text:
===================================== | |
Performance Tips for Frontend Authors | |
===================================== | |
.. contents:: | |
:local: | |
:depth: 2 | |
Abstract | |
======== | |
The intended audience of this document is developers of language frontends | |
targeting LLVM IR. This document is home to a collection of tips on how to | |
generate IR that optimizes well. | |
IR Best Practices | |
================= | |
As with any optimizer, LLVM has its strengths and weaknesses. In some cases, | |
surprisingly small changes in the source IR can have a large effect on the | |
generated code. | |
Beyond the specific items on the list below, it's worth noting that the most | |
mature frontend for LLVM is Clang. As a result, the further your IR gets from | |
what Clang might emit, the less likely it is to be effectively optimized. It | |
can often be useful to write a quick C program with the semantics you're trying | |
to model and see what decisions Clang's IRGen makes about what IR to emit. | |
Studying Clang's CodeGen directory can also be a good source of ideas. Note | |
that Clang and LLVM are explicitly version locked so you'll need to make sure | |
you're using a Clang built from the same git revision or release as the LLVM | |
library you're using. As always, it's *strongly* recommended that you track | |
tip of tree development, particularly during bring up of a new project. | |
The Basics | |
^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
#. Make sure that your Modules contain both a data layout specification and | |
target triple. Without these pieces, non of the target specific optimization | |
will be enabled. This can have a major effect on the generated code quality. | |
#. For each function or global emitted, use the most private linkage type | |
possible (private, internal or linkonce_odr preferably). Doing so will | |
make LLVM's inter-procedural optimizations much more effective. | |
#. Avoid high in-degree basic blocks (e.g. basic blocks with dozens or hundreds | |
of predecessors). Among other issues, the register allocator is known to | |
perform badly with confronted with such structures. The only exception to | |
this guidance is that a unified return block with high in-degree is fine. | |
Use of allocas | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
An alloca instruction can be used to represent a function scoped stack slot, | |
but can also represent dynamic frame expansion. When representing function | |
scoped variables or locations, placing alloca instructions at the beginning of | |
the entry block should be preferred. In particular, place them before any | |
call instructions. Call instructions might get inlined and replaced with | |
multiple basic blocks. The end result is that a following alloca instruction | |
would no longer be in the entry basic block afterward. | |
The SROA (Scalar Replacement Of Aggregates) and Mem2Reg passes only attempt | |
to eliminate alloca instructions that are in the entry basic block. Given | |
SSA is the canonical form expected by much of the optimizer; if allocas can | |
not be eliminated by Mem2Reg or SROA, the optimizer is likely to be less | |
effective than it could be. | |
Avoid loads and stores of large aggregate type | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
LLVM currently does not optimize well loads and stores of large :ref:`aggregate | |
types <t_aggregate>` (i.e. structs and arrays). As an alternative, consider | |
loading individual fields from memory. | |
Aggregates that are smaller than the largest (performant) load or store | |
instruction supported by the targeted hardware are well supported. These can | |
be an effective way to represent collections of small packed fields. | |
Prefer zext over sext when legal | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
On some architectures (X86_64 is one), sign extension can involve an extra | |
instruction whereas zero extension can be folded into a load. LLVM will try to | |
replace a sext with a zext when it can be proven safe, but if you have | |
information in your source language about the range of an integer value, it can | |
be profitable to use a zext rather than a sext. | |
Alternatively, you can :ref:`specify the range of the value using metadata | |
<range-metadata>` and LLVM can do the sext to zext conversion for you. | |
Zext GEP indices to machine register width | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
Internally, LLVM often promotes the width of GEP indices to machine register | |
width. When it does so, it will default to using sign extension (sext) | |
operations for safety. If your source language provides information about | |
the range of the index, you may wish to manually extend indices to machine | |
register width using a zext instruction. | |
When to specify alignment | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
LLVM will always generate correct code if you don't specify alignment, but may | |
generate inefficient code. For example, if you are targeting MIPS (or older | |
ARM ISAs) then the hardware does not handle unaligned loads and stores, and | |
so you will enter a trap-and-emulate path if you do a load or store with | |
lower-than-natural alignment. To avoid this, LLVM will emit a slower | |
sequence of loads, shifts and masks (or load-right + load-left on MIPS) for | |
all cases where the load / store does not have a sufficiently high alignment | |
in the IR. | |
The alignment is used to guarantee the alignment on allocas and globals, | |
though in most cases this is unnecessary (most targets have a sufficiently | |
high default alignment that they'll be fine). It is also used to provide a | |
contract to the back end saying 'either this load/store has this alignment, or | |
it is undefined behavior'. This means that the back end is free to emit | |
instructions that rely on that alignment (and mid-level optimizers are free to | |
perform transforms that require that alignment). For x86, it doesn't make | |
much difference, as almost all instructions are alignment-independent. For | |
MIPS, it can make a big difference. | |
Note that if your loads and stores are atomic, the backend will be unable to | |
lower an under aligned access into a sequence of natively aligned accesses. | |
As a result, alignment is mandatory for atomic loads and stores. | |
Other Things to Consider | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
#. Use ptrtoint/inttoptr sparingly (they interfere with pointer aliasing | |
analysis), prefer GEPs | |
#. Prefer globals over inttoptr of a constant address - this gives you | |
dereferencability information. In MCJIT, use getSymbolAddress to provide | |
actual address. | |
#. Be wary of ordered and atomic memory operations. They are hard to optimize | |
and may not be well optimized by the current optimizer. Depending on your | |
source language, you may consider using fences instead. | |
#. If calling a function which is known to throw an exception (unwind), use | |
an invoke with a normal destination which contains an unreachable | |
instruction. This form conveys to the optimizer that the call returns | |
abnormally. For an invoke which neither returns normally or requires unwind | |
code in the current function, you can use a noreturn call instruction if | |
desired. This is generally not required because the optimizer will convert | |
an invoke with an unreachable unwind destination to a call instruction. | |
#. Use profile metadata to indicate statically known cold paths, even if | |
dynamic profiling information is not available. This can make a large | |
difference in code placement and thus the performance of tight loops. | |
#. When generating code for loops, try to avoid terminating the header block of | |
the loop earlier than necessary. If the terminator of the loop header | |
block is a loop exiting conditional branch, the effectiveness of LICM will | |
be limited for loads not in the header. (This is due to the fact that LLVM | |
may not know such a load is safe to speculatively execute and thus can't | |
lift an otherwise loop invariant load unless it can prove the exiting | |
condition is not taken.) It can be profitable, in some cases, to emit such | |
