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"I do not believe in my mind that the way things are in Nigeria, any Catholic priest has the mandate to decide which of the political contestants should be voted for. I don't believe a priest should be doing that…If he was in my archdiocese, I will have sanctioned him long ago for the kind of utterances he makes." – John Cardinal Onaiyekan, Catholic Bishop of Abuja Metropolitan See on Fr. Ejike Mbaka (2015)
Prophecies and predictions by Christian pastors often mark the end of a year and the beginning of another in Nigeria…egged on by the media, looking for juicy material for their overtly religious and superstitious readers, these pastors sometimes overreach themselves as they dish out prophecies as if they were some kind of annual merchandise. This year has not been different with interesting prophecies offered by Apostle Johnson Suleman, Pastor Enoch Adeboye, Pastor Tunde Bakare, Catholic priest Rev. Fr. Camillus Ejike Mbaka and a host of others. What I find curious every year, is that each Pastor ends up saying something different from the other, whereas what we know is that there is only ONE GOD – absolute and indivisible. The teleological concept of God is monotheistic, but today's Pastors in their prophecies convey a pantheistic concept of God: a God that speaks in many voices and forms, creating a dissonance which is then exploited by the media, as the year unfolds, measuring the prophecies against actual developments, to determine who among the many prophets is the true seer. This seeming retailing of prophecies in the public sphere should be a source of concern to the Church.
Of all the prophecies that I have read about this year, I find two particularly interesting. The first is the New Year Day declaration by Pastor Tunde Bakare before his congregation at the Latter Rain Church that God had just spoken to him not to leave politics, because he still has an assignment for him in the political arena. "God told me to run for President", he announced. When – he does not know but he tells the congregation to pray along with him. "When He tells me the time, you will hear about it." It will be recalled that Pastor Tunde Bakare was the running mate to President Muhammadu Buhari on the platform of the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) during the 2011 Presidential election. His decision at the time to go into politics was quite controversial particularly amongst his Christian brethren who argued that a man of the cloth should not swim in the dirty and dirtied waters of Nigerian politics. The CPC lost the Presidential election and Pastor Bakare returned to the pulpit.
He won't be the first Pastor to declare interest in the highest office in the land. Pastor Chris Okotie of the Household of God Church first ran for President in 2003 as a candidate of the Justice Party. Then he ran again in 2007 and again in 2011 on the platform of the FRESH Democratic Party. He lost on all occasions. Yet each time Pastor Chris Okotie declared interest in the Presidential office, he always said he had heard from God. Listening to his campaigns, he always sounded so sure that he had indeed been anointed by God to be President. In 2015, God apparently did not speak to Pastor Okotie because he did not bother to join the race.
Do Pastors Okotie and Bakare, both learned men, hear the voice of the same God? Is it possible for God to anoint two of his servants as Nigerian President at the same time? For, indeed, when Pastor Bakare's critics opposed his decision to go into politics, his stoutest defence in 2011 was that he had heard the voice of God, and that the voice of God is superior to that of man. He quoted the Scriptures: Psalm 78: 70, 71; Romans 13:1. We, lesser mortals, may probably not fully understand the ways of God and the prophetic Ministry but the clergy must resist the temptation, unwitting temptation may be, to project God in negative light. The doctrine is that the omniscient God, the I-am-that-I-am that we know never plays politics with His words. He does not contradict Himself. He keeps His promises.
The second prophecy of interest is from Rev. Fr. Camillus Ejike Mbaka of the Adoration Ministry, an evangelical arm of the Catholic Church based in Enugu. In recent years, Fr. Mbaka seems to have turned himself into a spiritual authority on Presidential politics in Nigeria. A prophet since his primary school days, by his own declaration, Mbaka now tells Nigerians who should be President. In 2015, he had predicted that President Muhammadu Buhari will be President. He was very critical of the Jonathan Presidency. When then First Lady, Mrs Patience Jonathan visited the Adoration Ministry in Enugu, Mbaka reportedly rejected her offertory and gift – an indication that he would not associate with someone that God had not chosen for another term in office. As he put it: "There is no one kobo of Jonathan or Mrs Jonathan in my hand. The Holy Spirit rejected all of them. When the saga was going on, I put my hands on the altar, swore an oath that if I ever touched Jonathan's one kobo, may he win the election and that if I never and I am being accused of it, he will fail the election…"
President Jonathan lost the election and Mbaka was triumphant. He gained more credibility among his followers and the APC and the Buhari Presidency took him as a friend and their beloved priest. He received special praise from President Buhari. He would later be invited to the Presidential Villa for an audience with the President who commended him for his "steadfastness." When the private jet that took Mbaka to Abuja touched down at the airport, and Mbaka showed his face and waved to the crowd, you would think it was the Pope himself visiting the capital city.
Mbaka's career as a celebrity priest assumed a new flavor at that point. After his visit to the Presidential Villa, he continued to sell the Buhari Presidency, and on occasions even did a better job than government spokespersons. Buhari could do no wrong in his eyes. He accused the Jonathans, whom he had earlier accused of plotting to kill him, of creating all the problems that the Buhari administration was confronted with. In the heat of the pro-Biafra agitation by Nnamdi Kanu and Indigenous Peoples Organisation of Biafra (IPOB), Mbaka dismissed the agitation as "evil."
On New Year Day 2018, this romance between priest and president ended. Fr. Mbaka who had anointed Buhari as President in 2015, withdrew the anointing. He told President Buhari not to consider seeking a second term in office. He addressed President Buhari thus: "As I was waiting on the Lord, I'm asked to advise you, don't come out for second tenure; after this, retire peacefully. Come back to yourself or you will cry by the time you will be sent out of office. Those who are encouraging you to come out and run again want to disgrace you shamefully and publicly." The Holy Books are full of similar stories of the prophets delivering God's messages to rulers. When God withdraws the anointing of a particular king or commander, or issues a stern warning, it is usually as a result of an offence that has been committed.
Fr. Mbaka soon provided a justification for his prophetic message when he accused President Buhari of (1) failing to listen to his wife – "an adviser, a wonderful mentor, a visionist, a matriarch", (2) allowing himself to be hypnotized by the wrong people who surround him, (3) failing to deliver on his promise of change, and "toying with the privilege" God has given him; and (4) running an anti-corruption campaign that is "…archaic and barbaric, a witch-hunt, terribly selective". Fr Mbaka did not pull his punches. He says: "…Heaven demands Buhari, our President to change all those who are holding and caging him in captivity. If he will not change them, he will be changed… Change or you will be changed…God said that Buhari is in trouble. Buhari is in a horrible bondage. Nigerians are dying in your hands…Your change mantra is questionable. You are to change your change or you will be disgraced out of office."
In these words, Fr. Mbaka sounds like he was delivering God's own assessment of the Buhari government. Although he advises the President to "wake up" and "sit up", the thrust of his message is that the President should embrace the Mandela option and not seek another term in office. Fr Mbaka reportedly further disclosed that the anointing for the office of President has been passed to Governor Ibrahim Dankwambo of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Fr. Mbaka's messages, coming at a time when politicians are beginning to position themselves for another round of elections is bound to ruffle feathers. President Buhari's supporters have since rejected his condemnation of their administration. His choice of Dankwambo as future President has also similarly been rejected, with innuendoes, in a scathing piece by Muhammad Jibrin Barde that there "may be more than a handshake from his darling Governor Dankwambo."
Prophets in the Bible were not always liked for their messages but should Fr. Mbaka run into troubled waters with his mouth, he may not enjoy the support of his bosses in the Catholic Church who have for too long warned him to stop using the name of God and the Church to select political candidates for the Nigerian electorate.
He reminds me of Samuel in the Bible. Samuel was judge, priest and prophet. Mbaka also sees himself as a judge, priest and prophet. Samuel anointed Saul to be king over a united Israel, at a time when the Israelites wanted change (1 Samuel: 9-10) They were tired of the rule of judges and prophets, and wanted a king like their neighbours. Saul, having been chosen, following a message from God, became the first King over Israel. He was a strong military commander who won many battles for his country. But he was also jealous, rigid, insecure, dictatorial and covetous.
When David who had been his armour bearer, and who nursed him back to good health with music, later defeated Goliath at the battle of the valley of Elah and the people sang in David's praise: "Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands" (1 Samuel 18:8), Saul became insecure and wanted him put to death. It didn't matter that David was his son-in-law, and the best friend of Jonathan, Saul's son, who was of a much kinder and affable nature. King Saul's anointing was withdrawn when he transgressed in the eyes of the Lord and the Lord departed from him. (1 Samuel 15: 9 – 29; 1 Samuel 28: 16 -18). The same Prophet Samuel who anointed Saul also anointed David, the son of Jesse as next king (1 Samuel 16: 1-13). Saul was told that his anointing had been withdrawn and he would come to a bitter end. This prophecy was fulfilled: at the battle of Mount Gilboa, the Philistines defeated the Israelites, three of Saul's sons were killed, and he himself fell on his sword.
Bible commentators have criticized Samuel's reign as judge, priest and prophet in terms of its mixture of politics and spirituality. Fr. Mbaka is similarly guilty, even if his role as judge is utterly presumptuous. By naming Dankwambo of the PDP as next President, he may also have invited unto him, the same kind of persecution that David faced. What is different and instructive in this instance, however, is that with Fr. Mbaka and other contemporary prophets in Nigeria, it is most difficult to know where the spiritual becomes political and where politics feeds into spirituality. Nigerians knowing this to be true continue to listen all the same to their prophets and pastors because many of our compatriots believe in the idea of God and His dominion over all things. What we do not know and may never be able to establish is how to make that necessary distinction between when a Prophet actually hears the voice of God, God as in God, or when a prophet hears voices as in psychiatry. What is certain is: as prophets, it is possible to hear the Voice of God, but as human beings, it is possible for the same Prophets "to hear voices."
