text:
Extensible Markup Language | |
W3C XML Schema | |
Domain | Serialization |
Filename extension |
.xml |
Standard |
Open format? | Yes |
Free format? | Yes |
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a
The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet.[6] It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures,[7] such as those used in web services.
The main purpose of XML is serialization, i.e. storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. For two disparate systems to exchange information, they need to agree upon a file format. XML standardizes this process. It is therefore analogous to a lingua franca for representing information.[8]: 1
As a markup language, XML labels, categorizes, and structurally organizes information.[8]: 11 XML tags represent the data structure and contain metadata. What's within the tags is data, encoded in the way the XML standard specifies.[8]: 11 An additional XML schema (XSD) defines the necessary metadata for interpreting and validating XML. (This is also referred to as the canonical schema.)[8]: 135 An XML document that adheres to basic XML rules is "well-formed"; one that adheres to its schema is "valid."[8]: 135
IETF RFC 7303 (which supersedes the older RFC 3023), provides rules for the construction of media types for use in XML message. It defines three media types: application/xml
is an alias), application/xml-external-parsed-entity
is an alias) and application/xml-dtd
. They are used for transmitting raw XML files without exposing their internal semantics. RFC 7303 further recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml
, for example, image/svg+xml
for SVG.
Further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC 3470, also known as IETF BCP 70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language.
XML has come into common use for the interchange of data over the Internet. Hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed,
Many industry data standards, such as
One of the applications of XML is in the transfer of Operational meteorology (OPMET) information based on IWXXM standards.[10]
Key terminology
The material in this section is based on the XML Specification. This is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML; it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use.
- Character
- An XML document is a string of characters. Every legal Unicode character (except Null) may appear in an (1.1) XML document (while some are discouraged).
- Processor and application
- The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application. The specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor (as the specification calls it) is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser.
- Markup and content
- The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character
and end with a>
, or they begin with the character&
and end with a;
. Strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters<![CDATA[
are classified as markup, while the text between them is classified as content. In addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup.
- Tag
- A tag is a markup construct that begins with
and ends with>
. There are three types of tag:- start-tag, such as
; - end-tag, such as
; - empty-element tag, such as
<line-break />
- start-tag, such as
- Element
- An element is a logical document component that either begins with a start-tag and ends with a matching end-tag or consists only of an empty-element tag. The characters between the start-tag and end-tag, if any, are the element's content, and may contain markup, including other elements, which are called child elements. An example is
<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>
. Another is<line-break />
- Attribute
- An attribute is a markup construct consisting of a name–value pair that exists within a start-tag or empty-element tag. An example is

, where the names of the attributes are "src" and "alt", and their values are "madonna.jpg" and "Madonna" respectively. Another example is<step number="3">Connect A to B.</step>
, where the name of the attribute is "number" and its value is "3". An XML attribute can only have a single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element. In the common situation where a list of multiple values is desired, this must be done by encoding the list into a well-formed XML attribute[i] with some format beyond what XML defines itself. Usually this is either a comma or semi-colon delimited list or, if the individual values are known not to contain spaces,[ii] a space-delimited list can be used.
Welcome!

, where the attribute "class" has both the value "inner greeting-box" and also indicates the two CSS class names "inner" and "greeting-box".
- XML declaration
- XML documents may begin with an XML declaration that describes some information about themselves. An example is
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
Characters and escaping
XML documents consist entirely of characters from the
XML includes facilities for identifying the encoding of the Unicode characters that make up the document, and for expressing characters that, for one reason or another, cannot be used directly.
Valid characters
Unicode code points in the following ranges are valid in XML 1.0 documents:[11]
- U+0009 (Horizontal Tab), U+000A (Line Feed), U+000D (Carriage Return): these are the only C0 controls accepted in XML 1.0;
- U+0020–U+D7FF, U+E000–U+FFFD: this excludes some noncharacters in the BMP(all surrogates, U+FFFE and U+FFFF are forbidden);
- U+10000–U+10FFFF: this includes all code points in supplementary planes, including noncharacters.
XML 1.1 extends the set of allowed characters to include all the above, plus the remaining characters in the range U+0001–U+001F.[12] At the same time, however, it restricts the use of C0 and C1 control characters other than U+0009 (Horizontal Tab), U+000A (Line Feed), U+000D (Carriage Return), and U+0085 (Next Line) by requiring them to be written in escaped form (for example U+0001 must be written as
or its equivalent). In the case of C1 characters, this restriction is a backwards incompatibility; it was introduced to allow common encoding errors to be detected.
The code point U+0000 (Null) is the only character that is not permitted in any XML 1.1 document.
Encoding detection
The Unicode character set can be encoded into bytes for storage or transmission in a variety of different ways, called "encodings". Unicode itself defines encodings that cover the entire repertoire; well-known ones include UTF-8 (which the XML standard recommends using, without a BOM) and UTF-16.[13] There are many other text encodings that predate Unicode, such as ASCII and various ISO/IEC 8859; their character repertoires are in every case subsets of the Unicode character set.
XML allows the use of any of the Unicode-defined encodings and any other encodings whose characters also appear in Unicode. XML also provides a mechanism whereby an XML processor can reliably, without any prior knowledge, determine which encoding is being used.[14] Encodings other than UTF-8 and UTF-16 are not necessarily recognized by every XML parser (and in some cases not even UTF-16, even though the standard mandates it to also be recognized).
XML provides escape facilities for including characters that are problematic to include directly. For example:
- The characters "<" and "&" are key syntax markers and may never appear in content outside a CDATA section. It is allowed, but not recommended, to use "<" in XML entity values.[15]
- Some character encodings support only a subset of Unicode. For example, it is legal to encode an XML document in ASCII, but ASCII lacks code points for Unicode characters such as "é".
- It might not be possible to type the character on the author's machine.
- Some characters have Cyrillic capital letter A ((
) "А" and the Latin capital letter AA
There are five predefined entities:
represents "<";>
represents ">";&
represents "&";'
represents "'";"
represents '"'.
All permitted Unicode characters may be represented with a numeric character reference. Consider the Chinese character "中", whose numeric code in Unicode is hexadecimal 4E2D, or decimal 20,013. A user whose keyboard offers no method for entering this character could still insert it in an XML document encoded either as 中
or 中
. Similarly, the string "I <3 Jörg" could be encoded for inclusion in an XML document as I <3 Jörg
is not permitted because the null character is one of the control characters excluded from XML, even when using a numeric character reference.[16] An alternative encoding mechanism such as Base64 is needed to represent such characters.
Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup. Comments cannot appear before the XML declaration. Comments begin with
. For compatibility with
An example of a valid comment:

International use
XML 1.0 (Fifth Edition) and XML 1.1 support the direct use of almost any
characters:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<俄语 լեզու="ռուսերեն">данные</俄语>
Syntactical correctness and error-handling
The XML specification defines an XML document as a well-formed text, meaning that it satisfies a list of syntax rules provided in the specification. Some key points in the fairly lengthy list include:
- The document contains only properly encoded legal Unicode characters.
- None of the special syntax characters such as
appear except when performing their markup-delineation roles. - The start-tag, end-tag, and empty-element tag that delimit elements are correctly nested, with none missing and none overlapping.
- Tag names are case-sensitive; the start-tag and end-tag must match exactly.
- Tag names cannot contain any of the characters
, nor a space character, and cannot begin with "-", ".", or a numeric digit. - A single root element contains all the other elements.
The definition of an XML document excludes texts that contain violations of well-formedness rules; they are simply not XML. An XML processor that encounters such a violation is required to report such errors and to cease normal processing. This policy, occasionally referred to as "
The XML specification defines a
Schemas and validation
In addition to being well formed, an XML document may be valid. This means that it contains a reference to a
XML processors are classified as validating or non-validating depending on whether or not they check XML documents for validity. A processor that discovers a validity error must be able to report it, but may continue normal processing.
A DTD is an example of a schema or grammar. Since the initial publication of XML 1.0, there has been substantial work in the area of schema languages for XML. Such schema languages typically constrain the set of elements that may be used in a document, which attributes may be applied to them, the order in which they may appear, and the allowable parent/child relationships.
Document type definition
The oldest schema language for XML is the document type definition (DTD), inherited from SGML.
DTDs have the following benefits:
- DTD support is ubiquitous due to its inclusion in the XML 1.0 standard.
- DTDs are terse compared to element-based schema languages and consequently present more information in a single screen.
- DTDs allow the declaration of standard public entity sets for publishing characters.
