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Welcome to the Arundel antique buyers.com website.
We pay 100% auctioneers agreed reserves immediately for all required items. no commission.no waiting.no disappointments.
Works by the following Artists
Always Required:
signed painting by Abbey E. A. ,
signed painting by Adam, Robert ,
signed painting by Adams, George Gammon ,
signed painting by Adams-Acton John ,
signed painting by Allen C. J. ,
signed painting by Allingham, Helen ,
signed painting by Alma Tadema ,
signed painting by Lady Alma Tadema ,
signed painting by Anderson Sophie ,
signed painting by Anning Bell Robert ,
signed painting by Armstead H. H. ,
signed painting by Ashbee, C. R., signed painting by Bacon, J. H. F.,
signed painting by Bacon John (Jun.) ,
signed painting by Bacon, John (Sr.,)
signed painting by Baily E. H.,
signed painting by Barber C. Burton ,
signed painting by Barker Benjamin,
signed painting by Barker, Benjamin (the Younger)
signed painting by Barker, Thomas (Barker of Bath)
signed painting by Barker, Thomas Jones
signed painting by Barlow, Thomas
signed painting by Barry, Charles
signed painting by Basevi, George
Bates, Hsigned painting by arry
signed painting by Bateman, Robert
signed painting by Bayes, Gilbert
signed painting by Beardsley, Aubrey
signed painting by Behnes, William
signed painting by Bell, John
signed painting by Bell, Robert Anning
signed painting by Bewick, Thomas
signed painting by Binney, H. C.
signed painting by Birch, C. B.
signed painting by Birket Foster, Myles
signed painting by Birnie Philip
signed painting by Blair Leighton, E
signed painting by Blake, William
signed painting by Blundstone, F. V.
signed painting by Bocklin, Arnold
signed painting by Bodley, G. F.
signed painting by Boehm, J. E.
signed painting by Boughton, G. H.
signed painting by Bouguereau, William
signed painting by Bonheur, Rosa
signed painting by Bowerley, Amelia
signed painting by Brett, John
signed painting by Brickdale, Eleanor Fortescue
signed painting by Brock, Thomas
signed painting by Brown, Ford Madox
signed painting by Bruce-Joy, A.
signed painting by Bubb, J. H.
signed painting by Bunce, Kate
signed painting by Bunny, Rupert C. W.
signed painting by Burges, William
signed painting by Burne-Jones, Edward Coley
Burnsigned painting by e-Jones, Philip
signed painting by Bursill, Henry
signed painting by Burton, Decimus
signed painting by Burton, William Shakespeare
signed painting by Butler, Lady
signed painting by Butterfield, William
signed painting by Byam Shaw signed painting by Caldecott, Randolph
signed painting by Calder Marshall, William
signed painting by Calderon, P. H.
signed painting by Calvert, Edward
signed painting by Cameron, Julia Margaret
signed painting by Carew, J. E.
signed painting by Chambers, William
signed painting by Chantrey, Francis
signed painting by Clausen, George
signed painting by Cockerell, C. R.
signed painting by Cole, George Vicat
signed painting by Collcutt, T. E.
signed painting by Collier, Hon. John
signed painting by Cooper, T. Sidney
signed painting by Corbould, Richard
signed painting by Cotman, John Sell
signed painting by Crane, Walter
signed painting by Crome, John (Old Crome)
signed painting byCruikshank, George
signed painting by Cubitt, Thomas signed painting by Dadd, Richard
signed painting by Dalziel Brothers
signed painting by nce, George (The Younger)
signed painting by de Morgan, Evelyn
signed painting by de Morgan, William
signed painting by Derwent Wood, F.
signed painting by Deverell, Walter H.
signed painting by Dicksee, Sir Frank PRA
signed painting by Dicksee, Herbert
signed painting by Dicksee, John Robert
signed painting by Dicksee, Miss Margaret
signed painting by Dicksee, Thomas Francis
signed painting by Dollman, J. C.
signed painting by Draper, H. J.
signed painting by Drury, Alfred
signed painting by Duckett, Thomas, of Preston
signed painting by Durham, Joseph
signed painting by Duncan, John signed painting by Earl, Maud
signed painting by East, Alfred
signed painting by Eastlake, Sir Charles PRA
signed painting by Edwards, Mary Ellen (M.E.E.)
signed painting by Egg, Augustus
signed painting by Etty, William signed painting by Faed, Thomas
Painting Signed by Falero, Luis
Painting Signed Fehr, H. C.
Painting Signed Ferrey, Benjamin
Painting Signed Fildes, Luke
Painting Signed Fisher, Alexander
Painting Signed , John
Painting Signed Foley, John Henry
Painting Signed Ford, Edward Onslow
Painting Signed Ford, Henry Justice
Painting Signed Foster, Myles Birket
Painting Signed Fowler, Robert
Painting Signed Frampton, George
Painting Signed Frith, William Powell
Painting Signed Frith, W. S.
Painting Signed Frost, W. E.
Painting Signed Furniss, Harry Painting Signed Gahagan brothers
Painting Signed Gainsborough, Thomas
Painting Signed Garbe, Richard
Painting Signed Gaskin, Arthur J.
Painting Signed Gaskin, Georgiana Cave
Painting Signed Gere, C. M.
Gibson, John
Gilbert, Alfred Painting Signed
Painting Signed Gilbert, John
Painting Signed Gleichen, Feodora von
Painting Signed Gloag, I. L.
Joseph Goddard of Leicester Painting Signed
Painting Signed Goodman, Maude
Painting Signed Godward, J. W.
Painting Signed Goodall, Frederick
Painting Signed Goscombe John, William
Painting Signed Gotch, T. C.
Painting Signed Gott, Joseph
Painting Signed Goulden, Richard Reginald
Painting Signed Grant, Sir Francis PRA
Painting Signed Grant, Mary
Painting Signed Greenaway, Kate
Greiffenhagen, Maurice
Painting Signed Grey, Paul Painting Signed Hacker, Arthur
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Painting Signed Hansom, Joseph
Painting Signed Harcourt, George
Painting Signed Hardy, Paul
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Painting Signed Havers, Alice
Painting Signed Haynes King
Painting Signed Heath Robinson, W.
Painting Signed Hemy, C. Napier
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Painting Signed Herkomer, Hubert von
Painting Signed Herring, J. F. Sr
Painting Signed Hiles, Bartram
Hill, Arthur
Hinchcliffe, J. E., 'of Hampstead'
Hodge, Albert'
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Hogarth, William
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Holl, Frank
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King, Haynes Landelle, Charles
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Pinwell, G. J.
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Redgrave, Richard
Reid, Flora M.
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Richmond, W. B.
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Rossi, J. C. F.
Ruskin, John
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text:
Recently, Courtney Bayne, one of my Youth Services colleagues, relayed some comments from one of our customers who is relatively new to the Princeton community. We were both inspired to share them here.
The customer and her family are from Australia and have become regular visitors to the third floor Youth Services department. They are among the many short-term residents Princeton has as a result of the major university at its center and the countless domestic and international businesses flanking its corridors.
"We are from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia," the customer wrote. "We are in Princeton for my husband's work. We are here for 6 months. People are friendly and helpful here. They help open the door for me, especially with a double pram … My family really likes your library. We really like your children's book selections, and I especially like your backpack full of kids' books. We wish Australia's libraries were like Princeton's."
At the library, we recognize that new arrivals to this country or the Princeton area, can feel overwhelmed and need a community center to get their bearings. And we are prepared to greet and welcome!
Here, newcomers can gather information on everything from local attractions, to school reports, housing information, and good reads. Maps of the town, newspapers, books and DVDs in other languages, free English conversation classes, story times and an activity center for children and a community bulletin board can all be found at the library, too. Not to mention free programs every night of the week.
With the bustling caf, new children's activity center (opening in early October), Nano Science Center (opening mid-October), study rooms, Mac Lab, giant Community Room, and comfortable fireplace seating, the library serves as a welcome center to the wonderfully unique population that we are grateful to serve.