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2020 Venture Partners LLC, was founded in January 2006 with the goal of providing technology and operations consulting to Private Equity Firms and Venture Capitalists in the areas of Telecommunication Infrastructure, Network Intelligence and Information and Communications Technology (ICT).
For start-up firms, 2020 Venture Partners provides advice on which technologies show the most promise for the future and how to deploy these emerging capabilities to support new business models. Often, this involves using the power of networking to integrate several promising new technologies to establish a sustainable marketplace advantage. For existing firms, 2020 Venture Partners can demonstrate how disparate silos of technology that have developed within a business over many years can be integrated by using the power of IP to transform costs, capabilities and cycle times. Real-life examples demonstrate how simplifying and unifying outmoded information system structures on a common IP platform can cut costs drastically, provide better collaboration with partners and suppliers, and offer customers a dramatically-improved level of service. Such IT simplification can lead to higher productivity evidenced by such measures as revenue and EBITDA per employee, while simultaneously enabling customers to experience fewer defects, faster delivery times and a deeper electronic connection with the firm.
In addition to working directly with Private Equity Firms and Venture Capitalists, 2020 Venture Partners is also available to speak at meetings to managers of mature firms about how the power of new technologies can transform established businesses. No matter how many layers of incompatible legacy systems a company may have today, there are proven ways to move to new, unified platforms that can make any firm more competitive both on the balance sheet and in the marketplace.

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Re-think it 2018: Libraries for a New Age
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/2152/63047
Re-think it: Libraries for a New Age is a national conference that brings together academic, public and K-12 librarians, administrators, technologists, architects, designers, furniture manufacturers, and educators. Participants gathered to collectively re-think the increasingly important role libraries play in the communities they serve. The conference was held January 8-10, 2018 at the University of Texas and other locations in Austin. In its second edition, Re-think it 2018 is co-hosted by The UT Libraries, the Austin Public Library, the Austin Community College Library Services, and seven additional local library partners.


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Welcome to our website!
Selected as One of America's Best & listed in THE DIRECTORY OF TRADITIONAL AMERICAN CRAFTS 2022
Welcome to our website.
Dan and Marlene Coble have been creating paintings, one-of-a-kind painted furniture and accessories for over 40 years. We use antique, quality vintage, and newly built furniture as the "canvas" for our paint decoration. Our styles are inspired by the rich traditions of paint decoration in America and include grain painting, stencil decoration and free-hand painting.
We also offer prints from our original artwork.
Painted furniture is divided into three basic categories, grained, freehand painted and stenciled. Sometimes combinations of these techniques are used.
Grain Painted Furniture
Graining is a type of paint decoration intended to simulate exotic wood grains like mahogany, tiger maple, and rosewood. Dry pigments, suspended in a solution of oil or vinegar, are applied over a base color, usually yellow or red. Using different materials, such as feathers, rags, brushes, combs etc. a variety of textures and patterns are created.
Freehand Painted Furniture
Freehand painting is a type of decoration where the paint is applied with a brush directly to a surface, without the aid of a pattern. Painted tin ware is an example of freehand decoration using stylized brush strokes. Early furniture decorated with freehand painting reflects the regions where it was created. Blanket chests and armoires are typical pieces that might have been decorated with freehand paint motifs.
Stenciled Furniture
Stencil decoration utilizes a stylized design cut from paper or acetate. The stencil is laid over the area that is to be decorated. Paint or bronzing powders are "brushed" through the open areas of the stencil, creating the design. "Hitchcock" chairs are well known examples of furniture using stencil decoration. Theorem painters also used stencil technique.
Examples of American painted furniture from the 17th through the 20th centuries can be seen in many museums.To learn more about the history of American painted furniture, an excellent book to read is "American Painted Furniture 1660-1880" by Dean A. Fales, Jr. and Robert Bishop. (E. P. Dutton publisher)


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No NFL team has endured as tumultuous an offseason as the New Orleans Saints.
League discipline for an illegal "bounty" program over the last few seasons will leave the Sainrs without coach Sean Payton and defensive captain Jonathan Vilma in 2012, while general manager Mickey Loomis, defensive assistant/interim coach Joe Vitt and defensive end Will Smith will miss at least part of the season. The Saints also have been unable to secure a long-term extension with franchise-tagged quarterback Drew Brees, who helped New Orleans win its first Super Bowl title and has immersed himself in the community.
Despite the rocky last few months, the Saints remain a strong draw at the box office.
According to a Friday report in the Wall Street Journal, the Saints led the NFL in average attendance as percentage of stadium capacity in 2011. That appears on track to continue in 2012, as Saints vice president of communications Greg Bensel announced Sunday morning on Twitter that the team has a season-ticket renewal rate of 99.6 percent and a waiting list to purchase suites.
The impressive renewal rate and waiting list for Saints' season tickets and suites aren't a surprise. If the Saints were coming off a .500 season, perhaps the events of this offseason would cause a slump in ticket sales. But they're 37-11 over the past three seasons, won a Super Bowl and have made the playoffs for three straight seasons for just the second time in franchise history.
Even without Payton, the Saints' Super Bowl window remains wide open as long as they have Brees, who will not pass up weekly game checks worth $963,000 under the franchise tag. He'll be under center when the Saints host the Washington Redskins on Sept. 9.


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Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is a province of Canada that includes all of the island of Newfoundland, as well as Labrador, a large, lightly populated area of mainland which has a border with the Province of Quebec. It was the oldest English dependency in the New World, until 1949, when it joined Canada.[1]
Before 2001 the official name was "Newfoundland," and most people still call it that, for Labrador has only 28,000 people or 6% of the total population. Since World War II, people from Newfoundland are often called "newfies", a term that the locals dislike, and disparaging jokes about stupidity are common in Canada.[2] The capital is St. John's. The total area is 405,720 km2.
Newfoundland became a self-governing dominion in 1855, but lost independence when it went bankrupt in the 1930s, and reverted to the status of a colony ruled by London. Wartime prosperity gave the colony the chance to choose its own future, and after a hotly contested vote it joined Canada in 1949.
The population in 2009 was 509,000, only 1.6% of the national total. Many residents migrate permanently, and in recent years there has been a large temporary migration to the oilfields of Alberta. Since the utter collapse of the cod fisheries in the 1990s, and the failure of various government sponsored industrialization schemes, the economy has been hard-pressed. The per capita provincial income of $CAN 30,500 (2008) is well below the national average.
In 2006 the province had a population of 505,469, and is declining steadily.[3] Newfoundland and Labrador cover 405,720 square kilometers in total.
Population history
In 1654 the number of permanent inhabitants was 1750. In 1680 it reached 2280; in 1763, 7,000; in 1804, 20,000. Immigration boosted the 1832 total to 60,000 in 1832 and 75,094 in 1836, and 124,288 in 1857. Growth continued at a slower pace reaching 161,374 in 1874 and 217,037 in 1901 (including 3947 in Labrador). The capital of St John's, doubled from 15,000 in 1835, to 29,594 in 1901. The religious census of 1901 reported: Roman Catholics, 75,989; Church of England, 73,008; Methodists, 61,388; Presbyterians, 1168; Congregationalists, 954; Salvationists, 6594; Moravians, Baptists and others, 1554.[4]
The school system was denominational until the 1990s, with each church receiving grants in proportion to numerical strength. The budget for 1905 was $196,192, which covered 783 elementary schools and academies with 35,204 students.
Cod, supplemented by herring and lobster, was the economic mainstay until the late 20th century. Around 1900 the average annual export of dried cod-fish over a term of years was about 120,000,000 kilograms, with a value of five to six million dollars. The cod were caught on the shores of the island, along the Labrador coast and especially on "the Banks." These Banks stretch for about 300 m. in a south-east direction towards the centre of the North Atlantic; depths range from 15 to 80 or 90 fathoms. In 1901 41,231 men and 21,443 women were engaged in the catching and curing of fish, about 28% of the labor force, compared to 31% in 1857. They used 1550 small boats, with a tonnage of 54,500. The cod are taken by the hook-and-line, the seine, the cod-net or gill-net, the cod-trap and the bultow; Brazil and Spain were the largest customers.[5]
Farming was a supplement for some fishing families. In 1901, 85,533 acres were cultivated, producing chiefly hay, oats, potatoes, turnips and cabbages. Sheep grazing was common.
In 1901, 195 saw-mills employed 2408 workers with an output of $480,555. The rope-walk in St John's produces rope and line valued at $300,000 annually. Other factories were of minor importance.
When Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949, it relinquished jurisdiction over its fisheries to Ottawa; the Supreme Court ruled in 1983 that the federal government also has jurisdiction over offshore oil drilling.
After 1945, the fishing economy was transformed from a predominately labor-intensive inshore, household-based, saltfish-producing enterprise into an industrialized economy dominated by vertically integrated frozen fish companies. These efficient companies needed fewer workers, so about 300 fishing villages, or outports, were abandoned by their residents between 1954 and 1975 as part of a Canadian government-sponsored program known as the Resettlement. Some areas lost 20% of their population, and enrollment in schools dropped even more.
