEN club. This is an international organisation of writers founded by Galsworthy; after his death I became president. The organisation is still weak, but it has branches in many countries, and what is more important, the speeches of the members are widely reported in the press. It insists upon this free expression of opinion - even of opposition opinion.
I hope to discuss this point with Gorky. I do not know if you are prepared yet for that much freedom here.
Stalin : We Bolsheviks call it "self-criticism." It is widely used in the USSR. If there is anything I can do to help you I shall be glad to do so.
Wells : (Expresses thanks.)
Stalin : (Expresses thanks for the visit.)
{CM/P wishes to thank our dear friend and strong comrade Irene Eckert for sending us this great conversation reprinted from Red Star Press, Ltd., London, 1978.}
{CM/P wishes to thank our dear friend and strong comrade Irene Eckert for sending us this great conversation reprinted from Red Star Press, Ltd., London, 1978.}


text:
1. Architectures
1.1. x86
Disable lazy FPU restore for processors supporting xsave (commit)
Turn on Supervisor Mode Access Prevention (SMAP) (commit)
ACPI: Add new sysfs interface to export device description (commit)
PCI: Remove the fakephp driver (commit)
perf/AMD/IBS: Add sysfs support (commit)
perf/x86: Add support for Intel Xeon-Phi Knights Corner PMU (commit)
- acpi-cpufreq
Add support for disabling dynamic overclocking (commit)
cpufreq: Add a generic cpufreq-cpu0 driver (commit), remove support for hardware P-state chips from powernow-k8 (commit)
power turbostat: add [-d MSR#][-D MSR#] options to print counter deltas (commit)
power turbostat: add [-m MSR#] option (commit)
Support syscall tracing (commit)
OMAP3+: hwmod: Add AM33XX HWMOD data (commit)
Remove mach-bcmring (commit)
add infra-structure for BCM2835 and Raspberry Pi (commit)
clps711x: Remove board support for CEIVA (commit)
efikamx: remove Genesi Efika MX platform files from the tree (commit)
ks8695: add board support for the OpenGear boards based on the KS8695 (commit), add board support for the SnapGear boards based on the KS8695 (commit)
mach-pnx4008: Remove architecture (commit)
mxs: remove board files (commit)
tegra: Add Avionic Design Tamonten support (commit), dma: remove legacy APB DMA driver (commit), remove board (but not DT) support for Harmony (commit), remove board (but not DT) support for Paz00 (commit), remove board (but not DT) support for TrimSlice (commit), remove dead code (commit)
u300: retire ancient platforms (commit)
ux500: Specify AMBA Primecell IDs for Nomadik I2C in DT (commit)
vt8500: Add support for UHCI companion controller (commit)
Add optimized AES and SHA-1 routines (commit)
Add core files for MIPS SEAD-3 development platform. (commit)
Add detection of DSP ASE Revision 2. (commit)
Alchemy: Single kernel for DB1200/1300/1550 (commit)
MT: Remove kspd. (commit)
OCTEON: Update register definitions. (commit)
Add perf functionality for BMIPS5000 (commit)
Add support for transactional memory (commit)
Add transparent hugepages support (commit)
BPF just-in-time compiler for s390 (commit)
Add cpu cache information to /proc/cpuinfo (commit)
Expose cpu cache topology via sysfs (commit)
cio: add eadm subchannel driver (commit)
Add page table dumper (commit)
Add scm block driver (commit)
Add scm bus driver (commit)
Add support for runtime instrumentation (commit)
1.5. Sparc64
Support 2GB and 16GB page sizes for kernel linear mappings. (commit)
Support transparent huge pages. (commit)
Add SPARC-T4 optimized memcpy. (commit)
Add SPARC-T4 perf event support. (commit)
Add AES driver making use of the new aes opcodes. (commit)
Add DES driver making use of the new des opcodes. (commit)
Add PCR ops for SPARC-T4. (commit)
Add SHA224/SHA256 driver making use of the 'sha256' instruction. (commit)
Add SHA384/SHA512 driver making use of the 'sha512' instruction. (commit)
Add detection for features new in SPARC-T4. (commit)
Add global PMU register dumping via sysrq. (commit)
Unroll CTR crypt loops in AES driver. (commit)
Unroll ECB decryption loops in AES driver. (commit)
Unroll ECB encryption loops in AES driver. (commit)
1.6. PowerPC
Add 64TB support (commit)
Uprobes port to powerpc (commit)
85xx: Add support for P5040DS board (commit)
85xx: add HOTPLUG_CPU support (commit)
85xx: introduce support for the Freescale / iVeia P1022RDK (commit)
powerpc/crypto: add 842 crypto driver (commit)
Add support for instantiating SML from Open Firmware (commit)
CRIS: Remove VCS simulator specific code (commit)
2. Drivers
2.1. Staging drivers
Add dgrp driver for Digi Realport devices (commit)
Add Silicom Bypass driver (commit)
ccg: include all sourced files (commit)
- comedi
- drm/imx
- ramster
iio:ad7780: Add support for the ad7170/ad7171 (commit)
iio:ad7793: Add ad7785 support (commit), add support for ad7794/ad7795 (commit), add AD7791 driver (commit)
IIO: Add basic MXS LRADC driver (commit)
2.2. Graphics
Add DRM GEM CMA helper (commit), add DRM KMS/FB CMA helper (commit)
- backlight
i915: Support for ns2501-DVO (commit)
Renesas SH Mobile DRM driver (commit)
gma500: Add eDP support (commit), add the support of display port on CDV (commit)
Remove pnx4008 driver (commit)
2.3. Storage
Implement aggressive SATA device sleep support (commit)
Add platform driver for Calxeda AHCI controller (commit)
be2iscsi: Add support for configuring the VLAN on the adapter. (commit), added Logging mechanism for the driver. (commit)
