text:
Tuesday, January 05, 2016
My simplified response to Paul Graham's simplified essay
It is true that many socially worthwhile activities (like developing technology, and starting startups) produce income and wealth disparities. And a certain amount of income and wealth disparity is not a bad thing. In fact, having no income and wealth disparity is a bad thing. We tried it. It didn't work. No reasonable person disputes this.
However, too much income and wealth disparity is also not a good thing. I hope I don't have to convince you that if all of the wealth in a society is controlled by a single family or individual, that's not good. The optimal point lies somewhere in between those two extremes.
Today, the top 1% control fully half of the planet's wealth. That is awfully close to the second extreme. It's very unlikely that this is where the happy medium lies.
It's particularly worrisome because, as income and wealth disparity increases, there is a positive-feedback effect that tends to drive it further and further towards the second extreme: the extremely wealthy use their disposable income to buy political influence, which they then use to get laws passed that favor them at the expense of others (e.g. through regressive taxation). This lets the already-wealthy accumulate more wealth not by creating more value, but by collecting economic rents. In the long run this leads to oligarchy and possibly even economic and societal collapse. We are nowhere near there, but by the time it becomes apparent that this is happening it will almost certainly be too late to do anything about it. The time to act is now, before it becomes an even more serious problem.
(Paul Graham, like nearly everyone in today's politics, fails to appreciate the near-universal validity, at least when it comes to social and economic policy, of Ron's First Law: All extreme positions are wrong. :-)
29 comments:
- Matt McKnight said...
The Oxfam statistics are extremely misleading. You should remove that from your piece.
- Ron said...
I dunno, Felix Salmon seems to be whittling at the margins here. It doesn't really matter whether the top 1% have as much as the bottom 50%, or whether it's the top 2% that have as much as the bottom 40. The point remains that we're most likely closer to the second extreme than the happy medium. And there is no doubt that we are *moving towards* the second extreme. Exactly where we are in this process seems like a minor quibble to me.
- Unknown said...
Wow! to say that we've "tried it" by pointing to the fail experiment of soviet union communism is quite short sighted to say the least. I know it's a little off topic, but there is other ways than capitalism ;) We have to keep our eyes open as a society who struggle with a sick monetary system.
- Rob said...
Both you and Paul Graham are correct. The distinction that needs to be made is that of economic versus political entrepreneurship. There is nothing wrong with founders becoming extremely wealthy and the resulting wealth disparity as long as that wealth isn't then used to extract economic rents via the political process.
- Unknown said...
Agree that income inequality has consequences and I have been following the discussions on this topic, but I haven't seen anyone state explicitly what the proposal(s) are to address income inequality. Social policies like progressive taxation, privatization, production controls sound too much like a state sponsored power grab further than what most of us are probably comfortable with. We understand the issue, but, again, what are you proposing to address income inequality?
I've also found a little too far to conclude from ONE failed attempt that "(...) having no income and wealth disparity is a bad thing.". The bad factors were (probably) not the lack of income and wealth disparity. The main factors for failure were most likely the sheer size of the territory, the cultural differences among the heterogeneous population and a non-transparent concentration of power in the hands of few.
- Unknown said...
"In fact, having no income and wealth disparity is a bad thing. We tried it. No reasonable person disputes this."
Are you saying that there was no wealth disparity in the Soviet Union? Do you have any sources to back that up besides blindly linking to wikipedia and attacking people that might dispute this "fact" (implying only unreasonable people would have issue with your claim)? - 1/05/2016 9:24 AM
- Unknown said...
There is no difference between "economic entrepreneurship" and "political entrepreneurship" (whatever you mean by those phrases). Beyond some point, the sole additional marginal value of another dollar is that it increases your political power.
Further, "economic rents" (or anything economic for that matter) are the least of the problems with wide economic and political power disparities: Henry Ford fired employees he found drinking. - 1/05/2016 9:28 AM
- Ron said...
It's actually not true that the Soviet Union is the only data point we have. There have been a lot of small-scale experiments in economic equality, most notably communes and kibbutzim. My father actually grew up on a kibbutz. They kibbutz system has not completely collapsed the way the Soviet Union did, but the egalitarian ideal is almost universally recognized as a failure. See e.g.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz#Private_property
- aminorex said...
Millions of families, clans, tribes, sects and entire cultures have employed egalitarian modes of organization with success over widely varying spans of time. Clearly the centralized manual command closed economy is a gross failure, repeatedly, but that's a pretty small set of cases, generally associated with nation-states, which are arguably a failure in themselves, in the grips of a profoundly defective ideology. Generalization from such extreme outliers should only be done with great trepidation.
Printing money to pay off the debt burden which is frustrating economic growth would have the effect of devaluing hoards, and printing enough to provide basic income would decisively solve problems of poverty. The result would be expanding consumption, expanding economic activity, expanding hopes and aspirations, expanding horizons of productive creativity.
Why is no one competent to advance this agenda?
- Ron said...
> Are you saying that there was no wealth disparity in the Soviet Union?
No, but that was their goal.
- Steve Eldridge said...
The issue is not in the individual accumulation of wealth per se but the future disbursement by means of successive generations as the sole measure of generational wealth accumulation and the commingling of power by progeny alone.
"Separate an individual from society, and give him an island or a continent to possess, and he cannot acquire personal property. He cannot be rich. So inseparably are the means connected with the end, in all cases, that where the former do not exist the latter cannot be obtained. All accumulation, therefore, of personal property, beyond what a man's own hands produce, is derived to him by living in society; and he owes on every principle of justice, of gratitude, and of civilization, a part of that accumulation back again to society from whence the whole cameI" - Thomas Paine
If you want to begin the conversation on wealth, we have to turn not from the accomplishments of a single person at one point in time but the question of inheritance granting the vast accumulation of idle wealth which leads to the assumption that a genetic lottery is accomplishment itself.
The most critical founding principle of the United States was the complete rejection of an degenerate Aristocracy as a means of ruling men. Oddly a number of our populace is looking to place the leadership of the county into the hands of a man who's most significant accomplishment is being born into wealth having never been responsible for earning his own way, or participated in such mundane concepts as having been subject to a job interview to earn the privilege to oversee anything in his entire life.
This is precisely what motivated the founding fathers to seek a new form of governance.
Generational wealth is what causes a society to become unbalanced.
- Don Geddis said...
Ron: As before, I disagree with your general perspective. But I'll try to be specific:
"I hope I don't have to convince you that if all of the wealth in a society is controlled by a single family or individual, that's not good." This confuses the very point that Graham was trying to clarify: is the problem poverty, or is it inequality? Much of the horror of a single family controlling "all of the wealth", is that everyone else has nothing. But it's a very very different situation, if everyone else has a whole lot of resources too. The question you aren't fairly exploring, is what is society like when there is a lot of income/wealth inequality, but without poverty?
"Today, the top 1% control fully half of the planet's wealth. That is awfully close to the second extreme." No, it's nothing at all like the second extreme. You shouldn't be using your gut intuition to try to explore these cases. You actually need to think about them. The reason global wealth is so concentrated, is that about half of living human beings live a subsistence existence, essentially without the benefit of the industrial revolution. That poverty is the problem, not the wealth of those more fortunate. And in fact the solution to that poverty surely involves capitalism, which is essentially the opposite conclusion you seem to be leading towards.
In fact, the greatest total improvement in human welfare in the last century, was the secret adoption of capitalism in China. That shows the one clear way to make poor societies, rich.
" the extremely wealthy use their disposable income to buy political influence" This is the key to your entire claim, but I don't believe "the rich" have anywhere near the political clout that you attribute to them. Hence I reject your conclusions. - 1/05/2016 1:10 PM
- Don Geddis said...
@Steve Eldridge: "Generational wealth is what causes a society to become unbalanced."
The problem you're worried about, is only a minor, trivial issue in the modern U.S. You seem to have a model that matches nobility in the middle ages, of powerful families that existed across centuries. That's not how wealth behaves in the modern world. A more accurate pithy summary of the typical case is "shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves in three generations.
Even within a single generation, most individuals and families find themselves in many different income categories during their lifespans. - 1/05/2016 1:18 PM
- Peter Donis said...
@Ron: "the extremely wealthy use their disposable income to buy political influence...In the long run this leads to oligarchy..."
You might recall that in the discussion on your previous post on income inequality (your response to Paul Graham's original post on the subject), you claimed that anarcho-capitalism would devolve into oligarchy, and I responded that in that case, we're screwed, because oligarchy isn't a bad description of what we have now. I find it interesting that in this post, in the passage quoted above, you are basically agreeing with me. :-) (You do say what we have now will only lead to oligarchy "in the long run", but this concedes the essential point.) - 1/05/2016 6:02 PM
- Peter Donis said...
To amplify a bit more on my previous post, which I couldn't resist leaving as it is :) --
@Ron: "The time to act is now, before it becomes an even more serious problem."
But what should we do? That's the question.
Your general policy prescription (not from this discussion but from your overall corpus of blog posts) seems to be "democracy". But democracy is what got us to where we are now. In other words, democracy devolves into oligarchy. (Which is why I say we're screwed if anarcho-capitalism also devolves into oligarchy.)
More specifically, I would expect you to say something along the lines of: convince people to vote for enough redistribution of wealth to reduce income inequality to an "acceptable" level. But who gets to determine what an "acceptable" level is, and how do they do it? And how do we keep whatever system gets put in place for determining the "acceptable" level from being gamed, the same way all the other rules that were supposed to keep rich people from having too much political power have been gamed?
It seems to me that, if the root problem is that there is a positive feedback loop between income inequality and political corruption, then the obvious way to fix the problem is to break the feedback loop. Trying to redistribute wealth doesn't do that; at best it damps the feedback somewhat, but it doesn't take it away. The weak link in the feedback loop is not the "accumulation of wealth" link; it's the "use wealth to buy political corruption" link.
In other words, the problem is not that rich people can buy political corruption; the problem is that political corruption is available for sale in the first place. And the reason for that is: centralized government. If the government doesn't control or regulate something, there's no way for rich people to buy political corruption to mess with it. So it seems to me that the obvious way to fix the feedback loop is to reduce the number of things that are controlled or regulated by the government.
- Don Geddis said...
Peter Donis wrote: "If the government doesn't control or regulate something, there's no way for rich people to buy political corruption ... the obvious way to fix the feedback loop is to reduce the number of things that are controlled or regulated by the government."