In the 1960s, some 2 billion pounds of cod were harvested annually from the Grand Bank off Newfoundland, the world's largest source of fish. Then disaster hit. The northern cod practically vanished—they were reduced to 1% of their historic spawning biomass. In 1992, the cod fishery was shut down by the Canadian government; cod fishing as a way of life came to an end for 19,000 workers after a 500-year history as a main industry.[6]
The fishing crisis of the 1990s saw the already precarious economic base of the many towns further eroded. The situation was made worse by both federal and provincial pursuit of programs of economic liberalization that sought to limit the role of the state in economic and social affairs. As the effects of the crisis were felt, and established state supports were weakened, tourism was embraced by a growing body of local development and heritage organizations as a way of restoring the shattered economic base of many communities. Limited, short-term funding for some tourism-related projects was provided mostly from government programs, largely as a means of politically managing the structural adjustment that was being pursued.[7]
Whaling became an important industry around 1900. At first slow whales were caught by men hurling harpoons from small open boats. Mechanization copied from Norway brought in cannon-fired harpoons, strong cables, and steam winches mounted on maneuverable, steam-powered catcher boats. They made possible the targeting of large and fast-swimming whale species that were taken to shore-based stations for processing. The industry was highly cyclical, with well-defined catch peaks in 1903–05, 1925–30, 1945–51, and 1966–72, after which worldwide bans shut it down.[8]
The first definite evidence of European contact with North America was that of the medieval Norse sailing from Greenland. For several years after 1000 AD they operated a small village on the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula, known as L'Anse aux Meadows.[9] Most historians believe explorer John Cabot (1450-1499), commissioned by King Henry VII of England, landed in Nova Scotia in 1497, but some historians have hypothesized he landed in Newfoundland. Sir Humphry Gilbert, provided with letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I, landed in St John's in August 1583, and formally took possession of the island.[10]
17th-18th centuries
Explorers soon realized that the waters around Newfoundland provided the best fishing in the North Atlantic. By 1620, 300 fishing vessels a year worked the Grand Bank, employing some 10,000 sailors; many were French or Basques from Spain. They dried and salted the cod on the coast and sold it to Spain and Portugal. Heavy investment by Sir George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, in the 1620s in wharves, warehouses, and fishing stations failed to pay off. French raids hurt the business, and the weather was terrible, so he redirected his attention to Maryland colony.[11] After Calvert left small-scale entrepreneurs such as Sir David Kirke made good use of the facilities. Kirke became the first governor in 1639.[12] A triangular trade with New England, the West Indies, and Europe gave Newfoundland an important economic role. By the 1670s there were 1700 permanent residents and another 4500 in the summer months.
The "admiral" system, by which the first captain arriving in a particular bay was in charge of allocating suitable shoreline sites for curing fish, was slowly replaced after 1700. Fishing-boat captains tried to arrive early from Europe each season in an attempt to become the admiral; soon merchant companies left crewmen behind at the prime shoreline locations to lay claim to the sites. This was a precursor to the establishment of private property and led to "bye-boat" fishing, wherein local, small-boat crews fished certain spots for the summer, claimed a strip of land as their own, and sold their catches to the migratory fishers. Bye-boat fishing then led to increased residency on the island, which in turn led to the elimination of migratory fishing enterprises as resident fishing became more profitable in the 18th century.[13]
The fishing admirals ruled until 1729, when the Royal Navy sent in its officers to govern during the fishing season.
By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), France acknowledged that Newfoundland belonged to the British Empire, but French fishermen were given the right to land and cure fish on the "French Shore" on the western coast. They had a permanent base on nearby St. Pierre and Miquelon islands; the French gave up their rights in 1904. In 1783, the British signed the Treaty of Paris with the United States that gave American fishermen similar rights along the coast. These rights were reaffirmed by treaties in 1818, 1854 and 1871 and confirmed by arbitration in 1910.
19th century
Cod fishing remained dominant but sealing also became important after 1820, as specially designed ships sailed each spring to intercept the great herds of seals on their annual southern migrations. The northern outports grew in importance ("outport" is used for all fishing ports except St. John's). By the 1850s new formed local banks became a source of credit, replacing the haphazard system of credit from local merchants. Prosperity brought immigration, especially Catholics from Ireland who soon comprised 40% of the residents.
Newfoundland was now a permanent settlement requiring a more established government. No elections were allowed but courts of law were set up in 1791 and the first civilian governor was appointed in 1817. In 1832 representative government was established with an elected General Assembly and a nominated Legislative Council consisting entirely of royal officials appointed by London. The Assembly and Council clashed repeatedly and after riots between Catholics and Protestants in 1841 the Assembly was suspended. Canada and Nova Scotia obtained "responsible" government in 1848 (whereby the assembly had the final word, not the royal governor), and Newfoundland followed in 1855. Self-government was now a reality. The Liberal Party, based on the Irish Catholic vote, alternated with the Conservatives, with its base among the merchant class and Protestants.[14] With a prosperous population of 120,000, Newfoundlanders decided to pass in 1869 on joining the new confederation of Canada.
Small scale seasonal farming became widespread, and mines began to exploit abundant reserves of lead, copper, zinc, iron, and coal. Railways were opened in the 1880s, with the link from St. John's to Port aux Basques open in 1898. In 1895 Newfoundland again rejected the possibility of joining Canada.
20th century
Sir Robert Bond (1857–1927) was a Newfoundland nationalist who insisted upon the colony's equality of status with Canada, and opposed joining the confederation. Bond promoted the completion of a railway across the island (started in 1881) because it would open access to valuable minerals and timber and reduce the almost total dependence on the cod fisheries. He advocated closer economic ties with the United States, and distrusted London for ignoring the island's viewpoint on the controversial issue of allowing French fisherman to process lobsters on the French Coast, and for blocking a trade deal with the U.S. Bond became Liberal Party leader in 1899 and premier in 1900. In 1904 he helped negotiate the end of all French fishing rights, and was reelected in a landslide. His efforts to restrict the rights of American fishermen failed. His party was badly defeated in 1909 and Bond proved an ineffective opposition leader.[15] Bond formed a coalition with the new Fishermen's Protective Union (FPU), led by William Ford Coaker. Founded in 1908, the FPU promised to increase the incomes of fishermen by breaking the merchants' monopoly on the purchase and export of fish and the retailing of supplies, and wanted to revitalize the fishery through state intervention. It appealed to Protestants, and morphed into a political party in 1912, the Fisherman's Union party.[16] Bond was succeeded as premier by Edward Morris (1859–1935), a prominent Catholic and founder of the new People's Party. Morris began a grandiose program of building branch railways, and adeptly handled the arbitration at the Hague tribunal on American fishing rights. He introduced old-age pensions, and increased investment in education and rural infrastructure. In the prosperous and peaceful year of 1913 he was reelected.
The First World War was supported with near unanimity in Newfoundland. Recruiting was brisk, with 6,240 men joining the Newfoundland Regiment for overseas duty, 1,966 joining the Royal Navy, 491 joined the Forestry Corps (which did lumberjack work at home), plus another 3,300 men joined Canadian units, and 40 women became war nurses. Without convening the legislature, Premier Morris and the royal governor, Sir Walter Davidson created the Newfoundland Patriotic Association, a politically neutral body involving both citizens and politicians, to supervise the war effort until 1917. With inflation soaring and corruption rampant, with prohibition of liquor in effect and fears of conscription apparent, the Association gave way to an all-party National Government. Morris was given a peerage as first Baron Morris, the only Newfoundlander ever so honored, and removed to London. The conscription issue was not as intense as in Canada, but it weakened the Fisherman's Union party, as its leaders supported conscription and most members opposed it. The Fisherman's party then merged into the Liberal-Unionist Party and faded away as an independent force.[17]
During the great Battle of the Somme in 1916, the British assaulted the German trenches near Beaumont Hamel, in France. On the first day of the battle, July 1, 1916, the eight-hundred-man Royal Newfoundland Regiment attacked as part of a British brigade. Almost all the Newfoundlanders, including all the officers, were killed or wounded without anyone in the regiment having fired a shot. The state, church, and press recognized the sacrifice Newfoundlanders had made in the war effort through ceremonies, war literature, and memorials, the most important of which was the Beaumont Hamel Memorial Park, which opened in France in 1925. The story of the heroic sacrifice of the regiment in 1916 served as a cultural inspiration.[18] In Newfoundland, July 1 is observed as Memorial Day, a day of remembrance, whereas other provinces celebrate the same day as Canada Day, commemorating the passing of the Constitution Act on July 1, 1867.
The 1920 Education Act called for the establishment of a Department of Education, to oversee all state schools, including the processes of teacher training and certification. The act provided for four grades of certificated teachers. There was also a category of other "ungraded" teachers, who were unqualified and employed on a temporary basis.
International capital was increasingly attracted to the island's natural resources. A Canadian firm opened iron mines in 1895 on Bell Island in Conception Bay. Paper mills were built at Grand Falls by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company, a British firm, in 1909. British entrepreneurs set up a paper mill at Corner Brook in 1925 while the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company opened a lead-zinc mine on the Buchans River in 1927. In 1927, Britain awarded the vast, almost uninhabited hinterland of Labrador to Newfoundland rather than to Canada, adding potentially valuable new forest, hydroelectric, and mineral resources.
Politically the years from 1916 to 1925 were turbulent, as six successive governments failed, widespread corruption was uncovered, and the postwar boom ended in economic stagnation. Labour unions were active, as Joseph Smallwood founded the Newfoundland Federation of Labour in the early 1920s.
