text:
Teh win! E.T.A. won the award for "Best Talent Film 2008" at this years
Aarhus Film Festival
(in Danish). Thanks! The jury even went on to strongly suggest that we should make our next film a feature instead of a short. And yes, they DID know how long it took us to complete E.T.A. Makes you wonder if they just want to test the true extent of our spare time exhausting madness...
Plus HEiNRiCH had the great opportunity to try out his squaky english skills on
in a podcasted interview. Thanks to MarBelle for his patience in setting it all up!
E.T.A. is currently enjoying a bit of buzz these days as Autodesk has just posted their
Animation Newsletter
with a link to the films
on their site.
Plus! We have just been notified that the short is nominated for an award at the
SIGGRAPH Asia 2008
Computer Animation Festival in Singapore. Fancy that! Our hopes/chances of winning anything are slim, but... buzz!
A general plan for worldwide festival distribution is also in the works - Updates will be posted here as they come.
We might have told you it was done - but now it really is!
has had it's sound overhauled - for the better.
And now we're going to let it be - and send it out to any festivals that might actually accept it.
The Productions section has been updated with a Quicktime H264 version of the film (we're sucking up to a broader audience). And we've opened a thread for the film at the huge international
community - so feel free to pop by and load off any questions or critique you might have.
At last! After many years of exhaustive work, our animated short
was finished and entered in the Animation compo at
in Bingen, Germany. And it won us the 1st place!
It has been quite a load to get off our backs, so we're really happy it was well received.
Site has also been spiced up a bit, and updated with an extensive E.T.A. production commentary for the insanely bored.
we did not win
the scene.org award trophy, we still have some good news to haul at the masses.
That's right! Finally! English subs for
Godmorgen Sol
has arrived!
And yes.. we have yet to deliver our third short film. We're sure it will be completed some day.
In our lifetime. We hope. Seriously. It will! Honest!
Exciting news! In a streak of uncontrollable love, someone decided to nominate our last short film
Of Mice & Monsters
for the coveted
Scene.org 'Best Animation'
Christmas comes early this year! We have recovered yet another oldie/goldie. Fancy that!
Fiest your eyes on
Working Out
which was (nearly) released at The Party 1999.
We scoured our disks and found that we had neglected to include and old gem in the online archive!
Check out
Virtual Paradox
released at Mekka/Symposium 2001.
MAJOR update! Production notes has been added for all online productions.
And yes, we are still working on our next short film for an Easter 2007 release!
JUNKWORKS.org has been updated with a new design. Or rather.. now it HAS a design.
JUNK participated in the Animation compo at
in Bingen, Germany. We entered our animated short
Of Mice & Monsters
and was awarded a nice 2nd place.
All content as presented on junkworks.org is copyright © junk 1998-2009 unless otherwise stated.
Anywho, you can contact us using


text:
Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms announced a series of administrative orders on Monday that will require the police department to reform its use-of-force rules and amp up de-escalation tactics, three days after Rayshard Brooks was shot and killed by a police officer.
"Friday evening we saw the murder of Rayshard Brooks," Bottoms said in a press conference, "It is clear that we do not have another day, another minute, another hour to waste."
The move comes as local governments across the nation are reexamining police department budgets, and implementing various reforms.
In Atlanta, Bottoms' orders will require the police department to report all uses of deadly force to a citizens review board.
Atlanta police officers will also be "duty bound" to intervene and prevent another officer from using force "which is beyond reasonable," Bottoms said, and then to immediately report the use of force to a supervisor.
The orders will stipulate that officers must use de-escalation techniques before using deadly force, and require officers de-escalate more generally in their policing, according to Bottoms.
"We saw the worst happen on Friday night with Mr.Brooks. ... it angered me and it saddened me beyond words," Bottoms said. "This is the first of a series of actions and steps that we will take."
The move comes as demonstrators across the U.S. have chanted the demand " Defund The Police."
Activists say reform is not the same as defunding police departments, which would replace officers with other trained professionals, such as social workers, to respond to noncriminal disputes, a step the city of San Francisco took on Friday.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Apollo program
"I came, I saw, I threw up in the flight simulator."
The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was a division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) dedicated to conducting next generation technological research for high school varsity football teams and Tang commercials. While the project's most visible achievement was its work on manned space flight, which ultimately culminated in the first moon landing, there were many more dimensions to the research conducted by the Apollo Project, though many were conducted in secrecy. Among the most historically significant inventions to come out of Apollo's secret projects were the super laser destruction beam, a method of traveling between alternate dimensions, and velcro.
The project advanced American technology immensely during the dark days of the Cold War, which were the most momentous in American history since the Founding Fathers walked the earth as the world's mightiest heroes. In the aftermath of the Manhattan Project's success, the world became a dangerous place and America's new heroes needed to demonstrate to the enemy that American technology was superior. Thus, even more than the scientific advances of Apollo, the project's real significance may have been in demonstrating American technical superiority. Or not, really, since without those technological advances the world would have been devoured whole in 1973.
Our story begins like all stories do — in Nazi Germany. It was 1934 and Hitler had tightened his grip on German society while beginning a campaign of rearmament in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. As part of rearmament he began to crack down on Germany's scientific community, diverting resources and researchers to develop newer weapons technologies. Most famously, weapons research occurred at Heeresversuchsanstalt, a research site near Peenemünde, established in 1937. The site hosted two research teams: the first of these was a team of rocket scientists lead by Wernher von Braun, which produced many of Germany's long-range ballistic missiles, including the V-2, the Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile, and the LimeyKiller 3000.
As World War II progressed, Heinrich Himmler added a second team of scientists to Hereisverucasaltansuch in addition to the rocket scientists, this one with considerably loftier goals. Lead by Professor Moshe Finkelstein, the team's goal was to develop a method of traveling between alternate realities. The military applications of such a technology were limitless: one could travel freely to any spot on the globe via any reality in which no war existed, discoveries made in alternate realities could be copied, and Germany could gain the natural resources of a thousand alternate reality versions of France, all of which would immediately surrender.
At first the two projects were given roughly equal priority, but as the war effort began to go poorly, Hitler personally directed that all resources go to the alternate reality project, and the two teams at Hiresversionsalt were merged under the leadership of von Braun, as it had recently been learned that former project leader Professor Finkelstein had, in fact, been a Jew. By focusing on the alternate reality project, Hitler hoped to realize his ultimate goal of a pure Aryan society in a new way — by finding an uninhabited earth and filling it with the populations of many alternate Germanys.
As inevitable defeat appeared over the German horizon, however, the German scientists decided that for their own safety they would travel to the front lines so as to surrender to the Americans. Evading German soldiers ordered to destroy the scientists and their work, they surrendered to the Americans in the spring of 1945. Consequently, the scientists immigrated to America and began to work for the American government. Unfortunately for America, the team included one Snidely von Braun, a spy. Hitler had not been the only power-hungry German to be interested in the alternate reality project, you see — the Illuminati also had plans for the technology.
In the early days of the Cold War the United States had a distinct advantage over the Soviet Union, having developed both Superhero technology and the atomic bomb. Soviet espionage, however, quickly led to replication of both technologies and it soon became clear that other technologies would have to be pursued in order to maintain America's edge and assure that the New American Justice Coalition would remain a match for the Soviet Protection Comrades. In October of 1957, however, any illusion of American technological superiority was dashed when the U.S.S.R. surprised the world with the successful launch of the Sputnik 1 satellite into Earth orbit.
In response President Eisenhower committed American recourses to the space race, knowing that space exploration might lead to new technologies, and especially to new methods of superpowers endowment. The latter suspicion was confirmed after Laika, the dog sent into space with Sputnik 2, returned to Earth — a significant event in and of itself since the Soviet engineers had not built the satellite to return to Earth. Though behind at first, America hurried to catch up with the Soviets. In 1957, Project Mercury began and by 1962 NASA succeeded in launching President Kennedy into low Earth orbit, where he was bombarded with cosmic rays that granted him the superpower to stretch his body in any way he chose.
Project Apollo Begins
Though Project Mercury had been successful at endowing the President with superpowers, it had not been as cost effective a method as the Manhattan Project's serum. Kennedy thus challenged the nation to a much greater goal: to put a man on the moon before the decade was out, for surely this would produce an even greater superpower. Just to be safe, however, Kennedy also added additional research areas to the Apollo Project, including a restarted alternate reality program staffed by the German defectors.
Alternate Reality Program Reborn
With the alternate reality program back in action again, the Illuminati once again took interest and began to insert more of their own operatives into the research team. With the high profile focus on the Lunar missions, the infiltrators soon had great control over the extra-dimensional project, and using their secret knowledges they were successful as early as the spring of 1963, sending an old and unused satellite through their dimensional gateway as a probe. Dubbing the alternate reality XDR-01, the scientists were shocked by what they found there: an alternate Earth ruled entirely by damned dirty apes!
Worried, the researchers sent out probes to many other dimensions in hope of determining whether human life was dominant throughout various planes of existence. What they found reassured them that human life was dominant, but it also amazed them with the variety of deviations in history that could occur. Out of the hundred random realities surveyed, they found 20 in which the South had won the Civil War, thirteen in which someone had expected the Spanish Inquisition, three in which women were the dominant sex, two in which France had once won a war, and one in which the civilization kept all of its knowledge on a computer database which any member of the community could edit.