instructions into the header even if they are not used along a rarely | |
executed path that exits the loop. This guidance specifically does not | |
apply if the condition which terminates the loop header is itself invariant, | |
or can be easily discharged by inspecting the loop index variables. | |
#. In hot loops, consider duplicating instructions from small basic blocks | |
which end in highly predictable terminators into their successor blocks. | |
If a hot successor block contains instructions which can be vectorized | |
with the duplicated ones, this can provide a noticeable throughput | |
improvement. Note that this is not always profitable and does involve a | |
potentially large increase in code size. | |
#. When checking a value against a constant, emit the check using a consistent | |
comparison type. The GVN pass *will* optimize redundant equalities even if | |
the type of comparison is inverted, but GVN only runs late in the pipeline. | |
As a result, you may miss the opportunity to run other important | |
optimizations. | |
#. Avoid using arithmetic intrinsics unless you are *required* by your source | |
language specification to emit a particular code sequence. The optimizer | |
is quite good at reasoning about general control flow and arithmetic, it is | |
not anywhere near as strong at reasoning about the various intrinsics. If | |
profitable for code generation purposes, the optimizer will likely form the | |
intrinsics itself late in the optimization pipeline. It is *very* rarely | |
profitable to emit these directly in the language frontend. This item | |
explicitly includes the use of the :ref:`overflow intrinsics <int_overflow>`. | |
#. Avoid using the :ref:`assume intrinsic <int_assume>` until you've | |
established that a) there's no other way to express the given fact and b) | |
that fact is critical for optimization purposes. Assumes are a great | |
prototyping mechanism, but they can have negative effects on both compile | |
time and optimization effectiveness. The former is fixable with enough | |
effort, but the later is fairly fundamental to their designed purpose. | |
Describing Language Specific Properties | |
======================================= | |
When translating a source language to LLVM, finding ways to express concepts | |
and guarantees available in your source language which are not natively | |
provided by LLVM IR will greatly improve LLVM's ability to optimize your code. | |
As an example, C/C++'s ability to mark every add as "no signed wrap (nsw)" goes | |
a long way to assisting the optimizer in reasoning about loop induction | |
variables and thus generating more optimal code for loops. | |
The LLVM LangRef includes a number of mechanisms for annotating the IR with | |
additional semantic information. It is *strongly* recommended that you become | |
highly familiar with this document. The list below is intended to highlight a | |
couple of items of particular interest, but is by no means exhaustive. | |
Restricted Operation Semantics | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
#. Add nsw/nuw flags as appropriate. Reasoning about overflow is | |
generally hard for an optimizer so providing these facts from the frontend | |
can be very impactful. | |
#. Use fast-math flags on floating point operations if legal. If you don't | |
need strict IEEE floating point semantics, there are a number of additional | |
optimizations that can be performed. This can be highly impactful for | |
floating point intensive computations. | |
Describing Aliasing Properties | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
#. Add noalias/align/dereferenceable/nonnull to function arguments and return | |
values as appropriate | |
#. Use pointer aliasing metadata, especially tbaa metadata, to communicate | |
otherwise-non-deducible pointer aliasing facts | |
#. Use inbounds on geps. This can help to disambiguate some aliasing queries. | |
Undefined Values | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
#. Use poison values instead of undef values whenever possible. | |
#. Tag function parameters with the noundef attribute whenever possible. | |
Modeling Memory Effects | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
#. Mark functions as readnone/readonly/argmemonly or noreturn/nounwind when | |
known. The optimizer will try to infer these flags, but may not always be | |
able to. Manual annotations are particularly important for external | |
functions that the optimizer can not analyze. | |
#. Use the lifetime.start/lifetime.end and invariant.start/invariant.end | |
intrinsics where possible. Common profitable uses are for stack like data | |
structures (thus allowing dead store elimination) and for describing | |
life times of allocas (thus allowing smaller stack sizes). | |
#. Mark invariant locations using !invariant.load and TBAA's constant flags | |
Pass Ordering | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
One of the most common mistakes made by new language frontend projects is to | |
use the existing -O2 or -O3 pass pipelines as is. These pass pipelines make a | |
good starting point for an optimizing compiler for any language, but they have | |
been carefully tuned for C and C++, not your target language. You will almost | |
certainly need to use a custom pass order to achieve optimal performance. A | |
couple specific suggestions: | |
#. For languages with numerous rarely executed guard conditions (e.g. null | |
checks, type checks, range checks) consider adding an extra execution or | |
two of LoopUnswitch and LICM to your pass order. The standard pass order, | |
which is tuned for C and C++ applications, may not be sufficient to remove | |
all dischargeable checks from loops. | |
#. If your language uses range checks, consider using the IRCE pass. It is not | |
currently part of the standard pass order. | |
#. A useful sanity check to run is to run your optimized IR back through the | |
-O2 pipeline again. If you see noticeable improvement in the resulting IR, | |
you likely need to adjust your pass order. | |
I Still Can't Find What I'm Looking For | |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
If you didn't find what you were looking for above, consider proposing a piece | |
of metadata which provides the optimization hint you need. Such extensions are | |
relatively common and are generally well received by the community. You will | |
need to ensure that your proposal is sufficiently general so that it benefits | |
others if you wish to contribute it upstream. | |
You should also consider describing the problem you're facing on `Discourse | |
<https://discourse.llvm.org>`_ and asking for advice. | |
It's entirely possible someone has encountered your problem before and can | |
give good advice. If there are multiple interested parties, that also | |
increases the chances that a metadata extension would be well received by the | |
community as a whole. | |
Adding to this document | |
======================= | |
If you run across a case that you feel deserves to be covered here, please send | |
a patch to `llvm-commits | |
<http://lists.llvm.org/mailman/listinfo/llvm-commits>`_ for review. | |
If you have questions on these items, please ask them on `Discourse | |
<https://discourse.llvm.org>`_. The more relevant | |
context you are able to give to your question, the more likely it is to be | |
answered. |


text:
Ethiopia's Prosperity Party: A Revolutionary Necessity
By Lawrence Freeman
January 8, 2020
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has embarked on a bold effort to transform the political terrain of Ethiopia while simultaneously launching new economic reforms. The creation of the new Ethiopian Prosperity Party (PP) replaces the Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front-(EPRDF), founded in 1988. Dissolving the reigning EPRDF and fashioning a new national party, or what some refer to as a Pan-Ethiopian party, is a courageous and daring move, essential for Ethiopia's future. This emerging nation of over 105 million people, already a leader in economic development, is now embarking on a challenging path to create de novo a national party.