- DTDs define a document type rather than the types used by a namespace, thus grouping all constraints for a document in a single collection.
DTDs have the following limitations:
- They have no explicit support for newer namespaces.
- They lack expressiveness. XML DTDs are simpler than SGML DTDs and there are certain structures that cannot be expressed with regular grammars. DTDs only support rudimentary datatypes.
- They lack readability. DTD designers typically make heavy use of parameter entities (which behave essentially as textual macros), which make it easier to define complex grammars, but at the expense of clarity.
- They use a syntax based on regular expression syntax, inherited from SGML, to describe the schema. Typical XML APIs such as SAX do not attempt to offer applications a structured representation of the syntax, so it is less accessible to programmers than an element-based syntax may be.
Two peculiar features that distinguish DTDs from other schema types are the syntactic support for embedding a DTD within XML documents and for defining entities, which are arbitrary fragments of text or markup that the XML processor inserts in the DTD itself and in the XML document wherever they are referenced, like character escapes.
DTD technology is still used in many applications because of its ubiquity.
A newer schema language, described by the W3C as the successor of DTDs, is
xs:schema element that defines a schema:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"></xs:schema>
DSDL and other schema languages
DSDL (Document Schema Definition Languages) is a multi-part ISO/IEC standard (ISO/IEC 19757) that brings together a comprehensive set of small schema languages, each targeted at specific problems. DSDL includes RELAX NG full and compact syntax, Schematron assertion language, and languages for defining datatypes, character repertoire constraints, renaming and entity expansion, and namespace-based routing of document fragments to different validators. DSDL schema languages do not have the vendor support of XML Schemas yet, and are to some extent a grassroots reaction of industrial publishers to the lack of utility of XML Schemas for publishing.
Some schema languages not only describe the structure of a particular XML format but also offer limited facilities to influence processing of individual XML files that conform to this format. DTDs and XSDs both have this ability; they can for instance provide the
Related specifications
A cluster of specifications closely related to XML have been developed, starting soon after the initial publication of XML 1.0. It is frequently the case that the term "XML" is used to refer to XML together with one or more of these other technologies that have come to be seen as part of the XML core.
- XML namespaces enable the same document to contain XML elements and attributes taken from different vocabularies, without any naming collisions occurring. Although XML Namespaces are not part of the XML specification itself, virtually all XML software also supports XML Namespaces.
- XML Base defines the
attribute, which may be used to set the base for resolution of relative URI references within the scope of a single XML element. - XML Information Set or XML Infoset is an abstract data model for XML documents in terms of information items. The infoset is commonly used in the specifications of XML languages, for convenience in describing constraints on the XML constructs those languages allow.
- XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) is a family of languages used to transform and render XML documents, split into three parts:
- XSLT (XSL Transformations), an XML language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents or other formats such as HTML, plain text, or XSL-FO. XSLT is very tightly coupled with XPath, which it uses to address components of the input XML document, mainly elements and attributes.
- XSL-FO(XSL Formatting Objects), an XML language for rendering XML documents, often used to generate PDFs.
- XPath (XML Path Language), a non-XML language for addressing the components (elements, attributes, and so on) of an XML document. XPath is widely used in other core-XML specifications and in programming libraries for accessing XML-encoded data.
- XQuery (XML Query) is an XML query language strongly rooted in XPath and XML Schema. It provides methods to access, manipulate and return XML, and is mainly conceived as a query language for XML databases.
- XML Signature defines syntax and processing rules for creating digital signatures on XML content.
- XML Encryption defines syntax and processing rules for encrypting XML content.
- XML model (Part 11: Schema Association of ISO/IEC 19757 – DSDL) defines a means of associating any xml document with any of the schema types mentioned above.
Some other specifications conceived as part of the "XML Core" have failed to find wide adoption, including XInclude, XLink, and XPointer.
Programming interfaces
The design goals of XML include, "It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents."
Existing APIs for XML processing tend to fall into these categories:
- Stream-oriented APIs accessible from a programming language, for example SAX and StAX.
- Tree-traversal APIs accessible from a programming language, for example DOM.
- XML data binding, which provides an automated translation between an XML document and programming-language objects.
- Declarative transformation languages such as XSLT and XQuery.
- Syntax extensions to general-purpose programming languages, for example LINQ and Scala.
Stream-oriented facilities require less memory and, for certain tasks based on a linear traversal of an XML document, are faster and simpler than other alternatives. Tree-traversal and data-binding APIs typically require the use of much more memory, but are often found more convenient for use by programmers; some include declarative retrieval of document components via the use of XPath expressions.
XSLT is designed for declarative description of XML document transformations, and has been widely implemented both in server-side packages and Web browsers. XQuery overlaps XSLT in its functionality, but is designed more for searching of large XML databases.
Simple API for XML
Pull parsing
Pull parsing treats the document as a series of items read in sequence using the
A pull parser creates an iterator that sequentially visits the various elements, attributes, and data in an XML document. Code that uses this iterator can test the current item (to tell, for example, whether it is a start-tag or end-tag, or text), and inspect its attributes (local name, namespace, values of XML attributes, value of text, etc.), and can also move the iterator to the next item. The code can thus extract information from the document as it traverses it. The recursive-descent approach tends to lend itself to keeping data as typed local variables in the code doing the parsing, while SAX, for instance, typically requires a parser to manually maintain intermediate data within a stack of elements that are parent elements of the element being parsed. Pull-parsing code can be more straightforward to understand and maintain than SAX parsing code.
Document Object Model
Document Object Model (DOM) is an API that allows for navigation of the entire document as if it were a tree of node objects representing the document's contents. A DOM document can be created by a parser, or can be generated manually by users (with limitations). Data types in DOM nodes are abstract; implementations provide their own programming language-specific bindings. DOM implementations tend to be memory intensive, as they generally require the entire document to be loaded into memory and constructed as a tree of objects before access is allowed.
Data binding
XML as data type
XML has appeared as a
to hold wrapped, canonical XML.[26] Facebook has produced extensions to the PHP and JavaScript languages that add XML to the core syntax in a similar fashion to E4X, namely XHP and JSXHistory
XML is an application
The versatility of SGML for dynamic information display was understood by early digital media publishers in the late 1980s prior to the rise of the Internet.[28][29] By the mid-1990s some practitioners of SGML had gained experience with the then-new World Wide Web, and believed that SGML offered solutions to some of the problems the Web was likely to face as it grew. Dan Connolly added SGML to the list of W3C's activities when he joined the staff in 1995; work began in mid-1996 when Sun Microsystems engineer Jon Bosak developed a charter and recruited collaborators. Bosak was well connected in the small community of people who had experience both in SGML and the Web.[30]
XML was compiled by a
The XML Working Group communicated primarily through email and weekly teleconferences. The major design decisions were reached in a short burst of intense work between August and November 1996,
XML is a profile of an ISO standard SGML, and most of XML comes from SGML unchanged. From SGML comes the separation of logical and physical structures (elements and entities), the availability of grammar-based validation (DTDs), the separation of data and metadata (elements and attributes), mixed content, the separation of processing from representation (
Other sources of technology for XML were the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative), which defined a profile of SGML for use as a "transfer syntax" and HTML. The ERCS(Extended Reference Concrete Syntax) project of the SPREAD (Standardization Project Regarding East Asian Documents) project of the ISO-related China/Japan/Korea Document Processing expert group was the basis of XML 1.0's naming rules; SPREAD also introduced hexadecimal numeric character references and the concept of references to make available all Unicode characters. To support ERCS, XML and HTML better, the SGML standard IS 8879 was revised in 1996 and 1998 with WebSGML Adaptations.
Ideas that developed during discussion that are novel in XML included the algorithm for encoding detection and the encoding header, the processing instruction target, the xml:space attribute, and the new close delimiter for empty-element tags. The notion of well-formedness as opposed to validity (which enables parsing without a schema) was first formalized in XML, although it had been implemented successfully in the Electronic Book Technology "Dynatext" software;[35] the software from the University of Waterloo New Oxford English Dictionary Project; the RISP LISP SGML text processor at Uniscope, Tokyo; the US Army Missile Command IADS hypertext system; Mentor Graphics Context; Interleaf and Xerox Publishing System.
1.0 and 1.1
The first (XML 1.0) was initially defined in 1998. It has undergone minor revisions since then, without being given a new version number, and is currently in its fifth edition, as published on November 26, 2008. It is widely implemented and still recommended for general use.
