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Data exchanges between companies increase a lot. The number of applications, which must be integrated increases, too. The interfaces use different technologies, protocols and data formats. Nevertheless, the integration of these applications shall be modeled in a standardized way, realized efficiently and supported by automatic tests. Such a standard exists with the Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIP) [1], which have become the industry standard for describing, documenting and implementing integration problems. Apache Camel [2] implements the EIPs and offers a standardized, internal domain-specific language (DSL) [3] to integrate applications. This article gives an introduction to Apache Camel including several code examples.
Enterprise Integration Patterns
EIPs can be used to split integration problems into smaller pieces and model them using standardized graphics. Everybody can understand these models easily. Besides, there is no need to reinvent the wheel every time for each integration problem.
Using EIPs, Apache Camel closes a gap between modeling and implementation. There is almost a one-to-one relation between EIP models and the DSL of Apache Camel. This article explains the relation of EIPs and Apache Camel using an online shop example.
Use Case: Handling Orders in an Online Shop
The main concepts of Apache Camel are introduced by implementing a small use case. Starting your own project should be really easy after reading this article. The easiest way to get started is using a Maven archetype [4]. This way, you can rebuild the following example within minutes. Of course, you can also download the whole example at once[5].
Figure 1 shows the example from EIP perspective. The task is to process orders of an online shop. Orders arrive in csv format. At first, the orders have to be transformed to the internal format. Order items of each order must be split because the shop only sells dvds and cds. Other order items are forwarded to a partner.
Figure 1: EIP Perspective of the Integration Problem
This example shows the advantages of EIPs: The integration problem is split into several small, perseverative subproblems. These subproblems are easy to understand and solved the same way each time. After describing the use case, we will now look at the basic concepts of Apache Camel.
Basic Concepts
Apache Camel runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Most components are realized in Java. Though, this is no requirement for new components. For instance, the camel-scala component is written in Scala. The Spring framework is used in some parts, e.g. for transaction support. However, Spring dependencies were reduced to a minimum in release 2.9 [6]. The core of Apache Camel is very small and just contains commonly used components (i.e. connectors to several technologies and APIs) such as Log, File, Mock or Timer.
Further components can be added easily due to the modular structure of Apache Camel., Maven is recommended for dependency management, because most technologies require additional libraries. Though, libraries can also be downloaded manually and added to the classpath, of course.
The core functionality of Apache Camel is its routing engine. It allocates messages based on the related routes. A route contains flow and integration logic. It is implemented using EIPs and a specific DSL. Each message contains a body, several headers and optional attachments. The messages are sent from a provider to a consumer. In between, the messages may be processed, e.g. filtered or transformed. Figure 1 shows how the messages can change within a route.
Messages between a provider and a consumer are managed by a message exchange container, which contains an unique message id, exception information, incoming and outgoing messages (i.e. request and response), and the used message exchange pattern (MEP). "In Only" MEP is used for one-way messages such as JMS whereas "In Out" MEP executes request-response communication such as a client side HTTP based request and its response from the server side.
After shortly explaining the basic concepts of Apache Camel, the following sections will give more details and code examples. Let's begin with the architecture of Apache Camel.
Figure 2 shows the architecture of Apache Camel. A CamelContext provides the runtime system. Inside, processors handle things in between endpoints like routing or transformation. Endpoints connect several technologies to be integrated. Apache Camel offers different DSLs to realize the integration problems.
Figure 2: Architecture of Apache Camel
The CamelContext is the runtime system of Apache Camel and connects its different concepts such as routes, components or endpoints. The following code snipped shows a Java main method, which starts the CamelContext and stops it after 30 seconds. Usually, the CamelContext is started when loading the application and stopped at shutdown.
public class CamelStarter {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
CamelContext context = new DefaultCamelContext();
context.addRoutes(new IntegrationRoute());
The runtime system can be included anywhere in the JVM environment, including web container (e.g. Tomcat), JEE application server (e.g. IBM WebSphere AS), OSGi container, or even in the cloud.
Domain Specific Languages
DSLs facilitate the realization of complex projects by using a higher abstraction level. Apache Camel offers several different DSLs. Java, Groovy and Scala use object-oriented concepts and offer a specific method for most EIPs. On the other side, Spring XML DSL is based on the Spring framework and uses XML configuration. Besides, OSGi blueprint XML is available for OSGi integration.
Java DSL has best IDE support. Groovy and Scala DSL are similar to Java DSL, in addition they offer typical features of modern JVM languages such as concise code or closures. Contrary to these programming languages, Spring XML DSL requires a lot of XML. Besides, it offers very powerful Spring-based dependency injection mechanism and nice abstractions to simplify configurations (such as JDBC or JMS connections). The choice is purely a matter of taste in most use cases. Even a combination is possible. Many developer use Spring XML for configuration whilst routes are realized in Java, Groovy or Scala.
Routes are a crucial part of Apache Camel. The flow and logic of an integration is specified here. The following example shows a route using Java DSL:
public class IntegrationRoute extends RouteBuilder {
public void configure() throws Exception {
.process(new LoggingProcessor())
.bean(new TransformationBean(),
The DSL is easy to use. Everybody should be able to understand the above example without even knowing Apache Camel. The route realizes a part of the described use case. Orders are put in a file directory from an external source. The orders are processed and finally moved to the target directory.
Routes have to extend the "RouteBuilder" class and override the "configure" method. The route itself begins with a "from" endpoint and finishes at one or more "to" endpoints. In between, all necessary process logic is implemented. Any number of routes can be implemented within one "configure" method.
The following snippet shows the same route realized via Spring XML DSL:
<beans … >
<bean class="mwea.TransformationBean" id="transformationBean"/>
<bean class="mwea.LoggingProcessor" id="loggingProcessor"/>
<camelContext xmlns="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring">
<from uri="file:target/inbox"/>
<process ref="loggingProcessor"/>
<bean ref="transformationBean"/>
<to uri="file:target/outbox"/>
Besides routes, another important concept of Apache Camel is its components. They offer integration points for almost every technology.
In the meantime, over 100 components are available. Besides widespread technologies such as HTTP, FTP, JMS or JDBC, many more technologies are supported, including cloud services from Amazon, Google, GoGrid, and others. New components are added in each release. Often, also the community builds new custom components because it is very easy.
The most amazing feature of Apache Camel is its uniformity. All components use the same syntax and concepts. Every integration and even its automatic unit tests look the same. Thus, complexity is reduced a lot. Consider changing the above example: If orders should be sent to a JMS queue instead of a file directory, just change the "to" endpoint from "file:target/outbox" to "jms:queue:orders". That's it! (JMS must be configured once within the application before, of course)
While components offer the interface to technologies, Processors and Beans can be used to add custom integration logic to a route.
Processors and Beans
Besides using EIPs, you have to add individual integration logic, often. This is very easy and again uses the same concepts always: Processors or Beans. Both were used in the route example above.
Processor is a simple Java interface with one single method: "process". Inside this method, you can do whatever you need to solve your integration problem, e.g. transform the incoming message, call other services, and so on.
public class LoggingProcessor implements Processor {
public void process(Exchange exchange) throws Exception {
System.out.println("Received Order: " +
The "exchange" parameter contains the Messsage Exchange with the incoming message, the outgoing message, and other information. Due to implementing the Processor interface, you have got a dependency to the Camel API. This might be a problem sometimes. Maybe you already have got existing integration code which cannot be changed (i.e. you cannot implement the Processor interface)? In this case, you can use Beans, also called POJOs (Plain Old Java Object). You get the incoming message (which is the parameter of the method) and return an outgoing message, as shown in the following snipped:
public class TransformationBean {
public String makeUpperCase(String body) {
String transformedBody = body.toUpperCase();
return transformedBody;
The above bean receives a String, transforms it, and finally sends it to the next endpoint. Look at the route above again. The incoming message is a File. You may wonder why this works? Apache Camel offers another powerful feature: More than 150 automatic type converters are included from scratch, e.g. FileToString, CollectionToObject[] or URLtoInputStream. By the way: Further type converters can be created and added to the CamelContext easily [7].
If a Bean only contains one single method, it even can be omitted in the route. The above call therefore could also be .bean(new TransformationBean()) instead of .bean(new TransformationBean(), "makeUpperCase").
Adding some more Enterprise Integration Patterns
The above route transforms incoming orders using the Translator EIP before processing them. Besides this transformation, some more work is required to realize the whole use case. Therefore, some more EIPs are used in the following example:
public class IntegrationRoute extends RouteBuilder {
public void configure() throws Exception {
.process(new LoggingProcessor())
.bean(new TransformationBean())
Each csv file illustrates one single order containing one or more order items. The camel-csv component is used to convert the csv message. Afterwards, the Splitter EIP separates each order item of the message body. In this case, the default separator (a comma) is used. Though, complex regular expressions or scripting languages such as XPath, XQuery or SQL can also be used as splitter.
