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RFC 5001 - DNS Name Server Identifier (NSID) Option
Network Working Group R. Austein Request for Comments: 5001 ISC Category: Standards Track August 2007 DNS Name Server Identifier (NSID) Option Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). Abstract With the increased use of DNS anycast, load balancing, and other mechanisms allowing more than one DNS name server to share a single IP address, it is sometimes difficult to tell which of a pool of name servers has answered a particular query. While existing ad-hoc mechanisms allow an operator to send follow-up queries when it is necessary to debug such a configuration, the only completely reliable way to obtain the identity of the name server that responded is to have the name server include this information in the response itself. This note defines a protocol extension to support this functionality. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. Resolver Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2. Name Server Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.3. The NSID Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.4. Presentation Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. The NSID Payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. NSID Is Not Transitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3. User Interface Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.4. Truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. Introduction With the increased use of DNS anycast, load balancing, and other mechanisms allowing more than one DNS name server to share a single IP address, it is sometimes difficult to tell which of a pool of name servers has answered a particular query. Existing ad-hoc mechanisms allow an operator to send follow-up queries when it is necessary to debug such a configuration, but there are situations in which this is not a totally satisfactory solution, since anycast routing may have changed, or the server pool in question may be behind some kind of extremely dynamic load balancing hardware. Thus, while these ad-hoc mechanisms are certainly better than nothing (and have the advantage of already being deployed), a better solution seems desirable. Given that a DNS query is an idempotent operation with no retained state, it would appear that the only completely reliable way to obtain the identity of the name server that responded to a particular query is to have that name server include identifying information in the response itself. This note defines a protocol enhancement to achieve this. 1.1. Reserved Words The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Protocol This note uses an EDNS [RFC2671] option to signal the resolver's desire for information identifying the name server and to hold the name server's response, if any. 2.1. Resolver Behavior A resolver signals its desire for information identifying a name server by sending an empty NSID option (Section 2.3) in an EDNS OPT pseudo-RR in the query message. The resolver MUST NOT include any NSID payload data in the query message. The semantics of an NSID request are not transitive. That is: the presence of an NSID option in a query is a request that the name server which receives the query identify itself. If the name server side of a recursive name server receives an NSID request, the client is asking the recursive name server to identify itself; if the resolver side of the recursive name server wishes to receive identifying information, it is free to add NSID requests in its own queries, but that is a separate matter. 2.2. Name Server Behavior A name server that understands the NSID option and chooses to honor a particular NSID request responds by including identifying information in a NSID option (Section 2.3) in an EDNS OPT pseudo-RR in the response message. The name server MUST ignore any NSID payload data that might be present in the query message. The NSID option is not transitive. A name server MUST NOT send an NSID option back to a resolver which did not request it. In particular, while a recursive name server may choose to add an NSID option when sending a query, this has no effect on the presence or absence of the NSID option in the recursive name server's response to the original client. As stated in Section 2.1, this mechanism is not restricted to authoritative name servers; the semantics are intended to be equally applicable to recursive name servers. 2.3. The NSID Option The OPTION-CODE for the NSID option is 3. The OPTION-DATA for the NSID option is an opaque byte string, the semantics of which are deliberately left outside the protocol. See Section 3.1 for discussion. 2.4. Presentation Format User interfaces MUST read and write the contents of the NSID option as a sequence of hexadecimal digits, two digits per payload octet. The NSID payload is binary data. Any comparison between NSID payloads MUST be a comparison of the raw binary data. Copy operations MUST NOT assume that the raw NSID payload is null- terminated. Any resemblance between raw NSID payload data and any form of text is purely a convenience, and does not change the underlying nature of the payload data. See Section 3.3 for discussion. 3. Discussion This section discusses certain aspects of the protocol and explains considerations that led to the chosen design. 3.1. The NSID Payload The syntax and semantics of the content of the NSID option are deliberately left outside the scope of this specification. Choosing the NSID content is a prerogative of the server administrator. The server administrator might choose to encode the NSID content in such a way that the server operator (or clients authorized by the server operator) can decode the NSID content to obtain more information than other clients can. Alternatively, the server operator might choose unencoded NSID content that is equally meaningful to any client. This section describes some of the kinds of data that server administrators might choose to provide as the content of the NSID option, and explains the reasoning behind specifying a simple opaque byte string in Section 2.3. There are several possibilities for the payload of the NSID option: o It could be the "real" name of the specific name server within the name server pool. o It could be the "real" IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) of the name server within the name server pool. o It could be some sort of pseudo-random number generated in a predictable fashion somehow using the server's IP address or name as a seed value. o It could be some sort of probabilistically unique identifier initially derived from some sort of random number generator then preserved across reboots of the name server. o It could be some sort of dynamically generated identifier so that only the name server operator could tell whether or not any two queries had been answered by the same server. o It could be a blob of signed data, with a corresponding key which might (or might not) be available via DNS lookups. o It could be a blob of encrypted data, the key for which could be restricted to parties with a need to know (in the opinion of the server operator). o It could be an arbitrary string of octets chosen at the discretion of the name server operator. Each of these options has advantages and disadvantages: o Using the "real" name is simple, but the name server may not have a "real" name. o Using the "real" address is also simple, and the name server almost certainly does have at least one non-anycast IP address for maintenance operations, but the operator of the name server may not be willing to divulge its non-anycast address. o Given that one common reason for using anycast DNS techniques is an attempt to harden a critical name server against denial of service attacks, some name server operators are likely to want an identifier other than the "real" name or "real" address of the name server instance. o Using a hash or pseudo-random number can provide a fixed length value that the resolver can use to tell two name servers apart without necessarily being able to tell where either one of them "really" is, but makes debugging more difficult if one happens to be in a friendly open environment. Furthermore, hashing might not add much value, since a hash based on an IPv4 address still only involves a 32-bit search space, and DNS names used for servers that operators might have to debug at 4am tend not to be very random. o Probabilistically unique identifiers have properties similar to hashed identifiers, but (given a sufficiently good random number generator) are immune to the search space issues. However, the strength of this approach is also its weakness: there is no algorithmic transformation by which even the server operator can associate name server instances with identifiers while debugging, which might be annoying. This approach also requires the name server instance to preserve the probabilistically unique identifier across reboots, but this does not appear to be a serious restriction, since authoritative nameservers almost always have some form of non-volatile storage. In the rare case of a name server that does not have any way to store such an identifier, nothing terrible will happen if the name server generates a new identifier every time it reboots. o Using an arbitrary octet string gives name server operators yet another setting to configure, or mis-configure, or forget to configure. Having all the nodes in an anycast name server constellation identify themselves as "My Name Server" would not be particularly useful. o A signed blob is not particularly useful as an NSID payload unless the signed data is dynamic and includes some kind of replay protection, such as a timestamp or some kind of data identifying the requestor. Signed blobs that meet these criteria could conceivably be useful in some situations but would require detailed security analysis beyond the scope of this document. o A static encrypted blob would not be particularly useful, as it would be subject to replay attacks and would, in effect, just be a random number to any party that does not possess the decryption key. Dynamic encrypted blobs could conceivably be useful in some situations but, as with signed blobs, dynamic encrypted blobs would require detailed security analysis beyond the scope of this document. Given all of the issues listed above, there does not appear to be a single solution that will meet all needs. Section 2.3 therefore defines the NSID payload to be an opaque byte string and leaves the choice of payload up to the implementor and name server operator. The following guidelines may be useful to implementors and server operators: o Operators for whom divulging the unicast address is an issue could use the raw binary representation of a probabilistically unique random number. This should probably be the default implementation behavior. o Operators for whom divulging the unicast address is not an issue could just use the raw binary representation of a unicast address for simplicity. This should only be done via an explicit configuration choice by the operator. o Operators who really need or want the ability to set the NSID payload to an arbitrary value could do so, but this should only be done via an explicit configuration choice by the operator. This approach appears to provide enough information for useful debugging without unintentionally leaking the maintenance addresses of anycast name servers to nogoodniks, while also allowing name server operators who do not find such leakage threatening to provide more information at their own discretion. 