Commission on Government 1934
Newfoundland's economic crash in the Great Depression, coupled with a profound distrust of politicians, led to the abandonment of self-government. The government had borrowed very heavily and had a weak tax base; 1933 interest payments on the public debt amounted to 63% of government revenue. There was no more credit; a short-lived plan proposed to sell Labrador to Canada; Canada offered no help. In return for British financial assistance, the newly elected government of Frederick Alderdice agreed to the appointment by London of a three-member royal commission, including British, Canadian, and Newfoundland nominees, "to examine into the future of Newfoundland and in particular to report on the financial situation and prospects therein." The Newfoundland Royal Commission was chaired by Lord Amulree, recommended that Britain "assume general responsibility" for Newfoundland's finances. Newfoundland would give up self-government in favour of administration by an appointed governor and a six-member appointed Commission of Government, having both executive and legislative authority. The solution was designed to provide "a rest from politics" and a government free of corruption. The legislature accepted the deal, formalized when the British Parliament passed the Newfoundland Act, 1933. The commission began operations in 1934, and disbanded in 1949.[19]
Newfoundland remains the only nation that ever voluntarily relinquished democracy.[20]
World War II
In 1940 Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed to an exchange of American destroyers for access to British naval bases in the Atlantic, including Newfoundland. The result was sudden prosperity as American money flooded the island, where 25% had been on relief. Some 20,000 men were employed in building military bases, but the government kept wages low so as to not destroy the labor force for fishing.[21] Even more influential was the sudden impact of a large modern American population on a traditional society. American ideas regarding food, hygiene (and indoor plumbing), entertainment, clothing, living standards and pay scales swept the island. Fears of a permanent American presence in Newfoundland prompted the Canadian government to push the island to join the Canadian Confederation.[22]
Joining Canada
As soon as prosperity returned (in 1942), agitation began to end the Commission. Newfoundland, with a population of 313,000 (plus 5,200 in Labrador), seemed too small to be independent. Joseph "Joey" Smallwood (1900–91) was a well-known radio personality, writer and organizer; he was a nationalist who long had criticized British rule. In 1945 London announced that a National Convention would be elected in Newfoundland to advise on what constitutional choices should to be voted on by referendum. Union with the United States was a possibility, but London rejected the option and offered instead two options, return to dominion status or continuation of the unpopular Commission. Canada issued an invitation to join it on generous financial terms. Smallwood was elected to the convention where he became the leading proponent of confederation with Canada, insisting, "Today we are more disposed to feel that our very manhood, our very creation by God, entitles us to standards of life no lower than our brothers on the mainland." Displaying a mastery of propaganda technique, courage and ruthlessness, he succeeded in having the Canada option on the ballot. His main opponents were Peter J. Cashin and Chesley A. Crosbie. Cashin, a former finance minister, led the Responsible Government League, warning against cheap Canadian imports and the high Canadian income tax. Crosbie, a leader of the fishing industry, led the Economic Unionists, seeking responsible government first, to be followed by closer ties with the United States, which could be a major source of capital. Smallwood carried his cause in a hard-fought referendum and a runoff in June–July 1948 as the decision to join Canada (rather than become an independent dominion) carried 77,869, as against 71,464, or 52.3%. A strong rural vote in favor of Canada overwhelmed the pro-independence vote in the capital of St. John's. The Irish Catholics in the city desired independence in order to protect their parochial schools, leading to a Protestant backlash in rural areas.[23] The promise of cash family allowances from Canada proved decisive.
According to the terms, Newfoundland would again have its own legislature and full local self-government, as well as seven members of the Canadian House of Commons. Canada assumed the Newfoundland debt of $63 million and in return Canada would keep the income, corporation, and customs revenue. Newfoundlanders would immediately get Canadian welfare benefits and the province would be paid about $3 million annually, plus a transitional grant, starting at $6.5 million then phasing out over 12 years. "We are all Canadians now," exculted one minister; "Now it can truly be said that Canada stretches from sea to sea."[24]
Smallwood era
Joey Smallwood was elected the Liberal party premier of Newfoundland (1949 to 1972), as the demoralized anti-confederates became the provincial wing of the Progressive Conservative Party. Smallwood's style was autocratic and highly personalized, as he totally controlled his party. He vigorously promoted promoted economic development through the Economic Development Plan of 1951, championed the welfare state (paid for by Ottawa), and attracted favorable attention across Canada. He emphasized modernization of education and transportation in order to attract outsiders, such as German industrialists, because the local economic elite would not invest in industrial development. Smallwood dropped his youthful socialism and collaborated with bankers, and became hostile to the militant unions that sponsored numerous strikes. His efforts to promote industrialization were a mixed bag, with great success primarily in hydroelectricity, iron mining and paper mills. He upgraded the small Memorial University College in St John's, to Memorial University in 1949, with free tuition and a cash salary for students.
He was narrowly defeated in the 1971 elections, and failed in several comeback attempts. He left politics in 1977 to create an outstanding multivolume Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador with over 200 authors.[25]
Neary (1980) identifies three postwar political eras, each marked by a dramatic opening event. A first period began with confederation, and Joseph R. Smallwood's accession to power. A second period of politics started with the Progressive Conservative victory in the federal general election of 1957. A third period began with the sweeping Conservative victory in Newfoundland in the federal election of 1968. Running through these periods is a common theme: the continuing erosion of the traditional, stable, subsistence, outport economy of Newfoundland by the forces of urbanism and industrialism.[26]
National identity
Nationalist sentiment in the 21st century is a powerful force in Newfoundland politics and culture. But that was a development of the late 20th century, for in the 1940s it was not strong enough to stop confederation with Canada. A Newfoundland identity was first articulated in the 1840s, embodied in a distinction between English-born and native-born Newfoundland residents.The relative absence of a strong sense of belonging to an independent country was the underlying reason for Joseph Smallwood's referendum victory. Most islanders were descendants of immigrants from either Ireland or the English West Country. It took centuries for them to view themselves as Newfoundlanders first and foremost. Gregory (2004) tried to date the transition from old (European) to new (Newfoundland) in the outport communities using vernacular song texts. Use of three collections of Newfoundland songs[27] demonstrates how by 1930 or so a Newfoundland song culture had replaced earlier cultural traditions. These songs suggest that the island was still a cultural mosaic; some outports were completely Irish, others were English, and in a few ethnically mixed communities, including St. John's, there was an emergent, home-grown, patriotic song culture. Cultural nationalism was still a minority tradition in the Newfoundland of 1930.[28] After joining Canada in 1949, Newfoundland culture underwent a significant transformation, notably in the cultural revival of the 1970s, which extolled the virtues of the people before they were hit with efficiency, centralization, and modernity. The "Ode to Newfoundland" is sung with as much enthusiasm in the taverns of Toronto and Calgary as on the island itself. Traditional Newfoundland heritage enjoyed a renaissance in the arts and crafts. Celebrations of outport life have been combined with a long-standing sense of victimization, offering a parade of historical scapegoats from the fishing admirals to powerful merchants used to explain relative backwardness and failure. Atlantic Canadians increasingly share an angle of vision derived in large part from the unpleasant fact that, compared to the mainland, the Atlantic region is both economically poor and politically weak, and growing more so. Nevertheless, Atlantic Canadians have so far rejected political union.[29]
Wayne Johnston's prize-winning novel The Colony of Unrequited Dreams (1999)[30] develops insights into the unique identity of the islanders and challenges prevailing misconceptions about the area among both residents and outsiders. The protagonist of the book is premier Joey Smallwood, with focus on his advocacy of confederation with Canada. Chafe (2003) sees the novel in terms of postcolonial literature with its attendant themes of displacement, identity, and history. Chafe explores Johnston's use of the phrase "scuttlework of empire" and its many interpretations of the often troubled relationship between the British Empire and Newfoundland settlers.[31]
Further reading
for a more detailed guide see the Bibliography below
- The Dictionary of Canadian Biography (1966-2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of notables who died by 1930
- Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) reliable detailed encyclopedia, on-line free
- Cadigan, Sean T. Newfoundland and Labrador: A History (2009), the standard scholarly history excerpt and text search
- Canada, Government of. Newfoundland . An Introduction to Canada's New Province (1950), 142p., useful short history online edition
- Conrad, Margaret, and James Hiller. Atlantic Canada: A Concise History (2006).
- Hempstead, Andrew. Frommer's Newfoundland and Labrador (2010) excerpt and text search 2006 edition
- Jackson, Lawrence. Newfoundland & Labrador (1998)
- Smallwood, Joseph, et al. eds. The Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador (5 vol 1981-94) 3900 pages; available on cd-rom portions online
- Walls, Martha, and John MacIntyre. Newfoundland and Labrador Book of Everything (2006)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (2008), complete text
- Bélanger, Claude, ed. "Newfoundland Biography (1497-2004)" (2004) online edition
- Cadigan, Sean T. Newfoundland and Labrador: A History (2009), the standard scholarly history excerpt and text search
- Canada, Government of. Newfoundland . An Introduction to Canada's New Province (1950), 142p., useful short history online edition
- Chadwick, Gerald William St. John. Newfoundland; Island Into Province (1967)
- Conrad, Margaret, and James Hiller. Atlantic Canada: A Concise History (2006).
- The Dictionary of Canadian Biography (1966- ), scholarly biographies of everyone of importance who died by 1930
- Encyclopedia Britannica (11th ed. 1911) online edition
- Harris, Leslie. Newfoundland and Labrador: A Brief History (1968),
- Jackson, Lawrence. Newfoundland & Labrador (1999)
- MacNutt, W.S. The Atlantic Provinces: The Emergence of Colonial Society (1965)
- Prowse, D.W. A History of Newfoundland (1895) 744pp, highly infleuntial classic history complete text online;also complete text downloadable
- Rowe, Frederick. History of Newfoundland and Labrador (1980).
- Smallwood, Joseph, et al. eds. The Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador (5 vol 1981-94) 3900 pages; available on cd-rom portions online
Specialized studies
- Bannister, Jerry. The Rule of the Admirals: Law, Custom, and Naval Government in Newfoundland, 1699-1832. (2003).
- Birkenhead, Lord. The story of Newfoundland (2nd ed. 1920) 192pp online edition
- Blake, Raymond B. Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland as a Province. (1994). 252 pp. excerpt and text search
- Buckner, Phillip A., and John G. Reid, eds. The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History (1994);
- Casey, G.J., and Elizabeth Miller, eds., Tempered Days: A Century of Newfoundland Fiction St. John's: Killick Press, 1996.
- Earle; Karl McNeil. "Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States" American Review of Canadian Studies Vol: 28. Issue: 4. 1998. pp: 387-411. online edition
- English, Christopher, ed. Essays in the History of Canadian Law. Vol. 9. Two Islands: Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. (2005). 419 pp. excerpts and text search
- Fay, C. R. Life and Labour in Newfoundland University of Toronto Press, (1956) online edition
- Forbes, E.R., and D.A. Muise, eds. The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation (1993).
- Fowler, Adrian. "Distinct Society: Cultural Identity in Twentieth-Century Newfoundland Literature." PhD dissertation U. of Ottawa 2003. 340 pp. DAI 2003 64(1): 149-A. DAQN76384 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones and Donald B. Smith. Origins: Canadian History to Confederation (3rd. ed. 1996), "Newfoundland to the 1860s," pp. 352-370.
