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The following post was uncovered while we were researching our Travel Smarter 2012 series. Deep in our archives, we discovered this article, titled "Travel smarter in 1982," which was published in the spring 1982 edition of "The Illustrated Gadling Quarterly." We are republishing it here as a reminder that, though a great deal has changed in 30 years, travel is still pretty tubular. We have updated the post to include links and video when appropriate.
Travel Smarter 1982
After last year's air traffic controllers' strike, this year can only see improvements in the world of travel (unless, of course, stewardesses decided to start pouring less whiskey in our drinks). While the FAA is still hiring and training new air traffic controllers, Americans are returning to the road, now that gas prices are finally normalizing. And, we're seeing some bitchin' technology that will make life away from home more comfortable than ever before. It's 1982 and time to travel smarter!Air Travel
Flying was a total nightmare last year. Flight schedules were dramatically affected by the air traffic controllers' strike and the industry is still recovering. That said, there's no need to avoid flying and it's still a luxurious way to travel.
How else can you travel the globe in comfort while eating delicious meals and watching some of Hollywood's brightest stars on shared screens? And, as if air travel wasn't already convenient enough, we're hearing rumors that a new company, Airfone Inc., is testing out air-to-ground telephone service that could become available on commercial flights as early as this year! Can you imagine calling your friends and family to tell them that you're a mile above them? No longer will time on a plane be lost time for your business.
For those of you who aren't fans of all of those cigarette smokers in the backs of airplanes, Muse Air, the first non-smoking airline in the United States, plans to launch this year after being delayed by last year's strike. It will only operate in Texas (between Dallas and Houston), but its focus on comfort has us believing that it will soon be a major player in the industry.
Road Trips
With the oil embargo (and its effects on gas prices) behind us, and some people still squeamish about flying because of the strike, America is ready to reignite its love affair with road trips. 1982 should see more Americans hitting the road as gas prices hold steady rather than spiking dramatically, as they have since 1978.
If you're looking to replace your old gas-guzzler, Chrysler has recently introduced two new "compact cars" that get much better gas mileage than most older models on the road. The Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant are both affordable, fuel-efficient and, of course, sleek. For under $6,000, you and your family can hit the road with money left over for a motel room that has HBO!
Still, with gas prices at over $1 per gallon, people are choosing their road trips wisely. One place that we're certain will attract visitors is…
Why will Florida be so popular? Because in 1982, the future is now in the Sunshine State! This year will see the opening of Disney's EPCOT Center and the third launch of NASA's new space shuttle program.
EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow) is a tourist attraction unlike anything that we've ever seen. It's the 21st century…today!
Guests will be able to enjoy Future World, a look into, well, the future, and the World Showcase, which allows visitors to travel the globe without ever having to leave central Florida! Future World features exhibits such as the Universe of Energy sponsored by Exxon and The Land, brought to you by Kraft. Both attractions look at our environment and how humans, along with massive multinational corporations, keep the planet clean.
The World Showcase features pavilions from nine countries representing such exotic and hard-to-reach locales as Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom. One of the nine pavilions is dedicated to the "American Adventure," which you can experience right here in America! We're hearing whispers that they will add more countries in the future. Hopefully we'll be done exploring the Canadian pavilion by then!
Meanwhile, not too far from Orlando, NASA has begun launching their new space shuttles from Kennedy Space Center. Just last year, the Space Shuttle Columbia completed the first two missions of the program. This March, it will launch again with two astronauts on board. Tourists from around the world are expected to converge at Cape Canaveral to watch as the shuttle leaves Earth to explore the great unknown. It's quite a sight and should be on everyone's must-see list. It's your chance to see the beginnings of a space program that could have us colonizing Mars in 20 years!
One of the advantages of road trips has always been the ability to listen to music along the way. With the radio and cassettes, we have music, news and entertainment everywhere our cars can take us. But what happens when we choose to fly? While in-flight movies can help pass the time, sometimes we just want to listen to our rad tunes. That's why we're so excited about the Sony Walkman. The portable cassette player has been around for a few years, but thanks to some competition, the price is finally right for almost any traveler.
You can now find a Walkman for around $25 or $30 and are limited only by the number of cassettes that you want to carry in your luggage. That means that you can afford one for everyone in your family, which should finally put an end to all of that whining from the kids about how bored they are on the plane or in the backseat of the car.
Get going!
There's a bodacious year of travel ahead of us and hopefully you can take advantage of our tips and suggestions. Head over to your local travel agent, have her find you the best fares and hotels and get out there! Or, load the family into your new car and get down to Florida for a look at the future.
Oh, and if you're looking for a hot new destination, trust us on this bonus tip: the Falkland Islands are the place to be in 1982!
Top photo of TWA Boeing 767-200 via Flickr user Deanster1983.
Second photo of 1981 Dodge Aries via Flickr user aldenjewell.