The EPRDF, which had governed Ethiopia since May 1991, was composed of four Regional States, plus the cities of Addis Ababa (the capital), and Dire Dawa. The four regional parties are: the Tigray People's Liberation Front-(TPLF); the Oromo People's Democratic Organization-(OPDO) (renamed early this year as Oromo Democratic Party-(ODP); the Amhara National Democratic Movement-(ANDM), (renamed early this year as Amhara Democratic Party-(ADP); and the Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement-(SEPDM), (a coalition of the 56 ethnic groups).
The EPRDF was fashioned to address Ethiopia's earlier history of dictatorial and monarchical rule. The designers of the governing party believed that acknowledging ethnic identity, which was not recognized for centuries, would solve the tensions of that time. Recent conflicts in Ethiopia have shown this arrangement to be ineffective.
Of the four parties that comprised the EPRDF, only the TPLF has refused to join the new PP. Already the governing parties representing 5 regions, which were not members of the EPRDF, but were recognized as allies of the EPRDF have joined the PP in preparation for May 2020 elections. They are: 1) Afar National Democratic Party (ANDP); 2) Benishangul-Gumuz Democratic Party (BDP); 3) Somali Democratic Party (SDP); 4) Gambela People's Democratic Movement (GPDM); and 5) Harari National League (HNL). The PP will be inclusive, intending to represent all communities, inviting Tigrayans, who live in and outside the region to join. The PP program will have Amharic as its working language as per the constitution. However, Afan Oromo, Tigrigna, Somali and Afar will also be the working languages of the new PP.
Prime Minister Abiy's founding of the PP on December 1, just six months before Ethiopia's national elections, is fraught with personal risks for the new Prime Minister. However, this endeavor is bursting with the potential to transform politics and social relations in Ethiopian society. Ethiopia has a splendid history thousands of years old, rich with a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds. The PP is intended to harmonize the diversity of the nation with a national non-ethnic based party.
Nationalism: Not Ethnic Nationalism
A sovereign nation-state is not a mosaic of diverse groups competing with each other for control of the government or pursuing administration posts to obtain economic and financial rewards. A sovereign nation should have a national identity and a mission orientation for its people; all its people, regardless of ethnic heritage. Contributing to the distinctive identity of Ethiopia was its military defeat of the Italian Empire in the battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896. Consequently, this victory, uniquely allowed Ethiopia to remain free from colonialism. Although this triumph occurred over one century ago, it is part of the psychological composition of the identity of all Ethiopians; whether they are conscious of its effects or not. Ethiopia's decades' long determination to develop from a disadvantaged nation to an aspiring lower middle-income nation with nascent light manufacturing industry is another feature of Ethiopia's national identity.
Professed ethnonationalism errs in that it attempts to substitute the demands, often for legitimate needs, of one particular group above the interests of all the citizens. A nation-state cannot survive in a Hobbesian war of all against each other to obtain the most goodies for "my people." Dare we forget the horrors of the ethnically driven tragic Biafran war in Nigeria from 1967-1970, and how geographic-ethnic distinctions have determined every unhealthy aspect of political and social life in Nigeria today?
Recriminations from the past are no excuse for actions today. Decisions concerning the best strategy for securing the future of Ethiopia must be based on how that policy will benefit the well-being of all citizens.
Medemer and Synergy
In his acceptance speech for the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Prime Minister Abiy spoke of the philosophy of the Medemer.
He said: "Medemer, an Amharic word, signifies synergy, convergence, and teamwork for a common destiny. Medemer is a homegrown idea that is reflected in our political, social, and economic life. I'd like to think of 'Medemer' as a social compact for Ethiopians to build a just, egalitarian, democratic, and humane society by pulling together our resources for our collective survival and prosperity…At its core, Medemer is a covenant of peace that seeks unity in our common humanity." One could appropriately, add for the "common good" of humankind.
Our "common humanity" exists in all of us. We are all born in the image of the Creator. All human beings are universally related by our endowed powers of creative mentation, more commonly known as reason. What distinguishes all human beings from the animal species is our mental power to discover new scientific and cultural principles embedded in our universe. All of us homo sapiens, regardless of where we were born, or any physical characteristics, are substantially more alike than we are different. Therefore, our needs, desires, and aspirations in life are similar. All human beings not only share a common interest to enhance our lives, but we also share a desire for a better future for our posterity. There is no class of superior people, who have more rights than others due to privileges of birth, religion, or skin color. Each of us are placed here on earth to contribute to the common good of our common humanity using our individual talents.
If we accept synergy to mean cooperation and collaboration to achieve an enhanced effect, then let us act synergistically to ensure a prosperous Ethiopia that provides for all its citizens.
The Constitution and Sidama
Inherent problems of the 1995 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia are evident in the November 2019 referendum conferring autonomy to Sidama. Ethiopia's constitution stipulates that with this lawful vote, the people of Sidama, the fifth largest ethnic group, will become the tenth ethnic regional state. Eight of the existing nine regional states are governed by the dominant ethnic group of that geographical region. However, the Sidama people reside in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region–(SNNPR), where many other small ethnic groups (around 56) also exist.
The Preamble of Ethiopia's Constitution properly emphasizes the conception of a united nation with a common purpose and goal for all its people. It deliberates on "advancing our economic and social development," "common interest….and the emergence of a common outlook," and "to live as one economic community." Article 14 resonates with the US Constitution, stating: "Every person has the inviolable right to life the security of person and liberty." The same principle is echoed in Article 43 of the Constitution: The Right to Development. "The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for development and to meet their basic needs."
The drawback to the Constitution begins in Article 8:Sovereignty of the People, where sovereign powers are divided up between "Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia." This is an obvious compromise to ethnicity. In truth; there is only one Ethiopian people and only one Ethiopian nation. The divisions in Ethiopian society are made explicit in Article39: "Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an unconditional right to self-determination, including the right of secession……the right to a full measure of self-government…" This separation of Ethiopians into multiple groups, outlined in the Constitution, is the seed for the tensions gripping Ethiopia today.