bfa: Add PowerPC support and enable PCIE AER handling. (commit), add diagnostic port (D-Port) support (commit), add support for FC Arbitrated Loop topology. (commit), add support for IO throttling at port level (commit), add support for max target ports discovery (commit), add support to read/update the FRU data. (commit), add support to register node symbolic name with name server (commit)
hpsa: gen8plus Smart Array IDs (commit)
lpfc: Tie parallel I/O queues into separate MSIX vectors (commit), add LOGO support after ABTS compliance (commit)
mpt2sas: Provide sysfs attribute to report Backup Rail Monitor Status (commit)
mvumi: Add support for Marvell SAS/SATA RAID-on-Chip(ROC) 88RC9580 (commit)
qla2xxx: Add I2C BSG interface. (commit), ISP83xx loopback support. (commit). IDC implementation for ISP83xx. (commit), implement beacon support for ISP83xx. (commit), implementation of bidirectional. (commit), implemetation of mctp. (commit)
qla4xxx: Added support for ISP83XX (commit), IDC implementation for Loopback (commit)
st: raise device limit (commit)
virtio-scsi: support online resizing of disks (commit)
2.4. Networking
brcmfmac: Add 43143 USB support. (commit), add BCM43241 sdio interface driver support (commit), add e-scan support. (commit), add hostap supoort. (commit)
mwifiex: add P2P interface (commit)
New Freescale 10G MDIO driver (commit)
cdc_ncm: add Huawei devices (commit)
mipsnet: Remove the MIPSsim Ethernet driver. (commit)
qmi_wwan: adding Huawei E367, ZTE MF683 and Pantech P4200 (commit), adding more ZTE devices (commit)
lxt PHY: Support for the buggy LXT973 rev A2 (commit)
- Infiniband/mlx4
r8169: add D-Link DGE-560T identifiers. (commit)
sfc: Add support for IEEE-1588 PTP (commit)
NFC: Remove the pn544 raw driver (commit)
2.5. Sound
Introduce snd-cmi8328: C-Media CMI8328 driver (commit)
- hda
usb-audio: Add TASCAM US122 MKII playback (commit)
es1968: Add ESS vendor ID to pm_whitelist (commit)
- ASoC
Davinci: McASP: add support new McASP IP Variant (commit)
Remove obsolete OMAP3 machine drivers (commit)
add compress stream support (commit)
bells: Add machine driver for Wolfson Bells boards (commit)
codecs: Add DA9055 codec driver (commit)
mid-x86 - add support for compressed streams (commit)
omap-twl4030: Simple machine driver for TI SoC with twl4030 codec (commit)
samsung: Add hookup of WM0010 on Speyside (commit)
wm0010: Add initial wm0010 DSP driver (commit)
wm0010: Enable 44.1kHz support (commit)
ezusb: add support for Cypress FX2LP (commit)
option: add Alcatel X220/X500D USB IDs (commit)
option: add Novatel E362 and Dell Wireless 5800 USB IDs (commit)
option: add more ZTE devices (commit)
serial: add vizzini driver (commit)
serial: add zte_ev.c driver (commit)
serial: remove vizzini driver (commit)
ipheth: Add iPhone 5 support (commit)
gadget: bcm63xx UDC driver (commit)
phy: add a new driver for omap usb2 phy (commit)
Add CDC-ACM support for the CX93010-2x UCMxx USB Modem (commit)
Remove the deprecated ub driver (commit)
Remove libusual (commit)
2.7. Bluetooth
/proc/net/ entries for Bluetooth protocols (commit)
Add support for BCM20702A0 [04ca, 2003] (commit)
Added /proc/net/hci via bt_procfs_init() (commit)
Added /proc/net/hidp via bt_procfs_init() (commit)
Added /proc/net/l2cap via bt_procfs_init() (commit)
Added /proc/net/rfcomm via bt_procfs_init() (commit)
ath3k: Add support for VAIO VPCEH [0489:e027] (commit)
mgmt: Implement support for passkey notification (commit)
2.8. Input
wacom - add touch sensor support for Cintiq 24HD touch (commit)
Add support for Sony PS3 BD Remote Control (commit)
Add support for the MacBook Pro 10,2 keyboard / touchpad (commit)
hid-multitouch: Add Flatfrog support (commit)
multitouch: Add support for eGalax 0x73f7 (commit)
multitouch: add support for GeneralTouch multi-touchscreen (commit)
multitouch: add support for Touch Revolution touchscreens (commit)
sensors: introduce sensor framework (commit)
uclogic: Add support for UC-Logic TWHA60 (commit)
2.9. TV tuners, webcams, video capturers
Add v4l2 subdev driver for S5K4ECGX sensor (commit)
Elonics E4000 silicon tuner driver (commit)
ad9389b: driver for the Analog Devices AD9389B video encoder (commit)
adv7604: driver for the Analog Devices ADV7604 video decoder (commit)
gscaler: Add Makefile for G-Scaler Driver (commit)
i.MX: coda: Add platform support for coda in i.MX27 (commit)
ivtv, ivtv-alsa: Add initial ivtv-alsa interface driver for ivtv (commit)
mantis: Terratec Cinergy C PCI HD (CI) (commit)
Add mem2mem deinterlacing driver (commit)
Add stk1160 new driver (easycap replacement) (commit)
coda: Add driver for Coda video codec (commit)
rc: Introduce RX51 IR transmitter driver (commit)
mt9v022: Add support for mt9v024 (commit)
ngene: add support for Terratec Cynergy 2400i Dual DVB-T (commit)
rc: Add support for the TechnoTrend USB IR Receiver (commit)
rtl2832: add configuration for e4000 tuner (commit)
rtl2832: support for tua9001 tuner (commit)
rtl28xxu: [0413:6680] DigitalNow Quad DVB-T Receiver (commit)
rtl28xxu: [0ccd:00d3] TerraTec Cinergy T Stick RC (Rev. 3) (commit)
rtl28xxu: add support for FCI FC2580 silicon tuner driver (commit)
staging: media: Remove easycap driver (commit)
tuners: add FCI FC2580 silicon tuner driver (commit)
2.10. Networking
asix: Adds support for Lenovo 10/100 Mbit Ethernet USB dongle. (commit)
ath9k: Add support for AR9565 (commit), (commit), (commit), add PID/VID for a Ubiquiti WiFiStation (commit)
e1000e: add device IDs for i218 (commit), implement MDI/MDI-X control (commit)