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However, every once in a while we get a taste of what it's like to really be in the game and it's interesting...and busy and exhausting. Turns out the game is harder than a person would think. Now I know that might sound strange given the fact, I used to be a full time mom of small children but it appears that chaos is a acclimated environment. Yes, like plunging into very cold water. After awhile you adapt and don't notice that you have hypothermia. Same with parenting little kids. When you are in the metaphoric freezing pool of chaos you aren't noticing that your limbs are falling off.
But.....perhaps I am just out of practice. OR maybe it's that AND things have changed in the years since I had a three year old and a six year old on a regular basis.
Thought Number One: Some Things Have Changed While Others Remain the Same
It turns out that some thing regarding care for children are about the same as it has always been. Bathing, brushing teeth, eat your vegetables, time for bed, stay in bed, no we aren't reading another bedtime story, no you have gone to the potty 3 times now, no you aren't thirsty, ...are you up again?....
Yes, all of that seems fairly familiar but other things...TOTALLY different.
First of all technology came visiting and decided to worm it's way into the psyche of all living beings, including the toddler and grade school set. For example: Riding in a car.
AHHH..remember the good ole days when you would travel with your parents and somewhere between the license plate bingo or "I spy with my little eyes" there would be a bout of "he's touching me...make him stop!" At that point, any parent worth their weight in "false threats" would shout via the use of the rear view mirror. "DO I HAVE TO STOP THIS CAR?" Ahhh..such good memories, huh?
Today you may start out playing the "my little eyes" game but today's children are at a huge disadvantage aren't they. They are buckled into a chair that is reminiscent of torture devices that prevent them from half hanging out the window to find the object that is being spied upon. No more laying in the back deck above the rear seat to check out the license plates for the bingo game. Thank goodness, they have been strapped down since infancy and don't recognize the fact they are extremely uncomfortable.
BUT as luck would have it...technology has compensated. Now the dual screen DVR player loaded with Disney movies lures your little ones into a video induced car coma. Bliss, pure bliss...for both the driver and the little passengers.
However there is a caveat. Twice in the week during their stay with grandma, I needed to take hubby to the airport. This is our life..driving to and from the Kansas City airport so grandpa can travel hither and yon. The problem is that the Kansas City airport was built in the middle of nowhere to accommodate all the little towns in the middle of the country. So while it is an hour north of where I live, it's quite handy for the people in southern Iowa.
Knowing that children would be in the mix for this week's airport runs, I had to make sure there was a decent movie line up for my vehicle's DVRs.(quit shaking your head...I realize this is another First World problem) In preparation for the trip, I give great thought to what movies might hold their attention for 2 hours. This would of worked out really well except for the fact, Disney animated movies only last about 1.5 hours. By the time I am 20 minutes from home, the movie has ended and we can't play any "look out the window" games...because it's dark out in the middle of nowhere. Damn the Disney company for not developing special DVDs that last 12 hours at a pop for long trips. Modern parenting is so complicated.
Thought Number Two: Wrangling the Chaos
Of course, I have plenty of opportunity to see close up how my daughter and her family go about their daily routines. Very impressive, if I say so myself, how they seem to manage a complicated schedule for two little boys that go to two different schools and both working parents work that outside the home. They make it look easy. Turns out it isn't...at least not when I am in charge.
I would say the getting them up, clean, sweet smelling, fed and out the door and on time to school is the easy part. Dealing with any situation that involves other parents...TOTAL NIGHTMARE.
First morning out, I arrive at the grade school with 10 minutes to spare before the first bell rings to find cars lined up a full block back from the school. The one way circle drive is stacked two-wide with moms that are all but shoving kids out of "seemingly still moving" vehicles. There is a sense of urgency in the allotted time allowed for kiddos to get out. I, however, am a novice and am not entirely comfortable at thrusting my little grandson out the door like a bag of trash tossed onto the curb. There is the added component that I am taking care of someone elses children. Maybe there would of been a time with my own kids that I would of come to a rolling stop and yelled " Last person to hit the pavement is a rotten egg" but I am overly cautious with my grandkids.
The mom behind me was having none of it. My lack of urgency wasn't to her liking. It didn't escape my notice as she passed me in the "unloading" lane that she gave me the evil eye. I probably cost her an extra 3 minutes in her busy day. I am assuming it would be really bad form to flip off a mommy at the grade school so I just pretend I am senile and hope that people blame the dementia for any infractions on my part.
Speaking of BUSY...as the week progressed, I had a chance to talk to quite a few mommies at the soccer game, swim lessons, preschool etc. and there seems to be a shift in what mommies talk about in 2014 as opposed to the early 1980s. No longer do they talk about recipes or what's new at the mall they talk about how busy they are at work and how tired they are.
Oh...don't get me wrong. I am sure they are tired. I was exhausted and I was only on day 5. How parents work the type of jobs they have today and still manage all that goes with modern parenting is absolutely beyond my comprehension. Still it's interesting to listen in on the conversation.
It appears that whenever a group of women congregate the conversation at some point goes to the number of hours of sleep each person in the group had the prior night.
Tired woman A. " I only got 5 hours of sleep last night!"
Tired woman B " I haven't had 5 hours of sleep since little Jason was born."
Tired woman C. "I haven't had 5 hours of uninterrupted sleep in 10 years."
Woman D. " I try to get 8 hours every night."
At this point all conversation stops and every one in the group sends a variety of looks varying from disgust to pity. (The group is concluding that any woman getting 8 hours of sleep is failing short in some important way.)
As the interloper among the group, I wouldn't dare mention that while I may or may not sleep well, it's not because, of my unmanageable schedule or my hectic pace. It's because I am on Team Grandparents and my time is my own. Yay team!
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I've been reading a lot about how growing your own fruits and vegetables is going to be huge this year. The bad economic news apparently has people turning to gardening to in an effort to feel like they have some control in their lives or they're turning to vegetable gardening in order to feed their families.
Whatever the reason people are turning to gardening it is welcomed news not only to the seed companies, who are reporting increases in sales, but to those of us who garden. All of a sudden family members who once made fun of my dabbling with plants and seeds are now calling and emailing me asking for advice. This year tiny urban garden in Chicago will be a lot more edible than it has in the past. I feel a bit like I'm jumping on the edible gardening bandwagon but in reality it is more out of necessity. Last year I was too busy to tend to my garden and this resulted in a lot of plant deaths-instead of replacing them with more perennials I'm going to fill the space with vegetables.
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Nickelodeon's Top Showrunner Dropped After Reported Outbursts
A surprising shake-up at Nickelodeon may not be so amicable as reported. The kids' network has dropped showrunner Dan Schneider – creator of iCarly, Kenan & Kel and more – after "multiple complaints of abusive behavior" and an apparent argument during a network meeting.
Deadline reports that Nickelodeon and Schneider's Bakery productions have parted ways following "many conversations together about next directions and future opportunities," and will not extend their current deal. Schneider's Game Shakers will shut down after three seasons, though live-action series Henry Danger is expected to move forward. Nickelodeon claimed that "Since several Schneider's Bakery projects are wrapping up, both sides agreed that this is a natural time for Nickelodeon and Schneider's Bakery to pursue other opportunities and projects."
That certainly sounds innocent enough, though Deadline adds that "there had been multiple complaints of abusive behavior against Schneider filed by members of his staff," as well that Schneider had been "under a cloud of suspicion over the treatment of some younger stars of his shows." Schneider also apparently lost his temper in a meeting with Nickelodeon executives, following news that Game Shakers would not return for Season 4 and that Henry Danger would now share Burbank production space with another Nickelodeon series.
Some of Schneider's work includes iCarly, Drake & Josh, Victorious and Kenan & Kel, while he is also partly credited with discovering Ariana Grande, Amanda Bynes, Jamie Lynn Spears and Victoria Justice.
Gallery: The 20 Best TV Show Revivals, Ranked


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Student Aid Perspectives is an occasional, longer-format series designed to offer thought-provoking articles on current student aid topics written by expert authors.
Perspectives articles are intended to encourage dialogue among NASFAA members, using NASFAA.org's article commenting feature. While these articles are typically reviewed by NASFAA's Publications Editorial Board and/or communications staff, the opinions offered and statements made do not imply endorsement by NASFAA or guarantee the accuracy of information presented.
Do you have an idea for a Student Aid Perspectives article? Please see Guidelines for Authors for submission procedures.


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Back in 1983 when I was still learning how to peek and poke at hardware on my Apple ][e, a group of like-minded folks in the computer and telecom industries got together to create a detailed specification they called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). What began as an effort to hash out actual interfaces eventually morphed into a common reference model that in turn could be used by others – like the IETF – to develop interfaces. Those interfaces could – and did - eventually become standards: IP, TCP, HTTP, etc…
This reference model has been taught to most of us who trudged through computer science classes in college. We learned about the "seven layers of the OSI" only to discover in the real world that actual implementations rarely map cleanly to the OSI networking model.
Still, it maps well enough that we continue to use it as the reference model it was intended to be. Most of us understand that Layer 4 refers to TCP, Layer 7 to HTTP, and Layer 2/3 as IP and Ethernet. They're nearly interchangeable.
A few years back we even got into debates about where, exactly, the overlay protocols associated with SDN and virtual networking belonged. They weren't really layer 2, but they weren't exactly layer 3, either. They were sort of in between.
We were able to ignore that, for the most part, and just waved vaguely at the two layers and referred to it merely as "overlay networking." Everyone understood what we meant, and we had other things to argue about – like the definition of cloud and whether DevOps was appropriate for the enterprise or not.
Enter containers – or more precisely, container networking. The highly volatile and automated world of Container Orchestration Environments (COE) have given rise to the necessity for yet more layers in the networking stack.
Like overlay networking, we are disinclined to create new layers in the OSI model because, well, it's a standard reference at this point and changing standards can take a long time. A. Long. Long. Time. But like overlay networking, these layers still exist as existential interfaces in the network stack. And like overlay networking, I am inclined to give them "half" layers because they are that important to the future of networking in COE.
The first 'half-step' lies between layers 4 and 5. This is where service mesh execution and automation come into play. In a nutshell, a service-mesh is built from side-car deployed proxies that intercept every request. This allows them to execute domain specific routing for services across the container environment. It assumes lower order protocols exist, and effectively extends them. This is necessary because all the network layers below it assume connectivity and routing are based solely on IP address. And while that's ultimately howpackets get moved around in a container environment, the decision on which IP address and port to send a given request to is not based on that information. It's based on a variety of variables related to the service and application status and location. Essentially, we're looking at meta-information about a request and using it to determine how to route it. This meta-information is critical to establishing the "mesh" that in turn assures availability and scale of each service.
The second 'half-step' sits near the top, above layer 7. All jokes about the "human layer (layer 8)" aside, COE actually does place a layer of meta-data above the application that provides the 'glue' that makes scale in containerized environments work. These are the application or service "tags" used to identify discrete services for which the COE offers automated scale. Without the tags, it is nearly impossible to distinguish one app from another. This is because all the layers of the OSI stack are identifiable by specific constructs like IP address and port. While we've long understand architectural implementations that rely on sharing those constructs external to the environment (virtual servers and host-based networking) containers have created the same issues inside the environment. The sharing of ports and IP addresses makes it difficult to differentiate between services at the speeds required.
The addition of 'tags' at layer 7.5 in containerized environments affords those networking services (like load balancing and routing) the ability to uniquely identify resources and ensure scale and availability at the same time.
The new "container layers" allow the environment to decouple itself from networking constructs and, in the process, assure greater portability than previous technologies that remained tied tightly to other layers in the network stack. By operating at "half layers" and assuming the existence of the traditional layers, containerized environments gain independence from any specific networking scheme or architecture, and can move with equal ease between dev and test, test and production, on-premises and cloud.