In the aftermath of the Sidama referendum, Ethiopia potentially faces a conundrum. Will other ethnic minorities now choose to follow the same path as Sidama in calling for autonomy as delineated in the Constitution? It appears so. In addition to Sidama Zone*, which is now claiming to be the 10th state, there are other Zones in the Southern Region that want to follow the same route to statehood. To quote William Shakespeare, "there's the rub." Clearly the Ethiopian Constitution, despite the best intentions, has proven to be unsuccessful in governing this multi-ethnic nation.
The Challenging Course Ahead
The emergence of a national party such as the PP can commence the process of uniting the nation by moving away from a society where ethnic interests are placed above the welfare of the nation. Ultimately the problematic features of the Ethiopian Constitution will have to be revisited. Not to address this thorny issue will allow instigators to use ethnicity to disrupt what is most necessary for Ethiopia to move forward; a healthy process of dialogue and debate on the future of Ethiopia.
This discourse should include a discussion by the Ethiopian people on changing the structure of ethnic-based parties. For example, Ghana's Constitution stipulates that "Every political party shall have a national character, and membership shall not be based on ethnic, religious, regional or other sectional divisions." That no political party shall be formed "(a) on ethnic, gender, religion regional, professional or other sectional divisions; or (b) which uses words, slogans or symbols which could arouse ethnic, gender, religious, regional professional or other sectional divisions."
The lack of vibrant Ethiopian nationalism creates a fertile environment for those who want to manipulate misplaced ethnic passions. The danger presents itself during times of social or economic stress, when the population's frustrations can be channeled along ethnic fault lines, manipulating Ethiopians to act against their true self-interest: progress for the nation of Ethiopia. Opportunistic ringleaders will attempt to misdirect the population against each other via competing ethnicities, instead of uniting society behind a national policy. A policy of economic growth that includes a strategy to generate employment opportunities for the millions of youth preparing to enter the workforce is in the vital interests of all citizens.
Of course, it will take time for people to shed their desire to control policy making through ethnic-based parties. It is an existential moment for Ethiopia, and a national grounded PP is a needed first step. It should be understood, that a sovereign nation, whose national mission is to promote the general welfare of its people does not require the elimination of historical cultures. On the contrary, the uniqueness and beauty of each ethnic culture can be synergistically woven into an elevated national character that transcends ethnicity.
*Zone is the middle tire next to the regional state in the governing structure that is also formed under ethnic lines the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR).
Lawrence Freeman is a Political-Economic Analyst for Africa, who has been involved in the economic development policy of Africa for 30 years. He is the creator of the blog: lawrencefreemanafricaandtheworld.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday 8 December 2008
A Pressing Need
If the 'Cordonnerie' in Paris is a child of the 1950s, the Pressing (Dry Cleaner) is unmistakably a flowerpower child of the 1960s and 70s. In a street running down from Montmartre there is one shop that is so stylised in sensuous curves of silvers, oranges and browns that we may assume that it has been recently created to groove to a 70s revival vibe. Tangerine and chocolate are just so completely 'tendance' this year honey!
Spread round the corner of the Rue des Martyrs and the Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne, Sprint Press dazzles and beguiles, with strips of silver lettering glittering in the afternoon sun. Sprint and Press - two English words surely used to give a racy, exotic and thoroughly modern spin to this functional activity. Indeed, with the revolution in labour saving household goods coming from across the Atlantic, it seems apt that the French chose to use one of their curious adaptations of English words to describe this activity as a whole - Pressing. With labour saved by this arrival in the neighbourhood, residents in this corner of Paris were able to start a typical day with some 'footing' (jogging) in the morning, then down to the Pressing to collect some cleaned and pressed shirts which they would then take home and hang in the 'dressing' (walk in wardrobe).
It is easy to overlook in our pampered times how much the invention of the simple washing machine or steam cleaner transformed people's lives. We take for granted the local dry cleaner in our community and give little thought to how our predecessors managed to keep clothing clean in the city. In many ways, Paris was fortunate in that it gave ready access to large quantities of water, but the task of washing, scrubbing, rinsing and drying materials was still an incredibly hard and demanding job.
Of course, those who could afford to do so outsourced the job to their servants or to a group of women known as 'lavandières' whose job it was to wash clothes by hand. These women carried the material to a communal building known as a 'lavoir' then performed the job in two steps, first scrubbing and cleaning the clothes in scalding hot water, then rinsing them in water that was now icy cold. Naturally, the hands of these ladies were in an abysmal state after several years of performing this task.
In Paris, the 'lavoirs' were mostly situated on kinds of covered floating pontoons docked on the banks of the Seine and known as the 'Bateaux Lavoirs'. In these vast wooden contraptions, the women could rent a spot which included a bench, a pot to boil the washing, a bucket to rinse it, then an area where they could hang it up to dry. Up until 1910 (the year of the great floods, shown in the postcard here) Paris was home to more than 400 'lavoirs' dotted around the city, including nearly 100 of the floating variety.
As the twentieth century progressed, less and less households employed servants and more and more labour saving devices began appearing inside the home. The use of the lavoirs declined rapidly to a point where not a single building is visible in the city today, and the lavandières have now become the employees of the local Pressing.
Women's liberation from the home and the menial task of household chores in the 1960s and 70s meant that a service economy was required to complete the tasks that people no longer had the time to perform themselves. In Paris, this has left an interesting snapshot of this particular era in the street facades. As was the case with the cordonneries a decade or so earlier, investment was needed to acquire the necessary machinery to start the Pressing business, but once launched, regular income could be generated without a need to constantly renovate and re-invest in machinery.
Looking at Sprint Press today I realise that I am not only looking at a shrine to the 1970s, but also at a monument to the suffering and subsequent liberation of women!
6 comments:
- PeterParis said...
Back from an almost two week's blogging absence, I had a lot to read here. As always, I learn a lot from your very interesting blog. I admire how deep you go on your subjects and the knowledge you bring us!
When I recently posted about the Seine bridges, I also discovered something about all these Seine "lavoirs". Thought I might do a post about it one day, but now you have already done it and in such a complete and interesting way... Sincere thanks!
Do you know how the Montmartre "Bateau-Lavoir" got its name? - 8 December 2008 at 14:31
- Adam said...
Hi Peter, and welcome back!
It does seem strange that there should be a 'Bateau Lavoir' so far from the Seine, but from what I understand, it was only a nickname given to the establishment. It was a building where artists lived and worked, and obviously also met and discussed, so I think Max Jacob thought of the name Bateau Lavoir as a humourous reference to the places where the washerwomen of Paris worked and gossiped! - 8 December 2008 at 14:53
- ArtSparker said...
