text:
ST. LOUIS, IRON MOUNTAIN, & SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Appt., v. WILLIAM F. McKNIGHT, J. Sam Rowland, and George W. Bellamy, Railroad Commissioners of the State of Arkansas, Howard H. Gallup, and William J. Metcalf.
37 S.Ct. 611
61 L.Ed. 1200
ST. LOUIS, IRON MOUNTAIN, & SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Appt.,
WILLIAM F. McKNIGHT, J. Sam Rowland, and George W. Bellamy, Railroad Commissioners of the State of Arkansas, Howard H. Gallup,1 and William J. Metcalf.
No. 183.
Argued May 2, 1917.
Decided June 4, 1917.
Messrs. John M. Moore and Edward J. White for appellant.
Mr. Allyn Smith for appellees.
Mr. Justice Brandeis delivered the opinion of the court:
On July 18, 1908, the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, & Southern Railway Company filed in the western division of the circuit (now district) court of the United States for the eastern district of Arkansas a bill against the Railroad Commissioners of that state to enjoin the enforcement of intrastate freight and passenger rates promulgated by them. Two private citizens, Leigh and McLean, who were alleged to be shippers and travelers on the railroad, were joined as defendants; and the bill prayed that they 'and all other persons belonging to the same class, including all patrons' of the railroad, be enjoined from instituting any suits for penalties or double damages under the Arkansas statutes. On September 3, 1908, a temporary restraining order was granted which, besides enjoining the Railroad Commissioners from enforcing rates promulgated by them, ordered that the two private citizens.
'and all other persons and each of them from and after the time that they shall have knowledge of this order be enjoined from at any time instituting any such suit or action for or on account of any failure of the complainant to keep in effect and observe said inhibited rates or for the recovery of damages by reason of such failure, during the time this order shall continue in effect.'
The railway company then executed, as ordered, a bond with surety to the United States in the penal sum of $200,000, 'conditioned that the said complainant shall keep a correct account, showing, as respects the carriage of passengers and freight, the difference between the tariff actually charged and that which would have been charged had the rates inhibited hereby been applied, showing the particular carriage in question and the stations between which the same occurred, and the name of the person affected, so far as may be practicable, which record shall be made and kept subject to the further order of this court, and further conditioned that if it shall eventually be decided that so much of this order as inhibits the enforcement of the existing rates should not have been made, that said complainant shall, within a reasonable time, for be fixed by the court, refund in every instance to the party entitled thereto the excess of charge over what would have been charged had the inhibited rate been applied, together with lawful interest and damages.'
On June 23, 1909, an order was made for an additional bond without surety in the sum of $600,000, which provided, among other things, for giving to each passenger or shipper a receipt which would show the amount payable under the enjoined rates.2
On May 11, 1911, a final decree was entered for the railway company, making permanent the injunction in the terms of the restraining order, and further ordering 'that the bond for injunction filed by the complainant here be released and the sureties thereon discharged from liability.' The decree was reversed by this court, with directions to dismiss the bill without prejudice (Allen v. St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. 230 U. S. 553, 57 L. ed. 1625, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1030); and upon filing of the mandate in the district court on July 18, 1913, this was done. But in the decree of dismissal the court 'of its own motion, and against the objection of the complainant, refers, under rule 15 of this court, the matter of damages alleged to have been sustained by the defendants, the Railroad Commission of the State of Arkansas, by reason of the granting of the temporary and permanent injunctions herein, to Jeremiah G. Wallace, Esq., who is hereby appointed a special master for the purpose of determining the damages sustained. That in determining these damages, for the recovery of which the said Commissioners are not acting for themselves, but for the benefit of all persons, shippers, consignees, and passengers who have sustained any damages by reason of the granting of said injunctions, the master is hereby authorized, for the purpose of ascertaining these facts, to examine witnesses, administer oaths, and call upon the plaintiff herein for any books or papers, or transcripts thereof, which, in his opinion, are necessary for the purpose of enabling him to determine any facts in issue in connection with any claim filed with him.
'And the master is further directed to give notice by publication . . . to the effect that all persons having any claims against the complainant by reason of the granting of the injunctions herein shall present the same to him on or before the 1st day of November, 1913, by filing with him the evidence of their claims, or such other proof as they possess.'
Thereafter Gallup brought suit in a state court of Arkansas to recover from the railway company the difference between the aggregate freight and passenger rates actually collected from him while the injunctions, temporary and permanent, were in force (that is, from September 3, 1908, to July 18, 1913), and the amount which would have been collected if the rates enjoined had been in effect. The railway company promptly filed, in the district court, on leave granted, what is called a 'supplemental bill of complaint' to restrain Gallup from proceeding in the state court. Metcalf, another shipper, who had not brought suit, but who, it was alleged, was threatening to do so, was also made defendant as representative of the class; and claiming that the facts justified equitable interference on the ground of avoiding multiplicity of suits, an injunction was sought also against him and others similarly situated. The supplemental bill specifically alleged that, by virtue of the decree of May 11, 1911, the railway company was released from all liability on the bonds or otherwise from any damage accruing from the injunctions.
Gallup and Metcalf each moved to dismiss the bill for want of equity. Gallup also answered, alleging, among other things, that the overcharges sought to be recovered were mainly those arising after the entry of the final decree in the district court, and also that the aggregate of claims filed with the special master under the decree of July 18, 1913, greatly exceeded $1,000,000, the amount of the bonds. The district court granted the prayer of the supplemental bill. Upon appeal by Gallup and Metcalf the circuit court of appeals modified the decree 'so as to restrain only such actions as are brought on one or both of the bonds.' From the decree as so modified, the railway company appealed to this court.
The railway company rests its claim to relief upon two grounds:
First: That the district court assumed by the decree of July 18, 1913, jurisdiction to determine all claims arising out of overcharges, so that the commencement by Gallup of suit in the state court was an interference with its jurisdiction.
Second: That, in view of the number and character of the claims of other shippers and travelers, equity should intervene to prevent multiplicity of suits.
It may be doubted whether, in view of the mandate, there was any power in the district court to order reference to the master to determine the liability on the bonds; but on this question we are not required to express an opinion.3 For it is clear that even if such power existed, it could extend only to such shippers and travelers as elected to file their claims with the master. The order referring the determination of claims for damages to a special master was declared to be 'under rule 15.'4 That rule relates to damages recoverable on bonds given when a restraining order or temporary injunction is issued. Damages arising between May 11, 1911 (the date of the decree granting the permanent injunction), and July 18, 1913 (the date of the decree on mandate dismissing the bill), were not recoverable on the injunction bond. Houghton v. Meyer (Houghton v. Cortelyou) 208 U. S. 149, 52 L. ed. 432, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 234. If the remedy of shippers and carrier were limited to proceedings on the bond, they would be denied all recovery for overcharges after May 11, 1911. Furthermore the decree of May 11, 1911, expressly released the railway company and sureties from further liability on the bonds. Insofar as the order referred to the master, 'under rule 15,' the determination also of damages 'alleged to have been sustained by reason of the granting' of the permanent injunction, it was clearly erroneous and affords no justification for enjoining suit in a state court to recover for overcharges made after the final decree. It is, indeed, contended by the railway company, that the effect of the decree entered by the district court is to deprive shippers and travelers of all remedy under the bond.5 But Gallup makes no claim under the bond. He sues on causes of action to recover overcharges arising under the Arkansas statutes. His right to sue, suspended by the injunctions improvidently granted, revived as soon as the permanent injunction was dissolved by the decree dismissing the bill. Although the injunctions enjoined all shippers and travelers, and therefore him, from instituting suits on account of alleged overcharges, Gallup did not in fact become a party to the suit in the district court; and he could not, after the mandate directed dismissal of the bill, be compelled to submit to that court the adjudication of his claim.
The contention of the railway company that the 'supplemental bill' should be sustained to prevent multiplicity of suits is also unfounded. Unless it is maintainable as an ancillary bill, the Federal court was without jurisdiction, as there was no diversity of citizenship. But it was not ancillary to any relief properly within the scope of the decree dismissing the original bill. As an independent bill it is also without equity. The only common issue between the railway company and the several shippers and travelers (namely, whether the rates promulgated by the Railroad Commission were confiscatory) had been settled by the decision of this court. In no other respect have shippers and travelers a common interest. The claims of each present a separate controversy unconnected with that of any of the others. This is obviously true as to all issues of fact which will arise in considering their several claims. And the bill contains no allegation or even suggestion that a controverted question of law, common to all the claims, is involved, which will determine their right to recover, or even that there is involved a question of law not fundamental, in which they have a common interest. It might be a convenience to the railway company to have these numerous claims of shippers determined by the master in the district court; but such a course would certainly involve great inconvenience to many of the shippers. The bill cannot be maintained as one to prevent multiplicity of suits.
Death of Howard H. Gallup, one of the appellees, suggested, and the appearance of Mrs. Jennie Gallup, executrix, etc., filed and entered May 2, 1917, on motion of counsel for the appellees.
The condition prescribed was: 'That it shall, on and after July 1st, 1909, issue to each person purchasing a ticket or paying cash fare upon the train from one point in the state of Arkansas to another point in the same state, and confined exclusively to intrastate travel, a certificate or coupon showing the amount paid by such passenger for such ticket and the date thereof; and to every shipper or consignee when paying freight on any commodity shipped from one part of the state of Arkansas to another part, and which is wholly the subject of intrastate traffic, a receipt or freight bill showing the amount charged for such carriage of freight, and also indorse on the same bill the amount or rate which would have been charged had the inhibited rates continued in force; which receipt or coupon or freight bill shall be prima facie evidence of the amount paid and the date of payment.'
In Re Louisville, 231 U. S. 639, 645, 58 L. ed. 413, 415, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 255, and Louisville v. Cumberland Teleph. & Teleg. Co. 231 U. S. 652, 58 L. ed. 419, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 260, where it was held that the district court had discretion to authorize further proceedings, the mandate ordered that the decree be 'reversed with costs, without prejudice,' and remanded 'for further proceedings not inconsistent with the opinion of this court;' while in the instant case the mandate ordered that the decree be 'reversed with costs' and remanded 'with directions to dismiss the bill.' See also St. Louis & S. F. R. Co. v. Barker, 210 Fed. 902; Ex parte Dubuque & P. R. Co. 1 Wall. 69, 17 L. ed. 514; Durant v. Essex Co. (Durant v. Storrow) 101 U. S. 555, 25 L. ed. 961; Mackall v. Richards, 116 U. S. 45, 47, 29 L. ed. 558, 559, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 234; Re Washington & G. R. Co. 140 U. S. 91, 97, 35 L. ed. 339, 341, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 673; Re Potts, 166 U. S. 263, 41 L. ed. 994, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 520; Evens & H. Fire Brick Co. v. United States, 236 U. S. 210, 59 L. ed. 542, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 415.
Rule 15 is as follows: 'In all cases in which an injunction has been granted, and a bond executed by the complainants, damages sustained by the party enjoined, in case the injunction is dissolved, may be assessed in the same proceeding, either by the court or by reference to a master, and judgment entered in the same action against the sureties on the bond; provided, however, that unless the damages are thus assessed in the cause, or a judgment entered that the party enjoined is entitled to no damages by reason of the improper granting of the injunction, he may proceed on the bond in an action at law without any further order or leave of the court.'
The allegations of the supplemental bill are: 'Complainant alleges that [by?] the final decree entered in the aforesaid cause on the 11th day of May, 1911, hereinbefore referred to, it was ordered that the bond for injunction filed by the complainant be released and the sureties thereon discharged from further liability, and it is advised and avers that the effect of said order was to relieve complainant of all liability under said bond and preclude any recovery of damages on said bond or by reason of or growing out of the injunctions ordered in the aforesaid cause.
'Complainant avers that upon the rendition of the final decree in said cause perpetuating and making the temporary injunction theretofore granted permanent said bonds ceased, by operation of law, to have any effect, and complainant is not liable for any damage that may have accrued to any passenger or shipper on its line of railroad after the rendition of the final decree perpetuating and making the temporary injunction permanent.'
The following state regulations pages link to this page.