The Accident
The Illuminati infiltrators might have gone unnoticed in their research but for what happened next. In 1967 the scientists had completed their survey of 100 realities and had even managed to send and safely return several test animals from alternate realities, even learning how to re-establish contact with a specific reality after severing contact. For the next phase of their research, several factors in the dimensional gate were altered and the result was a gateway to a reality that gave off readings unlike any other. The researchers explored the qualities of the dimension, which seemed to be in many ways the opposite of ours, but it was not until an important test for the public part of the Apollo project took place that they learned the dimension's true nature.
On January 27th, an important test for the Apollo Project's manned space flight program took place. Three astronauts boarded the Apollo spacecraft for a test-run of the systems in a 100% oxygen environment. The test, however, was a failure. A fire sparked inside the capsule and the astronauts perished, unable to open the hatch. Publicly, NASA claimed the accident was the result an electrical failing, but internally they discovered that nothing had gone wrong. Everything should have worked. Even stranger, the scientists at the alternate dimension project noted that their Apollo 1 test module was identical to the one in the alternate reality they were currently researching, and it had not caught fire. Finally it dawned on the Illuminati researchers: they had opened up a link to a bizzaro universe. What's more, they had inadvertently caused the test to explode simply by virtue of the bizzaro reality's test succeeding.
The accident drew fire from elected officials opposed to NASA and soon a Senate committee, led by Walter Mondale, was investigating the incident. While the Illuminati could safely hide the real cause of the accident from most of the Senators, they could not hide it from Mondale, for he had come upon the great treasure of the Illuminati — the secret decoder ring — which he used to force them into revealing their secret. With Mondale having discovered both the alternate reality project and its infiltration by the Illuminati, the project seemed doomed, but instead Mondale struck a bargain with the infiltrators.
The Bargain
Under the bargain, the scientists could only access the bizzaro universe sparingly, so as not to cause further disruption in the public manned space-flight division of Apollo, and when they did, they were to limit their activities to choosing between various bizzaro universes, and to researching long term effects of existing in such a universe. For what reason, Mondale would not say.
Under the arrangement the team was also to explore more non-bizzaro alternate universes for potential discoveries, but they were not to meddle in these worlds. While Mondale kept the Illuminati in check in our universe, he could not do so in all of the other dimensions. True to the agreement they were careful and conducted the proscribed research on the bizzaro universe, but they kept an extra-dimensional base from which to interfere in other realities. Because of Mondale, however, none of this spilled over into our universe.
Following the bargain, both major threads of the Apollo Project advanced steadily. Further attempts at space flight were successful and the nation grew closer to the moment that a man would walk on the moon, and the alternate reality project began to glean valuable information from the spies it placed in alternate dimensions. In particular the Illuminati desired to implement a piece of technology obtained from reality XDR-314, the superlaser destruction beam, and this desire only grew as the possibility of successfully manning the weapon from space grew. What they lacked, however, was a reason for the weapon to exist. If they were to simply produce the weapon with no need for it, then others would ask questions about how and when they discovered such technology.
Such an opportunity presented itself for the Illuminati in the summer of 1969. Not only did Bryan Adams get his first six-string, but the public face of the Apollo Project landed a man on the moon. The country was overjoyed at the achievement, but when the astronauts returned with footage of the moon landing, NASA noticed something approaching our world in the background of the photos. It appeared to be a giant purple man, a fact which greatly concerned the scientists. They were right to be concerned, in fact, for the object was none other than Galactus, devourer of worlds.
Seizing the opportunity, the Illuminati infiltrators insisted that a weapon must be constructed to defend against the unknown threat. Furthermore, they argued, it must be done in-house, for if the knowledge of our imminent danger became widely known, then the public would panic. They were given the go-ahead and quickly 'invented' an awesome new weapon to defend earth. The day that weapon would be needed approached quickly. In early 1973, Galactus approached and the world was forced to call on its mightiest heroes — the New American Justice Coalition.
NAJC Battles Galactus
The upcoming Apollo 18 launch was quickly cancelled, and in its place the two living members of the New American Justice Coalition, Richard Nixon and Lyndon B. Johnson, blasted off with a prototype of the superlaser destruction beam to face the giant space monster. The battle was epic as Earth's greatest warriors faced the mighty planet-destroyer in the vacuum of space, but soon the tide began to turn against our leaders. Even the power of Nixon's Hulk unleashed could not fell the giant creature, and the weapon could only fend off Galactus for so long.
Finally our heroes designed a last ditch plan. They rigged the superlaser destruction beam to overload and destroy itself in a mighty explosion. Johnson used his super speed to plant the improvised bomb on Galactus, running away only at the last second, so as to ensure that Galactus could not destroy or escape it. The plan worked in almost every way: Galactus was so badly injured that he left the solar system straightaway, and Johnson was able to escape. Unfortunately, the explosion blew a small hole in Johnson's space suit and by the time Nixon had reverted from his Hulk form and retrieved Johnson, the elderly ex-President had been severely weakened by lack of air and exposure to cold, and as a result he died soon after returning to Earth. For the first time since Truman, the New American Justice Coalition had just one member.
Close of the Apollo Project
The cancellation of Apollo 18 turned out to be only the first in a series that extended to all of the Apollo Project's missions as NASA's spaceflight division refocused on less ambitious goals. The covert operations of the Apollo Project were also largely shelved by Nixon, who was still bitter about the death of his teammate Johnson and felt that the results of the project were insufficient. Nixon also felt that members of the project were out to get him. He was right, of course, though not because he knew anything, but because he thought everyone was out to get him. With the project cancelled, several of the Illuminati scientists fled to reality XDR-347, which also had an Illuminati-infiltrated Apollo Project. Most of them bided their time, however, for they had an ally on the rise in Washington.
In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected President and he brought Walter Mondale with him to the White House. Mondale, still pursuing his unknown plan, convinced Carter to restart the program and to appoint Illuminati members, who he could control. Carter would not give them what they truly wanted, however, for he banned all work on the advanced superlaser. Instead they continued their bizzaro research and waited for a more military-minded executive.
Star-Wars Defense Initiative
That opportunity came with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. Already determined to challenge the Soviets when he entered office, Reagan was spurred to greater determination when he learned of the still secret battle between the Justice Coalition and Galactus. Worried that space communists might someday challenge the American way of life, Reagan initiated the Star-Wars Defense Initiative, and as part of that initiative he secretly restarted the Apollo Project in its entirety. Directing the space-flight division and the covert division to cooperate, he began plans to turn Mimas, a faraway moon of Saturn, into a giant weapon based around a massive version of the superlaser destruction beam.
This was a great amount of power for the Illuminati, who had successfully infiltrated all levels of command at the project, but at first they could not make use of this power because Mondale continued to hold them in check. That would all change in 1984, however, as Mondale's long held plan came to fruition. Ordering the Illuminati to open and maintain a link to a new bizzaro reality, Mondale ran a thoroughly self-destructive Presidential campaign, losing the election but causing his bizzaro counterpart to win it by a landslide. Just before inauguration he left this universe to assume the place of his double — and the Presidency — in the bizzaro universe. At long last, Mondale was gone and could no longer hold the infiltrators at bay. Thus began the Illuminati's master plan, which would not come to fruition for another decade.
The Secret Wars
All these events came to a conclusion in a series of events shrouded in mystery, but collectively termed the Secret Wars. A full sixty years since they were set into motion, all of these events culminated in a great interdimensional war fought by the fully assembled members of the New American Justice Coaltion.
It began on March 22, when an alien figure crossed through the dimensional gateway into our reality and quickly "bamf"-ed away, disappearing in a puff of smoke before the Illuminati researchers could capture him. The figure was an extradimensional Spiro Agnew, who had been president in the reality in which some of our Illuminati had earlier taken refuge. He came here to enlist the help of our reality's Justice Coalition and to warn us that the Illuminati might betray us just as they had done in his reality.
Though no one will say exactly what occurred in the Secret Wars, we know that it was partly fought here and partly in reality XDR-347, and that by its end Richard Nixon was dead, Ronald Reagan was losing his memories, Jimmy Carter had lost his adamantium, and the moon of Mimas had been destroyed. For more than a decade, the remnants of the Apollo Project were dormant, and most assumed that the war was over; but perhaps there is more to come, for just recently a single blood-spattered photo slipped through the dimensional gateway from XDR-347...
See Also
- The Secret Wars
- Manhattan Engineering District (Manhattan Project)
- American Justice Coalition / Founding Fathers
- New American Justice Coalition
- Walter Mondale


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While she is best known as a postcolonial theorist, Gayatri Spivak describes herself as a "para-disciplinary, ethical philosopher"– though her early career would have included "applied deconstruction." Her reputation was first made for her translation and preface to Derrida's Of Grammatology (1976) and she has since applied deconstructive strategies to various theoretical engagements and textual analyses including feminism, Marxism, literary criticism and postcolonialism.