3.2. NSID Is Not Transitive As specified in Section 2.1 and Section 2.2, the NSID option is not transitive. This is strictly a hop-by-hop mechanism. Most of the discussion of name server identification to date has focused on identifying authoritative name servers, since the best known cases of anycast name servers are a subset of the name servers for the root zone. However, given that anycast DNS techniques are also applicable to recursive name servers, the mechanism may also be useful with recursive name servers. The hop-by-hop semantics support this. While there might be some utility in having a transitive variant of this mechanism (so that, for example, a stub resolver could ask a recursive server to tell it which authoritative name server provided a particular answer to the recursive name server), the semantics of such a variant would be more complicated, and are left for future work. 3.3. User Interface Issues Given the range of possible payload contents described in Section 3.1, it is not possible to define a single presentation format for the NSID payload that is efficient, convenient, unambiguous, and aesthetically pleasing. In particular, while it is tempting to use a presentation format that uses some form of textual strings, attempting to support this would significantly complicate what's intended to be a very simple debugging mechanism. In some cases the content of the NSID payload may be binary data meaningful only to the name server operator, and may not be meaningful to the user or application, but the user or application must be able to capture the entire content anyway in order for it to be useful. Thus, the presentation format must support arbitrary binary data. In cases where the name server operator derives the NSID payload from textual data, a textual form such as US-ASCII or UTF-8 strings might at first glance seem easier for a user to deal with. There are, however, a number of complex issues involving internationalized text which, if fully addressed here, would require a set of rules significantly longer than the rest of this specification. See [RFC2277] for an overview of some of these issues. It is much more important for the NSID payload data to be passed unambiguously from server administrator to user and back again than it is for the payload data to be pretty while in transit. In particular, it's critical that it be straightforward for a user to cut and paste an exact copy of the NSID payload output by a debugging tool into other formats such as email messages or web forms without distortion. Hexadecimal strings, while ugly, are also robust. 3.4. Truncation In some cases, adding the NSID option to a response message may trigger message truncation. This specification does not change the rules for DNS message truncation in any way, but implementors will need to pay attention to this issue. Including the NSID option in a response is always optional, so this specification never requires name servers to truncate response messages. By definition, a resolver that requests NSID responses also supports EDNS, so a resolver that requests NSID responses can also use the "sender's UDP payload size" field of the OPT pseudo-RR to signal a receive buffer size large enough to make truncation unlikely. 4. IANA Considerations IANA has allocated EDNS option code 3 for the NSID option (Section 2.3). 5. Security Considerations This document describes a channel signaling mechanism intended primarily for debugging. Channel signaling mechanisms are outside the scope of DNSSEC, per se. Applications that require integrity protection for the data being signaled will need to use a channel security mechanism such as TSIG [RFC2845]. Section 3.1 discusses a number of different kinds of information that a name server operator might choose to provide as the value of the NSID option. Some of these kinds of information are security sensitive in some environments. This specification deliberately leaves the syntax and semantics of the NSID option content up to the implementation and the name server operator. Two of the possible kinds of payload data discussed in Section 3.1 involve a digital signature and encryption, respectively. While this specification discusses some of the pitfalls that might lurk for careless users of these kinds of payload data, full analysis of the issues that would be involved in these kinds of payload data would require knowledge of the content to be signed or encrypted, algorithms to be used, and so forth, which is beyond the scope of this document. Implementors should seek competent advice before attempting to use these kinds of NSID payloads. 6. Acknowledgements Thanks to: Joe Abley, Harald Alvestrand, Dean Anderson, Mark Andrews, Roy Arends, Steve Bellovin, Alex Bligh, Randy Bush, David Conrad, John Dickinson, Alfred Hoenes, Johan Ihren, Daniel Karrenberg, Peter Koch, William Leibzon, Ed Lewis, Thomas Narten, Mike Patton, Geoffrey Sisson, Andrew Sullivan, Mike StJohns, Tom Taylor, Paul Vixie, Sam Weiler, and Suzanne Woolf, none of whom are responsible for what the author did with their comments and suggestions. Apologies to anyone inadvertently omitted from the above list. 7. References 7.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, BCP 14, March 1997. [RFC2671] Vixie, P., "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)", RFC 2671, August 1999. [RFC2845] Vixie, P., Gudmundsson, O., Eastlake 3rd, D., and B. Wellington, "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)", RFC 2845, May 2000. 7.2. Informative References [RFC2277] Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages", RFC 2277, BCP 18, January 1998. Author's Address Rob Austein ISC 950 Charter Street Redwood City, CA 94063 USA EMail: email@example.com Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intellectual Property The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at firstname.lastname@example.com. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. User Contributions:Comment about this RFC, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: |


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And Australian daredevil is set to test several scientific principles today, as he jumps from a balloon nearly 22 miles above the Earth. Wearing a specially designed suit, Felix Baumgartner should reach a speed of about 700 miles an hour, as he becomes the first skydiver to break the sound barrier. It may be a stunt, and a stunning one, but Baumgartner says the data from his stratospheric leap could help develop lifesaving measures and equipment for astronauts. Once he jumps from a capsule carried by that special balloon, it will only take minutes for Baumgartner to fall and then float with a parachute, gently down to the New Mexico desert. His two practice jumps have been successful. But as Felix Baumgartner told the BBC, if something goes wrong, the only thing that might help you is God.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

subset: commoncrawl


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Find comfort and functionality in protection that inspires the desire to go further
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About the Asan Plenum
The Asan Plenum is a yearly gathering of the world's leading think tanks in Seoul to discuss the pressing challenges facing the world today. The Plenum aims to positively influence the policymaking process and enable the global community to better address these challenges.
Asan Plenum 2015: "Is the U.S. Back?"
American decline has emerged as a powerful discourse in recent years. A decade of war, a protracted financial crisis, and the return of multipolarity were all seen as eroding American global leadership. This also raised doubts about the American commitment to its partners and allies around the world, including in East Asia. But, today we are once again witnessing a resurgence in American power backed by groundbreaking revolutions in energy, finance, and military affairs. At the same time, transnational threats such as terrorism, cyber-warfare, and nuclear proliferation continue to call for global leadership. How does the "return of the U.S." affect regional balance of power in different parts of the world? Can it overcome the strategic distrust that presently dominates interactions between great and small power alike?
This year's Plenum will bring together distinguished experts, policymakers, scholars, and members of the media in Seoul for two days to provide insights and seek answers to these questions. The Plenum will feature four plenary sessions and 12 panels over two days.