subset: commoncrawl


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By Sarah Brenner, JD
Director of Retirement Education
I am 79 and still employed. My employer has an SEP for me and I have a Rollover IRA from a previous employer. Can I transfer my Rollover IRA to the SEP account?
Thank you,
Hi George,
There are no restrictions in the tax law against combining a SEP IRA and traditional IRA that contains funds rolled over from an employer plan. This is because once a SEP contribution is made to a SEP IRA, the funds are treated like any other traditional IRA funds and can be combined with other traditional IRA funds. The only issue you may encounter is that some custodians will not allow funds other than SEP contributions to be contributed to a SEP IRA. This is a restriction put in place by custodians and not the tax code.
To the IRA Experts:
I attended one of your webinars back in August. Regarding the CARES Act and the 2020 RMD waivers, one question was: Can 2020 RMDs be converted to Roth IRAs? The answer was – Yes – because they are no longer RMDs
As a follow-up to that, I have a beneficiary IRA from my Dad who passed away in 2005 and I've been taking RMDs each year since then. I want to convert this year's "RMD" to a Roth. Can you please tell me the process of how to do that? Any help would be appreciated.
Thank you!!!
Hi Becky,
You are correct that the CARES Act waiver of RMDs means that for many IRA holders those funds can be converted to a Roth IRA in 2020. However, the rules work a little differently for nonspouse beneficiaries. That is because funds in an inherited IRA are not eligible for conversion by nonspouse beneficiaries. While the CARES Act does give you a break and waives the RMD from the IRA you inherited from your dad, it does not change the rule that funds in this inherited IRA cannot be converted.


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First, be sure you want to do things this way. In particular, section 2 explains how to use Netscape Mail under Windows to do the coversion. That's easier than doing it this way.
If you decide to do it this way, you need to make sure that your copy of Outlook can talk to IMAP servers. When I first wrote this HOWTO, I assumed that Outlook was Outlook was Outlook. Nope. If you are using Outlook in Corporate/Workgroups mode (which talks to Exchange) instead of Internet Mode (which talks to POP/IMAP servers), you'll have to change modes.
To test to see if you're OK, look at the Outlook "Tools" menu, and see if there is an "Accounts" item. If there is, you're OK, and you can go on to section 3.2. If there isn't, go find your towel, and keep reading.
Changing modes is not trivial, but a helpful reader (Matt Huyck) sent in the following instructions, which look dangerous, and which I have not tested:
Select "Options..." from the "Tools" menu, and then go to the "Mail Services" tab in the resulting Options dialog box. At the bottom of that tab there is a button labeled "Reconfigure Mail Support..." Hold your breath and then click it. A new window comes up with "Outlook 2000 Startup" in the title bar and an "E-mail Service Options" heading. There are two relevant radio buttons: "Internet Only" and "Corporate or Workgroup". Change over to "Internet Only" and click "Next >". You are then prompted with a very long message box which you should read carefully because you're about to make a significant (but reversible) change to the Exchange client configuration. If you haven't passed out already, you can stop holding your breath now. Although it doesn't explicitly say so, you will want to be sure you have a copy of the Microsoft Office install CD before you click "Yes". Click "Yes" and let Outlook do its thing for a few seconds until it has quit completely. Open up Outlook again. This is where you may be prompted for the install CD. After the re-configuration is complete you're ready to proceed with step 3.2 of the HOWTO.
To get back to your original Outlook configuration, follow the same directions, but you'll obviously be clicking the *other* radio button.
One other thing is different if you've been using Exchange. As you point out at the end of section 3.4, "the original 'From ' line" is not preserved. For Exchange users, however, the comment "Fortunately you don't actually need that information" doesn't quite apply. The "From" header that's missing is the only one that contains the identity of the sender in messages that were sent on an internal Exchange server, i.e. messages that didn't pass through an Internet gateway anywhere. I have preserved my "From" headers by saving copies of my mail folders as text files through the "Import and Export..." command from the "File" menu. I plan to hack out some twisted Perl/Grep code that will re-insert those "From" headers into my Linux mbox files. If I get that to work I'll let you know.
Installing things varies from Linux distribution to distribution, so I will use RedHat 7.0 as an example. First you need to install the correct package, which generally is named "imap". or "uw-imap" or something like that:
cd /home/redhat-7.0-cd/RedHat/RPMS
ls *imap*
rpm -i imap*
Actually, since I had a "workstation" install, I also had to install the xinetd package; rpm gave me an error which told me to do this. And, of course, it was on the second CD of RedHat 7.0. Debian users using "apt-get" don't have to worry about such issues.
Next, we need to enable the imap server. On my Gnome-basekd desktop
this is done using the graphical tool at Start -> System Settings ->
Server Settings -> Services, or you can do it by hand. This is usually
controlled by a line in the file /etc/inetd.conf
#imap stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/imapd
The above line is commented out; remove the leading # sign. Alternately,
if your system uses xinetd, instead edit /etc/xinetd.d/imap
and change "disable=yes" to "disable=no".
Then restart inetd or xinetd by doing:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/inetd restart
/etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd restart
If all else fails, reboot.
You don't actually want to leave the IMAP server enabled for that long. This server runs as root and has had security bugs in the past. For this reason, you shouldn't leave it enabled unless you wish to use it permanently. We will disable this server in section 3.5.
In order to connect Outlook to this IMAP server, you will need to know the name or IP address of the Linux box.
In order to copy over all our email to the server, we need to tell your Outlook client about this new server. Select "Accounts..." from the "Tools" menu, and then "Add" a new account "Mail...". The important items are that the server uses IMAP to download email, that the incoming mail server is the name or IP address of your Linux box from section 3.2, and the username and password should be your username and password on the Linux box. (As usual, it's a bad idea to use the root account on Linux for this purpose.)
Once you've hit "Finish", set this new account to be the default by highlighting it and clicking on "Set as Default". Outlook should connect to your IMAP server, and the name of your IMAP server should appear at the bottom of your folder list. Click on it; you should see an Inbox folder. (Note that if /var/mail/yourusername doesn't exist on your Linux box, you won't be able to drag-and-drop any messages into your INBOX... and the error message will be confusing. However, that's not what we're going to do.)
At this point you can drag and drop entire folders of email from Outlook onto the IMAP server name. This will copy the email, including all attachments, to the Linux box. Unfortunately it also immediately deletes it from Outlook. In order to copy items without deleting them, right-click on the folder name and select the "Copy" option. For the destination, pick your Linux server at the bottom of the list.
However, life isn't quite that simple. Outlook supports folders
containing folders which also contain messages. Linux IMAP servers do
not support that (at least those using Mailbox format); a folder is
either a regular file containing messages, or a directory containing
subdirectories and files. So if you have folders in Outlook with both
messages and subfolders, you can't copy the entire tree over to the
Linux IMAP server. Another incompatibility of the Linux IMAP server is
that you have to tell it in advance if a new folder will contain
subfolders or messages. You do this by appending a slash (/
to the folder name when you create it. This slash will disappear when
the folder is created.
So, in order to copy a tree of folders to the Linux IMAP server, first you need to create a replica of the structure of your existing folders on the Linux IMAP server. While you're doing this, note which of the existing folders contain both subfolders and messages. You will need to move these messages elsewhere. Once you have the overall tree created, then you can copy or move groups of folders to the Linux IMAP server.
One final incompatibility to note is that the Linux IMAP server doesn't allow folders with slashes (/) in their name. You'll need to rename such folders before copying or moving them.
On the Linux box, folders appear as files and directories in your home directory. The format of these files is the usual Unix mail format, which most Unix/Linux mail tools either use directly or can convert to/from. Files with attachments will have MIME attachments; there is also one extra message per folder which is a (useless) header.
(One piece of data which doesn't get preserved is the original "From " line, which contains the envelope address of the email. Fortunately you don't actually need that information.)
An additional wrinkle applies regarding attachments. Microsoft sometimes bundles together several attachments into a ms-tnef attachment; TNEF stands for Transport Neutral Encapsulation Format. This attachment contains several mime-encoded attachments. I was lucky that my mail folders didn't contain any of these -- they seem to be created when people send you "Rich Text Format" email -- it contains two alternatives, one in plain text and the other a TNEF-encapsulated version of the message in rich text plus any attachments.
Fortunately, there are some ways to unpack TNEF attachments. One is the tnef project hosted on sourceforge, the other is ktnef, which is a part of KDE.
Once you've transferred all of your email, you will want to deinstall the IMAP server from your Linux box, for the security reasons mentioned earlier. This involves the same 2 steps you took to install the server:
rpm -e imap
or /etc/xinetd.d/imap
Voila! You have taken another step towards a Microsoft-free lifestyle.
Hosting by: Hurra Communications Ltd.
Generated: 2007-01-26 17:57:54