ieee802154: MRF24J40 driver (commit)
igb: Add 1588 support to I210/I211. (commit), supported and Advertised Pause Frame (commit), implement 580 MDI setting support (commit)
ixgbe: add support for X540-AT1 (commit)
mlx4: Activate SR-IOV mode for IB (commit)
tg3: Add support for ethtool -L|-l to get/set the number of rings. (commit), allow number of rx and tx rings to be set independently. (commit)
b43: N-PHY: add PHY rev7+ workarounds (commit)
phy: add AT803x driver (commit)
bnx2x: Link Flap Avoidance (commit), add EEE support for 4-port devices (commit)
rt2x00: add MediaTek/RaLink Rt3352 WiSoC (commit)
2.11. Various
8250_pci: Add additional WCH CHC353 devices (commit)
OF: pinctrl: MIPS: lantiq: adds support for FALCON SoC (commit)
OF: pinctrl: MIPS: lantiq: implement Lantiq/xway pinctrl support (commit)
Thermal: Introduce cooling states range support (commit), Introduce multiple cooling states support (commit), add Renesas R-Car thermal sensor support (commit), add generic cpufreq cooling implementation (commit)
max77686: Add driver for Maxim 77686 32Khz crystal oscillator. (commit)
dmaengine: add TI EDMA DMA engine driver (commit)
dmaengine: mmp-pdma support (commit)
tpm: Add new driver for Infineon I2C TIS TPM (commit)
tpm: add PPI support in tpm driver (commit)
tpm: Add new device driver to support IBM vTPM (commit)
tpm: Add securityfs support for event log (commit)
gpio: Add Avionic Design N-bit GPIO expander support (commit)
extcon: adc_jack: adc-jack driver to support 3.5 pi or simliar devices (commit)
hw_random: add support for the TPM chip as a hardware RNG source (commit)
- hwmon
- i2c
- iio
ad7476: Add support for the ad7091r (commit)
adc: add new lp8788 adc driver (commit)
hid-sensors: Added ALS (commit)
hid-sensors: Added Compass/Magnetometer 3D (commit)
hid-sensors: Added Gyroscope 3D (commit)
hid-sensors: Added accelerometer 3D (commit)
hid-sensors: Common attribute and trigger (commit)
ad5446: Add device ids for ad5301/ad5311/ad5321 (commit)
ad5446: Add support for I2C based DACs (commit)
ad5446: Add support for the ad5300/ad5310/ad5320 (commit)
ad7476: Add ad7910/ad7920 device table entries (commit)
ad7476: Add ad7940 support (commit)
ad7476: Add support for ad7273/ad7274/ad7276/ad7277/ad7278 (commit)
adc: Add common code for ADI Sigma Delta devices (commit)
dac: Add ad5755 driver (commit)
ioat: Adding Intel Ivy Bridge IOATDMA PCI device IDs (commit)
- leds
- mfd
Add MAX8907 core driver (commit)
Add lp8788 mfd driver (commit)
Add syscon driver based on regmap (commit)
DA9055 core driver (commit)
anatop-mfd: remove anatop driver (commit)
lpc_ich: Add Device IDs for Intel Lynx Point-LP PCH (commit)
omap-usb-tll: HOST TLL platform driver (commit)
smsc: Add support for smsc gpio io/keypad driver (commit)
mmc: support BKOPS feature for eMMC (commit)
- mtd
Add JEDEC ID for w25q32dw to chip table (commit)
Add LPC32xx MLC NAND driver (commit)
Add LPC32xx SLC NAND driver (commit)
basic (read only) driver for BCMA serial flash (commit)
bcm47part driver for BCM47XX chipsets (commit)
Delete SBC82xx/SBC8560 MTD mapping support (commit)
lantiq: Add NAND support on Lantiq XWAY SoC. (commit)
m25p80: Add support for serial flash STM/Micron N25Q032 (commit)
m25p80: add support for Spansion s25sl064p chip (commit)
nand: add Eon Silicon Solutions manufacturer ID (commit)
remove bcmring NAND driver (commit)
- pinctrl
nomadik: add ASIC DB8450 pinctrl driver (commit)
nomadik: add STn8815 ASIC support (commit)
Add bcm2835 driver (commit)
Add samsung pinctrl and gpiolib driver (commit)
mvebu: add pinctrl driver for Armada 370 (commit)
mvebu: add pinctrl driver for Armada XP (commit)
mvebu: kirkwood pinctrl driver (commit)
mvebu: pinctrl driver core (commit)
pinctrl-imx: add imx35 pinctrl driver (commit)
- power
parport_serial: Add support for the WCH353 2S/1P multi-IO card (commit)
pwm: Add Ingenic JZ4740 support (commit)
regulator: Fairchild fan53555 support (commit)
regulator: add MAX8907 driver (commit)
regulator: core: Support bypass mode (commit)
remoteproc: Add STE modem driver (commit)
rtc: add Dallas DS2404 driver (commit)
rtc: add MAX8907 RTC driver (commit)
rtc: rc5t583: add ricoh rc5t583 RTC driver (commit)
serial: New serial driver MAX310X (commit)
serial: New serial driver SCCNXP (commit)
spi/mxs: Add DMA support into SPI driver (commit)
spi/mxs: Add SPI driver for mx233/mx28 (commit)
spi: Add SPI master controller for OCTEON SOCs. (commit)
spi: Master driver for NXP SC18IS602/603 (commit)
spi: remove completely broken Nvidia Tegra driver (commit)

subset: commoncrawl


text: Arundhati Roy was trained as an architect and worked in cinema for several years as a screenwriter and production designer. Her first novel, The God of Small Things , won the Booker Prize in 1997. Her non-fiction books include two collections of political writing, The Algebra of Infinite Justice (2002) and An Ordinary Person's Guide to Empire (2004) where she writes about nuclear weapons, the ecology of large dams, the impact of corporate globalization, the war on terror and the rise of Hindu nationalism in India. Much of her work examines the dark side of what is passed off as democracy and she studies the nature of the relationship between those who have power and those who resist it. In 2005 she was the spokesperson of the jury at the World Tribunal on Iraq held in Istanbul. For Scenarios Arundhati Roy's fictional text meditates on the real and metaphorical meaning in today's world, of a fortress that has never been subject to attack.