text:
Discloses the Sumero-Phoenecian parentage of our alphabet, ancient and modern, fully supported by scientific data and charts.
The invention of the Alphabet is generally admitted to be one of the very greatest scientific human achievements. It enables civilized men by an easy system of some twenty four or so sound-sings or letter to rapidly express and register their thoughts and speak through time and space, conduct their everyday business by registers and correspondence, and chronicle their experience for the use of future generations by permanent records. And amoungst other things, in association with movable type and telegraph, which is also based upon a conventional form of the Alphabet, it has made possible that living marvel of the modern world, the newspaper, 'the beating heart of civilization,' which gives the news of the world as a diary of the human race.
Hitherto, the origin of our Alphabet, the objects represented by its signs or letters and its authors have remained unknown, although the subject of many diverse conjectures. Nevertheless, its authors have been assumed to be Semites by all modern writers, the one mechanically repeating the other. This is partly because Greek tradition ascribed the introduction of the Alphabet and writing to the Phoenicians under King Cadmus of Tyre, a people who have latterly been regarded by modern writers, but not by the Greeks, as Semites --- though wrongly so, as we have seen by the new evidence; and partly because the earliest hitherto published specimens of systematic alphabetic writing which can be read and approximately dated have been in the retrograde form of the Phoenician alphabet and in a Semitic dialect, which was often used in Semitic communities by the later Phoenician kings and merchants, who are thus assumed to have been Semites themselves. And this assumed Semitic racial character of the Phoenicians is persisted in notwithstanding the fact that the Phoenicians were called by the Hebrews 'Sons of Ham,' and not the 'Sons of Shem,' or Semites, and thus were regarded by the Hebrews or Semites themselves as Non-Semites.
The Aryan racial nature of the Phoenicians has been dealt with in my former works, and in further confirmed in the following pages.
88 pages, 6¾ x 8¼, softcover
Facsimile Edition - Scanned from original publication

subset: commoncrawl


text:
great mysteries of modern physics is why antimatter did not destroy the
universe at the beginning of time. To explain it, physicists suppose there must
be some difference between matter and antimatter – apart from electric charge.
Whatever that difference is, it's not in their magnetism, it seems.
at CERN in Switzerland have made the most precise measurement ever of the
magnetic moment of an anti-proton – a number that measures how a particle
reacts to magnetic force – and found it to be exactly the same as that of the
proton but with opposite sign. The work is described in Nature.
observations find a complete symmetry between matter and antimatter, which is
why the universe should not actually exist," says Christian Smorra, a physicist
at CERN's Baryon–Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE) collaboration. "An
asymmetry must exist here somewhere but we simply do not understand where the
difference is."
is notoriously unstable – any contact with regular matter and it annihilates in
a burst of pure energy that is the most efficient reaction known to physics.
That's why it was chosen as the fuel to power the starship Enterprise in Star
Trek. The standard
model predicts the Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and
antimatter – but that's a combustive mixture that would have annihilated
itself, leaving nothing behind to make galaxies or planets or people.
the mystery, physicists have been playing spot the difference between matter
and antimatter – searching for some discrepancy that might explain why matter
came to dominate. So far
they've performed extremely precise measurements for all sort of properties:
mass, electric charge and so on, but no difference has yet been found. Last year,
scientists at CERN's Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus (ALPHA) experiment
probed an atom of anti-hydrogen with light for the first time, again finding no
difference when compared with an atom of hydrogen.
property was known only to middling accuracy compared to the others – the
magnetic moment of the antiproton. Ten years ago, Stefan Ulmer and his team at
BASE collaboration set themselves the task of trying to measure it. First they
had to develop a way to directly measure the magnetic moment of the regular
proton. They did this by trapping individual protons in a magnetic field, and
driving quantum jumps in its spin using another magnetic field. This
measurement was itself a groundbreaking achievement reported in Nature in 2014.
had to perform the same measurement on antiprotons – a task made doubly
difficult by the fact that antiprotons will immediately annihilate on contact
with any matter. To do it, the team used the coldest and longest-lived
antimatter ever created. After
creating the antiprotons in 2015, the team was able to store them for more than
a year inside a special chamber about the size and shape of a can of Pringles. Since no
physical container can hold antimatter, physicists use magnetic and electric
fields to contain the material in devices called Penning traps.
antimatter lifetime is limited by imperfections in the traps – little
instabilities allow the antimatter to leak through. But by using
a combination of two traps, the BASE team made the most perfect antimatter
chamber ever – holding the antiprotons for 405 days. This stable
storage allowed them to run their magnetic moment measurement on the
antiprotons. The result gave a value for the antiproton magnetic moment of
−2.7928473441 μN. (μN is a constant called the nuclear magneton.) Apart from
the minus sign, this is identical to the previous measurement for the proton.
measurement is precise to nine significant digits, the equivalent of measuring
the circumference of the Earth to within a few centimeters, and 350 times more
precise than any previous measurement.
"This result
is the culmination of many years of continuous research and development, and
the successful completion of one of the most difficult measurements ever
performed in a Penning trap instrument," says Ulmer.
universe's greatest game of spot the difference goes on. The next hotly
anticipated experiment is over at ALPHA, where CERN scientists are studying the
effect of gravity of antimatter – trying to answer the question of whether
antimatter might fall 'up'.


text:
Normale prijs
Normale prijs
Handmade Rebozo. Made with love in Mexico by local artisans.
The technique used is Foot Pedal Loom.
Bulk Orders? Get Special Discounts:
20% OFF, minimum spent $100, Code: 20min100
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_____We are a tradition-loving Mexican-American venture. All our products are made with love in Mexico by local artisans. Our mission is to support expecting women, and it would be an honor to provide you with this wonderful tool which will help you on this beautiful journey.
We are in love with all the uses a rebozo has, it has the power to help, comfort & support pregnant mamas. The idea of Lola My Love was born as I got pregnant and started searching for my Native Mexican roots. I remembered that women in small towns use the rebozos for different purposes; they use it to comfort the pregnant with massages, during labor to help with the pain, as a way of support for the new mother & later to keep their babies close to their hearts.
Sending you my warmest greetings & light on your path


text:
Elements with tag marine spatial planning
Seas and oceans are essential to human life in more ways than one might think. Since well before recorded history, humans have used the sea as a source of food, but a shift is occurring in modern times. Governments and new emerging industries are gradually looking at the seas as a source of minerals and energy, leading to a rough competition over maritime space. Namely, one of the human activities steadily growing its presence at sea is offshore wind farming, particularly in the North, Irish and Baltic seas. The fishing sector argues that this process is being developed without a careful analysis of the vast ecological and economic impact of such a use. In this 'battle', the fishing industry is losing valuable fishing grounds and access to healthy stocks. Europêche claims that EU's climate and energy objectives are favoured, but not for the honourable reasons; why else putting the marine environment at risk and possibly changing the ecosystem faster than climate change could ever do?