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The wolf enters a different era in Wisconsin, today, and Minnesota later this fall: For the first time in recent history, hunters in those two states will be allowed to bait, shoot and trap wolves.
The Green Bay Press Gazette reports that the move comes after the Federal government "removed Great Lakes wolves from the endangered species list in January."
The hunt has sparked a great deal of both excitement and criticism. Animal activists insist that lawmakers in both states acted too quickly without taking into account what this could mean for the wolves. They took the states to court and as Minnesota Public Radio reports in that state they have been able to temporarily stop hunters from using dogs.
"One of our biggest issues is the fact that this hunt is not based on sound science or peer reviewed research," Nancy Warren, of the National Wolfwatcher Coalition told MPR. "It's being spearheaded by a group of very vocal but minority hunters — it was based on misinformation, but many of these aspects really don't lend themselves to a lawsuit."
She points out, for example, that there is no research as to how killing a key wolf could affect the larger pack.
The Christian Science Monitor reports a bit of the history of wolf hunting:
"Once abundant in Wisconsin, wolves were hunted and trapped to virtual extinction by 1960. Only a few hundred survived in northern Minnesota and on Michigan's Isle Royale.
"After they were placed under state protection in 1957 and federal protection in 1974, however, wolf populations enjoyed a remarkable resurgence. Biologists believe there are now about 850 wolves in Wisconsin, with packs roaming mostly the northern third of the state, and an estimated 3,600 more in Minnesota and Michigan's Upper Peninsula. There are nearly three times more wolves in the Midwest than in the Rocky Mountain states."
The lifting of the ban has made hunters giddy: Killing a wolf is a once-in-lifetime opportunity, they say. Partly because of the long-standing ban, partly because they are incredibly intelligent animals with a keen sense of smell, so shooting them is very hard and trapping them is also difficult.
"Everybody's gung-ho to go kill a wolf but nobody realizes how hard it's going to be," Bud Martin, a Montana-based hunting guide who shot a wolf two years ago in Idaho told the Green Bay Gazette. "I'll bet you a steak dinner your quota won't be met."
Consider the numbers laid out by the Gazette: Wisconsin will issue 1,160 permits for 116 animals. Minnesota will issue 6,000 permits for 400 animals. In Montana where hunting wolves is sanctioned, they issued 18,700 licenses in 2011 but hunters only killed 166 animals.
That only seems to be encouraging hunters.
"This is the ultimate challenge," Joe Caputo, a hunter from Wisconsin told the AP. "You're talking the largest-scale predator on the landscape."
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel also reports that initiatives to protect the wolves used to be funded out of the Endangered Resources Fund. Now, that money will come from permits and licenses.
"The sale of permits brought in $202,720. The sale of licenses ($100 each for state residents, $500 for nonresidents) is expected to bring in about $120,000 more. Through Friday, the DNR had sold 505 wolf licenses to state residents and five to nonresidents," the Journal reports.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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GeographyJobs.co.ukGeography Jobs First. In the United Kingdom. |
By GeographyJobs.com
July 12, 2012
If you have received an email from a "Dennis Evanson" claiming to be from "Comvitabs" with a job opportunity, please delete the email. This is a phishing scam and they did not get your email from our database. Visitors to GeographyJobs sites whom have never registered as a job seeker are receiving these emails. Our system is secure. Several of my own email addresses received this message, and these email addresses are not registered on the site.
Here is the spam message:
My names is Dennis Evanson and I am writing you. I take a position as a manager for work with clients at Comvitabs.
We are expanding for new members to enlarge our staff. We received your CV on geographyjobs.ca and picked you from all of the remaining candidates. We looked through your professional qualifications and matched to the conflicting claims for the job that we suggest.
At this very moment I would like to state that your qualifications have been chosen for the job offer we have recently started.
We will provide you with a prosperous salary position and your premium depends on the volume of information worked out by you which also contains of a flexible schedule.
If you like this offer please write back me back as soon as possible.
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Dennis Evanson
If you ever receive a similar message in the future where you are not addressed by name in the email, or you notice bad spelling, or the message is from a company you've never heard of, be suspicious of a phishing message and delete it.


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HONOLULU (AP) — Disney said Wednesday it would no longer sell a boy's costume for a Polynesian character that some Pacific Islanders have compared to blackface.
The getup depicts Maui — a revered figure in Polynesian oral traditions and viewed by some Pacific Islanders as an ancestor — who is a character in the upcoming animated movie "Moana." It has a long-sleeve brown shirt and long pants featuring full-body tattoos. It comes with a fake shark-tooth necklace and green-leaf "skirt."
Disney's online store had offered boy's pajamas and a men's t-shirt in a similar design, but those products were no longer available Wednesday.
"The team behind Moana has taken great care to respect the cultures of the Pacific Islands that inspired the film, and we regret that the Maui costume has offended some," the company said in a statement. "We sincerely apologize and are pulling the costume from our website and stores."
Chelsie Haunani Fairchild said it's offputting to have a child wear the skin of another race.
"Polyface is Disney's new version of blackface. Let's call it like it is, people," Fairchild said in a video she posted on Facebook.
The Native Hawaiian college student said in an interview the costume doesn't honor or pay homage to a culture or person, but makes fun of it.
Fairchild, who is attending school in San Antonio, Texas, later said she accepted the apology, but it didn't change what the company did. She said Disney only stopped marketing the outfit because people spoke out.
"Moana" is due for release in November. The animated feature is about a teenager who sails through the South Pacific to a fabled island. She meets Maui, who helps her explore the ocean.
The Disney online store began selling the costume recently, just in time for Halloween. The listing noted the getup had "padded arms and legs for mighty stature!"
Tevita Kaili, a professor of cultural anthropology at Brigham Young University-Hawaii, said he was happy Disney responded to the criticism and pulled the product.
He said the costume featured tattoos that would be used in Polynesia by chiefs, adults and those committed to the community. They're removed from their cultural context by appearing on a Halloween costume, he said.
For example, the outfit has triangle designs used to symbolize sharks. These would normally be used by families who consider sharks to be ancestral guardians, he said.
Kaili himself views Maui as an ancestor, like many people from his home island of Koloa in Tonga, where a temple is dedicated to him.
Kaili said stories handed down about Maui snaring the sun or pulling islands out of the ocean are just metaphors for how he discovered new islands as he sailed the ocean.
"For most of us in the Pacific, in Polynesia, we see Maui as an important ancestor to us — as a real person," he said.
The costume earned international condemnation.
Marama Fox, a co-leader of New Zealand's indigenous Maori Party and a member of New Zealand's parliament, said the costume was a case of cultural misappropriation and an example of a company trying to profit off of another culture's intellectual property.
The movie itself, she said, appeared to be playing into stereotypes.
"It depicts Maui as a bit of a beefy guy, and not in a good way. That's not the picture I have of the Maui who fished up the North Island, and had a number of feats attributed to him," she said.


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"This technology ensures that the pressure of the laces is transferred not just to the hooks but to the tongue as well."
— Arthur | LOWA Manager Service Department
With the help of X-Lacing hooks on the tongue of a number of TREKKING and MOUNTAINEERING boots, the tongue can be optimally fixed in the middle. This feature will prevent the tongue from slipping as the wearer walks and uncomfortable pressure points from arising. This special lacing system around the hooks secures the tongue both vertically and horizontally. As a result, the lacing system gains independence from the height of the instep, making it perfect for any type of foot.