text: The Royal Rangers program is an activity-based small group church ministry for boys and young men in grades K-12.Our mission is to evangelize equip and empower the next generation of Christlike men and lifelong servant leaders. We provide Christlike character formation and servant leadership development for boys and young men in a highly relational and fun environment.The Royal Rangers program is a cross-generational ministry that interconnects well with children youth and adult ministries and fits easily into the fabric of pastoral vision and into the flow of church ministries.We affirm the male hands-on interactive learning style by featuring an intentional discipleship journey for boys and young men based on their unique design needs and interests. Every meeting outing or service activity is designed to encourage boys and young men in their walk with God.We provide men with the tools to model Christlike manhood as they mentor boys on a Bible-based Christ-centered Spirit-empowered journey to maturity in the faith. Boys learn to study and apply what the Bible says about integrity doctrine biblical worldview cultural issues and manhood. In addition the Royal Rangers ministry molds boys into servant leaders teaching them vital social equipping attitude leadership and service skills.


text:
When it was announced prior to North Carolina's game against Texas on Wednesday night that senior guard Leslie McDonald was eligible to play, many wondered when there would be a decision regarding the status of junior guard P.J. Hairston. However unlike McDonald, North Carolina had yet to apply for reinstatement on Hairston's behalf, instead continuing to evaluate his case.
On Friday the school announced that it has made the decision to not take that step, and as a result Hairston's career at North Carolina has come to an end.
"Unfortunately P.J. made a number of mistakes that placed his eligibility at risk and the University's joint review with the NCAA made it clear that seeking reinstatement for P.J. would not be possible," director of athletics Bubba Cunningham said in the release. "The University thanks him for his contributions to Carolina Basketball.
"We also want to thank Coach Williams for the way in which he has held the team together over the early stages of this season despite not having two veteran players and for the level of care and concern he has for the young men on his team," continued Cunningham. "We are glad that Leslie McDonald was reinstated and look forward to watching his Tar Heel teammates and him compete the rest of this season."
In two seasons at North Carolina Hairston averaged 10.0 points and 3.2 rebounds per game, scoring a team-high 14.6 points per game as a sophomore. With Reggie Bullock moving on to the professional ranks Hairston was expected to be a major piece for the Tar Heels thanks to his scoring ability. But thanks to a series of missteps off the court Hairston found himself suspended indefinitely.
Hairston did what head coach Roy Williams required of him punishment-wise and was able to regain his spot on the roster, but doing that and convincing the NCAA that he should be eligible to play are two entirely different things. North Carolina came to that conclusion, and on Friday they announced that they'll be moving forward with the players they currently have.
"Since summer, P.J. has been outstanding with our basketball program and with his schoolwork. He went through an extremely intense conditioning program with flying colors," Williams said of Hairston in the statement. "He has been called a 'perfect teammate' by one of our other players. He has dominated our practices and at times has been as good as any perimeter player I have ever coached, giving great effort to help our team. He cares deeply about Carolina and the basketball program.
"P.J. has learned from this experience and will continue to grow as a player and adult. I will support him and help him as much as I possibly can as he enters this next phase of his life and basketball career."
North Carolina hosts Davidson on Saturday afternoon. The Tar Heels have relied on sophomore Marcus Paige for much of their perimeter scoring through ten games, J.P. Tokoto has shown signs of improvement and the return of McDonald should give them another scorer as the season wears on. If anything, the fact that they've already played ten games without Hairston means that the Heels have already been getting used to not having him on the floor.


text:
Col Joseph J Bartlett's Official Report
1862 Report on Crampton's Gap
(Antietam Campaign)
Major H. C. RODGERS,
Assistant Adjutant-General, First Division, Sixth Corps.
MAJOR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the part taken by my brigade in the battle of Crampton's Pass, Sunday, September 14, 1862:
My command, after a march of nearly 10 miles, arrived opposite the village of Burkittsville and Crampton's Pass about 12 o'clock m., with the Ninety-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Cake commanding, deployed as skirmishers. The enemy's pickets retired from the town and opened an artillery fire from two batteries upon my line of skirmishers. I was ordered by Major-General Slocum to halt until he could mass his troops and arrange the plan of the assault, as the appearance of the mountain pass convinced all that artillery was of no avail against it, and that nothing but a combined and vigorous charge of infantry would carry the mountain.
It being decided that the attack should be made on the right and flank of the road leading over the mountain, I was ordered to lead the column, under cover from artillery fire and as secretly as possible, to a large field near its base, where the column of attack was to be formed, each brigade in two lines, at 200 paces in rear. About 4 o'clock p.m. I ordered forward the Twenty-seventh New York Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel A. D. Adams commanding, to deploy as skirmishers, and, upon their placing the interval ordered between the column of attack and their line, I advanced at quick time the Fifth Maine Volunteers, Colonel N. J. Jackson commanding, and Sixteenth New York Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel J. J. Seaver commanding. My line of skirmishers found the enemy at the base of the mountain, safely lodged behind a strong stone wall. Their entire line, being now developed, exhibited a large force. My first line advanced rapidly and steadily to the front under a severe fire of artillery from the heights above and musketry from behind the wall and the trees on the slope above it. Halting behind a rail-fence about 300 yards from the enemy, the skirmishers were withdrawn and the battle commenced.
By some unexplained and unaccountable mistake, more than 1,000 yards intervened between the head of the column of General Newton's brigade and my own line, and nothing but the most undaunted courage and steadiness on the part of the two regiments forming my line maintained the fight until the arrival of the rest of the attacking column. On their arrival, the Thirty-second New York Volunteers, Colonel Matheson commanding, and the Eighteenth New York Volunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel Myers commanding, were sent to report to me by order of General Newton, commanding Third Brigade. The Fifth Maine and Sixteenth New York Volunteers having expended their ammunition, I relieved them, and formed them 20 paces in rear.
The New Jersey brigade, Colonel Torbert commanding, now arrived on the left of the line, and commenced firing by its first line, and the Ninety-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers having joined my command, and been positioned by me on the extreme right, it became apparent to all that nothing but a united charge would dislodge the enemy and win the battle. A moment's consultation with Colonel Torbert decided us to make the charge immediately at a double-quick, and the order was passed along the line to "Cease firing," the command given to "Charge," and our whole line advanced with cheers, rushing over the intervening space to the stone wall and routing the enemy. The charge was maintained to the top of the mountain, up an almost perpendicular steep, over rocks and ledges, through the underbrush and timber, until the crest overlooking the valley beyond was gained. The victory was decisive and complete, the routed enemy leaving arms, ammunition, knapsacks, haversacks, and blankets in heaps by the roadside.