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Shingles is a rash caused by the reactivation of the chickenpox virus (also known as the varicella zoster virus or VZV). Classically, the rash affects only one side of the body, within a single stripe or band known as a dermatome. There may be a prodrome consisting of pain, itching, or tingling localized to the area before the rash appears. This is followed by the development of a painful rash and blisters. Over the course of 7-10 days, the blisters rupture, scab, and crust over. Though the rash may completely resolve in 2-3 weeks, some individuals continue to experience nerve pain in the affected area that can last for months to years (known as postherpetic neuralgia). Older individuals and those with a weakened immune system may be more vulnerable to getting shingles. Although there is no cure, vaccines and oral antiviral medications are available to prevent the disease and lessen the discomfort and symptoms.
The information on this website is provided for educational and information purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult with a licensed medical provider and follow their recommendations regardless of what you read on this website. If you think you are having a medical emergency, dial 911 or go to the nearest emergency room. Links to other third-party websites are provided for your convenience only. If you decide to access any of the third-party websites, you do so entirely at your own risk and subject to the terms of use for those websites. Neither Robert Lehr, nor any contributor to this website, makes any representation, express or implied, regarding the information provided on this website or any information you may access on a third-party website using a link. Use of this website does not establish a doctor-patient relationship. If you would like to request an appointment with a health care provider, please call our office at 405-951-4949.


text: The GI2 (on right) is much more "washed out" and closer to purple when compared to the original's vibrant blue (on left); both are backlit to 100%. Moreover, the viewing angle on the GI2 is simply terrible... clearly, the new "domed" PowerGlass does not add one of the primary advantages of having a domed crystal which is improving the visibility at acute angles (especially underwater) by mitigating light reflectiveness. I'm not impressed at all. As opposed to the original solar models, the new GI2s have a "full" solar panel behind the display, so this may be the cause of both the tint and viewing discrepancies; I've contacted Garmin support and am waiting for some explanation... hopefully it is just that I may have a defective watch (which can then be replaced by Garmin). Also, much as I appreciate the improved display resolution of 176x176 (which does make the text look crisper), they've taken advantage of that to make the overall text smaller in order to fit more data displayed on the screen size; that's all well and good, but it does make it more of a strain for legibility... not all of us have a 25 y/o sight. As usual, Garmin did incorporate a font size setting; I've provided them with that feedback and feature suggestion, so hopefully they will add that in a future update. Has anyone else noticed this issue?


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The use of the name and logo of UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is subject to rules laid down by the governing bodies of the Organization.
In this page you will find:
- Graphics:
- Presentation of logo according to use
- The General Principles:
- Authorization for the use of the name and logo of the Organization
- Authorities with the power to grant this authorization
- Protection of the logo
- Reference documents
- Practical Guidelines:
- Appropriate procedures to request the use of the name and logo according to type of utilization
This section is continuously updated. Your comments and suggestions will help us to improve it.
Logo Block
The UNESCO logo block is composed of three parts:
- the emblem - the temple - including the UNESCO acronym;
- the complete name (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in one or several languages;
- a dotted line in a logarithmic progression.
These components cannot be disassociated.
This combination is not subject to any interpretation.
- The language chosen for the logo must correspond to that of the support used and of the audience targeted.
- Mindful of the same criteria, several languages may be used. The six official languages of UNESCO are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
- The use of the complete name in English, in association with one or several other languages provides an explanation of the acronym of the Organization.
Basic Rules
- The logo block of UNESCO should not be used alone. A short text should always be featured on the right-hand side of the dotted line which specifies what type of support UNESCO has granted or what the concerned entity and activity of UNESCO is.
- This rule must be respected when the UNESCO logo block is used by all its stakeholders and partners.
The General Principles
General conditions for the use of UNESCO's name and logo
The objectives for UNESCO's institutional framework and practice concerning the use of its name and logo are:
- to enhance UNESCO's visibility and outreach through the effective association of its name and logo with activities of its networks and partners,
- to protect UNESCO's name and logo from inappropriate and unauthorized use.
The Directives Concerning the Use of the Name, Acronym, Logo and Internet Domain Names of UNESCO, which were approved by UNESCO's General Conference during its 34th session, set out the general principles on the use of UNESCO's name and logo.
There are three types of authorization:
- UNESCO decides to give patronage to an event or activity at the request of another organization.
- UNESCO makes contractual arrangements with an organization for a specific activity, event or project.
- UNESCO grants a national entity the right to take part:
- in an intergovernmental programme such as Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB);
- in programme networks such as UNESCO Associated Schools (ASPnet) and UNESCO Chairs,
- in the movement of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations.
The two main criteria in assessing a patronage request are:
- The proposed activity is relevant to UNESCO's own strategic objectives and operational programmes.
- The organization is compliant to the values, principles and constitutional aims of UNESCO.
The decision to grant the use of UNESCO's name and logo is always taken in the light of the recommendations of the National Commissions for UNESCO.
The use of UNESCO's name and logo must be expressly authorized in advance and in writing. The visual presentation, duration and scope of the authorization must be respected.
All those authorized to use the UNESCO's name and logo should abide by the General Conditions.
Authorizing the use of UNESCO's name and logo
- Authorizing the use of the name and logo of UNESCO is the prerogative of the General Conference and the Executive Board of UNESCO.
- The governing bodies empower, by delegation, the Director-General and the National Commissions for UNESCO to authorize such use to other bodies. No other entity has the authority to grant the use of UNESCO's name and logo.
- In specific cases, the Director-General of UNESCO delegates his authority to grant the use of UNESCO's name and logo to the Assistant Director-Generals of the relevant programme.
- The National Commission of UNESCO Member States can authorize:
- the use of a linked logo which is composed of the UNESCO logo block and the name and logo of the National Commission in cases where National Commissions support national activities;
- the use of the UNESCO logo block by national committees or coordinating bodies of intergovernmental programmes (eg: biosphere reserves, programme networks such as UNESCO Associated Schools or Chairs, the movement of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations).
- The form of a linked logo which specifies the identity of the programme, network or movement concerned must comply with the specific conditions and regulations of the programme, network or movement.
Protection of the use of UNESCO's name and logo
- The name, acronym and logo of UNESCO have been notified and accepted by the Paris Union Member States under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, adopted in 1883 and revised in Stockholm in 1967.
- UNESCO has recourse to the domestic systems of Paris Convention States Parties to prevent the use of the name, acronym or logo of UNESCO in cases where such use falsely suggests a connection with UNESCO.
- UNESCO takes action against the misuse of its name, acronym, logo or its Internet domain names under the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
- Cases of unauthorized use should be notified immediately to the Office of the Director-General of UNESCO and the National Commission(s) for UNESCO.
Practical Guidelines
- Patronage is a form of UNESCO's support for those activities that are entirely organized by other entities. UNESCO is not responsible for these activities and does not involve itself in them.
- UNESCO's patronage may be granted to a range of activities, such as producing cinematographic and audiovisual works, publishing books, organizing congresses, meetings and conferences, awarding prizes, and other national and international events.
- Patronage must be limited in time. It may be granted to one-off or regularly repeated activities. In the latter case, a new request for authorization is required for each repeated activity.
- Patronage cannot be granted to:
- personalities
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- permanent activities
- activities/projects that are evolving continuously (the terms of use of UNESCO's name and logo for such activities/ projects should be specified by a Contractual Arrangement)
- There are two levels for UNESCO's patronage:
- Patronage granted by the National Commissions for UNESCO for activities of national scope;
- Patronage granted by the UNESCO Secretariat for activities of significant international or regional scope.
- The use of UNESCO's name and logo in the framework of patronage is strictly under the General conditions in connection with patronage.
- In order to deal with requests for the use of UNESCO's name and logo effectively, UNESCO has appointed a member of staff in each of its programme sectors to act as a Focal Point to coordinate the use of the name and logo and to act as your point of contact.
- There are seven steps to requesting the use of UNESCO's name and logo under patronage.
Contractual Arrangements
- Under a contractual arrangement, UNESCO authorizes the use of its name and logo by other organizations or partners which have concluded a formal agreement with programme sectors or field offices. This could concern, for example, an international conference, a publication that UNESCO has commissioned or agreed to support, or a partnership project between UNESCO and the private sector.
- In the case that UNESCO's name and logo is to be used in long-term or permanent activities agreed by contractual arrangement, UNESCO will always include a standard clause in the agreement stipulating that partner organizations are required to seek specific approval each time UNESCO's name and logo is to be used.
- For activities of national scope, please contact the National Commission for UNESCO in your country. It will inform you of the possibility of concluding a contractual arrangement with itself.
- Contact the person in the programme sector, field office or National Commission who is responsible for making the contractual arrangement to obtain authorization for the use of UNESCO's name and logo.
- Organizations that use UNESCO's name and logo under a contractual arrangement are required, as with use under patronage, to report to UNESCO and the related National Commission on the impact of the use.
Commercial use
- The sale of goods or services bearing the name, acronym, logo or Internet domain names of UNESCO for profit is regarded as "commercial use".
- Any commercial use of UNESCO's name, acronym, logo or Internet domain name, alone or in the form of a linked logo, must be expressly authorized by the Director-General of UNESCO under a specific contractual arrangement, such as a fundraising, merchandizing or licensing agreement.
- Any request or proposal for commercial use should be addressed to the Assistant Director-General of the Sector for External Relations and Cooperation of UNESCO; the concerned National Commission should also be informed.
National entities
- National entities belonging to or aspiring to belong to intergovernmental programmes, programme networks or the movement of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations, if you wish to request the right to use UNESCO's name and logo under this category, please contact the National Commission for UNESCO in your country.
International non-governmental organizations maintaining formal relations with UNESCO
- As distinct and autonomous entities, international non-governmental organizations must not use the logo of UNESCO on a permanent basis.
- Instead, international non-governmental organizations may use the sentence "NGO maintaining official relations with UNESCO" to state their relationship with UNESCO for the purpose of information and promotion.
- However, international non-governmental organizations may request UNESCO's authorization to use UNESCO's logo for events under patronage or covered by contractual arrangement.
Institutes and centres under the auspices of UNESCO
- "Category II" Institutes and Centres are authorized to use the UNESCO logo block provided that it is always linked to the name and logo of such bodies, together with the wording "under the auspices of UNESCO".
- To find out how to obtain this status, please contact the National Commission for UNESCO in your country.
- For general enquiries please contact logo(at)unesco.org for assistance.
- For specific enquiries related to conventions, programmes, networks, United Nations Days, Years Decades or Anniversaries, please consult the name and logo Focal point of relevant programme sector.