I agree with Peter, here. I'm not coming from the same place (I'm not a fan of "anarcho-capitalism", and agree with Ron that it probably looks more like Somalia than utopia, and also that it's likely unstable, as those who remain individuals eventually lose a battle of arms against those who choose to organize into states.)
But, that said, I'm hugely suspicious of non-market ("governmental") failures. The common pattern seems to be: a need is discovered, a governmental policy is suggested with the best of intentions, the real-world solution that gets implemented fails due to some kind of corruption or gaming, and then there is lots of hand-wringing about morality, and how the solution would have worked "if only" people were different than they are.
Seeing this pattern often enough, my conclusion is that government intervention should only be used when the predicted benefits are obvious and overwhelming. The default case should be "no intervention". Even when observing a typical market failure; the cure is often worse than the disease. You need to be really sure of what you're doing, before bringing the force of government to dictate the solution on some issue. - 1/05/2016 7:48 PM
- Ron said...
> You want a similar example in 1990's IPO evaluations. This is easy; there were many. Take, for example, Henry Blodget.
You are undermining your own argument here, because...
> Blodget is now barred from working in the securities industry for life.
So Blodget was punished. Not so for the vast majority of subprime fraudsters.
> I don't believe "the rich" have anywhere near the political clout that you attribute to them.
What can I say? I've given you a reference which contains a fairly extensive bibliography. I can also give you a data point from my own personal experience: I regularly get invited to meet with senators and congresscritters, and I'm pretty sure it's not because they want to avail themselves of my acute political acumen.
> oligarchy isn't a bad description of what we have now
Well, I don't think we're quite there yet. But we do seem to be headed in that direction if we don't do something.
> But what should we do? That's the question.
A fair question, and writing that blog post is on my to-do list. But I have other fish to fry at the moment.
I think the Buffet rule makes a lot of sense as a general guideline. Getting rid of the carried interest loophole and imposing a tax on high-speed trading would be two steps in the right direction IMHO.
- Peter Donis said...
@Ron: "writing that blog post is on my to-do list"
Fair enough. - 1/06/2016 7:06 AM
- Don Geddis said...
Ron: "So Blodget was punished. Not so for the vast majority of subprime fraudsters."
Sure, but that was a single high-profile case. Which happened to have a smoking gun of dated, internal emails. And was still a difficult prosecution: no jail time. What fraction of 90's stock analysts received any punishment?
I haven't done the research on subprime bond raters. You seem to start with the assumption that anyone who rated the top tranche of an MBS as AAA was necessarily committing fraud, which I categorically reject. To get punishment, you need legally admittable evidence of a crime (perhaps that a particular analyst made a public recommendation that they didn't believe themselves, although even that might be more of an ethical violation than a criminal one). And were there really no prosecutions at all? There certainly seem to have been numerous (civil) legal actions, although presumably you are looking for criminal penalties. Although you haven't expressed just what law you think was broken. You just think people suffered, so you want someone to pay, I guess. Like the mob reasoning during a lynching? - 1/06/2016 8:15 AM
- Don Geddis said...
Ron: "I regularly get invited to meet with senators and congresscritters"
Absolutely, they have a need for fundraising, so you can exchange money for their time. That's part of their job (at least, the campaigning part): to sell contact and face time in exchange for donations.
You may think it's obvious, but the next step is far less clear (in my opinion) than you seem to be assuming: how does government power subsequently get exerted on your personal behalf, as a consequence of such fundraising? What I'm disputing, is whether campaign donations have significant influence over future policy.
(I.e., there is correlation, but the causation may run the other way. First, the politician decides how to vote on an issue -- perhaps by reading polls about what "the people" want. After, they accept donations from whatever rich people happen to be on the same side as their decision. The fact that the vote is in the direction that the donors want, does not mean that the donations caused the vote.) - 1/06/2016 8:22 AM
- Ron said...
> You may think it's obvious, but the next step is far less clear (in my opinion) than you seem to be assuming: how does government power subsequently get exerted on your personal behalf, as a consequence of such fundraising? What I'm disputing, is whether campaign donations have significant influence over future policy.
It's not just about policy. Legislators have a lot of influence besides their votes. If I can have a senator (or even one his staffers) make a phone call on my behalf I can get significant benefit from that.
But legislators have to make their decisions based on *something*. If that "something" includes the input that they get from what they read and hear, then if you do the math you will see that they cannot possibly talk directly to everyone. So just the opportunity to have a face-to-face conversation with a legislator gives you disproportionate influence. And having a face-to-face conversation where they know you're a donor and so are in a position to influence their odds of getting re-elected, even by a little bit, makes it more likely that they'll actually listen to what you have to say. So it's not like I can just call a senator and order him to vote one way or another, but in a situation where a legislator in on the fence about something I might be able to push him or her one way or the other more effectively than someone who isn't writing checks. Finally, I'm not a particularly deep pocket. If I were writing really big checks I might actually be able to exert quite a lot of influence by credibly threatening to finance a legislator's opponent in the next election.
- Ron said...
Just for the record"
> I haven't done the research on subprime bond raters. You seem to start with the assumption that anyone who rated the top tranche of an MBS as AAA was necessarily committing fraud, which I categorically reject.
No, I don't assume they were *all* committing fraud. But the evidence of widespread fraud is pretty overwhelming.
You should read this:
- Don Geddis said...
Thanks, Ron. OK, I followed your link and read Reich's article. He offers zero "evidence of widespread fraud", in that article, much less overwhelming evidence.
I understand how you might find Reich's article compelling. But I'm surprised you think it would be convincing to someone who disagrees. Reich is writing a piece of political propaganda, in an attempt to influence policy outcomes. That doesn't mean his position is right or wrong, but it does mean that the article itself doesn't help one decide where the truth lies.
Just as an example of some areas where I disagree: "how the big banks screwed millions of Americans out of their homes, savings, and jobs" I still don't understand how offering poor-credit borrowers subprime mortgages, "screws" regular folks "out of" homes, savings, and jobs. If anything, it seems to be offering more mortgages than would have existed otherwise! I need the dots connected for me.
"and then got bailed out by taxpayers." I'm totally opposed to the bailouts. But none of the rest follows from that one area of agreement.
"reinstate the Glass-Steagall Act (separating investment from commercial banking)" This had no impact on the recession. If anything, the ability of financial institutions to become diverse, allow the industry to be stronger: a strong (commercial) bank could purchase a distressed (investment) bank -- or vis versa -- which offered more paths to recovery. There were essentially zero examples in the recession of some problem where a diverse investment/commercial financial firm got in trouble with a healthy (commercial?) side and a distressed (investment?) side, and that somehow caused problems for the economy. This is a bad solution to a non-problem.
"and then sold them to unwary investors" "Unwary investors"?!? Are you kidding me? MBSes were not purchased by the average retail grandmother, saving for their retirement. The investment banks sold them to institutional investors: pension funds, college endowment funds, etc. The purchasers were "sophisticated" investors, not "unwary" investors.
"It was a fraudulent Ponzi scheme that had to end badly" No, it was not a Ponzi scheme. There is no necessity that the MBSes needed to lose so much value. The mortgages were loans that (mostly) could have been paid off by the original borrowers ... had the real estate asset market not crashed so far, across the entire economy, simultaneously.
"innocent victims of misguided government policies" The government has tremendous intervention in the mortgage market. Freddie and Fannie Mae purchase and guarantee mortgages. Income tax law allows deductions for mortgage interest. Government policies and regulations all strongly encourage non-profitable lending to historically oppressed and struggling populations (ethnic, economic, geographic). All of these are justified by good intentions, but the authors of those interventions rarely appreciate all the unintended consequences. The idea that mortgage are a wild free market is simply false.
"we face substantial risk of another near-meltdown" No, that would only be true if the subprime lending ("necessarily") caused the subsequent recession. But the recession was caused by the central bank's tight monetary policy, not by the mortgage lending. So, whether the financial industry continues, or changes behavior, that has no consequence for a future recession.
Reich has his perspective. But he's offering opinion, not evidence. - 1/14/2016 1:52 PM
- Ron said...
What would you accept as evidence then? How about this:
or this:
or this:
or this:
or this:
or this:
And that's just what I was able to find in five minutes of searching.
One choice quote from the last link:
"As the commission found, the signs of fraud were everywhere to be seen, with the number of reports of suspected mortgage fraud rising twenty-fold between 1996 and 2005 and then doubling again in the next four years."
Seriously, saying there is no evidence of fraud in the 2008 financial crisis is like saying there is no evidence for evolution.
- Publius said...
Wow, 9 damming emails! Out of what, trillions of emails sent in the years before the crisis?
Did you ever research why there were only 3 credit rating agencies? Large institutional investors also have large treasurery and finance departments -- why weren't they doing their due diligence on these deals?
Oh, and what of those physics, engineering, and math boffins who went to work as quants? Did they not understand that mathematical models have limitations? Just because you can compute a number doesn't make it useful? Or that not everything (like, say, risk) can be represented with one variable?
The Goldman Sachs lawsuit was based on the federal governments prosecutorial theory of "they have money, let's take it from them."
No mention of Fannie Mae? What was the Fed doing to the money supply? Just why were so many subprime mortgages being written?
This article in the WSJ provides a more complete - and complex - explanation of the crisis:
It lists 10 causes. Lots of blame to go around.
That isn't helpful to politicians, though. They need someone to blame. Journalists especially hate banks - so they push the narrative of the greedy Wall Street bankers swindling the entire world. Politicians of both parties jump on this while simultaneously putting out their hands for campaign donations and bribes from those very same Wall Street firms. - 1/15/2016 1:07 AM
- Ron said...
> The Goldman Sachs lawsuit
The lawsuit is not the evidence. The fact that they agreed to settle is the evidence. If there were no evidence showing Goldman to be guilty, why would they settle? $5B is real money, even for Goldman.
> No mention of Fannie Mae?
"They want us to believe the banks and investment houses were innocent victims of misguided government policies that gave mortgages to poor people who shouldn't have got them.
That's pure baloney. The boom in subprime mortgages was concentrated in the private market, not in government. ... The fact is, more than 84 percent of the subprime mortgages in 2006 were issued by private institutions"
> This article in the WSJ
"We agree with our colleagues that individuals across the financial sector pursued their self-interest first, sometimes to the detriment of borrowers, investors, taxpayers and even their own firms."
That's about as close as the WSJ is ever going to get to admitting that there was fraud.
> 10 causes. Lots of blame to go around.
Sure. But as a response to allegations of fraud that is tantamount to saying, "Oh look, a kitten!" Just because fraud was not the only cause does not change the fact that fraud was a significant contributing factor.
- Unknown said...
Well written, well argued, Ron. I am always surprised at how civilized you keep the tone. My convictions on this are similar to yours. And to think I got to know about you because of CL.
- Ron said...
@DJ: Thank you for the kind words. I've tried to keep a civilized tone here since I started writing RR nearly thirteen years ago. I'm glad someone noticed.