The second (XML 1.1) was initially published on February 4, 2004, the same day as XML 1.0 Third Edition,[36] and is currently in its second edition, as published on August 16, 2006. It contains features (some contentious) that are intended to make XML easier to use in certain cases.[37] The main changes are to enable the use of line-ending characters used on EBCDIC platforms, and the use of scripts and characters absent from Unicode 3.2. XML 1.1 is not very widely implemented and is recommended for use only by those who need its particular features.[38]
Prior to its fifth edition release, XML 1.0 differed from XML 1.1 in having stricter requirements for characters available for use in element and attribute names and unique identifiers: in the first four editions of XML 1.0 the characters were exclusively enumerated using a specific version of the Unicode standard (Unicode 2.0 to Unicode 3.2.) The fifth edition substitutes the mechanism of XML 1.1, which is more future-proof but reduces redundancy. The approach taken in the fifth edition of XML 1.0 and in all editions of XML 1.1 is that only certain characters are forbidden in names, and everything else is allowed to accommodate suitable name characters in future Unicode versions. In the fifth edition, XML names may contain characters in the Balinese, Cham, or Phoenician scripts among many others added to Unicode since Unicode 3.2.[37]
Almost any Unicode code point can be used in the character data and attribute values of an XML 1.0/1.1 document, even if the character corresponding to the code point is not defined in the current version of Unicode. In character data and attribute values, XML 1.1 allows the use of more control characters than XML 1.0, but, for "robustness", most of the control characters introduced in XML 1.1 must be expressed as numeric character references (and #x7F through #x9F, which had been allowed in XML 1.0, are in XML 1.1 even required to be expressed as numeric character references[39]). Among the supported control characters in XML 1.1 are two line break codes that must be treated as whitespace characters, which are the only control codes that can be written directly.
There has been discussion of an XML 2.0, although no organization has announced plans for work on such a project. XML-SW (SW for skunkworks), which one of the original developers of XML has written,[40] contains some proposals for what an XML 2.0 might look like, including elimination of DTDs from syntax, as well as integration of XML namespaces, XML Base and XML Information Set into the base standard.
In 2012, James Clark (technical lead of the XML Working Group) and John Cowan (editor of the XML 1.1 specification) formed the MicroXML Community Group within the W3C and published a specification for a significantly reduced subset of XML.[41]
Binary XML
The World Wide Web Consortium also has an XML Binary Characterization Working Group doing preliminary research into use cases and properties for a binary encoding of XML Information Set. The working group is not chartered to produce any official standards. Since XML is by definition text-based, ITU-T and ISO are using the name Fast Infoset for their own binary format (ITU-T Rec. X.891 and ISO/IEC 24824-1) to avoid confusion.
XML and its extensions have regularly been criticized for verbosity, complexity and redundancy.[42]
Mapping the basic tree model of XML to
Other criticisms attempt to refute the claim that XML is a
See also
- List of XML markup languages
- List of types of XML schemas
- Extensible programming
- Comparison of data-serialization formats
- Binary XML
- XML Protocol
- .
- ^ "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)". World Wide Web Consortium. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0". W3C. 10 February 1998.
- ^ "XML and Semantic Web W3C Standards Timeline" (PDF). Database and Knowledge Systems Lab. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ "Document license - 2015 version". W3C. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ a b "1.0 Origin and Goals". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition). W3C. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-9926471-0-0. Archived from the original on Mar 1, 2023.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link - ^ ISBN 978-0-7645-8845-7.
- ^ "XML Applications and Initiatives". Xml.coverages.org. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- .
- ^ "Characters". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition). World Wide Web Consortium. 2008-11-26. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ^ "Characters". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition). World Wide Web Consortium. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Characters vs. Bytes". Tbray.org. April 26, 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "Autodetection of Character Encodings (Non-Normative)". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition). W3C. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)". W3C. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "W3C I18N FAQ: HTML, XHTML, XML and Control Codes". W3C. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "Extensible Markup Language (XML)". W3C. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Section "Comments"
- ^ Pilgrim, Mark (2004). "The history of draconian error handling in XML". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "There are No Exceptions to Postel's Law [dive into mark]". DiveIntoMark.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ "XML Notepad". Xmlnotepad/codeplex.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "XML Notepad 2007". Microsoft. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ DuCharme, Bob. "Push, Pull, Next!". Xml.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "XML Serialization in the .NET Framework". Microsoft Developer Network. 30 June 2006. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ "Processing XML with E4X". Mozilla Developer Center. Mozilla Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
- ^ "XML Shell: Core Syntax". Xmlsh.org. 2010-05-13. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax". W3C. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "ISO/IEC 19757-3". ISO/IEC. 1 June 2006: vi.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - S2CID 23502115. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2006.)
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - ISBN 1-55615-124-1.
- ^ Eliot Kimber (2006). "XML is 10". Drmacros-xml-rants.blogspot.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ The working group was originally called the "Editorial Review Board." The original members and seven who were added before the first edition was complete, are listed at the end of the first edition of the XML Recommendation, at http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.
- ^ "Reports From the W3C SGML ERB to the SGML WG And from the W3C XML ERB to the XML SIG". W3C. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ "Oracle Technology Network for Java Developers - Oracle Technology Network". Oracle. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "Extensible Markup Language (XML)". W3C. 1996-11-14. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ Jon Bosak; Sun Microsystems (2006-12-07). "Closing Keynote, XML 2006". 2006.xmlconference.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Third Edition)". W3C. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition) , Rationale and list of changes for XML 1.1". W3C. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition)". W3C. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Bray, Tim (10 February 2002). "Extensible Markup Language, SW (XML-SW)".
- ^ "MicroXML Community Group". W3C. 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
- ^ "XML: The Angle Bracket Tax". Codinghorror.com. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "The Myth of Self-Describing XML" (PDF). Workflow.HealthBase.info. September 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ "What usable alternatives to XML syntax do you know?". StackOverflow.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Further reading
- Annex A of ISO 8879:1986 (SGML)
- Lawrence A. Cunningham (2005). "Language, Deals and Standards: The Future of XML Contracts". Washington University Law Review. SSRN 900616.
- Bosak, Jon; Bray, Tim (May 1999). "XML and the Second-Generation Web". Scientific American. 280 (5): 89. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0599-89 (inactive 2024-02-27). Archived from the original on 1 October 2009.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link - Kelly, Sean (February 6, 2006). "Making Mistakes with XML". Developer.com. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- St. Laurent, Simon (February 12, 2003). "Five Years Later, XML." O'Reilly XML Blog. O'Reilly Media. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- "W3C XML is Ten!". World Wide Web Consortium. 12 February 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
- "Introduction to XML" (PDF). Course Slides. Pierre Geneves. October 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-16.
External links
- Official website, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
- XML 1.0 Specification
- Retrospective on Extended Reference Concrete Syntax Archived 2019-11-18 at the Wayback Machine by Rick Jelliffe
- XML, Java and the Future of the Web (1997) by Jon Bosak
- The Official (W3C) Markup Validation Service
- The XML FAQ originally for the W3C's XML SIG by Peter Flynn


text:
A recent spike in mortgage rates has created a new predicament for potential homebuyers: Forge ahead and try to lock in now? Or hold off?
Dhruv Gupta was quoted a 3.5 percent rate in May while searching for a place to buy in the San Francisco area. Less than two months later, he's looking at 5.2 percent for the same loan. But this trend has not deterred Gupta.
"It's a fact of life," he says. "I mean I can't control them, so what do you do?"
Over the weekend, Gupta bit the bullet and put a down payment on a two-bedroom condo in Oakland. It's so hard to find anything available and in his price range, he says, so he just went for it. He hopes rates will decline again, and that he'll be able to refinance. But for now, Gupta doesn't know how he feels about his decision.
"I'm more anxious than excited because of the commitment," he says.
Downstate in Temecula, Juan Johnson has had the opposite reaction to the market. "I learned that the interest rates had changed significantly enough where it made me reconsider my offer," he says.
He was in the process of making an offer on a house when his loan officer told him rates had suddenly jumped half a percentage point from the last quote he'd received.
"I was shocked," Johnson says. "You know, I said, 'You've got to be kidding me right?' And he said, 'Nope ... and they're supposed to continue to rise.' "
It was challenging enough trying to find a home his family likes, Johnson says, much less compete against investors making cash offers. Now, he's battling interest rates too.
"Bummed would be a, uh, a kind way to put it," Johnson says.