My position is generally a reactive one. I am viewed by Marxists as too codic, by feminists as too male-identified, by indigenous theorists as too committed to Western Theory. I am uneasily pleased about this. (Post-Colonial Critic)
Despite her outsider status — or partly, perhaps, because of it — Spivak is widely cited in a range of disciplines. Her work is nearly evenly split between dense theoretical writing peppered with flashes of compelling insight, and published interviews in which she wrestles with many of the same issues in a more personable and immediate manner. What Edward Said calls a "contrapuntal" reading strategy is recommended as her ideas are continually evolving and resist, in true deconstructive fashion, a straight textual analysis. She has said that she prefers the teaching environment where ideas are continually in motion and development. Nonetheless, the glossary of key terms and motifs that is available below may serve as a kind of legend to a map of her work. It is not intended as a "bluffer's guide to Spivakism" (The Spivak Reader) but rather blazes on a trail into this difficult and important body of work.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak was born in Calcutta, West Bengal, 24 February 1942 to "solidly metropolitan middle class" parents (PCC). She thus belonged to the "first generation of Indian intellectuals after independence," a more interesting perspective she claims, than that of the Midnight's Children, who were "born free by chronological accident" (Arteaga interview). She did her undergraduate work in English at the University of Calcutta (1959), graduating with first class honours. She borrowed money to go to the US in the early 1960s to do graduate work at Cornell, which she chose because she "knew the names of Harvard, Yale and Cornell, and thought half of them were too good for me. (I'm intellectually a very insecure person … to an extent I still feel that way)" (de Kock interview 33). She "fell into comparative literature" because it was the only department that offered her money (Ibid.). She received her MA in English from Cornell and taught at the University of Iowa while working on her Ph.D. Her dissertation was on Yeats (published as Myself Must I Remake: The Life and Poetry of W.B. Yeats [1974)]) and was directed by Paul de Man (See Yeats and Postcolonialism). Of her work with de Man she says, "I wasn't groomed for anything. I learnt from him. I took good notes and slowly sort of understood" (de Kock interview). "When I was de Man's student," she adds, "he had not read Derrida yet. I went to teach at Iowa in 1965 and did not know about the famous Hopkins conference on the Structuralists Controversy in 1966″ (E-mail communication). She ordered _de la grammatologie_ out of a catalogue in 1967 and began working on the translation some time after that (E-mail communication). During this time she married and divorced an American, Talbot Spivak. Her translator's introduction to Derrida's Of Grammatology has been variously described as "setting a new standard for self-reflexivity in prefaces" (editor's introduction to The Spivak Reader) and "absolutely unreadable, its only virtue being that it makes Derrida that much more enjoyable." Her subsequent work consists in post-structuralist literary criticism, deconstructivist readings of Marxism, Feminism and Postcolonialism (including work with the Subaltern Studies group and a critical reading of American cultural studies in Outside in the Teaching Machine [1993]), and translations of the Bengali writer Mahasweta Devi. She is currently a University Professor at Columbia. (See Transnationalism and Globalism, Gender and Nation, Essentialism, Representation, Partition of India)
Glossary of Key Terms in Spivak's Work
Ethical responsibility/Ethical singularity
Spivak's usage of "responsibility" (like her dialogic understanding of "speaking," noted above) is akin to Bakhtin's "answerability" (otvetstvennost: sometimes also translated as "responsibility"). It signifies not only the act of response which completes the transaction of speaker and listener, but also the ethical stance of making discursive room for the Other to exist. In other words, "ethics are not just a problem of knowledge but a call to a relationship" (Introduction to The Spivak Reader). The ideal relationship is individual and intimate. This is what she means by "ethical singularity," the engagement of the Other in non-essential, non-crisis terms.
We all know that when we engage profoundly with one person, the responses come from both sides: this is responsibility and accountability… The object of ethical action is not an object of benevolence, for here responses flow from both sides. (SR 269-270)
The ideal relation to the Other, then, is an "embrace, an act of love" (ibid.). Such an embrace may be unrequited, as the differences and distances are too great, but if we are ever to get beyond the vicious cycle of abuse, it is essential to remain open-hearted; not to attempt to recreate the Other narcissistically, in one's own image, but generously, with care and attention. (See Orientalism)
Spivak's work explores "the margins at which disciplinary discourses break down and enter the world of political agency" (SR). She interrogates the politics of culture from a marginal perspective ("outside") while maintaining the prerogatives of a professional position within the hegemony (See Hegemony in Gramsci). Through deconstruction she turns hegemonic narratives inside out, and as a third world woman in a position of privilege in the American academy, she brings the outside in. Hence Outside in the Teaching Machine (1993). These contradictory positions have led her to develop the notion that the center is also a margin, more like the center line on a road than the center of town. "This is the classic deconstructive position, in the middle, but not on either side" (de Kock interview). This reconfiguring of the "center" (or re-centering, perhaps) also changes the position and status of the margins: no longer outside looking in, but an integral, if minor, language. (See Mimicry, Ambivalence and Hybridity)
Strategic Essentialism
In the Boundary 2 interview, Spivak wistfully pronounces that, of the two things she is best known for, both are often misunderstood. The first was her answer to the question "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and the second is the notion of strategic essentialism.
Essentialism is bad, not in its essence — which would be a tautology — but only in its application. The goal of essentialist critique is not the exposure of error, but the interrogation of the essentialist terms. Uncritical deployment is dangerous. Critique is simply reading the instructions for use. Essentialism is like dynamite, or a powerful drug: judiciously applied, it can be effective in dismantling unwanted structures or alleviating suffering; uncritically employed, however, it is destructive and addictive.
Spivak's strategy is deconstructivist, like that of a good lawyer: when on defense, prod the prosecution's narrative until the cracks begin to appear and when prosecuting, piece together a case by understanding the criminal's motivation. "Strategic essentialism" is like role-playing, briefly inhabiting the criminal mind in order to understand what makes it tick (See Postcolonial Performance and Installation Art). The Subaltern Studies group, for example, succeeds in unraveling official Indian history by particularizing its narrative: "a strategic use of positivist essentialism in a scrupulously visible political interest" (The Spivak Reader 214). This is also the way Spivak uses deconstruction, for example, without fully subscribing to it as a viable philosophic system or practice, much less a political program. Or, as she puts it, "[Deconstruction] is not the exposure of error. It is constantly and persistently looking into how truths are produced." (Arteaga interview) "Although I make specific use of deconstruction, I'm not a Deconstructivist" (Post-Colonial Critic).
The misuse of the concept of "strategic essentialism" is that less "scrupulous" practitioners ignore the element of strategy, and treat it as simply "a union ticket for essentialism. As to what is meant by strategy, no-one wondered about that." She claims to have given up on the phrase, though not the concept (Danius and Jonsson interview).
Spivak achieved a certain degree of misplaced notoriety for her 1985 article "Can the Subaltern Speak?: Speculations on Widow Sacrifice" (Wedge 7/8 [Winter/Spring 1985]: 120-130). In it, she describes the circumstances surrounding the suicide of a young Bengali woman that indicates a failed attempt at self-representation. Because her attempt at "speaking" outside normal patriarchal channels was not understood or supported, Spivak concluded that "the subaltern cannot speak." Her extremely nuanced argument, admittedly confounded by her sometimes opaque style, led some incautious readers to accuse her of phallocentric complicity, of not recognizing or even not letting the subaltern speak. Some critics, missing the point, buttressed their arguments with anecdotal evidence of messages cried out by burning widows. Her point was not that the subaltern does not cry out in various ways, but that speaking is "a transaction between speaker and listener" (Landry and MacLean interview). Subaltern talk, in other words, does not achieve the dialogic level of utterance.
Beyond this specific misunderstanding (proof perhaps that Gayatri Spivak cannot speak?) Spivak also objects to the sloppy use of the term and its appropriation by other marginalized, but not specifically "subaltern" groups. "Subaltern," Spivak insists, is not "just a classy word for oppressed, for Other, for somebody who's not getting a piece of the pie." She points out that in Gramsci's original covert usage (being obliged to encrypt his writing to get it past prison censors), it signified "proletarian," whose voice could not be heard, being structurally written out of the capitalist bourgeois narrative. In postcolonial terms, "everything that has limited or no access to the cultural imperialism is subaltern — a space of difference. Now who would say that's just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It's not subaltern" (de Kock interview).
Another misreading of the concept is that, since the subaltern cannot speak, she needs an advocate to speak for her, affirmative action or special regulatory protection. Spivak objects, "Who the hell wants to protect subalternity? Only extremely reactionary, dubious anthropologistic museumizers. No activist wants to keep the subaltern in the space of difference … You don't give the subaltern voice. You work for the bloody subaltern, you work against subalternity" (ibid) (See Museums and Colonial Exhibitions, Myths of the Native). She cites the work of the Subaltern Studies group as an example of how this critical work can be practiced, not to give the subaltern voice, but to clear the space to allow it to speak.
Spivak is particularly leery of the misappropriation of the term by those who simply want to claim disenfranchisement within the system of hegemonic discourse, i.e. those who can speak, but feel they are not being given their turn. "Many people want to claim subalternity. They are the least interesting and the most dangerous. I mean, just by being a discriminated-against minority on the university campus, they don't need the word 'subaltern' … They should see what the mechanics of the discrimination are. They're within the hegemonic discourse wanting a piece of the pie and not being allowed, so let them speak, use the hegemonic discourse. They should not call themselves subaltern" (ibid).
Unlearning one's privilege as one's loss
Privilege is also a kind of insularity which cuts off the privileged from certain kinds of "other" knowledge. One should strive to recognize these limitations and overcome them, not as a magnanimous gesture of inclusion, but simply for the increase of knowledge. The way to do this is by working critically through one's beliefs, prejudices and assumptions and understanding how they arose and became naturalized. Any Zen master, chiropractor, or guitar teacher will tell you that real learning can only begin once years of mental habit, bad posture, and learning riffs the wrong way are undone, or unlearned.
What we are asking is that the holders of the hegemonic discourse should de-hegemonize their position and themselves learn how to occupy the subject position of the other rather than simply say, "OK, sorry, we are just very good white people, therefore we do not speak for the blacks" (Intervention interview).
Major Publications
- Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Translation of and introduction to Derrida's Of Grammatology. Baltimore: John's Hopkins, 1976.
- An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization. Harvard University Press, 2012.
- A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1999.