text:
Make the McKenzie Connection!
It's the day before Thanksgiving, 1971. A slender, bland-looking man in a business suit several years out of style strolls up to the ticket counter at Northwest Orient Airlines in Portland and buys a single one-way ticket on Flight 305, bound for Seattle, paying for it with a $20 bill. The agent asks for his name.
"Dan Cooper," he says. "That's a 727, isn't it?"
Yes, he's told; that's right, it is.
Once settled into his seat in the smoking section, Dan Cooper fires up a Raleigh, flags down stewardess Florence Schaffner, and orders a drink: Bourbon and Seven. He pays for it with another twenty.
The plane takes off.
When Florence comes back with his change, he hands her an envelope. This happens a lot to stewardesses in 1971, when airlines actually competed in part on the sexiness of their stewardesses. Usually they're either love notes or straight-up propositions. It could just be a name and phone number. It could be an invitation to consummate a "business transaction." She doesn't know and doesn't care; she couldn't be less interested. She drops the note in her purse and moves on.
"Miss," he calls after her. "I think you'd better have a look at that note."
She looks. Here's what it says:
"I have a bomb here and I want you to sit by me."
Florence walks back to his row and sits down. He shows her the bomb. It's in his briefcase, five or six long red things that are either dynamite or road flares, and a tangle of wires, and a battery. He tells her it will go off if he touches a wire to the battery. They're at about 1,000 feet and climbing. She's not about to call his bluff.
The man has Florence take dictation, with his demands. He wants $200,000 in "unmarked American currency" in a knapsack. He wants four parachutes — two back chutes and two chest chutes. He wants a fuel truck on the ground at Seattle and food for the flight crew, because it's going to be a long night for them.
Then Florence takes the note up to the captain's cabin. While she's doing this, the other stewardess, Tina Mucklow, picks up the plane's intercom — they call it the "interphone" — and alerts the cockpit that the plane is being jacked. The hijacker is starting to look more nervous. He gets out a pair of sunglasses and puts them on.
Up in in the cockpit, Florence hands over the note. She describes the guy as mid-40s, brown eyes, short black hair, olive complexion. The captain asks her to sit in the jumpseat with the headphones on and take notes of everything that happens — the plane doesn't have a recording system, except the "black box," which is on a 30-minute loop. If the plane blows up, the captain wants there to be some record of what happened.
Back in his seat, the hijacker is getting visibly nervous, watching for Florence to return. Tina, the other stewardess, starts worrying that he might panic and destroy them all, so she walks over and sits down next to him — taking Florence's place. So he asks her to get on the "interphone" — he used the actual term, somewhat to her surprise, since most passengers called it something else, like "the phone" or "the intercom" — and relay messages for him.
The captain assures the hijacker, through Tina, that all the demands would be met, and turns on the "Fasten Seat Belts" sign to discourage passengers from milling around.
A few minutes later, the senior stewardess tries to rescue Tina by asking her to go fetch a pack of playing cards. The hijacker interrupts: "Never mind about the playing cards. Go back to your station." Again, he's talking like an insider — somebody who knows how a passenger airliner works.
Northwest Orient Flight 305 is a short flight: only a half hour. They'd be ready to land in Seattle long before the parachutes and money are ready. So the hijacker orders the captain to fly a holding pattern until all is ready.
This plan is making the stewardesses very nervous; they're a bit afraid that the longer the plane is in the air, the more likely the passengers are to figure out what's going on, and that one of them will decide to be a hero and get them all killed. Specifically, they're worried about the burly college man sitting across the aisle from the hijacker shooting occasional hostile glances at him. The college man, as it turned out, was getting more and more annoyed because the cute blonde stewardess, whom he would have liked to get to know better, was just sitting there next to this old, poorly dressed nobody.
The captain gets on the speakers and tells everyone the plane is experiencing a minor mechanical problem and will be circling to burn off some excess fuel as a precautionary measure. This can't have been particularly reassuring. He also invites them to move forward in the airplane, into First Class if possible, and most people take him up on it. The college man does not.
The plane circles for some time while the airline people scramble to get the parachutes and money together. They're having trouble with this; after all, it's after business hours on the day before Thanksgiving. The hijacker is getting more and more agitated as the minutes tick by.
Finally, two hours into a half-hour flight, the plane is ready to land. The hijacker has some final instructions: He wants the fuel truck, vehicle with his money, and the "airstairs" at the 10 o'clock position so he can see them from his window. Tina notices that again, he's talking like an airline man — calling the "airstairs" by the industry-standard term.
The hijacker sends Tina out to get the money, which she drags back — twenty pounds of $20 bills. It's not in a knapsack, which causes the hijacker to get a little annoyed, but he lets the passengers go anyway.
Of course, the passengers are immediately corralled and hustled down to a debriefing room to be inventoried and checked against the list of folks who boarded the plane. There are 35 of them. Everyone on the list is there except one: Dan Cooper.
Meanwhile, back on the airplane, Dan Cooper himself is busy inspecting his loot and chutes, and making plans. We'll talk about how those plans went down in next week's column.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The two sketches made from witnesses' descriptions of the skyjacker known as D.B. Cooper.
(Sources: Gray, Geoffrey. Skyjack: The Hunt for D.B. Cooper. New York: Crown, 2011; Himmelsbach, Ralph & al. Norjak: The Investigation of D.B. Cooper. Portland: Norjak Project, 1986)
Finn J.D. John is an instructor at Oregon State University and the author of "Wicked Portland," a book about the dark side of Oregon's metropolis in the 1890s. He produces a daily podcast, reading archives from this column, at offbeatoregon.com/itunes. To contact him or suggest a topic: [email protected], @OffbeatOregon (on Twitter), or 541-357-2222.
Image at top appeared on the front cover of the Sept. 12, 1936, issue of Argosy magazine, accompanying a novelette about an early skyjacking titled "Transpacific Plunder."
McKenzie River Reflections