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Free Shipping On Orders over $49!
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February 27, 2020 3 min read
These gentle sitting exercises will help improve your mobility and prevent falls, and can even be done at home.
Don't worry if you've not done much for a while – these seated exercises are gentle and easy to follow.
For these exercises, choose a solid, stable chair that doesn't have wheels.
You should be able to sit with your feet flat on the floor and knees bent at right angles. Avoid chairs with arms, as these will restrict your movement.
Wear loose, comfortable clothing and keep some water handy.
Build up slowly and aim to gradually increase the repetitions of each exercise over time.
Try to do these exercises at least twice a week and combine them with the other routines in this series:
This stretch is good for posture.
A. Sit upright and away from the back of the chair. Pull your shoulders back and down. Extend your arms out to the side.
B. Gently push your chest forward and up until you feel a stretch across your chest.
Hold for 5 to 10 seconds and repeat 5 times.
This stretch will develop and maintain flexibility in the upper back.
A. Sit upright with your feet flat on the floor, cross your arms and reach for your shoulders.
B. Without moving your hips, turn your upper body to the left as far as is comfortable. Hold for 5 seconds.
C. Repeat on the right side.
Do 5 times on each side.
This exercise will strengthen the and thighs, and improve flexibility.
A. Sit upright and do not lean on the back of the chair. Hold on to the sides of the chair.
B. Lift your left leg with your knee bent as far as is comfortable. Place your foot down with control.
C. Repeat with the opposite leg.
Do 5 lifts with each leg.
This stretch will improve ankle flexibility and lower the risk of developing a blood clot.
A. Sit upright, hold on to the side of the chair and straighten your left leg with your foot off the floor.
B. With your leg straight and raised, point your toes away from you.
C. Point your toes back towards you.
Try 2 sets of 5 stretches with each foot.
This exercise builds shoulder strength.
A. Sit upright with your arms by your sides.
B. With palms forwards, raise both arms out and to the side, and up as far as is comfortable.
C. Return to the starting position.
Keep your shoulders down and arms straight throughout. Breathe out as you raise your arms and breathe in as you lower them. Repeat 5 times.
This stretch is good for improving neck mobility and flexibility.
A. Sit upright with your shoulders down. Look straight ahead.
B. Slowly turn your head towards your left shoulder as far as is comfortable. Hold for 5 seconds and return to the starting position.
C. Repeat on the right.
Do 3 rotations on each side.
his stretch is good for loosening tight neck muscles.
A. Sitting upright, look straight ahead and hold your left shoulder down with your right hand.
B. Slowly tilt your head to the right while holding your shoulder down.
C. Repeat on the opposite side.
Hold each stretch for 5 seconds and repeat 3 times on each side.
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Acquiring Institution
The Financial Institution which holds the Merchant Account partaking in a financial transaction, typically the first bank involved in the processing of a payment.
A small computer program which facilitates the performance of particular tasks.
The capacity of a server to carry or process information. The higher the bandwidth the faster graphics-laden web pages will download.
Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern browsers can present multimedia information, including sound and video, though they require plug-ins for some formats.
The automatic copying and storage of frequently used information onto a computer system " Typically caching is seen whilst surfing the internet (graphics, etc.) and used by Internet Services Providers (ISP's) to reduce the amount of data requested from the user onto the internet.
The Financial Institution which issued the cardholder's account and card.
The individual participating in the financial transaction whose card is being credited or debited.
Card Verification Data
The additional information printed on the card to be processed. This is used to verify if the card was present when the transaction was initiated. This is the additional digits imprinted on the card usually on the reverse side for VISA & Mastercard and on the front for AMEX.
An x.509 certificate used to authenticate entities such as Merchants and Payment Gateways. Certificates can be used to identify and/or encrypt sensitive data such as card numbers and personal cardholder information.
Common Gateway Interface: A protocol that allows a Web page to run a program on a Web server. Forms, counters, and guest books are common examples of CGI programs.
Any piece of software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard. Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into an e-mail message, or turning the data into a database query. CGI "scripts" are just scripts which use CGI. CGI is often confused with Perl, which is a programming language, while CGI is an interface to the server from a particular program.
A computer or software that requests a service of another computer system or process (a "server"). For example, a workstation requesting the contents of a file from a file server is a client of the file server. A web browser is commonly referred to as a client.
Clients and Servers
In general, all of the machines on the Internet can be categorised as two types: servers and clients. Those machines that provide services (like Web servers or FTP servers) to other machines are servers. And the machines that are used to connect to those services are clients.
When you connect to Yahoo at www.google.com to read a page, Google is providing a machine (probably a cluster of very large machines), for use on the Internet, to service your request. Google is providing a server. Your machine, on the other hand, is probably providing no services to anyone else on the Internet. Therefore, it is a user machine, also known as a client. It is possible and common for a machine to be both a server and a client !
A file sent by some web servers to your computer's hard drive to enable you to quickly and easily return to particular sites. Cookies give rise to privacy concerns as they are often used to store information used for marketing purposes.
The main purpose of cookies is to identify users and possibly prepare customised Web pages for them. When you enter a Web site using cookies, you may be asked to fill out a form providing such information as your name and interests. This information is packaged into a cookie and sent to your Web browser which stores it for later use. The next time you go to the same Web site, your browser will send the cookie to the Web server. The server can use this information to present you with custom Web pages. So, for example, instead of seeing just a generic welcome page you might see a welcome page with your name on it.
The Customer Receipt Number (CRN) is used to assist the card holder, the payment gateway and the transaction acquirer to confirm the transaction has been processed and to track the transaction throughout the end-to-end transaction process. This is often used when making enquiries about a transaction or for transaction tracking.
Bad faith, abusive domain name registration. Cybersquatters register company and product names as domain names with a view to selling them at inflated prices to the rightful owners.
The additional information printed on the card to be processed. This is used to verify if the card was present when the transaction was initiated. This is the additional digits imprinted on the card usually on the reverse side for VISA & Mastercard and on the front for AMEX.
A collection of data: part numbers, product codes, customer information, etc. It usually refers to data organised and stored on a computer that can be searched and retrieved by a computer program.
Deep link
A hypertext link directly to a web page, often bypassing home pages or other identifying pages.
Digital Certificate
A pop up window that allows you to identify the level of encryption used to secure a particular web site.
Digital Signature
A complex numeric "signature" designed to be used, in conjunction with special software, to authenticate the sender of a message and guarantee that the contents of the message have not been altered during transmission to the recipient. The EU has adopted legislation which makes electronic signatures legally valid. The Electronic Transaction Bill (Cth) 1999 has the same effect in Australia.
Domain Name
The plain English name given to a host destination on the Internet, for example, www.madrock.net. The suffix, dot.com is known as the generic top level domain, the prefix madrock. The domain name forms part of the Internet Address or URL.
A name that identifies one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URL http://www.madrock.net, the domain name is madrock.net.
To transfer information from one computer to your computer.
Dynamic web page
A web document that is created from a database in real-time or "on the fly" at the same time it is being viewed, providing a continuous flow of new information and giving visitors a new experience each time they visit the web site.
Dynamic web sites offer the user the ability to interact with the web site. This interaction can take place in the form of a search for products, a questionnaire that automatically posts results or online polls. Basically, dynamic web pages and content are generated from the input of the user.