The great natural strength of the enemy's position, supported by his well-served batteries, made it absolutely necessary that the first attempt should be successful or great confusion and slaughter must ensue. The success was fully and clearly established by the masterly arrangement of the column of attack by Major-General Slocum, and circumstances seemed to have been controlled by some master-hand to enable us to carry out the clear instructions received before the assault. All orders were carried out in detail. No more and no less was done than to execute the plan during the fiercely contested assault which was so clearly expressed in the bivouac.
I have the honor of reporting the capture of one battle-flag by the Sixteenth New York Volunteers.
The action of my own regiments, and of the Thirty-second and Eighteenth New York Volunteers, who were under my command, recommend them to the highest consideration of their general officers. There were no officers, field or line, who did not distinguish themselves upon this occasion, and the highest praise should be awarded the soldiers under their command.
It is with sorrow I have to report the death of Major Martin, Ninety-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, who fell gallantly leading his wing of the regiment to the charge.
My warmest thanks are due to the brave, able, and gallant assistance rendered me on this as on all former occasions by Lieutenant R. P. Wilson, acting assistant adjutant-general, and Lieutenant M. E. Richards, acting aide-de-camp. Among the surgeons of the several regiments, Surg. N. S. Barnes, Twenty-seventh New York Volunteers, I wish particularly to mention for gallantry in following his regiment into battle, and establishing his field hospital close to the scene of action, thereby rendering immediate and invaluable assistance to the wounded.
I herewith annex an official list of the killed and wounded in my brigade.
Colonel, Commanding Brigade.


text:
TD Bank invites you to join us in The Education Fund Teacher Care Campaign. Please consider making a donation from your heart.
You may remember The Education Fund Teach-A-Thon. More than 3,000 business people discovered teaching is hard. And now with COVID, teachers are doing twice as much as before to help children succeed!
Today, in this phase of the pandemic, our teachers are simultaneously teaching two groups of students – half who are in the physical classroom and half who are learning from home. Plus, teachers are coping with the constant uncertainty of quarantines as students become sick.
Teachers are cleaning their own classrooms, and they are figuring out how to give each student their own set of supplies as COVID prevents sharing. With three-fourths (3/4) of our Miami-Dade students on federal aid, teachers are not only managing stressful environments, they are also footing the bill.
We ask you to join us in supporting our teachers. You can be an integral part of our TD Bank Teacher Care Campaign by making a donation from your heart.
*To make a donation by ACH or Wire Transfer, please contact Mimi Pink at 305-331-4906.
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We hope you will join us. Let's show teachers that WE CARE. Donate to provide supplies to teachers to allow them to educate our neediest students. Help teachers and students and succeed!


text:
This is certainly a feat, quite obsessional maybe, but certainly passionate. Actually, I have no idea what other reviewers do, but it does sound like an impressive figure.
My passion is for the music. My motivation is to get this great music known to more people. To get it out of the shadows, to drag it a little higher above the waterline, to make sure it gets noticed, to make sure it gets appreciated.
Fantastic musicians such as William Parker, Joe McPhee, Roy Campbell, Andrea Centazzo, Gianni Mimmo, Wadada Leo Smith, Bill Dixon, Mats Gustafsson, Marcin & Brat Oles, Hamid Drake, Satoko Fujii, Dans Les Arbres, Frode Gjerstad, Paul Dunmall, Lotte Anker, Tony Malaby, Sten Sandell, Joëlle Léandre, and many, many more, .... never or rarely get reviewed in newspapers or magazines. They bring the real music. Real and unadultered by other interests. Pure and authentic.
These musicians are not stars : they are artists. They don't seem to care about promotional activities, or branding. More often than not the names of their bands change with each record, which are hard to find, on labels with unclear life expectancies. These musicians and labels all share the same characteristics : they give themselves fully: dedicated to their art, without compromise. That by itself deserves appreciation and recognition.
Why is this music so passionating?
In a few words : free jazz and avant-garde jazz try to create new listening experiences, creating new sounds and sound possibilities in a world without boundaries : anything is possible. The process is often a risky undertaking, both for the musicians and the listeners alike. You take your chances. You don't know where you will end.
If successful, the end result is one of absolute artistic integrity and authenticity, reaching deep into emotional expressivity through new form : playing with timbre, shifting between harmony and dissonance, attraction and repulsion, familiarity and the unknown, but always creating tension full of paradoxes and contradictions, full of intensity, no holds barred ... free. Free. Free.
This is not possible without great technical skills and musical vision ... and a deep sense of humanity.
For the listener the experience is all or nothing: there is no escape : you have to surrender to the sounds, the noise sometimes, the extreme innovation, the never-heard-before, but you also get the incredible reward and joy of hearing something so true and beautiful, so real and deep, breaking through the boundaries of the known, out of the mediocritiy and shallowness of mainstream music, out there in the open : the ultimate listening experience. You participate in a musical adventure, a journey, together with the musicians. Open ears require open minds. No preconceptions, no expectations. Just listen.
Over the years my taste has evolved. I can listen to things that I could not understand and appreciate five years ago. Listening a lot does that to you. So if an album does seem a little disconcerting at a first listen, sometimes (not always), it's worthwhile to keep listening, get into the music, let go of the voice in your head.
By coincidence, this 1000th CD review coincides almost with the 500,000th visitor to this blog, and luckily still in an ascending trend, with a steady and also increasing 25,000 visitors a month, which is not bad for the kind of music under review.
I want to thank all my regular readers and "commentators", with anonymous being the most regular one, but also Joe, Bill, Luke, Guy, and many others: thanks for the comments, reactions, corrections and suggestions.
My only ambition is to get the music known. There is no other reason. I have been asked to participate in networks, to put advertisements on my blog, to participate in commercial deals. I have not been really inclined to join these offers. Keep it simple, keep it pure. I joined forces with Instantjazz in order to get access to new material (thanks, Tony!), also as a means to direct you, the reader, to a place where you can actually buy the music.
Today, most of the CDs are sent to me by the labels, or by the musicians themselves, or once in a while even by a fan! But I still buy CDs, especially downloads from eMusic or iTunes (I just downloaded Jeff Platz & Daniel Carter).
So thank you all for sending me material. I apologize to all of you whose music I have not managed to review, but I have to be selective too. At any given time, I have a pile of thirty to fifty CDs waiting for review. At this moment, this pile contains seventy-four CDs - all waiting patiently to be listened to, to be reviewed.