Each order item has to be sent to a specific processing unit (remember: there are dvd orders, cd orders, and other orders which are sent to a partner). The content-based router EIP solves this problem without any individual coding efforts. Dvd orders are processed via a file directory whilst cd orders are sent to a JMS queue.
ActiveMQ is used as JMS implementation in this example. To add ActiveMQ support to a Camel application, you only have to add the related maven dependency for the camel-activemq component or add the JARs to the classpath manually. That's it. Some other components need a little bit more configuration, once. For instance, if you want to use WebSphere MQ or another JMS implementation instead of ActiveMQ, you have to configure the JMS provider.
All other order items besides dvds and cds are sent to a partner. Unfortunately, this interface is not available, yet. The Mock component is used instead to simulate this interface momentarily.
The above example shows impressively how different interfaces (in this case File, JMS, and Mock) can be used within one route. You always apply the same syntax and concepts despite very different technologies.
Automatic Unit and Integration Tests
Automatic tests are crucial. Nevertheless, it usually is neglected in integration projects. The reason is too much efforts and very high complexity due to several different technologies.
Apache Camel solves this problem: It offers test support via JUnit extensions. The test class must extend CamelTestSupport to use Camel's powerful testing capabilities. Besides additional assertions, mocks are supported implicitly. No other mock framework such as EasyMock or Mockito is required. You can even simulate sending messages to a route or receiving messages from it via a producer respectively consumer template. All routes can be tested automatically using this test kit. It is noteworthy to mention that the syntax and concepts are the same for every technology, again.
The following code snipped shows a unit test for our example route:
public class IntegrationTest extends CamelTestSupport {
public void setup() throws Exception {
context.addRoutes(new IntegrationRoute());
public void testIntegrationRoute() throws Exception {
// Body of test message containing several order items
String bodyOfMessage = "Harry Potter / dvd, Metallica / cd, Claus Ibsen –
Camel in Action / book ";
// Initialize the mock and set expected results
MockEndpoint mock = context.getEndpoint("mock:others",
// Only the book order item is sent to the mock
// (because it is not a cd or dvd)
String bookBody = "Claus Ibsen – Camel in Action / book".toUpperCase();
// ProducerTemplate sends a message (i.e. a File) to the inbox directory
template.sendBodyAndHeader("file://target/inbox", bodyOfMessage, Exchange.FILE_NAME, "order.csv");
// Was the file moved to the outbox directory?
File target = new File("target/outbox/dvd/order.csv");
assertTrue("File not moved!", target.exists());
// Was the file transformed correctly (i.e. to uppercase)?
String content = context.getTypeConverter().convertTo(String.class, target);
String dvdbody = "Harry Potter / dvd".toUpperCase();
assertEquals(dvdbody, content);
// Was the book order (i.e. "Camel in action" which is not a cd or dvd) sent to the mock?
The setup method creates an instance of CamelContext (and does some additional stuff). Afterwards, the route is added such that it can be tested. The test itself creates a mock and sets its expectations. Then, the producer template sends a message to the "from" endpoint of the route. Finally, some assertions validate the results. The test can be run the same way as each other JUnit test: directly within the IDE or inside a build script. Even agile Test-driven Development (TDD) is possible. At first, the Camel test has to be written, before implementing the corresponding route.
If you want to learn more about Apache Camel, the first address should be the book "Camel in Action" [8], which describes all basics and many advanced features in detail including working code examples for each chapter. After whetting your appetite, let's now discuss when to use Apache Camel…
Alternatives for Systems Integration
Figure 3 shows three alternatives for integrating applications:
- Own custom Solution: Implement an individual solution that works for your problem without separating problems into little pieces. This works and is probably the fastest alternative for small use cases. You have to code all by yourself.
- Integration Framework: Use a framework, which helps to integrate applications in a standardized way using several integration patterns. It reduces efforts a lot. Every developer will easily understand what you did. You do not have to reinvent the wheel each time.
- Enterprise Service Bus (ESB): Use an ESB to integrate your applications. Under the hood, the ESB often also uses an integration framework. But there is much more functionality, such as business process management, a registry or business activity monitoring. You can usually configure routing and such stuff within a graphical user interface (you have to decide at your own if that reduces complexity and efforts). Usually, an ESB is a complex product. The learning curve is much higher than using a lightweight integration framework. Though, therefore you get a very powerful tool, which should fulfill all your requirements in large integration projects.
Figure 3: Alternatives for Systems Integration
If you decide to use an integration framework, you still have three good alternatives in the JVM environment: Spring Integration [9], Mule [10], and Apache Camel. They are all lightweight, easy to use and implement the EIPs. Therefore, they offer a standardized way to integrate applications and can be used even in very complex integration projects. A more detailed comparison of these three integration frameworks can be found at [11].
My personal favorite is Apache Camel due to its awesome Java, Groovy and Scala DSLs, combined with many supported technologies. Spring Integration and Mule only offer XML configuration. I would only use Mule if I need some of its awesome unique connectors to proprietary products (such as SAP, Tibco Rendevous, Oracle Siebel CRM, Paypal or IBM's CICS Transaction Gateway). I would only use Spring Integration in an existing Spring project and if I only need to integrate widespread technologies such as FTP, HTTP or JMS. In all other cases, I would use Apache Camel.
Nevertheless: No matter which of these lightweight integration frameworks you choose, you will have much fun realizing complex integration projects easily with low efforts. Remember: Often, a fat ESB has too much functionality, and therefore too much, unnecessary complexity and efforts. Use the right tool for the right job!
Apache Camel is ready for Enterprise Integration Projects
Apache Camel already celebrated its fourth birthday in July 2011 [12] and represents a very mature and stable open source project. It supports all requirements to be used in enterprise projects, such as error handing, transactions, scalability, and monitoring. Commercial support is also available.
The most important gains is its available DSLs, many components for almost every thinkable technology, and the fact, that the same syntax and concepts can be used always – even for automatic tests – no matter which technologies have to be integrated. Therefore, Apache Camel should always be evaluated as lightweight alternative to heavyweight ESBs. Get started by downloading the example of this article. If you need any help or further information, there is a great community and a well-written book available.
About the author
Kai Wähner works as an IT-Consultant at MaibornWolff et al in Munich, Germany. His main area of expertise lies within the fields of Java EE, SOA and Cloud Computing.
He is speaker at international IT conferences such as Jazoon or Confess, writes articles for professional journals, and shares his experiences with new technologies on his blog (www.kai-waehner.de/blog). Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com or Twitter: @KaiWaehner.
- [1] "Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions", ISBN: 0321200683, Gregor Hohpe, Bobby Woolf
- [2] Apache Camel http://camel.apache.org
- [3] Internal DSL http://martinfowler.com/bliki/DomainSpecificLanguage.html
- [4] Camel Archetypes http://camel.apache.org/camel-maven-archetypes.html
- [5] Example Code for this Article at github https://github.com/megachucky/camel-infoq
- [6] Reduced Dependency on Spring JARs http://davsclaus.blogspot.com/2011/08/apache-camel-29-reduced-dependency-on.html
- [7] Camel Type Converter http://camel.apache.org/type-converter.html
- [8] "Camel in Action", ISBN: 1935182366, Claus Ibsen, Jonathan Anstey, Hadrian Zbarcea
- [9] Spring Integration www.springsource.org/spring-integration
- [10] Mule ESB http://www.mulesoft.org
- [11] Comparison of Apache Camel, Mule ESB and Spring Integration https://www.kai-waehner.de/blog/2012/01/10/spoilt-for-choice-which-integration-framework-to-use-spring-integration-mule-esb-or-apache-camel
- [12] Fourth Birthday of Apache Camel http://camel.apache.org/2011/07/07/happy-birthday-camel.html
9 comments
Excellent tutorial, Thank you for sharing.
thanks ,, help,s very much
A well structured, simplified and yet powerful tutorial. It was fun going through. Thanks for the efforts.
I was looking for a good intro to Camel and here it is! Elegant, concise and informative. Thank you!
Nice tutorial on Apache camel. Beginners can easily understand by going through this.
good tutorial!
thx, I know camel, more than yesterday -
Good tutorial, very simple and informative.
Thank you -
All the examples are using Java, does it mean that Camel currently only supports Java and there is no SDK for .Net usage?
Yes. Currently, Apache Camel is a Java project. Therefore, you can use any JVM language such as Java, Groogy, Scala, etc. But no .NET
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text:
IF you live in the United States, you probably do some form of recycling. It's likely that you separate paper from plastic and glass and metal. You rinse the bottles and cans, and you might put food scraps in a container destined for a composting facility. As you sort everything into the right bins, you probably assume that recycling is helping your community and protecting the environment. But is it? Are you in fact wasting your time?