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How do you connect disconnected devices?
50 billion devices will be connected to the Internet of Things by 2020. That means you will interact daily, with 7 to 10 devices that are connected to the Internet. But the real value is in getting them to talk to each other.
Putting interoperability into the Internet.
Interoperability means making complex relationships work at scale. And lack of interoperability is the challenge that faces the Internet of Things today. Your smart refrigerator knows that you're out of milk, but it doesn't know how to order it. It also doesn't know how to pay for it.
Visa's role.
Decades ago, Visa tackled a similar problem. Thousands of banks were connected with millions of merchants and billions of account holders.
Leaving the fridge door open.
What happens when a malicious hacker targets your refrigerator? Where is your payment data stored? Is it safe?
Visa's perspective.
Every network, no matter the goal or motivation, requires two things: interoperability and trust. Visa is committed to engaging in open dialogue about network opportunities and providing value to its partners. And it always will.


text:
Wolfgang is Chief Technology Officer at Simon-Kucher & Partners and leads the Simon-Kucher Digital Solutions team. Digital Solutions advises clients on Sales, Marketing, and Pricing technology and delivers software solutions based on Simon-Kucher's methods.
Wolfgang has been with the company for more than 10 years, four of which at Simon-Kucher's office in Silicon Valley, where he provided advice to software & tech companies ranging from start-ups to Fortune 500 companies. His consulting activities have focused on monetization strategies, pricing optimization, and developing pricing processes.
Topics from his previous talks and articles include: "Packaging & Bundling", "Pricing complexity", and "Transition to SaaS".
Prior to Simon-Kucher, Wolfgang worked for IXOS Software (now OpenText) as a consultant. He planned, developed, and implemented national, and international projects in the field of Enterprise Content Management for clients from a variety of industries.
Wolfgang received his MBA from the University of Mannheim, Germany. He also graduated with a joint Bachelor's of Science in Information Technology from Open University London and the University of Cooperative Education in Stuttgart, Germany.


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Tactical Balaclava is a versatile one piece face covering can be easily transformed into a cap, a head wrap, a face mask or a headband etc. It is stretchable and seamless, comfortable and useful, and can be the perfect protection from wind or sun.
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To obtain a return label if you live on the UK mainland please CLICK HERE. If you are unable to generate a returns label please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Please check your spam folder for replies from us.
If returning an item for a refund we charge £3 for the return label which is taken from the refund amount.
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Nice comfortable fit
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text: If you are looking for games with new arcade elements and obstacle-based routes, Lanechage 3D will provide many challenging tracks for you. Players will play the most exciting and cool driving simulation game. Start this perfect challenge, experience this amazing game-playing method, and challenge more fun. Whenever players need to face endless traffic, carefully control your car. Are you ready for this exciting driving adventure in the Lanechage 3D?


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When their kingdom becomes trapped in perpetual winter, fearless Anna (Kristen Bell) joins forces with mountaineer Kristoff (Jonathan Groff) and his reindeer sidekick to find Anna's sister, Snow Queen Elsa (Idina Menzel), and break her icy spell. Although their epic journey leads them to encounters with mystical trolls, a comedic snowman (Josh Gad), harsh conditions, and magic at every turn, Anna and Kristoff bravely push onward in a race to save their kingdom from winter's cold grip.
Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff
Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee


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As challenges go, the challenge of finding affordable housing in Eagle County is a huge one. Close to 140 percent of the average wage is needed to make monthly mortgage payments on an average-priced home in Eagle County, according to the housing-data company RealtyTrac. Rental rates are also prohibitively high, with 46 percent of local renters paying too much of their monthly income for rent, according to Eagle County's Housing Strategic Plan.
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Genuino Micro Development Board, ATmega32U4
Genuino Micro Development Board, ATmega32U4
Genuino Micro is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32u4, developed in conjunction with Adafruit. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a micro USB cable to get started. It has a form factor that enables it to be easily placed on a breadboard.
The Micro is similar to the Leonardo in that the ATmega32u4 has built-in USB communication, eliminating the need for a secondary processor. This allows the Micro to appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial / COM port.
Microcontroller | ATmega32U4 |
Operating Voltage | 5 V |
Input Voltage (recommended) | 7 - 12 V |
Input Voltage (limit) | 6 - 20 V |
Digital I/O Pins | 20 |
PWM Digital I/O Pins | 7 |
Analog Input Pins | 12 |
DC Current per I/O Pin | 40 mA |
DC Current for 3.3V Pin | 50 mA |
Flash Memory | 32 KB |
Flash Memory for Bootloader | 4 KB |
Clock Speed | 16 MHz |