text:
Daisy Communications Ltd
Head Office
Lindred House
20 Lindred Road
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.daisycomms.co.uk
1) Introduction
This notice applies to Daisy Communications. When we refer to "we", "our" or "us" we are referring to Daisy Communications Holdings Limited of Daisy House, 20 Lindred Road, Brierfield, Nelson, BB9 5SR (Company No. 11698468) and its subsidiaries or any of them as the context so requires.
We take data protection seriously and safeguarding the privacy of our website visitors is important to us. This notice sets out the basis on which any personal information we may hold about you will be processed by us and describes how we use cookies and how you can manage them.
We regularly review this notice and any changes will be posted on our website. This notice was last reviewed and updated in December 2019.
Any links from our website to other websites are provided merely for your convenience and do not imply our endorsement of the content or the provider. If you follow a link to any of these websites, you do so at your own risk and we do not accept any responsibility or liability for the content of such websites.
Daisy Communications pays a data protection fee under the Data Protection (Charges and Information) Regulations 2018 and our key registration number is Z7761141.
By using our websites or by registering for any of the products and services we offer through it, you are confirming to us that you understand and accept that your personal information may be used by us in the manner described below.
2) Information we may collect about you and why
We will not process more information about you than is necessary. We may process the following data about you:
- your name and contact details, such as your address, telephone number and email address
- employment details such as the name of the company you work for, your work contact details (address, email, phone number) and job title
- account details such as any products and services you have subscribed to and how they are used, contractual agreements, transactional and financial details and passwords
- any information provided when you report a problem with our website
- your communications with us (including email and phone conversations)
- your responses to any surveys you may complete
- details of your visits to our website including, but not limited to, cookie data, traffic data, location data, weblogs and other communication data, whether this is required for our own billing purposes or otherwise and the resources that you access
- information used to verify your identity such as photographic ID or data obtained via a credit reference check
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Special category data, such as data about your racial or ethnic origin, your physical or mental health or your religious beliefs, and data relating to criminal convictions and offences require additional protection. We try to limit the circumstances in which we collect sensitive personal data of this kind and will only process this type of data with your explicit consent.
The provision of some data is a contractual requirement or a requirement necessary to enter into a contract. You are not obliged to provide this data, but if you do not, then we may be unable to enter into a contract with you or fully perform the contract we have entered into with you. In some cases, it may lead to the termination of your contract with us.
We will collect this information directly from you and from third parties, such as your employer, credit reference agencies and data brokers, such as Dun & Bradstreet Limited.
3) Uses made of the information
We may use information held about you in the following ways:
- to ensure that content from our website is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your computer
- to provide you with information, products or services that you request from us or which we feel may be of interest to you
- to audit the usage of our website
- to carry out our obligations arising from any contract entered into between you and us or take steps to enter into a contract with you
- for training purposes, quality assurance or to record details about the products and services you order from us
- to satisfy and meet our legal and regulatory requirements
- to allow you to participate in interactive features of our services, when you choose to do so
- to notify you about changes to our products and services
- to carry out credit and fraud prevention checks
- to carry out market research
- to defend or bring claims
- to improve our business and the products and services we offer
- to monitor and improve our marketing content
We can only use your personal data if we have a proper reason for doing so. We will only use your data for one or more of these reasons:
- To fulfil a contract we have with you or take steps in order to enter into a contract with you
- If we have a legal duty to use your data for a particular reason
- When you consent to it
- When it is in our legitimate interests
Legitimate interests are our business or commercial reasons for using your data, but even so, we will not unfairly put our legitimate interests above what is best for you. Where we use your data for market research, training, credit reference and fraud prevention checks, defending or bringing claims, improving our business, products services and sending some types marketing, we do so because it is in our legitimate interests of developing and running an efficient and effective business.
We will only retain your personal data for as long as is necessary. The retention period will vary depending on the type of personal data concerned. In order to determine the retention period we take into account the nature of the personal data, the purpose(s) for processing it, your relationship with us, any legal and regulatory requirements and any industry standards and guidelines. If you have previously held an account with us and return we may link your data to your previous account, which will also affect the retention period. Once we no longer need your personal data, it will be securely destroyed.
4) Disclosure of your information
Daisy Communications is part of the Daisy Group of companies and we may disclose your personal information to any member of the Daisy Group of companies.
We may disclose your personal information to third parties if we are under a duty to disclose your personal information in order to comply with any legal or regulatory obligation; in order to enforce or apply our terms and conditions and other agreements; or to protect the rights, property, or safety of our customers or others. This includes sharing information with third parties in order to assist with the services and products we are providing to you such as business partners, network operators, manufacturers, customer service providers, credit and fraud protection agencies, survey platform providers, reward providers and payment transaction services. In the event that the business is being sold, merged, reorganised or similar we may disclose your data to prospective buyers.
Where we share your personal data with other organisations, we will take all reasonable measures to make sure it is properly protected, as far as is possible.
5) Transfers of data outside of the EEA
In order to provide you with requested products and services we may need to transfer your personal information to service partners based in countries outside the European Economic Area (EEA). This does not diminish your rights. Where such transfers do occur, we will ensure your personal data is protected in a manner that is equivalent to the way it would be protected within the EEA and in accordance with this Privacy & Cookies Notice. We will only make such a transfer where:
- A decision has been made by the European Commission that a place provides adequate protection for your personal data; or
- We have put appropriate safeguards in place to protect your personal data such as standard contractual clauses; or
- We rely on a specific ground for the transfer (called a derogation), such as your consent.
- If you would like details of the specific safeguards in place, please contact us using the contact details at the end of this notice.
6) IP addresses and cookies
6.1 IP addresses
We may collect information about your computer, including where available your IP address, operating system and browser type for system administration. This is statistical data about our users' browsing actions and patterns, and does not identify any individual.
6.2 Cookies
6.3 Your consent to our use of cookies
On our website there is a notice that tells you that we use cookies and provides a link to this Privacy and Cookies Notice to demonstrate how we use cookies and how you can change which cookies you choose to accept.
If you click 'accept' you are providing your consent to those cookie settings and unless and until you change your settings, you've agreed to them. Additionally, if you change the settings using your browser settings, you are giving your consent to our use of those cookies which you have not disabled.
6.4 How to reject and manage cookies
You can choose not to allow cookies in your browser settings. How you do this will depend upon the browser you are using. More information on cookies, their use and how to accept or reject them can be found at www.allaboutcookies.org.
If you do not wish to accept the cookies in our emails, you can choose not to download any images or click on any links or opt out of marketing. For more information, please refer to your email or device instructions.
To opt out of being tracked by Google Analytics across all websites visit http://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout
As our cookies are largely aimed at improving the user experience on the website, you may find that if you block certain cookies you may experience deterioration in the service you receive.
7) Your rights and how to contact us
Data protection legislation provides you with the following rights regarding your personal data:
- The right to access a copy of the personal data we hold about you (commonly known as a subject access request (SAR))
- The right to rectify the personal data we hold about you where it is inaccurate or incomplete
- The right to have the personal data we hold about you deleted (commonly known as the right to be forgotten)
- The right to restrict the way we use your personal data
- The right to data portability e.g. to get your personal data from us in a commonly used and machine readable format or ask us to transfer it to another organisation
- The right to object to the way we process your personal data
You can access and amend some data and opt out of marketing by using our privacy centre or logging into MyAccount.
In addition to these rights, if you gave us consent to use your data e.g. so that we can send you marketing emails, you can withdraw your consent at any time and free of charge. Information on how to do this is on each marketing email you receive as well as the preference centre.
Updating your marketing preferences
You can unsubscribe from any of our marketing communications at any time using the link provided in any of the emails we have sent to you.
Often, how we deal with data subject rights will be through our business as usual processes. There are some rights that we will always comply with, such as an objection to receiving direct marketing. However, we are not obliged to comply with all requests we receive. If there is a legitimate reason why we cannot comply with a request you make, for example a legal requirement may mean we have to keep your data even if you have requested that we delete it, we will let you know. We aim to respond to you within one month of receiving your request. However, we are permitted to extend this timeframe by an extra two months, where necessary. If this is the case, we will let you know within a month of receiving your request.
We will not charge you for exercising your rights, unless the request is manifestly unfounded or excessive, in which case we may charge a reasonable fee for our administrative costs or refuse to act on your request. We may also charge a reasonable fee for additional copies of data. We may require identification from you before we can consider your request. If identification or a fee is required or we are refusing to act on your request, we will let you know without undue delay.
If you have any queries about this notice or would like to exercise any of your rights you can contact our Data Protection Officer at [email protected] or at Lindred House, 20 Lindred Road, Brierfield, Nelson, BB9 5SR.
Whilst we always endeavour to resolve your concerns, you also have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority. In the UK, this is the Information Commissioner. Please visit the Information Commissioner's Office's website for more information on how to do this – www.ico.org.uk