How do I go about writing the reviews?
I spend at least two hours a day in my car, listening to new stuff. In the evening, between 10pm and 1am, I listen and write. My reviews are often characterized by their shortness, with the occasional mistake, typo and other consequences of speedy delivery, and with the limited vocabulary of a non-native English speaker. I try to capture the music in a few phrases. That's by definition impossible, but worth a try.
Why am I always so positive in my evaluations?
Hard to believe maybe, but I listen to more records than I review. Some get dumped after a few minutes of listening : not fitting the profile of the blog, or just not good, or not to my taste. I just want to review what I like. It's easier to recommend than to be negative.
Do I have a life?
Sure thing. I am not sure my wife and children always appreciate what I listen to, but yes, sometimes they do. What they don't appreciate are the car trips : get in the car, all quiet and peaceful, then dad switches on the car ignition, and the sudden blast at maximum volume of a Brötzmann tentet coming out of the speakers catapults them back on the street. A great listening experience.
Anyway, I thank them for their patience.
And I thank you, reader and music fan, for your interest.
Keep reading, keep listening!
© stef


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I always wanted two kids, maaaaybe three if the first two were the same gender. They'd be evenly spaced – two years apart, close enough in age that they could play, but wouldn't have the same classes at school. And we'd all live happily ever after.
After Madeline was born, I was afraid to have another child. Typical parent stuff – I didn't know how I could possible love another child the way I loved her. Maddie had been through so much, she was so special, there was no way another child could be so special. Not to mention the trauma of her pregnancy. But, just like every other mom, I pushed the hard stuff to the back of my mind, and Mike and I were ready for another (possibly final) child.
And then everything changed.
Now, if my body could handle it (and Dr. Risky wouldn't kill me) I would try for another child. And another. And another. My desire for lots and lots of children is overwhelming at times. I talk to my therapist about this a lot.
I just feel this…yearning, deep inside me, to be surrounded by my children. It's almost desperation. And I keep telling my therapist that I think it's because I am afraid to have another child die, afraid to be alone, and if I have a bunch of kids at least one of them will live an entire life. It's complicated and messy and irrational.
I am never going to get my Maddie back. I am never going to be without the fear that I'll lose another child. Somehow I am going to have to figure out how to live through this (that doesn't involve exploding my uterus).
Luckily for my uterus, this child of mine has the energy of dozens and the attitude of thousands, so she does a good job of keep my reproductive urges to a minimum.
Although, her cuteness kind of makes me wonder what other ones would look like…


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Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
Probability density function | |||
Cumulative distribution function | |||
Parameters | |||
Support | |||
(where exp is the exponential function) | |||
(where erf is the error function) | ||
Mean | |||
Mode | |||
Variance | |||
Skewness | |||
Excess kurtosis | |||
Entropy |
In physics (in particular in statistical mechanics), the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, or Maxwell(ian) distribution, is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann.
It was first defined and used for describing particle speeds in idealized gases, where the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, except for very brief collisions in which they exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. The term "particle" in this context refers to gaseous particles only (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.[1] The energies of such particles follow what is known as Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, and the statistical distribution of speeds is derived by equating particle energies with kinetic energy.
Mathematically, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is the chi distribution with three degrees of freedom (the components of the velocity vector in Euclidean space), with a scale parameter measuring speeds in units proportional to the square root of (the ratio of temperature and particle mass).[2]
The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a result of the kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.[3] The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies fundamentally to particle velocities in three dimensions, but turns out to depend only on the speed (the magnitude of the velocity) of the particles. A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a randomly chosen particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The kinetic theory of gases applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. This is also true for ideal plasmas, which are ionized gases of sufficiently low density.[4]
The distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds.[5] Boltzmann later, in the 1870s, carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution. The distribution can be derived on the ground that it maximizes the entropy of the system. A list of derivations are:
- Maximum entropy probability distribution in the phase space, with the constraint of conservation of average energy
- Canonical ensemble.
Distribution function
[edit]For a system containing a large number of identical non-interacting, non-relativistic classical particles in thermodynamic equilibrium, the fraction of the particles within an infinitesimal element of the three-dimensional velocity space d 3v, centered on a velocity vector of magnitude , is given by where:
- m is the particle mass;
- k is the Boltzmann constant;
- T is thermodynamic temperature;
- is a probability distribution function, properly normalized so that over all velocities is unity.
One can write the element of velocity space as , for velocities in a standard Cartesian coordinate system, or as in a standard spherical coordinate system, where is an element of solid angle and
The Maxwellian distribution function for particles moving in only one direction, if this direction is x, is which can be obtained by integrating the three-dimensional form given above over vy and vz.
Recognizing the symmetry of , one can integrate over solid angle and write a probability distribution of speeds as the function[6]
This probability density function gives the probability, per unit speed, of finding the particle with a speed near v. This equation is simply the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (given in the infobox) with distribution parameter The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is equivalent to the chi distribution with three degrees of freedom and scale parameter
The simplest ordinary differential equation satisfied by the distribution is:
or in unitless presentation: With the Darwin–Fowler method of mean values, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is obtained as an exact result.
Relaxation to the 2D Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
[edit]For particles confined to move in a plane, the speed distribution is given by
This distribution is used for describing systems in equilibrium. However, most systems do not start out in their equilibrium state. The evolution of a system towards its equilibrium state is governed by the Boltzmann equation. The equation predicts that for short range interactions, the equilibrium velocity distribution will follow a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. To the right is a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in which 900 hard sphere particles are constrained to move in a rectangle. They interact via perfectly elastic collisions. The system is initialized out of equilibrium, but the velocity distribution (in blue) quickly converges to the 2D Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (in orange).
Typical speeds
[edit]The mean speed , most probable speed (mode) vp, and root-mean-square speed can be obtained from properties of the Maxwell distribution.