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You may have encountered this device at the hospital or even bought one for your home during the pandemic. A pulse oximeter is a fingertip clip that measures how much oxygen is in your blood - something that doctors need to know in order to treat COVID-19. But a study released last week shows how inaccurate measurements by the devices may have led to delays when treating people of color for COVID-19. Dr. Ashraf Fawzy is an assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University and co-author of the study, and he joins us now. Welcome.
ASHRAF FAWZY: Thank you, Ayesha. Thanks for having me.
RASCOE: Now, there has been knowledge for some time that pulse oximeters do not provide very accurate measurements for those with darker skin. I will say, I did not necessarily know that. But tell us what you found in this study.
FAWZY: So in our study, there were two parts. The first part - we looked at a large group of patients with COVID-19 and found that pulse oximeters overestimated the oxygen level in Black and Hispanic and Asian patients compared with white patients. This portion of the study replicates prior findings from a few other studies, and replication's very important in scientific research. The second part of the study - we tried to answer a new question. Did the inaccuracy of pulse oximeters potentially change how patients were cared for?
So in COVID, blood oxygen levels are used to determine whether a patient has severe COVID requiring treatment. Specifically, a blood oxygen level of 94% or less qualifies a patient for certain treatments - specifically dexamethasone, which is a steroid, and remdesivir, which is an antiviral medication. So what we found was that people of color, specifically Black and Hispanic patients, were 29% and 23% less likely than white patients to have severe COVID identified, which means that the recognition of the need for medication was potentially delayed.
RASCOE: Do we know why pulse oximeters don't work as well on darker skin?
FAWZY: Well, the assumption is that it is darker skin, but there aren't really any studies that really show this. But that's the leading assumption.
RASCOE: So at the start of the pandemic, you know, I started hearing these things about, OK, you need to get a pulse oximeter. I sent a pulse oximeter to my aunt when she got sick. I had my sister in my house when my husband got COVID. I got the pulse oximeter. Like, was I wrong to be using it that way, as - and I am Black. You know, people probably know that. But I'm a Black woman. My family is Black. Should we not do that - use them at home like that?
FAWZY: Well, pulse oximetry is the fifth vital sign. So other vital sign examples, for instance, are temperature and blood pressure. So knowing the oxygen level in your blood is extremely important. So it certainly wasn't wrong to get them and use them. It's just important to know that they may not be a hundred percent accurate. So if things don't necessarily line up, if the way you're feeling doesn't line up with the way - with what the pulse oximeter is telling you, then that might be a good reason to seek medical care and not just solely rely on the pulse oximeter reading.
RASCOE: I wanted to go back to your research and ask about how - we know that Black communities and communities of color have had some of the worst outcomes in terms of death and hospitalization during the pandemic. Does your research findings add any data to whether this may have played a role in those worse outcomes or have been one of the factors?
FAWZY: It may certainly be one piece of the puzzle. So we weren't able to look at outcomes like whether there's a higher death rate or more disability, longer hospitalizations in our study, unfortunately. But certainly, other studies have shown that racial and ethnic minorities have had worse outcomes with COVID, and treatment is definitely one of the important things that help reduce the death rate and lead to better outcomes. So the fact that we are showing that there is a potential delay in treatment among those patients may be a piece of the puzzle as to why Black and Hispanic patients were doing worse at the beginning of the pandemic.
RASCOE: What do you think needs to happen to address this issue? Does there need to be more education about this?
FAWZY: More education is definitely important for the time being. But ultimately, there needs to be a more permanent fix. With evidence mounting that the device is not equally accurate among all races, hopefully this is the catalyst for the medical community to reengineer the pulse oximeters so they work more equitably for all patients.
RASCOE: Dr. Ashraf Fawzy is an assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University. Thank you so much for joining us.
FAWZY: You're welcome, Ayesha. Thank you for having me. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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What Is Happiness?
This article covers the answer to the question: "What Is Happiness?"
The primary meaning of this term in all the leading European languages seems to involve the notion of good fortune, good chance, good happening; but from a very early date in the history of Greek philosophy the conception became the centre of keen speculation and dispute.
What is happiness?
What are its constituents?
What are the causes and conditions of happiness?
How, if at all, does it differ from pleasure?
What are its relations to man's intellect, to his will, to his life as a whole? What is its position in a general theory of the universe?
These are questions which have much occupied the various schools of philosophy and, indeed, have exercised men who would not be willingly accused of philosophizing. For happiness is necessarily amongst the most profoundly interesting subjects for all of us. With the Greeks interest in the problem was mainly ethical, the psychology of happiness being ancillary; whereas for several modern schools of philosophy psychology is deemed the key to many of the most important queries respecting this familiar yet enigmatic conception.
Dismissing the view that happiness was a lot arbitrarily bestowed by capricious Fortune, the more serious thinkers among the Greeks regarded it as a gift of the gods. Further reflection led to the view that it was given as a reward for goodness of life. Hence the acquisition of happiness depends on the working out of the good for man in man's life. What then is the good? For Socrates it is eupraxia, which receives closer definition at the hands of Plato, as such harmonious functioning of the parts of man's soul as shall preserve the subordination of the lower to the higher, of the non-rational to the rational. In this view happiness becomes for Plato less the reward than the inevitable concomitant of such harmony. It is the property of the whole soul; and the demand of any element of the soul for preferential treatment in the matter of happiness Plato would thus look upon as unreasonable. In setting happiness as the intrinsic result of a policy of "following nature", the Stoics and the Cyrenaics were in verbal agreement with Plato, though diverging to opposite poles in their answer to the psychological question as to the constituents of happiness. "Follow Nature", for the Cyrenaics, meant: "Gratify the sensuous faculties which are the voices of nature." For the Stoics it signified: "Satisfy your reason which nature bids us to exalt by the entire suppression of our sensuous appetites." Happiness is for these latter the consequence of the virtuous life which issues in spiritual freedom and peace.
In Aristotle's ethical system, happiness, as expressed by eudaimonia, is the central idea. He agrees with Plato in rejecting the exaggerated opposition set up between reason and nature by the Sophists, and fundamental to both the Stoic and Epicurean schools. For Aristotle, nature is human nature as a whole. This is both rational and sensuous. His treatment of happiness is in closer contact with experience than that of Plato. The good with which he concerns himself is that which it is possible for man to reach in this life. This highest good is happiness. This must be the true purpose of life; for we seek it in all our actions. But in what does it consist? Not in mere passive enjoyment, for this is open to the brute, but in action (energeia), of the kind that is proper to man in contrast with other animals. This is intellectual action. Not all kinds of intellectual action, however, result in happiness, but only virtuous action, that is, action which springs from virtue and is according to its laws; for this alone is appropriate to the nature of man. The highest happiness corresponds to the highest virtue; it is the best activity of the highest faculty. Though happiness does not consist in pleasure, it does not exclude pleasure. On the contrary, the highest form of pleasure is the outcome of virtuous action. But for such happiness to be complete it should be continued during a life of average length in at least moderately comfortable circumstances, and enriched by intercourse with friends. Aristotle is distinctly human here. Virtues are either ethical or dianoetic (intellectual). The latter pertain either to the practical or to the speculative reason. This last is the highest faculty of all; hence the highest virtue is a habit of the speculative reason. Consequently, for Aristotle the highest happiness is to be found not in the ethical virtues of the active life, but in the contemplative or philosophic life of speculation, in which the dianoetic virtues of understanding, science, and wisdom are exercised. Theoria, or pure speculation, is the highest activity of man, and that by which he is most like unto the gods; for in this, too, the happiness of the gods consists. It is, in a sense, a Divine life. Only the few, however, can attain to it; the great majority must be content with the inferior happiness of the active life. Happiness (eudaimonia), therefore with Aristotle, is not identical with pleasure (hedone), or even with the sum of pleasures. It has been described as the kind of well-being that consists in well-doing; and supreme happiness is thus the well-doing of the best faculty. Pleasure is a concomitant or efflorescence of such an activity.
Here, then, is in brief Aristotle's ethical theory of eudemonism; and in its main features it has been made the basis of the chief Christian scheme of moral philosophy. Constituting happiness the end of human action, and not looking beyond the present life, Aristotle's system, it has been maintained with some show of reason, approximates, after all, in sundry important respects towards Utilitarianism or refined Hedonism. This is not the place to determine precisely Aristotle's ethical position, but we may point out that his conception of happiness (eudaimonia) is not identical with felicity — the maximum sum of pleasures — which forms the supreme end of human conduct for modern hedonistic schools. It is rather in his failure to perceive clearly the proper object of man's highest faculty, on the one hand, and, on the other, his limitation of the attainment of this proper end of man to a handful of philosophers, that the most serious deficiency in this part of his doctrine lies. It is here that the leading Schoolmen, enlightened by Christian Revelation and taking over some elements from Plato, come to complete the Peripatetic theory. St. Thomas teaches that beatitudo, perfect happiness, is the true supreme, subjective end of man, and is, therefore, open to all men, but is not attainable in this life. It consists in the best exercise of the noblest human faculty, the intellect, on the one object of infinite worth. It is, in fact, the outcome of the immediate possession of God by intellectual contemplation. Scotus and some other Scholastic writers accentuate the importance of the will in the process, and insist on the love resulting from the contemplative activity of the intellect, as a main factor; but it is allowed by all Catholic schools that both faculties play their part in the operation which is to constitute at once man's highest perfection and supreme felicity. "Our heart is ill at ease till it find rest in Thee" was the cry of St. Augustine. "The possession of God is happiness essential." "To know God is life everlasting." With all Christian writers true happiness is to come not now, but hereafter. Then the bonum perfectum quod totaliter quietat appetitum (the perfect good that completely satisfies desire) can be immediately enjoyed without let or hindrance, and that enjoyment will not be a state of inactive quiescence or Nirvana, but of intense, though free and peaceful, activity of the soul.
The divorce of philosophy from theology since Descartes has, outside of Catholic schools of thought, caused a marked disinclination to recognize the importance in ethical theory of the future life with its rewards and punishments. Consequently, for those philosophers who constitute happiness — whether of the individual or of the community — the ethical end, the psychological analysis of the constituents of temporal felicity, has become a main problem. In general, such writers identify happiness with pleasure, though some lay considerable stress on the difference between higher and lower pleasures, whilst others emphasize the importance of active, in opposition to passive, pleasures. The poet Pope tells us, "Happiness lies in three words: Peace, Health, Content". Reflection, however, suggests that these are rather the chief negative condition, than the positive constituents of happiness. Paley, although adopting a species of theological Utilitarianism in which the will of God is the rule of morality, and the rewards and punishments of the future life the chief part of the motive for moral conduct, yet has written a celebrated chapter on temporal happiness embodying a considerable amount of shrewd, worldly common sense. He argues that happiness does not consist in the pleasures of sense, whether the coarser, such as eating, or the more refined, such as music, the drama, or sports, for these pall by repetition. Intense delights disappoint and destroy relish for normal pleasures. Nor does happiness consist in exemption from pain, labour, or business; nor in the possession of rank or station, which do not exclude pain and discomfort. The most important point in the conduct of life is, then, to select pleasures that will endure. Owing to diversity of taste and individual aptitudes, there is necessarily much variety in the objects which produce human happiness. Among the chief are, he argues, the exercise of family and social affections, the activity of our faculties, mental and bodily, in pursuit of some engaging end, that of the next life included, a prudent constitution of our habits and good health, bodily and mental. His conclusion is that the conditions of human happiness are "pretty equally distributed among the different orders of society, and that vice has at all events no advantage over virtue even with respect to this world's happiness". For Bentham, who is the most consistent among English Hedonists in his treatment of this topic, happiness is the sum of pleasures. Its value is measured by quantity: "Quantity of pleasure being equal, push-pin is as good as poetry." Rejecting all distinctions of higher or lower quality, he formulates these tests of the worth of pleasure as an integral part of happiness:
(1) its intensity,
(2) duration,
(3) propinquity,
(4) purity, or freedom from pain,
(5) fecundity,
(6) range.
J. Stuart Mill, whilst defining happiness as "pleasure and absence of pain", and unhappiness as "pain and privation of pleasure", insists as a most important point that "quality must be considered as well as quantity", and some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and valuable than others on grounds other than their pleasantness. "It is better", he urges, "to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied." This is true; but it is an inconsistent admission fatal to Mill's whole position as a Hedonist, and to the Hedonistic conception of happiness.
The aid of the evolutionist hypothesis here as elsewhere was called to the support of the Sensationist school of psychology and ethics. Pleasure must be life-giving, pain the reverse. The survival of the pleasure fittest to survive will, according to Herbert Spencer, lead to an ultimate well-being not of the individual, but of the social organism; and the perfect health of the organism will be the concomitant of its perfect functioning, that is, of its perfect virtue. Thus happiness is defined in terms of virtue, but of a virtue which is a mere physical or physiological excellence. Spencer's critics, however, have been keen to point out that the pleasure of an activity in man is not by any means a safe criterion of its healthiness or conduciveness to enduring well-being. In the writings of the German Rationalists from Kant onwards we meet echoes of the ancient Stoicism. Usually there is too narrow a view of human nature, and at times an effort to set aside the question of happiness as having no real bearing on ethical problems. Kant is inclined to an over-ready acceptance of the Hedonistic identification of happiness with sensuous pleasure, and for this reason he is opposed to our working for our own happiness whilst he allows us to seek that of others. His rigoristic exclusion of happiness from among the motives for moral action is psychologically as well as ethically unsound, and although "Duty for duty's sake" may be an elevating and ennobling hortatory formula, still the reflective reason of man affirms unequivocally that unless virtue finally results in happiness, that unless it be ultimately happier for the man who observes the moral law than for him who violates it, human existence would be irrational at the very core, and life not worth living. This latter, indeed, is the logical conclusion of Pessimism, which teaches that misery altogether outweighs happiness in the universe as a whole. From this the inevitable inference is that the supreme act of virtue would be the suicide of the entire human race.
Reverting now to the teaching of St. Thomas and the Catholic Church respecting happiness, we can better appreciate the superiority of that teaching. Man is complex in his nature and activities, sentient and rational, cognitive and appetitive. There is for him a well-being of the whole and a well-being of the parts; a relatively brief existence here, an everlasting life hereafter. Beatitudo, perfect happiness, complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life, but in the next. Primarily, it consists in the activity of man's highest cognitive faculty, the intellect, in the contemplation of God — the infinitely Beautiful. But this immediately results in the supreme delight of the will in the conscious possession of the Summum Bonum, God, the infinitely good. This blissful activity of the highest spiritual faculties, as the Catholic Faith teaches, will redound in some manner transcending our present experience to the felicity of the lower powers. For man, as man, will enjoy that perfect beatitude. Further, an integral part of that happiness will be the consciousness that it is absolutely secure and everlasting, an existence perfect in the tranquil and assured possession of all good — Status omnium bonorum aggregatione perfectus, as Boethius defines it. This state involves self-realization of the highest order and perfection of the human being in the highest degree. It thus combines whatever elements of truth are contained in the Hedonist and Rationalist theories. It recognizes the possibility of a relative and incomplete happiness in this life, and its value; but it insists on the importance of self-restraint, detachment, and control of the particular faculties and appetencies for the attainment of this limited happiness and, still more, in order to secure that eternal well-being be not sacrificed for the sake of some transitory enjoyment.
This article is borrowed from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07131b.htm
JOSEPH RICKABY, Aquinas Ethicus, I (London, 1892); IDEM, Moral Philosophy (New York and London, 1893); CRONIN, The Science of Ethics(Dublin, 1909); JANET, Theory of Morals (tr., Edinburgh, 1872); PALEY, Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (London, 1817); BENTHAM, Works, Pt. I, ed. BOWRING (Edinburgh, 1838); MILL, Utilitarianism (New York and London, 1844); SPENCER, Data of Ethics (Edinburgh, 1879); SETH, Ethical Principles (New York and London, 1904); LECKY, History of European Morals, I (New York and London, 1894); PLATO, Philebus, tr. JOWETT (Oxford, 1892); GRANT, Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, I (4th ed., London, 1884); RASHDALL, Aristotle's Theory of Conduct (London, 1904). — There are several of the translations of the Nicomachean Ethics; WILLIAMS (New York and London, 1879) and PETERS (9th ed., London, 1904) are good. — SIDGWICK, Methods of Ethics (6th ed., New York and London, 1907); IDEM, History of Ethics, (17th ed., New York and London, 1896); OLLÉ-LAPRUNE, Essai sur la morale d'Aristote (Paris, 1891).
About this page
APA citation. (1910). Happiness. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 1, 2019 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07131b.htm
MLA citation. "Happiness." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 Sept. 2019<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07131b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Vivek Gilbert John Fernandez. Dedicated to all Catholics who find happiness in continuing the work which Our Lord began.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. June 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.