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The Village of Pleasant Prairie Utility Department oversees Pleasant Prairie's water and wastewater operations.
Water Pleasant Prairie's water source is surface water from Lake Michigan. All water is purchased from the Kenosha Water Utility, which is drawn through the largest micro-filtration plant in the world. Water is then pumped to our Sheridan Road booster station and reservoir where it is again pumped to a second booster station and four towers located throughout the Village with a combined capacity of more than 12,000,000 gallons available to homes, businesses, and industry through almost 100 miles of water distribution mains.
In addition to source testing at Kenosha Water Utility's plant, Pleasant Prairie's water distribution system is tested eight times per month. Towers and reservoirs are inspected routinely and pumping stations daily. The Village of Pleasant Prairie participates in yearly lab certification and bi-annual lab evaluation. The Utility does many other programs such as testing for lead and copper in the water for homes built before 1983. The Village of Pleasant Prairie Fire & Rescue Department flushes all distribution mains and checks all of Pleasant Prairie's fire hydrants.
Since September 11, 2001, there has been a far greater focus on the safety of everyone's water systems. Fencing, intrusion alarms, and lockouts are among just a few safeguards that have been added to Pleasant Prairie's water system. A vulnerability assessment was completed June 2004 which is Federally mandated.
We at the Village of Pleasant Prairie strive to provide an uninterrupted, safe, clean water supply for consumption and fire protection at a reasonable price now and for the future, 24/7.
Source Water Assessment PDF
Wastewater Throughout the wastewater system, there are 17 lift stations that direct wastewater from lower-lying areas to points where it can then gravitate through more than 110 miles of distribution mains currently to wastewater treatment plants.
In order to operate wastewater treatment plants and discharge treated water into lakes and streams, the Village of Pleasant Prairie Utility is required every five years by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources to have a discharge permit and monthly discharge monitoring report; an annual sludge report; a lab evaluation every three years; a yearly lab certification, and a compliance maintenance annual report, "CMAR". In addition, the Village of Pleasant Prairie Utility crews are required to clean all distribution lines every three years. The utility crews have routine schedules for ground water infiltration to the wastewater system by visually inspecting manholes for leakage and video taping main lines and appurtenances for leaks and repairing them where necessary. Along with that, the Utility has aggressively sought out illegal discharge into the wastewater system.
The Village of Pleasant Prairie is proud of its record of the wastewater system, and in providing a reliable and safe sanitary sewer system for the community.


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15 October 2009 |
This is the VOA Special English Education Report.
The American biotechnology industry recently did a study of bioscience education across the country. The biosciences are biology and other sciences that deal with living organisms.
Paul Hanle is president of the Biotechnology Institute, one of the groups that did the study. He says international tests show that the United States is performing twenty-fifth out of thirty developed countries in science education.
So the new findings may be no surprise. The study found that many schools are not doing enough to get students interested in bioscience or to prepare them to study it in college.
But the report said a number of the fifty states perform much better than others. Eight were rated as leaders: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Vermont and Wisconsin.
Paul Hanle says increasing the numbers of bioscience graduates could help the economy grow. He says there are many high-paying jobs in the biosciences. And some lower-paying jobs require only two years of college, or even a technical education program in high school.
Now here is a way to get students excited — or more excited — about science. Offer them fifty thousand dollars in savings bonds and the ceremonial title of "America's Top Young Scientist."
Ten children ages eight to fourteen were in New York recently for the finals of this year's Discovery/3M Young Scientist Challenge. Middle school students from every state entered the competition, sending in videotaped ideas. Officials said the five hundred students who entered were judged as much on their communication skills as for the scientific talent they showed.
The ten finalists presented their inventions — made of common household products — then competed in a series of events. The last three finalists each had fifty minutes to create a tall structure to hold an egg even when shaken with earthquake force.
All three eggs fell or broke. But all the structures remained standing — thanks in large part to the large amounts of duct tape used by the students.
In the end, Nico Seamons and Nikita Gaurev shared second place. Marina Dimitrov won the top prize.
MARINA DIMITROV: "I just think it's really important to get kids excited about science at an early age, because they might be the next Albert Einstein or Isaac Newton, or America's top young scientist. It's just that I want to show that ordinary kids can do extraordinary things."
And that's the VOA Special English Education Report. You can find our reports with transcripts and podcasts — and share comments — at voaspecialenglish.com. You can also follow us on Twitter and YouTube. I'm Jim Tedder.
Source: http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-10-15-voa1.cfm


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Heffers and the elusive bust
I'm now writing in earnest and over the coming months will share some of the stories as we lead up to the publication and launch of the book at Heffers in Trinity Street, Cambridge, in November 2016.
Meanwhile, an image has come to light of a bust of the firm's founder, William Heffer.
The image is contained in an envelope with "Ralph Heffer" written upon it in Stephen Heffer's handwriting. Ralph (1893-1974), son of Harry Heffer and grandson of William, was not involved with the firm but according to his family, enjoyed working with his hands and would possibly have had a go at creating something like this. The Heffer family were not aware of the bust and we cannot ask Stephen who sadly died in 1996.
I hope the bust has not been destroyed and would be delighted to hear from anyone who knows of its whereabouts. Perhaps it is in someone's house. My parents have a bust of my grandfather, Sidney Saunders. Or perhaps it is nestling in the corner of a college room or library somewhere. William had good relations with many Cambridge establishments and rented the shop at Petty Cury from Emmanuel College. Even if the bust has been destroyed, it would be nice to know who created it and when.
Here is a brief biography of Stephen Heffer, a gifted artist who worked in the family firm.
Stephen John Heffer (1948-1996)
Son of John Heffer and great-grandson of William, Stephen worked with the firm for fifteen years from 1971. He assisted Managing Director, John Welch, on the bookselling and publishing side, and played an instrumental role setting up the Children's Bookshop and the Bookworm Book Club. He also made regular visits abroad both in Europe and America, retaining very useful personal contacts with librarians overseas. His travels were noted regularly in the staff newsletter, Trinity Street News and he managed the Grafton Centre shop when it first opened in 1983. An artist, Stephen decided in 1986 to leave the firm in order to train at the Camberwell School of Arts and at Winchester. He then worked as an artist in Barcelona, London and Norfolk and he died in London in 1996. An exhibition of his paintings was held at the Sidney Street Gallery in 1998, providing, as described in the brochure, a unique opportunity for friends and visitors to view the breadth of his vision.
If you recognise the bust and know where it can be found, or if you simply know the story behind its creation, please do get in touch:
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 0776611 4813


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Recently, I mentioned a book called Tricoti-Tricota illustrated by Françoise Themerson, do you remember ?
OK, so Memo Editions has reissued this amazing book who contains four tales of the 40's, illustrated by her and originally printed in London in 1947.
Franciszka Themerson was born in Warsaw, she is the daughter of the artists Jakus and Lucja Weinles. Franciszka was painter, illustrator, director, a graphic artist and stage designer.
After her studies at the Academy of Arts of Warsaw, she met in 1929 the writer Stefan Themerson who will become her husband and with whom she collaborated on several projects.
Despite all her occupations, she always was passionated about drawing and has illustrated 59 books including 28 for children and 12 written by Stefan.
During the 30's, she has illustrated several books in Poland including the famous, Pan Tom Buduje Dom. ( Reissued in 2007 on the occasion of the centenary of her birth. )
In parallel, Stefan and Franciszka are making experimental films in Poland.
In 1938, they moved to Paris, the capital of all Avant Gardes at that time. Franciszka was illustrated two books of May d'alençon for Le Père Castor Editions called "Tricoti tricota" and "Tout en soie".
The Second World War upset Themerson's projects. After a forced separation, Stefan and Franciszka found themselves in London in 1942.
In 1948, they created Gaberbocchus Press, an independent publishing house which Franciszka was the Art Director.
Themerson's goal is to publish their own artworks but also to make discover the European Avant Garde Overseas.
They published for the first time in England autors like Guillaume Apollinaire, Alfred Jarry, Raymond Queneau, Kurt Schwitters.
They collaborated with the philosopher Bertrand Russell and published The good citizen's Alphabet .
Stefan will be the only English member of the Oulipo founded in 1960. They said they wanted to produce "best lookers" more then "best sellers." They conceived books as an artistic object as much as creative writing.
They were very influenced by the english nonsense, as it is shown by the Gaberbocchus choice, latinized name of Lewis Carroll, The Jabberwocky from The other side of the mirror, Francisza's favorite book.
In Peddy Bottom's adventures, Stefan's texts and Franciszka's drawings mix a universe of fantasy which denounced the cruelty of the world by absurdity.


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Okan University
Okan University, one of the youngest and the most dynamic universities of Turkey, was founded by Okan Culture, Education, and Sports Foundation in 1999 and began its academic life in 2003-2004. Since the 2006-2007 academic year, the rapidly growing university has been located in its new and modern Akfırat campus.
True to its motto, "The University Closest to Business Life," Okan University effectively combines theory and practice by employing an academic staff who are experts in their own fields, adopting a contemporary approach to education, and focussing upon practice-oriented studies which prepare the students for business life, starting from students' very first year of study. Indeed, the university, which had the pleasure of presenting its first graduates with their diplomas in 2006-2007, has fulfilled the promise of its motto, as all members of its first graduating class of graduates have found employment.
Okan University aims to build a bridge between the academic and the business world. To this end, the university enables students to work at firms as part of its Preparing for Business Life Program, starting from their freshman year. This program not only helps students to become familiar with business life and improve their knowledge and skills by putting theory into practice, but serves to motivate the students as well. Students who have successfully completed the Preparing for Business Life Program are presented with a participation certificate as well as other work experience certifications added to their diplomas when they graduate.
Okan University has cooperation protocols with business institutions such as the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey, Turkish – Eurasian Business Council, Information and Communication Technologies Authority, The Turkish Contractors Association, Association of Turkish Travel Agencies, International Transporters' Association, Turkish Tourism Investors Association, Turkish Airlines, Sabiha Gökçen International Airport, Turkish Red Crescent, Festo Ind. Bus. Inc., Akfırat Municipality, as well as academic institutions such as Beijing University, Murray State University and Anadolu University.
Featuring the finest in contemporary architecture, Akfırat Campus has all the features a modern university should have. Akfırat Campus is equipped with everything necessary to ensure that students are able to receive the most effective education possible. Our facilities include modern classrooms, computer and technical labs, a library, conference halls, a fitness center, a swimming pool, gymnasiums, cafeterias, and restaurants.
Another advantage of Okan University's Akfırat Campus is its close proximity to Sabiha Gökçen Airport and the F1 Race Track. The campus also features a Social Center, opened in 2008, which houses a mini cinema, sauna, cafeteria, cocktail hall, shopping center, and student club rooms. What is more, the Sports Center, which includes a 400-person capacity gymnasium, a swimming pool, tennis, basketball, and volleyball courts as well as a soccer field, was designed so that students might spend their free time in the best way possible.
Okan University has dormitories for both male and female students. The dormitory facilities include study rooms, a dining hall, a cafeteria, a cleaning service, a laundry, a security team which is on duty day and night to ensure students' safety throughout the dormitory premises, an infirmary with a doctor on hand 7/24, and wireless and cable internet.