- Greene, John P. Between Damnation and Starvation: Priests and Merchants in Newfoundland Politics, 1745-1855. (2000). 340 pp.
- Gwyn, R. J. Smallwood: the unlikely revolutionary (2nd ed. 1972)
- Hale, David. "The Newfoundland Lesson," The International Economy. v17#3 (Summer 2003). pp 52+. online edition
- Handcock, Gordon W. "So Longe as There Comes Noe Women": Origins of English Settlement in Newfoundland (1989)
- Harris, R.C. ed. The Historical Atlas of Canada, vol. I: From the Beginning to 1800 (1988) and R. Louis Gentilcore, ed. The Historical Atlas of Canada, vol. II: The Land Transformed, 1800-1891 (1993)
- Harvey, M. Newfoundland in 1900. A treatise of the geography, natural resources and history of the Island, embracing an account of recent and present large material movements, finely illustrated with maps and half-tone engravings (1900) 187 pp.edition
- Head, Grant C. Eighteenth Century Newfoundland: A Geographer's Perspective (1976)
- Hiller, James, and Peter Neary, eds. Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Essays in Interpretations (1980)
- Hiller, James, and Peter Neary, eds. Twentieth century Newfoundland: Explorations (1994), 384pp; 10 essays by scholars excerpt and text search
- Hiller, James K. Confederation: deciding Newfoundland's future, 1934–1949 (1998)
- Hiller, J. K. and Harrington, M. F., ed. The Newfoundland National Convention, 1946-1948. (2 vols. 1995). 2021 pp. excerpts and text search
- Hiller, James K. "Robert Bond and the Pink, White and Green: Newfoundland Nationalism in Perspective." Acadiensis 2007 36(2): 113-133. Issn: 0044-5851
- Hiller, James K. "Smallwood, Joseph Roberts (1900–1991)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online ed, May 2007
- Hollett, Calvin. Shouting, Embracing, and Dancing with Ecstasy: The Growth of Methodism in Newfoundland, 1774-1874 (2010)
- House, J.D. The Challenge of Oil: Newfoundland's Quest for Controlled Development. ISER Books (1985) re 1980s
- House, J.D. Against the Tide: Battling for Economic Renewal in Newfoundland and Labrador. (1999) excerpts and text search
- Kealey, Linda, ed. Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1993. 310 pp.
- Letto, Douglas. Chocolate bars and rubber boots: the Smallwood industrialization plan (1998)
- Ling, Katherine Anne. "'A Share of the Sacrifice': Newfoundland Service Wives in the Second World War." PhD dissertation Memorial U. of Newfoundland [Canada] 2001. 331 pp.: DAI 2002 62(10): 3527-A. DANQ62451 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Long, Gene. Suspended State: Newfoundland Before Canada (1999) excerpt and text search
- McCann, Phillip. Schooling in a Fishing Society: Education and Economic Conditions in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1836-1986. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Res., 1994. 277 pp.
- MacKay, R. A. Newfoundland: Economic, Diplomatic, and Strategic Studies, (1946) online edition
- MacKinnon, Robert. "The Industrial City in Transition: A Cultural and Environmental Inventory of Greater Saint John," Acadiensis vol. 37 no. 1 (Winter/Spring 2008)* Macpherson, Alan G. ed. Four Centuries and the City: Perspectives on the Historical Geography of St. John's (2005)
- Mannion, John J. Irish Settlements in Eastern Canada: A Study of Cultural Transfer and Adaptation (1974)
- Mannion, John J. ed., The Peopling of Newfoundland: Essays in Historical Geography (Institute of Social & Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1977)
- Matthews, Keith. Lectures on the History of Newfoundland 1500-1800 (1988),
- Neary, Peter. Newfoundland in the North Atlantic world, 1929-1949. McGill-(1996)
- Nolan, Stephen. Leaving Newfoundland: A History of Out-Migration (2007)
- O'Flaherty, Patrick. Old Newfoundland: A History to 1843. St John's: Long Beach, 1999. 284 pp.
- O'Flaherty, Patrick. The Rock Observed: Studies in the Literature of Newfoundland (1979),
- Ommer, Rosemary E., ed. The Resilient Outport: Ecology, Economy, and Society in Rural Newfoundland. (2002). 358 pp.
- Overton, James. "Nationalism, Democracy, and Self-determination: Newfoundland in the 1930s and 1940s." Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 2005 32(1-2): 31-52. Issn: 0317-7904
- Pope, Peter E. Fish into Wine: The Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century. (2004). 464 pp. excerpt and text search
- Rowe, Frederick W. The Smallwood Era. (1985). 250 pp.
- Sider, Gerald M. Between History and Tomorrow: Making and Breaking Everyday Life in Rural Newfoundland. (2nd ed. 2003); first edition was Culture and Class in Anthropology and History: A Newfoundland Illustration, (1986). 344 pp.
- Sweeny, Robert C. H. "What Difference Does a Mode Make? A Comparison of Two Seventeenth-century Colonies: Canada and Newfoundland." William and Mary Quarterly 2006 63(2): 281-304. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext: History Cooperative
- Wright, Miriam. A Fishery for Modern Times: The State and the Industrialization of the Newfoundland Fishery, 1934-1968. (2001). 176 pp.
- Writers' Alliance of Newfoundland and Labrador. Desperate measures: the Great Depression in Newfoundland and Labrador (1996) 55 pages; essays by Carmelita McGrath and Kathryn Welbourn. online edition
- Bannister, Jerry. "'A Species of Vassalage': The Issue of Class in the Writing of Newfoundland History" Acadiensis 24:1 (Autumn 1994): 134-144.
- Conrad, Margaret, and James Hiller, "Introduction" in Atlantic Canada: A Region in the Making" (2006) online
- English, Christopher. "The Legal Historiography of Newfoundland," in Christopher English (ed.), Essays in the History of Canadian Law, Vol. 9. Two Islands: Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island (2005), pp. 19-38.
- Janzen, Olaf U. "Newfoundland and the International Fishery," in M. Brook Taylor, ed. Canadian History. A Reader's Guide. Vol. I: Beginnings to Confederation (1994). Chapter 4, pp. 280-324 online expanded version
- Matthews, Keith. "Historical Fence Building: a Critique of the Historiography of Newfoundland." Newfoundland Studies 2001 17(2): 143-165. Issn: 0823-1737
- Neary, Peter. "The Writing of Newfoundland History: An Introductory Survey," in James Hiller and Peter Neary (eds.), Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Essays in Interpretations (1980), pp. 3-15
- Rowe, Fred. "Myths of Newfoundland", Newfoundland Quarterly 74:4 (Winter 1979): 3-16
- Sager, Eric. "Newfoundland's Historical Revival and the Legacy of David Alexander," Acadiensis 11:1 (Autumn 1981): 104-115
Primary sources
- The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs (annual 1901-1933) report on the year in Newfoundland, stressing politics online edition
- Millais, John Guille. The Newfoundland Guide Book, 1911: Including Labrador and St. Pierre (1911) online edition; also reprinted 2009
- Moyles, Robert Gordon, ed. "Complaints is Many and Various, But the Odd Divil Likes It": Nineteenth Century Views of Newfoundland (1975).
- Neary, Peter, and Patrick O'Flaherty, eds. By Great Waters: A Newfoundland and Labrador Anthology (1974)
- O'Flaherty, Patrick ed. The Rock Observed: Literary Responses to Newfoundland and Its People (1979)
- Rompkey, Ronald, ed. Terre-Neuve: Anthologie des Voyageurs Français, 1814-1914 [Newfoundland: anthology of French travelers, 1814-1914]. Presse University de Rennes, 2004. 304 pp.
- Smallwood, Joseph R. I Chose Canada: The Memoirs of the Honourable Joseph R. "Joey" Smallwood. (1973). 600 pp.
Additional bibliographies
- "Atlantic Canada Portal" a comprehensive online bibliography on Atlantic Canada
- "A Reader's Guide to the History of Newfoundland and Labrador to 1869," by Olaf U. Janzen
External links
- Newfoundland history well-done website by scholar; many biographies and primary sources
- Official Statistics
- Newfoundland Tourism
- ↑ Britannica
- ↑ see George Morley Story et al. Dictionary of Newfoundland English (1990) p. 343 online
- ↑ Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data. 2006 Canadian Census. Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica (11th ed. 1911)
- ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica (11th ed. 1911)
- ↑ Dean Louis Yelwa Bavington, "Of Fish and People: Managerial Ecology in Newfoundland and Labrador Cod Fisheries." PhD dissertation Wilfrid Laurier U. 2005. 293 pp. DAI 2006 66(11): 4133-A. DANR09915 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Michael Harris, Lament for an Ocean: The Collapse of the Atlantic Cod Fishery, a True Crime Story. (1998) is a popular account.
- ↑ James Overton, "'A Future in the Past'? Tourism Development, Outport Archaeology, and the Politics of Deindustrialization in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s." Urban History Review 2007 35(2): 60-74. Issn: 0703-0428
- ↑ Anthony B. Dickinson and Chesley W. Sanger, Twentieth-Century Shore-Station Whaling in Newfoundland and Labrador (2005).