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Your boss has just given you the career opportunity of a lifetime, but the job is in another state.
Soon you discover that moving your family to another city may be one of life's hardest tasks. The thought of leaving behind old friends and schools for a strange town can be frightening. The biggest challenge of all, however, is to preserve the equity in your housing investment so you will be able to purchase a similar home in the new location.
Not to worry. Even in these uncertain times homeowners can sell at very satisfactory prices in a reasonable period of time. The secret? Pay attention to details, utilize marketing savvy and price the home to sell quickly.
The following tips can help you get that "sold" sign up fast.
Offer the Right Price
Start with a price that is reasonable for your neighborhood and the size of your home. Comparing the price of your home with similar nearby listings is an easy way to be sure you are offering the right price. Comparing the opinions of two independent appraisers will also help you avoid over-pricing.
Pay Part of the Closing Costs
Usually 3 to 5 percent of the loan amount. This will attract those first-time buyers who are short on cash for down-payment and closing costs. Offering to turn over personal property such as washing machines and dryers, refrigerators and flower boxes can also attract buyers looking for the best deal.
Accept Contingency Agreements
Make your sale contingent upon the sale of the buyer's home. This takes away buyers' fears of juggling two properties and mortgages at the same time.
Take Advantage of the Corporate Relocation Trade
Be sure that your broker is connected to a relocation network – one capable of bringing in buyers from distant places. And, of course, try to get your employer to provide you with relocation assistance, too.
Make Your Home Stand Out
Fresh paint and flowers can go a long way in impressing buyers. Tend to such details as moving the lawn, fixing stubborn doorknobs and sliding doors, and straightening up the basement. Remember, your home's appearance on the day it's shown can make or break a sale.
The bottom line is that sellers should take the time to make their home as attractive as possible. Compiling helpful tips for the buyer about school districts, utility bills and directions to the nearest shopping mall can go a long way in selling your house quickly.
With a little work and an active real estate agent, chances are good that your house will sell fast in today's buyer's market.