Electronic Commerce.
Often referred to as simply e-commerce, business that is conducted over the Internet using any of the applications that rely on the Internet, such as e-mail, instant messaging, shopping carts, Web services, and FTP, among others. Electronic commerce can be between two businesses transmitting funds, goods, services and/or data or between a business and a customer.
The Electronic Commerce Indicator (ECI), is used to determine the source of the original transaction request. This is a program that the banks have developed and have mandated it's use.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Systems set up by businesses, which facilitate the electronic exchange of information.
The process of scrambling data to prevent it being viewed by unauthorized persons.
Expiry Date
The date printed on the card indicating when the card will expire. Not to be confused with the card issue date found on some cards.
An electronic security barrier and/or traffic filter.
Forms are web pages comprised of text and "fields" for a user to fill in with information. They are an excellent way of collecting and processing information from people visiting a web site, as well as allowing them to interact with web pages. Forms are written in HTML and processed by CGI programs.
A means of dividing a web screen into a number of compartments. Frames may give rise to legal disputes if web sites created by third parties are framed as your own.
FTP servers
One of the oldest of the Internet services, File Transfer Protocol makes it possible to move one or more files securely between computers while providing file security and organisation as well as transfer control.
1. Process of supplying goods after an order has been received.
2. Process of reacting to a customer's request, covering everything that has to happen from the time the customer places an order until they are completely satisfied.
Any computer on a network that provides services or information to other computers on the network. A host is also called a server.
The software and/or business processes which combine the Merchant's (website, back office, etc.) order processing system with the EFT Network Electronic Payment System.
IP address
Every computer connected to the Internet is assigned a unique number known as an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Since these numbers are usually assigned in country-based blocks, an IP address can often be used to identify the country from which a computer is connecting to the Internet.
A system allowing incompatible computer networks to send and receive information.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
Language used to translate text documents into a form which can be sent over the web.
A highlighted phrase in a document which permits linking to another document or part of a document.
Internet Content Host (ICH)
Those who host or propose to host content on the Internet. Anybody who is responsible for a web site, news group or bulletin board that contains articles, graphics or other internet content provided by others. The host may/may not also produce their own content and/or provide access to the Internet through a carriage service, ie they may also be an ISP.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
A company that provides an Internet connection through some kind of Internet carriage service, for example Sprint, Chello Broadband, Telstra Bigpond, Adam Internet, Internode. ISP's may/may not also be ICHs.
Mail servers
Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail servers move and store mail over corporate networks (via LANs and WANs) and across the Internet.
Merchant account
This is an account set up with a bank to process credit card orders from customers.
The entity receiving payments for goods and/or services.
Merchant Account
The merchant's account into which transactions are credited or debited.
Merchant Server
The software installed on the Merchant's web sites or back office system to enable real-time or batched processing of financial transactions.
Merchant Server Administrator
The individual(s) responsible for the maintenance of the Merchant Server, including issuing and importing merchant certificates.
Merchant Transaction Layer (MTL)
Primary Account Number (PAN) is the number printed on the customers card to reference the cardholder's financial account. This is typically the card number.
Payment Gateway
The Payment Gateway provides a central point of contact/transaction switching with the banking network for the Merchant Server software or devices. The EFT Networks Payment gateway provides advanced integrated reporting, merchant integration services (Mainframe, Mini, Windows, UNIX, OS400, Desktop/Server, EFT PoS Terminals. Loyalty systems, etc.) and Merchant/Bank customised solutions not offered by regional or global banking institutions.
An online system for real-time charging of credit cards when a customer places an order. Normally requires a merchant account.
A common question from merchants is "Do we have to change banks to use payment gateways?"
The answer is NO! – All you need to do is open a merchant facility with one of the supported banks, EFT Networks can ensure you open the correct one for your transaction needs. The merchant facility is then linked to a nominated bank account for example: Bank of New Zealand, ANZ, St George Bank, NAB, Commonwealth, Westpac, Bank of America, Bank of Scotland, Barclay's, Bank of Queensland, etc. The money is then transferred at the end of each day from your merchant account to your nominated account.
"Pretty Good Privacy"
A type of encryption program used to scramble data.
A site that gathers together many sites under a common branding, for example, Yahoo and Excite.
Private key
The password which permits information to be decoded in a public key encryption system.
Public key
The password which is used to send a secure message in a public key encryption system.
Secure Certificate
A document that is used to certify that a user or organisation is who they say they are. They contain information about who it belongs to, who it was issued by, expiry date and information that can be used to check out the contents of the certificate. It is as an important part of the SSL system for establishing secure connections.
A computer that provides a service to other computers (known as clients) on a network.
Shopping cart
A shopping cart is a piece of software that acts as an online store's catalogue and ordering process. Typically, a shopping cart is the interface between a company's Web site and its deeper infrastructure, allowing consumers to select merchandise; review what they have selected; make necessary modifications or additions; and purchase the merchandise.
Shopping carts can be sold as independent pieces of software so companies can integrate them into their own unique online solution, or they can be offered as a feature from a service that will create and host a company's e-commerce site.
The use of email or newsgroups to send unsolicited information.
Short for Secure Sockets Layer, a protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents via the Internet. SSL works by using a private key to encrypt data that's transferred over the SSL connection. Both Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer support SSL, and many Web sites use the protocol to obtain confidential user information, such as credit card numbers. By convention, URLs that require an SSL connection start with https: instead of http:.
Letting your customers know that you have SSL protection gives your site credibility and may encourage customers to deal with you in confidence.
A security protocol used to protect information – typically used between the cardholder's web browser and the merchant's webserver and throughout the transaction processing process. 128bit SSL is typical used as a minimum level within the Payment & Financial industries.
A Secure Server uses an SSL certificate. It is generally a piece of web space that can only be dealt with by using SSL ensuring that data transferred between the web space and the browser is encrypted.
Static web page
In web site terms, static means web pages that are not interactive. Because the web site visitor does not have any control over the information provided, the pages and information do not change with each visit. There is not a two-way communication between the user (client) and the web site (server) in a static page.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
An Internet address.
Web page
A specific group of related files on the web, which is usually viewed as a single document.
Web servers
At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web browser by loading a file from a hard disk and serving it across the network to a user's Web browser. This entire exchange is mediated by the browser and server talking to each other using HTTP.
Web site
A collection of web pages stored on a file server.


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Dear user, this website is built on technology that is demanding for browsers with regard to downloading and running. Therefore we are leaving the 3D tour turned off during the initial launch. We trust that even without the 3D being on the site is a rich source of information. If you have a good download connection of c. 15 MB and sufficient RAM (at least 4 GB), click on the button below to turn on the version of the site featuring all modules.
Toxic paper used as fly repellent


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North Carolina Fiction Comes of Age
The portrayal of the relationships, perceptions, and struggles of "common" North Carolinians-particularly in small towns ranging from the mountains to the coast-became the focus of the works of many of the state's writers during the second half of the twentieth century, often garnering national and international attention and signaling what may be labeled a literary renaissance. After writing several books of short stories, Statesville-born Doris Betts published her first novel, Tall Houses in Winter, in 1957. The central theme of her next work, The Scarlet Thread (1965), is a new cotton mill built on the Katsewa (Catawba) River in Stone (Iredell) County and the people whose lives will be changed because of it. Betts's other works of fiction include Beasts of the Southern Wild (1973), Heading West (1982), Souls Raised from the Dead (1994), and The Sharp Teeth of Love (1997).
