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The Killing Fields Of Australia - A Matter Of Routine
By Chris Graham
John Pilger
About 100 metres from my home on the edge of the Brisbane CBD is the corner of Boundary and Brereton Streets.
On November 7, 1993, Daniel Yock, an 18-year-old Aboriginal dancer died there. Or at least he was picked up there, by police.
Daniel probably died in the back of a police wagon, like some cattle do on their way to a slaughterhouse. In any event, he was certainly dead by the time he reached the police watchhouse, just a few kilometres from the scene of his arrest.
Daniel Yock's 'offence' was to sit with his friends in nearby Musgrave Park and drink alcohol.
Throughout the afternoon, police circled the block in a wagon. The boys - feeling harassed and intimated - contacted the manager of the local Aboriginal hostel they were staying at. He came down to meet the group, and they decided to head home before dark.
They were tailed by two police officers - Constables Suzette Domrow and Scott Harris - the whole way.
Constable Harris is captured on police radio recordings in the ensuing minutes before Daniel's arrest.
"There's about 7 or 8 Aboriginal persons fairly, sort of giving us a few problems and calling us names. They are full of piss, we'd like some persons to come down."
The recordings show car 591 responded immediately, but was unavailable.
Harris: Yeah, I'll just get another car. I just thought you might be around 'cause you love that sort of stuff.
Car 591: Yeah, we'd like to but we can't.
Harris: You would have loved it. No worries. Thank you."
Alas, no sport today for Car 591.
A few minutes later, Harris called for back-up, and police from around the area swarmed. The group scattered, but Daniel didn't get far. He was crash tackled to the ground by police.
Multiple witnesses - including white bystanders - reported that after he was brought down, he didn't move. One of his friends, Glen Gray, could see foam coming from the mouth of a clearly unconscious Daniel Yock. He tried to get police to help. They pushed him back, ignored his pleas.
Yock was dragged unconscious to the paddy wagon, and dumped in the back. His hands were still cuffed behind his back. The police then drove around looking for another youth. One of the boys already in the back with Daniel tried to alert police Daniel's condition. He was also ignored.
When the wagon finally made it back to the watch house half an hour later, Daniel Yock was likely already dead.
An independent forensic pathologist noted that, with three fresh abrasions to his head, Daniel may have been the victim of a relatively minor assault in the course of his arrest. It had not, however, caused his death. But a pre-existing heart condition meant that Yock's handling after his arrest - in particular the speed at which arresting officers provided aid in the face of obvious symptoms of severe distress - was crucial.
Needless to say, no police were ever charged over the death of Daniel Yock. A Crime and Corruption Commission inquiry instead recommended "further training" for officers.
Move along, nothing to see here.
That was almost a quarter of a century ago. Today, Daniel Yock would be 42. Most Australians don't remember his name. Indeed, most Australians would never have even heard of him.
Aboriginal people remember Daniel Yock, and countless others either killed directly by the justice system, or killed by civilians and then let down by the justice system.
This week, Aboriginal Australia has another name to add to a lengthy catalogue of deaths spanning decades - and longer. Deaths which clearly have had little to no impact on a justice system that has always been stacked against them.
That name is Elijah Doughty (pictured at the top of this article).
In a welcome break from tradition, on this occasion the deceased was not killed at the hands of police. Elijah Doughty was killed by a citizen, a 56-year old Kalgoorlie-Boulder man.
As is now well known, on August 29, 2016, Elijah was riding a stolen motorbike on the outskirts of town. There is no evidence that Elijah stole it, nor that he even knew it was stolen.
The owner had been told the previous day by police that stolen bikes often get dumped in a reserve just out of town. And so the next day, he parked near the reserve, turned his engine off, wound his window down to listen out for bikes, and he waited.
Eventually, Elijah rode past. The man took off in pursuit, driving a large Nissan Navara 4WD ute.
Less than a minute later - around 30 or so seconds - Elijah Doughty was dead. In addition to massive head and internal injuries, his spinal cord was severed at the base of his brain, killing him instantly.
Responding police vehicles and an ambulance drove over the tracks left by the Navara, which made piecing together what happened much more difficult. In the end, investigators had to rely heavily on the man's version of events - that Elijah was off to the side and in front of his vehicle, but that he suddenly veered in front of the 4WD, and then disappeared under it.
He didn't have time to stop, he told police.