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Long, feminine skirt with elegant volume from our lovely LAURA series in light organic cotton poplin. This voluminous skirt features a comfortable and elasticated smocked waistband, creating loose drapes and side-seam pockets.
Wear the skirt with tops from the LAURA series, soft cashmere styles or mix it with favorites from your closet. Can be worn both at the waist or over the chest for a casual, sunny day at the beach.
LAURA is a nice and comfortable series of casual everyday wear, consisting of classic, versatile styles made from a light and very delicate quality of organic cotton poplin.The quality is strong, crisp, yet smooth to the touch, making it the perfect choice for everyday wear and homewear. We hope that LAURA will bring you many moments of pleasure for years to come.
100% GOTS-certified organic cotton.Certified by Control Union License no. CU 863102Produced with the highest level of consciousness, quality, and responsibility.Crispy look - soft to touch - easy to wear.
Size guide
One size. Loose fit with wide, elasticated smocked waistband.
One Size
102 cm
34 cm
Since 2012, our journey has been driven by a dedicated commitment to consciousness in all aspects of our brand. We have carefully woven together a blend of long-lasting design, focussing on both the well-being of people and the protection of our precious planet. With each stitch, we strive to craft not just products, but timeless pieces of luxury that reflects your values as a conscientious consumer.
Our designs are not simply styles or accessories; they are investments in a more conscious lifestyle and ethical craftsmanship, intended to be cherished and passed down for generations to come.
Women to women
We are on a mission to spread love and empowerment to women all over the world. We strive to contribute to a more responsible and self-loving lifestyle, embracing women in our part of the world while ensuring our production helps women in developing countries. Today, more than 75 women work with us in Nepal, and every day, we are making a positive impact for them and their families.
Timeless Design
At CARE BY ME, we believe in quality over quantity. We focus on creating fewer, but better, products using only the highest quality natural materials. With just two timeless collections launched each year, we avoid overproduction and uphold our no sales policy. Our designs are classic and long-lasting, empowering you as a customer to make more responsible choices by investing in pieces that you will wear, cherish, and love for many years to come.
Natural materials
"Love to people and planet." That is the story behind CARE BY ME. A story that begins with love - Camilla's love for women and for cashmere.
We are committed to using only natural and recyclable materials because we believe they are better for both people and the planet. Therefore, our timeless collections consist solely of classics made from natural and long-lasting quality materials such as cashmere, wool, organic cotton, linen, silk, as well as recycled cashmere and wool. Classics that you can feel good about owning and using daily, knowing they have a minimal impact on the environment.
We value the art of craftsmanship. From the authentic sound of knitting needles clicking together to the intricate work on a loom, we appreciate the skill and dedication that goes into creating each piece. And we love seeing the amazing pieces of clothing that can be created by hand, bringing much joy to those who wear them.
Excellent craftsmanship means everything to us, and we highly value the craft traditions in each of the countries we work with. Our goal is to preserve traditional craftsmanship while blending it with modern design. In the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, we continue centuries-old traditions in our small workshops, where knitting is done by hand with knitting needles and on old-fashioned manual knitting machines, and where weaving is done both manually and semi-automatically.
Undyed elegance
We have always found inspiration in nature's simplicity and beauty. We adore the natural color palette and love working with undyed materials. Our undyed cashmere styles are pure, less polluting, and biodegradable, making them better for people, animals, and the planet.
We strive to continuously add more styles to our range of undyed 100% cashmere.
Recycled materials
Many manufacturers use polyester material when recycling wool and cashmere. We do not - our products are 100% natural and comply with international standards for recycling.
Most of our cotton products are made from GOTS-certified organic cotton and all our products are made with respect for people and the environment.
The GOTS certification ensures that the cotton is organically grown and made in a way that minimizes harm to the environment while also taking care of the people involved from seed to finished product. GOTS is considered the highest certification for organic textiles
Certified by Control Union License no. CU 863102.
Respect is central to everything we do at CARE BY ME. Our brand is built on love and respect for people and the planet. We cherish our relationships with the people we work with, seeing them as family. Many of them have been with us since the beginning, and both they and their families hold a special place in our hearts.
In Nepal, with the help of Danida, we have transformed production from traditional methods to more responsible practices. We focus on improving social and economic conditions for everyone involved.
Our founder and designer, Camilla Gullits, regularly visits our workshop in Nepal. She teaches our team about our collections and craftsmanship and maintains the strong relationships we have built over the years. Despite the distance, we ensure daily communication to maintain quality and proper working conditions, allowing us to offer you the best products we are proud to stand behind.
In India, we collaborate with a well-established GOTS-certified partner who is responsible for our entire organic cotton production. The certification ensures that the employees have decent conditions, which is most important to us. Our partners also prioritize the well-being of the next generation. When an employee's child does well in school, the family gets a bonus, encouraging parents to invest in their children's education for a better future. We understand that every child is different and make sure everyone is treated fairly.
SIGN UP & Get 10% off your first order.
We promise not to overload your mailbox ♡


text:
Demonstrated ability to work as part of a bdentalb team providing competent bdentalb assisting to dentists and oral health therapists with an ability to manage Requirements You will find that teamwork at the company can help you grow with top-notch training, as well as ours education programs and the opportunities they offer. Our company can take you anywhere while providing the benefits you need for your life and professional career. Carefully read information : To apply for this position, create a quality resume. Here are some tips on how to create a great Resume: Go straight to the point. This is a basic tip, but much overlooked by candidates; Divide the curriculum content by topics; Avoid formatting that deviates from the rules; Use simple but appropriate language; Avoid pretensions to salary; Review carefully; Speak the truth, be honest (a)! Submit Resume Observe carefully on page d and inscription of the jobs as the résumé is sent.
Lismore NSW Australia


text:
Displaying 151 - 180 of 238 items
All Personalized Notes
Giftsin24.com presents a mix of the latest contemporary and enduring classic designs. created by our parent company, Embossed Graphics.One of Life's Simple Pleasures
Chances are, if you receive a handwritten personal note card in the mail today, it will be the first item you open. That's because personal notes are one of life's simple pleasures. Personalized stationery is an elegant luxury to be enjoyed for the home or officeand it always makes a great gift. Giftsin24 is your fine online stationery store for custom note cards that suit all of your writing purposesbe it for business or pleasure.
Customize to Your Heart's Content
It's easy to create a Folded Note with your name or initials and a personal phrase. Our note cards feature a crisp fold and provide several panels for writing. Your expressions of gratitude, congratulations, or just a simple hello will flow across the heavy paper.The smooth paper feels impressive in the hand. We offer a range of colors, from white and ivory (also called ecru) to deeper colors in our California line..
We offer a wide array of beautiful monograms and carefully crafted lettering styles (fonts or typefaces are other names) that help you express your personal style. We pay extra special attention to the spaces between the letters as well as to the letters themselves. Our long experience with typesetting ensures that you receive professionally printed, expertly crafted stationery.
Gorgeous Monogramming and Typefaces
Monogramming and embossing add elegance, lifting your name, initials, and phrase off the paper. Thermography printing (raised-ink) also features a raised name or monogram. We offer a choice of rich, reflective inks to add a touch of color to your raised-ink and bordered stationery.
Our bordered notes designs have an understated, decorative finish to make your social stationery extra special.
Include an optional return address or an envelope lining to your order -- you will add the perfect finishing touch to your custom stationery.
Your family, friends, and colleagues will appreciate the time you took to write a message on a fine-quality note card that lets your own unique style shine through.
We'll ship your order with Free FedEx Ground Shipping on Qualified Orders within 1 business day. All stationery is carefully nestled in tissue paper, affixed with a seal and bundled in our elegant gift box. Satisfaction, guaranteed.


text:
This image has format transparent PNG with resolution 800x1678.
You can download this image in best resolution from this page and use it for design and web design.
Beer PNG image with transparent background you can download for free, just click on download button.
Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect, although this is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.
Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.
On this page you can download free PNG images on theme: Beer PNG images, free beer pictures download