You can trace this in the United States in National Geographic print ads from the 50s and 60s. Most feature women in gowns standing beside refrigerators, televisions and other large appliances. A strikingly politically incorrect one features a black maid beaming at a dishwasher and exclaiming "Ise sure got a good job now!" Progress is incremental.
- 8 December 2008 at 17:37
- Squirrel said...
Great post !
I can see by the way you write your posts you probably enjoy reading Zola's books (I can't think of the French Titles, but am thinking The Belly of Paris-- maybe Pot Bouille , The Ladies Paradise, (?) He's my favorite author, anyway. - 9 December 2008 at 17:48
- Adam said...
Art Sparker - I'm not sure that there was a 'racial' element to this in Paris as most servants in the city were young girls from the countryside. I think they were known as the 'grisettes'.
Squirrel - Yes, I love reading Zola but need to be in the right mood as it makes for quite disturbing reading! Actually, whilst 'researching' this post, I came across a 'lavoir' in the 18th arrondissement near Montmartre which is being converted into appartments (and possibly the last such structure still standing). Judging only from what the developers said, it could well be the lavoir mentioned by Zola in 'L'Assommoir'. - 9 December 2008 at 18:08
Such lavoirs have disappeared from the streets of Paris , but in many villages they are preserved and maintained as a testimony of ancient rural life.
- 9 December 2008 at 20:14


text:
Cybersecurity: Firewalls Are Easy to Pierce
Corman Says Attacks Continue Evolving, Security Standards Don'tSo, when it comes to firewall requirements, Josh Corman, research director of enterprise security at security consultancy The 451 Group, says, though they may be mandated by compliance standards, they should not be solely relied upon for optimal security. "Almost everyone has a firewall and is using it; it's just not necessarily a relevant defense against the way people are actually being attacked," Corman says. "I'd like to think we're maturing and figuring this out, about how breaches occur. But there is a stunning lack of change in many of these standards. They are stabilizing, rather than evolving."
Corman says many attacks are making their ways in via SQL injections that go right through firewalls. "That's why we need to look at application-level security," he says. "Firewalls need to be augmented, with things like Web-application firewalls."
During this interview [transcript below], Corman discusses:
- Balancing compliance with actual security;
- Seven-layer visibility, and why it's necessary; and
- The role real-time forensics plays.
Josh Corman is the research director of the Enterprise Security Practice at The 451 Group. Corman has more than a decade of experience with security and networking software, most recently serving as principal security strategist for IBM Internet Security Systems. Corman's research cuts across sectors to the core challenges of the industry, and drives evolutionary strategies toward emerging technologies and shifting economics. Corman has spoken at leading industry events such as RSA, Interop, ISACA and SANS. His efforts to educate and challenge the industry recently lead NetworkWorld magazine to recognize him as a top Influencer of IT for 2009. Corman also serves on the faculty for IANS and in 2010 co-founded Rugged - a value based initiative to raise awareness and usher in an era of secure digital infrastructure. Corman holds a bachelor's degree in philosophy from the University of New Hampshire.
TRACY KITTEN: Firewalls, transparency and compliance mandates. How do the three fit together and are investments in Infosec being applied to the best solutions? I'm here today with Josh Corman, research director of security analyst firm The 451 Group. Josh, you and I have spoken in the past about firewalls and their diminishing value in preventing and detecting breaches. You have noted that they are effective as part of a layered security approach, but should not be solely relied upon for breach prevention. Can you explain?
JOSH CORMAN: I think the interesting thing about the compliance mandates is they are trying to cater to a very diverse set of maturity models for security and risk prevention. If you just take the PCI standard, for example, most of the targets that they were trying to raise up had previously been doing absolutely zero security. Some might have had a firewall and very little else. So, it's not state-of-the-art. It's not the most effective or modern response to the way people are actually perpetrating the attacks and breaches, but they are at least trying to get people to do something rather than nothing. Now, over time, how well those work and the role they play is diminishing as the technology changes and as the adversaries' sophistication changes. At this point, although some people would dread dropping their firewalls, we've been seeing some people do it, and advocate, instead, things that maybe use the firewall-like features in their existing, modern-router architectures. Almost everyone has a firewall and is using it; it's just not necessarily a relevant defense against the way people are actually being attacked.
Compliance vs. Security
KITTEN: Complying with industry standards and mandates, unfortunately, has been the focus for many companies, rather than security itself. When it comes to compliance, using firewalls is standard protocol, as you've noted. Do you expect that to remain the case, Josh, or is a shift in thinking among industry regulators and standards bodies such as the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council on the way?CORMAN: You know, I'd like to think that we're maturing; that we're figuring this out as we get more breach data and the analysis gets done on how it's being breached. But as you've seen, and you and I have talked about in previous interviews, there's a stunning lack of change in many of these standards. In fact, they're stabilizing, not evolving. So, with PCI, for example, there were nearly no changes. The headline was for the 2.0 release in October, "Was No Surprises," and you know, to my chagrin, I thought there were quite a few changes necessary. If you look at the available data sources, things like the Verizon Business Data Breach Report, a lot of these attacks are coming in through SQL injection, so they're going to come in the kind of ports and services you have to leave open through a standard firewall, and that's why we have to augment these things to look higher up the stack, so to speak, for application-area attacks. It's not the only way they're getting in, but as the attackers have adapted to the more pervasive nature of firewalls, you need to augment them with things like IDS. And when IDS is value-based with things like data-loss prevention and Web-application firewalls, there are just so many point solutions and appliances now that it's hard for a new person entering security or someone whose using compliance as a guideline to know what they should do. They're basically sticking to what they've been told to do and nothing more, and they're continuing to be comprised.