- ↑ See "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada: History" and David Quinn, "Review Essay – Norse America: Reports and Reassessments," Journal of American Studies 22:2 (1988): 269-273. For a summary of scholarship see Olaf U. Janzen, "Discovery and Early Exploration, ca. 1000 - 1550"
- ↑ Brian Cuthbertson, "John Cabot and His Historians: Five Hundred Years of Controversy." Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society 1998 1: 16-35. Issn: 1486-5920. For excellent history see Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages (1971)
- ↑ See Allan M. Fraser, "Calvert, Sir George" Dictionary of Canadian Biography online
- ↑ John S. Moir, "Kirke, Sir David," Dictionary of Canadian Biography online
- ↑ Kenneth Norrie and Rick Szostak, "Allocating Property Rights over Shoreline: Institutional Change in the Newfoundland Inshore Fishery." Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 2005 20(2): 234-263. Issn: 0823-1737
- ↑ On the election riots of 1861, again based on religion, see Jeff A. Webb, "The Election Riots of 1861" (2001) online edition
- ↑ James K. Hiller, "Bond, Sir Robert (1857–1927)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (2004); online edition, Jan 2008
- ↑ See "The Fisherman's Protective Union"
- ↑ James K. Hiller, "Morris, Edward Patrick, first Baron Morris (1859–1935)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,(2004); online edition, Jan 2008; and "Newfoundland and the First World War" in The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1917 (1918) pp. 187-190
- ↑ Robert J. Harding, "Glorious Tragedy: Newfoundland's Cultural Memory of the Attack at Beaumont Hamel, 1916-1925." Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 2006 21(1): 3-40. Issn: 0823-1737
- ↑ Jeff A. Webb, "Collapse of Responsible Government, 1929-1934" (2001) online edition
- ↑ James Overton, "Economic Crisis and the End of Democracy: Politics in Newfoundland During the Great Depression." Labour 1990 (26): 85-124. Issn: 0700-3862
- ↑ Steven High, "Working for Uncle Sam: the 'Comings' and 'Goings' of Newfoundland Base Construction Labour, 1940-1945," Acadiensis 2003 32(2): 84-107. Issn: 0044-5851
- ↑ David Mackenzie, "A North Atlantic Outpost: the American Military in Newfoundland, 1941-1945." War & Society 2004 22(2): 51-74. Issn: 0729-2473
- ↑ The Catholic schools were nationalized in 1998 over strong Catholic objections. See John Edward Fitzgerald, "Archbishop E. P. Roche, J. R. Smallwood, and Denominational Rights in Newfoundland Education, 1948." Historical Studies: Canadian Catholic Historical Association 1999 65: 28-49. Issn: 1193-1981
- ↑ Om Smallwood see Harold Howood, Joey (1989) and Richard Gwyn, Smallwood: The Unlikely Revolutionary (1968)
- ↑ Richard J. Gwyn, "Smallwood, Joseph Roberts," Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) online, and and Richard Gwyn, Smallwood: The Unlikely Revolutionary (1968); James K. Hiller, "Smallwood, Joseph Roberts (1900–1991)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, May 2007
- ↑ Peter Neary, "Party Politics in Newfoundland, 1949-71: a Survey and Analysis," in Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Essays in Interpretation (1980): 205-245
- ↑ Gerald Doyle, ed. The Old Time Songs and Poetry of Newfoundland (1927); Elisabeth Greenleaf, Ballads and Sea Songs from Newfoundland (1968); and Maud Karpeles, ed. Folk Songs from Newfoundland (1971)
- ↑ E. David Gregory, "Vernacular Song, Cultural Identity, and Nationalism in Newfoundland, 1920-1955," History of Intellectual Culture 2004 4(1). Issn: 1492-7810 online edition
- ↑ Shane O'Dea, "Culture and Country: the Role of the Arts and Heritage in the Nationalist Revival in Newfoundland." Newfoundland Studies 2003 19(2): 378-386; Margaret R. Conrad and James K. Hiller, Atlantic Canada: A Region in the Making (2001) pp 1-11.
- ↑ See excerpts and text search at Amazon.com
- ↑ Paul Chafe, "'The Scuttlework of Empire': a Postcolonial Reading of Wayne Johnston's The Colony of Unrequited Dreams". Newfoundland Studies 2003 19(2): 322-346.


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Commuters faced a nightmare journey home tonight as London's transport network ground to a halt in the face of snow and freezing conditions.
Passengers at Victoria Station were told all trains into and out of the terminal were cancelled while other services around the capital were severely reduced.
In angry scenes, passengers at Victoria remonstrated with station staff demanding more information.
One passenger, who asked not to be named, said: 'It was hellish. Every platform had a train on but they were going nowhere.
'When we were finally allowed on one it was completely filled and arguments were breaking out everywhere. I cannot believe this is happening again.'
It's interesting to compare the way that Britain's privatised railways grind to a halt as soon as there's some snow, with how the state-run European railways, like Austria's , cope with wintry conditions. But of course, as the ever so-clever and ever so well-educated British neoliberals keep telling us, private ownership is far more efficient than state ownership, isn't it?


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BLOOD SUGAR AND NEUROPATHY IN Red Hook NY
Over the last 20 years, many people have become all too familiar with diabetes. Diabetes has become one of the most common disease processes in the United States and the number of new cases continues to grow at staggering rates. In fact, recent estimates show that nearly 26% of the American population is currently suffering from the condition, making it the seventh leading cause of death. While the complications of diabetes in Red Hook NY range from eye problems to mental health issues, diabetic neuropathy has arisen as one of the most common and troublesome manifestations of the disease.
How Is Blood Sugar Linked To Neuropathy in Red Hook NY?
Therefore, providing relief for people suffering from diabetic neuropathy has become a large priority. One of the most recent developments in treatment for this complication has been an aggressive approach to controlling blood glucose (sugar) levels, also known as enhanced glucose control. However, with any treatment, there are often inherent side effects. This article has been designed by your doctors at Dr. Goldhirsch Chiropractic & Nutrition to provide you with information regarding diabetes and this new treatment process.
The Difference Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
To understand the treatment, it is important to have a basic understanding of the disease process. Most likely when you hear about diabetes, they are referring to the type 2 variation. Type 2 Diabetes currently accounts for nearly 95% of all reported cases of diabetes. The pathology behind Type 2 Diabetes is quite different than its counterpart and typically affects people who have reached adolescence or older. Type 2 Diabetes is largely due to poor dietary habits resulting in the body being unable to process blood sugar due to insulin resistance. As a result, the extra sugar is converted to fat, giving people with Type 2 Diabetes an overweight or obese appearance.
In contrast, Type 1 Diabetes only accounts for approximately 5% of all the cases of diabetes reported. While people with Type 2 Diabetes have developed insulin resistance, people suffering from type 1 diabetes fail to make insulin altogether. As a result Type 1 Diabetes is more common in people under the age of 25 and they typically maintain a thin or slim appearance.
What is Diabetic Neuropathy?
Medical terminology can often be confusing and sound more complicated than it really is. For instance, the term diabetic neuropathy literally means nerve damage due to diabetes. With nerves controlling every function and system throughout our bodies, it's easy to begin to see how extensive this disease process can become.
People who have suffered from diabetes for a long period of time typically have higher blood sugar levels than someone without the disease. Similar to how sugar is bad for your teeth, abnormally high blood sugar levels also cause damage to the blood vessels which give nourishment to your nerves. As the blood vessels and nerves are damaged, so are the structures that depend on them. For example, people suffering from diabetic neuropathy often have a long list of complications including; skin disorders, high blood pressure, stomach issues, kidney disease, vision problem, and mental health disorders. Therefore, to scientists and health care providers, controlling blood sugar levels has appeared to be an obvious solution.
While traditional treatments for diabetes sufferers have typically consisted of insulin injections and dietary modifications, a new treatment aimed at aggressively controlling glucose levels is emerging. As mentioned earlier, abnormally high blood sugar levels have appeared to be the leading candidate for the development of diabetic neuropathy. The only issue facing researchers and health care providers is maintaining the blood levels in an ideal range to avoid potentially serious complications.
When discussing an ideal range for blood sugar, most doctors look for the reading to be between 70-100 mg/dl. When the body is functioning naturally, blood glucose levels are controlled primarily by an intricate interaction between the hormones glucagon and insulin. As mentioned earlier, diabetics have one of two problems regarding the function of insulin. Developing ways to insure safe levels of glucose in the blood has become an issue.
Enhanced Glucose Control
Dr. Callaghan, a fundamental researcher for the studies surrounding this topic, has found that enhanced glucose control showed significant improvements with regard to diabetic neuropathy, especially for people suffering from Type 1 Diabetes. However, he has also discovered that further research needs to be performed to determine safe blood glucose levels. The concern arises from the fact that as blood glucose travels outside of ideal levels, additional complications including; death, coma, behavioral abnormalities, muscle weakness, and weight gain arise.
While this new treatment avenue shows promise for individuals suffering from diabetic neuropathy shows promise, it is important that more research be performed to minimize the potential side effects. Our doctors at Dr. Goldhirsch Chiropractic & Nutrition in Red Hook NY are glad to teach you about some of the other less invasive and proven therapies available for managing your diabetes.
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Dr. Goldhirsch Chiropractic & Nutrition
87 E Market St #103
Red Hook, NY 12571
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Mister Mike's Music Together® Mixed Ages – Indoors
Sunday, October 1, 2023 @ 6:00 pm - 6:45 pm
from September 24, 2023 to November 26 @ 6:00 pm - 6:45 pm
This event has passed
Each week in Music Together® Mixed-Age Classes at While They're Little, babies, toddlers, preschoolers, and the grownups who love them gather for 45 minutes of fun-filled family music time. Your teacher will lead you and the other families in music activities ranging from lullabies to full-on jam sessions (with child-friendly instruments, of course). It's so much fun you won't realize how much learning is taking place!
You'll take home the award-winning music used in class, along with an illustrated songbook and other resources. As you discover new ways to play with music all week long, you'll be supporting your child's music-learning and overall development—even if you don't think of yourself as a great singer or dancer.
Why Mixed Ages?
Child development researchers discovered that grouping children of different ages in one class encourages natural, family-style learning, so Music Together developed the Mixed-Age Music Class. In this class, everyone participates at their own levels: babies vocalize, listen, and observe; toddlers play and experiment; and preschoolers build confidence as they emerge as classroom leaders. Grownups are happy because everyone can come to class together.
"My husband teases me because whenever I mention Music Together to anyone, he always pipes up my next line which is 'best money we ever spent.' I truly mean it. Kudos to Ken and Lili for a program that outshines any other I have seen around." —Kim, Princeton, NJ


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Should a self-driving car kill the baby or the grandma? Depends on where you're from.