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Henrad radiators are designed and manufactured in Europe to meet the highest International standards.
Hydroheat Supplies is the leading supplier of hydronic heating equipment in Australia. Specializing in residential and commercial water heating combining the highly efficient gas condensing Baxi boiler range, Henrad radiator panels and Emmeti floor heating system, Hydroheat offers the industry the complete package in hydronic / water heating. Carrying an Australian Gas Association approval for the in Australia available boiler range Hydroheat displays its commitment to the industry. Our staff is professional and highly knowledgeable and is able to give advice in all areas of water heating applications. (Commercial hot water, swimming pools, industrial). Heating systems designed with a lower temperature like floor heating, pool heating and potable water heating will gain most in emission and running cost reductions. Hydronic heating is a healthy, comfortable and green heating concept that deserves more recognition then it has had so far in the past. Established in 1990 Hydroheat has more then 20 years of experience in this segment of the industry. Our mission is to support the HVAC industry by continuing to introduce the latest technologies in water heating by making the highest quality equipment available in Australia. Hydroheat Supplies is "Working towards a greener future".


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As soon as one gets knowledge of the Self, Avidya terminates. Brahman appears as the world on account of Avidya, just as the rope appears as snake in the dusk. If we bring a lamp, the snake disappears, but the rope alone remains. Even so, when we get knowledge of Brahman, the appearance of the world will vanish. Avidya is not negative, but is positive (Bhavarupa). It is absence of Knowledge. It is erroneous knowledge. Avidya or Ajnana which constitutes the causal body is the cause for the two bodies, gross and subtle.
It is impossible to define the nature of Avidya. It is Anirvachaniya. It is not real, because it vanishes when knowledge of the Self dawns. It is not unreal, because we experience it unlike the horn of a hare or a barren woman's son. It is not a non-entity as it is destroyed by Atma Jnana. It is through the force of Avidya that the ignorant Jiva has mistaken the impure mortal body for the pure immortal Self and says I am a Brahmin, I am a Pandit, I am a householder, I am beautiful, I am lean, I am a doctor, etc.
No explanation is possible for the rise of this deluding Avidya. This has somehow come into phenomenal being. Although its origin and explanation are beyond our reach, its operation through the mental categories is clearly perceptible. The Avidya cannot be the Brahman's because He is an embodiment of pure knowledge. How can there be darkness in the sun? It cannot belong to the souls, as they are not distinct from the Brahman. If Avidya were an essential property of the Atman, he could never get rid of it.
Anyhow you are caught up within the clutches of Avidya. Do not rack your brain with the question: Whence comes Avidya? Kim Bhranti Jnanam? Yadi Bhranti Sa Kasya? Whose is Avidya? Why should there be Avidya? Try to get out of this fire of Samsara or this ocean of darkness. This is your duty. There are two ways to cross this ocean of Samsara. These are clearly chalked out by Rishis and Sages of yore. When you have attained knowledge of the Self, you will have a clear understanding of the nature, why and how of the formidable Avidya. Will a patient who is suffering from severe abdominal colic try to enquire from his friend when he gets some medicine, Where from did you get this medicine? What are its components? What is the price? Who gave the medicines? Will he not swallow it immediately? Will a man whose cloth is caught in fire run towards water immediately to cool himself or will he be philosophising How did this fire come? etc.


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Brushing Your Teeth
When it comes to brushing your teeth, this is one time when less is definitely not more. The time you spend brushing is a factor, and unless you're brushing for two minutes, you're doing your teeth a disservice.
Just remember – when it comes to dental maintenance – it helps if you have something to maintain, and that starts with a professional cleaning, flossing and examination at Brentford Dental. Call us to get started and we'll show you how to brush your teeth – the right way!
There's a Right Way to Brush?
Yes of course there is – just like there's a right way to do almost anything! If you want brushing to be effective, it has to be done properly in order to remove the bacteria and plaque that cause tooth decay and gum disease.
Here are the steps we recommend that you follow when brushing your teeth:
- Use a soft-bristled toothbrush that is small enough to reach all areas of your mouth. Don't forget the back side of the last molars!
- Start with your upper right teeth. Holding your toothbrush at a 45° angle to your gums, brush in a gentle circular motion, making sure the bristles are directed at the spot where your teeth meet your gums.
- Brush all tooth surfaces in a similar way, the cheek side, chewing surface and tongue side.
- Don't forget your tongue! Bacteria just love to hide in the creases and crevices there too.
- A thorough brushing should take 2-3 minutes – use a timer if it will help you!
- Brush after every meal or at least before bed and in the morning.
- Change your toothbrush every three-four months.
Electric or Manual – Which is Better?
The best toothbrush for you is the one that will make you brush! Many studies have shown that manual toothbrushes and regular electric toothbrushes are fairly comparable when it comes to plaque removal. However, several studies have determined that the rotating oscillating electric toothbrushes appear to be superior to both in removing plague and preventing gum disease.
Some of the electric toothbrushes even come with a built in two-minute timer that beeps at 30-second intervals to let you know it's time to move to a different area! Hi-tech bells and whistles aren't always better, but any brush that removes more plaque is certainly worth the investment in your dental health!
Maintenance is Key!
Remember, proper dental care starts with a periodic examination at Brentford Dental. We'll get your pearly white teeth cleaned, take any necessary x-rays and let you know the areas of your mouth that you need to concentrate on a bit more to prevent further tooth decay. We'll also demonstrate proper brushing and flossing and answer any questions you might have.
Got any questions?
Reach out to the team at Brentford Dental and ask us anything. We're here to guide you in the right direction.


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Used Ford Escape Inventory
Used Vehicles for Sale in Olive Branch, MS
At our dealership, we take pride in offering a diverse range of used cars, SUVs, and trucks to suit every preference and budget. Whether you are looking for a fuel-efficient sedan for your daily commute, a spacious SUV for your family, or a rugged truck for your outdoor adventures, we have something for everyone. Our experienced team of professionals carefully inspects each vehicle to ensure its quality and reliability, so you can feel confident in your purchase.
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Disney Plus Hits 100 Million Subscribers
I'm trying to do some quick math in my head, here: What's 100 million multiplied by seven bucks a month, multiplied by 12 times a year? Whatever it is, it's a lot of money.
(Okay, it's $8.4 billion. I found a calculator.)
This number is relevant today because Disney just announced that its streaming service, Disney+, has hit a major milestone: 100 million global subscribers. While the amount of revenue generated by the service might not be exactly the figure above — some people pay for bundles with other Disney services, some signed up for annual deals that came with a discount — it's still a huge amount of Disney+ users in just 16 months since the site launched back in November of 2019. (By way of comparison, at the end of 2020, Netflix had 74 million subscribers in the U.S. and 204 million subscribers worldwide.)
Here was Disney CEO Bob Chapek's statement about the news:
The enormous success of Disney+ —which has now surpassed 100 million subscribers—has inspired us to be even more ambitious, and to significantly increase our investment in the development of high-quality content. In fact, we set a target of 100+ new titles per year, and this includes Disney Animation, Disney Live Action, Marvel, Star Wars, and National Geographic. Our direct-to-consumer business is the Company's top priority, and our robust pipeline of content will continue to fuel its growth.
The 100 million number is particularly impressive given that Disney hasn't really devoted much original programming to the service so far. For its first year, the first season of The Mandalorian was really Disney+'s only must-see title. But now there's two seasons of The Mandalorian and WandaVision and new Marvel shows coming every single month through the middle of 2021. As Chapek notes, the company has already greenlit several dozen more Star Wars and Marvel shows that are coming down the line and make a persuasive argument for sending that seven monthly bucks to Disney for the foreseeable future. Netflix had an advantage in being first in the marketplace, but Disney is already proving that financially, streaming is not a small world after all.
Gallery — The Best Disney Villains of All Time:


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Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine began, we've been focusing on how Ukrainians around the world have responded to the Russian assault on their country. And in recent days, we've also talked about the Russian oligarchs whose fortunes are believed to be tied to Putin. But now we want to consider the views of another group - Russian emigres who are not part of that group, many of whose ancestors left the country to escape the kind of authoritarianism that Putin has been reestablishing.
It's estimated that close to 3 million people in the U.S. identify as Russian American, about 900,000 of whom speak Russian at home. Lena Zezulin is one of them. She is an attorney and international legal specialist who's consulted with the World Bank and others. Born in the U.S. to Russian-speaking parents, she spent years traveling to and living in former East Bloc nations to advise them on pension reform. She's been organizing some of her fellow Russian Americans and emigres who are opposed to the Russian invasion, and she's with us now to tell us more.
Lena Zezulin, thanks so much for talking with us today.
LENA ZEZULIN: Thank you. It's good to be with you.
MARTIN: And, well, frankly, you were telling me earlier that you're just devastated by this, and you and other people are just devastated by this. Could you just talk a little bit about the feelings that you've been having in recent days as this has unfolded?
ZEZULIN: It's just total shock and grief. I was, sadly, not surprised because we've been hearing about the military buildup around Ukraine for months. So I was not surprised, but I was still in a total state of shock and devastation. And frankly, this has caused a paradigm shift for many Russian Americans. There were a number of Russian Americans who, historically, were Republican and conservative. It's a culturally conservative group of people, and they were historically Republicans, and they were courted, to a large extent, by the Putin government because it had been a pro-religious government, it seemed.
So there was reunification of the Russian Orthodox Church in the U.S. with the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia. And a number of the Russian American friends that I have, people I've known my whole life, sort of thought Putin was OK. OK, he's a little bit not as free as the United States, but, you know, the churches are open, and the economy is going well. And for people like that, this has caused - I know several people for whom it's a total upside-down paradigm shift. They've now realized that he's really, really evil.
MARTIN: Let me just jump in for a second. I just want to say that one thing that's been shocking to some people, frankly, is the emergence of pro-Putin defenders in the conservative media and even in the Republican Party and the former president being chief among them, right? And so I was wondering if you have been seeing that in your community. And are there people who think that what Putin is doing is acceptable or even right? And if so, why?
ZEZULIN: There are a few people who are vocal about thinking that what Putin is doing is acceptable. There are several reasons for that. Partly, they are Trump supporters. Partly, they are people who watch exclusively Russian news and have bought the suggestion from Russian news that Russian speakers in Ukraine are somehow persecuted. But also, this is part of an active campaign by the Russian government over the last, I would say, 10 years to become close to the American conservative religious fundamentalist groups. Their appeal is we're against gays, and we're pro-family. So we are more like you than these evil Democrats. And Russian Americans, along with other conservatives in the United States, have been very susceptible to that. Now, there are people who didn't buy into all that Putin-is-wonderful stuff. I talked recently to a woman who's 94. Her mother escaped from Russia during the revolution through the mountains of Kyrgyzstan. This woman is 94, born in China, and she is just crying. She's just watching the news, and she's just crying.
MARTIN: So you've been trying to organize other people with your views and your background to speak out against this. You helped draft a letter. It's called "An Appeal By Emigres From The Soviet And Post-Soviet Space About The Invasion By The Putin Regime Into Ukraine." I just want to read the top of it. You say, we, the descendants of immigrants from the Soviet, post-Soviet space living in North America and Europe, appeal to the leaders and citizens of the free world to condemn the invasion by Russian President Vladimir Putin into the sovereign and independent country of Ukraine as a gross violation of international law and moral norms.
You say there is and can be no justification for this crime. And then you go on to talk about, you know, how catastrophic this will be, how this will be - you know, provoke a refugee crisis. I mean, you lay it out in this letter. What are you - and it's in - and I want to mention that it's in both English and Russian. What are you hoping to accomplish with this? Are you hoping that it will somehow get to people in Russia who increasingly are being sort of choked off from and - are being choked off from independent sources of information? Like, what are you hoping for here?
ZEZULIN: Well, yes, the point of the letter was to get it onto some Russian websites, which I have, you know, sort of collaborators who are working on that. The other thing is that we also want Ukrainians, Ukrainian Americans, but Ukrainians to know that not all Russians support this. It's - there's really an unpleasant process happening with people disliking everything and everyone Russian, and I'm quite familiar with that because I was a child during the Cuban missile crisis.
And we want people to understand that just because you're Russian doesn't mean you support Putin or the invasion of Ukraine. I mean, I have a Russian American friend with a Russian last name whose son was recently questioned by a store in Kentucky as to why he has a Russian name, and did - does he support the invasion of Ukraine? So it's not - there's also that factor, but that was actually less important than simply expressing our moral outrage.
MARTIN: Lena Zezulin is an American lawyer who's organizing fellow Russian Americans to speak out against the invasion of Ukraine. Lena, thanks so much for joining us.
ZEZULIN: Michel, it was wonderful to talk to you. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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- 24 août 2020
- Burger
Do You Think About Cheese Pizza Recipes?
Pizzhen an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen bookIt hasey survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unch anged. It was popularised in tf Letraset sheets containing.Pizzhen an unknown printer took a galley of typ survived not only five […]


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Man, we had fun at Bossa in September. New faces, old friends graced the stage to share words from the page, and some even did a cypher at the end. Highlights:
Mark shared Offispring's You're Gonna Go Far, Kid: Show me how to lie, You're getting better all the time.
Mustafa gave us some Perci B Shelley: I met a traveler from an antique land…Asumandeus—king of kings.
Doug's poem was from Cuba: preguntar todos, he wanted a world without police, without monopolies.
Romy was fine when left to her beasts, but she could choose only one.
Mohammad remembered Billie's smile. Billies all over the world pay the price.
Jess sang against oppression.
Merit explored the freedom when traveling; life is the winding circuit of energy; and there's some trips you don't have to buy a ticket to.
Come out to the GPI Open Mic next month and share your explorations with us. October 10th, 7-9 PM, at Bossa, 2463 18th NW DC.