Firewalls Are Not Created Equally
KITTEN: That's an interesting point that you've raised. When we talk about firewalls, they're not all created equally, though the lines oftentimes are blurred. Why is that, Josh, and why are many companies now investing in different technology?CORMAN: Well, you know without getting into a technical lesson on seven-layer security or whatnot, if you look at this much like airport security, you know that we had almost no security before. We had metal detectors for guns and knives and they weren't good enough. So, we added scanning our bags, and then we had a shoe bomber, and so we had to take our shoes off. We had a gel threat, so we had to use smaller shampoo bottles. The underwear bomber has led to the nude scanners and the pat downs, because people didn't like the nude scanners. So the same kind of matriculation has happened with information security. A firewall was pretty much all you needed. It was there to reduce your attack surface. If you locked down all the ports and protocols you didn't need to do your business, then you could only have a reduced attack surface for, say, Web traffic or other limited ports that were necessary. The challenge was attacks evolved to the point where they were attacking you over the ports and surfaces you did need. That's why we had the introduction of intrusion-detection systems, and then subsequently intrusion-prevention systems. There were climbing the stack with the attackers and saying, "For the ports and services you do need open, let's inspect that traffic for good versus evil," and that worked pretty well for a time. But attackers climbed the stack further and were doing things like application attacks, like SQL sequel injection and cross-site scripting, or they were extracting data that isn't really visible at the individual packet or protocol level. You need more processing than these appliances are capable of doing, looking deeper into the packets and sessions. So every time there is a new hot threat, we've thrown a new security appliance to stick behind our firewalls, our IDS and so on.
Firewalls and Risk Management
KITTEN: Now, how can companies balance the investments that they make in firewall requirements -- those that are mandated for compliance -- while also ensuring security? How can they balance the investments they're making?CORMAN: Well, that's the tough part. I think when people are looking at how to evolve their risk management and their security frameworks, they are looking to diminish investment in some of the older, less-effective technologies and start looking at some of these full seven-layer session inspection engines, whether they're online or out-of-band. Some of the DLP vendors have session awareness, which isn't just looking deeply into the packets, more deeply than firewalls and IDS, but also across conversations and sessions, to see things that can only be detected at the application or content layer. So they were looking to branch out and, unfortunately, a lot of those budgets that could have gone to superior visibility got canceled, in lieu of paying the expensive fees to be assessed and confirmed as complying with minimum standards for the industry. So, it's a fairly tough problem.
We don't have a lot of available and actionable intelligence in information security. We have very few data sources and a lot of debate over which technologies are effective and which ones are not, and that's the role we try to play with our research -- to try to highlight which things are best suited to handle modern adversaries or modern business technologies. But it's very tough when we're competing with backwards-looking technologies that were pretty good and state-of-the art many, many years ago but are pretty long in the tooth at this point.
Visibility and Transparency
KITTEN: Visibility or transactional transparency are, you've said, necessities. Seven-layer visibility, you say, should be standard practice, even if it's not mandated. Can you explain what seven-layer visibility is?CORMAN: Sure. This firewalls idea isn't really looking at cursory information at the port and protocol levels. I was suggesting a lot of these attacks are sophisticated malware, which you really can't detect within individual packets or ports and protocols. It may not even come in over the network. It might be through USB keys. Some of these things are sensitive materials and regulated data which can be done in a limited fashion with some of these older technologies, but they often require looking at all parts of the packet and traffic and all parts of the session and conversation. So, ultimately, as the attackers climb the stack to the top, we've had to follow, and there are good technologies out there that can do anomaly detection across these sessions and conversations or packet capture. They can offer analysis and forensics; they're really not blocking anything, but they're recording all the conversations on every port and protocol, doing some analysis and then offering information that later can be searched to see if you were burglarized and where was it; or if you had a suspicion that it is a new, sophisticated, stealthy attack that you heard about from a peer in the industry or on the news, you can go back and look at your videotape, so to speak, and find if you've been compromised. So, it's kind of like we're fighting blind right now, so we need more floodlights and more cameras and more door sensors, and some of these seven-layer visibility tools are very effective at getting a lot more information, even if it's for historical, after-the-incident kind of reasons.
Too Much Encrypted Data
KITTEN: Now, you've noted before that IT departments must have the ability to see encrypted information. Of course, that goes back to transactional transparency and visibility that they must have. But how do companies balance protection with transparency? Doesn't that defeat the purpose of encrypting data in the first place?CORMAN: Unfortunately, we don't have enough conversation about this. I have been on panels and in debates about this. The irony is that the awareness of more breaches and more theft of property and sensitive things, it's encouraging more encryption. Now, the vendors that supply the network security appliances actually hate this because it's blinding them; so the degree to which you're doing more responsible encryption, it has, at least temporarily, blinded a lot of these other investments you've made. If I'm looking at traffic for breach data or regulated information, and I'm dependent upon seeing that network in the clear, I've now got a new challenge, because all I see is gobblygook. So these guys are adapting by partnering with SSL proxies or by doing key brokering or inserting themselves somewhere where they can analyze the traffic in the clear; but it is an additional hurdle and challenge.
What is Deep-Packet Inspection?
KITTEN: And what about deep-packet inspection? How is it pushing the evolution of the solutions that are out there on the market? How does it fit into the overall forensics picture?CORMAN: So, it's a bit of a nebulous term, "deep-packet inspection." How deep do you mean by "deep"? So, everyone is going to have deep-packet inspection within their marketing collateral. The question is going to be: "What layers of the conceptual seven-layers, or what size stack, are they looking at and once they are tearing apart those different layers. What are they doing once they've gotten into the deep packet? They are, in fact, deep-packet inspection products that do nothing but the disassembly. They're not actually doing anything with it. Some people are using it to look for malware. Some people are doing it to look for network attacks. Some people are looking for intellectual property. So, how deep you go matters, and what you're doing with it matters. It's more of a feature than it is a product category, and the other thing is, at this point, some of these attacks, some of these slower and lower attacks or even the data-loss prevention appliances, they really need to look beyond individual packets through the seven-layers and into more session-awareness and conversation analysis. So, it's even beyond DPI at this point.
A Need for Real-Time Forensics
KITTEN: Now, I tied some of this DPI conversation in with forensics. When it comes to real-time forensics, how critical do you see that being for the industry today?CORMAN: I think it's pretty critical. We have a little bit of a challenge, where the bottleneck is not so much the technical capabilities. There are some really decent technologies out there. The challenge is having skilled people now, operators that can look at the feedback and output of these things and make good use of them. So, I can have surveillance equipment all over my house, but if no one is watching the video consoles, then I won't even notice that I've been attacked. So, what we have to do is really notice these talented and persistent adversaries, these state-sponsored attacks, the industrial espionage, all the things that made the news for the first time, prominently, last year. They're not new phenomena, but they've become mainstream, more prominent now. These types of things are really going to require a whole lot more eyes and ears. So, I see this as a critical investment. I just want to find ways that individual organizations can have a talent pool that can extract the value that they present, so the bottleneck is going to be finding and posturing the talent to do so. Most of the players in this space are trying to make it more useable and easier, more obvious for less-skilled analysts to extract that value.