In 1996, I wrote a long article for The New York Times Magazine arguing that the recycling process as we carried it out was wasteful. I presented plenty of evidence that recycling was costly and ineffectual, but its defenders said that it was unfair to rush to judgment. Noting that the modern recycling movement had really just begun just a few years earlier, they predicted it would flourish as the industry matured and the public learned how to recycle properly.
So, what's happened since then? While it's true that the recycling message has reached more people than ever, when it comes to the bottom line, both economically and environmentally, not much has changed at all.
Despite decades of exhortations and mandates, it's still typically more expensive for municipalities to recycle household waste than to send it to a landfill. Prices for recyclable materials have plummeted because of lower oil prices and reduced demand for them overseas. The slump has forced some recycling companies to shut plants and cancel plans for new technologies. The mood is so gloomy that one industry veteran tried to cheer up her colleagues this summer with an article in a trade journal titled, "Recycling Is Not Dead!"
While politicians set higher and higher goals, the national rate of recycling has stagnated in recent years. Yes, it's popular in affluent neighborhoods like Park Slope in Brooklyn and in cities like San Francisco, but residents of the Bronx and Houston don't have the same fervor for sorting garbage in their spare time.
The future for recycling looks even worse. As cities move beyond recycling paper and metals, and into glass, food scraps and assorted plastics, the costs rise sharply while the environmental benefits decline and sometimes vanish. "If you believe recycling is good for the planet and that we need to do more of it, then there's a crisis to confront," says David P. Steiner, the chief executive officer of Waste Management, the largest recycler of household trash in the United States. "Trying to turn garbage into gold costs a lot more than expected. We need to ask ourselves: What is the goal here?"
Recycling has been relentlessly promoted as a goal in and of itself: an unalloyed public good and private virtue that is indoctrinated in students from kindergarten through college. As a result, otherwise well-informed and educated people have no idea of the relative costs and benefits.
They probably don't know, for instance, that to reduce carbon emissions, you'll accomplish a lot more by sorting paper and aluminum cans than by worrying about yogurt containers and half-eaten slices of pizza. Most people also assume that recycling plastic bottles must be doing lots for the planet. They've been encouraged by the Environmental Protection Agency, which assures the public that recycling plastic results in less carbon being released into the atmosphere.
But how much difference does it make? Here's some perspective: To offset the greenhouse impact of one passenger's round-trip flight between New York and London, you'd have to recycle roughly 40,000 plastic bottles, assuming you fly coach. If you sit in business- or first-class, where each passenger takes up more space, it could be more like 100,000.
Even those statistics might be misleading. New York and other cities instruct people to rinse the bottles before putting them in the recycling bin, but the E.P.A.'s life-cycle calculation doesn't take that water into account. That single omission can make a big difference, according to Chris Goodall, the author of "How to Live a Low-Carbon Life." Mr. Goodall calculates that if you wash plastic in water that was heated by coal-derived electricity, then the net effect of your recycling could be more carbon in the atmosphere.
To many public officials, recycling is a question of morality, not cost-benefit analysis. Mayor Bill de Blasio of New York declared that by 2030 the city would no longer send any garbage to landfills. "This is the way of the future if we're going to save our earth," he explained while announcing that New York would join San Francisco, Seattle and other cities in moving toward a "zero waste" policy, which would require an unprecedented level of recycling.
The national rate of recycling rose during the 1990s to 25 percent, meeting the goal set by an E.P.A. official, J. Winston Porter. He advised state officials that no more than about 35 percent of the nation's trash was worth recycling, but some ignored him and set goals of 50 percent and higher. Most of those goals were never met and the national rate has been stuck around 34 percent in recent years.
"It makes sense to recycle commercial cardboard and some paper, as well as selected metals and plastics," he says. "But other materials rarely make sense, including food waste and other compostables. The zero-waste goal makes no sense at all — it's very expensive with almost no real environmental benefit."
One of the original goals of the recycling movement was to avert a supposed crisis because there was no room left in the nation's landfills. But that media-inspired fear was never realistic in a country with so much open space. In reporting the 1996 article I found that all the trash generated by Americans for the next 1,000 years would fit on one-tenth of 1 percent of the land available for grazing. And that tiny amount of land wouldn't be lost forever, because landfills are typically covered with grass and converted to parkland, like the Freshkills Park being created on Staten Island. The United States Open tennis tournament is played on the site of an old landfill — and one that never had the linings and other environmental safeguards required today.
Though most cities shun landfills, they have been welcomed in rural communities that reap large economic benefits (and have plenty of greenery to buffer residents from the sights and smells). Consequently, the great landfill shortage has not arrived, and neither have the shortages of raw materials that were supposed to make recycling profitable.
With the economic rationale gone, advocates for recycling have switched to environmental arguments. Researchers have calculated that there are indeed such benefits to recycling, but not in the way that many people imagine.
Most of these benefits do not come from reducing the need for landfills and incinerators. A modern well-lined landfill in a rural area can have relatively little environmental impact. Decomposing garbage releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, but landfill operators have started capturing it and using it to generate electricity. Modern incinerators, while politically unpopular in the United States, release so few pollutants that they've been widely accepted in the eco-conscious countries of Northern Europe and Japan for generating clean energy.
Moreover, recycling operations have their own environmental costs, like extra trucks on the road and pollution from recycling operations. Composting facilities around the country have inspired complaints about nauseating odors, swarming rats and defecating sea gulls. After New York City started sending food waste to be composted in Delaware, the unhappy neighbors of the composting plant successfully campaigned to shut it down last year.
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THE environmental benefits of recycling come chiefly from reducing the need to manufacture new products — less mining, drilling and logging. But that's not so appealing to the workers in those industries and to the communities that have accepted the environmental trade-offs that come with those jobs.
Nearly everyone, though, approves of one potential benefit of recycling: reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. Its advocates often cite an estimate by the E.P.A. that recycling municipal solid waste in the United States saves the equivalent of 186 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, comparable to removing the emissions of 39 million cars.
According to the E.P.A.'s estimates, virtually all the greenhouse benefits — more than 90 percent — come from just a few materials: paper, cardboard and metals like the aluminum in soda cans. That's because recycling one ton of metal or paper saves about three tons of carbon dioxide, a much bigger payoff than the other materials analyzed by the E.P.A. Recycling one ton of plastic saves only slightly more than one ton of carbon dioxide. A ton of food saves a little less than a ton. For glass, you have to recycle three tons in order to get about one ton of greenhouse benefits. Worst of all is yard waste: it takes 20 tons of it to save a single ton of carbon dioxide.
Once you exclude paper products and metals, the total annual savings in the United States from recycling everything else in municipal trash — plastics, glass, food, yard trimmings, textiles, rubber, leather — is only two-tenths of 1 percent of America's carbon footprint.
As a business, recycling is on the wrong side of two long-term global economic trends. For centuries, the real cost of labor has been increasing while the real cost of raw materials has been declining. That's why we can afford to buy so much more stuff than our ancestors could. As a labor-intensive activity, recycling is an increasingly expensive way to produce materials that are less and less valuable.
Recyclers have tried to improve the economics by automating the sorting process, but they've been frustrated by politicians eager to increase recycling rates by adding new materials of little value. The more types of trash that are recycled, the more difficult it becomes to sort the valuable from the worthless.
In New York City, the net cost of recycling a ton of trash is now $300 more than it would cost to bury the trash instead. That adds up to millions of extra dollars per year — about half the budget of the parks department — that New Yorkers are spending for the privilege of recycling. That money could buy far more valuable benefits, including more significant reductions in greenhouse emissions.
So what is a socially conscious, sensible person to do?
It would be much simpler and more effective to impose the equivalent of a carbon tax on garbage, as Thomas C. Kinnaman has proposed after conducting what is probably the most thorough comparison of the social costs of recycling, landfilling and incineration. Dr. Kinnaman, an economist at Bucknell University, considered everything from environmental damage to the pleasure that some people take in recycling (the "warm glow" that makes them willing to pay extra to do it).
He concludes that the social good would be optimized by subsidizing the recycling of some metals, and by imposing a $15 tax on each ton of trash that goes to the landfill. That tax would offset the environmental costs, chiefly the greenhouse impact, and allow each municipality to make a guilt-free choice based on local economics and its citizens' wishes. The result, Dr. Kinnaman predicts, would be a lot less recycling than there is today.
Then why do so many public officials keep vowing to do more of it? Special-interest politics is one reason — pressure from green groups — but it's also because recycling intuitively appeals to many voters: It makes people feel virtuous, especially affluent people who feel guilty about their enormous environmental footprint. It is less an ethical activity than a religious ritual, like the ones performed by Catholics to obtain indulgences for their sins.