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Cylinders: 4 Bore: 3.07 in. Stroke: 3.62 in. Displacement: 107.27 cu. in. Aspiration: Natural
Length: 35.30 in. Width: 20.50 in. Height: 24.00 in. Weight: 574.00 lbs.
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Optional 12.0 EGTD Sound Guard SST The optional Sound Guard SST enclosure provides optimum silencing for the generator. Ruggedly constructed with stainless steel base, frame and powder coated aluminum panels; the Sound Guard SST also provides optimum corrosion resistance. All 5 panels are removable for easy servicing and maintenance.
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Buy and View Parts Below : Click each image for a larger view and detailed list of the parts for that section. If images do not appear under a "Complete Parts Lists" heading, please scroll down to access the parts related information available for this model.
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Our range of safe, secure and reliable horse fences are trusted by leading breeders, trainers and enthusiasts throughout the UK, Ireland & Europe.
Utility Grade Posts | 30 Year Desired Life Fence Posts backed up by a 20 Year Warranty
McNamara Fencing is a family owned and operated business established in 1988. We endeavour to deliver highest quality products products and create long lasting relationships with our customers.
Formula 7® Fence Post Warranty Coverage Period:
This warranty is provided by Wallstown Hardware Ltd. trading as McNamara Fencing (McNamara Fencing) for a period of 20 years from the date of purchase of Formula 7® fence posts.
Coverage: This warranty covers Formula 7® fence posts against structural decay, fungal attack, and damage due to wood-boring insects as outlined below.
Terms and Conditions:
1. Warranty Registration: To activate this warranty, the owner must complete the warranty registration form provided by McNamara Fencing and pay a non-refundable registration fee of €99 plus applicable Value Added Tax (VAT). The registration form and fee must be submitted within 90 days of the purchase date.
2. Non-Transferrable: This warranty is valid only for the original purchaser of Formula 7® fence posts and cannot be transferred to any other party.
3. Coverage Details: This warranty covers structural damage resulting from decay, fungal attack, and damage caused by wood-boring insects, including termites, specifically for the Formula 7® fence posts mentioned in the submitted proof of purchase. It does not extend to issues such as surface cracks, warping, discoloration, damage due to improper installation, impact, fire, or any other non-decay or insect-related causes.
4. Proper Usage: Formula 7® fence posts must be used for agricultural fencing purposes. Any use outside of their specified application may void the warranty.
5. Exclusion of Concrete Installation: This warranty does not cover posts that have been installed in concrete or any other masonry material. Posts installed in this manner are excluded from warranty coverage.
6. Recommendation for Cut or Notched Wood: To ensure maximum longevity and warranty coverage, any cut or notched sections of Formula 7® fence posts should be treated with an appropriate end grain preservative. This will help prevent potential moisture ingress and enhance the overall durability of the treated wood.
7. Claim Process: In the event of structural decay, fungal attack, or insect damage, the owner must promptly notify McNamara Fencing within 60 days of discovering the issue. A completed claim form and certificate of warranty must be provided when filing a claim. The owner must not to dispose of any failed Formula 7® fence posts until the claim has been fully processed and resolved by McNamara Fencing.
8. Inspection and access rights: McNamara Fencing may request, with the property owner's express consent, access to the land where the Formula 7® fence posts are located. This access will be for the purposes of verifying the accuracy of the information provided in the registration form and assessing any affected posts during the process of a claim for decay, fungal attack, or insect damage. This process may involve the taking of photographs of the fence posts as part of the verification and assessment process. Please be aware that if access is refused and McNamara Fencing is unable to assess the posts in question, this may result in the denial of warranty registration or a claim related to those specific posts.
9. Discounted Replacement Benefit: If the decay, fungal attack, or insect damage is determined to be covered under the warranty, McNamara Fencing will provide a discount towards the purchase of a new fence post. The discount will be initially calculated based on the remaining years in the warranty period and the current price of a replacement post. For example: If a fence post fails after 5 years i.e., 75% of warranty period remaining. McNamara Fencing will offer the end user a discount of 75% against an equivalent new fence post.
10. Exclusions: This warranty does not cover any consequential or incidental damages, labour costs for installation or removal, disposal costs, loss of use, loss of profits, or any other indirect damages.
11. Limitations: McNamara Fencing's liability under this warranty is limited to providing a discount for the purchase of a replacement post, as outlined in point 9. Warranty coverage shall not extend to any replacement posts supplied.
12. Termination: This warranty will be null and void if the wooden fence posts are altered, moved from their original installed location, modified, or repaired by unauthorized individuals or if the posts are used in ways inconsistent with their intended purpose.
13. Legal Jurisdiction: This warranty is governed by the laws of the Republic of Ireland. Please keep a copy of the proof of purchase, the original warranty registration form, proof of registration fee payment, and this warranty document for your records. For warranty inquiries and claims, please contact McNamara Fencing at the provided contact information. By registering for this warranty, paying the registration fee, and utilizing Formula 7® fence posts, you acknowledge that you have read, understood, and agreed to the terms and conditions outlined in this warranty
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Summary: Researchers report they have identified a neural pathway involved in switching between habitual behavior and deliberate decision making.
Source: UCSD.
Neuroscience study identifies brain chemicals and neural pathway involved in switching between habitual behavior and deliberate decision-making.
Not all habits are bad. Some are even necessary. It's a good thing, for example, that we can find our way home on "autopilot" or wash our hands without having to ponder every step. But inability to switch from acting habitually to acting in a deliberate way can underlie addiction and obsessive compulsive disorders.
Working with a mouse model, an international team of researchers demonstrates what happens in the brain for habits to control behavior.
The study is published in Neuron and was led by Christina Gremel, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California San Diego, who began the work as a postdoctoral researcher at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health. Senior authors on the study are Rui Costa, of the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown in Lisbon, and David Lovinger of the NIAAA/NIH.
The study provides the strongest evidence to date, Gremel said, that the brain's circuits for habitual and goal-directed action compete for control – in the orbitofrontal cortex, a decision-making area of the brain – and that neurochemicals called endocannabinoids allow for habit to take over, by acting as a sort of brake on the goal-directed circuit.
Endocannabinoids are a class of chemicals produced naturally by humans and other animals. Receptors for endocannabinoids are found throughout the body and brain, and the endocannabinoid system is implicated in a variety of physiological processes – including appetite, pain sensation, mood and memory. It is also the system that mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis.
Earlier work by Gremel and Costa had shown that the orbitofrontal cortex, or OFC, is an important brain area for relaying information on goal-directed action. They found that by increasing the output of neurons in the OFC with a technique called optogenetics – precisely turning neurons on and off with flashes of light – they increased goal-directed actions. In contrast, when they decreased activity in the same area with a chemical approach, they disrupted goal-directed actions and the mice relied on habit instead.
"Habit takes over when the OFC is quieted," Gremel said.
In the current study, since endocannabinoids are known to reduce the activity of neurons in general, the researchers hypothesized that endocannabinoids may be quieting or reducing activity in the OFC and, with it, the ability to shift to goal-directed action. They focused particularly on neurons projecting from the OFC into the dorsomedial striatum.
They trained mice to perform the same lever-pressing action for the same food reward but in two different environments that differentially bias the development of goal-directed versus habitual actions. Like humans who don't suffer from neuropsychiatric disorders, healthy mice will readily shift between performing the same action using a goal-directed versus habitual action strategy. To stick with the earlier example of getting home, we can switch the homing autopilot off and shift to goal-directed behavior when we need to get to a new or different location.
To test their hypothesis on the role played by endocannabinoids, the researchers then deleted a particular endocannabinoid receptor, called cannabinoid type 1, or CB1, in the OFC-to-striatum pathway. Mice missing these receptors did not form habits – showing the critical role played by the neurochemicals as well as that particular pathway.
"We need a balance between habitual and goal-directed actions. For everyday function, we need to be able to make routine actions quickly and efficiently, and habits serve this purpose," Gremel said. "However, we also encounter changing circumstances, and need the capacity to 'break habits' and perform a goal-directed action based on updated information. When we can't, there can be devastating consequences."
The findings may suggest, the authors say, a new therapeutic target for people suffering from OCD or addictions: To stop overreliance on habit and restore the ability to shift from habit to goal-directed action, it may be helpful to treat the brain's endocannabinoid system and so reduce habitual control over behavior. Treatment could be pharmaceutical or might involve behavioral therapy. Further research is needed.
Funding: This research was supported by the NIAAA Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, ERA-NET, European Research Council (COG 617142) and HHMI (IEC 55007415) grants to Costa and a Pathway to Independence Award (R00 AA021780) and NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation to Gremel.
In addition to Gremel, Costa and Lovenger, the study's co-authors are Jessica Chancey, Brady Atwood and Guoxiang Luo of the NIAA; Rachael Neve of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Charu Ramakrishnan and Karl Deisseroth of Stanford University.
Source: Inga Kiderra – UCSD
Image Source: This NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: The study will appear in Neuron.
[cbtabs][cbtab title="MLA"]UCSD. "How the Brain Makes and Breaks Habits." NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 26 May 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/endocannabinoids-habits-4318/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title="APA"]UCSD. (2016, May 26). How the Brain Makes and Breaks Habits. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved May 26, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/endocannabinoids-habits-4318/[/cbtab][cbtab title="Chicago"]UCSD. "How the Brain Makes and Breaks Habits." https://neurosciencenews.com/endocannabinoids-habits-4318/ (accessed May 26, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