- "Can the Subaltern Speak?" in Cary Nelson and Larry Grossberg, eds. Marxism and the interpretation of Culture. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988: 271-313.
- Death of a Discipline. New York, Columbia University Press, 2003.
- "Displacement and the Discourse of Woman" in Mark Krupnik, ed. Displacement: Derrida and After. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1983: 169-95.
- In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics.London: Methuen, 1987.
- Outside In the Teaching Machine. London: Routledge, 1993.
- Selected Subaltern Studies. Ed. with Ranajit Guha. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988.
- The Spivak Reader. Ed. Donna Landry and Gerald MacLean. New York and London: Routledge, 1996. This book includes an extensive list of publications, including many interviews.
- The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. Ed. Sarah Harasym. London: Routledge, 1990.
Interviews cited
- "The Intervention Interview." Southern Humanities Review 22:4 (Fall 1988): 323-342
- Leon de Kock. "New Nation Writers Conference in South Africa." Ariel: A Review of International English Literature 23:3 (July 1992): 29-47
- Sara Danius and Stefan Jonsson. Boundary 2 20:2 (1993): 24-50
- Alfred Arteaga. "Bonding in Difference." The Spivak Reader. New York and London: Routledge, 1996.
- Landry and MacLean. "Subaltern Talk." The Spivak Reader. New York and London: Routledge, 1996.
Author: Michael Kilburn, Spring 1996
Last edited: July 2017


text:
Prescribes report contents, including: (1) an analysis of currency market developments and the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the currencies of major economies and trading partners of the United States, (2) a review of the economic and monetary policies of major economies and trading partners of the United States and an evaluation of how such policies impact currency exchange rates, and (3) a list of currencies designated as fundamentally misaligned currencies.
Instructs the Secretary to: (1) analyze semiannually the prevailing real effective exchange rates of foreign currencies; (2) determine whether any such currency is in fundamental misalignment; and (3) designate it for priority action if the issuing country engages in specified behavior, including excessive and prolonged official or quasi-official accumulation of foreign assets for balance of payments purposes.
Prescribes procedures for: (1) negotiations and consultations; and (2) actions in response to failure, including persistent failure, to adopt appropriate policies, or take identifiable action to eliminate the fundamental misalignment.
Requires the Secretary, before the United States approves a proposed change in the governance arrangement of any international financial institution, to determine whether any member of the international financial institution that would benefit from the proposed change, in the form of increased voting shares or representation, has a currency designated for priority action. Requires U.S. opposition to the proposed change if the Secretary renders an affirmative determination.
Amends the Tariff Act of 1930, for purposes of an antidumping investigation or review, to require an adjustment in the price used to establish export (and constructed export) prices, in the case of a fundamentally misaligned currency designated for priority action, by reducing such price by the percentage by which the domestic currency of the producer or exporter is undervalued in relation to the U.S. dollar.
Requires the administering authority, upon the filing of a petition by an interested party, to initiate a countervailing duty investigation or review to determine whether currency undervaluation by the government of, or any public entity within, a foreign country is providing, directly or indirectly, a countervailable subsidy to its exporters or products. Requires the same kind of countervailing duty investigation upon the designation of a foreign currency as a fundamentally misaligned currency for priority action.
Declares that the fact that such a subsidy is also provided in circumstances not involving export shall not, for that reason alone, mean it cannot be considered export contingent and actionable under a countervailing duty and antidumping duty proceeding.
Declares that the amendments made by this Act shall apply to goods from Canada and Mexico.
Adds as a factor the administering authority must take into account in determining whether a foreign country is a nonmarket economy country the question of whether its currency is designated, or has been designated at any time over the five years before review of any nonmarket economy status, for priority action under this Act.
Establishes the Advisory Committee on International Exchange Rate Policy.
Repeals the Exchange Rates and International Economic Policy Coordination Act of 1988.


text:
This is me at about 2 years old.
Age: Old enough to know better.
Bed Size: Queen.
Chore that I hate: Grocery shopping.
Dog: Toy Poodle, Joey.
Essential start to my day: Two Cups of Tea.
Favorite colors: Aquamarine and Mauve.
Gold or Silver: Gold.
Height: 5'2"
Instruments I play: My mouth, can't play any instrument.
Job Title: Retired and lovin' it.
Favorite Restaurant: McDonald's.
Kids: Five.
Live: One day at a time.
Mother-in-Laws name: Same as mine...Anna
Nicknames: Honey, Mommy.
Pet Peeves: Tardiness, can't stand it.
Quote from a movie: "You had me at Hello!" and "Go Ahead...Make My Day!"
Right or Left Handed: Right.
Siblings: 5 sisters, 2 brothers.
Time I wake up: Between 5 and 7 am.
Underwear: Granny style. ; ))
Vegetable I hate: Bamboo Shoots.
What makes you run late: When I over sleep, or am just in slow motion that day.
Yummy food that I make: Chili...
Zoo Animal: Tigers.
Favorite Hobby: Reading.
This is me today in my Reading Corner.
Gigi means "Great-Grandma" Now doesn't Gigi sound better than Great-Grandma? My hubby and I had 5 children. 3 sons and 2 daughters. We now have 10 Grandchildren, and 6 Great-Grandchildren, with one on the way in May. Therefore, that makes me a "Gigi."


text:
Elhanan Winchester was a Baptist preacher and a founder of the Society of Universal Baptists and the United States General Convention of Universalists.
In his "The Outcasts Comforted – Sermon to the Members of the baptist church, who have been rejected by their Brethren, For holding the Doctrine of the final Restoration of all Things" from 1782 Winchester argues that both Calvinism and Arminianism are only partly right – but put together they form the complete gospel of universal reconciliation.
The Outcasts Comforted
A SERMON Delivered at the University in Philadelphia, January 4, 1782
To the Members of the BAPTIST CHURCH, who have been rejected by their Brethren,
For holding the Doctrine of the final Restoration of all Things.
By Elhanan Winchester.
Published at the earnest Desire of the Hearers.
But this I confess unto thee, that after the Way which they call Heresy, so worship I the GOD of my Fathers, believing all Things which are written in the Law and the Prophets. Acts 24: 14.
Philadelphia: Printed in the Year 1782
To all those of every Denomination, who have been, or may be, rejected by their Brethren, for the Belief of the glorious Doctrine of the Restitution of all Things (of which God hath spoken by the Mouth of all his holy Prophets, since the World began) and especially to the Baptist Church in Philadelphia, holding the same, his
plain Sermon is humbly inscribed, by their sincere Friend, and Servant for the Lord's Sake,
Isaiah 66:5. Hear the Word of the L O R D, ye that tremble at his Word; your Brethren that hated you, and cast you out for my Name's Sake, said, Let the L O R D be glorified, but H E shall appear to your joy, and they shall be ashamed.
Oh what comfortable Words are these! Words sufficient to cheer the hearts of the mourners, and to cause the outcasts to rejoice. Here is an invitation to those who tremble at the Word of the Lord, they are called to hearken to the cheering voice of their God, who promises to appear to their joy, and to the shame of their brethren, who cast them out, under a pretense of glorifying God thereby.
Let us in the first place inquire into the characters of those who are spoken to in the words of my text; they are such as tremble at the word of the Lord.
We read in Ezra 10:3 of those who trembled at the commandment of God. These are such as believe the truth of God with their whole hearts, who feel the power of the same within their breasts, who loathe themselves on the account of their iniquities, and live so under a sense of the Majesty of God, that they are continually abased and humbled before Him. Persons of this character are very dear to God, as we find written in Psalm 34:18 – "The Lord is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and saveth such as be of a contrite Spirit," and in Psalm 51:17 – "The sacrifices of God are a broken Spirit; a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise," and Psalm 138:6 – "Though the Lord be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly; but the proud he knoweth afar off," and Psalm 147:3 – "He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their wounds." Isaiah 57:15 – "For thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose Name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble Spirit, to revive the Spirit of the humble, and to revive the Heart of the contrite ones." Isaiah 57:2 – "But to this man will I look (or have regard) even to him that is poor, and of a contrite Spirit, and trembleth at my Word."
And how often doth our Savior say, "He that humbleth himself shall be exalted." Matthew 23:12. Luke 14:11; 18:14. There is nothing so contrary to God as a proud haughty Spirit, but he delights in the humble: Let us therefore humble ourselves under the mighty Hand of God, that he may exalt us in due time; yea, let us be clothed with humility, for God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble. I Peter 5:5, etc.
The nearer beings are to God, the more humble they are; and the farther from him, the prouder. A better instance to prove this can hardly be found than that of Michael the Archangel. Contending with the devil (or Lucifer) he disputed about the body of Moses, yet dared not bring a railing accusation against him, but said, "The Lord rebuke thee." – Jude verse 9. But Satan is said to be the "Accuser of the brethren, which accused them before God day and night." – Rev. 12:10. See Michael the nighest being to God, and Lucifer the farthest from him; one filled with the profoundest humility, and the other with most daring pride and insolence; Michael not daring to bring a railing accusation against the devil himself, yet the devil daring to accuse the brethren day and night before God. The difference is amazing, and is a proper looking glass for us all. Pride is the image of Satan, humility the image of Christ, in which all beings stand that are conformed to him, in proportion as they are so.
Those who tremble at the Word of the Lord, may be described in the following manner:
- They feel the power of it in their hearts;
- They believe every Word of God is true, and shall have its accomplishment;
- They fear to deny with the mouth what they believe in the heart, even though the confession of the same should expose them to the scorn and derision of their acquaintance;
- The endeavor to be conformed, both in temper and conduct, to the will of God made know to them;
- and to obey God rather than men.