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man pages section 5: Standards, Environments, and Macros Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library |
- extended file attributes
Attributes are logically supported as files within the file system. The file system is therefore augmented with an orthogonal name space of file attributes. Any file (including attribute files) can have an arbitrarily deep attribute tree associated with it. Attribute values are accessed by file descriptors obtained through a special attribute interface. This logical view of "attributes as files" allows the leveraging of existing file system interface functionality to support the construction, deletion, and manipulation of attributes.
The special files "." and ". ." retain their accustomed semantics within the attribute hierarchy. The "." attribute file refers to the current directory and the ". ." attribute file refers to the parent directory. The unnamed directory at the head of each attribute tree is considered the "child" of the file it is associated with and the ". ." file refers to the associated file. For any non-directory file with attributes, the ". ." entry in the unnamed directory refers to a file that is not a directory.
Conceptually, the attribute model is fully general. Extended attributes can be any type of file (doors, links, directories, and so forth) and can even have their own attributes (fully recursive). As a result, the attributes associated with a file could be an arbitrarily deep directory hierarchy where each attribute could have an equally complex attribute tree associated with it. Not all implementations are able to, or want to, support the full model. Implementation are therefore permitted to reject operations that are not supported. For example, the implementation for the UFS file system allows only regular files as attributes (for example, no sub-directories) and rejects attempts to place attributes on attributes.
The following list details the operations that are rejected in the current implementation:
Any attempt to create links between attribute and non-attribute space is rejected to prevent security-related or otherwise sensitive attributes from being exposed, and therefore manipulable, as regular files.
Any attempt to rename between attribute and non-attribute space is rejected to prevent an already linked file from being renamed and thereby circumventing the link restriction above.
Any attempt to create a "non-regular" file in attribute space is rejected to reduce the functionality, and therefore exposure and risk, of the initial implementation.
The entire available name space has been allocated to "general use" to bring the implementation in line with the NFSv4 draft standard [NFSv4]. That standard defines "named attributes" (equivalent to Solaris Extended Attributes) with no naming restrictions. All Sun applications making use of opaque extended attributes will use the prefix "SUNW".
The command interface for extended attributes is the set of applications provided by Solaris for the manipulation of attributes from the command line. This interface consists of a set of existing utilities that have been extended to be "attribute-aware", plus the runat utility designed to "expose" the extended attribute space so that extended attributes can be manipulated as regular files.
The -@ option enable utilities to manipulate extended attributes. As a rule, this option enables the utility to enter into attribute space when the utility is performing a recursive traversal of file system space. This is a fully recursive concept. If the underlying file system supports recursive attributes and directory structures, the -@ option opens these spaces to the file tree-walking algorithms.
The following utilities accommodate extended attributes (see the individual manual pages for details):
By default, cp ignores attributes and copies only file data. This is intended to maintain the semantics implied by cp currently, where attributes (such as owner and mode) are not copied unless the -p option is specified. With the -@ (or -p) option, cp attempts to copy all attributes along with the file data.
The -@ option informs cpio to archive attributes, but by default cpio ignores extended attributes. See Extended Archive Formats below for a description of the new archive records.
File sizes computed include the space allocated for any extended attributes present.
By default, find ignores attributes. The -xattr expression provides support for searches involving attribute space. It returns true if extended attributes are present on the current file.
The fsck utility manages extended attribute data on the disk. A file system with extended attributes can be mounted on versions of Solaris that are not attribute-aware (versions prior to Solaris 9), but the attributes will not be accessible and fsck will strip them from the files and place them in lost+found. Once the attributes have been stripped the file system is completely stable on Solaris versions that are not attribute-aware, but would now be considered corrupted on attribute-aware versions of Solaris. The attribute-aware fsck utility should be run to stabilize the file system before using it in an attribute-aware environment.
This fsdb utility is able to find the inode for the "hidden" extended attribute directory.
The ls -@ command displays an "@" following the mode information when extended attributes are present. More precisely, the output line for a given file contains an "@" character following the mode characters if the pathconf(2) variable XATTR_EXISTS is set to true. See the pathconf() section below. The -@ option uses the same general output format as the -l option.
When a file is moved, all attributes are carried along with the file rename. When a file is moved across a file system boundary, the copy command invoked is similar to the cp -p variant described above and extended attributes are "moved". If the extended file attributes cannot be replicated, the move operation fails and the source file is not removed.
The -@ option informs pax to archive attributes, but by default pax ignores extended attributes. The pax(1) utility is a generic replacement for both tar(1) and cpio(1) and is able to produce either output format in its archive. See Extended Archive Formats below for a description of the new archive records.
In the default case, tar does not attempt to place attributes in the archive. If the -@ option is specified, however, tar traverses into the attribute space of all files being placed in the archive and attempts to add the attributes to the archive. A new record type has been introduced for extended attribute entries in tar archive files (the same is true for pax and cpio archives) similar to the way ACLs records were defined. See Extended Archive Formats below for a description of the new archive records.
There is a class of utilities (chmod, chown, chgrp) that one might expect to be modified in a manner similar to those listed above. For example, one might expect that performing chmod on a file would not only affect the file itself but would also affect at least the extended attribute directory if not any existing extended attribute files. This is not the case. The model chosen for extended attributes implies that the attribute directory and the attributes themselves are all file objects in their own right, and can therefore have independent file status attributes associated with them (a given implementation cannot support this, for example, for intrinsic attributes). The relationship is left undefined and a fine-grained control mechanism (runat(1)) is provided to allow manipulation of extended attribute status attributes as necessary.
The runat utility has the following syntax:
runat filename [command]
The runat utility executes the supplied command in the context of the "attribute space" associated with the indicated file. If no command argument is supplied, a shell is invoked. See runat(1) for details.
The primary interface required to access extended attributes at the programmatic level is the openat(2) function. Once a file descriptor has been obtained for an attribute file by an openat() call, all normal file system semantics apply. There is no attempt to place special semantics on read(2), write(2), ftruncate(3C), or other functions when applied to attribute file descriptors relative to "normal" file descriptors.
The set of existing attributes can be browsed by calling openat() with "." as the file name and the O_XATTR flag set, resulting in a file descriptor for the attribute directory. The list of attributes is obtained by calls to getdents(2) on the returned file descriptor. If the target file did not previously have any attributes associated with it, an empty top-level attribute directory is created for the file and subsequent getdents() calls will return only "." and ". .". While the owner of the parent file owns the extended attribute directory, it is not charged against its quota if the directory is empty. Attribute files themselves, however, are charged against the user quota as any other regular file.
Additional system calls have been provided as convenience functions, including faccessat(2), fchownat(2), fstatat(2), futimesat(2), renameat(2), unlinkat(2). These new functions, along with openat(), provide a mechanism to access files relative to an arbitrary point in the file system, rather than only the current working directory. This mechanism is particularly useful in situations when a file descriptor is available with no path. The openat() function, in particular, can be used in many contexts where chdir() or fchdir() is currently required. See chdir(2).
Open a file relative to a file descriptorint openat (int fd, const char *path, int oflag [, mode_t mode])
The openat(2) function behaves exactly as open(2) except when given a relative path. Where open() resolves a relative path from the current working directory, openat() resolves the path based on the vnode indicated by the supplied file descriptor. When oflag is O_XATTR, openat() interprets the path argument as an extended attribute reference. The following code fragment uses openat() to examine the attributes of some already opened file:
dfd = openat(fd, ".", O_RDONLY|O_XATTR); (void)getdents(dfd, buf, nbytes);
If openat() is passed the special value AT_FDCWD as its first (fd) argument, its behavior is identical to open() and the relative path arguments are interpreted relative to the current working directory. If the O_XATTR flag is provided to openat() or to open(), the supplied path is interpreted as a reference to an extended attribute on the current working directory.
Unlink a file relative to a directory file descriptorint unlinkat (int dirfd, const char *pathflag, int flagflag)
The unlinkat(2) function deletes an entry from a directory. The path argument indicates the name of the entry to remove. If path an absolute path, the dirfd argument is ignored. If it is a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the directory indicated by the dirfd argument. If dirfd does not refer to a valid directory, the function returns ENOTDIR. If the special value AT_FDCWD is specified for dirfd, a relative path argument is resolved relative to the current working directory. If the flag argument is 0, all other semantics of this function are equivalent to unlink(2). If flag is set to AT_REMOVEDIR, all other semantics of this function are equivalent to rmdir(2).
Rename a file relative to directoriesint renameat (int fromfd, const char *old, int tofd, const char *new)
The renameat(2) function renames an entry in a directory, possibly moving the entry into a different directory. The old argument indicates the name of the entry to rename. If this argument is a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the directory indicated by the fd argument. If it is an absolute path, the fromfd argument is ignored. The new argument indicates the new name for the entry. If this argument is a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the directory indicated by the tofd argument. If it is an absolute path, the tofd argument is ignored.
In the relative path cases, if the directory file descriptor arguments do not refer to a valid directory, the function returns ENOTDIR. All other semantics of this function are equivalent to rename(2).