So, while Gupta jumped in, Johnson held back. Those differing reactions are reflected in the data as well. On one hand, the Mortgage Bankers Association says purchase applications rose 7 percent between early May and last week. But, according to the real estate website Redfin, the number of clients making offers declined more than 10 percent from May to June. Fewer people are requesting home tours, as well.
Market experts have long said rates would eventually rise, from their unprecedented 3 1/2 percent levels. But what touched off the jump was speculation the Federal Reserve would begin unwinding the stimulus programs that had been depressing rates.
Then, on June 19, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke put a specific time frame on it, saying the central bank would wind down one of its bond-buying programs by the middle of next year if the economy continued showing signs of strength. Investors reacted as if Bernanke had sounded a siren.
"Almost as soon as the words left his mouth during that press conference, you had a big run-up in rates," says Michael Fratantoni, vice president of research for the Mortgage Banks Association.
While interest rates are important, he says, job market stability and increasing home prices are more significant factors. And, he notes, demand isn't uniform. Applications for smaller loans have leveled off, but applications for jumbo loans of $729,000 or more are increasing.
"One reason we're seeing a stronger jumbo market is that we've had a very strong run-up in the stock market," he says. "I think people are feeling wealthier."
Dean Karlan, an economics professor at Yale University, studied how people react when interest rates change. He says people got accustomed to stable, very low interest rates in recent years.
"But when you see a big jump, all of a sudden that wakes people up," Karlan says.
Some people who've considered buying may hurry to pull the trigger. But, Karlan says, volatile interest rates also raise the psychological stakes for consumers, who feel added pressure to time the market right.
"We tend to overweight the things that we've seen recently, and so we see this increase as a big increase, and it's attention grabbing," Karlan says. "But at the end of the day, rates are still quite low historically."
In other words, it's better for homebuyers to try to forget where rates were, and not think about what might have been.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
5 min
scroll down and enjoy every word
It is the story of a miracle that begins invisibly
at the heart of a seed.
This miracle needs:
...the patient labor of farmers who work the soil,
steward the water
and help the seed to flourish.
Food is the result of a long journey, from the farmer to our homes. This journey - the supply chain - uses enormous quantities of the Earth's resources. At our dinner table we enjoy the miracle. Tradition and good cooking produce taste, nourishment, joy, passion, life. Yet we throw away so much of our food! Loads of it! And with it we throw away all the precious resources that are key to producing it.
250000 billion L of water
The amount of water required to produce the food we waste every year on a global scale is about 250000 billion litres. This could supply New York's domestic water needs for the next 120 years, at current rates.
1.4 billion ha of land
The food produced but wasted globally every year requires 1.4 billion hectares of land, which is close to 30% of the world agricultural land area.
3.3 billion t of CO2
The carbon footprint of food wasted globally every year is 3.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide. If food waste was a country it would be the third top emitter after the USA and China.
750 billion US$
Besides its environmental cost, food wastage also represents a loss of economic value. On a global scale, the economic cost of the overall amount of food wastage is about $US 750 billion, equivalent to the GDP of Switzerland.
FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, estimates that every year, of all the food produced for human consumption in the world, one-third does not reach our stomachs.
This means that every year we throw away
one thousand six hundred million tonnes of food, 80% of which is edible food!
ONE-THIRD of all the food produced globally every year does not reach our stomachs: 1600000000 tonnes of food are wasted
Food waste happens at all stages of the supply chain and for many reasons. Here are just a few: technical problems during packaging; storage in difficult climatic conditions; supermarkets rejecting funny-looking fruit and vegetables for fear we will not buy them; shelf displays that tempt us to buy more than we need; cooking too much food at mealtimes.
Here is how the food we waste globally every year is distributed along the supply chain, from initial agricultural production down to final household consumption:
510 million tonnes of food
are wasted during agricultural production
355 million tonnes of food
are wasted during post-harvesting and storage
180 million tonnes of food
are wasted during industrial processing
200 million tonnes of food
are wasted during distribution
345 million tonnes of food
are wasted at the consumer level, in our homes for instance
Notice that 345 million tonnes of food are wasted at the consumer level every year. But this is a global figure. To make more sense of it, let's take a closer look and break it down geographically and per person. Let's see how you and I may fit in!
Here is how those 345 million tonnes of food wasted globally look per person, for different regions of the world:
Food wasted per person at the consumer level in
Sub-Saharan Africa
6 kilos / person / year
Food wasted per person at the consumer level in
South & Southeast Asia
11 kilos / person / year
Food wasted per person at the consumer level in
Latin America
25 kilos / person / year
Food wasted per person at the consumer level in
North Africa, West & Central Asia
33 kilos / person / year
Food wasted per person at the consumer level in
Industrialized Asia
73 kilos / person / year
Food wasted per person at the consumer level in
95 kilos / person / year
Food wasted per person at the consumer level in
North America & Oceania
115 kilos / person / year
Many of us can reduce our food waste, starting at home! If like me for instance, you happen to live in Europe, here are the 95 kilos of food wasted per person every year.
In Europe 95 kilos of food / person / year are wasted at home.
The good news is that 60% of our food waste at home is avoidable. That means we can save about 57 kilos of food every year starting from tomorrow, without waiting for any new laws to be passed!
In Europe 57 kilos of food / person / year (out of 95) can be saved at home, 60% of our food waste at home is avoidable.
Important if we want to meet the growing food demand of the 21st century, important if we want to fight hunger and malnutrition, important if we want to take care of our planet and have a good life!
We demand more and more from the planet, in order to produce more and more, in order to waste more and more. Our natural resources are limited, yet we are using them at a greater rate than Mother Nature can regenerate them, and a large part is devoted to producing food that does not even reach our stomachs.
Many rich countries have large appetites. They have the wealth to feed those appetites but not always the natural resources. To meet their growing food and energy demands, these countries are acquiring large areas of land in other countries to grow crops for food, livestock feed and biofuels.
This 'land grabbing' is part of a wider trend of resource grabbing fed by governments, transnational corporations and financial institutions. Its impact is often harmful: people are displaced, land is taken away from local communities, rights of access denied, water supplies and local environments are adversely affected by large-scale agricultural methods.
Wasting food helps feed the forces of resource grabbing. Resource grabbing feeds the fed not the hungry.
Yes, become a minister of food waste! We have great power in our hands, the power of our preferences and our choices, the power of our habits and behavior. We can use this power to tackle food waste and its negative consequences. We can use this power to choose more responsibly the food we buy, to support our local markets, to have a meat-free day once a week. It does not matter how small our single actions are, it is the sum of them that will make a difference.
Become a minister of food waste at home and engage your family!
Plan your meals, be in control of what you have in your cupboards and fridge, get skilled at making the right portions, use leftovers in creative ways, store your food properly, monitor how much food you waste every month in order to make your habits visible and set new goals.
Become a minister of food waste at school and engage your classmates and teachers!
Imagine how powerful it would be if the whole school got involved by simply discussing the issue or inviting key players such as farmers or local supermarkets to talk about food waste, by organizing a play on the topic, a music show, a competition to engage parents and other schools.
Become a minister of food waste and engage with your supermarket!
Supermarket beliefs about customer preferences can result in farmers having to waste shocking amounts of the food they grow if it does not meet overly strict cosmetic standards. Tell them you do not mind funny-looking fruit and vegetables, looking funny does not mean tasting bad! Supermarkets have the power to change what happens in the supply chain.
Food is a miracle!
Join us to make sure the miracle is not wasted.
Share this story, download the resources, help us spread the message.
And remember, food is for eating!
The food-waste calendar
Download, print and share the food-waste calendar to have fun while you record if food is wasted at home.
Posters and images
Download, print or simply share posters (26MB) and images (2MB) to spread the message and pressure supermarkets into the discussion.
The reports
Writing and designing this info-graphic story took about nine months. The data are based on the following reports from FAO:
Global food losses and food waste.
The reference list
You can download a complete reference list.
Read more about communicating through info-graphic stories like this one.
Co-funders: European Union, Mani Tese, Angela Morelli / Author: Angela Morelli / Designer: Angela Morelli / Design advisor: Tom Halsør / Editorial advisor: David Stonestreet / Content advisors: Tony Allan, Cevi, Comitato Italiano Contratto Mondiale sull'Acqua, Martin Keulertz, Mani Tese / Data: FAO
This product has been produced with the assistance of the EU. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Mani Tese and Angela Morelli and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.


text:
Our materials and systems are there where you need them most every day, everywhere.
From high rise buildings and bridges to your house renovation, from tunnels to wind turbines, and all that is in between.
The sustainable roof system which outlasts the test of time, weather and even the harshest design critics.