I think these are the true marks of those who tremble at the word of God. Happy are they who answer this description!
Having very briefly described those to whom the Lord speaks, let us consider what he saith, "Your brethren that hated you, and cast you out for my name's sake, etc."
We are assured in the sacred pages, that reproach and persecution must infallibly be every living Christian's lot; and the Savior of mankind has pronounced a blessing to those who meet therewith for his sake, saying, "Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness sake, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. Blessed are ye when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake: Rejoice, and be exceeding glad; for great is your reward in heaven; for so persecuted they the prophets, which were before you." – Matthew 5:10, 11, 12. "Blessed are ye when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil for the Son of Man's sake. Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy; for behold your reward is great in Heaven; for in like manner did their fathers unto the prophets. Luke 6: 22, 23. And Jesus assured his disciples, that they must continually expect hatred, calumny, and persecution, from the men of the world. Some of his intimations of that kind, I will repeat to you: "And ye shall be hated of all men for my Name's sake," – Matthew 10:22; 24:9; Mark 13:13; Luke 21:17. "It is enough for the disciple, that he be as his master, and the servant as his Lord. If they have called the master of the house Beelzebub, how much more shall they call them of his household?" – Matthew 10:25. "If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated you. If ye were of the world, the world would love his own; but because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you. Remember the word that I said unto you, the servant is not greater than the Lord. If they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you; if they have kept my saying, they will keep yours also. But all these things will they do unto you for my Name's sake, because they know not him that sent me." – John 15:18, 19, 20, 21. "These things I have spoken unto you, that ye should not be offended. They shall put you out of the synagogues, yea, the time cometh that whosoever killeth you, will think that he doth God service. In the world ye shall have tribulation." – John 16: 1, 2, 33.
And the apostles of Christ experienced these things, and taught all Christians to expect the same. St. Paul, after speaking of his own trials (lest any should think them peculiar to Paul and the apostles) adds, "Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus, shall suffer persecution." – II. Tim. 3:12. And St. Peter says, "If ye be reproached for the Name of Christ happy are ye; For the Spirit of Glory and of God resteth on you. On their part he is evil spoken of, but on your part he is glorified." – I Pet. 4:14.
And St. John observes that, "Cain was of that wicked one, and slew his brother; and wherefore slew he him? (saith he) because his own works were evil, and his brother's righteous." And then he adds, very pertinently, "Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you." – I John 3:12, 13. What St. Paul said concerning Ishmael the mocker, remains still as true as ever, "But as then, he that was born after the flesh, persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now." – Gal. 4:29.
From the world we are taught to expect persecution; but our text says, "Your brethren that hated you, and cast you out for my Name's sake, said, Let the Lord be glorified."
We have experienced something of what the spouse did; for she says Sol. Songs 1:6 – "My mother's children were angry with me." It has been the unhappy case almost ever since Christianity has been known in the world, that its professors have been exceeding divided in their judgments, and not only so, but they have reproached, reviled, censured and persecuted one another in the most dreadful manner; many times even to death, and where they have not had that in their power, they have often shown by their bitter words, hard speeches, false accusations, and malicious reproaches, what they would have done if they could. Strange as it may seem, the best profession in the world has been abused and made the occasion of more war and bloodshed in Christendom for many centuries, than all other things put together.
One great cause of so much unprofitable contention is that Truth has been divided, torn to pieces and sometimes even lost in the debates raised about it. One party has had some truth, another has also had some, but each thinking they had the whole, have endeavored to overthrow all that their antagonists held; both have been dividing the living child of truth, under a notion that it was found no where but with them. Thus each have opposed the truth in each other under the notion of its being erroneous. On the contrary, we say that all denominations have it among them in part and those divided parts brought together just make up that collection of truths that we believe.
I have often considered it with astonishment, that two ministers shall preach, and prove what they say from the scriptures, and neither of them shall be looked upon as holding damnable heresy, and yet we shall be looked upon as the worst of heretics by both of them, and all their people, for believing only what both of them put together have asserted. Note– I was in company once with two public speakers, one of them said that he believed as much as he did his own existence, that God loved all, and that Christ died for all without exception; the other said that nothing was more evident to him than this, viz. that Christ could not die in vain for any, that he must see of the travail of his soul, and be satisfied, and that all for whom the Savior died, must be finally made happy; now could each of these have believed those truths which the other held as incontestable, they would have held things as we do immediately, for we believe firmly what both of them put together did; and therefore it is possible that we are heretics, for believing the foundation principles of the whole Christian world, I leave every one to judge! –end of note)
One will say, God loves all his creatures without exception, that he is good to all and his tender mercies are over all his works. Another will maintain that all the objects of his love must finally come to the enjoyment of himself; and that his mercy endureth forever and cannot fail. We heartily believe both these testimonies. One will assert that Christ died for all, tasted death for everyone; the other, that Christ shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied, and that all for whom his blood was shed shall be cleansed thereby. All this we steadfastly believe.
One will declare that God willeth that all shall be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth; the other, that whatever God willeth, must be accomplished at last. None can say with truth, that we deny either of these assertions.
One will say that God at first purposed all his creatures to praise and glorify his Name to all eternity and to be happy in the enjoyment of himself. The other will declare that the purposes of God must stand, that with God there is no variableness, nor shadow of turning. That he is of one mind, and that none can turn him and that what his soul desireth that he will do. We freely consent to the truth of all this.
One will say that God would have all if he could, that his will is good towards all; the other will assert, that he is infinitely able to do all that he pleases, and that he could bring all to him if he would.
And do not we as fully believe both of these positions, as we do our own existence?
One will declare that the blood of Jesus Christ was freely shed for all; the other, that his blood is infinitely sufficient to cleanse and purify all. This is what we believe.
One will say, with the scripture, that all things are given to Christ; the other, in conformity to the same sacred writings will maintain that all that the Father giveth him shall come to him; that he will give eternal life to as many as the Father has given him. This is our belief. We believe the truth of both those positions. None will come to Christ but those whom the Father giveth him; and he hath given him all things without exception. Thus we see that our belief is in fact the belief of all the Christian world put together. And instead of tending to increase the divided churches, it tends to unite them all in one, as it allows the truth in a measure amongst all, and that as there is no church wholly pure in all things, so none can be found but what has some true witnesses for God therein; some tokens of the divine presence, and some glorious truths remain in every church under the sun; and this glorious chain of truths that, we believe, bids fair one day to unite all together in one close system of benevolence; and it is my opinion that the time is not very remote when "Zion's watchmen shall see eye to eye. When we shall not need to teach every man his neighbor, saying, know the Lord, for all shall know him from the least to the greatest, and serve him with one consent."
Our belief respecting the restoration of all things is not only founded upon the plainest letter of scripture (as all may see, who will be at the pains to read over the printed collection of texts) but is exactly according to the experience of every Christian. For let me ask any who were ever made to experience the love of God shed abroad in their hearts, by the Holy Ghost, these questions: Did you not at that time see and feel yourselves the vilest of all sinners, even the most stubborn and rebellious of the human race?
Did you not view the love of God infinitely full, free, unmerited, and undeserved? Did you not behold in Christ an infinite fullness, sufficiency and willingness to save all? Did you not earnestly long that all might come and partake of his grace? If you had as much power as good will, would you not have brought all to bow to the scepter of grace, and to be reconciled to their God through Jesus Christ? Did you not feel a disposition to pray for all men, that they might be saved? To these questions all new born simple souls, who have ever tasted of love divine, would answer in the affirmative, with all their hearts, if they were not led aside by some system. Now then let me say, from whence do these views and desires come? Certainly from the ocean of all goodness can a small drop then be larger than the unfathomed abyss of love? Have you more compassion towards your fellow-creatures, than their creator, to whom they are all nearer than children are to their parents? Would you bring all to submit to God, and be happy, if you could? And will not he to whom nothing (that he pleases to do) is impossible, bring all his creatures to be reconciled to himself? Has he taught us to love all, even our worst enemies? And does he not love all himself? Has he taught us to pray for all that they might be saved? And will he never hear nor answer those prayers, put up in the name of Christ, agreeable to his will? Has he taught us to do good to all? And will he not much more do good to all? Has he taught us to be more perfect than himself? Has he provided so much for the bodies of all, and nothing for the souls of the most of his creatures? Will he suffer his gracious designs to be frustrated and thereby lose his labor?
But above all will he suffer his words, his promises, his oaths, to made null, void and of none effect? God forbid. "God is not a man that he should lie, neither the son of man that he should repent. Hath he said, and shall he not do it? Or hath he spoken, and shall he not make it good?" – Num 19:23. "And also the strength (or eternity) of Israel, will not lie nor repent: for he is not a man that he should repent." – Sam 15:29. "For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance." – Rom. 11:29.
Now if we attend to the plain letter of the scripture, we shall find that God hath declared that he will "make all things new; that he will gather together in Christ all things born in heaven and on earth; even in him who having made peace, through the blood of his cross, shall have that great honor to reconcile all things to God, both which are in heaven and on earth; yea, he hath sworn by himself, that to him every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear." – See Rev. 21:5; Ephesians 1:10; Col. 1:20; Isaiah 14:23. Then when all things shall be made new, gathered together in Christ , reconciled to God, brought to bow the knee and swear to him; shall that glorious passage, Rev. 5:13, be fulfilled. "And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, blessing, and honor, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever." O what a glorious day will that be! The distant thought of which fills us with the greatest joy and satisfaction. If "there is joy in heaven over one sinner that repenteth," what unknown, what inconceivable joy shall there be when all that have sinned against their great creator, shall repent, acknowledge him to be wholly just, and themselves entirely to blame, fall at his feet, and swear allegiance to their righteous sovereign; never more to rebel against him to all eternity! O glorious period, when the chordage of all hearts shall be taken in hand by God himself, and tuned to his never ceasing praise!