If a special value AT_FDCWD is specified for either the fromfd or tofd arguments, their associated path arguments (old and new) are interpreted relative to the current working directory if they are not specified as absolute paths. Any attempt to use renameat() to move a file that is not an extended attribute into an extended attribute directory (so that it becomes an extended attribute) will fail. The same is true for an attempt to move a file that is an extended attribute into a directory that is not an extended attribute directory.
Obtain information about a fileint fstatat (int fd, const char *path, struct stat* buf, int flag)
The fstatat(2) function obtains information about a file. If the path argument is relative, it is resolved relative to the fd argument file descriptor, otherwise the fd argument is ignored. If the fd argument is a special value AT_FDCWD the path is resolved relative to the current working directory. If the path argument is a null pointer, the function returns information about the file referenced by the fd argument. In all other relative path cases, if the fd argument does not refer to a valid directory, the function returns ENOTDIR. If AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW is set in the flag argument, the function will not automatically traverse a symbolic link at the position of the path. If _AT_TRIGGER is set in the flag argument and the vnode is a trigger mount point, the mount is performed and the function returns the attributes of the root of the mounted filesystem. The fstatat() function is a multipurpose function that can be used in place of stat(), lstat(), or fstat(). See stat(2)
The function call stat(path, buf) is identical to fstatat(AT_FDCWD, path, buf, 0).
The function call lstat(path, buf) is identical to fstatat(AT_FDCWD, path, buf, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
The function call fstat(fildes, buf) is identical to fstatat(fildes, NULL, buf, 0).
Set owner and group IDint fchownat (int fd, const char *path, uid_t owner, gid_t group, \ int flag)
The fchownat(2) function sets the owner ID and group ID for a file. If the path argument is relative, it is resolved relative to the fd argument file descriptor, otherwise the fd argument is ignored. If the fd argument is a special value AT_FDCWD the path is resolved relative to the current working directory. If the path argument is a null pointer, the function sets the owner and group ID of the file referenced by the fd argument. In all other relative path cases, if the fd argument does not refer to a valid directory, the function returns ENOTDIR. If the flag argument is set to AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW, the function will not automatically traverse a symbolic link at the position of the path. The fchownat() function is a multi-purpose function that can be used in place of chown(), lchown(), or fchown(). See chown(2).
The function call chown(path, owner, group) is equivalent to fchownat(AT_FDCWD, path, owner, group, 0).
The function call lchown(path, owner, group) is equivalent to fchownat(AT_FDCWD, path, owner, group, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW).
Set file access and modification timesint futimesat (int fd, const char *path, const struct timeval \ times[2])
The futimesat(2) function sets the access and modification times for a file. If the path argument is relative, it is resolved relative to the fd argument file descriptor; otherwise the fd argument is ignored. If the fd argument is the special value AT_FDCWD, the path is resolved relative to the current working directory. If the path argument is a null pointer, the function sets the access and modification times of the file referenced by the fd argument. In all other relative path cases, if the fd argument does not refer to a valid directory, the function returns ENOTDIR. The futimesat() function can be used in place of utimes(2).
The function call utimes(path, times) is equivalent to futimesat(AT_FDCWD, path, times).
Determine accessibility of a fileint faccessat(int fd, const char *path, int amode, int flag);
The faccessat() function checks the file named by the pathname pointed to by the path argument for accessibility according to the bit pattern contained in amode, using the real user ID in place of the effective user ID and the real group ID in place of the effective group ID. This allows a setuid process to verify that the user running it would have had permission to access this file.
If path specifies a relative path, the file whose accessibility is to be determined is located relative to the directory associated with the file descriptor fd instead of the current working directory. If path specifies an absolute path, the fd argument is ignored.
If faccessat() is passed in the fd parameter the special value AT_FDCWD, defined in <fcntl.h>, the current working directory is used and the behavior is identical to a call to access(2).
New pathconf() functionalitylong int pathconf(const char *path, int name)
Two variables have been added to pathconf(2) to provide enhanced support for extended attribute manipulation. The XATTR_ENABLED variable allows an application to determine if attribute support is currently enabled for the file in question. The XATTR_EXISTS variable allows an application to determine whether there are any extended attributes associated with the supplied path.
Open/Create an attribute fileint attropen (const char *path, const char *attrpath, int oflag \ [, mode_t mode])
The attropen(3C) function returns a file descriptor for the named attribute, attrpath, of the file indicated by path. The oflag and mode arguments are identical to the open(2) arguments and are applied to the open operation on the attribute file (for example, using the O_CREAT flag creates a new attribute). Once opened, all normal file system operations can be used on the attribute file descriptor. The attropen() function is a convenience function and is equivalent to the following sequence of operations:
fd = open (path, O_RDONLY); attrfd = openat(fd, attrpath, oflag|O_XATTR, mode); close(fd);
The set of existing attributes can be browsed by calling attropen() with "." as the attribute name. The list of attributes is obtained by calling getdents(2) (or fdopendir(3C) followed by readdir(3C), see below) on the returned file descriptor.
Convert an open file descriptor for a directory into a directory descriptorDIR * fdopendir (const int fd)
The fdopendir(3C) function promotes a file descriptor for a directory to a directory pointer suitable for use with the readdir(3C) function. The originating file descriptor should not be used again following the call to fdopendir(). The directory pointer should be closed with a call to closedir(3C). If the provided file descriptor does not reference a directory, the function returns ENOTDIR. This function is useful in circumstances where the only available handle on a directory is a file descriptor. See attropen(3C) and openat(2).
Using the APIThe following examples demonstrate how the API might be used to perform basic operations on extended attributes:
Example 1 List extended attributes on a file.
attrdirfd = attropen("test", ".", O_RDONLY); dirp = fdopendir(attrdirfd); while (dp = readdir(dirp)) { ...
Example 2 Open an extended attribute.
attrfd = attropen("test", dp->d_name, O_RDONLY);
attrfd = openat(attrdirfd, dp->d_name, O_RDONLY);
Example 3 Read from an extended attribute.
while (read(attrfd, buf, 512) > 0) { ...
Example 4 Create an extended attribute.
newfd = attropen("test", "attr", O_CREAT|O_RDWR);
newfd = openat(attrdirfd, "attr", O_CREAT|O_RDWR);
Example 5 Write to an extended attribute.
count = write(newfd, buf, length);
Example 6 Delete an extended attribute.
error = unlinkat(attrdirfd, "attr");
Applications intending to access the interfaces defined here as well as the POSIX and X/Open specification-conforming interfaces should define the macro _ATFILE_SOURCE to be 1 and set whichever feature test macros are appropriate to obtain the desired environment. See standards(5).
As noted above in the description of command utilities modified to provide support for extended attributes, the archive formats for tar(1) and cpio(1) have been extended to provide support for archiving extended attributes. This section describes the specifics of the archive format extensions.
Extended tar formatThe tar archive is made up of a series of 512 byte blocks. Each archived file is represented by a header block and zero or more data blocks containing the file contents. The header block is structured as shown in the following table.
The extended attribute project extends the above header format by defining a new header type (for the Typeflag field). The type 'E' is defined to be used for all extended attribute files. Attribute files are stored in the tar archive as a sequence of two <header ,data> pairs. The first file contains the data necessary to locate and name the extended attribute in the file system. The second file contains the actual attribute file data. Both files use an 'E' type header. The prefix and name fields in extended attribute headers are ignored, though they should be set to meaningful values for the benefit of archivers that do not process these headers. Solaris archivers set the prefix field to "/dev/null" to prevent archivers that do not understand the type 'E' header from trying to restore extended attribute files in inappropriate places.
Extended cpio formatThe cpio archive format is octet-oriented rather than block-oriented. Each file entry in the archive includes a header that describes the file, followed by the file name, followed by the contents of the file. These data are arranged as described in the following table.
The basic archive file structure is not changed for extended attributes. The file type bits stored in the c_mode field for an attribute file are set to 0xB000. As with the tar archive format, extended attributes are stored in cpio archives as two consecutive file entries. The first file describes the location/name for the extended attribute. The second file contains the actual attribute file content. The c_name field in extended attribute headers is ignored, though it should be set to a meaningful value for the benefit of archivers that do not process these headers. Solaris archivers start the pathname with "/dev/null/"to prevent archivers that do not understand the type 'E' header from trying to restore extended attribute files in inappropriate places.
Attribute identification data formatBoth the tar and cpio archive formats can contain the special files described above, always paired with the extended attribute data record, for identifying the precise location of the extended attribute. These special data files are necessary because there is no simple naming mechanism for extended attribute files. Extended attributes are not visible in the file system name space. The extended attribute name space must be "tunneled into" using the openat() function. The attribute identification data must support not only the flat naming structure for extended attributes, but also the possibility of future extensions allowing for attribute directory hierarchies and recursive attributes. The data file is therefore composed of a sequence of records. It begins with a fixed length header describing the content. The following table describes the format of this data file.
As demonstrated above, the header is followed by a record describing the "path" to the attribute file. This path is composed of two or more path segments separated by a null character. Each segment describes a path rooted at the hidden extended attribute directory of the leaf file of the previous segment, making it possible to name attributes on attributes. The first segment is always the path to the parent file that roots the entire sequence in the normal name space. The following table describes the format of each segment.
If the attribute file is linked to another file, the path record is followed by a second record describing the location of the referencing file. The structure of this record is identical to the record described above.
cp(1), cpio(1), find(1), ls(1), mv(1), pax(1), runat(1), tar(1), du(1), fsck(1M), access(2), chown(2), link(2), open(2), pathconf(2), rename(2), stat(2), unlink(2), utimes(2), attropen(3C), standards(5)