Religious rituals don't need any practical justification for the believers who perform them voluntarily. But many recyclers want more than just the freedom to practice their religion. They want to make these rituals mandatory for everyone else, too, with stiff fines for sinners who don't sort properly. Seattle has become so aggressive that the city is being sued by residents who maintain that the inspectors rooting through their trash are violating their constitutional right to privacy.
It would take legions of garbage police to enforce a zero-waste society, but true believers insist that's the future. When Mayor de Blasio promised to eliminate garbage in New York, he said it was "ludicrous" and "outdated" to keep sending garbage to landfills. Recycling, he declared, was the only way for New York to become "a truly sustainable city."
But cities have been burying garbage for thousands of years, and it's still the easiest and cheapest solution for trash. The recycling movement is floundering, and its survival depends on continual subsidies, sermons and policing. How can you build a sustainable city with a strategy that can't even sustain itself?
Read original NY Times article written by John Tierney https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/opinion/sunday/the-reign-of-recycling.html?mwrsm=Email

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Access to Campus Facilities
Lake Superior State University welcomes guests, visitors and members of the community into most buildings during normal business hours Monday through Friday. Visitors are asked to register their vehicles, free of charge, with the Public Safety Department upon arrival.
The Public Safety Department regularly patrols facilities and parking lots throughout the day to ensure the safety of its guests. The overall safety of the University is continually monitored through routine inspections and an enhanced fire and intruder alarm system.


text:
Hans Sloane, whose collection founded the British Museum, was a physician who had apprenticed as an apothecary. Petiver, who had dozens of corresponding collectors and whose contribution made up more than a third of Sloane's final collection, was an apothecary, "at the White Cross, near Long Lane in Aldersgate Street." The apothecary was where people went for help with their health, for information on their world.
You may have already sort of known this, but once you start following the flow of information -- and botanical specimens -- in the old days, it amazes you. I went to the Natural History Museum to see the results of the flow of information through Petiver and Sloane's apothecary habits, and I went to Long Lane and Aldersgate Street in London to see where Petiver's apothecary once stood. It's a pretty boring intersection now.
On the other hand, I also traveled to the Chelsea Physic Garden, right on the banks of the Thames. There I found myself in a place I would never have known of had I not traced up from Lawson to Petiver and Sloane. Founded in 1673 by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, the Chelsea Physic Garden is, besides the Oxford Botanical Garden, founded in 1621, the oldest botanical garden in England. Its guide describes it as "at its peak, during the 1700s, the most important centre for plant exchange on the planet."
So, kinda cool place.
Sir Hans Sloane surveys the Chelsea Physic Garden, where he apprenticed and began the lifelong passion for collecting and scientific observation that culminated in the founding of the British Museum. As the passage from Shakespeare below demonstrates, apothecaries were known for their interest in all things scientific, not merely the medicinal plants that formed the greater part of medicine in the 1600s and 1700s. I do remember an apothecary,— And hereabouts he dwells,—which late I noted In tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows, Culling of simples; meager were his looks, Sharp misery had worn him to the bones; And in his needy shop a tortoise hung, An alligator stuff'd, and other skins Of ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelves A beggarly account of empty boxes, Green earthen pots, bladders and musty seeds, Remnants of packthread and old cakes of roses, Were thinly scatter'd, to make up a show. -- Romeo and Juliet, V, i, 37-48. | Spread out over four acres along the Thames, the garden not only grew where gardens and markets had flourished since the time of Henry VIII but offered easy access to the river, the safest and most convenient way for the Apothecaries to travel, receive specimens from all over the world, and to store "the gaily painted barge they used for royal pageants for their celebrated 'herborising' expeditions," according to the Garden's own history. It struggled in its early decades but in 1712 was purchased, along with the nearby Manor of Chelsea, by Sloane (I'll explain how he got the money later), which explains why you come to the garden down Lower Sloane Street, from the Sloane Square tube station. The garden contains sections dedicated to medicinal plants, useful plants, and the oldest rock garden in Europe. Signs and guides provide explanations of the uses of such plants as hyssop (helps the ears) and goldenrod (helps pass bladder stones), and descriptions of the first herbal guides, published in the 1500s. A statue of Sloane stands at the center, but you follow paths and lawns to history beds (showing off species collected by famous head gardeners) and systematic order beds. There are some of Europe's first greenhouses, too, as well -- of course -- as a place to have tea. As delightful as the garden was, though, it helped tie together the stories of Lawson, Petiver, and Sloane. That is, consider the lines at left from Shakespeare, painting an apothecary in his mysterious lair full of animal skins; add in special access to this sort of secret garden; then add in the statue, the correspondence, and the books full of pressed flowers and jars full of faunal specimens preserved in spirits I saw at the Natural History Museum. Put them together and could you even think of a cooler job? Apothecaries were scientists and arcanists, naturalists and archivists, physicians and medical researchers. They worked in libraries full of leather books and laboratories full of beakers and decoctions and freaky stuff preserved in spirits. And when as Europe explored the world anybody found anything sufficiently weird, the explorer sent it back to the apothecaries. |
In what way does this not describe the coolest job in history? Sloane's own story makes the case. Well-enough known to enlightenment luminaries like philosopher John Locke and naturalist John Ray to be a member of the Royal Society in 1685, Sloane traveled to Jamaica as a court physician; while there he encountered a local combination of water and chocolate that he called "nauseaous." An apothecary doesn't leave poor enough alone. He discovered that by adding milk he made the beverage delightful and thereby created what we call hot chocolate, which took England by storm. (ADDITION, 7-13-15: I am told by an extremely reliable source that this story is regarded by those who know things as apocryphal. Sloane made his money by marrying a sugar widow and by being a doctor. Who knew?) |
Sloane wrote up his travels in Jamaica, in a 1696 catalog and a richly illustrated full Natural History published in 1707 and 1725.
But again -- that whole notion of collecting, of bringing to you the wonders of the age, of learning and displaying the secrets of nature, was the big takeaway for me. Sloane's house was visited as something of an invitation-only museum in his lifetime, and some of those specimens remain on display in the Darwin Centre at the Natural History Museum, spookily floating in jars.
And I couldn't help noticing that we've retained that adoration of the apothecary as a place of mystery and wonder as I visited the rest of London. If you go to the Making of Harry Potter Studio Tour (and you should!), you'll get to walk down the original set for the famous Diagon Alley. And there, among the quidditch shops and wand shops, among all the fancy and wonder, you'll find two examples of only one kind of business: Apothecaries, with Mr. Mulpepper competing -- right next door! -- with Slug & Jiggers, both with windows full of jars, potions, and specimens that could have come right from the Darwin Centre. We went to the Museum of London as well (also recommended!), where the Victorian Walk allows you to wander a London street from the late nineteenth century.
Yep. Apothecary. Turns out that once stuff is cool, it just stays cool. Ancient specimens, animals in spirit, a garden full of the plants of the world -- and hot chocolate.
Lawson was onto something.


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MSP900FH ultrasonic level transmitter for use in open channel flow measurement has a pre-wired remote temperature sensor and is suited for use in water and processing sites. Measuring 10mm diameter x 25 mm length, the sensor can be located in an appropriately shady spot between the liquid surface and the transmitter. In this way, the system ensures that the air temperature measurement used in speed of sound calculation is truly representative. The transmitter is 24 Vdc loop powered, supplied in a waterproof housing sealed to IP68. It has both analog 4-20 mA communications and digital HART options built-in, and can be used stand-alone, or as part of a site-wide measurement, control and data acquisition system.
Emerson Process Management, Mobrey; 800/999-9307; www.emersonprocess.com


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LDK Solar Co., Ltd.("LDK Solar" or the "Company") (NYSE: LDK), a leading vertically integrated manufacturer of photovoltaic (PV) products, announced that it has received a notice from the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") that the Company did not meet one of the NYSE's continued listing standards as the average closing price of the Company's American depositary shares (the "ADSs") was $0.99, less than $1.00, per ADS over a consecutive 30-trading-day period as of November 5, 2012.
Under the NYSE rules, LDK Solar must bring its average ADS closing price above $1.00 within the longer of six months of receipt of the NYSE's notification or its next annual meeting of shareholders if a shareholders' action is proposed.
The Company has notified the NYSE of its intention to cure this deficiency within the prescribed timeframe. During this cure period, the Company's ADSs will continue to be listed and traded on the NYSE, subject to compliance with other NYSE continued listing standards. If the Company fails to become compliant with the continued listing standards within the applicable timeframe, its ADSs may be delisted by the NYSE. The NYSE notification does not affect the Company's business operations or its Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements.


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We live in a fascinating world. We're surrounded by great products. They're all fastened together with - screws, nuts and bolts.
Every solution we create is to enable you to achieve higher productivity.