Asheville-born Wilma Dykeman is the author of well over a dozen books, several of them novels, and numerous memoirs. The Tall Woman (1962) tells of a courageous mother's attempts to improve life among the primitive inhabitants of the mountains; its sequel, The Far Family (1966), continues several generations later. Return the Innocent Earth (1973) is based on the fact that Dykeman's husband, James R. Stokely Jr., belonged to the farming family that established the Stokely canning complex. Explorations (1984), a collection of essays, reflects many of Dykeman's experiences in nature and with family in western North Carolina as well as many other places, featuring interior as well as outer explorations. Most of her books are influenced by her love of the natural treasures of her region and the variety of the people who live there.
Reynolds Price's first novel, A Long and Happy Life (1962), is a fascinating story of pastoral Warren County. Born in Macon, a village near Warrenton, Price graduated from Duke University and in 1955 traveled as a Rhodes Scholar to Merton College, Oxford University, to study English literature. He returned to Duke, where he has stayed the rest of his career. Price has published more than two dozen books, including The Surface of Earth (1975) and The Source of Light (1981). His novel Kate Vaiden (1986) received the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1986, and his Collected Stories appeared in 1993. Price has also published volumes of poems, plays, essays, and translations and two volumes of memoirs. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and his books have appeared in 16 languages.
Anne Tyler, brought up in Raleigh and Price's student when he began teaching at Duke, published her first novel, If Morning Ever Comes, in 1964. The Tin Can Tree (1965) used Tyler's teenage experiences while working in a tobacco warehouse. The setting of A Slipping-Down Life (1970) is the North Carolina towns of Pulqua and Farinia (Fuquay-Varina in Wake County). Tyler's novels include Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982), her first best seller, and The Accidental Tourist (1985). Her eleventh novel, Breathing Lessons, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1989.
Canton native Fred Chappell emerged by 1985 as among the most acclaimed writers in North Carolina. Much of Chappell's work is rooted in his native mountains west of Asheville. It Is Time, Lord (1963) tells of a man lost in memories and dreams as he contemplates his grim past. In The Inkling (1965) Chappell creates a circular novel, beginning and ending at the same moment. His other novels include Dagon (1968), The Gaudy Place (1973), and the Kirkman Trilogy-all fictionalized remembrances of Chappell's youth on a mountain farm. In addition to more than 20 books, Chappell has published criticism, essays, and reviews in newspapers and journals.
Lee Smith wrote three novels before moving to North Carolina in 1974. Her first North Carolina novel, Black Mountain Breakdown, was published in 1981. In Oral History (1983), told in the fashion of a folktale, a young mountain man sets out to find a wife; however, the girl he marries is the witch Red Emmy. Smith also wrote two collections of short stories and was a recipient of the 1991 Robert Penn Warren Prize for Fiction and the John Dos Passos Award. She continues to contribute thoughtful entries to the fiction arena, including 1995's Fair and Tender Ladies.
Gail Godwin was born in Alabama but spent her formative years, like so many other literary talents, in Asheville. Although she moved to Woodstock, N.Y., her writing remained distinctly southern. She has taught at Vassar College and Columbia University and has received a Guggenheim Fellowship and the 1981 Award in Literature from the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Her highly praised books include Violet Clay (1978), Mr. Bedford and the Muses (1983), and Evensong (1999). Like Godwin, Asheville native Charles Frazier used his knowledge of the North Carolina mountains to harvest the region's ever-fertile literary themes. A teacher of early American literature at the University of Colorado, Frazier stopped in 1990 to focus on his writing, and his efforts produced the hugely successful Civil War novel Cold Mountain (1997), modeled roughly on the geography of his native state. Frazier's work brought him wide critical acclaim, winning a National Book Award and reaching the New York Times best seller list.
Beginning with the unique and unsettling twists common to the stories of Greensboro's O. Henry (William Sydney Porter, 1862-1910), North Carolina has been home to a vital community of writers that have gained national acclaim in the mystery and science fiction genres. Lilian Jackson Braun (1916-) and Orson Scott Card (1951-), though born in other states, are long-time North Carolina residents who have been particularly prolific. Beginning in 1966 with the publication of The Cat Who Could Read Backwards, Braun has written numerous additions to her series of mysteries featuring the crime-solving Siamese cats Koko and Yum Yum. Card's many popular works have included the seminal science fiction masterpiece Ender's Game (1985) and its sequels, as well as other books, plays, stories, and television and film scripts. Raleigh native Margaret Maron has gained a wide following with her Judge Deborah Knott mystery series, beginning with the award-winning Bootlegger's Daughter (1992), set in fictional Colleton County, N.C.
Some North Carolina authors have written widely appreciated freshman titles. Rocky Mount-born Allan Gurganus saw his first novel, Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All, emerge to significant acclaim in 1989. Gurganus followed his debut with the story collection White People (1991), and the novel Plays Well with Others (1997). His 2001 collection of four novellas, The Practical Heart, won a Lambda Literary Award for excellence in gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual publishing.
Gurganus represents some of the diverse fiction offerings that continue to emerge from North Carolina writers. Most notably, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill graduate Randall Kenan's writing explores a broad range of African American life, often reaching back to his childhood in Chinquapin. Kenan's works include the novel A Visitation of Spirits (1989); a collection of short stories, Let the Dead Bury Their Dead (1992); and the nonfiction Walking on Water: Black American Lives at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century (1999), which chronicles a seven-year exploration of the contemporary black experience. Doris Betts protégé at Chapel Hill Sarah Dessen has achieved great success with her young adult selections, including That Summer (1996) and Dreamland (2000).
Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda H. MacKethan, and Todd Taylor, eds., The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs (2002).
Robert Gingher, ed., The Rough Road Home: Stories by North Carolina Writers (1992).
Sarah R. Shaber, ed., Tar Heel Dead: Tales of Mystery and Mayhem from North Carolina (2005).
Bland Simpson, "Literary North Carolina," Our State 70 (November 2002).
Walter Spearman, North Carolina Writers (rev. ed., 1953).
Richard Walser and E. T. Malone Jr., Literary North Carolina: A Historical Survey (1986).
Additional Resources:
"North Carolina Literature." Joyner Library, East Carolina University. http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/ncc/NClinks/Webliterature.cfm (accessed October 1, 2012).
Read North Carolina Novels (blog). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library http://www.lib.unc.edu/blogs/ncnovels/index.php/about/ (accessed October 1, 2012).
North Carolina Literary Map. University of North Carolina at Greensboro. http://library.uncg.edu/dp/nclitmap/ (accessed October 1, 2012).
Image Credits:
Hart, Will. "F_11 College Hill - Craft of the Horror Writer Panel - Saturday, August 18, 1990 - 8:00 p.m. - Salomon Center - Brown University - Fred Chappel - Les Daniels - Stefan Dziemianowicz." August 18, 1990. Brown University, Providence, R.I. Image from Flickr user California Cthulhu (Will Hart) https://www.flickr.com/photos/cthulhuwho1/3827813708/ (accessed September 28, 2012).
T23E, November 22, 2009. "Me w/ Sarah Dessen!" Image from Flickr user T23E. https://www.flickr.com/photos/t23e/4131754077/ (accessed February 23, 2012).