In 2014 researchers at the MIT Media Lab designed an experiment called Moral Machine. The idea was to create a game-like platform that would crowdsource people's decisions on how self-driving cars should prioritize lives in different variations of the "trolley problem." In the process, the data generated would provide insight into the collective ethical priorities of different cultures.
The researchers never predicted the experiment's viral reception. Four years after the platform went live, millions of people in 233 countries and territories have logged 40 million decisions, making it one of the largest studies ever done on global moral preferences.
A new paper published in Nature presents the analysis of that data and reveals how much cross-cultural ethics diverge on the basis of culture, economics, and geographic location.
The classic trolley problem goes like this: You see a runaway trolley speeding down the tracks, about to hit and kill five people. You have access to a lever that could switch the trolley to a different track, where a different person would meet an untimely demise. Should you pull the lever and end one life to spare five?
The Moral Machine took that idea to test nine different comparisons shown to polarize people: should a self-driving car prioritize humans over pets, passengers over pedestrians, more lives over fewer, women over men, young over old, fit over sickly, higher social status over lower, law-abiders over law-benders? And finally, should the car swerve (take action) or stay on course (inaction)?
Rather than pose one-to-one comparisons, however, the experiment presented participants with various combinations, such as whether a self-driving car should continue straight ahead to kill three elderly pedestrians or swerve into a barricade to kill three youthful passengers.
The researchers found that countries' preferences differ widely, but they also correlate highly with culture and economics. For example, participants from collectivist cultures like China and Japan are less likely to spare the young over the old—perhaps, the researchers hypothesized, because of a greater emphasis on respecting the elderly.
Similarly, participants from poorer countries with weaker institutions are more tolerant of jaywalkers versus pedestrians who cross legally. And participants from countries with a high level of economic inequality show greater gaps between the treatment of individuals with high and low social status.
And, in what boils down to the essential question of the trolley problem, the researchers found that the sheer number of people in harm's way wasn't always the dominant factor in choosing which group should be spared. The results showed that participants from individualistic cultures, like the UK and US, placed a stronger emphasis on sparing more lives given all the other choices—perhaps, in the authors' views, because of the greater emphasis on the value of each individual.
Countries within close proximity to one another also showed closer moral preferences, with three dominant clusters in the West, East, and South.
The researchers acknowledged that the results could be skewed, given that participants in the study were self-selected and therefore more likely to be internet-connected, of high social standing, and tech savvy. But those interested in riding self-driving cars would be likely to have those characteristics also.
The study has interesting implications for countries currently testing self-driving cars, since these preferences could play a role in shaping the design and regulation of such vehicles. Carmakers may find, for example, that Chinese consumers would more readily enter a car that protected themselves over pedestrians.
But the authors of the study emphasized that the results are not meant to dictate how different countries should act. In fact, in some cases, the authors felt that technologists and policymakers should override the collective public opinion. Edmond Awad, an author of the paper, brought up the social status comparison as an example. "It seems concerning that people found it okay to a significant degree to spare higher status over lower status," he said. "It's important to say, 'Hey, we could quantify that' instead of saying, 'Oh, maybe we should use that.'" The results, he said, should be used by industry and government as a foundation for understanding how the public would react to the ethics of different design and policy decisions.
Awad hopes the results will also help technologists think more deeply about the ethics of AI beyond self-driving cars. "We used the trolley problem because it's a very good way to collect this data, but we hope the discussion of ethics don't stay within that theme," he said. "The discussion should move to risk analysis—about who is at more risk or less risk—instead of saying who's going to die or not, and also about how bias is happening." How these results could translate into the more ethical design and regulation of AI is something he hopes to study more in the future.
"In the last two, three years more people have started talking about the ethics of AI," Awad said. "More people have started becoming aware that AI could have different ethical consequences on different groups of people. The fact that we see people engaged with this—I think that that's something promising."
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DMNA Home page | More News Stories |
Story by: Eric Durr - Division of Military and Naval Affairs
Dated: Wed, Apr 30, 2014
LATHAM, N.Y. - Martin ŌĆ£MartyŌĆØ Becker was German once. But that was in 1940, before he and his parents and other lucky German Jews fled HitlerŌĆÖs Germany. By 1945, Marty Becker had graduated high school in Albany, N.Y., been drafted into the U.S. Army and fought against Japan, and returned home as an American citizen and survivor of the holocaust which claimed the lives of 6 million Jews, including his sisters and brothers-in-law.
On Wednesday, April 30, Becker brought his family story of Holocaust survival and death to New York National Guard headquarters.
He spoke to 100 civilian employees and military members during a lunchtime program here sponsored by the New York National GuardŌĆÖs Equal Opportunity Office to recognize Holocaust Remembrance Day, which was April 27.
For the last 20 years, his passion has been educating people about the Holocaust, Becker said. As an active member of Jewish War Veterans he jumped at the chance to talk to Guard members about the Holocaust when he was asked, he explained.
Becker centered his talk around a book published in 2012 called ŌĆ£Descent into the Abyss: The Shoah rdquo; a philatelic retelling."
The book, by New Zealander Bruce Chadderton uses postcards and stamps to tell the story of the Nazi takeover of Germany, the anti-Jewish laws that were passed, and the eventual murder of millions of German and European Jews in death camps.
A 1941 postcard from BeckerŌĆÖs brother-in-law, Herbert Sohn to his family, is one of the postcards used to tell that story in the book. Photos of young Martin Becker, and his mother and his father, are also featured in the book.
The SohnŌĆÖs and their daughter died in a death camp while Martin Becker was growing up as an American teenager following a yearlong effort to escape Germany and get to the United States. His father had thought that Hitler and the Nazis were a political fad that would not last, Becker told his audience. But after the Kristallnacht of Nov. 9, 1938, when so many Jewish businesses were trashed that the broken window glass made the streets glitter like they were made of crystal, the elder Becker changed his mind.
Martin BeckerŌĆÖs father was arrested by German police and when he returned home three days later, his teeth were gone and so was the World War I veteran and patriots attachment to his native country, Becker said.
His parents sent 12-year-old Martin to France to live with a relative there while they waited for permission to immigrate to the United States. When World War II broke out, Martin was classified as a stateless enemy alien, which meant he had to wait in France while his parents left for the United States.
In the spring of 1940, just before Germany and Italy invaded France he left Europe on the last Italian ship heading for America. He tells these stories today, Becker told the Soldiers and Airmen, because as World War II gets further and further away in time it becomes easier to forget the horrible things that people did to each other.
ŌĆ£If we do not remember it, it will happen again,ŌĆØ Becker said.
He also got a laugh from his military audience when he briefly related his military experiences in the U.S. Army Air Forces.
He was drafted when he turned 18, Becker said, and was originally slated to go to Germany as a Soldier in an Allied Military Government unit since he was a native German speaker.
But instead, the Army turned around and sent him to ŌĆ£Fort Rucker, which was worse than GermanyŌĆØ and then to Fort Dix, where the Army decided it made more sense to send a German-American Soldiers to the Pacific.
Some things, he said, donŌĆÖt ever really change.


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NEW YORK–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Acxiom® (Nasdaq: ACXM), the leading enterprise data, analytics and software-as-a-service company, today introduced a new way for marketers, agencies and publishers to define, manage and reach best audiences across online and offline channels. Acxiom Audience Operating System™ (AOS) is unique because it enables marketers to connect all types of traditionally disconnected data and – for the first time – to create a truly singular view of the consumer. AOS derives better insights to help marketers more clearly understand their audiences and more accurately anticipate what will appeal to them. This creates more effective marketing campaigns and ultimately, happier consumers.
"Consumers are being bombarded by irrelevant advertising at every turn. This isn't the result of marketers having too little data. Rather, it's because marketers are drowning in too much data – data that's disconnected and siloed, creating disconnected experiences," said Scott Howe, Acxiom's President and CEO. "Today, for the first time in history through Acxiom AOS & our AOS-Authorized partner applications, marketers are able to fully leverage all kinds of data – first-party, transactional, digital, social, mobile and other audience information – to provide more meaningful and relevant experiences for their customers and prospects. Acxiom is on a mission to end advertising waste and noise, and AOS is the answer."
AOS is comprised of three key layers that enable 1:1 marketing at scale:
- The Data Layer – allowing marketers to ingest and unify virtually any type of data – structured, unstructured, 1st-party CRM, third-party data source, and Acxiom's world class consumer data – making the world's most powerful marketing data accessible in one place via a click.
- The Audience Operations Layer – enabling that data to be cleansed, matched and contextualized to provide actionable insights about real people – insights that can then be activated across channels and media buys.
- The Applications Layer – activating a growing roster of trusted development partners to create innovative and game-changing AOS–Approved Apps customized to meet any marketing need. Because of its extensibility, AOS makes it possible to create virtually any application a marketer can imagine.
"The true mark of sophistication is simplicity, and the lack of it has been a critical impediment to enabling Big Data to deliver game-changing value," said Phil Mui, Acxiom's Chief Product and Engineering Officer. "That ends today with AOS, a platform that is able to ingest data from everywhere and apply it to targeted audiences anywhere through an intuitive, unified interface. Importantly, AOS is absolutely privacy compliant and keeps privacy promises made to consumers by us, advertisers, publishers and all participants in this ecosystem. We have designed solutions that re-create machine logic and meaningful algorithms that are so easy to use, anyone can leverage them to quickly derive transformative insights. And we purposefully rejected a closed, vertically integrated solution stack in favor of secure yet open APIs that allow trusted partners to innovate with us and capitalize on the wisdom and energy of the ecosystem. With AOS, we never intended to build a better mousetrap. Instead, we chose to breed a world-class cat."