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Half of parents with kids under 14 allow them to drink alcohol at home
This is despite guidance from the Chief Medical Officer that they shouldn't do so until they're at least 15 years old and even then rarely and never more than once a week.
More than one in ten (11 per cent) parents with children aged five to seven allows them to drink alcohol in the home, while some even let them drink every day.
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Hide AdMore than half (56 per cent) of parents with children aged 16-17 lets them drink alcohol at home, with around one in ten (9 per cent) letting them do so on a weekly basis. It is not illegal for a child aged five to 16 to drink alcohol at home or on other private premises. However, the Chief Medical Officer's report into the consumption of alcohol by children highlights those that drink under 14 have increased health risks, including alcohol-related injuries, involvement in violence and suicidal attempts.
Parents with children under 14 are even using alcohol as a bribe to try and ensure good behaviour. Of those who allow their children to consume alcohol in the home, more than a third (34 per cent) does so to help prevent their offspring rebelling. Around a quarter (24 per cent) does so because they see nothing wrong with their children drinking alcohol. Nearly a third (32 per cent) said allowing them to drink in the home allows them to monitor their child's alcohol consumption. One in ten (10 per cent) parents highlighted that tighter identification checks have made it harder for their children to purchase alcohol themselves, so they make it available at home.
Martin Scott, head of Churchill home insurance said: "The relationship between children and alcohol in Britain always seems more fraught than for our continental cousins. Many parents want their children to have a responsible attitude to drinking and introduce alcohol in a safe, controlled environment. The challenge any parent will recognise is how to prevent excessive drinking, especially amongst teenagers. Whenever people are drinking in the home, there is a greater risk of injury or property damage as alcohol has a significant impact on co-ordination. It is, therefore, important for householders to ensure they have accidental damage cover as part of their home insurance, to meet the cost of replacing items that might get knocked or broken."
Parents of under 14s are most likely to allow them to drink at a special family occasion (57 per cent). While 42 per cent of parents that let their children drink at home say they would allow them to do so after they have done well at school. A quarter (24 per cent) of parents with children aged under 14 would let their children do so when they have friends round and 19 per cent would do so before a night out.
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Hide AdOne in seven parents (14 per cent) has seen their child have an accident while under the influence of alcohol in their home. One in twenty (six per cent) parents has witnessed their child sustain a serious injury, such as a broken bone or concussion, as a result of their child consuming alcohol, while eight per cent has seen their offspring suffer a minor injury such as a cut or bruise.
Churchill's research highlights that parents are also willing to let other people's children drink in their home. One in five (20 per cent) parents allows minors who aren't family members to drink alcohol in their home. Parents have also seen the children of other people injured in their home due to alcohol consumption - nine per cent of these adults have seen a child suffer an injury on their property, ranging from cuts and bruises to broken bones.