"At the Burwell School" May 29, 2008. Hillsborough, N.C. Image from Flickr user Visit Hillsborough / The Alliance for Historic Hillsborough. https://www.flickr.com/photos/hillsborough/2548303102/ (accessed October 1, 2012).
"Lee Smith." January 16, 2010. Image from Flickr user americanlibraries / American Libraries. Boston, Mass. https://www.flickr.com/photos/americanlibraries/4280187932/ (accessed October 1, 2012).
1 January 2006 | McFee, Michael; McFee, Philip; McMillan, Douglas J.; Mitchell, Ted


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At a Glance
Yiangou Educational Hall was established in 2006. Our premises are located in Engomi, Nicosia. The Institute offers a modern, comfortable and friendly environment, where the education of the student is the priority of the teacher. Teaching excellence is our key to success!
Actions speak louder than words! Time for English!
We aim towards
- Personal educational approach
- Recent and modern teaching methods
- Careful choice of books
- Cooperative learning
- Skillful use of the language
- Continuous parents briefing


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KABUL, Afghanistan — Women in Afghanistan can continue to study in universities, including at post-graduate levels, but classrooms will be gender-segregated and Islamic dress is compulsory, the Taliban government's new higher education minister said Sunday.
The announcement came as a Taliban official said Qatar's foreign minister arrived in the Afghan capital of Kabul — the highest level visitor since the Taliban announced their interim Cabinet. There was no immediate confirmation of the visit by Qatari officials.
Earlier Sunday, the higher education minister, Abdul Baqi Haqqani, laid out the new policies at a news conference, several days after Afghanistan's new rulers formed an all-male government. On Saturday, the Taliban had raised their flag over the presidential palace, signaling the start of the work of the new government.
The world has been watching closely to see to what extent the Taliban might act differently from their first time in power, in the late 1990s. During that era, girls and women were denied an education, and were excluded from public life.
The Taliban have suggested they have changed, including in their attitudes toward women. However, women have been banned from sports and the Taliban have used violence in recent days against female protesters demanding equal rights.
Haqqani said the Taliban did not want to turn the clock back 20 years. "We will start building on what exists today," he said.
However, female university students will face restrictions, including a compulsory dress code. Haqqani said hijabs will be mandatory but did not specify if this meant compulsory headscarves or also compulsory face coverings.
Gender segregation will also be enforced, he said. "We will not allow boys and girls to study together," he said. "We will not allow co-education."
Haqqani said the subjects being taught would also be reviewed. While he did not elaborate, he said he wanted graduates of Afghanistan's universities to be competitive with university graduates in the region and the rest of the world.
The Taliban, who subscribe to a strict interpretation of Islam, banned music and art during their previous time in power. This time around television has remained and news channels still show women presenters, but the Taliban messaging has been erratic.
In an interview on Afghanistan's popular TOLO News, Taliban spokesman Syed Zekrullah Hashmi said last week that women should give birth and raise children. While the Taliban have not ruled out the eventual participation of women in government, the spokesman said "it's not necessary that women be in the Cabinet."
The Taliban seized power on Aug. 15, the day they overran Kabul after capturing outlying provinces in a rapid military campaign. They initially promised inclusiveness and a general amnesty for their former opponents, but many Afghans remain deeply fearful of the new rulers. Taliban police officials have beaten Afghan journalists, violently dispersed women's protests and formed an all-male government despite saying initially they would invite broader representation.
The new higher education policy signals a change from the accepted practice before the Taliban takeover. Universities were co-ed, with men and women studying side by side, and female students did not have to abide by a dress code. However, the vast majority of female university students opted to wear headscarves in line with tradition.
In elementary and high schools, boys and girls were taught separately, even before the Taliban came to power. In high schools, girls had to wear tunics reaching to their knees and white headscarves, and jeans, makeup and jewelry were not permitted.
Taliban political spokesman Suhail Shaheen tweeted Sunday about the Qatari delegation, saying it included Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdur Rahman Al-Thani, the deputy prime minister who is also Qatar's foreign minister.
The Qatari foreign minister met with Taliban Prime Minister Mohammad Hasan Akhund, Shaheen said. The Qatari delegation also met with former president Hamid Karzai and Abdullah Abdullah, the previous government's chief negotiator in peace talks with the Taliban.
The Taliban have maintained a political office in the Qatar capital of Doha since 2013. Last week, Qatar Airways became the first international airline to begin operating international flights out of Kabul airport, transporting more than 250 foreign nationals, including U.S. citizens, out of the capital.
Qatar has also provided technical assistance, along with Turkey, to restart the airport, which had been damaged by departing U.S. troops who left Afghanistan on Aug. 30 after evacuating tens of thousands of Afghans fleeing the Taliban.
Meanwhile, the Taliban government faces enormous economic challenges with near daily warnings of an impending economic meltdown and a humanitarian crisis. The United Nations warns it could drive 97% of Afghans below the poverty level by the end of the year.
Thousands of desperate Afghans wait daily outside Afghanistan's banks for hours to withdraw the $200 weekly allotment. In recent days, the Taliban appear to have been trying to establish a system for allowing customers to withdraw funds but it rapidly deteriorates into stick-waving as crowds surge toward the bank gates.
Outside the New Kabul Bank, Afghanistan's first private bank established in 2004, nearly 2,000 people demanded their money Sunday.
For Zaidullah Mashwani, Sunday was the third day he had come to the bank hoping to get his $200. Each night the Taliban make a list of eligible customers for the following day and by morning Mashwani said a whole new list is presented.
"This is our money. The people have the right to have it," he said. "No one has money. The Taliban government needs to do something so we can get our money."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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The son of a wheelwright, Joshua K. Sigfried was born in Orwigsburg, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, on Independence Day, 1832. He went to school in Pottsville, then found work as a coal shipper in Port Carbon. As a member of Port Carbon's Marion Rifles, Sigfried entered Civil War service as a captain in the 6th Pennsylvania, a three-month regiment recruited largely out of Schuylkill County. Commanding the 6th was Colonel James Nagle, and upon the expiration of the regiment's term of service, Nagle asked Sigfried to help him raise and recruit a three-years-or-the-war regiment, which ultimately became the 48th Pennsylvania. Sigfried was mustered into service as the Major of the 48th, but was quickly promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel following the November 1861 resignation of David A. Smith. And when Nagle was elevated to brigade command, Sigfried rose to regimental command, leading the 48th from April 1862 until April 1864, when he resigned to accept a commission as a brigade commander in Edward Ferrero's 4th Division, 9th Corps, U.S.C.T.
On New Years' Day, 1863, from the headquarters of the 48th Pennsylvania, Lt.Col. Sigfried wrote a lengthy letter to the Miners' Journal in Pottsville, which essentially recapped the regiment's first full year in service. This letter is quite lengthy, but follows in its entirety:
* * * * * * * * * *
Headquarters 48th Regiment P.V.
Near Fredericksburg, Va., Jan. 1, 1863
Editors Miners' Journal: This being the first day of the new year, I concluded to write a communication to the Journal. . . .The old year is numbered with the past. To us as a nation, it has been indeed an eventful one. Thousands of our brave sons and comrades in arms have yielded up their lives as willing sacrifices that the nation might be preserved.