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How do I setup the D-ViewCam Mobile app with a PC running D-ViewCam?
Note: D-ViewCam must be installed and running.
Step 1: Launch the D-ViewCam Software on your computer
Step 2: Click Settings > Network Services
Step 3: Under the Main tab, press Start to start the Network Server (needed for D-ViewCam mobile to connect) and click OK.
Minimize D-ViewCam (It must still be running)
Step 4: Download the D-ViewCam Mobile App from the Apple or Android App Store and launch the App
Step 5: Click on the + icon on the top right to add your D-ViewCam instance.
Step 6: Enter your D-ViewCam software Credentials
- Server Name: This is an Optional name for your software (Used to easily identify specific D-View Software instances)
- Server Address: Enter the IP address of the computer running D-ViewCam
- Note: If using the APP within the same network enter the private IP address of the computer running D-ViewCam (e.g. 192.168.0.x)
- If using the APP remotely (over the internet or through 3G/4G) you would need to enter the Public/Internet IP address of your Router/Firewall.
- If using a D-Link router, this can be found under the Status Tab of the routers setup page.
- Contact your router manufacture or IT administrator for further assistance.
- Live Streaming Port: 5150
- Playback Server: 5160
- Username: Username used to access your the D-ViewCam Software
- Password: Password used to access your D-ViewCam Software
Click Save
Note: If using the D-View Cam Mobile APP over the Internet/3G/4G you will need to open the Live Streaming and Playback Server ports on your router/firewall to allow access. Ports 5150 (TCP) and 5160(TCP) are required. (See below for instructions how to open ports on a D-Link router)
Step 7: Select your D-ViewCam instance
Opening Ports on a D-Link router
Step 1: Log into Router- Open Internet Browser and type http://192.168.0.1 into the address bar
Step 2: Enter Username and Password (default username is admin and there is no password)
Step 3: Click on the Advanced Tab > Virtual Server
Step 4: Check to Enable
- Name: Enter name for rule (i.e. dviewcam- Streaming)
- IP address: Enter the IP of the PC running dviewcam (Private IP- E.g. 192.168.0.102)
- Public: 5150
- Private: 5150
- Protocol: All
- Schedule: Always
These may also help:
- Does D-ViewCam Support MAC OS? Read Answer
- How do I add a camera in D-ViewCam v3.x? Read Answer
- What are the system requirements for D-ViewCam 3.x? Read Answer
- How do I change the storage location in D-ViewCam v3.x? Read Answer
- How do I manage user accounts providing specific privileges in D-ViewCam v3.x? Read Answer
- How do I setup e-mail notifications for Events in D-ViewCam v3.x ? Read Answer
- How do I setup the Smart Guard System to monitor events on my camera using D-ViewCam v3.x? Read Answer
- How do you setup Motion Detection Recording in D-ViewCam? Read Answer
- How do you setup Scheduled Recording in D-ViewCam? Read Answer


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Because I am out of town Kassandra Lamb, a retired psychotherapist turned mystery writer, has agreed to post today to keep all of you entertained. So give Kassandra a warm Arm Chair Adventures welcome!
"Don't Hate Me Because I'm Beautiful"
Are you old enough to remember the 1980's Pantene shampoo commercial that made this line famous? Or perhaps it resonates because of the lyrics in Keri Hilson's much more recent "Pretty Girl Rock." Actually I could have sworn that Elizabeth Taylor said it first, but, after a quick romp around the Internet, I was not able to prove this.
Unfortunately, for all too many of us, the answer to that line would be "I don't hate you; I hate myself because I'm not beautiful." And sadly there are a lot of people in our society, especially women, who would say that even while those of us around them are secretly envying their beauty. Not only has physical attractiveness become the main criteria for okayness in our society but most people actually see themselves as a lot less attractive than they actually are.
Why is that? If being beautiful, handsome, adorable, is what makes us valuable, than why aren't we all clamoring that we are beautiful, handsome, adorable? Oh, if only the connection between self-esteem and body image were that simple.
The reality is that if we feel poorly about ourselves, for a variety of reasons, than we are going to perceive our package as not okay, no matter how beautiful we are. One quote that I did find for Elizabeth Taylor, who was drop-dead gorgeous and an incredibly talented actress, was, "I don't like my voice. I don't like the way I look. I don't like the way I move. I don't like the way I act. I mean, period. So, you know, I don't like myself."
Interestingly, she did admit that, "…when I was a little girl, my father was abusive when he drank and seemed to kind of like to bat me around a bit." Could explain the low self-esteem.
On the other hand, if we perceive our bodies as less than attractive, in our society at least, this tends to undermine our self-esteem. I am one of the few women, amongst my circle of friends and acquaintances, who actually sees my body fairly accurately. Until my late thirties, I was, and perceived myself as, a reasonably slender, moderately attractive woman, with nice hair, warm brown eyes, a cheerful smile and less than perfect skin. I liked my appearance basically, or at least I wasn't displeased with it.
Then I developed a problem with my thyroid and experienced the onset of middle-aged spread in a huge way (and I mean that literally). In less than a year, I ballooned from 125 pounds to 160, and suddenly I found myself feeling insecure–a feeling I had not experienced in the last 15 years! I was shocked that my self-esteem, that I had always assumed was grounded in my intelligence and other talents, was that easily shaken by a shift in my appearance.
Over the next decade, I slowly came to grips with the betrayal of my body, which is a good thing, since I gained another 15 pounds before the doctors finally got my thyroid problem under control. Now I'm pushing sixty (hard) and I'm back to thinking I don't look half bad for my age, since I still have the hair, eyes, smile combo going for me. But a lesson was definitely learned about how fragile our self-esteem can be, in the U.S. of A., when our bodies are less than perfect.
This whole issue of body image and self-esteem has been on my mind lately because, in my book that just came out, Family Fallacies, the protagonist, Kate–a woman of average attractiveness–is being wooed by a very handsome guy. He's six-five, 240 pounds of mostly muscle, with gold flecks in his hazel eyes and an easy-going, sexy grin.
*stopping to fan face; must be having a hot flash*
Her good friend, Rob, is very uneasy about this budding romance, and it takes awhile for him to realize that the disparity in their appearance is the reason for his distrust.
That brings me to the next and, I think, optimistic point. Research has found that people tend to be attracted to those of a similar level of attractiveness. This is good news for those of us in the butt-ugly to moderately attractive range. There is someone out there, probably several someones, who will find us cute, or at least will be relieved that we're no prettier than they are!
The reader discovers, as the book progresses (with mysterious things happening; well, because it is a mystery after all), that Kate's suitor wasn't always a hunk. He was a late bloomer.
Which brings me to the last of my points about this complicated interaction between body image and self-esteem. The body image we develop in our teens may very well continue in our brains long after we're grown. I had a male colleague who was quite thin (naturally; he was not anorexic), and yet he admitted that he still tended to see himself, in his mind's eye, as chunky because he had been a chunky teenager, until he grew into his weight during a late growth spurt. That's where I got the idea for my character's body image issues. At one point, he confesses to Kate that he often does a double-take when he walks past a mirror, because his internal self-image is of the short, scrawny sixteen-year-old that he once was.
Do you know anyone like that, whose body image is dictated by something other than reality? Does any of this resonate for you? What are your thoughts about the link between body image and self-esteem?
Thank you so much, Alica, for your hospitality!
And to show my appreciation, anyone who comments below will automatically be entered in our contest to win a free e-book set of the first three books of my mystery series. And if you go to www.misteriopress.com and comment there, your name will go in the hat twice. The winner will be announced this Friday, here and on misterio press. You can also pick up an extra chance or two of winning by commenting at the two stops left in my little romp around the blogosphere.
Thursday, I'll be talking about getting A Check-Up From the Neck Up with some tips for maintaining good mental health at Ginger Calem's cyber-home, http://gingercalem.wordpress.com
Friday, I'll be chatting with Jennifer L. Oliver about writing, eating and puppy dogs (no, we're not eating puppy dogs) at http://www.small-escapes.com
Hope to see you there, and good luck in the contest!
Kass Lamb
Thank you Kass, it is very interesting how much the number on the scale can effect how we feel about ourselves!
You can find Kass' book Family Fallacies at B&N and Amazon