The colorful floor which is resilient under a thousand feet, yet low-VOC and long-lasting, leading to a reduced carbon footprint over its performance life.
The easy-to-use sealant which keeps fires from spreading and one which keeps your skyscraper windows in place and protects from thermal transfer for decades without fail.
The concrete admixtures which help your poured concrete harden faster, stronger, lighter than ever for a beautifully smooth finish.
The all-in-one waterproofing solution completely impermeable to a drop of water and adhering tenaciously to your project's concrete foundation.
The tile setting adhesive so easy-to-apply, your elbows stay pain-free from its effortless spreading.


text:
Data Privacy Notice
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG ("RRPS") is pleased to welcome you to our websites and appreciates your interest in our company and its products and services. In addition to Rolls-Royce products, our portfolio also includes products marketed under the brand name mtu – a Rolls-Royce Solution (Rolls-Royce Solutions GmbH , hereinafter "mtu").
This data privacy notice is to inform you of the way we will handle your personal data. It sets out how personal data is processed in the context of communications both via our websites and away from our websites, for example in the way contracts are executed.
1. Controller
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG ("RRPS") processes your personal data in its capacity as controller.
Contact details: Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG, Maybachplatz 1, 88045 Friedrichshafen, Germany
E-mail: email@example.com
Represented by the Board of Management:
Dr. Jörg Stratmann, Chairman
Dr. Thelse Godewerth, CPO
Dr. Andreas Strecker, CFO
Register Court Ulm HRB 721 056
VAT registration number DE 253916018
2. Data Protection Officer
Contact details of our Group Data Protection Officer:
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG, Maybachplatz 1, 88045 Friedrichshafen, Germany
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: +49-7541-9091
3. Visiting our websites
When you visit our websites without actively contacting us, all instances of access are recorded in a log file on our web servers. The following data is captured: IP address of your client, date and time of access, name and URL of the file retrieved, pages visited, amount of data transferred, whether the retrieval was successful, video/audio viewed or listened to, clicks on individual links, search words or search phrases. The log file is stored for two months.
This data is processed for the purpose of presenting our web pages securely and to best effect from a technical point of view. The legal basis for processing the data here corresponds to our legitimate interest, article 6, paragraph 1, point (f), of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). No person-related evaluations or reports are undertaken or produced.
3.1. Establishing contact using our contact forms
We only collect personal data pertaining to you – i.e. information that can be associated with you as an individual – if you provide us with this data yourself and enter into contact with us. This is the case if you enter your data in the input fields of the contact forms on our websites and send us inquiries.
Information that we absolutely need to process your inquiry is marked with an asterisk. You may also provide the remaining information voluntarily in order to make it easier for us to classify your inquiry.
We use your personal data only for communication with you and for processing your inquiry. The data will then be erased. The legal basis for processing the data is our legitimate interest in communicating with you at your request, article 6, paragraph 1, point (f), of the GDPR.
You may at any time object to the further storage and use of your personal data collected in the course of contacting us or revoke your request to be included in the press distribution list at any time. To do this, an e-mail to
or a letter to
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG
Department VMC
Maybachstrasse 16
88045 Friedrichshafen
will suffice. If you object or revoke your request, your data will be erased immediately. However, your inquiries can then no longer be processed.
3.2. Receipt of the mtu Report customer magazine and the mtu eReport newsletter
When you order our free customer magazine mtu Report or subscribe to the electronic newsletter mtu eReport, we process the data you provide to us.
In order to process your order and forward it to service providers who are involved by us as contractually bound data processors for this purpose, e.g. the customer magazine print shop.
We obtain your consent to this in advance. It is the legal basis for this data processing (article 6, paragraph 1, point (a), of the GDPR).
Your personal data will not be used in any other way or passed on to third parties. You may unsubscribe from the customer magazine or withdraw your consent at any time, by sending an informal message to
or by writing to
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG
Department VMC
Maybachstrasse 16
88045 Friedrichshafen
To unsubscribe from the newsletter you can use the unsubscribe link in the newsletters themselves. Once your withdrawal of consent has been received, your data collected during the ordering process is deleted immediately and will no longer be used. The customer magazine or newsletter will no longer be sent to you.
3.3. Personalized marketing communications
Based on your prior consent, we also process your personal data in order to provide you with relevant personalized marketing communications regarding topics of interest relating to mtu products and solutions, including technical articles, case studies, white papers, news articles, webinars, and videos. We provide these communications via e-mail; if you also provide us with your telephone number for this purpose, we or our local subsidiaries in your respective area may also call you to inform you about mtu products or mtu solutions via telephone.
The legal basis for this is article 6, paragraph 1, point (a), of the GDPR. We receive your consent particularly in the context of registering for gratuitous downloads of material on our websites or in the context of the registration for gratuitous webinars offered by third-party providers for which we deliver the content.
In order to tailor these marketing communications to your interests and preferences concerning our products and solutions, we use marketing tools to analyze data gathered by cookies and similar technologies when you use this website, as well as other information about your interests and preferences regarding mtu products and solutions which we collect due to your download of materials on our website, your registration for webinars or when you take notice of our marketing e-mails.
In particular, we use Pardot, a B2B marketing automation solution from Salesforce (based in the US), to 1) provide our prospective customers (known as 'prospects') with customized marketing communications and 2) qualify them as potential sales leads. We only collect and process data that has been provided to us on the basis of consent.
RRPS has agreed on corresponding EU standard contractual clauses with Salesforce. However, we would like to point out that an appropriate state level of data protection in the USA cannot be ensured and therefore access by US authorities cannot be ruled out (see ECJ ruling 16.07.2020 - C-311/18). Your data will therefore only be processed or passed on based on your consent.
The following data is collected by us:
- Information provided by prospects via forms on our landing pages.
- First name, last name, e-mail address, telephone number, company name, profession, solution requirements, , power requirements, facility/vessel/equipment types, project stage, etc.
The storage and processing of this data requires that all of the following conditions are met:
- The prospect provides his data on the basis of consent.
- This consent is obtained by clicking the "Informed consent" checkbox on the relevant landing page. For more information on "Informed Consent", please click on the link: Informed Consent.
- The consent process is completed via the double opt-in procedure (clicking on a link in a confirmation e-mail). If confirmation is not received, the previously collected data will be deleted.
You may at any time revoke this consent via e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com – you can also do this partly, specifically with regard to marketing communications via telephone – or by clicking on the unsubscribe links, which are provided at the bottom of each marketing e-mail. If you revoke your consent, your data will promptly be deleted, and we will stop providing you with the respective marketing communications. You can also object to the processing of your data for marketing purposes. We will then delete your data (except your e-mail address and the reason for your objection, in order to take account of your objection at any time) and stop sending you marketing communications.
3.4. Applications
You may apply to our company online or by electronic means. We process your applicant data exclusively for the purpose of the application procedure and delete it, if rejected, after completion. The legal basis is article 26, paragraph 1, sentence 1, of the German Federal Data Protection Act. Please note that e-mails which are sent in unencrypted form are not transmitted with access protection. We therefore strongly recommend that you send us your application documents either by encrypted e-mail or via the contact form on our career portal. Further details of the way applicant data is handled may be found in our separate data privacy notice on the career portal.
3.5. Cookies and similar technologies
We use cookies and similar technologies for the purpose of tailoring our website to your needs. Most of the cookies and similar technologies we use lose their validity at the end of the browser session (so-called session cookies). Other cookies remain and similar technologies on your device and enable us to recognize your browser the next time you visit us (persistent cookies). Permanent cookies are not usually stored forever, but are deleted after two years. This data will not be used to personally identify the visitor to this website, except when you have given us express consent for analyzing your interests for marketing communications, as set out in Clause 5 (see above). You can revoke this consent at any time, as described above.
Any use of cookies or similar technologies that is not absolutely technically necessary constitutes data processing that is only permitted with your express and active consent in accordance with article 6, paragraph 1, sentence 1, point (a), of the GDPR. This applies in particular to the use of advertising, targeting or analysis cookies or similar technologies (see section 9. –12.).
To find out which cookies or similar technologies we use and how you can manage your cookie settings and deactivate certain types of tracking, go to our cookie settings, which you can access via "Cookie settings" at the bottom of each page.
If you do not give your consent to the use of cookies, we would like to point out that under certain circumstances this may result in a functional restriction of the use of our web pages and also those of other service providers.
Detailed information on all cookies used can be found here.