We enter today upon the new year 1863. What shall be its history? May we hope ere its close to see peace restored to our now distracted country--a peace founded in justice, righteousness and universal liberty. May all the benign influences of good government enfold our nationality, and all the horrors cease. This day one year ago we were stationed on the isle of Hatteras, N.C. We then numbered in this regiment about eight hundred and fifty officers and soldiers. Today not half remain fit for duty. We were engaged in the following memorable battles, viz: Bull Run No. 2, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. It is due to both officers and men who remain, as well as to the memory of those who have fallen in battle and by disease, that I should state, I have been with the regiment upon all marched as well as in the different battles. In August last we arrived here from Newport News, remained a short time, then left for Bealton Station on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. We left here in the evening at dusk, marched all that night until about three o'clock a.m. At daylight we started again, marched all the day until dark, when we encamped for the night. Next morning we took up the march again, arrived at the station at eleven o'clock a.m., remained there several hours, when we took the cars for Culpeper. On arriving there, we were ordered to march south of the town (about two miles), where we encamped for that night and the next day. Thence we marched to Cedar Mountain, near the Rapidan River, where we remained for another day, but on the following day we received orders to move that evening at eleven o'clock. We took up the march at the hour named, marched all that night and next day until five o'clock in the afternoon without halting over an hour at any one time. We crossed the Rappahannock River at Kelly's Ford where we remained two days, after we which we left for Rappahannock Station again--thence along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad to Manassas Junction, thence to Bull Run, and after the battle, on the night of 30th August, we left for Centreville, then to Chantilly, where we had the second engagement. Left there about two o'clock at night for Alexandria, where we encamped and remained for some four days when we went a short distance beyond Washington, on the Maryland side of the Potomac, a distance of some sixteen miles, where we again encamped and remained for several days. We started from here toward Frederick City, Md., South Mountain. Here the regiment was under fire from about ten o'clock a.m. until about the same hour in the evening. At nine o'clock the next morning we left for Antietam, where we arrived about the same hour that evening. Next day, September 16th, we remained in camp until two o'clock p.m., the shells of the enemy constantly passing over our heads, so you may judge the men did not rest much. Then we marched further to the left. Upon the 17th came the battle.
I have given you a random sketch of the marches, battles, etc, for a period of about six weeks. During the whole of this time we were on the march with the exception of about eight days, plodding through rain as well as sunshine, roads often very muddy, and it so happened that when the roads were in their worst conditions, we were often not only compelled to march by day, but all night. The greater portion of the time (we being constantly on the advance) we were short of rations, very seldom any meat, and if we did get it, had but scant time to cook it. We were often out of bread for nearly a whole day and sometimes longer. In justice to Lt. Keys, acting brigade commissary of subsistence, I must say, that he made every effort possible to have the men fully supplied; but it was impossible for him to succeed in doing so, owing to the long and rapid marches, and our advanced position, the supply train being in the rear. Water very often being very scarce. Repeatedly did I see men drink water from mud-puddles and stagnant pools by the side of the road. At the battle of Bull Run they lost their blankets and all their clothing except what they had on. Their shoes being worn out, some the men walked literally barefooted from Bull Run to Washington.
Yet with all the severe marching, lying out without tents, short rations, want of clothing and bad roads, I am proud to say we had scarcely any stragglers. I have repeatedly seen both officers and soldiers really staggering from sheer exhaustion, yet they would keep up their companies, determined not to stay behind as long as it was possible for them to keep up. They were cheerful and ever ready to do their duties, and in the several engagements I must say, that they behaved most gallantly. At South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg, while advancing in line of battle from a quarter to a half mile under the most terrific fire of the enemy, I did not observe a single one that did not march steadily to the front, obey every command, fire deliberately when engaged, and when the ammunition was exhausted (which was in each case sixty rounds per man) and I was relieved, they retired in perfect order under the most severe fire from the enemy, when I could scarcely have expected them not to break. A large number who were not severely wounded, instead of going to and remaining in the hospitals, had their wounds dressed and at once entered the ranks again by the side of their comrades--I must say (and I do it not to flatter) I am proud that I have command of such soldiers; men who will not flinch in the hour of trial and danger.
H. Hardell, hospital steward, deserves great praise for his attention to his responsible duties. He is courteous, and always ready to attend to the wants of the suffering, and his long experience as hospital steward has made him very useful, indeed. Many in the regiment are willing to be treated by him when sick, having not only confidence in him as a steward, but as a surgeon. Dr. Morrison, our assistant surgeon, has not been with us for any length of time yet, but I think he will prove himself what I much hope for in the regiment--a good and efficient surgeon.
Quartermaster Sergeant J. Wagner and Commissary Sergeant Charles Schnerr both deserve great credit for their strict attention to their duties.
Quartermaster J. Ellis, having been sick for a long time, resigned, not wishing to occupy the office when he was unable to discharge the duties of the same. I was very loath to have him leave, but could not advise him to stay when I believed that for him to remain in the service would result in permanent disability.
Many thanks are due to Lieut.Col. H. Pleasants, Major James Wren and Lieut. D.D. McGinnis, adjutant, for their assistance upon the march and in camp, and for their noble conduct in the engagement at Fredericksburg. As to my line officers I cannot particularize, for all who have been in the various engagements have behaved bravely and with great credit, proving themselves fit and competent for the positions they occupy.
In conclusion, I would add that I should like to see some plan adopted by which all the old decimated regiments could be filled up. I would not be able, today, to take more than 300 men into an engagement. Other regiments are the same. It would take three of the old regiments now to make one. If they cannot be filled by new recruits, it strikes me that it would be a good plan to consolidate them. It would certainly be a great saving to the Government, and at the same time would prove more efficient.
I must not close without naming the fact that we have not been paid since the 30th of June, a period of six months. I am satisfied that many of the families at home are suffering in consequence. This should not be. It should be enough, when men are willing to sacrifice their business, leave their homes, families and friends, and, if need be, sacrifice their lives for their country's good, without having their families suffer by delay in payment.
To the friends of those who have died, or fallen in battle, I would say, you have my dearest condolence, and to those who have been wounded, or are sick, you have my sympathies in this, the hour of your suffering.
Entering upon the new year, as we do today, I wish you, and the many readers of the Journal, all a hearty and happy New Year.
I remain yours, with respect,
J.K. Sigfried, Col. commanding Regt.


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My Father Painting at Brantome
Russell Flint
Published 1972
Signed, limited edition print
Francis Murray Russell Flint (ROI, SMA 1915-1977)
Francis Murray Russell Flint, born 3rd June, 1915
His father was Sir William Russell Flint,
and throughout his career he achieved the status of a highly talented artist in his own right.
He was educated at Cheltenham College and HMS Conway,
and studied at the Grosvenor School of Modern Art, Royal Academy Schools and later the RA in Paris.
He worked for a while as the art master at Hurstpierpoint College, Sussex.
and lived at Burgess Hill in Sussex and Coffinswell, S.Devon and London W8.
Francis Murray Russell Flint was an Offical War Artist during WWII.
Exhibiting at....
The Royal Academy,
The Royal Watercolour Society,
The Royal Society of Marine Artists,
The Imperial War Museum.
He became vice-president of The Royal Watercolour Society,
and was a highly celebrated and respected watercolourist throughout his career.
Francis Murray Russell Flint died in Spain, 1977.


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(Credit Photo: Andy Blumenthal)


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