- It is about helping you to choose the right fasteners for the right application
- It is about supporting your new product design with our technical expertise
- It is about enabling a lean process in C-parts management


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Pulling back the curtain on the ostensibly "bipartisan" orientation for newly elected members of Congress at Harvard's Kennedy School in Boston, Reps.-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.) and Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.) informed the public through live social media updates on Thursday that – contrary to the ideologically neutral advertising – the private conference featured a heavy dose of speeches by corporate CEOs and completely shut out organized labor and members of the progressive community.
"Our 'bipartisan' congressional orientation is co-hosted by a corporate lobbyist group," Ocasio-Cortez noted, likely referring to the Koch-funded American Enterprise Institute, which is co-sponsoring the event. "Other members have quietly expressed to me their concern that this wasn't told to us in advance. Lobbyists are here. Goldman Sachs is here. Where's labor? Activists? Frontline community leaders?"
Right now Freshman members of Congress are at a "Bipartisan" orientation w/ briefings on issues.
Invited panelists offer insights to inform new Congressmembers' views as they prepare to legislate.
# of Corporate CEOs we've listened to here: 4
# of Labor leaders: 0— Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@Ocasio2018) December 6, 2018
Tlaib, for her part, called attention to a speech by Gary Cohn, the former Goldman Sachs president who left his post as President Donald Trump's chief economic adviser earlier this year.
According to Tlaib, Cohn condescendingly told the freshman members, "You guys are way over your head, you don't know how the game is played."
"No, Gary," Tlaib responded, "you don't know what's coming – a revolutionary Congress that puts people over profits."
Gary Cohen, former CEO Goldman Sachs addressing new members of Congress today: "You guys are way over your head, you don't know how the game is played."
No Gary, YOU don't know what's coming – a revolutionary Congress that puts people over profits. https://t.co/ZLML2qzAW6
— Rashida Tlaib (@RashidaTlaib) December 6, 2018
Journalists and progressives were quick to praise both Ocasio-Cortez and Tlaib for their commitment to transparency and their willingness to offer the public a behind-the-scenes look at the corporate-dominated event that typically goes entirely undiscussed by members of Congress and the press.
"One of the best parts of Ocasio-Cortez's arrival in D.C. as a new leader is that she notices, and is revolted by, the corrupt, corporatist rituals that are so embedded in D.C. culture that most politicians and journalists barely notice them, let alone find them objectionable or odd," noted The Intercept's Glenn Greenwald.
Others echoed Greenwald's praise of Ocasio-Cortez and Tlaib, both of whom rejected corporate PAC during their campaigns and ran on platforms demanding bold progressive change:
AOC's twitter feed gives a fantastic insight into the entire process, and makes you realize how disconnected we usually are from what our reps are up to. Transparency is a great thing. https://t.co/QrXZcuaEWo
— Josh Olson (@joshuarolson) December 6, 2018
I cannot say enough how inspiring and illuminating it is to watch these women heading to the Hill and immediately puncturing gaping holes in the gilded, ossified norms that have prevented Congress from working for the people. https://t.co/KHiKTAMxfu
— Brian Merchant (@bcmerchant) December 6, 2018
"Democratic leadership signs off on these events," observed Huffington Post reporter Zach Carter. "The new class isn't having it."
According to the Harvard Kennedy School's Institute of Politics (IOP), which is hosting the orientation, the event is designed to give newly elected members of Congress "insights on governing from former elected office holders, current and former senior White House and administration officials, diplomats, economists, business leaders, lobbyists, and academics."
Below is a list of speakers who are participating in the event. Conspicuously absent, as Ocasio-Cortez pointed out, are any representatives of organized labor, environmental groups, other public interest advocates, or anyone who could reasonably be considered a progressive:
- Hon. Elaine Chao, U.S. Secretary of Transportation, former Secretary of Labor and Director of the Peace Corps
- Hon. Ash Carter, former U.S. Secretary of Defense, Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, and Belfer Professor of Technology and Global Affairs
- Hon. Mitch Landrieu, former Mayor of New Orleans, IOP Visiting Fellow
- Danielle Allen, James Bryant Conant University Professor at Harvard University, and Director of Harvard's Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics.
- Mary Barra, Chairman and CEO of General Motors
- Arthur Brooks, President of the American Enterprise Institute, Professor of the Practice of Public Leadership at Harvard Kennedy School
- Gary Cohn, former Director of the National Economic Council
- Douglas Elmendorf, former Director of the Congressional Budget Office, Dean of Harvard Kennedy School
- David Gergen, former Presidential adviser, Public Service Professor of Public Leadership, Director of the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard Kennedy School
- Alex Gorsky, Chairman and CEO of Johnson & Johnson


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Sunday Bloody Book Review 1 –
"WHY MEN DON'T LISTEN & WOMEN CAN'T READ MAPS" by Allan & Barbara Peas
A must read for any male or female struggling to understand the opposite way of thinking!
For couples who just started dating to those who are celebrating their 60th wedding anniversary. This book sheds light to the little misunderstanding that often lead to big fights.
It's a very scientific and humorous approach to the genetic differences between men and women. Millions of years of evolution has imprinted concrete modes of thought for each gender. Though society and upbringing plays a small roll in shaping us into who we are, this book clearly shows that countless years of evolution is hard to ignore.
"Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps" is an international bestseller that reveals many of the universe's questions such as:
- Why men really can't do more than one thing at a time
- Why women make such a mess of parallel parking
- Why men should never lie to women
- Why women talk so much and men so little
- Why men love erotic images and women aren't impressed
- Why women prefer simply to talk it through
- Why men offer solutions but hate advice
- Why women despair about men's silences
I have to admit, I've had my share of thinking that Men are from Mars and Women are the Spawn of Satan. Thanks to this book, I'm more likely to think that we're all just misunderstood. (Though some women are just plain crazy still… =P )
I only have three rating scales –
- Must read
- OK read but you'll live without it
- Don't bother
This book is a MUST READ! It gives you knowledge that will change the way you deal with the opposite gender. It is very well written, with concrete facts and witty commentaries.


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English | Español | August 15, 2018 | Issue #67 | |||
#YoSoy132 and Allied Movements Pact a Change in Strategy for Friday's Peaceful Blockade of the Televisa NetworkOrganizations Agree that, "Any Act of Violence Will Be Met with a 'General Sit-In'" |
"Any act of violence will be met with a 'general sit-in,'" reads the poster announcing the peaceful blockade of Televisa. "Our dreams don't fit on your screen." |
In Mexico, beginning on Thursday evening July 26 and continuing for 24 hours into Friday, tens of thousands of citizens, at minimum, will create a human wall around the headquarters of the country's largest TV network, Televisa, in what the convoking organizations call "a symbolic blockade."
The action plan has evolved considerably since July 15 when many social organizations at the National Convention Against the Imposition in the town of Atenco outside of Mexico City called for the "toma" ("taking") of Televisa headquarters on July 27. The original plan was to set a time and place for participants to meet in advance of the action and at that moment "measure the correlation of forces" to decide whether there would be the strength in numbers to take the TV network building, or whether to convert the "taking" into a blockade or some other kind of action.
"I was there in Atenco," said José, a 24-year-old student of Spanish Literature at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, in its Spanish initials), two days after the convention. "It seemed very exciting and I got swept up in the moment and voted for it. Later, heading home from the convention, I began to have second thoughts and worried whether as a movement we are really ready to do that without violence."
He was not the only participant with second thoughts. (The concerns of many #YoSoy132 members contributed to the July 16 Narco News story, "How Not to Get Eaten When the Dinosaurs Escape from Their Cages.") The Mexico City metropolitan area chapters of the #YoSoy132 student movement called an urgent assembly for Monday, July 23 at the UNAM to decide its position on the July 27 Televisa action. There, representatives of more than 40 #YoSoy132 chapters from the region met, bringing the decisions from their local assemblies together.
For the first time, a #YoSoy132 "meeting of assemblies" (that is, an assembly that came out of many local assemblies) barred the news media from attending the session. According to one account on the official #YoSoy13 media page, "A round of votes decided 'NO.' The communication and press commission intervened, and the assembly again voted 'NO.' It was a rotund agreement not to permit video or audiotaping or photos… The press left, the reporters, disgusted. 'It is our work, we support your causes and we believe it is unjust that you don't let us be present.'"
This reporter is in absolute agreement with the assembly's decision to do its work without the glare of the cameras and the news media, and thinks his colleagues should stop whining about it (after all, how many of them invite the rest of the media into their work and planning meetings?). The presence of the media almost always changes the outcome of a story and encourages speechmaking and other grandstanding behavior that is disruptive to any serious deliberative process. (It's The Heisenberg Principle 101: You can't study something without also changing it.) Furthermore, for every honest reporter that tells a story accurately there are five whose media organizations make them distort it, and one or two reporters who think they are sympathetic with the movement but, whether through human error or ideological blinders, still end up getting it wrong. It is a sign of the seriousness and maturity of the #YoSoy132 assembly that it took this step to help itself make a cleaner deliberation.