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It's not just what you wear, It's HOW you look in it. Rested, alert, aware, fresh looking, attentive, groomed.
My opinion.
John DeFlumeri jr.
In this blog, on this site, I usually explore ways to think about spending rather than ways to actually spend. That's not my blogcallojob (blog calling or job) to tell you how to spend.
But I'd like to pop a sales tag of conversation for fellow men, or women with fellow men in mind, reading this right now and speak plainly. I'm about to tell you how to spend money on something for which the worth cannot be measured.
It brings smiles, impromptu favors, more respect, more enigma, better service, attention — usually the right kind — and did I mention smiles and respect.
Not the automobile — the suit.
Recently I was riding home with a soon-to-be jobless, soon-to-be former colleague. One word: awkward.
But before he dropped me off, I asked where he was headed, and he said to the mall. And, curiously, making my own judgment on what one could be buying when one knows one won't have a job, I ask, for what?
He says a suit.
A light goes on and I nod because it makes sense. I nod proudly, in fact, at him. I say to myself, smart man. I nod in whimsical favor because he's thinking about investing in his future rather than moping over his present. I nod because he wants to plunk money down for something that in most cases brings the immediate return of self satisfaction as well as the intangible prospect of being in the right place and the right time, looking darn good.
He mentioned he didn't want to "over do it" expense wise. Of course I understood that and then proceeded to rattle on about what could be done. I proceeded to monopolize the convo on what the pros and cons were of different aspects of suit procurement.
Suits, I don't remember saying but will say here, are like insurance for the professional and non-professional but skilled American man. They are insurance for the man who wants to make inroads into achievement and stand out with a statement on who he is when wearing that suit.
It's like a financial plan: better to be impeccably prepared (overdressed) than woefully underdressed (unprepared).
Now let's say you've paid your rent and gotten your groceries and have all your necessities and you're a grown, able and responsible man with $300 to $500 and are in the market for a suit.
Okay, you're like my friend. After asking him what he planned to spend, without revealing too much of the young man's business, I went into a diatribe where I leaned back in the passenger seat and expounded wisdom using the famous pyramid hand gestures that most pseudo experts use on talk shows. This is the essence of what I said.
Heck yeah: Classic is called classic for a reason. For instance, classic American clothier Brooks Brothers recently harkened us back to the era of smartly-clothed ad executives from the popular television series Mad Men. The classic look remains just that and outlasts any fashion week. Plus the clothes usually last longer and are of better quality.
Uhhh but wait: The issue here is that suits that are tailored to your specifications and/or made of fine fabrics from top labels, usually begin at $400 per suit. Maybe not the extravagant purchase you want to make right now but there are always sales and alternatives. Maybe you're a forward thinker who sees their world beyond the recession or even sees opportunity in it. Maybe you want to go make an unmistakable statement. But maybe you don't which brings us to our next alternative.
Heck yeah: If you happen to live in a place with a population greater than half a million, there should be at least one or two places that have this type of sale: Three suits for "x" amount of dollars in a package. In other words, what you would pay for one Brooks Brothers or discount Italian or English designer suit, you can get three off-brand no-frill wool or down-market fabric suits, which you can freak just right if you have the right style sense.
This is probably the greatest stitch-for-stich value because it gets you through the week and month and maybe even the year and allows you to mix and match if you have a pre-existing and respectable shirt game and at least one good pair of shoes.
Uhhh but wait: You may be sacrificing quality, which is kind of like buying liability without getting uninsured motorist. After four or five trips to dry cleaners, it's literally a wrap for these types of suits. I'm not talking about the plastic coating to protect them from the elements. I'm talking about fabric thinning and the appearance of nappy lent beads on your suit. There's not an afro-pick or lent brush in the world that can remedy this type of wear and tear. But that brings us to the last alternative.
Heck yeah: If you're easing into the game or just a novice or a stylish but not a "suit" man, you know how to accessorize on the cheap. Get a really nice blue or black sport coat or blazer, even a gray or solid brown one: or all four if you go to a thrift shop.
I'm talking blazer now chums. This is not to be confused with a suit jacket but an actual coat, which that 9 times out of ten won't match your pants directly. You can use your style to go for the professorial, business casual look and perhaps hunt Ebay or your local thrift store for "pre-owned" quality coats that will compliment brand new pants. Get brand new pants — don't be a tightwad on that.
Also if you're not going to get a full suit, don't be a tightwad on shirts either. They should be dry cleaned or brand new and if you're considering your budget, why not buy a shirt that no one else has from a site such as ShirtsMyway.com. This site claims to have 7 trillion different designs. With that many variations, you will have your own style and through bulk save money by not having to go to the mall and be bilked by someone trying to get a commission. You design it and you order it. No plug here as I don't own a single shirt from that site but I like the idea and am considering it.
Back to the stand-alone blazers. Save on the coats, up the quotient on the pants and shirt and it's the cheaper, less high-maintenance alternative. You can wear them with ties or with an open-collared dress shirt and maybe just maybe on rare occasions throw it on with jeans and sneakers if you believe you can pull it off. Or if you believe you can wear a straight face if you don't pull it off.
Uhhh but wait: You should be able to pull this off if you want to earmark this as a professional style. Remember, it's not a suit and shouldn't be carried off as one. If the pants are the same color as the jacket, please let them be close to the same fabric and if not, know your ledge. Shiny silk blazer and corduroy pants might get you unemployed as fast as the trickle-down effect of your company's falling earnings. Corduroy and silk pants might get you beat up or laughed at so hard you feel like you're getting beat up. Double polyester — let's not discuss that.
Why are you still reading this? Go get a suit, no okay wait…look. This is mostly tongue and cheek and there are bigger issues in the world I know, but at the same time, if you're a professional or professional aspirant between 25 and 50 years of age, you should own a suit.
If you are not independently wealthy through some sort of athletic ability, pop song, technological innovation or government defense contract — in which case you might wear a lot of Hawaiian shirts and khaki — you need to have at least one dark blue or black suit.
If not, you ought to be thinking of a good mix of what was described up here. Are you a grown man or what?
Disclaimer: The links and mentions on this site may be affiliate links. But they do not affect the actual opinions and recommendations of the authors.
Wise Bread is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.
It's not just what you wear, It's HOW you look in it. Rested, alert, aware, fresh looking, attentive, groomed.
My opinion.
John DeFlumeri jr.
I recently won a custom suit from this site www.indochino.com and they are a great alternative to the local shopping mall. Their suits are custom made to fit you and they have lots of classic and trendy styles. Best of all they are very reasonable. You simply pick your suit, enter in your sizes (they ask for like 20 measurements) and in less than two weeks your new tailored suit arrives.
I don't work for them or have any obligation to them other than I entered a contest a website was having and won a suit and really liked it. I would definitely check it out!
You haven't mentioned that great menswear can be bought for very little at thrift shops! My husband has found one that he frequents regularly and between that thrift shop for jackets and pants (it's in an upscale area), and even a Land's End blazer and a couple of dress suits, and all the upscale golf shirts he can wear to work with a jacket - plus jackets bought on sale at Kohl's, he is better dressed than he has ever been! I have bought beautiful designer ties for him, too - & he even found some great shoes, too! If you have an eye, or know a woman who does, this is also a way to go. But luckily my husband is a casual guy, who can dress fairly casually at work, too.
Interesting article, thanks for your thoughts on the suit. Very provoking and informative. I did check out the site you suggested and I agree, cool idea about the unique shirt - but $75 a shirt?
Personally I've found great bargains on quality shirts at most of the chain department stores like Macys, Kohls, JCPenny etc. For ties you can definitely score great deals at places like TJ Max and Ross.
You're right about the thrift stores as well. Suits are generally items that get donated because us working men swell up around our bellies over time, not because the suits are shot.
Personally, I've been able to build up a decent collection by waiting for buy one get one or buy one get three sales at places like Men's Warehouse of Jos A Bank. The deal carries over for their low, mid, and high priced suits so you make your own choice about the deal.
One thing I will say about making a good impression, don't skimp on the shoes! Get a quality pair and take the time to make 'em shine!
To comment NO. 3, I think he mentions thrift shop at least twice in the last section. intriguiging article, it makes me wonder how the author dresses and what percentage of his own advice he actually follows. I see a fedora and a sweater on the picture. Very snazzy but not a suittttttttttttttttt.
I agree with Brian but shoes are another post. The truth of the matter is that a good suit dies without a good shirt and decent shoes, I don't care if it's a suit made of money.
Jabulani Leffall
Monetary Gadfly, Common Currency
00000 Broke Blvd. Kitchenette #68 & 1/2
Lowcash, CA 90000-0000
By the way, that's not me with my head cut off in the suit, it's tailored atrociously, the fabric doesn't look on point and the lapel is a bit high for my taste for that cut. Take it in, big guy, take that in LOL:)
Jabulani Leffall
Monetary Gadfly, Common Currency
00000 Broke Blvd. Kitchenette #68 & 1/2
Lowcash, CA 90000-0000
You CAN get good menswear at a thrift store. But be careful about the suits. It's not so much that they're shot (well, some are) or out of style (not a good idea to be an '80s flashback while you're looking for work), though those are considerations. The big problem is that good suits are tailored to the shape of the wearer and it's pretty difficult (read: not cheap) or impossible to have them altered again for YOUR shape. Cuff a pair of pants shorter? No issue. Let out the shoulders? Uh-oh.
If you go the thrift-store suit route, be prepared to spend a lot of time looking for the right suit and a bit of money altering it. In fairness, most of us can find something more valuable to do with our time.
When I first met my sweetie he had a mess of polyester ties. You know, the "machine washable" kind old men wear that camouflage mustard and catsup dribbles. Now he has Italian silk. A drawer full. All for a $1 or less apiece. With a crisp white shirt and standard blue blazer (with brass buttons) that one accessory really spiffs up an outfit.
If ever there was proof that "reality is just an illusion", this bs mindset is it. Glad to see we still judge books by their covers!
I've always wondered... The clothes make the man *what*, exactly?
That's not fair. This isn't BS for 70% of the population in business. Reality is perception that's it. I'd like to see your reaction to do different men when you don't know anyone's watching and see how you react to a well-dressed man and a disheveled man and what your honest perception would be. I don't think he's trying to say a suit gives you character or that he's trying to advocate fashion to make a man. I think he's saying if you're looking to play the game, play the game well. At least I think that's what he's trying to say. But if you read this guy's other stuff, I don't think he's shallow like that.
The best place to get high quality suits at great prices is A and G Clothing in Chicago located in the Merchandise Mart. For a great suit, go to their website at: http://www.aandgclothing.com/
The number to reach them is 312-245-0377.
They are selling three great suits for $350 right now. I just picked up six of them, and they are as high quality as suits I bought at Brooks Brothers.
I also told me friend about this who runs a hotel and they outfitted all their employees efficiently and for less money than their past purchases. I think they even outfit some Four Seasons Hotels.
Please, I'd like to know more about men's attire for interviewing (especially shoes and ties)! I recently wrote a post on interview attire for men and women on my blog. Since I'm a woman I know a great deal more about women's interview attire than men's. As far as buying a suit--don't forget about holiday sales. Shop now and check out prices. Wait for the deals because they are sure to come this year!
Blank Label recently launched their website which is similar to shirtsmyway. They offer custom dress shirts starting at $45. Pretty cool app they've got. it's simple and easy. I find shirtsmyway's app to be confusing and redundant... but nevertheless they both have cool businesses! =)
TO rebut one of the previous posters, the clothes don't make the man, but they sure change your initial impression. There is a reason that people wear uniforms, including dress clothes. Psychologically, we are all programmed to listen to authority and a well dressed person commands more authority than a slob. There have been countless studies that show this, so the article is very relevant to the times that we live in, that is until we all become as forward thinking as you and live in Dionysian bliss.
I worked as a systems programmer and retired from the federal civil service after 32 years of service at 55 six years ago. I own my home and have no debt, but I NEVER owned nor wore a suit.


text: SK-G01 Series wet type, solenoid operated directional control valve is suited for outdoor hydraulic equipment applications. Featuring high dust and water resistance (JIS C 0920 IP67), as well as vibration proof performance (JIS D 1601 3 D Grade 90 Division 400), the valve withstands environmental elements. Maximum flow rates range from 50.0 to 100.0 L/min for standard types and from 40.0 to 50.0 l/min for shockless types. Maximum working pressure is 35 MPa for standard types and 25 MPa for shockless types.


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Come here to discuss anything related to writing, from soundtracks for your fics to writers block.
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.


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November 9, 2014
10:00 am - 12:00 pm
PCB offers members a chance to join a critical community of artists and peers, approximately every other month, to share ideas and feedback about works in progress or in conception.
These free Workings Groups will take place on weekends, either a Saturday or Sunday, and meet for about two hours at various host locations. Members can bring current, unfinished projects and ideas on which they would like feedback, and, occasionally, meetings may be topic or process-based (for instance, a group binding session). Space will be limited to 6-7 members per group meeting, first come first served, so we will be sure to announce each opportunity in advance!
*Members should login to this site and then return to this page in order to see the registration form.
Register Online
You may be contacted for further information.
Registration is closed for this event.


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Matte Finish THICK Inkjet Printable 11" x 17" Magnetic Paper (20-24 mil) Print on Magnet
Matte Finish THICK Inkjet Printable 11" x 17" Magnetic Paper (20-24 mil) Print on Magnet
This is not the flimsy magnet paper sold in office supply stores (most of which is made overseas). This product is strong, sturdy and 100% Made in the USA.
Will this work in all inkjet printers? No, it will not. This product is heavy and not all inkjet printers can pull the material through (although the VAST majority can). Printers that pull the material straight through (rather than those that fold the product back over itself while printing) will have the best success. Most all-in-One printers have trouble pulling this material through as well.
Please try a small quantity of this product first to see if it will work in your printer. Returns on this product are subject to a 20% re-stocking fee. Please don't email and ask if this product will work in your printer, every printer is different. This product is made exclusively for Magnet Valley.
Print your favorite photographs, favor magnets, save-the-date magnets or advertisements for your business with these high quality magnet sheets. Do not try to print on these with a laser printer or copier, ONLY an inkjet printer!! Not for outdoor use.