Pardot Cookies on mtu-solutions.com and Pardot Landing Pages:
Pardot cookies are only used when a visitor or prospect allows Pardot cookies to be tracked on mtu-solutions.com or one of our Pardot landing pages, which are identifiable by one of the following subdomains in the website URL:
- https://power.mtu-solutions.com/...
- https://marine.mtu-solutions.com/...
- https://industrial.mtu-solutions.com/...
For additional information regarding Pardot cookies, please click the link Pardot Cookies and Activity Tracking.
Pardot Cookie Opt-in Settings:
Opt-in is requested from all visitors to mtu-solutions.com or Pardot landing pages, regardless of their location. Tracking requires consent, so if visitors ignore the banner, no cookies will be used to track their activities. See Pardot reference page: Control Tracking Opt-In Preferences.
3.6. Social Media
We are also present on the platforms of the social networks Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Xing. If you click on the respective icon on our website, you will be forwarded to our profiles there without personal data being collected by us. For personal data collected on the respective platform, the provider is the controller in terms of data protection.
3.7. Use of the GeoIP2 Country Database for Geolocation
This website uses the GeoIP2 Country database, which is provided by the provider MaxMind Inc. and hosted by a third-party provider of Rolls-Royce Power Systems. Maxmind GeoIP2 Country database is hosted within the European Union. In the GeoIP2 Country database, approximate location/geolocation data is assigned to the IP addresses used based on the country of origin of the IP address. In order to improve search results, to provide you with more relevant information and to pre-set certain website configurations tailored to you to make your visit to our sites more enjoyable (e.g. language settings), your IP address is used to determine your country of origin via the GeoIP2 Country database. Rolls-Royce Power Systems does not share these IP addresses with third parties. The geolocalisation is based solely on anonymised IP addresses. The precise location of visitors to the website is excluded. The data processing is based on our corporate interests resulting from the purpose of the processing and based on article 6, paragraph 1, point f) of the GDPR.
4. Processing of your data outside of these websites
We also process your personal data outside of these websites if you contact us in writing, by telephone or by e-mail with a request or inquiry and provide us with personal data (e.g. your contact details). Furthermore, we process personal data of yours if you or your company is a business partner, customer or service provider of ours, i.e. in a contractual relationship with us, for purposes of executing this contract, or if data processing is necessary for another reason, e.g. in the context of an application in response to an invitation to tender.
Depending on the context, your data will be processed on different legal bases within the meaning of article 6 of the GDPR. Depending on the context, this is in particular
1. your expression of consent pursuant to article 6, paragraph 1, point (a), of the GDPR (e.g. when requesting our customer magazine); or
2. where the processing is necessary for fulfilling a contractual relationship with us or for implementing precontractual measures which occur at your request, article 6, paragraph 1, point (b), of the GDPR (e.g. upon telephone request for the purpose of ordering a product); or
3. where the processing is necessary to comply with a legal obligation to which we are subject, article 6, paragraph 1, point (c), of the GDPR (e.g. compliance with legal obligations to retain records or obligations to provide information to authorities); or
4. where the processing is necessary to safeguard an overriding legitimate interest within the meaning of article 6, paragraph 1, point (f), of the GDPR (e.g. when asserting legal claims, in conducting internal and external investigations to identify, resolve and prosecute breaches of internal policies and/or legal requirements or for the video surveillance of our operating facilities to protect against unauthorized access).
5. General
5.1. Recipients
RRPS and other affiliated companies house central functions of the RRPS Group – e.g. Marketing & Communications, Sales, Purchasing and central admin functions such as Legal, etc. – which act on behalf of the entire group and may process your personal data within this context. The processing of personal data by these central functions is also undertaken on the basis of the aforementioned bases in law. If, for example, when carrying out procurement processes or processing contracts, affiliated companies other than RRPS must also be involved because they perform central functions within the group, personal data is exchanged between the affiliated companies involved to the extent necessary. The legal basis for this is the overriding legitimate interest of the company in organizing internal administrative procedures efficiently – article 6, paragraph 1, point (f), of the GDPR.
The following categories of recipients may also receive your personal data:
- Service providers for the operation of our website and the processing of data stored or transmitted by the systems (e.g. for data processing centre services, payment processing, IT security). These are usually processors with whom we have concluded corresponding data processing agreements.
- Print service providers (processors) in the context of sending e.g. information and newsletters in print form.
- Business partners (e.g. suppliers, distributors and service partners). The data transfer takes place on the basis of our legitimate interest (article 6, paragraph 1, point (f), of the GDPR) in the context of contract fulfilment in regard to our customers or for sales purposes on the basis of your consent (article 6, paragraph 1, point (a), of the GDPR).
- Service providers or persons used to carry out our business operations (e.g. auditors, banks, payment service providers, shipping service providers, insurance companies, legal advisors, parties involved in company acquisitions or the establishment of joint ventures). The legal basis here is article 6, paragraph 1, point (f), of the GDPR.
Government agencies/authorities, insofar as this is necessary to fulfil a legal obligation. The legal basis for the disclosure is then article 6, paragraph 1, point (c), of the GDPR.
5.2. Conditions for the transfer of personal data to third countries
In the context of your website visit and our business relationships, your personal data may be transferred or disclosed to third party companies. These may also be located outside the European Economic Area (EEA), i.e. in third countries. Such processing will only take place on the basis of your consent or to fulfil our contractual and business obligations and to maintain your business relationship with us.
The European Commission certifies data protection comparable to the EEA standard in some third countries by means of so-called adequacy decisions (a list of these countries and a copy of the adequacy decisions can be obtained here: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/international-transfers/adequacy/index_en.html). However, in other third countries to which personal data may be transferred, there may not be a consistently high level of data protection due to a lack of legal provisions. Where this is the case, we ensure that data protection is sufficiently guaranteed. We generally use the standard contractual clauses of the European Commission and, if necessary, take further measures to protect your personal data.
5.3. Data security
We have taken extensive technical and operational precautions to protect your data from accidental or intentional manipulation, loss, destruction, or access by unauthorized persons. Our security procedures are regularly reviewed and adapted in line with technological progress.
When you use our contact form, you also provide us with personal information about yourself. In order to prevent this data from falling into the wrong hands, we use end-to-end encryption for your personal data using the TLS method for data transmission (transport layer security). This is a proven, highly secure procedure for transmitting data over the Internet, provided that it is used – as is the case here – in line with state-of-the-art practice.
5.4. Storage of your data
Your personal data will always be stored as long as it is necessary for the respective purpose (e.g. fulfilment of contract), and shall then be erased in compliance with the statutory retention periods or, after the purpose has been achieved (e.g. fulfilment of the contract by both parties), restricted (blocked) for the necessary retention period in terms of processing, and then erased.
Your rights under Clause 15 are to be asserted in each instance against RRPS or against such other affiliated company as be responsible under data protection legislation. In any event, you may use the contact address given in Clause 1 above for this purpose.
5.5. Your rights
You have the right to request details of which personal data about you is stored.
You may request correction or amendment, erasure or restriction of processing (blocking) of your stored personal data as long as this is legally permissible and possible within the framework of an existing contractual relationship. Should statutory provisions not permit erasure, your data will instead be blocked (subjected to processing restrictions) in such a way as to make it accessible only for the purpose of complying with mandatory statutory provisions.
You may object to the processing of data for reasons arising from your particular situation if such data processing is carried out on the basis of our legitimate interests.
Should we process your data in order to conduct direct advertising, you may object to this advertising or promotion at any time with future effect (right to object to processing of personal data for marketing purposes). Please see the contact details in Clause 3.3 in this regard.
You are entitled to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority. The following supervisory authority is responsible for RRPS: The Baden-Württemberg State Office for Data Protection and
Freedom of Information, P.O. Box 10 29 32, 70025 Stuttgart. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Online complaints form: https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.datenschutz.de/online-beschwerde/.
For complaints relating to data processing activities of our subsidiaries abroad, you can also submit a complaint to the relevant competent national supervisory authority.
You have the right to transfer the data you have provided to us on the basis of an expression of consent or a contract (data portability).
If you have given us an expression of consent to process your data, you may revoke this at any time in the same manner in which you gave it. The withdrawal of consent does not affect the lawfulness of the processing carried out on the basis of the consent up to the time of withdrawal.
If you have any questions regarding the processing of your data or would like to assert your rights, please contact us by post or e-mail at the contact address given above (Clause 1).
5.6. Changes to this data privacy notice
The provisions of this data privacy notice in the version valid at the time on the homepage apply (cf. status and version of data privacy notice).