The resulting consensus is that, yes, the #YoSoy132 movement wanted to participate in a July 27 action targeted at Televisa but, no, it did not consider this the moment to "take" the TV station. The "taking" would therefore be "symbolic." Among the agreements: "We will not move against the police nor against the employees (of the TV network). Our demand is against the institutions, always without affecting individuals."
This decision, of course, was different than that which came out of the July 15 convention of many organizations in Atenco, and so #YoSoy132 accorded to meet the following day, Tuesday, with the Popular Front for Defense of the Land (FPDT) of Atenco, the Mexican Electric Workers Union (SME), the National Coordinator of Education Workers (CNTE, the independent teachers union) and other organizations that had been part of the Atenco convention. These are each formidable organizations with considerable experience at protest, but none of them – not even together – have the numbers or convocational reach that #YoSoy132 has proved to have in its two-and-a-half months of existence.
Tuesday's meeting went well. The other organizations agreed to #YoSoy132's terms of changing the action to a peaceful, symbolic blockade, with specific guidelines meant to foster the nonviolent nature of the action, many of which appear now in #YoSoy132's official communiqué announcing the action which will begin Thursday, July 26 at 8 p.m. at the Monument to the Revolution in Mexico City, march to the Televisa headquarters, camp the night there, and begin the nonviolent blockade at 6 a.m., Friday, July 27.
From the Press Declaration of the #YoSoy132 Assembly:
"By consensus, our assemblies decided that the July 27 action in front of Televisa's Chapultepec offices will be of a peaceful and civil nature via a blockade near the headquarters with a massive human wall, maintaining the peaceful principle of our movement… This protest will be made to denounce the media manipulation that the network imposes daily and especially in the recent electoral process and for the role that this company has played in the imposition of Enrique Peña Nieto…."During the realization of this blockade we will organize cultural and symbolic actions to make our rejection of the television monopoly evident… We demand guarantees to our constitutional rights of free demonstration, considering that we are conducting an act of peaceful civil disobedience that will not attempt to enter the company installations and will not use violence or aggression against any employee of the company, because our struggle is against the media monopolies, the de facto powers, and the political power of the TV network, and not against its employees or police forces. That's why we will not block anyone from leaving the installations and the blockade around them will be peaceful. Our own bodies will surround the TV station…
"We call on the organizations, collectives, movements, networks and the citizenry in general to respect and participate in this style of peaceful blockade, avoiding any confrontation with the police corps or with security personnel of the company. In the case of suffering any aggression or provocation we have decided by consensus to NOT respond with violence but, rather, with peaceful civil resistance, seating ourselves on the ground. We also announce that nobody will march with ski-masks or with their faces covered, nor will it be permitted to carry any object or weapon that could put the action at risk. Of course, nobody should participate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The assemblies of #YoSoy132 maintain our unity with this consensus decision."
If the 24-hour action is carried out with discipline and adherence to these guidelines, it will mark an historic moment for Mexican social movements. While some indigenous movements and those of specific labor or other sectors have shown this level of planning and agreement prior to conducting a mass action, there is no history of a large and diverse coalition of forces doing so with this level of detail. Typically, mass marches in Mexico have had more of an "anything goes" fashion to them.
There is also good reason for the quick work the #YoSoy132 assemblies did to change the strategy and tactics of the Televisa protest. While the Mexico City police have not, to date, acted repressively against any of the student movement marches or actions, and compared to police forces in other states and cities are relatively tolerant of protests, sources with access to the Televisa building tell Narco News that Federal Preventative Police forces – which answer to the government of president Felipe Calderón – are already deployed inside the network's studios. Calderón is looking for opportunities to justify the use of federal force, something that the #YoSoy132 assembly has likely now taken from him with the change in action plan.
There will also be marches and symbolic blockades of Televisa facilities in Monterrey, Guadalajara and other Mexican cities. These are the places where local, state or federal governments may see more opportunity to move with violence against the protests (as always, in a manner that Televisa and other media then portray as violence instigated by the protesters). Last weekend, while the peaceful mega-march in Mexico City happened cleanly and without incident, municipal police in Oaxaca, Oaxaca and in León, Guanajuato beat and arrested some protesters.
Another factor is that while #YoSoy132 and the organizations from the Atenco convention agreed on these basic guidelines, including that, "nor will it be permitted to carry any object or weapon that could put the action at risk," spokespersons for the Atenco FPDT organization have said they will be carrying their trademark machete swords during the action, "not as a symbol of violence but of the struggle of our grandparents." That organization has had the discipline over the past decade to brandish its machetes – used most commonly as work tools – without using them as weapons, but if other individuals or organizations with less discipline and experience then say, "well, if they can do it, so can I," the agreed-upon guidelines and the mass discipline required to maintain them could begin to weaken. The Televisa action is a test for all forces on all sides of the struggle, pro and con, as to how each will conduct themselves in the first-ever mass peaceful blockade of a TV station in Mexico.
The Televisa compound on Chapultepec Avenue is in the Doctores neighborhood of Mexico City, close to the Historic Downtown district,and near several key traffic routes, including two Metrobus lines on Balderas Street and Chapultepec. It is recommended that participants and journalists covering the peaceful blockade study the paths in an out of the area, especially in the event that authorities might close certain streets near the TV station. |
The stakes are high for Friday's nonviolent and symbolic blockade of Televisa. The escalation of tactics and the choice of the country's most powerful media company are in tune with the mood of the public, but also perceived as threatening inside the Televisa buildings, where the company recently sent out a memo to employees instructing them not to wear their company badges outside the premises. Many low-level staffers have been told not to report to work on Friday (some for this entire week), apparently a result of the company's fear that many of its own personnel are in agreement with the protests and might attempt to participate from the inside of their offices.
Even in Mexico City, with its comparatively more tolerant policing of protests (especially when they are against the PRI - the Institutional Revolutionary Party of Peña Nieto – and the PAN - the National Action Party of Calderón – opposition parties to the local governing PRD - Democratic Revolution Party – that controls the city government), there are politicians and bureaucrats who crave positive media attention and therefore answer to Televisa and other big media companies. Friday brings a key test of whether the local government of Marcelo Ebrard will maintain its soft hand against peaceful protests that have occurred against other non-media targets.
"I'm a little bit afraid," one #YoSoy132 participant told us yesterday of her plans for Friday's action, "but of course I am going to go." It's a conversation that is being repeated throughout the city, the metropolitan area and the nation this week, as the twenty-first century revolutionaries head to the true seat of power in an over-mediated world: the TV station.
Click here for more Narco News coverage of Mexico
Lea Ud. el Artículo en Español
- The Fund for Authentic Journalism


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New Explanation for Why Alzheimer Plaques Form in Brains
The growth of plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease comes from a failure of the brain to get rid of the plaque-forming substance known as amyloid-beta, according to a new study. This finding goes against a previous hypothesis for the plaque buildup: that patients' brains simply make more amyloid-beta than healthy brains do.
"Clearance is impaired in Alzheimer's disease ," said study researcher Dr. Randall Bateman, assistant professor of neurology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
The researchers compared a group of 12 patients who had early-stage Alzheimer's disease with 12 healthy people of similar ages. Both groups produced amyloid-beta at the same average rate, Bateman said, but the average rate at which the substance was cleared from the brain was 30 percent lower in the Alzheimer's patients.
At this lowered elimination rate, Bateman and his colleagues calculated, the levels of amyloid-beta seen in the brains of Alzheimer's patients would be reached in 10 years.
The study is published this week in the journal Science.
The results have important implications for both diagnosis and treatment, the researchers said. Scientists are now interested in learning how amyloid-beta, a byproduct of normal metabolism, is moved out of the brain during breakdown and disposal. Understanding such processes in detail will be essential for researchers looking for ways to diagnose the disease before symptoms appear, and for drug developers looking to target the problems with pharmaceuticals.
Amyloid-beta was recognized long ago as a key component of the brain plaques found during autopsies of Alzheimer's patients.
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One of the ways the brain clears away the amyloid-beta normally produced by brain cells is by moving it into the spinal fluid. Studies have suggested that a drop in levels of amyloid-beta in spinal fluid is an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease, possibly because it shows that the amyloid-beta is getting stuck in the brain and starting to accumulate there.
Treatments designed to clear amyloid-beta from the brain have recently been failing, leading some neurologists to speculate that the protein may not be causatively linked to Alzheimer's.
According to Bateman, though, the new data associates Alzheimer's with disruption of the brain's ability to handle amyloid-beta normally.