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Scientists have created the first global topographic map of Saturn's moon Titan, giving researchers a valuable tool for learning more about one of the most Earth-like and interesting worlds in the solar system.
Titan is Saturn's largest moon—at 1,600 miles across, it's bigger than the planet Mercury—and the second largest in the solar system. Scientists care about Titan because it's the only moon in the solar system known to have clouds, surface liquids, and a mysterious, thick atmosphere. The cold atmosphere is mostly nitrogen, like Earth's, but methane on Titan acts the way water vapor does on Earth, forming clouds and falling as rain and carving the surface with rivers. Organic chemicals, derived from methane, are present in Titan's atmosphere, lakes, and rivers and may offer clues about the origins of life.
"Titan has so much interesting activity—like flowing liquids and moving sand dunes—but to understand these processes, it's useful to know how the terrain slopes," says Ralph Lorenz, of Johns Hopkins' Applied Physics Laboratory, who led the map-design team. "It's especially helpful to those studying hydrology and modeling Titan's climate and weather, who need to know whether there is high ground or low ground driving their models."
Titan's thick haze scatters light in ways that make it very hard for remote cameras to "see" landscape shapes and shadows, the usual approach to measuring topography on planetary bodies. Virtually all the data we have on Titan comes from NASA's Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft, which has flown past the moon nearly 100 times over the past decade. On many of those flybys, Cassini has used a radar imager, which can peer through the haze, and the radar data can be used to estimate the surface height.
"With this new topographic map, one of the most fascinating and dynamic worlds in our solar system now pops out in 3-D," says Steve Wall, the deputy lead of Cassini's radar team, based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "On Earth, rivers, volcanoes, and even weather are closely related to heights of surfaces. We're now eager to see what we can learn from them on Titan."
There are challenges, however. "Cassini isn't orbiting Titan," Lorenz says. "We have only imaged about half of Titan's surface, and multiple 'looks' or special observations are needed to estimate the surface heights. If you divided Titan into 1 degree latitude by 1 degree longitude squares, only 11 percent of those squares have topography data in them."
To fill in the blanks, Lorenz's team used a mathematical process called splining, effectively using smooth curved surfaces to "join" the areas between grids of existing data. "You can take a spot where there is no data, look how close it is to the nearest data, and use various approaches of averaging and estimating to calculate your best guess," he says. "If you pick a point and all the nearby points are high altitude, you'd need a special reason for thinking that point would be lower. We're mathematically papering over the gaps in our coverage."
The estimations fit with current knowledge of the moon—that its polar regions are "lower" than areas around the equator, for example—but connecting those points allows scientists to add new layers to their studies of Titan's surface, especially those modeling how and where Titan's rivers flow, and the seasonal distribution of its methane rainfall. "The movement of sands and the flow of liquids are influenced by slopes, and mountains can trigger cloud formation and therefore rainfall. This global product now gives modelers a convenient description of this key factor in Titan's dynamic climate system," Lorenz says.
The data used to compile the map is from 2012; Lorenz says it could be worth revising when the Cassini mission ends in 2017 because more data will have accumulated, filling some of the gaps in present coverage. "We felt we couldn't wait and should release an interim product," he says. "The community has been hoping to get this for a while. I think it will stimulate a lot of interesting work."
The map and a paper on the project appear in the journal Icarus and are available online at http://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001620.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA; the European Space Agency; and ASI, the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The radar instrument was built by JPL and the Italian Space Agency, working with team members from the U.S. and several European countries.