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Vintage V6M24 ReIssued Electric Guitar ~ Boulevard Black
The Vintage ReIssued Series V6M24BB has been conceived, designed and constructed with the requirements of the modern player in mind.
A 24 fret neck and a pair of high output Wilkinson WHHB Double Coil pickups equip the guitar an abundance of harmonic capabilities, making it tailor made for fusion legato lines and high gain rock lead. The twin pin Wilkinson VS50IIK vibrato bridge provides individual fine-tuning of the intonation of each string, whilst maintaining unerring return-to-pitch accuracy, so you can express yourself in your playing safe in the knowledge that your tuning is protected.
Whether you're searching for your first guitar or your last, every member of the Vintage ReIssued Series is a keeper. Play on.
V6M24 Features:
American Alder body provides resonance, tone and 'correct weight' comfort, enhanced with correctly radiused contoured body.
The Wilkinson VS50IIK Vibrato bridge enables expression and articulation whilst maintaining excellent tuning stability and providing ultimate tone transfer.
Pair of Wilkinson Double Coils, WHHBN and WHHBB, for increased power and harmonics.
Single master Volume and Tone controls with three-way pickup selector switch.
Machine heads:
Wilkinson WJ07LH E-Z-Lok machine heads provide simple, effective action for maximum tuning stability.
Hard rock maple with classic Vintage 'soft C' profile for instant comfort, speed, accuracy and great feel.
Traditional 15" radius fingerboard provides positive feel and superior playability.
Scale Length:
25.5" / 648mm.
24 Medium Jumbo profile frets add to comfort, accuracy and overall positive feel of the Vintage V6M24.
43mm Graphtech Nubone nut, smooth and friction free.
Reverse Classic Vintage headstock design for balance, coloured in Boulevarde Black for visual appeal.
The V6M24™ is an original Vintage® ReIssued Series guitar designed in the UK by the Vintage® design team.


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Teens love tech. Their connection is virtually unbreakable.
As the first day of school looms large, there is no reason why high school students need to leave their treasured tech gadgets behind.
In fact, today's technology isn't merely about social media and games. Many apps and devices can help students study better, stay organized and even track down scholarship opportunities for college.
Here are nine technology must-haves for any high school student:
Memory flash drives
There's nothing worse than staying up all night working on an assignment and not being able to turn it in. Maybe it's printer problems or an email to the teacher didn't send properly. A memory flash drive quickly stores any paper, slideshow presentation or even video project and makes it portable to anywhere. Students can start on a project at school and then pick right up where they left off at home.
Starting at less than $10, memory flash drives are an inexpensive option to keep students' work right in their pocket and always ready to go.
Portable chargers
One of the biggest challenges teenagers face with their smartphones is keeping them charged. Nothing freaks them out then seeing a low battery warning and not being able to find a place to plug in for a charge. Portable chargers take away that anxiety. Most chargers fit nicely into a pocket or a purse and can charge a smartphone battery within a couple of hours.
Prices for these life savers start at less than $10.
With today's cloud technology and portable storage options, printers may sound like a reverse step. However, most teachers still require the classic printed pages for a paper or project.
Advances in printing technology has made color and photo printers affordable for almost anyone and small enough to fit easily on a desk. Students can find printers just for photos, but the best bet is to find a wireless model that prints, scans and (yes) even faxes. These options all come in handy throughout a school career.
Khan Academy smartphone app
Khan Academy offers lessons in every subject, from basic arithmetic to chemistry. The interactive lessons allow any student with a smartphone or tablet to get the extra review they want or need to get to the head of the class.
The app saves students' progress as they go, so whether they log in to their smartphone or move over to another device, they can pick right up where they left off.
Khan Academy can be purchased through Apple or the Google Play store.
Backup drives
A backup drive is the next step up from a memory flash drive. These devices are meant to save entire computer systems in case of a catastrophic failure.
The massive difference between these drives and their memory stick little brothers is size. Where a memory stick usually averages between 8GB and 128GB, backup drives now go all the way up to 4TB, which means multiple computers' data can be stored safely. Many drives can be scheduled to run a backup, making the process simple.
With students creating bigger and better projects every year, every one should have a backup drive next to their computer to save on major headaches in the face of computer disaster.
Scholarship finder apps
Every student from freshmen to seniors can use a scholarship app to help track down money for their post-high school education. The earlier they start, the more money students can potentially find and secure before graduation.
Students can use apps like Scholarships.com (Apple/Google Play) and Scholly (Apple/Google Play) to start their financial search and start applying.
SAT/ACT prep apps
Two tests that rattle even the most dedicated students' nerves are the SAT and the ACT. These test results can mean the difference between getting into to a favorite college and even how much scholarship money a student can earn.
Students can carry around a test-preparation handbook in their smartphones by downloading a variety of apps including ACT Up (Apple/Google Play), Daily Practice for the New SAT, Prep4SAT, SAT/ACT Flashcards and SAT UP.
Smartphone tripods
Teens take photos and video with their smartphones. And, while most use them for social media, there are more scholarly applications for these mini tripods.
Some students may want to record class lectures or group discussions (ask the teacher first!). Others may be working on a project that requires photos and videos; using a tripod significantly improves the quality of product by reducing shaking and blur.
These tripods can be tucked easily into a backpack and set up in seconds. Note: some smartphones require an adapter to use a tripod. Make sure to read product descriptions to learn about what your phone needs.
Portable speakers
All work and no play makes students seriously sad.
Teenagers need their tunes to let loose and relieve a little stress. Many also use music to keep them focus during study and homework sessions.
A portable speaker keeps the tunes going no matter where a student goes. Look for a small, but durable speaker for active teenagers. Many speakers are even waterproof, so singing in the shower is much more fun.