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I really like to style things.
I have always wanted to design and style a set. Really the only experience I have is in my head and my heart so when Michelle called me and asked if I wanted to partake in she and Alex's vision I told her to sign me up. I was given free creative reigns but was told to come up with more than a few different scenes. The concept was a storefront with a mannequin-esque model showing off spring or summer fashion. Most all of the props I made or they came from my home but I was racing to the store at the last minute to grab fresh flowers, floral napkins, some soda and and muffins.
How about a few more details..
The first scene that I dreamt up was floral pictures made into wallpaper. I think peoples hand area may have gotten a work out from all of the stapling.
For this scene I just made a bunch of triangle thingys...3-D triangles, triangle confetti and of course a big board with some triangle art. Had to be metallic gold involved.
STREAMERS....and colored paper. This took the least work but I love the way it turned out. My only instructions were that we layered the streamers to look kind of like a necklace. Phew it worked. Truth be known I had to leave in the middle of setting this scene up because the school nurse called. When I came back instructions were fulfilled and I got to witness the model throwing streamers into the air..it was great..by the way isn't the model beautiful???
A few behind the scenes shots..literally..there are a lot of behind shots so beware of the hiney.
I hope I get invited back to play. Between hair, make-up, wardrobe changes and set changes we were there from morning to late afternoon/early evening. That doesn't even take into account the hours and hours of photo editing and the time it took for the submission process (go Michelle!) The above would not have been possible without a whole team of awesome people. Alex, who happens to be a wardrobe stylist has skills and you can actually read her perspective about the process right here. Also Michelle the very talenetd photographer did a recap over here.
Thank you for letting me share. It truly was a fun project.
photographer // Michelle Herrick // www.michelleherrick.com


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Supreme Court Ruling Makes Airbnb's Tax Agreements Obsolete
Published 9:48 am Monday, April 15, 2019
PRESS RELEASE — WASHINGTON, DC – A new report released today, Monday, on National Tax Day underscores why the Supreme Court's Wayfair vs. South Dakota decision eliminates the need for states and localities to enter into "voluntary tax agreements" with Airbnb. The report, issued by Dan Bucks, former director of the Montana Revenue Department and previous executive director of the Multistate Tax Commission says the decision last year provides the legal framework and incentive to tax Airbnb like every other U.S. online business now.
"Airbnb no longer qualifies—if it ever did—for privileged treatment by tax agencies as a 'voluntary collector,'" states Bucks in the report. "This treatment gives Airbnb an unfair advantage in the marketplace by creating a tax and regulatory haven for Airbnb lodging operators. Post-Wayfair, Airbnb's "voluntary agreements" are now a relic of a past legal premise that no longer exists."
Bucks urges government leaders to begin the process of terminating existing executive agreements with Airbnb in coordination with state adoption of "general marketplace provider" legislation. Bucks went on to say that disparities between the tax treatment of Airbnb and other online businesses pose a legal risk to states and localities.
The report released on behalf of AHLA calls on state and local government leaders to reject Airbnb's future pursuit of voluntary collection agreements (VCAs) and look to the Wayfair decision as a pathway to cancel current VCA agreements and bring Airbnb up to code with current industry tax standards and regulations.
"Airbnb has been making back-room deals and strong-arming state and local jurisdictions into 'voluntary' tax deals with no transparency, oversight or auditing capability for years," stated Chip Rogers, President and CEO at AHLA. "Airbnb, and other short term rental platforms need to abide by the same rules as all other law-abiding, tax-paying businesses in the industry."
AHLA urges state and local government leaders to terminate Airbnb's voluntary tax deals and instead institute a tax policy that will collect taxes from Airbnb and its operators to ensure an even playing field and transparency for taxpayers. In San Francisco, home of Airbnb's corporate headquarters, the company agreed to pay back taxes and collect city taxes from its hosts. AHLA urges other states and localities to follow suit.
"Airbnb's secret tax agreements are hurting communities across America by shortchanging their schools, infrastructure, and other public services" stated Rogers. "Airbnb's special treatment needs to end."
The American Hotel and Lodging Association (AHLA) is the singular voice representing every segment of the hotel industry including major chains, independent hotels, management companies, REIT's, bed and breakfasts, industry partners and more.


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Making things simple is complicated! It needs both knowing the subject and knowing how the human mind works. To show and speak plain and clear you need time and depth; like an iceberg - a quiet crystal peak above the waters, holds centuries of frozen storms underneath.
You make things simple when you bring people to understand them*.
The skill to trigger understanding gives power by satisfying a deep human need; there is value in making things simple because complexity, like most things we do not understand, appears alien and threatening; we need instead simplicity which feels familiar and practical.
The one able to translate the confusing into something familiar has power among people.
Why do I claim that complexity is threatening?
Much detail is foreseeable confusion. Too much analysis is paralysis. Accurate academic abstraction is an alien planet. Plenty of choice is perplexity. Multiple opinions spell conflict. Profuse words are suspect of ignorance and a will to mystify. Precise expert talk is unnatural jargon made to keep us dependent. Too many probabilities beat the mind. Erudite abundance and subtlety feel like insult to those who do not grasp them. This is the humble psychology of complexity brought to people.
Complication, like most things we do not understand, cause uncertainty, insecurity and a sense of incompetence: People, as I found, are lost in complication, hate to decide among many choices and wary to be exposed when they do not understand.
Simplicity makes one feel in control; "plain" things are seen as elegant, obvious, reality itself; plainness gives a sense of understanding and ability to act.
When you represent things in understandable form you diminish uncertainty; this grounds the power to make things simple, the magic wand of the wise; provided it is not left to populists, false prophets, salespeople and other liars gifted to use it in unscrupulous ways.
In exchange of clarity, familiarity and simpler choices to feel secure, people are willing to delegate part of their judgement and freedom by making theirs your interpretation.
We trust those who make us understand. We seek those who reduce our doubts. We entrust them to think for us and to explain how things are, what choices we have and what we should do. There is no stronger persuasion than making one understand: the map in our mind directs what we think and what we do.
This is power indeed! And danger! When you make things simple you are responsible personally of what you do.
* There is no such thing as "making things simple in general" or "objectively". Simplicity is felt, lived, not measured or calculated; "simple" means that it makes sense here and now, commonsense for these people, for this person, from their point of view, in this context, with this purpose. Simplicity is relative to the living human mind. Universal simplicity is a machine-dream.


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Southern Hospitality in Fultondale
Pet-friendly hotel close to BHM and downtown Birmingham
Enjoy Southern hospitality in the heart of Alabama at Days Inn Fultondale. Conveniently located off I-65, our hotel near Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport offers easy access to historic downtown Birmingham and Talladega Superspeedway. An exciting day of fun is minutes away.


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THE MERC ... Not My Cup of Chamomile
The Merc is a place in Lawrence WHERE YOU MUST BE SEEN, but as you have probably figured out by now, I could really care less what other people think of me.
I have been to THE MERC exactly twice and have not been impressed. Not sure what all the hype is about other than the fact that they are the only game in town ... OH, HOW I MISS WHOLE FOODS! I guess if you are a hippy, yuppy, Bohemian. or metrosexual and care what other people think, liking THE MERC is a prerequisite.
Whatever you do, do not buy their Oil of Oregano!!! You can buy 1 ounce of "pure" Oil of Oregano online for $25, but THE MERC sells it DILUTED WITH OLIVE OIL FOR $25-$60 an ounce. I knew far more about the product than THEIR EXPERT and after educating her, she blew me off.
I am sure I will get some hate mail for this and again ... I COULD CARE LESS!
CombatCritic Gives THE MERC 4 Out of 10 Bombs Based On Value ... BOMBS ARE GOOD!
Key Words: Chamomile, CombatCritic, community, community mercantile, diluted, dr, Dr Ozzie, Kansas, KS, Lawrence, MERC, mercantile, oil, oil of oregano, oregano, Oz, pure, THE MERC, TravelValue,


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Are You Currently A Real Luxury Traveler?
Some everyone loves to visit, which kind of individuals are considered luxury travelers? What's this kind of traveling about?
Luxury traveling means you start looking into discounted prices and are not searching to invest all your cash on an costly trip. It will cost time planning the best trip for you personally since you know your personal needs. You'll plan a visit somewhere that is not crowded. You're a luxury traveler if you're flexible, choose the best seat around the plane which are more comfort, and select hotels that can make the stay better as opposed to the brand hotels.
Some people might consider this kind of traveler as someone spending as much as possible they are able to, comes with an attitude that everybody should accommodate them, which plans their visit to be filled with activities within the best-known brand hotels, this really is really and not the situation. These travelers prefer relaxation, tranquility, along with a comfortable experience.
Exactly what do Luxury Travelers Prefer?
When you're ready to plan the trip, luxury travelers will choose the simpler travel experience. They are fully aware their needs and wants much better than other people, so that they will take time to plan the trip in advance. They're not going to plan a lot of activities because they already know relaxing is a lot more enjoyable than the usual busy trip. They plan the visit to ensure it's as enjoyable as you possibly can.
When they make use of a tour operator, they're picky which agent they will use. Luxury travelers want someone who understands their demands and can make their trip more personalized. They do not desire a common travel package provided to all clients they need their very own customized package.
While sometimes they'll choose top class, other occasions they simply desire a good window seat or aisle seat to extend. They're buying their tickets ahead of time to order their seat.
Destination, Deals & Attitude
Luxury travelers will make certain they obtain the best discounts. They would like to stretch their dollar so far as possible so that they will seek discounts. Additionally they understand individuals who're serving them ought to be tipped well. They always tip their doorman, babysitters, waitresses, taxi motorists, and guides.
Although some might think a this kind of traveler is a having a bad attitude a treadmill looking to be treated as royalty, actually luxury travelers are extremely respectful and sort. They do know individuals serving options are comparable to they and them deserve gratitude and versatility.
Getting a poor attitude isn't exactly what a luxury traveler is about. They already know getting a poor attitude isn't the method to getting an extravagance experience or perhaps a enjoyable one at this.
When selecting a destination, they are fully aware brand hotels aren't what you want. They like your accommodation using the deal or perhaps a great all-inclusive package. They are fully aware a little boutique could possibly be the most luxurious option over an over-crowded brand hotel.
They do not select a place where they might encounter spring breakers or they are fully aware is really a highly searched for out place in that season. Rather, they'll select a quieter, rare and exotic place to search for a distinctive experience.
Vacations the posh Traveler May Choose
These travelers prefer rare and unfamiliar locations. Luxury travelers are usually:
More youthful travels between 40-55 years of age utilizing a tour operator to reserve the very best trip
Families within their early 30's and 40s planning adventurous journeys with kids
Selecting all-inclusive vacations to accept emphasize of travel and pay all upfront while relaxing throughout the trip
Driving newer ways than in the past, by river cruising and space travel
As the average traveler makes plans for any typical beach vacation during springbreak, the luxurious traveler chooses a personal destination. The typical traveler will select a crowded hotel, as the luxurious traveler decides for any smaller sized and quieter hotel.