But could we believe that sin and misery should endure to all eternity, that the blessed God, worthy of all praise, from all intelligences, should be hated by vast numbers of the beings he hath made capable of loving and serving him, and that to all endless ages, we should be filled with the greatest sorrow imaginable! For even when we see poor miserable wretches, under the power and government of Satan, profaning and blaspheming the name of God, it fills our hearts with grief inexpressible; how inconceivable would our distress then be, if we could be made to believe, that they must, to all endless ages, continue in rage, blasphemy, and despair! But glory to God in the highest, we believe that the wisdom, power, and goodness, of the ever adorable JEHOVAH shall shine most gloriously, in the entire destruction of all evil, and total subjection, and complete restoration of all his creatures. "We believe, and therefore we speak." Great is our joy; though we are despised, rejected, and treated with contempt by many for the gospel's sake which we believe, yet we would not part with the satisfaction we find therein, for all the glories of the world, and the applause of all mankind.
Many say, "What need have we to care about what becomes of others? If we are happy ourselves, that is all that we need to seek after or be concerned about." This language well enough becomes those that have a religion founded in selfishness, or those who have narrow notions and ideas of God's love, supposing it to be confined to them and their party; but it is as opposite to the true Spirit of Christianity, and the language of those who dwell in "love, and dwell in God", as darkness is to light, evil to good or Satan to Christ. The Spirit of Jesus teaches us to fulfill the royal Law, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." Christianity leads us to seek the salvation and happiness of all; and certainly then to rejoice in the welfare of all; and he who is not willing that God should bring all to love, praise, and enjoy him; nay, who would not be ready to wish, at least that the doctrine of the restoration might be true, discovers a temper very different from Christ, who died that sinners might be restored; and from Moses, who begged the Lord to pardon Israel's sins; and if not, to blot him out of His Book; and from St. Paul, who could with himself accursed from Christ, for his brethren, and kinsmen according to the flesh. See Exod. 32:32; Rom 9:3.
The nature of grace leads us to desire the happiness of all our fellow creatures; this is known to all experienced Christians; and I suppose that the joy in heaven will continue increasing, as the divine work of the restoration goes on and will not come to its highest pitch, till every creature in the universe shall be brought willingly to submit to Jesus and be made happy in His love.
This is our belief for which we have suffered reproach, and censure from our brethren; for this we are called heretics, deceivers, deceived ones, etc. Yea some of our brethren do not scruple to tell us, that we shall be damned if we live and die in the belief of restoration.* But they would do well to consider what Christ says. Matthew 7:1, 2; Luke 6:37 – "judge not, that ye be not judged. For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged, and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again. Judge not and ye shall not be judged; condemn not, and ye shall not be condemned." Paul says, Rom 14:4, 10, 14 – "Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? To his own master he standeth or falleth; yea, he shall be holden up; for God is able to make him stand. But why dost thou judge thy brother? Or why dost thou set at nought thy brother? For we shall all stand before the judgement seat of Christ. Let us not therefore judge one another any more; but judge this rather, that no Man put a stumbling block or an occasion to fall in his brother's way."
*This perhaps may startle some, but it has been frequently said; and a certain minister, who held none could be saved but a certain elect number, once said to me (among other things of the like nature) these words, "If you are one of God's elect, he will bring you off from these sentiments before you die."
And in I Cor. 4:5 – "Therefore judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, who both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts; and then shall every man have praise of God." St. James speaks to the same purpose saying, "There is one lawgiver, who is able to save, and to destroy; who art thou that judgest another? – James 4:12. We read, "He that believeth not shall be damned." – Mark 16:16. But where do we read that we shall be damned for believing "the restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began?" – Acts 3:21. St. Paul says, Rom. 10:9 – "That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shall believe in thy heart, that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved." Now it is evident that we confess Christ Jesus with our mouths, and God knows that we believe in our hearts, that he was raised from the dead, by the Almighty power of God. We can freely subscribe to the articles of the creeds used in the Protestant church; where then is our belief defective? Surely we believe in God the Father, one Lord Jesus Christ, the Holy Ghost, etc. But it is said, that we shall be damned for believing too much; that is what we cannot believe, because we receive nothing as a matter of faith or practice, but what we look upon to be plainly expressed in the very letter of the scripture; our belief is according to the ideas we have of infinite wisdom, power, and goodness united, and every way worthy of the God we adore. The very Spirit of the whole Bible holds forth to our view the doctrine that we profess; and even upon a supposition that we are mistaken, we cannot think that our God will cast us off, for having too grand and exalted ideas of his character, and the prefections of infinite wisdom, power, and goodness, of which he is possessed.
It is said that we bring in damnable heresies, etc. The words "damnable heresies" occur but once in scripture, viz. in II Peter 2:1 – "But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction." Surely this character cannot fairly be applied to us; we trust that we do not deny the Lord that bought us; but we may observe that the Lord bought even the persons who denied him; which proves something very different from what the text is usually brought for. The word "heresies" is mentioned in I Cor. 11:19 – "For there must be also heresies or sects among you, that they which are approved may be manifest." But nothing can be concluded from that passage against us, as heresy seems to signify only a division or sect, and if we are heretics for being divided from other churches, all Protestant churches are heretics for separating from the church of Rome. And indeed it is come to that pass in the world, that the church of Rome declares all damned, that die out of the pale of the same; and many Protestants declare that all are damned who die in it. Thus how shall unlearned people know what to believe, when the learned differ so much? We say, "That God is no respecter of persons; but as in every nation, so in every denomination, him that feareth God and worketh righteousness is accepted before him." Christ is not confined to any outward church, but hath his precious ones in all.
The word "heresies" is mentioned in Gal. 5:20, joined with adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, strife, seditions, envyings, murders, drunkenness, reveling, and such like, which are the fruits of the flesh; heresies are reckoned in the number, and are therefore akin to those abominable vices; but surely no person that understands our belief, can suppose that it has any connection at all with that catalogue of sins; but, on the other hand, that it leads to the strictest holiness.
St. Paul in his epistle to Titus 3:10, 11 – "A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition reject; knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth, being condemned of himself." It appears plain from these words, that a heretic is one who sins in such a manner, as not only to be known, and rejected by others, but to be self condemned; and even then he was not to be rejected till after the first and second admonition. But we can say (I believe) with truth, that we are not self condemned for our principles; our hearts do not condemn us, for believing that he who has conquered our stubborn wills, will finally conquer, and bring into subjection to himself all his creatures. Yet we are rejected for this innocent belief, and that without one previous admonition, or any conviction laid before us, to prove that we are wrong.
St. Paul, in Acts 24:14 – "But this I confess unto thee, that, after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my Fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets." So we find that heresy is an ancient name for true religion, and that a man may believe all that Moses and the prophets have written, and truly worship God, and yet be charged with heresy; which is the case with us at this time; for we sincerely believe all that the scriptures declare, as we understand them, and endeavor to worship God through Christ, according to his directions; yet we are charged with heresy. (note– As for the word heresy, it has been used for so many different things, and on so many occasions, that nothing can be concluded against any persons on the account of their being called heretics; for it is well known, that all kinds of opinions in matters of religion have been branded as heresies; those who have the power in their hands, always esteem themselves orthodox, and call those whom they oppress and persecute heretics; and it frequently happens that what is called orthodoxy in one nation, is called heresy in another; and what is praised and extolled for truth in one age or generation, is condemned for error in the next; yea sometimes in the same age, under different administrations of government, each party will have an opportunity of persecuting the other as heretics. And it is well known in the world, that not only religions, but philosophical sentiments, have been called heresies; among the ancient fathers, the opinion of there being antipodes, or people who inhabited an opposite part of the earth from that where they dwelt, was looked upon absurd, blasphemous, and heretical; yet we know the truth of it now with certainty. Columbus was excommunicated by the Pope's bull as a heretic, for daring to believe that there was a western passage to China, and for the wild design that he had of seeking a new country, etc., but what a loss would it have been to mankind, if he and all others, had been (through fear of the curses of the church) deterred from making discoveries? Galileo, the famous improver of telescopes, because he was convinced of the Copernican System by the discoveries he made, was sent for to Rome, as being a dangerous heretic; and was there obliged to renounce his belief of the sun's being fixed in the heavens, and that the earth and planets performed their revolutions round it, etc., and upon his relapsing into his former errors again after his return home, etc., and upon his relapsing into his former errors again after his return home, he was sent for the second time to Rome, imprisoned in the inquisition (it is a wonder he was not burnt for his heresy) and when released from prison, was ever afterwards confined to certain limits, as a very dangerous person, and forbid to propagate such heretical notions.–end of note) But that is but a small matter. The worst heresy is that of the heart, which is a selfish, envious, proud, wrathful and worldly Spirit; from which if we are entirely delivered, there is nothing that can harm us.