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Hi. It used to be that I could download mp3s of the podcast shows from this site. Now I'm being directed toiITunes, which does not work for me since I use a Creative Zen & not an iPod. Are we no longer able to download the podcasts in Mp3 from this site? I don't have time to listen to all the shows at my computer, which is why I download the Mp3s and listen on the go. I hope I will still be able to do that.
Am I looking in the wrong place for archived radio shows? There used to be an archived version for each show and now I can't seem to find any for the shows I'm interested in.
I sent you a message on how to find the radio show you are looking for.
All the best!
I am finally figuring out how to get this e-connect stuff working! I am looking forward to connecting with more adults on the spectrum through this safe space.
About Me
Hello and welcome to AutismOne.org!
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Questions can be send as a private message to us and the appropriate person will respond to your needs.
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When all is said and done, make sure more was done than said!


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For the curious and sadistic, I added a link under "Websites" for the famous Bivalve Bash Mud Run. Look soon, it won't stay there long.
Reading about several of you switching to a new computer this weekend took me way back down memory lane! An early job I had was programming an on-line system that ran on two IBM 360 model 50's with the OS/MFT operating system. Each machine had 256kbytes of memory and shared 8 2314 disks .. each disk was like a big stack of dinner plates and held about 30megabytes of data. The whole works filled a large room! I got an assignment to plan the move from one version of OS/MFT to another. It took a month to figure out all the steps needed and write up the procedures to do it. Then it took about 7 of us all weekend to pull it off!
My trusty 2000 Dell with Windows Me has 128mbytes of memory and 40gbytes of disk storage! What's one of these lightweight iMac portables got in there now????