We reserve the right to amend and change the content of this data privacy notice. The updated data privacy notice shall apply from its date of validity (cf. status and version of the data privacy notice).
Version dated: January 2023


text:
Sean Murray from Hello Games made the following announcement about the future of No Man's Sky.
Hello everyone, we know that there is a lot of hunger out there for news and updates on No Man's Sky. We wanted to share some information from behind the scenes. Our next chapter will be called No Man's Sky Beyond, coming Summer 2019.
Each chapter for No Man's Sky has been more successful than the last. Thanks to our community, our large release last year, NEXT, was especially so. It went on to bring enjoyment to millions of new players, and it helped to change the legacy of this game we care so much about.
Earlier this year, while working on our roadmap of three future updates, we decided we wanted to interweave their features, and had a vision for something much more impactful. We are excited to announce that Beyond will contain those three major updates rolled into one larger free release.
The first component of Beyond we are announcing today is No Man's Sky Online.
No Man's Sky Online includes a radical new social and multiplayer experience which empowers players everywhere in the universe to meet and play together. While this brings people together like never before, and has many recognizable online elements, we don't consider No Man's Sky to be an MMO — it won't require a subscription, won't contain micro-transactions, and will be free for all existing players.
These changes are an answer to how we have seen people playing since the release of NEXT, and is something we've dreamed of for a long time. We will talk more about each component when we know we can be precise, and look forward to sharing more in the coming weeks.
Beyond will be our most ambitious chapter so far, and something we've been working ridiculously hard on. We'll continue to support No Man's Sky in this way for the foreseeable future.
It's unexpected but so rewarding to see so many accolades and nominations for No Man's Sky as Best On-going or Most Evolved this year. To some NEXT may have felt like a natural end-point for our journey, but for us it was another step on a longer voyage.
Thank you so much,


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Hillary Clinton says she won't run for president in 2020
WASHINGTON (AP) - Hillary Clinton says she won't run for president in 2020, but vows she's "not going anywhere."
The former secretary of state, senator and first lady ruled out another campaign during an interview posted Monday by New York TV station News12 .
Clinton, who lost the 2016 presidential election to Donald Trump, says, "I'm going to keep on working and speaking and standing up for what I believe."
She says, "What's at stake in our country, the kind of things that are happening right now are deeply troubling to me."
She says she has spoken with several of the candidates seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, and has told them, "Don't take anything for granted, even though we have a long list of real problems and broken promises" from the Trump administration.


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Still working on a daily basis and in the middle of an economics study program two friends who grew up skating together in a semi big German town decided to break the monotony. From that point on we had a bit more than a year to finish studies and apprenticeship plus another six months to save our travel budget that we had previously figured out. Luckily we were able to save even a bit more than planned. Within that period we could plan out as much as possible and as less as necessary. That means our planning of the trip was more or less essential to not be prepared for situations that might not ever occur. That narrow planning horizon confined organizing a proper van (which we got really lucky with, a T4 van, already perfectly build out – with a setup including a kitchen in the back and a foldable bed in the cabin, lots of room for storage as well as one camping window, 160,000km on the odometer). We figured out how to deal with an extra health insurance for the European Union which we did not claim at the end because we are covered with our European insurance health card in all public institutions like city hospitals, fixed some parts of the car, adjusted some things to the pre build out setup of the van and of course filled the van with kitchen utensils, tools, sleeping bags, fishing rods, decks, boom box and portable record player including some records and of course some other personal belongings that could not be missed.
Our living in a van experience before the trip was exactly zero, nevertheless we did some camping before and had knowledge about making good campfires and illegal fishing.
Consequently we had some major concerns surviving a long time living in a car. Those were washing stinky skate clothes, daily toilet business, taking showers and still being friends after living in such a small room for so long. Washing was not a problem at all but annoying since it took hours in either laundry places or better hand wash and dry the stuff in the sun. Public toilets could be found everywhere in Europe. You don't really focus on them in the everyday life but once you need them you start to see them everywhere. No problem at all. Out somewhere in the middle of nowhere bushes and a shovel helped out. We mostly stuck to waters and meeting local skateboarders got us clean after sessions. If we are still friends and still skate together, you can find out at the end of the article.
Our first stop and one of the only planned ones was 2er DIY in Hannover. Since this huge skateboarding wonderland is only a one and a half hour drive away from our hometown we know the park quite well although the locals change a lot around the park every year. Of course our first session was extremely motivated whereupon a shower or bath was necessary. One of the locals recommended a good spot for swimming and sleeping outside the city next to an abandoned rubber and tire factory. The spot was basically perfect but you have to consider that it was the 28th of April in Germany. That means the rivers were still cold from winter roughly estimated at about 12 degrees Celsius which was pretty tough if you're not used to that. But camp fire and some booze helped out a lot that evening.
We're not sure exactly what happened that day, if we just acted all naturally or just had too much fun to change our behavior but throughout the whole tour the days didn't differ too much from that day in Hannover. This was our everyday life. Woke up pretty early to cherish all the sunlight we had, skated with more motivation than ever, and learned more than a trick per week. We met skateboarders from all over europe, made friends, lived in a camp and never actual camp sites or crappy overpriced hostels and talked and thought about skateboarding for almost a year.
There is skateboarding in each and every country we visited on the trip even though we haven't heard about a scene in, for example, Hungary. Obviously picturing every single day is impossible, therefore we want to talk about the most remarkable places we skated along our route through Europe.
After being in Hannover we went through the north of Germany to the ferry departure to Denmark where we went straight to Copenhagen and skated there for a week. The whole place felt just insanely good for skateboarding. Street and DIY spots literally everywhere. Skateboarding seemed highly accepted by the Danes which what made it definitely worth the visit. Over the bridge to Malmö where we skated a bit all the way up to Norway where we could not stay too long because the price level was out range. We liked Torshov miniramp in Oslo most simply because of the screaming sessions we had there. The vibe was exceptional in the evenings. After we ran out of food in Norway we had to go back to semi expensive Sweden and refill our stock. We went all the way up around the gulf that separates Sweden from Finland. Almost all the way up there next to a town called Ümeå we found one of the most fun spots on the whole trip. A 300 to 400m long metal snakerun-halfpipe with no flat in a forest.
We could not believe our eyes neither the amount of fun that thing provided while carving down. In Finland we went down to Tampere which was our favorite place to skate in Scandinavia if not even all over Europe. Locals and now friends were and still are sick. Street spots, parks, DIY and a skateboarding organization. These guys rent an old factory where they started with an oldschool backyard vert and now finish Kenneli indoor and outdoor DIY which looks like heaven on earth. We can't wait to go back. After a short stay in Helsinki where we slept right next to Suvilahti we crossed the Baltic sea to Estonia. The landscapes of the Baltic states were amazing, as well as the capital cities' architecture for skating, especially Riga and Vilnius that had the most amazing spots with flawless sidewalks. Consequently, locals mostly skated street in the Baltics – a high level of skateboarding and very helpful people.
From there we had easy access to Warsaw where we had a few days of rain which was no struggle at all because Powiśle DIY is a rain spot right at Vistula river. Poland as well as Czech Republic were worth a visit alone for the hospitable people and locals who showed us around for the good times. In Prague is the legendary Stalin Plaza. We met up with friends from Germany to go on a street mission. The locals at Stalin Plaza knew all the spots. Afterwards we went to Budapest and skated Sashalmi Pool where we had to snake the kick bikes in order to get a ride in this nice pool and also super smooth Nagyicce DIY outside the city, but somehow there was a huge session with the global Enjoi team going on. We loved the awesome food in that part of Europe but the climate in summer was almost too hot to skate in midday sun. Next destination was the north of Croatia particularly the Istra peninsula which is famous for its breath-taking coastline. Lots of Germans visit that place for holidays to enjoy the sun but we never actually heard about skateboarding around that area. But luckily we went because it got us some really helpful connections to the border of southeastern Europe. There skateboarding was exactly how we like it and always wanted it to be in Germany. Still raw, no glitter. Just skateboarding because of the fun in skateboarding itself and being around with your friends. Istras capital city Pula has a pretty new flow park with no kick bikes. Locals were friendly and told us about Vladimir Film Festival the only independent skateboard film festival in the world which took place the upcoming weekend of our stay.