We have experienced what it is to be hated and cast out by our brethren, for the name of the Lord, for the sake of the dear savior and the testimony that we hold. We have searched the scriptures for ourselves, and the belief of them that we have, has not been taught us by tradition, education or the will of man; but as we trust by the spirit of the living God. Since it has pleased the Lord therefore to confirm us in the truth as it is in Jesus, we have reason to rejoice in being persecuted for his sake. (note– It is a question, whether if we had been guilty of any scandalous crimes, such as lying, drunkenness, or any thing of the like nature, we had been cast out as soon for those as we have been for the belief of what appears to us to be the truth of God. Are not some tolerated and even esteemed in churches, who have been guilty of some of those things, while those who have professed the belief of the restoration, have not had common civility shown them? –end of note)
It is not melancholy to think, that different sentiments respecting religion should cause hatred and persecution? Yet this we find to be the case; and especially we see, that the doctrine that we hold, raises the enmity of mankind more than any thing else; this, it is likely, is because it proclaims the entire destruction of Satan's kingdom at last. What makes our trials the more grievous, is the same consideration that David had, "For it was not an enemy that reproached me; then I could have borne it; neither was it he that hated me, that did magnify himself against me; then I would have hid myself from him; but it was thou, a man, mine equal, my guide, and mine acquaintance: we took sweet counsel together, and walked unto the House of God in company." – Psalm 55:12, 13, 14.
Who could have thought that those with whom we were united, should so soon separate us from their company, since we were willing to allow every one liberty of thinking, and freedom of conversation, and had no desire to break fellowship with any of them? But we may learn thereby not to trust in the warmest professions of friendship.
Jer. 9:4 – "Take ye heed every one of his neighbor, and trust ye not in any brother; for every brother will utterly supplant, every neighbor will walk with slanders." And the prophet Micah speaks in much the same language, saying, "The best of them is a brier, and the most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge; trust ye not in a friend, put ye not confidence in a guide; keep the doors of thy mouth from her that lieth in thy bosom." – Micah 7:4, 5.
This advice given by the spirit of god is worthy of attention in this day, as well as when it was first written, I have considered the reasons of our being hated, and cast out by our brethren, and have endeavored to clear up the matter, and set our sentiments in a proper light, thereby to show that we are rejected for the Lord's sake, though their language is according to the text, "Let the Lord be glorified;" all is done for the glory of God, the welfare of the church, and the good of the excommunicated ones, through absolute necessity; and was there ever a persecution in christendom, but the same pretensions were made in favor of it? (note– Had not the author been betrayed by some of his peculiar friends, it is not certain whether to this day he had been confirmed in his present sentiments far less advanced them in public; but in the freedom of conversation, happening to drop some words that way, not thinking they would ever be mentioned, he was presently complained of to two ministers, whom he desired to keep the matter secret for the present, as he was not fully confirmed in it; but the affair getting abroad, he was obliged either to retract publicly as an error what he was partly convinced of, or maintain and openly vindicate the same; this necessity brought him to cry to God for direction, and to search the scriptures to find the truth, by which means he was established in the belief of the restoration, which he has ever since confessed, and publicly proclaimed, believing it to be his duty so to do as a minister of the gospel. –end of note)
But let us attend to the comforting words of the Lord, in conclusion of my text, "But he shall appear to your joy, and they shall be ashamed." Blessed by God, he does not despise the outcasts; he forsakes not those who tremble at his word, even though they are rejected by their brethren. God is never nearer at hand to his children, than when they are in the midst of the furnace of affliction.
"But he shall appear to your joy." O my brethren, have we not abundant reason to believe that God will appear to our joy? Has he not manifested himself already in our hearts? Do we not feel his presence with us? He has already discovered to us more of the beauty of religion than we formerly knew; more of the nature and necessity of that saving change, without which none can enter into the kingdom of heaven; these discoveries give us great comfort, and an earnest desire to be perfectly conformed to that divine being, who hath thus far appeared to our joy and satisfaction.
Blessed be God, we trust the time is at hand, when the Lord will appear more abundantly to our joy, and cause his power to be known through the earth, when he will build up Zion, and appear in his glory, and destroy antichrist with the spirit of his mouth, and the brightness of his appearing, and spread the glorious gospel of his universal love and power, through the earth; and cause that blessed doctrine now so much despised, to be heard and received from pole to pole, and the whole world to submit to the Savior of mankind, who died to restore all to God again. Will not those then be ashamed, who have hated us, and cast us out for belief of God's universal love, when the knowledge thereof shall be as universal as the light of the Sun?
But, oh, when Christ shall appear to judge the world, what account will they be able to give him of their conduct towards us? He will then put to silence the ignorant cavils, and hard speeches of men, who have set themselves against his truth. Will they be able to answer him, when he shall say, "Who hath required this at your hands?" But God is good, and just; therefore to him we would refer the whole matter.
I shall now close the whole with an address to you who have been hated and cast out by your brethren, for the glorious cause of Jesus Christ, and the profession of his gospel of universal love; called "damnable heresy" by many.
My dear Brethren and Sisters,
You have been highly favored of the Lord, not only in having experienced the truth in your hearts, but in being called to stand as witnesses of the everlasting, universal, restoring love and power of our dear Savior. You have already suffered much of your brethren, and have been rejected by them. Thanks to the providence of God, we live in a country where we are allowed to worship according to our own consciences, and none can hinder us.
But though we may not expect to meet with imprisonment, banishment, confiscation of goods or death, at present, yet we may expect, as we have already experienced, what the Apostle Paul calls "cruel mockings," reproaches, revilings, slanders, censures, and the unbounded rage and persecution of the tongue; which is frequently worse to bear than death itself, as the experience of many testifies, and therefore it is called by St. Paul "cruel," in preference to all other kinds of sufferings.
Arm yourselves therefore continually with humility, meekness, universal benevolence, and unfeigned resignation to the will of God; and then you will not only be able to bear all that the rage and malice of men can cast upon you, with patience, but will be able to repay them all with loving kindness.
You must expect that the adversary of mankind will try his utmost to draw you off from the truth; for he is loth to have it known in the world, that he is a conquered potentate, and that his kingdom must one day be entirely destroyed; and as he has for a long time kept the doctrine of the final restoration of all things, hid and covered, so you may expect he will greatly rage against it now it begins again to appear. But fear not my brethren, the cause is God's and not ours; let us commit ourselves into his hands, who is able to keep us from falling, and to give us the victory over the powers of darkness, through the blood of the lamb, and the word of our testimony.
Finally, as our religion calls us to the greatest purity and holiness imaginable, even to be clothed with the image and nature of Christ, let us endeavor to enter into the Spirit of the Gospel continually, that we may grow more and more into the likeness of the Savior, that when he shall appear, we may rejoice in his coming, and not be ashamed.


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Guitar Center Reportedly Facing 'Imminent Bankrupcty'
Guitar Center, the largest chain of music equipment stores in the U.S., is reportedly facing "imminent bankruptcy." Digital Music News said that financial service firm Standard & Poor's recently downgraded the business to CCC– status, indicating that a default event is expected in the near future.
With 269 stores across the nation, Guitar Center has a history stretching back to 1959, when it began as Organ Center then The Vox Center before a final name change in the '70s. Despite dismissing 180 employees in 2015, it's carrying a debt of over $1 billion and narrowly avoided defaulting on repayments this month, which led to the downgrade. Another financial service company, Moody's, warned investors: "The rating outlook remains negative."
The crisis follows similar problems at Gibson Brands, Inc, the manufacturer of Gibson guitars. Earlier this year it emerged that urgent reconstruction was required to avoid its collapse. Last month it was reported that $560 million was needed to cover debt repayments by the summer, following a round of staff layoffs, and investors were pressuring CEO Henry Juszkiewicz to step aside in favor of a new management structure.
In an earlier interview, Juszkiewicz had argued that guitar businesses had struggled to recover from the 2008 financial crash, and said he'd been trying to persuade guitar stores to modernize their offerings. "I've been arguing with retailers for a long time that you have to be a place where [customers] can sit and take in the store, and be a destination that is friendly. If you walk into most music stores, there's nowhere to sit. Give me a break! Most stores aren't comfortable places. … [I]t's all about making the customer feel welcome, and helping them out by being knowledgeable. That's what the industry needs, because it doesn't have it. We have to get people involved in music, and offer them a helping hand."


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Camping à Beauzelle
The company Camping des Lacs offers its services in Camping,if you live in Beauzelle. . Company using experience and quality know-how, we do everything to satisfy you. We support you in your Camping project and are attentive to your needs. If you live in Beauzelle, we are at your disposal to provide you with the information you need for your Camping project. Our job is above all our passion and sharing it with you further strengthens our desire to succeed. Our entire team is qualified and works with cleanliness and rigor.


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Top 10 Dierks Bentley Songs
Dierks Bentley songs are some of the most daringly original tracks in the last two decades of country music. Since his debut in 2003, the singer-songwriter has consistently defied radio trends to produce some of the most sonically interesting records in contemporary country music.
Bentley has wandered around stylistically, touching on uptempo party anthems, slow and sensual romantic songs and even bluegrass. But no matter the style, his records are all characterized by an uncompromising quality that sets him apart from any other artist currently working in Nashville.
Our list of the Top 10 Dierks Bentley Songs pulls the best tracks from across his entire career.
- 10
"How Am I Doin'"
From: 'Dierks Bentley' (2003)The third single from Bentley's debut album was his second Top 5 country hit in a year. Written by Bentley with Writer X -- a pseudonym of Nashville tunesmith Jim Beavers -- the track is a sonic extension of "What Was I Thinkin'," and Lauren Elaine reprised her role of Becky in the video. The song reached No. 4 in the country charts.
- 9
"Lot of Leavin' Left to Do"
From: 'Modern Day Drifter' (2005)Bentley gave a warning to any potential love interest in the lead single from his sophomore album. The lyrics portray him as someone whose nomadic lifestyle doesn't lend itself to long relationships: "So lovin' me might be a long shot gamble / So before ya go and turn me on / Be sure you can turn me loose / 'Cause I still got a lot of leavin' left to do."