This works well for nearly ideal, monatomic gases like helium, but also for molecular gases like diatomic oxygen. This is because despite the larger heat capacity (larger internal energy at the same temperature) due to their larger number of degrees of freedom, their translational kinetic energy (and thus their speed) is unchanged.[7]
- The most probable speed, vp, is the speed most likely to be possessed by any molecule (of the same mass m) in the system and corresponds to the maximum value or the mode of f(v). To find it, we calculate the derivative set it to zero and solve for v: with the solution: where:
- R is the gas constant;
- M is molar mass of the substance, and thus may be calculated as a product of particle mass, m, and Avogadro constant, NA:
For diatomic nitrogen (N2, the primary component of air)[8] at room temperature (300 K), this gives
- The mean speed is the expected value of the speed distribution, setting :
- The mean square speed is the second-order raw moment of the speed distribution. The "root mean square speed" is the square root of the mean square speed, corresponding to the speed of a particle with average kinetic energy, setting :
In summary, the typical speeds are related as follows:
The root mean square speed is directly related to the speed of sound c in the gas, by where is the adiabatic index, f is the number of degrees of freedom of the individual gas molecule. For the example above, diatomic nitrogen (approximating air) at 300 K, [9] and the true value for air can be approximated by using the average molar weight of air (29 g/mol), yielding 347 m/s at 300 K (corrections for variable humidity are of the order of 0.1% to 0.6%).
The average relative velocity where the three-dimensional velocity distribution is
The integral can easily be done by changing to coordinates and
[edit]The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution assumes that the velocities of individual particles are much less than the speed of light, i.e. that . For electrons, the temperature of electrons must be K.
Derivation and related distributions
[edit]Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics
[edit]The original derivation in 1860 by James Clerk Maxwell was an argument based on molecular collisions of the Kinetic theory of gases as well as certain symmetries in the speed distribution function; Maxwell also gave an early argument that these molecular collisions entail a tendency towards equilibrium.[5][10] After Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872[11] also derived the distribution on mechanical grounds and argued that gases should over time tend toward this distribution, due to collisions (see H-theorem). He later (1877)[12] derived the distribution again under the framework of statistical thermodynamics. The derivations in this section are along the lines of Boltzmann's 1877 derivation, starting with result known as Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics (from statistical thermodynamics). Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics gives the average number of particles found in a given single-particle microstate. Under certain assumptions, the logarithm of the fraction of particles in a given microstate is linear in the ratio of the energy of that state to the temperature of the system: there are constants and such that, for all , The assumptions of this equation are that the particles do not interact, and that they are classical; this means that each particle's state can be considered independently from the other particles' states. Additionally, the particles are assumed to be in thermal equilibrium.[1][13]
This relation can be written as an equation by introducing a normalizing factor:
(1) |
- Ni is the expected number of particles in the single-particle microstate i,
- N is the total number of particles in the system,
- Ei is the energy of microstate i,
- the sum over index j takes into account all microstates,
- T is the equilibrium temperature of the system,
- k is the Boltzmann constant.
The denominator in Equation (1) is a normalizing factor so that the ratios add up to unity — in other words it is a kind of partition function (for the single-particle system, not the usual partition function of the entire system).
Because velocity and speed are related to energy, Equation (1) can be used to derive relationships between temperature and the speeds of gas particles. All that is needed is to discover the density of microstates in energy, which is determined by dividing up momentum space into equal sized regions.
Distribution for the momentum vector
[edit]The potential energy is taken to be zero, so that all energy is in the form of kinetic energy. The relationship between kinetic energy and momentum for massive non-relativistic particles is
(2) |
where p2 is the square of the momentum vector p = [px, py, pz]. We may therefore rewrite Equation (1) as:
(3) |
- Z is the partition function, corresponding to the denominator in Equation (1);
- m is the molecular mass of the gas;
- T is the thermodynamic temperature;
- k is the Boltzmann constant.
This distribution of Ni : N is proportional to the probability density function fp for finding a molecule with these values of momentum components, so:
(4) |
The normalizing constant can be determined by recognizing that the probability of a molecule having some momentum must be 1. Integrating the exponential in (4) over all px, py, and pz yields a factor of
So that the normalized distribution function is:
The distribution is seen to be the product of three independent normally distributed variables , , and , with variance . Additionally, it can be seen that the magnitude of momentum will be distributed as a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, with . The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for the momentum (or equally for the velocities) can be obtained more fundamentally using the H-theorem at equilibrium within the Kinetic theory of gases framework.
Distribution for the energy
[edit]The energy distribution is found imposing
(7) |
where is the infinitesimal phase-space volume of momenta corresponding to the energy interval dE. Making use of the spherical symmetry of the energy-momentum dispersion relation this can be expressed in terms of dE as
(8) |
Using then (8) in (7), and expressing everything in terms of the energy E, we get and finally
Since the energy is proportional to the sum of the squares of the three normally distributed momentum components, this energy distribution can be written equivalently as a gamma distribution, using a shape parameter, and a scale parameter,
Using the equipartition theorem, given that the energy is evenly distributed among all three degrees of freedom in equilibrium, we can also split into a set of chi-squared distributions, where the energy per degree of freedom, ε is distributed as a chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom,[14]
At equilibrium, this distribution will hold true for any number of degrees of freedom. For example, if the particles are rigid mass dipoles of fixed dipole moment, they will have three translational degrees of freedom and two additional rotational degrees of freedom. The energy in each degree of freedom will be described according to the above chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom, and the total energy will be distributed according to a chi-squared distribution with five degrees of freedom. This has implications in the theory of the specific heat of a gas.
Distribution for the velocity vector
[edit]Recognizing that the velocity probability density fv is proportional to the momentum probability density function by
and using p = mv we get
which is the Maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution. The probability of finding a particle with velocity in the infinitesimal element [dvx, dvy, dvz] about velocity v = [vx, vy, vz] is
Like the momentum, this distribution is seen to be the product of three independent normally distributed variables , , and , but with variance . It can also be seen that the Maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution for the vector velocity [vx, vy, vz] is the product of the distributions for each of the three directions: where the distribution for a single direction is
Each component of the velocity vector has a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation , so the vector has a 3-dimensional normal distribution, a particular kind of multivariate normal distribution, with mean and covariance , where is the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
Distribution for the speed
[edit]The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for the speed follows immediately from the distribution of the velocity vector, above. Note that the speed is and the volume element in spherical coordinates where and are the spherical coordinate angles of the velocity vector. Integration of the probability density function of the velocity over the solid angles yields an additional factor of . The speed distribution with substitution of the speed for the sum of the squares of the vector components:
In n-dimensional space
[edit]In n-dimensional space, Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution becomes:
Speed distribution becomes:
The following integral result is useful: where is the Gamma function. This result can be used to calculate the moments of speed distribution function: which is the mean speed itself
which gives root-mean-square speed
The derivative of speed distribution function:
This yields the most probable speed (mode)
See also
[edit]- Quantum Boltzmann equation
- Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics
- Maxwell–Jüttner distribution
- Boltzmann distribution
- Rayleigh distribution
- Kinetic theory of gases
[edit]- ^ a b Statistical Physics (2nd Edition), F. Mandl, Manchester Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 9780471915331
- ^ University Physics – With Modern Physics (12th Edition), H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman (Original edition), Addison-Wesley (Pearson International), 1st Edition: 1949, 12th Edition: 2008, ISBN 978-0-321-50130-1
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, ISBN 3-527-26954-1 (Verlagsgesellschaft), ISBN 0-89573-752-3 (VHC Inc.)