The man's defence attorney, told the court: "Ultimately it's the defence case had the bike not veered in front of (the accused) this wouldn't have happened."
That's certainly one way to put it. You might equally argue that if the man hadn't taken the law into his own hands, or if local police had done their job in the first place, rather than advise him to go look himself - there might also have been a different outcome.
Regardless, the man's version of events appears to be the one that police accepted, forming the view that he never intended any harm to come to Elijah Doughty.
That's why he was charged with manslaughter, not murder. But the man wasn't even convicted of that. In a Perth court this week, he was instead found guilty of the lesser offence of 'dangerous driving causing death', and sentenced to three years jail.
That verdict and sentence, unsurprisingly, has sparked widespread grief and anger from Aboriginal people around the country. But before we turn to why, it's worth examining briefly what the death, trial and its fallout also sparked: opportunities.
On Saturday morning, Chris Jenkins, a West Australian man who attended a snap vigil in Perth on Friday night, used his Facebook page to describe his interaction with media covering the response to the verdict.
"An important vigil last night for Elijah Doughty and his family.... One thing that really hit home about the treatment of Aboriginal people was when I noticed a cameraman for the ABC. I approached and asked that if the family were willing, would the ABC be interested in doing interviews with them there and then. He replied 'yeah probably' but that his brief from higher up had been to pan the crowd and keep an eye out for 'trouble', and film that."
Apparently Channeling Kelly-Anne Conway and her 'alternative facts', an ABC executive, Andrew O'Connor, weighed in on Jenkins' wall a few hours later.
"Hi Chris. I'm the News Editor for ABC News in WA and I want to offer a different perspective and it's actually the opposite of what you think. Acutely aware of the enduring grief and pain still being felt by Elijah Doherty's family, friends and the broader community, our reporter and camera operator were trying to remain unobtrusive, not out of fear but out of respect. We were also aware that in the midst of that grief and pain, people may have also felt angry at the outcome of the case."
A few hundred kilometres west of Perth, here's a brief snapshot of how the ABC ended up covering the reaction to the verdict in Elijah's hometown.
"The verdict was greeted with grief and anger outside the courthouse in Kalgoorlie, where people had watched proceedings via a special video link. About 100 people marched down the city's main street, Hannan Street... The group was tightly flanked by riot police but despite being vocal, there was not the same level of aggression or violence seen in last year's riot on the same street."
Presumably, there also wasn't the same level of "aggression or violence" that saw a 14-year-old boy chased down and killed.
But back to the court process.
There seems little point in debating the outcome. The sentence will likely not be appealed. Justice has been done, say authorities. Move on.
Elijah Doughty's family will have to make peace with the fact that the man who killed their 14-year-old child will serve, at most, three years behind bars. And they'll have to make that peace in a climate of collective indifference to their suffering, and the suffering of many, many others.
Unless you've lived it, there is no possible way to understand the depth of despair that follows that response. But there is value in understanding why the people of Kalgoorlie rose up last year; why they may again; and why Aboriginal people around the country are once against devastated at the price our society puts on the lives of their children, and their loved ones.
And so, here's a list of the dead, to help you understand. It's by no means comprehensive - thousands of Aboriginal people have died without justice over hundreds of years. This list is just intended to provide you a brief snapshot of how our nation kills Aboriginal people, and then responds to their deaths.
Eddie Murray, aged 21
On the afternoon of June 12, 1981 Eddie Murray - a promising young Aboriginal football player - had tried to enter the Imperial Hotel in the north west NSW town of Wee Waa, most likely to use the toilet.
Like the majority of his countryman, Eddie was banned from the Imperial. Indeed, most Aboriginal people were not welcome in the few bars in Wee Waa, a feature of most country towns in Australia.
The doors were locked to keep him out, but Eddie 'refused to quit', and so the police were called. He was arrested under the Intoxicated Persons Act 1979, ostensibly for his 'own protection'.
90 minutes later, Eddie Murray was found hanging from strip of blanket in his cell. A decade later, the Royal Commission Into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, which was sparked in part by Eddie's death, found two officers lied about the circumstances leading up to the death, but did not pin blame on the police for the actual killing. Eddie's family never accepted those findings, and a decade and a half later, their disbelief was vindicated.
After the exhumation of Eddie's remains and an extensive independent investigation, it was found he had a previously undiscovered injury to his chest - his sternum was broken. That had apparently been missed in the autopsy, and thus not canvassed by the Royal Commission.