"These findings support the idea that impaired amyloid-beta clearance is fundamentally linked to Alzheimer's disease," Bateman said.
Pass it on: The brain of someone with Alzheimer's can't get rid of the amyloid-beta it produces as the brains of healthy people can.
- Breakthrough Untangles One Key to Alzheimerâ??s Disease
- Fish Oil Won't Slow Alzheimer's, Study Finds
- 10 Ways to Keep Your Mind Sharp
Follow MyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @MyHealth_MHND.


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With over 123,000 page views last month and affordable rates, Va-Voom Vintage is an ideal place to advertise your holiday sales. Grab your November ad space for your blog, website or business with rates ranging from $15-$35 for the month. Ads sell out very quickly so if your ad size is booked, you can reserve for next month.
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Physical Therapy in Highland for Wrist
Welcome to Preferred Therapy Services Inc.'s patient resource about de Quervain's Tenosynovitis.
The condition called de Quervain's tenosynovitis causes pain on the inside of the wrist and forearm just above the thumb. It is a common problem affecting the wrist and is usually easy to diagnose.
This guide will help you understand:
- how this condition starts
- how to recognize the symptoms
- what can be done to stop the pain
What part of my thumb and wrist is causing problems?
De Quervain's tenosynovitis affects surgery. These tendons are called the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB).
Tendons connect muscle to bone. Muscles pull on tendons for movement. The
Muscles Connected
to the APL and EPB tendons are on the back of the forearm. The muscles angle toward the thumb.
On their way to the thumb, the APL and EPB tendons travel side by side along the inside edge of the wrist. They pass through a
near the end of the radiusbone of the forearm. The tunnel helps hold the tendons in place, like the guide on a fishing pole.
This tunnel is lined with a slippery coating called tenosynovium. The tenosynovium is a slippery covering that allows the two tendons to glide easily back and forth as they move the thumb. Inflammation of the tenosynovium and tendon is called tenosynovitis. In de Quervain's tenosynovitis, the inflammation constricts the movement of the tendons within the tunnel.
Related Document: Preferred Therapy Services Inc.'s Guide to Wrist Anatomy
How did this condition develop?
Repeatedly performing hand and thumb motions such as grasping, pinching, squeezing, or wringing may lead to the inflammation of tenosynovitis. This inflammation can lead to swelling, which hampers the smooth gliding action of the tendons within the tunnel. Arthritic diseases that affect the whole body, such as rheumatoid arthritis, can also cause tenosynovitis in the thumb. In other cases, scar tissue from an injury can make it difficult for the tendons to slide easily through the tunnel.
What problems does this condition cause?
At first, the only sign of trouble may be soreness on the thumb side of the forearm, near the wrist. If the problem isn't treated, pain may spread up the forearm or further down into the wrist and thumb.
As the friction increases, the two tendons may actually begin to squeak as they move through the constricted tunnel. This noise is called crepitus. If the condition is especially bad, there may be swelling along the tunnel near the edge of the wrist. Grasping objects with the thumb and hand may become increasingly painful.
How will my health care provider identify my problem?
When you visit Preferred Therapy Services Inc., we usually diagnose de Quervain's tenosynovitis easily through a physical examination. Most of the time no special tests are required. The major problem can be distinguishing de Quervain's tenosynovitis from intersection syndrome, which is a very similar condition.
Careful attention must be paid to where the pain is located: over the de Quervain's tunnel near the end of the radius bone, or over the intersection point on the wrist. The intersection point is about three inches up the forearm.
The Finklestein test is one of the best ways to make the diagnosis. You can do this test yourself. Bend your thumb into the palm and grasp the thumb with your fingers making a fist with the thumb inside. Now bend your wrist away from your thumb. If you feel pain over the tendons to the thumb, your problem may be de Quervain's tenosynovitis.
Once your diagnostic examination is complete, the Physical Therapists at Preferred Therapy Services Inc. have treatment options that will help speed your recovery, so that you can more quickly return to your active lifestyle.
Our Treatment
Non-surgical Rehabilitation
If at all possible, you must change or stop all activities that cause your symptoms. Take frequent breaks when doing repeated hand and thumb actions. Avoid repetitive hand motions such as heavy grasping, wringing, or turning and twisting movements of the wrist. Keep the wrist in a neutral alignment. In other words, keep it in a straight line with your arm, without bending it forward or backward.
After your injury is evaluated, our Physical Therapist may want you to wear a special forearm and thumb splint called a thumb-spica splint. This splint keeps the wrist and lower joints of the thumb from moving. The splint allows the APL and EPB tendons to rest, giving them a chance to begin to heal.
Anti-inflammatory medications may also help control the swelling of the tenosynovium and ease symptoms. These medications include common over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen and aspirin.
When you begin your Preferred Therapy Services Inc. program, the main focus of our Physical Therapy is to reduce or eliminate the cause of irritation of the thumb tendons. Our Physical Therapist may check your workstation and the way you do your work tasks. We may provide suggestions about the use of healthy body alignment and wrist positions, helpful exercises, and tips on how to prevent future problems.
If nonsurgical treatment is successful, you may see improvement in about four to six weeks. You may need to continue wearing your thumb splint to control symptoms. Try to do your activities using healthy body and wrist alignment, and limit activities that require repeated motions of the wrist and thumb.
Post-surgical Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is more involved after surgery. Full recovery could take several months. Pain and symptoms generally begin to improve after surgery, but you may have tenderness in the area of the incision for several months.
Take time during the day to support your arm with your hand elevated above the level of your heart. You should move your fingers and thumb occasionally during the day. Keep the dressing on your hand until you return to the surgeon. Avoid getting the stitches wet. Your stitches will be removed 10 to 14 days after surgery.
Although the time required for recovery is different for each patient, as a general rule, you will probably need to attend your Physical Therapy sessions for six to eight weeks. Our therapist will have you begin by doing active hand movements and range-of-motion exercises. We may also use ice packs, soft-tissue massage, and hands-on stretching to help with the range of motion.
When the stitches are removed, you may start carefully strengthening your hand and thumb by squeezing and stretching putty. Our Physical Therapists also use a series of gentle stretches to encourage the thumb tendons to glide easily within the tunnel.
As you progress, our Physical Therapist will give you exercises to help strengthen and stabilize the muscles and joints in your hand and thumb. We may also use other exercises to improve fine motor control and dexterity. Some of the exercises we'll recommend are designed to get your hand working in ways that are similar to your work tasks and sport activities.
Our Physical Therapist will help you find ways to do your tasks that don't put too much stress on your thumb and wrist. Before your Physical Therapy sessions end, our Physical Therapist will teach you a number of ways to avoid future problems.
Preferred Therapy Services Inc. provides services for Physical Therapy in Highland.
Physician Review
Your doctor may suggest an injection of cortisone into the irritated tunnel. Cortisone reduces the swelling of the tenosynovium and may temporarily relieve your symptoms. Cortisone injections will usually control the inflammation in the early stages of the problem.
If all else fails, you may need surgery. The goal of surgery is to give the tendons more space so they no longer rub on the inside of the tunnel. To do this, the surgeon performs a surgical release of the roof of the tunnel.
This surgery can usually be done on an outpatient basis, which means that you won't have to spend the night in the hospital. It can be done using a general anesthetic, which puts you to sleep, or a regional anesthetic. A regional anesthetic blocks the nerves going to only a certain part of the body. Injection of medications similar to novocaine can block the nerves for several hours.
In surgery for de Quervain's tenosynovitis, you may get an axillary block, which puts the arm to sleep, or a wrist block, which puts only the hand to sleep. It is even possible to perform the surgery by simply injecting novocaine around the area of the incision.
Once you have anesthesia, your surgeon will make sure the skin of your forearm and wrist is free of infection by cleaning the skin with a germ-killing solution. The first step in the surgical release is to make a small incision along the thumb side of the wrist.
Small Incision
The surgeon moves aside other tissues and locates the tendons and the tunnel. An incision is made to split the roof, or top, of the tunnel. This allows the tunnel to open up, creating more space for the tendons. The tunnel will eventually heal closed, but it will be larger than before. Scar tissue will fill the gap where the tunnel was cut.
The skin is then stitched together, and your hand is wrapped in a bulky dressing.
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This article needs more links. Please improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing article. (November 2017) |
Dawn is a young Pokémon Coordinator who used to travel through the Sinnoh region along with Ash and Brock. Dawn started her journey at the age of 10, honing her skills as a Pokémon Trainer and focusing on becoming a Top Coordinator like her mother, Johanna.
She's notable for her confidence, even when things are not going well. She has learned a lot throughout her travels and battles and can get very emotional when it comes to winning or losing in a contest. Throughout her Sinnoh travels she has developed rivalries with many coordinators such as Zoey (her main rival, albeit a friendly one), Nando, Jessie, Kenny, and Ursula, her rivals.