KITTEN: And in closing, Josh, could you give our audience three to five takeaways that should be considered when choosing a vendor and/or solution that really doesn't have security?
Rugged Code: The Real Solution
CORMAN: Well, right now, given the economy and given the attention being paid to passing an audit, you're probably going to have very, very little discretionary budget for things beyond that which will cause a fine. I mean, we said before, this industry is acting in a way that they clearly think more about the auditor more than the attacker. Now, for those of you concerned about more than just passing an audit, it's really tough to find what's the maximum impact with my skill set and my team for the minimum investment, and there are a whole lot of interesting technologies, like some of these more advanced data-loss-prevention tools, like the network forensics, like next-gen firewalls, Web-app firewalls; and no, they're not the same. I think a lot of this is going to have to be based on what you're most concerned about. I think Web-app firewalls are not necessarily the most strategic, but they certainly could address the most acute pain points right now. Something like 89 percent of the breach records last year from Verizon involved SQL injection, and most of us are leaving our applications wide open. So, that's a tactically intelligent decision.The real solution is to write more rugged code in the future and have a lot more of a culture of developing defensible infrastructure. Web-app will always have a purpose, but I think the most strategic thing is to have this seven-layer visibility, whether it's online or for forensic purposes, because with more visibility, we'll be able to detect and respond more quickly in the future and hopefully avoid a lot of these point solutions and spread our budgets and our staffs too thin maintaining these solutions that maybe addressed last year's threat but might not be as hot or relevant next year.


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When I posted 'Savory Oats Porridge' previously many of you liked it and even tried at home and are happy with the results.Apart from that,I do a lot of savory versions of oats porridge's to give my family a healthy start of the day.Oats pongal is one among them which is very easy to make and is very tasty to eat.I prepare this in a way very much similar to our beloved south Indian style pongal and there is no compromise in taste as well.If you are looking for a healthy breakfast this recipe is for you,add this to your menu definitely.
1 1/4 cup quick cooking Oats
3/4 cup yellow moong dal
6-8 cashew nuts,broken
8-10 peppercorns,slightly crushed
1/2" ginger,finely chopped
3-4 green chillies,slit
8-10 curry leaves
1/2 tsp mustard seeds
a pinch of turmeric
1 tsp jeera
few pinches of hing
1 tbsp ghee
2 tsp oil
salt to taste
- Heat ghee and oil in a thick bottomed pan or small pressure cooker.Add broken cashewnuts and fry until light golden in color and remove them from oil using a slotted spoon.
- In the remaining oil,crackle mustard seeds,jeera and add slit green chillies,ginger and fry until they wilt.
- Add curry leaves,hing and fry slightly.
- Add yellow moong dal and fry until you get a nice aroma and is light golden brown in color.
- Add four cups of water and cook until the moong dal is cooked and soft.If you are using pressure cooker,pressure cook it for 4 whistles.
- Add enough salt,pinch of turmeric and oats and stir well.cover it and cook it on low flame for 8-10 mins until everything is well mixed.If you feel the consistency is slightly thicker add some milk or water at this stage to get the desired consistency.
- Add the fried cashew nuts and mix well.


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During Monday morning rush hour in a Tokyo train station, passengers were met with horrific news- a woman had fallen into the eight inch gap between the train and the platform and was trapped. The woman had fallen while getting off the train in Japan Railway Minami Urawa Station in Saitama, near Tokyo
Rather than mind their own business and focus on getting to work, over 40 passengers joined the train officials to push the 32-ton train to its side. The train's suspension system lets it to lean to either side with enough force. This allowed for passengers to pull the woman out once the carriage was shifted. With the efforts of this act of kindness, the delay took only a mere 8 minutes.
Miraculously, the trapped woman was pulled out uninjured and received a round of applause. The woman was apparently in her 30's. Its unclear how the unidentified women had fallen into the gap, but onlookers claim that she had gotten trapped around her waist.
A newspaper photographer happened to catch the act of heroism in action. This photo of the rescue ran in the Yomiuri's evening edition.
See the full photo below:


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Student Art Creations
Students were challenged to use public art as a stimulus for artistic response and cross-curricular learning. The inspired artworks explored current topics such as homelessness, cultural identity, science and technology, societal norms and the environment. 350 student BIG IDEAS artworks were selected from over 2,500 creations from 24 secondary and elementary schools of six school districts to showcase in a series of eight gallery exhibits. Selected exhibition art pieces are available to view at this online gallery and some of these inspiring art creations are paired with the online BIG IDEAS curriculum plans.
No results found.


text: If this has already been discussed on the list, a pointer to the thread would be appreciated! Looking over the list I found a couple references to the IBM cell processors being used in PS3. Has anyone had a chance to actually use/test one of these systems yet? Considering that the PS3 is supposed to be competing with the XBOX 360 and the Wii, I assume that it's out, or that someone has actually used one of these systems. Can anyone point me to a url, or tell me what their experience is with this technology? Is it as fast as it's purported to be? Apparently RedHat is developing EL 4.3 to run on the system? Any input is appreciated, Joe


text: This short documentary tackles the topic of tranquilizers, a family of pharmaceutical drugs Canadians are avid consumers of. In the form of an ongoing dialogue for and against these drugs, the film introduces us to doctors and patients who approach the prescription issue from different angles. Is there such a thing as an "easy pill"?


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InDyne successfully designs, implements, maintains and integrates communication and network services across large, complex contracts. We appreciate the requirements and complexities of maintaining and supporting this essential service to support the customer's mission in real time. While doing so, we also identify and implement cost effective technological initiatives that benefit the customer in a fiscally constrained environment.
Our expertise lies is the ability to integrate geographically dispersed sites and users that provide support in areas such as the development, testing, deployment, and sustainment of weapons and human spaceflight operations in addition to managing active test ranges and base operations.
InDyne proudly supports and offers expertise in the following:


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Welcome to easyMarkets
For 12 years, online trading pioneer easy-forex has strived to provide you with awesome products and services. Now, in 2016, we want to take you to a whole new level of online trading.
easyMarkets reflects our wider offering of CFDs, forex, commodities, indices and options and the most exciting element has to be our brand new web trading platform. For two years our skilled developers worked closely with our financial analysts, our risk managers and our traders to develop a cutting-edge trading platform. We gave them one guideline – make it better, keep it easy and that's exactly what they've done!