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Clear questions and runnable code get the best and fastest answer |
PerlMonks |
The path to masteryby tilly (Archbishop) |
on Aug 06, 2000 at 05:28 UTC ( [id://26380]=perlmeditation: print w/replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
This is not a story about Perl. Or Perl programming.
Or even computers. Rather it is a story about the road to mastering any logical subject. As my bio says, I once studied math. One subject in math is analysis. This is the true story of a student that my first analysis professor once had. This student was a physics student. He did not really want to take analysis. But he decided that if he was taking it, then he might as well truly learn it. When he sat down to do his first homework he realized that he did not understand what it meant to prove something. So he went to the professor and asked what a proof was. The professor answered, "A proof is an airtight demonstration that a thing must be so." The student asked what could be assumed. The professor answered, "You may start with the axioms and the theorems we have proven from the axioms." The student asked if you had to accept the theorems, the professor said, "You need not accept anything that you have not been fully convinced of." The student's first homework set was 20 pages long. The other students needed 5. The student was concerned and asked the professor, "My homework is so much longer than theirs is. Am I doing something wrong?" The professor said, "You may take as long to do it as you need to. Did you keep in mind what I said about axioms and theorems?" The student answered, "I did, but I didn't feel that I understood the theorems so I worked from the axioms only." The professor answered, "That is good but learn to build on what you already know." The student promised to try. The student's first homework was perfect. As the course progressed the student continued to try. Homework by homework he maintained excellent work, and step by step learned to organize his thoughts so that he could build on previous results in class and in his own work. And step by step the length of his homework fell. By the end of the course the other's still needed 5 pages for their homework. But this student did not. He no longer needed 20. He no longer needed 10. Instead his perfect assignments fit comfortably on a page with room to spare. The professor congratulated him on his progress and asked him about the cause. The student said, "Well I know the subject so well that I know exactly how to do each problem, and I do that and no more." Here then is the moral for Perl programmers. When you see the code of master Perl programmers you may be amazed at how few strokes of the keyboard they require to solve a problem completely. Many in error think that they should therefore constantly try to cram as much into as little room as possible. This is a misguided path. Instead strive to understand fully and completely the tool at hand. Explore exactly how it works and what it can do. In addition constantly learn how to build on what you and others have done before. Aim for clarity and comprehension, and mastery shall surely follow. This is a true path.
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Section Branding
Header Content
These are some of the people who'll be impacted if the U.S. defaults on its debts
Primary Content
Veterans, seniors and government employees: These are just some of the people who stand to be impacted if Congress fails to raise the debt ceiling.
Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen warns that without additional borrowing authority, the U.S. could run short of cash to pay its bills as early as June 1.
A default would send shock waves through the global economy and financial markets.
It would also be felt very directly by ordinary people.
One of the first big bills coming due on June 1 — according to an analysis by the Bipartisan Policy Center — is $12 billion in veterans benefits. If there's not enough money on hand to pay those benefits, people who've already sacrificed a lot for their country will be forced to sacrifice even more.
"These are people on very low, sometimes fixed incomes that rely on these payments as a lifeline to pay for housing, to pay for food, to pay for expenses for children and other family members," says Cole Lyle, a Marine Corps veteran and executive director of the veterans advocacy group, Mission Roll Call. "So it could be potentially very crippling."
The government is also scheduled to pay $12 billion in military and civilian retirement benefits on June 1.
If those payments are delayed for any length of time, people with little or no savings might have to turn to credit cards, which carry increasingly costly interest rates.
"There is no good that comes from a default," Lyle says. "Either to veterans, to active-duty service members or other Americans that rely on benefits from the United States government."
The government is scheduled to pay $25 billion in Social Security benefits on June 2 — one of several big payments the program will make over the course of the month.
Marilyn Ayers is one of the millions who gets these benefits, and she worries about what will happen if the government doesn't have enough money to cover those obligations.
"That will really be a catastrophe," says Ayers, a retired chemist who lives in Douglas County, Colo.
"We'd be in trouble," her husband Keith, a retired machinist, chimes in. "We have too many bills."
The couple, who are in their 80s, don't have pensions to fall back on. They count on Social Security to help pay their mortgage and buy groceries.
"We're ordinary American families and I feel anger because we're being held hostage to a type of blackmail that's going on right now," Marilyn says. "We're not the ones that are out on the street with the signs or anything like that. But we vote."
The Ayers also worry about how a government default might affect the already fragile housing market. The couple plans to sell their home in about nine months and move to a new, senior housing complex.
"It's being built as we speak," says Marilyn Ayers.
Would-be homebuyers
The real estate website Zillow estimates that a prolonged government default could send mortgage rates soaring as high as 8.4%, from about 6.4% today.
That would put homes out of reach for hundreds of thousands of would-be buyers.
"This scenario would be like a one-two punch hitting homebuyers who are already reeling from the affordability challenges this year in the market," says Jeff Tucker, a senior economist at Zillow. "That would discourage a lot of sales."
U.S. government debt has long been considered the bedrock of the financial system. If lenders start to worry about cracks in that foundation, it would make all kinds of other borrowing more expensive.
"If that gets shaky, that sends earthquakes out through the whole credit system," Tucker says.
A default that was remedied in a day or two might have muted effects. But if government bills go unpaid for weeks or months, it could have a lasting effect on interest rates.
"Would that cause a permanent increase in borrowing costs?" Tucker asks. "We don't really know for sure. And I think, frankly, that's all the more reason not to find out."
Everyone else
Other payments would also be in jeopardy if the government's borrowing limit is not increased soon, including:
-- $47 billion for Medicare providers, due on June 1.
-- $1 billion in tax refunds, set to go out June 7.
-- $4 billion in federal salaries, payable on June 9.
And the list goes on. Food stamp recipients, education programs and defense contractors could all be left empty-handed.
Veterans advocate Lyle says this is what ordinary people find so frustrating about the gamesmanship playing out in Washington.
"What I'm hearing from veterans is just be the adults, get into a room, and do your jobs that we elected you to do," Lyle says.
"We can debate spending levels all day long, and personally I think the federal government does spend too much money," he says. "But the deadline is coming and it threatens to affect personal lives in a very real, real way."
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Great products, according to Mr. Jobs, are triumphs of "taste." And taste, he explains, is a byproduct of study, observation and being steeped in the culture of the past and present, of "trying to expose yourself to the best things humans have done and then bring those things into what you are doing."
His is not a product-design philosophy steered by committee or determined by market research. The Jobs formula, say colleagues, relies heavily on tenacity, patience, belief and instinct. He gets deeply involved in hardware and software design choices, which await his personal nod or veto.
I am filing this post in the "-INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE –- ANTI CONSENSUS"- category (opposing the "-COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE –- WISDOM OF CROWDS"- category) —-following a remark I made privately to David Pennock, Mike Giberson and Mike Linksvayer.


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For decades, we've been celebrating everyday ingenuity by inventing products to help fix, ship, mount, make and create. For every problem, there's a solution. For every project, there's the Scotch™ Brand.
The Scotch™ Brand Family
A job worth doing deserves the right tools. That's why every product we make at the Scotch™ Brand exists to solve a particular problem. Whether it's a simple fix or a complex creative endeavor, we have a solution that was made for your project and we're here to help you find it.
Discover the perfect tape, get the ideal glue and start every project perfectly prepared.
View all Scotch™ Brand Products
A master class in the fundamentals of wrapping gifts, from choosing a tape to setting up your own gift wrap station at home.


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Meanings for each kanji in いって来られなくて
» | 来 | come; due; next; cause; become |
Conjugations for いって来られなくて
Plain Form
Polite Form
Tai Form
Imperative Plain Form
Imperative Polite Form
Provisional Form
Conditional Form
Alternative Form
Potential Plain Form
Potential Polite Form
Passive Plain Form
Passive Polite Form
Causative Plain Form
Causative Polite Form
Causative Passive Plain Form
Causative Passive Polite Form
Colloquial Form
Formal Form
Classical Form (nu)
Classical Form (zaru)
Comments for いって来られなくて
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Fourteenth Annual Best of Weddings Awards Honor the Top Wedding Vendors Across America
California January 6, 2020 - Pete Goslow is pleased to announce that he has been selected as a 2020 winner in The Knot Best of Weddings, an award representing the highest-rated wedding professionals as reviewed by real couples, their families and wedding guests on The Knot, the leading wedding brand and marketplace. This is the seventh year Pete Goslow has been selected for The Knot Best of Weddings.
"Thank you to 2019 couples for posting their valuable reviews as well as choosing me to be a special part of their big day! I'm excited for 2020 and all the amazing couples I'm working with!"
Pete Goslow Musician, DJ & Emcee
About Pete:
Wedding Renaissance Man - known for performing classical guitar, singing vocal covers & originals, DJing and Emceeing professionally throughout California for over 20 years. Since graduating from Chapman University Conservatory of Music with a degree in Classical Guitar Performance, he has performed live at over 1000 weddings.
In 2020, only five percent of hundreds of thousands of local wedding professionals listed on The Knot received this distinguished award. In its fourteenth annual year, The Knot continues its longstanding tradition of supporting local wedding vendors with The Knot Best of Weddings 2020, an annual by-couples, for-couples guide to the top wedding professionals across the country. To determine the winners, The Knot analyzed its millions of user reviews across various vendor categories, including venues, musicians, florists, photographers, caterers and more, to find the highest rated vendors of the year. These winners represent the best of the best wedding professionals that engaged couples should consider booking for their own unique wedding.
The Knot has inspired 25 million couples (and counting!) to plan a wedding that's uniquely theirs. With a rich history of providing high-quality content and inspiration, The Knot makes it easy for couples to connect with and book the right wedding professionals to create their perfect wedding day. On The Knot Marketplace, couples can get connected to any of the hundreds of thousands of local wedding professionals across the country. The Knot Best of Weddings gives couples the confidence to find and book the best local vendors to bring their wedding visions to life. In combination with years of trusted content, The Knot's innovative technology makes planning one's wedding celebrations easier and more enjoyable.
Wedding professionals who win The Knot Best of Weddings are members of WeddingPro, the leading B2B wedding brand. As the largest marketplace and community for wedding professionals, WeddingPro connects businesses with more than 13 million visitors per month who are planning weddings on The Knot and WeddingWire, as well as with hundreds of thousands of pros in the industry. Through its online marketplaces, educational programs and community-building events, WeddingPro is dedicated to helping wedding professionals build relationships with couples and pros that grow their businesses.
For more information about The Knot Best of Weddings and this year's winners, please visit https://www.theknot.com/vendors/best-of-weddings.
About The Knot The Knot is the nation's leading multiplatform wedding resource offering a seamless, all-in-one planning experience—from finding inspiration and local vendors to creating and managing all guest experiences, wedding registries and more. The trusted brand reaches a majority of engaged couples in the US through the #1 wedding planning website TheKnot.com and #1 iOS and Android mobile app The Knot Wedding Planner, The Knot national and local wedding magazines, and The Knot book series. Since its inception, The Knot has inspired approximately 25 million couples to plan a wedding that's uniquely them. Visit The Knot online at TheKnot.comand follow on social media: Facebook.com/TheKnot and @TheKnot on Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram.