So we went a few kilometres further to Fažana where the festival took place. Good atmosphere, skateboard films, free food, cheap beer and party. We hope we can make it there next time. We also met Robert Kos who told us to go to Postojna and Ljubljana in Slovenia – their underground scene is too sick. Afterwards we went to the radest place in Italy, Trieste right next to Slovenia, had a small but great skateboarding scene. One of the locals took us on a night session. We could easily cruise the streets all night long and we saw about six or seven different spots that were skateable as well, everything due to the city lights at night. Trieste also had the best downhill we ever took in our lives that only works at night because the traffic was too dangerous in the day time. The bus took us up the city hill for about four or five kilometers. Local Francesco told us to watch the street because that's also the road we were about to bomb. A bit scared on top of the hill and all fears gone when you take the hill back into town in 10 to 15 minutes. Of course we went for a second run.
Next we went towards the Austrian Alps from Wörgl to Innsbruck. The scene was open and welcoming – ramps and lots of girls who skated – how it's supposed to be. Along the French Côte d'Azure we headed to Spain for the colder months of the year. We stayed in Barcelona for more than a month to skate street a bit more but didn't really enjoy the overexposed scene where some skaters didn't even lift their hand for a quick greeting while crossing you with a board. Nevertheless we became friends with a British family that lived in a car next to us in the parking lot. Son, daughter and mother who are now involved in La Casita DIY project in Fuengirola next to Malaga – of course all three of them.
In Valencia we randomly met Nikolas from September Wheels who helped us find spots all over Spain and invited us to Zürich. The north of Spain was exceptional for transition skating but one has read a lot about it in Confusion as to not repeat shit now.
The raddest things about Spain were the randomly found ditches next to small streets and national roads. Surprise sessions like that were the best fore sure. Toledo an hour south from Madrid has a halfpipe channel ditch with some scary heights. El canal no perdona.
Portugal was more a surf paradise than good for skateboarding but we found many spots that were actually unrideable because there were little white cobblestone everywhere. The secret pearl of Portugal was a small place called Ponte de Lima in the North. CORE skateshop, DIY Pumptrack, DIY pool and new place called Outside DIY which was just insane. A perfect and legal spot under a highway bridge with easy camping and a clear river for a shower. One of our favorite places in Europe.
Then on our way home we stopped in Lyon, and Châtillon right next to it. The small transition scene took us under their wings and made it feel bad to leave the place again because we liked it so much. More or less the final stops outside Germany were Portland, Basel and the Beast in Zürich, crazy sessions with the most hospitable locals in Zürich. Heading back to our hometown we made some stops in the south of Germany and found some spots in the smallest towns and met some friends as well. Last stop Mister Wilson DIY in Kassel which is also only one and a half hours by car from our place. A few days later finally back home after seeing some common faces again one of the gnarliest sessions went off at our local ramp. Everyone was just hyped skating together again and showing the progress made the past year. Positive energy.
After almost one year in a van, 26,000 km, about 2000€ spent on fuel, 20 different countries visited, almost 40 DIY spots skated, destroyed more than 20 decks in total, two 4 week lasting injuries, two languages refreshed, one oil change made, four car lamps replaced (not having any other troubles with the van), 2000 video clips collected for our film, as well as being in love with skateboarding every single day we are still friends. Even more than one can tell. For us that was the ultimate skateboarding experience that will never be forgotten. Thanks to everyone who was involved to make this happen. Thank you skateboarding for showing us how to live life right in order to be happy people.
Words by Konni Newld


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The Combat B4 Portent Baseball Bat is what happens when athletes and engineers work together. The B4 Portent senior youth minus 8 ounce baseball bat is a bat that's close to perfection. Combat used three weeks on the field with some of the best young (and not-so-young) baseball players we know and the top engineers in the industry. The result is the Senior league B4 Portent. Combining our athlete's touch and vision with our engineer's expertise, the B4 has the lightest swing weights ever created supporting the largest sweet spot available. The taper flex, handle flex and barrel trampoline combine to make the Combat B4 bat line a continuous store-and-release monster. Think beyond the warning track. Think beyond the fence. Think beyond the park.
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Incomplete Roundabouts
Thursday, November 15th, 2012We've noticed two tendencies when roundabouts are discussed in the transportation world.
Not all the same
First, they're often all treated the same. But just like roads, we can't make gross generalizations about all roundabouts. Some roundabouts are pleasant one-lane affairs that are easy to navigate by bicycle. At the other end of the spectrum are multi-lane, multi-roundabout disasters.
It seems some road agencies building roundabouts to handle a much greater vehicle capacity. That means simple one- or two-lane roundabouts turn into bigger monsters. An example of this is at W. Maple Road and Farmington Road. Both are two lane roads that expand to 5- and 6-lane roads before entering a triple-lane roundabout. Not only is it not bicycle friendly, it's not designed to let cyclists easily transition on the adjacent pathways to avoid it.
AASHTO's latest bicycle design guidelines say roundabouts should not be built like this. They should be designed for current needs and made easily expandable for future needs.
Single‐lane roundabouts are much simpler for bicyclists than multilane roundabouts, since they do not require bicyclists to change lanes, and motorists are less likely to cut off bicyclists when they exit the roundabout. Therefore, when designing and implementing roundabouts, authorities should avoid implementing multilane roundabouts before their capacity is needed. If design year traffic volumes indicate the need for a multilane roundabout, but this need isn't likely for several years, the roundabout can be built as a single‐lane roundabout, and designed to be easily reconstructed with additional lanes in the future when and if traffic volumes increase. In 1 addition, where a roundabout is proposed at an intersection of a major multilane street and a minor street, consideration should be given to building a roundabout with two‐lane approaches on the major street and one‐lane approaches on minor streets. When compared to roundabouts with two lanes at all four legs, this design can significantly reduce complexity for all users, including bicyclists.
MDOT even made a video of an apparently overbuilt roundabout and suggests bicyclists would want to use it. Of course they fail to show bicyclists having to move to the center lane in order to exit at other intersection legs.
Ignoring Bicyclists
The other major roundabout issue is bicyclists as well as pedestrians are often ignored when they are designed and discussed.
We Are Modeshift recently wrote this fine article on this topic.
When roundabouts are placed appropriately, they increase traffic flow and provide motorists with well-documented safety benefits. However, for non-motorized users — bicyclists and pedestrians, and especially those with disabilities — roundabouts present unique challenges to safety and accessibility.
Speaking of safety, a recent survey from a Wayne State/MDOT roundabout study found that 47% of bicyclists and almost 50% of pedestrians found them "very unsafe". Interestingly enough, 57% of all the survey respondents had purposefully avoided a roundabout.
An example roundabout design that ignores bicyclist and pedestrian safety is on the cover of MDOT's How to Use a Roundabout brochure (see photo). How are pedestrians supposed to use this facility? There are no sidewalks, even on the bridge. The pedestrian instructions inside the brochure fail to address the roundabout design on its cover. As for bicyclists? They have to cross over a travel lane that becomes a entrance ramp to I-75. Though it's not shown, there's another roundabout on the other side of I-75 with the same lack of accommodation. If bicyclists want to avoid this roundabout, there are no sidewalks available.
This is not a Complete Street nor a Complete Roundabout. It's not something we should continue to build much less highlight.
MDOT's office of Research and Best Practices shows the same incomplete intersection under the title, "Roundabouts: How to get around a safer intersection."
Apparently they forgot to add, "So long as you're in a car."


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Sportswire | Oct 18 2012 |
Did you know there was a football team called the Brooklyn Dodgers? This nice little piece of Americana reminds us of that fact. It's the cover of a program for an NFL game between the Dodgers and the Washington Redskins, played at Ebbets Field today in 1942. The Brooklyn Dodgers football team existed from 1930 to 1944, at which point it became the Brooklyn Tigers for one season, then the next year merged with the Boston Yanks. This move came about due to a decline in the on-field product caused by wartime shortages of players. But before being folded into another franchise and effectively disappearing, the Dodgers helped bring the NFL into the mass media era when its October 22, 1939 game against the Philadelphia Eagles was broadcast on television. That was the first NFL broadcast ever.
Another historical note: the unusual Dodgers nickname derives from the fact that through the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were so many trolley lines running through Brooklyn that people from that borough were called "trolley dodgers." Naturally, this is also the reason the All-America Football Conference team called the Brooklyn Dodgers, and the baseball Brooklyn Dodgers, both adopted the nickname. Of course, baseball's Dodgers were the first to do so, by decades. Lastly, on the cover is a photo of Frank Kinard, who played for the Dodgers/Tigers and, just to make the whole name thing even more convoluted, played for the New York Yankees of the All-America Football Conference. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. You can learn plenty more about the Brooklyn Dodgers at the website luckyshow.org.


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