- ^ N.A. Krall and A.W. Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics, San Francisco Press, Inc., 1986, among many other texts on basic plasma physics
- ^ a b See:
- Maxwell, J.C. (1860 A): Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases. Part I. On the motions and collisions of perfectly elastic spheres. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 4th Series, vol.19, pp.19–32. [1]
- Maxwell, J.C. (1860 B): Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases. Part II. On the process of diffusion of two or more kinds of moving particles among one another. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 4th Ser., vol.20, pp.21–37. [2]
- ^ H.J.W. Müller-Kirsten (2013), Basics of Statistical Physics, 2nd ed., World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-4449-53-3, Chapter 2.
- ^ Raymond A. Serway; Jerry S. Faughn & Chris Vuille (2011). College Physics, Volume 1 (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 352. ISBN 9780840068484.
- ^ The calculation is unaffected by the nitrogen being diatomic. Despite the larger heat capacity (larger internal energy at the same temperature) of diatomic gases relative to monatomic gases, due to their larger number of degrees of freedom, is still the mean translational kinetic energy. Nitrogen being diatomic only affects the value of the molar mass M = 28 g/mol. See e.g. K. Prakashan, Engineering Physics (2001), 2.278.
- ^ Nitrogen at room temperature is considered a "rigid" diatomic gas, with two rotational degrees of freedom additional to the three translational ones, and the vibrational degree of freedom not accessible.
- ^ Gyenis, Balazs (2017). "Maxwell and the normal distribution: A colored story of probability, independence, and tendency towards equilibrium". Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 57: 53–65. arXiv:1702.01411. Bibcode:2017SHPMP..57...53G. doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2017.01.001. S2CID 38272381.
- ^ Boltzmann, L., "Weitere studien über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolekülen." Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 66, 1872, pp. 275–370.
- ^ Boltzmann, L., "Über die Beziehung zwischen dem zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie und der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung respektive den Sätzen über das Wärmegleichgewicht." Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Abt. II, 76, 1877, pp. 373–435. Reprinted in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Vol. II, pp. 164–223, Leipzig: Barth, 1909. Translation available at: http://crystal.med.upenn.edu/sharp-lab-pdfs/2015SharpMatschinsky_Boltz1877_Entropy17.pdf Archived 2021-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), C.B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0-07-051400-3
- ^ Laurendeau, Normand M. (2005). Statistical thermodynamics: fundamentals and applications. Cambridge University Press. p. 434. ISBN 0-521-84635-8., Appendix N, page 434
Further reading
[edit]- Physics for Scientists and Engineers – with Modern Physics (6th Edition), P. A. Tipler, G. Mosca, Freeman, 2008, ISBN 0-7167-8964-7
- Thermodynamics, From Concepts to Applications (2nd Edition), A. Shavit, C. Gutfinger, CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group, USA), 2009, ISBN 978-1-4200-7368-3
- Chemical Thermodynamics, D.J.G. Ives, University Chemistry, Macdonald Technical and Scientific, 1971, ISBN 0-356-03736-3
- Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics (2nd Edition), L.K. Nash, Principles of Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, 1974, ISBN 0-201-05229-6
- Ward, CA & Fang, G 1999, "Expression for predicting liquid evaporation flux: Statistical rate theory approach", Physical Review E, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 429–40.
- Rahimi, P & Ward, CA 2005, "Kinetics of Evaporation: Statistical Rate Theory Approach", International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1–14.
External links
[edit]- "The Maxwell Speed Distribution" from The Wolfram Demonstrations Project at Mathworld


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The Air element Pendant
The air element symbolizes qualities of connection to the soul or to the breath of life. It represents the inclination towards spirituality, and the ability to see life's big picture. The Air element represents movement and sound. It also represents the prana or the life force, which flows through our body with each breath. Air represents the fourth Chakra, the heart Chakra. The related Platonic Solid is the Octahedron. The related zodiac signs are Gemini, Libra and Aquarius.
The Four Elements project
This pendant is part of a four pendant set and four rings set called the four elements project. Each pendant represents one of the elements – Earth, Water, Air and Fire. The four elements can be found in different cultures around the world. The four elements represent archetypes on which the whole of reality is built on.
The idea behind the four elements project
The four pendants were created to bring you a tool to enhance your life. Focus on the element that represents the things you are currently looking for in your life. That is the pendant for you. It is possible to select the opposite element from your dominant element and in this way, achieve more balance.
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Here's a way of finding your element and a fascinating story and a unique method which is the key to pure intuition and knowledge
Learn more about the four elements and how to select your element
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Ka Gold Jewelry Features David Weitzman Spiritual Jewelry Artwork.
David's Jewelry harness the power of spiritual symbols and sacred geometry to bring those wearing them happiness, vitality, excitement and love. We invite you to join us on a journey full of Harmony, Beauty, ancient wisdom and symbolism.


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Availability: | In stock |
Carna4 Chicken variety is whole food nutrition for all life stages of your dog. Our Canadian-made pet food starts with 100% fresh chicken (we use the muscle & flesh, not by-products) plus chicken liver & eggs. No meat or vegetable meals, ever. We then add clean, de-boned Atlantic salmon, whole produce, our certified organic sprouted seeds and nutrient-rich kelp. We then quick-bake & gently dry it to give your dog highly digestible vitamins and minerals, without synthetic additives of any kind. No vitamin pre-mix needed, ever.
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