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So you will see that our name has changed to easyMarkets to match our great new website www.easymarkets.com. What hasn't changed is our defining ethos, our fantastic people and the top-level of service you've rightly come to expect from us.
Rest assured, you will still be able to trade on the easy-forex platform for the next few months and we are here for any questions you may have.


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Wildly Civilised
Modern Adventure
The Original. Evolved
Coming Soon
Jeep Avanger
Adventure Awaits
Access your iPhone® without even having to plug it into your vehicle with wireless Apple CarPlay®1 support. The system brings your contacts, favorite audio apps, Apple Maps and more on board all through the Uconnect® system.
Once you connect your Android™ smartphone, Android Auto™ 2 integration brings your world into your vehicle, allowing you to call your contacts, listen to your playlists or have texts read to you, all through your Uconnect® system.
This available state-of-the-art system, created by the renowned luxury home audio company McIntosh®, is now offered for the first time in a full-size SUV. Turn your cabin into a concert hall with a 17-channel amplifier delivering up to 950 Watts of power, 19 custom-designed speakers including a 10-inch subwoofer.
The available Interior Rear Facing Camera3 features a high-definition image that lets you keep a close eye on pets and passengers in the back without turning away from the road.
Overseas model shown, Australian specification may differ.
1. Requires compatible iPhone®. See dealer for phone compatibility. Data plan rates apply. Vehicle user interface is a product of Apple®. Apple CarPlay is a trademark of Apple Inc. iPhone is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the US and other countries. Apple terms of use and privacy statements apply.
2. To use Android Auto on your phone screen, you'll need an Android phone running 5.0 or higher and the Android Auto app. Android and Android Auto are trademarks of Google LLC.
3. Always be aware of your surroundings, and drive carefully, consistent with conditions.
The best way to experience the Jeep Compass is with a test drive.
We're here to help you with your car financing needs.
Get the very latest brochure on the Compass.
Want to know more from the team at City Jeep? Get in touch with us!


text: TaxesIf you are ordering from Michigan or California you will be charged the appropriate state sales tax. California residents of Los Angeles or Orange counties will be charged the appropriate county tax. If you are charged tax and you believe that you should not be, please contact us immediately. We will investigate and reverse the charge if it is appropriate to do so. If you are a reseller, please contact us for dealer pricing and a dealer application. Handling ChargesWe do not charge a handling charge. There are no hidden fees to inflate the cost of your order. Minimum Order FeeOrders under $25.00 will be charged a $5.00 fee. We feel it is better to do this on small orders (where the higher ratio costs are) rather than mark-up all the products and thus disguise the fee. We encourage our customers to plan ahead and order supplies for future use rather than pay this fee. |


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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
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Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
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Industrial |
Professional items |
World psychology |
Social psychology: Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline
Disability discrimination is discrimination against people with disability. In many countries there are discrimination laws which make this illegal.
Attitudes towards mental and physical illness and sensory disabilities support prejudice against people with disability.
The Fair Treatment at Work Survey 2005 found that people with a disability or long term illness were twice as likely as other employees to experience unfair treatment at work
In the year to March 2007, nearly as many claims of disability discrimination (5,533) were accepted by the Employment Tribunals in Great Britain as for race (3,780), age (972), religion (648) and sexual orientation (470) combined (5,870).
See also[]
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- Beverly, C., & Alvarez, A. R. (2003). Employment and empowerment of people with disabilities: A social development perspective. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
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text:
Holy Serpent 'Temples' LP
Holy Serpent 'Temples' LP
The concept of "skate-rock" has been around for many years, but it has never been embodied as well as on Temples, the new album by Holy Serpent. While the band members are just casual skateboarders themselves, one might be tempted to think that skating has subtly influenced the band's sound. Not only in the elements of 70s hard rock crossed with punk values and energy. But, the music itself is like riding a skateboard: slow grooving passages can shift on a dime into fast thrill-ride riffs. There's an exhilarating freedom of movement and unpredictability to the sound.
In the short time since their self-titled RidingEasy debut in mid-2015, Melbourne, Australia's Holy Serpent have gained a lot of attention for their rather punk version of heavy psych and metal. Fittingly, there's a strong vibe of early Soundgarden, Saint Vitus and Kyuss to Temples in that it's undeniably heavy, but also clever in its experimentation with subtle tempo shifts, multiple vocal effects and other production techniques. But it's still more Sabotage than Sabbath Bloody Sabbath.
Temples is heavier in tone than the first album, and also more sonically rich and aggressive. The 5-song, 44-minute album finds vocalist/guitarist Scott Penberthy, guitarist Nick Donoughue, bassist Dave Bartlett and drummer Danny Leo (new drummer Lance Leembrugen has replaced Leo since recording to complete the live lineup) expanding the hooks while simultaneously taking listeners on a rigorous ride.
"We've found playing slow all the time got a tad boring so we've mixed it up a bit with tempo changes and added more parts to each song to make them sort of flow like a story," Penberthy says. "The challenge was making sure it still flowed as it should. 'All killer no filler' was a bit of a motto this time around when writing the songs."
Album opener "Purification by Fire" emerges slowly from a primordial swamp of a reversed gong crash, synth swells, guitar feedback and lightly plucked bass notes before it all coalesces into a driving but slow-burn riff that spans the length of the fretboard as the drum patterns also subtly shift and slide underneath. It's a brilliant effect, albeit one you might miss if you're not paying attention. "Bury Me Standing" launches full throttle with a raging guitar solo over a driving riff/rhythm before a quick about-face into a march as Penberthy's effect-soaked vocals wail above the proceedings. The song builds slowly upon its elements until Penberthy howls an impassioned plea, "bury me standing, I will not forgive you." Album centerpiece "Toward the Sands" further pushes the tempo changes and sonic experimentation to great effect as the song effortlessly turns on a dime from fast rager to doom, while all sounding cohesive and melodically infectious. Album closer "Sativan Harvest" is an epic nearly 12-minute multi-part journey, built around a central blues motif that drifts into a massive haze of droning guitars set to fat rhythm pickup tone as it swells then recedes, only to restructure into a mutated version of the original motif that eventually abruptly ends with violin, cello and synths in a slow fade into the ether.
Catalogue number: EZRDR70LP
Condition: New
Label: Riding Easy