Written by Bentley with his producer Brett Beavers and Deric Ruttan, the song introduced an element of bluegrass to his sound. It peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.
- 8
"I Hold On"
From: 'Riser' (2014)The second single from Bentley's 2014 album Riser is a deeply personal track that talks about faith, love and freedom. Bentley wrote the song with Brett James, and he considers it a personal manifesto of sorts: "At first listen, you might think it's about my truck or my guitar," he says, "but it's really about why I do some of the things I do and the kind of guy I am."
- 7
From: 'Home' (2012)The third single from Home reached back to the sound that had helped establish Bentley as one of country's most unique artists a decade earlier. Written by Bentley and his frequent collaborators, Jim and Brett Beavers, the song uses the police code for a mentally unstable person as the catchphrase for a rowdy, good-time party song that featured an equally fun video. The energetic track reached No. 1 on the country charts and was certified as a gold single.
- 6
From: 'Black' (2016)"Black," like the No. 2 song on this list (keep reading!), finds Bentley leaning into his sensual side. The lyrics plead for a night of passion: "Make my world go black, hit me like a heart attack / Knock me flat on my back / Yeah, just keep doin' that," he sings over a moody melody.
Bentley co-wrote "Black" with Ross Copperman and Ashley Gorley. It's the title track of his 2016 album, and also a nod to his wife, whose maiden name is Black.
- 5
"Every Mile a Memory"
From: 'Long Trip Alone' (2006)The first single from Long Trip Alone found Bentley missing someone he loved while they were apart, and being reminded of her everywhere he looked: "Oh, every mile, a memory / Every song, another scene / From some old movie going back in time / You and me." Another co-write with Bogard and Brett Beavers, the track reached No. 1 on the singles chart the same week its parent album captured the top spot on the country albums chart.
- 4
"Free and Easy (Down the Road I Go)"
From: 'Long Trip Alone' (2006)After several slower, more ponderous singles in a row, Bentley returned to what he does best with this uptempo, fun song, which exemplifies his life philosophy: "I could make a million or wind up broke / Free and easy down the road I go / Can't take it with you when you go, so / Free and easy down the road I go." Written with Brett Beavers, Rob Harrington and Rod Janzen, the song was a huge hit, reaching No. 1 on the country charts.
- 3
From: 'Home' (2012)The title song and second single from Bentley's sixth studio album is one of the most powerful songs of his career. Inspired by the Tucson shootings that killed six and injured Gabrielle Giffords, the song mixed themes of pride and patriotism into a new approach for Bentley. The result was a track that reached No. 1, was certified gold and earned nominations for both Single and Song of the Year.
- 2
"Come a Little Closer"
From: 'Modern Day Drifter' (2005)The second single from Bentley's second album is a slow ballad that gives him room to display a different side of his voice. His approach has often been compared to the sensual vocal style of Conway Twitty, while the song's video cast him as a romantic leading man and helped cement his position as one of country's hottest male stars. "Come a Little Closer" became a No. 1 hit for Bentley.
- 1
"What Was I Thinkin'"
From: 'Dierks Bentley' (2003)Bentley's debut single from 2003 remains the definitive song of his career. With this track, he not only hit No. 1 with his very first song, he also helped to break commercial radio's stranglehold on a certain type of sound, which had been stagnating for years prior. Bentley's fresh arrangements and approach helped to open the floodgates for a sea change at country radio, qualifying this as the very best of the Top 10 Dierks Bentley Songs.


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Guide to Wills and Legacies
Not something we like to think about - but when you're no longer here you can still make a difference
Thank you for your interest in making a donation or thinking of us in your will or legacy - however great or small it may be, you can be assured that you will be contributing towards the Railway's longer term future.
We have several ways in which you can do this and whilst we do approach various organisations from time to time, our main source of funding comes from our visitors, members, and generous supporters. We are most grateful for any contribution you can make and which will enable us to pass the line on to future generations for them to enjoy as well.
Please see our Guide to Wills and Legacies - or scroll down below.
If you shop online then you can raise funds for the Railway without it costing you even one penny at easyfundraising.org.uk or by naming the Railway as your charity at smile.amazon.co.uk - or scroll down below please.
If you would like to make a donation right now then there is a General Fund which continues to help us fund the Railway in these troubled times - alternatively please see our newly launched Risborough Extension Fund, which is dedicated to completing our own track into Princes Risborough, so that we can guarantee to always operate into Princes Risborough Station.
We also accept certain second-hand goods, such as good-quality railway books with original dust-jackets, for Re-sale in in our Bookshop - or scroll down below please.
As an alternative, with the chance of winning some money, please do take a look at our 200 Club Monthly Lottery.
The Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway Association Limited is a Registered Charity, Registration Number 1016237.
Not something we like to think about - but when you're no longer here you can still make a difference
This fund allows the railway to use the money in the best way possible
The fund dedicated to the completion of the Princes Risborough Extension
Can you help fund the Miniature Railway?
This fund is dedicated to the urgent restoration and future maintenance work
Help us raise some funds without it costing you much effort or even one penny. Please join today!
Please HELP us to raise funds for the Association and maybe have the chance of winning a cash prize too!
Donate good-quality items for re-sale. See also those items we are sadly unable to accept
Get all our running dates and special events in one place.
Choose the amount, send by email or post. A perfect gift for any occasion!


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Polk, Lucius Eugene
10 July 1833–1 Dec. 1892
Lucius Eugene Polk, probably the ablest brigade commander in the Confederate Army of Tennessee, was born in Salisbury, the son of Dr. William Julius and Mary Rebecca Long Polk, the grandson of Colonel William Polk, and the nephew of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk. In 1835 Lucius Polk's parents moved to Maury County, Tenn., to join other members of the family who collectively dominated this rich, fertile center of the state. After graduation from the University of Virginia in 1852, Polk became a cotton planter in Phillips County, Ark.
When war broke out, Lucius Polk volunteered as a private in Company B, Fifteenth Arkansas Regiment. As a member of the "Yell Rifles" he came under the command of Captain (later Major General) Patrick R. Cleburne. The two were devoted to each other and Cleburne prized Polk as a subordinate. They served together throughout the war until Polk's wounds forced his retirement. Polk quickly rose in rank to lieutenant. He won recognition for bravery and ability at Shiloh, where he was wounded. A few days later he became colonel of the Fifteenth Arkansas as Cleburne moved to brigade commander.
In the Kentucky campaign in the fall of 1862, Polk excelled although "scalped" by a minié ball in the Battle of Richmond in August and wounded again at Perryville in October. On 13 Dec. 1862 the Confederate War Department commissioned him brigadier general, and later that month he led Cleburne's old brigade into battle at Murfreesboro. Beginning with Murfreesboro and continuing through the Battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, Polk received continual praise not only from Cleburne but also from his corps and army commanders. Polk's enlisted men and others throughout the army echoed the compliments of their superiors. Sam Watkins described Lucius Polk in 1864 as a man "with long black hair that curled, a gentle and attractive black eye that seemed to sparkle with love rather than chivalry, and were it not for a young moustache and goatee that he usually wore, he would have passed for a beautiful girl. In his manner he was as simple and guileless as a child, and generous almost to a fault."
An incredibly successful brigade commander, he inspired confidence and that confidence inspired victory and determination. Polk's brigade (consisting of the First and Fifteenth Arkansas, Second and Forty-eighth Tennessee, and Fifth Confederate regiments) was the pride of Cleburne's division and that division was the pride of William J. Hardee's corps and the Army of Tennessee. Characteristically, in late June 1864, during the Atlanta campaign, Polk's brigade held the most exposed position in the Confederate line. The enemy opened a furious cannonade, killing many of Polk's men and virtually severing Polk's leg. This fourth wound ended his service.
Polk returned to Maury County and after the war, although crippled, resumed farming. A staunch Democrat, he was elected a delegate to the National Convention in 1884 and entered the Tennessee Senate in 1887.
During the war (19 Aug. 1863) Polk married his cousin, Sallie Moore Polk. They were the parents of five children. He was buried in St. John's Churchyard, just west of Columbia, Tenn.
Mary P. Branch, Memoirs of a Southern Woman (1912).
I. A. Bucke, Cleburne and His Command (1908).
Clement A. Evans, Confederate Military History, vol. 10 (1899 [portrait]).
James C. Nisbet, Four Years on the Firing Line (1914).
W. H. Polk, Polk Family and Kinsmen (1912).
Additional Resources:
Jordan, Thomas E. "Lucius Eugene Polk (1833–1892)." The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. The Central Arkansas Library System. http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3055 (accessed July 29, 2013).
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Louisiana State University Press, 2006. 243-244. http://books.google.com/books?id=xXCFhCNGjyUC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed July 29, 2013).
Polk, William Roe. Polk's Folly: An American Family History. New York: Random House LLC. 2001. 288, 301, 325. http://books.google.com/books?id=P6oodG3MXKsC&dq=%22lucius%20Eugene%20Polk%22&pg=PA288#v=onepage&f=false (accessed July 29, 2013).
Image Credits:
"Gen'l Lucius E. Polk of Arkansas, Major Gen'l C.S.A." Photograph. Polk Family and Kinsmen. [Louisville, Ky., Press of the Bradley & Gilbert co. 1912]. 153. https://archive.org/stream/polkfamilykinsme00polk#page/152/mode/2up (accessed July 29, 2013).
1 January 1994 | Hughes, Nathaniel C., Jr.