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Healthy Living
Better Health with Weight Loss Surgery
Your Health May Change for the Better After Weight Loss Surgery
There's so much more to obesity than added weight. Often, obesity triggers health conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure and sleep apnea, too. Weight loss surgery can have a major impact on your overall health, helping to lessen or even eliminate many of these health concerns. The sooner you're able to get weight loss surgery, the sooner you'll start looking and feeling better.
Why weight? Learn how weight loss surgery may affect common obesity-related health conditions.
Weight Loss Surgery's Impact on Diabetes
Losing weight lowers your risk of developing diabetes, or can improve it if you already have the condition. Studies have shown that almost everyone who has weight loss surgery will see an improvement or complete remission of the disease.
The Lowdown on High Blood Pressure
Also known as hypertension, three out of four cases of high blood pressure are obesity-related. Weight loss surgery has been shown to reduce blood pressure levels to a normal or near normal range.
Changes in Cholesterol Levels
Weight loss will help you lower LDL (bad) and triglyceride levels, and raise HDL (good) levels, all of which will help lower your risk for heart disease. Cholesterol levels can drop to normal or near normal range following weight loss surgery.
Sleep Apnea Improvements
Obesity often leads to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which is when you stop breathing multiple times at night, waking you each time. Weight loss surgery can significantly improve OSA and may eliminate the need for a CPAP (continuous positive airways pressure) machine during sleep.
Reduced Risk of Certain Cancers
As your body mass index (BMI) goes up, so does your risk of developing certain kinds of cancer, like liver, kidney, pancreatic, prostate and post-menopausal breast cancer, among others. Studies have shown that people who have weight loss surgery can lower their risk of certain obesity-related cancers.
Less Stress on Bones and Joints
Excess weight puts a lot of stress on joints, but it's not just the weight itself harming your joints. There's evidence that substances in excess fat damage joints and can trigger or intensify osteoarthritis. Losing weight reduces joint stress and improves the pain from arthritis, too.
Improve Your Outlook
Beyond the physical improvements that weight loss surgery can bring, there are mental benefits, as well. Because being obese greatly affects your self-esteem and emotional wellbeing, losing weight via weight loss surgery can significantly improve your psychological state. Fewer medications, less pain and a more positive outlook on life—don't just imagine it, act on it.
Weight loss surgery is generally designed for those with a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 40, or equal to or greater than 35 with serious co-morbidities. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with the Lap Band® is also FDA-approved for weight loss surgery in people with a BMI of 30 to 35 who have at least one obesity-related condition. Weight loss surgery is considered safe, but like many types of surgery, it does have risks. Consult with your physician about the risks and benefits of weight loss surgery.
American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
American Cancer Society
American Heart Association
Arthritis Foundation
Center for Disease Control and Prevention


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Goodreads Description:
Alessandra is tired of being overlooked, but she has a plan to gain power:
1) Woo the Shadow King.
2) Marry him.
3) Kill him and take his kingdom for herself.
No one knows the extent of the freshly crowned Shadow King's power. Some say he can command the shadows that swirl around him to do his bidding. Others say they speak to him, whispering the thoughts of his enemies. Regardless, Alessandra knows what she deserves, and she's going to do everything within her power to get it.
But Alessandra's not the only one trying to kill the king. As attempts on his life are made, she finds herself trying to keep him alive long enough for him to make her his queen—all while struggling not to lose her heart. After all, who better for a Shadow King than a cunning, villainous queen?
Hardcover, 352 pages
Expected publication:
February 25th 2020
by Feiwel and Friends/MacmillanThis book sounds all kinds of dark and delicious. And I want to read it right away. Eee. The cover is so pretty. And the summary pretty much killed me a little. Gosh, I hope this book will end up being amazing.
What are you waiting for on this cunning Wednesday?


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Canada's most notorious
Fame may be fleeting, but infamy endures. Karla Homolka recently came back into public view when journalist Paula Todd tracked her down in the Caribbean, revealing that the killer is now a mother of three. Around the same time, a controversial eight-month-long inquiry into the case of serial killer Robert Pickton wrapped up, with the families of the murdered women now waiting on the final report. In these ways and others, cases that grabbed headlines and shook the nation so many years ago never really go away.
Maclean's has delved into its 107-year archive to refocus on some of the most intriguing and disturbing crime stories from our country's history. As part of that special project, we asked Canadians to tell us who they consider to be the country's worst criminals. It's a short list of unspeakable horrors and unimaginable depravity, and in the end, the only difference is by degrees. Paul Bernardo and Homolka, convicted of abducting and killing two Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s, still loom large in the public imagination with 73 per cent of respondents to an exclusive Maclean's/Angus Reid Public Opinion survey offering up their names. Pickton, the B.C. pig farmer found guilty in 2007 of the murders of six women, who once confessed to killing 43 more, was cited by 61 per cent. And Clifford Olson, who died in prison in 2011 while serving life sentences for the rapes and murders of 11 young people at the beginning of the 1980s, was identified by 44 per cent.
The passage of time doesn't seem to make much of a difference when it comes to the power of such nightmares, but geographic proximity has an influence. In Ontario, for example, 31 per cent counted Russell Williams, the former Royal Canadian Air Force colonel who confessed to killing two women, among the worst, compared to just eight per cent in Alberta. Marc Lépine, who murdered 14 women at Montreal's École Polytechnique before turning his gun on himself, was named by a full third of Quebecers, yet only five per cent of B.C. residents. And while only one per cent of respondents on the Prairies offered up Allan Legere, the so-called Monster of the Miramichi remains a frightening memory in Atlantic Canada, where he was mentioned by 39 per cent.
Similarly, where Canadians live appears to have an impact on whether or not they feel justice has been served in several high-profile cases. Almost half of Ontarians believe Steven Truscott, convicted as a teenager of the 1959 killing of a schoolgirl neighbour, was unfairly treated by the system, well above the national average of 36 per cent. (Oddly, public perception lags behind the courts, which belatedly overturned his conviction in 2007.) Robert Latimer, the Saskatchewan farmer convicted in the mercy killing of his disabled daughter, is judged to have been a victim in his own right by just 38 per cent of Ontarians, yet by half of respondents on the Prairies and in Quebec. The system's failure to secure a conviction in the bombing of Air India flight 182, and the deaths of all 329 people aboard, is considered unjust by 44 per cent of those in B.C., but 35 per cent nationally. (Although the more shocking figure is surely the 40 per cent who said they are "unfamiliar" with the worst act of terrorism in Canadian history.) The case of Homolka, who secured a controversial 12-year sentence in exchange for testifying against her husband, is perceived as a miscarriage of justice by 52 per cent nationally, but only 29 per cent in the Atlantic provinces. (The survey of 1,510 randomly selected Canadian adults was conducted from Oct. 29 to 30, 2012, and has a margin of error of +/- 2.5 per cent, 19 times out of 20.)
Still, there is no such regional divide when it comes to the crimes of Homolka and Bernardo—who continues to serve his life sentences in protective custody in Kingston. The pair were rated among the worst of the worst in every part of the country. And, as with Pickton and Olson, public revulsion over their misdeeds is unlikely to fade anytime soon. They were convicted not just in law, but in the court of public opinion too.


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Setting goals is the foundation of developing employees for Performance with Fulfillment—that productive, satisfying condition where people get a lot done and are fulfilled. New or inexperienced managers are often unaware or unable to effectively handle the challenges that can arise when establishing goals. As a result, their employees are unclear about direction and expectations, resulting in reduced commitment, low morale, and achievement well below what is possible.
In Leading for Performance: Setting Goals for Success™ (LFP-SGFS), participants will examine the characteristics of effective goals, the need for goals to address both performance and fulfillment, best practices for linking goals to strategy execution, and proven goal-setting processes.
Program Outcomes
Clear performance expectations and goals align individuals, departments, and the organization. Leading for Performance: Setting Goals for Success enables first-line and mid-level managers to set goals for themselves and with their employees. This will ultimately contribute to long-term individual satisfaction and improved work group and organizational performance.
Leading for Performance: Setting Goals for Success is a half day instructor-led module that can be facilitated by Wilson Learning or by a leader-trained in-house professional.
This enables:
- Face-to-face interaction among the participants and with the facilitator
- True-to-life skills practice with immediate in-person feedback
- The opportunity for real-time commitment to action
Enabling Improved Performance
Leading for Performance: Setting Goals for Success features the Setting Goals Planner and Job Aid Card so participants can fine-tune and apply their newly acquired skills and behaviors on the job. Involving participants' managers and training them to coach is important for successful implementation.
To discover how we ensure learning is reinforced and applied for improved performance, read more about our Learning Journeys.
Measurement and Evaluation
Organizations that implement Leading for Performance: Setting Goals for Success have access to a broad range of tools to measure initial behavioral changes and business results. One approach may be surveying participants' direct reports to quantify the change and the results.
To learn more about measuring the impact of learning, visit Measurement.