Acxiom AOS comes pre-loaded with a set of Acxiom's foundational applications specifically tuned to enable marketers to derive immediate value. These powerful but easy to use tools include:
- Acxiom Audience Architect – A "one-stop shop" to acquire, enhance and reach audiences
- Acxiom Cross-Channel Planner – The power tool for audience assembly and media planning – and a single planning tool for all channels
- Campaign Optimizer – A "next best offer" recommendation & optimization simulator and engine that takes the guesswork out of marketing
- Acxiom AOS Analytics – Rich Big Data visualizations made easy—including campaigns, audiences & channels
- Acxiom Technical Tools – Deeply integrated tools including SmartLink Manager (cross channel links and QR codes) and AbiliTag Manager (web page tracking tags).
Beyond the pre-loaded apps, AOS provides an open yet highly secure and privacy-compliant way for trusted development partners to connect, leverage and add to its value. Already companies including Adometry, AdSlot, Aditive, CrowdTwist, IDInteract, Integrate, Martini Media and MediaMath are introducing AOS-Approved apps, and the roster of trusted partners and apps will continue to expand significantly over time to create a comprehensive ecosystem built around AOS.
"The objective of Acxiom's AOS – creating interoperability and efficiency for digital marketers – is fully aligned with MediaMath's goals to maximize marketing effectiveness through an open technology platform," said Joe Zawadzki, MediaMath CEO. "Our partnership enables marketers to utilize the new AOS platform to create targeted audience segments and then reach those audiences across the MediaMath ecosystem, achieving true cross-channel execution in a seamless way."
By creating a cloud-based platform and expanding its capabilities with trusted partner solutions, AOS is designed to address the marketing industry's biggest challenges both now and going forward. It puts the best data, audience insights, and applications at marketers' fingertips to accelerate planning and deliver results like never before.
For more about AOS, please visit http://aos.acxiom.com/.
About Acxiom Acxiom is an enterprise data, analytics and software-as-a-service Company that uniquely fuses trust, experience and scale to fuel data-driven results. For over 40 years, Acxiom has been an innovator in harnessing the most important sources and uses of data to strengthen connections between people, businesses and their partners. Utilizing a channel and media neutral approach, we leverage cutting-edge, data-oriented products and services to maximize customer value. Every week, Acxiom powers more than a trillion transactions that enable better living for people and better results for our 7,000+ global clients. For more information about Acxiom, visit Acxiom.com.
Acxiom is a registered trademark of Acxiom Corporation.


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About Kimberly D Tanner
At SF State Since:
My research group, SEPAL: The Science Education Partnership and Assessment Laboratory, is interested in how people learn science, especially biology, and how teachers and scientists can collaborate to make science teaching and learning in classrooms – Kindergarten through college – more like how scientists work. Just like other science research groups, we ask questions about what we're interested in, design ways to collect evidence to address our questions, and analyze and share the data that we collect with other researchers in our field. SEPAL researchers are studying a variety of issues in biology education and science education, with a special emphasis on developing novel assessment tools to bettter understand how people from children to practicing scientists conceptualize the biological and physical world. Similar to studies in the field of physics education, this research in biology education holds the promise of revealing insights into preconceptions and misconceptions in biology that can guide strategies for curriculum improvement and teaching reform.
Please see our website for a list of recent SEPAL publications and biogaphies of SEPAL research students. We look forward to working with you to find a way to integrate SEPAL experiences into your time at SFSU.


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In this dream, I moved to a strange foreign nation, and met a beautiful girl there whose ex-boyfriend was making her life very difficult, yet who she was still somehow attached to....
His martial arts expertise alarmed me, and so together with the mother of a friend who lived in this same strange place -- a very short, hunchbacked old lady who walked with a cane and wore a funny straw hat -- I went to a weird old-fashioned section of the city, where we did two things.
First, we paid some old white-bearded "witch doctor" to cast a magical spell on the ex-boyfriend, which caused him to forget having ever known the girl, haha.
Then, we went to a strange store full of ancient relics, and bought this cylindrical wooden container, which I was supposed to keep in my bedroom for good luck, but not to open.
The girl and I walked along the beach and the ex-boyfriend walked right past and showed no sign of recognizing her. This freaked her out a bit, and she asked me to have the spell undone on Dec. 21 2012.
Then I went back to my house, which I suddenly shared with the girl, and of course I had to open the wooden cylinder. She kept telling me not to, but I had to anyway. I opened one end of it, prying it open with a screwdriver, and inside the small cylinder was an infinite space -- a whole multiverse of possibilities.
She just kept staring inside it, looking intent but not saying anything. I asked if she wanted me to close it; but she shook her head no. There were millions of these little intelligent creatures in there, which could see our (and everything's) past and future.... Clearly she was absorbing a lot of knowledge from them ... and so was I ... but it was also clear that we were absorbing somewhat different things.
Then, we looked at each other and, without words, asked each other if we should dive into one of those universes or stay in this one. It was clear that in those universes we could still exist as individuals (and could still be with each other); but would exist in radically different form (some form not constrained by time, though there were other constraints not comprehensible in human terms).
Gradually, we collectively realized that we did not feel like entering that other multiverse at that particular time.
Then, she gave me a look that meant something like: "I will never be afraid of anything relating to human society anymore, nor be afraid of my own emotions, because I can see that this whole world of you and me and humanity and Earth is just a sort of artistic construction, which exists for aesthetic purposes. We have chosen to remain in this universe so as to remain part of this artwork ... "
... and then her unspoken thought faded out before it was done, because someone was in the house walking around and we got distracted by wondering who it was...
... and then I woke up because of the noise of my dad walking around downstairs in my house (he was visiting last night)
... and I tried to fall back asleep so as to re-enter the dream, but failed ...


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A great conflict was about to come off between the Birds and the Beasts. When the two armies were collected together the Bat hesitated which to join. The Birds that passed his perch said: "Come with us"; but he said: "I am a Beast."
Later on, some Beasts who were passing underneath him looked up and said: "Come with us"; but he said: "I am a Bird."
Luckily at the last moment peace was made, and no battle took place, so the Bat came to the Birds and wished to join in the rejoicings, but they all turned against him and he had to fly away. He then went to the Beasts, but soon had to beat a retreat, or else they would have torn him to pieces.
"Ah," said the Bat, "I see now, "He that is neither one thing nor the other has no friends."


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Parkinson's disease is an illness that affects the part of your brain that controls how you move your body. It can come on so slowly that you don't even notice it at first. But over time, what starts as a little shakiness in your hand can have an impact on how you walk, talk, sleep, and think.
You're more likely to get it when you're 60 and older. It's also possible for it to start when you're younger, but that doesn't happen nearly as often.
There's no cure for Parkinson's disease, but you can get treatment and support to help manage the symptoms.
What Does Parkinson's Do to the Brain?
Deep down in your brain, there's an area called the substantia nigra, which is in the basal ganglia. Some of its cells make dopamine, a chemical that carries messages around your brain. When you need to scratch an itch or kick a ball, dopamine quickly carries a message to the nerve cell that controls that movement.
When that system is working well, your body moves smoothly and evenly. But when you have Parkinson's, the cells of your substantia nigra start to die. There's no replacing them, so your dopamine levels drop and you can't fire off as many messages to control smooth body movements.
Early on, you won't notice anything different. But as more and more cells die, you reach a tipping point where you start to have symptoms.
That may not be until 80% of the cells are gone, which is why you can have Parkinson's for quite a while before you realize it.
How Does Parkinson's Affect the Body?
The telltale symptoms all have to do with the way you move. You usually notice problems like:
Rigid muscles. It can happen on just about any part of your body. Doctors sometimes mistake early Parkinson's for arthritis.
Slow movements. You may find that even simple acts, like buttoning a shirt, take much longer than usual.
Tremors. Your hands, arms, legs, lips, jaw, or tongue are shaky when you're not using them.
Walking and balance problems. You may notice your arms aren't swinging as freely when you walk. Or you can't take long steps, so you have to shuffle instead.
Parkinson's can also cause a range of other issues, from depression to bladder problems to acting out dreams. It may be a while before abnormal movements start.
What Causes Parkinson's?
Doctors aren't sure why all those brain cells start dying. They think it's a mix of your genes and something in the environment, but the reason is not straightforward.
Someone could have a change in a gene tied to Parkinson's, but never get the disease. That happens a lot. And a bunch of people could work side by side in a place with chemicals linked to Parkinson's, but only a few of them end up with it.
It's a complex puzzle, and scientists are still trying to put all the pieces together.
How Will My Doctor Test for It?
There's no one test for Parkinson's. A lot of it's based on your symptoms and health history, but it could take some time to figure it out. Part of the process is ruling out other conditions that look like Parkinson's. The docotor may do a DaT scan, which looks for dopamine in the brain. This can aid in a diagnosis.
Because there is no single test, it's very important to go to a doctor who knows a lot about it, early on. It's easy to miss.
If you do have it, your doctor might use what's called the Hoehn and Yahr scale to tell you what stage of the disease you're in. It ranks how severe your symptoms are from 1 to 5, where 5 is the most serious.
The stage can help you get a better feel for where your symptoms fall and what to expect as the disease gets worse. But keep in mind, some people could take up to 20 years to move from mild to more serious symptoms. For others, the change is much faster.
How Is Parkinson's Treated?
It's all about managing symptoms. Drugs for Parkinson's can often help with tremors, stiff muscles, and slow movements. Your doctor may also suggest physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, based on how it affects you. And in some cases, you may need surgery.
How Will the Disease Affect My Life?
Most people who have Parkinson's live a normal to a nearly normal lifespan, but the disease can be life changing.
For some people, treatment keeps the symptoms at bay, and they're mostly mild. For others, the disease is much more serious and really limits what you're able to do.
As it gets worse, it makes it harder and harder to do daily activities like getting out of bed, driving, or going to work. Even writing can seem like a tough task. And in later stages, it can cause dementia.
Even though Parkinson's can have a big impact on your life, with the right treatment and help from your health care team, you can still enjoy the things you love. It's important to reach out to family and friends for support. Learning to live with Parkinson's means making sure you get the backing you need.