Dawn's outfit consists of a mini dress which is mostly black with a white undershirt inside a V-shaped neck with a short pink skirt. On her head, she wears a white beanie with a pink Poké Ball print on it. She also wears gold hair clips that hold up her hair in front. On her feet, she wears pink knee-high boots with black socks underneath. She also has a small yellow backpack with all her personal belongings. It is nearly identical to her game counterpart's with the exception of her scarf and bag. Her contest outfit is a pink dress with a necklace which has a small red ribbon on it, dark pink horizontal and vertical accents, pink sash, and has her hair in a ponytail.
Dawn is very confident in her abilities. Though not to the same extent as Ash. She often gets emotional when she loses, and Ash and Brock often helped her to cope with that. When she lost two contests in a row, not managing to get through the appeals round, she became very depressed. However, she regained her confidence after she won the Wallace Cup. She is also very sensitive and supportive of her friends. A clear example of that occurred when she worked on a cheerleading recital to help Ash feel better after he fell into depression after his humiliating defeat at the hands of his bitter rival Paul. She also quite appears to be quick tempered sometimes.
Diamond & Pearl[]
Dawn made her debut in Following A Maiden's Voyage! when she picked Piplup as her starter Pokémon. In the next episode she met Ash's Pikachu after it had temporarily escaped from Team Rocket. Returning Pikachu to Ash would be how she met him and Brock. Dawn traveled with Ash and Brock through Sinnoh until Ash and Brock left for home after the Sinnoh League.
When she makes a mistake she will often quickly recover and strive to do better. Sometimes she can be a little overconfident though, and it may cause her to make a simple mistake, like when she had her newly evolved Ambipom use Swift. Despite this, Dawn is carefree, upbeat, cheerful and is always confident in her abilities, even from the beginning of her journey. Dawn's mother, Johanna, gave Dawn her very first ribbon in the first episode and now Dawn keeps it with her as a good-luck charm. Her old friends for some mysterious reason (which Dawn keeps trying to hide) call her "Dee Dee" (Diamond Dandruff). Dawn seems to be more fixated on her appearance then the other two main female characters Misty and May. In an episode, Dawn would refuse to show herself to Ash and Brock until she straightened out her bed hair.
In her first contest, Dawn makes friends with a talented Coordinator called Zoey. Dawn loses her accessory just before the contest and thus the contest. Zoey talks to Dawn about how losing is just a lesson that you should learn from. Dawn promises that she will become just as good as Zoey one day.For a while, Dawn seemed to be on a losing streak, losing in the appeal round of her competitions two times in a row. Her goal proceeded as she participated in her fourth Pokémon Contest in the episode Another One Gabites The Dust! where Dawn faced a rather mean and arrogant girl named Ursula. After insulting her, the two coordinators developed a fierce rivalry. Soon enough, two girls faced each other at the finals where Dawn's Pachirisu barely managed to beat Ursula's Gabite though winning the battle. As she learns about the double appeals in the upcoming contest, Dawn is determined to create a new combination. At first she lacks of ideas, but soon develops an Ice-Fire combination idea consisted out of Mamoswine and Cyndaquil.
It was revealed that the reason for the name was due to her hair glittering (ピカピカ pikapika) after being shocked by the class pets in her kindergarten, Plusle and Minun. With her hair ruined, Kenny spread the word and soon she was teased by the nickname. Since her last win in the Daybreak Town, she has been training hard for the upcoming Grand Festival and has come up with many new combinations such as the Pachirisu/Mamoswine combo and the Buneary/Cyndaquil combo.
In Last Call — First Round! the Grand Festival begins. Except Kenny, all of Dawn's rivals including Dawn make it to the Battle Round. Dawn battled Ursula once again and after 5 minutes of intense battling Dawn defeats Ursula. After Ursula's defeat she admitted that she is weaker than Dawn.Dawn managed to reach the semi-finals of the Grand Festival. There, she found herself against to no other than Jessilina. In the end, Dawn won and advanced to the finals to face Zoey who has beaten Nando in the semi-finals.
Zoey and Dawn, they both showcase their skills as Top Coordinator; but as the time runs out, with only few points difference Zoey wins the title of Top Coordinator and the Sinnoh Ribbon Cup so she gets in the second place. She promises to her Pokémon that they will not stop trying until they reach the top.
Upon returning to Twinleaf Town, Johanna informs Dawn that Paris from Hearthome City wants Dawn to model Buneary and the outfits she designed. Although Dawn was originally going to leave with Ash and Brock to go to Kanto, she decides that she will remain in Sinnoh.
Black & White[]
Ash, Iris and Cilan arrives at Cynthia's house waiting to see who's waiting for Ash. Once they come in Dawn sneaks behind Ash and pokes him, making him think someone's behind him. She's then introduced to Iris and Cilan and Ash tells Dawn about his new friend Meloetta. Dawn misunderstands what he's talking about and he decides to show her Ash's new Pokémon and Iris' and Cilan's as well. She introduces herself to them and brings out her own Pokémon, revealing her Cyndaquil evolved into Quilava which impresses Ash. Cilan decides to battle Dawn since Dawn is a coordinator and Cilan is a connoisseur. During the battle Dawn showed everyone her contest moves and Cilan gave his evaluation which confused Dawn and embarrassed Iris. After the battle they decide to relax for a while and they hear Meloetta sing its song. Team Rocket records the song and reports it to Prof. Segar as they make preparations for the future. In BW095, she left for the Johto region.
Voice Actresses[]
- Dutch: Meghna Kumar
- Italian: Tosawi Piovani (Season 10 - 11), Ludovica De Caro (Season 12 - 13)
- Greek: Stella Bonatsou
- Mandarin: Lin Meixiu
- Czech: Rosita Erbanova
- Danish: Annevig Schelde-Ebbe
- Finnish: Mirjami Heikkinen
- Norwegian: Eline Høyer
- French: Alexandra Correa
- Korean: Chong Mi-Suk
- Hebrew: Talia Barkai
- German: Jana Julie
- Polish: Magdalena Krylik (Season 10), Beata Wyrabkiewicz (Season 11 - 13)
- Brazilian Portuguese: Fernanda Bulara
- Russian: Anastasia Fomicheva (Season 10 - 11), Olga Shorohova (Season 12 - 15)
- Thai: Sansanee Watthananumomchan
- Latin American Spanish: Gaby Ugarte (Season 10, 11 & 13), Leyla Rangel (Season 12)
- Portuguese: Raquel Ferreira (Season 10), Joana Carvalho (Season 11 - 13)
- European Spanish: Mar Bordallo
- Swedish: Elina Raeder
- Dawn's bike was destroyed by Pikachu's Thunderbolt, a sort of ongoing gag that has been used with the other two girls, Misty and May. Not with Iris though with her swinging on vines.
- Both Hikari and Dawn mean some type of light.
- As revealed in DP161, Dawn's nickname Pikari/Dee Dee is tied with her fear of Plusle and Minun.
- Dawn is the first main character other than Ash to see a Legendary Pokémon right at the beginning of her journey with her destined Pokémon. Ash saw Ho-oh with Pikachu on his side while Dawn saw Mesprit after saving Piplup.
- Dawn is the first of Ash's companions to have caught an Electric-type Pokémon, Pachirisu.
- Dawn's personality reflects one of the emotion Pokémon, Mesprit.
- Dawn is the first female protagonist to trade Pokémon with Ash.
- Dawn is Ash's only companion who did not have a particular reason for traveling with Ash and Brock through a region.
- Dawn is the second character besides May to travel to another region Ash has already been through. In Dawn's case, she traveled to Hoenn where Ash previously traveled, and May traveled to Johto where Ash was traveling before meeting her.
- Dawn became famous for winning the Wallace Cup.
- Dawn has battled two Gym Leaders in the anime: The first was Maylene and the second was Cilan.
- Dawn is Ash's only female travelling companion who didn't use a new outfit during her return.
- Dawn returned in BW series for nine episodes which is longer than Misty, who returned on two different occasions for a total of five, and May who returned to the show for five episodes total.
- Dawn has met all three of Ash's rivals, having met Gary and Paul in Sinnoh and Trip (during her return in Unova).
- Dawn is Ash's only travelling companion who lost to Jessie in an appeal round and to compete for the same ribbon twice.
- Both Dawn and Zoey's Japanese names, "Hikari" and "Nozomi". They are both also the names of two Shinkansen "bullet train" lines. The Nozomi is faster than the Hikari, which resembles how Zoey goes further in her skills as a coordinator, than Dawn.
- Dawn is the only female companion of Ash's that has battled against a member of the Elite Four. In this case, it is Lucian.
Pokemon Wiki


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