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For Employers
With more than 6,500 active subscribers, we invite you to tap into our vast network, and to have us email your job descriptions to our members. The positions are not posted on our website, but instead delivered directly to the mailbox of those professionals who have requested job opportunities possessing the experience and disciplines you are looking for. Use the form below to send your job description to our members.
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text: April 26th, 2012Occasionally I read or hear something about which a response leaps to mind. Most of the time I let it pass because my response seems unlikely to be successfully transmitted to the originator of the comment. It occurs to me that I have a platform on which I can comment, and so I think I will do so, for what it's worth to anyone who might stumble across this blog.


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Backgammon is a classic abstract strategy game dating back thousands of years. Each player has a set of 15 "men" that must be moved from their starting positions, around, and then off the board. Dice are thrown each turn, and each player must decide which of his men to move based on the outcome of the roll. Players can capture each other's men, forcing the captured men to restart their journey around the board. The winner is the first player to get all 15 men off the board. A more recent addition to the game is the "doubling cube", which allows players to up the stakes of the game, as it is often played for money. Although the game relies on dice to determine movement, there is a large degree of strategy in deciding how to make the most effective moves given each dice roll as well as measuring the risk in terms of possible rolls the opponent may get.
Backgammon may be the first game to be mentioned in written history, going back 5,000 years to the Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia. During the 1920's, archaeologists unearthed five boards from a cemetery in the ancient town of Ur. At another location, pieces and dice were also found along with the board. Boards from ancient Egypt have also been recovered from the tomb of Tutankhamun, including a mechanical dice box, no doubt intended to stop cheaters.
The names of the game were many. In Persia, Takhteh Nard> which means "Battle on Wood". In Egypt, Tau, which may be the ancestor of Senate. In Rome, Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum, later, Tabula, and by the sixth century, Alea. In ancient China, T-shu-p-u and later in Japan, Sugoroko. The English name may derive from "Bac gamen" meaning "Back Game", referring to re-entry of taken stones back to the board.
It was often enjoyed by the upper classes and is sometimes called "The Aristocratic game." The Roman Emperor Claudius was known to be such a fan that he had a set built into his coach so he could play as he traveled (the world's first travel edition?).
The rules in English were standardized in 1743 by Edmond Hoyle. These remained popular until the American innovations of the 1930's.
Hilfe zu den Regeln von Backgammon und eine Anleitung zur Nutzung des Spiels findest Du hier.
Various | |
Autor | nicht belegt |
Spieleranzahl | 2 |
Spieldauer | 10 Minutes |
Spieltyp | Dice Game |
Alter | 8+ |
Preis | Depending on edition |
Auszeichnungen | None |
Anleitung & Regeln. |


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Petit Bateau, established over 120 years ago by Pierre Valton in Troyes, is one of the most established children's brands. Currently designed by Kitsune, Petit Bateau has grown beyond its tradition of knickers and underwear and has created a full collection ranging from newborn to adult.
100% Recycled Polyester
Machine wash up to 30°C. Do not tumble dry, bleach or dry clean.


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Training & Development
In addition to local and country based training, Ipsos provides centralised training. Ipsos is proud of the participation level of its people in the various programmes of its online campus, Ipsos Training Center (ITC).
The ITC Mission is to provide high quality and up to date training solutions that contribute to all Ipsos employees and key Ipsos clients´ personal and organisational growth and development.


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NIME Proceedings Template for LaTeX
john harding (uploader)
Last Updated
hace 6 años
Creative Commons CC BY 4.0
This paper provides a sample of a LATEX document for the NIME conference series. It conforms, somewhat loosely, to the formatting guidelines for ACM SIG Proceedings. It is an alternate style which produces a tighter-looking paper and was designed in response to concerns expressed, by authors, over page-budgets. It complements the document Author's (Alternate) Guide to Preparing ACM SIG Proceedings Using LATEX2ε and BibTEX. This source file has been written with the intention of being compiled under LATEX2ε and BibTeX.


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When you have bad credit and are seeking to obtain a home loan, then you likely might have a couple queries running through your mind. Significantly even though, 1 question in particular is bothering one to no end, because it's the most critical and ascertaining factor to in fact, effectively, ask. Such an inquiry looming over you is"can I actually obtain yourself a house loan with lousy credit?" The answer, and to some own alleviation, is only yes. It is really easy that you find a home loan with terrible credit score Mortgage Broker. "However ?" You may inquire. Effectively, it is as a result of current common requirement, frankly.
Poor Credit Runs Rampant, But Do Not Fret
"negative credit" can be really a phrase mounted on a individual today. And at the world of terrible credit individuals (specially ones searching home loans) there's was no deficit among the total population. The amounts will be staggering as a great number of individuals searching a home loan additionally possess, and more so lug along, a inadequate credit history. Therefore, lots of fiscal servicers have obtained the better part of the world's bad credit score population into accommodated and consideration, and also in effect, given a significant saving grace for all worried people in desire of home loan choices. Thus, If you have been concerned about acquiring a Lousy credit home loan for a While Now, fret no more
Protecting Grace Besides Fight Can Be Nevertheless Ahead
Despite the rescuing grace variable to benefit out there are still hard (or at the least, unfamiliar) motions which will need to get accepted, types using particular actions and investigating to take into mind. Concordantlythere are difficulties and levels of familiarizing that must take put on your own ending to create acquiring a home loan with bad credit really take place, and occur nicely. For one, you are clearly not really a financial-head when you should be currently in a terrible credit situation. So, the upcoming logical thing for you to pursue is finding somebody who will know finances, someone well-versed in it. Inside this situation, trusted and noteworthy brokers or charge counselors who can talk to creditors could be perfect to locate and work with. For absolute intentions of gaining understanding and direction the conditions, rates and fees involved with such a financial movement, finding a broker can be the best bet
Securing Negative Credit Mortgage Loans, With Assistance
Moreover, & above all, agents are beneficial midways to truly secure mortgage loans. Without brokers or advisers in this circumstance, procuring a mortgage might end up being considered a stressful and quite expensive job, particularly from your bad credit taking position.
You could opt to look for the aid of agents or counselors if chasing your bad credit home loan (as getting a home loan that way is possible), however also it really is known that opting to them and their aid will yield you better, cheaper and much more trusted mortgage home loan options. What's superior about acquiring help through a counselor is they could situate you and your inadequate credit to be better away and even mended a piece previous to your home loan pursuit.


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Colloidal interactions and arrested dynamics of cellulose nanofibrils
Time: Fri 2020-11-20 10.00
Location: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_wiozRA2pQouX_V86UAOGYA, Stockholm (English)
Subject area: Fibre and Polymer Science
Doctoral student: Malin Nordenström , Fiberteknologi, Wallenberg Wood Science Center
Opponent: Professor Wim Thielemans, KU Leuven
Supervisor: Professor Lars Wågberg, Fiberteknologi, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, VinnExcellens Centrum BiMaC Innovation, Pappers- och massateknik, Fiber- och polymerteknologi, Linné Flow Center, FLOW; Universitetslektor Torbjörn Pettersson, Fiberteknologi; Professor Lars Göran Ödberg, Fiberteknologi; PhD. Andreas Fall, RISE Bioeconomy
Over the past decades, concerns for the environment have increased and efforts to achieve a sustainable society have intensified. One particular challenge is to replace fossil-based plastics with biodegradable materials produced from renewable resources. Cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based materials are strong candidates due to their excellent mechanical properties, nano-dimensions and molecular structure, which is suitable for modification. CNFs can be obtained from wood and are elongated, often charged, particles which are usually handled in aqueous dispersions. The colloidal stability is sensitive, and instability results in aggregation or transition to an arrested state. Since the properties of CNF-based materials rely on dispersion of the CNFs, an understanding of the colloidal behaviour is crucial.
This work has focused on the interactions and dynamics of CNFs in different colloidal states. Arrested states of CNFs were studied in detail and it was found that two types of arrested state exist, with different colloidal interactions and mechanisms governing their formation. The dynamics in arrested and dispersed states were studied by tracer diffusion measurements, and it was found that small amounts of CNFs can constitute an excellent stabiliser for other particle dispersions according to a so far unexplored mechanism.
The effects of altering the colloidal interactions using different strategies were also evaluated. The counterions of CNFs were exchanged and the impact on the swelling behaviour was measured. Based on the results, different contributions to the counterion-dependent interactions are discussed. Two strategies for using polymers to alter the interactions were furthermore studied. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was grafted to CNFs in order to increase the arrested state threshold concentration. PEG, carboxymethyl cellulose and lignin, were also used as additives which improved the redispersion of dried CNF, especially in the case of samples containing lignin.