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School in Mongolia
Heidi talks about what school is like for all ages in her home country of Mongolia.
Todd: So Heidi, you are from Mongolia. Could you talk a little bit about what high school is like in Mongolia?
Heidi: Oh sure. In Mongolia, we don't have elementary school, secondary school, or high school divided into three parts, but we have from 1st grade until 12th grade in one school so we don't really call them like high school or secondary school or elementary school. And for the high school, like, from the 8th grade until 12th grade, well, they study what other students study in different countries but nowadays they are focusing on more, like, English studies or different language studies.
Todd: How long is a typicalclass? Do you have, let's say, six classes a day, each class is one hour?
Heidi: We start school at 8:00 in the morning until 1:00 in the [after] noon and we have about six classes a day. Each class has like 45 minutes. So we finish at 1:00.
Todd: And then, what do you do in the afternoon?
Heidi: We go back.
Todd: You go home?
Heidi: Yes, 'cause in Mongolia we have two parts. In the morning, the high school students go to the school and from 1:30 the elementary school students go to the school so we share one class [between] two classes.
Todd: Oh, so you split the school?
Heidi: Yes.
Todd: So do teachers sometimes have to teach both levels?
Heidi: Yes.
Todd: Wow! That's tough.
Heidi: Yeah.
Todd: So when you go home, do you usually...do have family there waiting or do usually both parents work?
Heidi: In Mongolia, the mother and father they usually work and when I finish my school I just go back and make my own food, because in Mongolia mothers' work is not to, like, stay at home or do housework. Kids are taught to clean up the home and cook their food and wash their clothes and that's your work and usually the mothers don't do that kind of thing.
Todd: Oh, so the children have to do all that work?
Heidi: Yes.
Todd: Actually it's quite similar I think in the US pretty much. So what about your study load? Do you have a really heavy study load? Like, do you have two hours of homework a night or...?
Heidi: It really depends on the school but for me, like, I was studying in an international school so I had to study quite hard to get the level still. So for me, I studied after school...I'd rather study at night, so I studied like 3 or 4 hours at night. So that's my study habit.
Todd: That's a lot.
Heidi: Not really compared to other students.
How long is a typical class?
Typical means "normal" or "average". If something is surprising or unusual then it would not be typical. Notice the following examples:
- Children typically start to walk when they are about 1 years old.
- In math class, it is typical to have 30 minutes of homework.
let's say
Do you have, let's say, six classes a day?
Let's say is an informal way to say "for example" or "let's imagine". Sometimes people also shorten "let's say" to just "say". Here are some sample sentences:
- Let's say you would like to make a fire. You are going to need wood and matches.
- I have 2 pizzas and, say, 10 children come to the party. Will we have enough pizzas?
So you split the school?
When you spilt something you "divide" it into two parts. Look at the following examples:
- The group was too large so we split them into two groups.
- We split the pizza between four people.
study load
You have a heavy study load.
A study load is the amount of classes or courses a student has to study. If a student has many difficult classes, then they have a heavy study load. If they have an easy schedule at school, then they have a light study load. Notice the following:
- I have a light study load this term, so I plan to work part-time.
- If you have a heavy study load, you need good study habits.
study habit
That's my study habit.
A habit is something one does again and again often without thinking. Therefore, a study habit is one's habit about studying. Notice the following:
- If you have good study habits, you will go far in life.
- In high school, I had poor study habits.
Vocabulary Quiz
study load • study habits


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The last thing you see when ripping a condom wrapper isn't usually an aroused moose or a peaceful beaver, but thanks to an Abbotsford artist that is now a possibility.
W.J. Mouat grad Cassidy Luteijn won big in the ONE Condoms Canada 150 design contest, with two of her designs receiving staff picks honours.
Artists were asked by the company to submit photographs, paintings, illustrations, designs, mixed media projects or any other art to put on a condom wrapper. Winners were chosen through a combination of judges and the public based on how well the design celebrates Canadian life, culture and history.
Luteijn's two designs were titled "One Lucky Moose" and "One Love", and featured two of Canada's most iconic animals - the beaver and the moose.
"I came up with the ideas when I was on the ferry on my way to the island," she said. "Growing up I've always loved creating little characters that almost take up a life of their own. For the moose, for example, I wanted him to have this adorable almost bashful quality to him."
Luteijn, a visual arts student at the University of Victoria, earned 10,000 condoms to be donated to the UVic Residence Life and Education department, $500 and 50 condoms of each design that won.
When not in school Luteijn works at The Reach as a cultural programming assistant helping promote the arts in Abbotsford.
Other contest winners from B.C. included: Lake Country's Moozhan Ahmadzadegan (western region), Vancouver's Ben Wang (staff pick), Vancouver's Ellena Neel (staff pick), Campbell River's Robb Schmidt (staff pick) and Vancouver's S. Lam (staff pick).
The grand prize was awarded to Toronto's Emma Scott, who earned $1,000, a year's supply of condoms with her design, 10,000 condoms donated to a Canadian health organization of her choice and an artist profile on onecondoms.ca.
For more details on Luteijn's art, visit cassidyluteijnart.com.


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Early Manuscripts Electronic Library
What We Do
The Early Manuscripts Electronic Library (EMEL) uses digital technologies to make manuscripts and other historical source materials accessible for study and appreciation by scholars and the public.
Our Motivation
Fragile parchment, papyrus and paper manuscripts, written centuries ago, are the bearers of much of our intellectual, religious, and artistic heritage.
But they are a finite resource. Each year mold, fire and human conflicts destroy and deface irreplaceable manuscripts.
Our Strategy
Digital technologies can recover writing on ancient manuscripts that the human eye cannot see due to damage, deterioration or erasure and can preserve these writings for future generations.
EMEL and its affiliated experts offer creative solutions to digitally recover and record vulnerable cultural heritage.


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Our products are Gold or Silver plated.
Storage: Avoid the use of all kind of cosmetics and cleaning products, as well as its friction because of rubbing scratch the surface.
Keep your products individually in their original cases, as they are ready to protect them.
Do not expose jewelry to extreme temperatures and avoid contact with sea water.
Cleaning: Use water with neutral ph soap.
If needed, clean carefully, rinse gently with warm water and dry with a soft cloth.
GENERAL DELIVERY TIME (Standard): 5-7 working days.
Shipping cost or customs expenses shall be borne by the customer.


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What are cookies? How are they used? A cookie is the small text file that a web server transmits to your computer's browser and that is stored there. Cookies are used to make websites more efficient, improve performance, and provide information to website owners.
Our website uses several types of cookies, each of which has a specific function as set out in the table below:
cookie types and functions
These cookies allow the website to work correctly and are designed to gather information about the way visitors use the site. This information is used to compile reports and helps us improve the site. Cookies collect information anonymously, including the number of visitors to the site, the links they follow to reach it, and information about the pages they visit.
These files are used by, for example, Google Analytics for statistical analysis of how visitors navigate the site from computers or mobile apps, the number of web pages visited, or the number of clicks on the page when viewing the website.
These cookies are provided by various organizations to the owner of the site you visit. Using these cookies does not involve processing personal data. Third-party cookies are created when advertisements for other websites are displayed on the current site. They are used to track the use of the website for marketing purposes.
Most browsers (Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc.) are configured to accept and store cookies. However, most allow you to check and disable cookies through browser settings. You should however understand that if you disable the browser or cookies, the functionality of the site may be limited. To change the settings, follow the instructions in your browser's Options or Settings. For further information about cookies, read the rules.
Cookies help us deliver our services. By using these services you agree to the use of cookies.


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Present your dining guests with a lasting impression and host a dinner party to remember with our range of modern designer tableware and stunning dining accessories.
Choose from a selection of breakfast sets, egg cups, mugs, tea cups & saucers crockery, centre pieces and salt & pepper condiments. We have carefully selected the best value modern tableware / dinnerware from well known brands such as Alessi, Kartell, Eva Solo & Guzzini. This is to create every mealtime into a dining experience to remember.
There are a wide range of childrens beakers, cups, bowls, plates, cutlery and placemats illustrated at the end of this tableware category. Please have a look at our latest low cost designs of fun, child friendly Bundles and Boo cups.
See all products in the category: Contemporary Designer Homewares


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New Fragment Identification: 4QSama
During the time when I was producing the Dead Sea Scrolls – Image Sources page, it gave me a great opportunity to check the manuscript images again, especially as they had uploaded some better, more up-to-date images than what was previously available to the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library (LLDSSDL). I will obviously be going back again (and again, and again!), but I was very happy to see, and subsequently identify, a never-before-published fragment of 4QSama (4th Qumran Cave, Samuel Manuscript A), regarding which I will now discuss.


text: Personally, I really admire Blake Gopnik at the Washington Post for trying to be reasonable in a culture that is mostly not reasonable — see Blake Gopnik – Reaction to National Portrait Gallery's ants-and-crucifix controversy — but it seems entirely pointless. I don't mean it's pointless to try to be civil. I mean it's pointless to try to be reasonable with inherently and determinedly unreasonable people. Continue reading


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Positioned between the Cross Timbers region and the grasslands of the Flint Hills, Fall River State Park is home to a remarkable diversity of plant and animal life. The 980-acre park is a unique blend of forested flood plains, blackjack savannahs, and tallgrass prairie. Outdoors enthusiasts looking to get off the beaten track will find much to their liking at this park, located in southeastern Greenwood County.
Camping, swimming, boating, water skiing, hiking, and picnics are popular pursuits at Fall River. Developed campsites include modern restroom and shower facilities. Forty-five electric/water hookups are available, plus more than 100 primitive campsites. New this fall children can enjoy our playground and swings. Six hiking trails and an orienteering course offer visitors an up-close and personal perspective on this unique area.
A favorite pastime here is canoeing Fall River, which feeds into the 2,450-acre reservoir of the same name. Bird watchers, photographers, and naturalists will enjoy a variety of native plants and animals here. More than 8,000 acres of public wildlife area next to the park are managed for a variety of game and nongame species. Dove, quail, deer, turkey, rabbit, squirrel, waterfowl, and prairie chicken are common.
Fall River offers good fishing opportunities for channel catfish, white bass, crappie, flathead catfish, largemouth bass and walleye. White bass fishing can be excellent in early spring, particularly in Otter Creek and Fall River above the reservoir.