Medical experts theorized that the most likely cause of the fracture was one or more blows to Eddie's chest prior to his death, and they questioned how, if he had a broken sternum, he could string himself in his cell.
The mystery was never solved. In the face of compelling new evidence, the NSW Police Minister, Paul Whelan and the Attorney-General, Jeff Shaw - Ministers in Bob Carr's first cabinet - said they would both seriously consider the new report, and its recommendations. Nothing came of those considerations.
Murray's parents, Arthur and Leila, campaigned for decades for justice for their son. Leila died in 2003, Arthur died in 2012. Justice eluded them.
In 2014, Eddie's family refreshed their calls for a new inquiry. The NSW Attorney General, Brad Hazzard indicated he'd like to meet the Murray family to discuss it. Nothing ever came of that either.
Today, Eddie Murray would be 57.
John Pat, aged 16
In September 1983, John Pat, a young Aboriginal boy, was beaten to death by four off-duty police officers outside the Roebourne Hotel.
After the assault, he was arrested and taken back to the local watch house. The officers involved in the fight returned to their drinks at the bar, and later dined at a local restaurant. Police involved in the arrests from the nearby town of Wickham also attended.
Meanwhile, John Pat lay dying in the local watch house from massive head injuries. His jailers did not check on him - instead they falsified an entry in the occurrence book, which was supposed to record regular checks on the welfare of prisoners.
Six witnesses subsequently testified that the off-duty police acted as aggressors in the brawl. Five police were ultimately charged with manslaughter. Each was acquitted unanimously by an all-white jury.
The response from the West Australian Police Union was to demand compensation from the government for their legal expenses (which was paid), before publicly calling for the weakening of the Aboriginal Legal Service, and successfully lobbying against legislative moves to strengthen the power of independent authorities to investigate police.
Today, John Pat would be 50 years old.
Lloyd Boney, aged 28
In August 1987, Lloyd Boney was arrested in the western NSW town of Brewarrina, for a breach of bail conditions from earlier offences. Boney was arrested and dumped in a police cell, heavily intoxicated.
One of the arresting officers, Constable Fernandez, left the station unattended for almost two hours. Lloyd Boney was found hanging in his cell from a football sock.
His body was rushed to Bourke for examination, before his family was even notified he was dead. Police testimony later delivered in court was quaintly described by the Royal Commission as "untrue evidence".
Like the earlier coronial inquest, the Royal Commission recommended the NSW Police Service consider action be taken against officers over the death. Here's an excerpt from the Royal Commission about how that went:
"When the coroner recommended that the Commissioner of Police investigate whether there was any breach of Police Instructions arising from the fact that Lloyd had been left unsupervised, a departmental decision was made that Constable Fernandez was guilty of a neglect of duty and that he should be 'counselled'. All that Constable Fernandez could remember about this counselling was that he was told 'to take more care with prisoners".
The fact that the officer was treated "very lightly" was put down to the trauma he suffered as a result of the death, and his "lengthy cross examination" at the coronial inquest.
In the end, no police ever faced charges over the death, but lots of Aboriginal people did. Seventeen of them, in fact, after police were accused of attacking mourners at Boney's funeral.
The police inspector who led the investigation into the uprising, was the same officer who led the inquiry into Boney's death, an investigation described as "inadequate" and "blinkered" by the Royal Commission.
Arthur Murray (the father of Eddie Murray) and Albert 'Sonny' Bates (Boney's brother-in-law) were eventually convicted by an all-white jury in Bathurst and sentenced to 18 months jail for affray. That's half the sentence handed down to Doughty's killer.
Police at the uprising were given bravery medals.
By way of postscript, two decades later, in 2011, Sonny Bates would be jailed again, this time for sparking a 12-hour siege at a solicitor's office in Parramatta with a fake bomb threat. No-one was injured. Bates was jailed for almost three years, the same sentence as Doughty's killer.
Sadly, taunting mourners at the funeral of Lloyd Boney wasn't the only way police responded to the death. Here's a video that emerged in 1992 of two police turning up to a fancy dress charity fundraiser in NSW country town.
The video, which was filmed in 1989, also mocked the death of David Gundy, who was shot and killed a few months earlier. Gundy had been sleeping in his bed when police stormed his inner-Sydney home during a bungled (and illegal) raid in search of another man. At the time, the president of the NSW Police Association described the video as just a bit of harmless fun.
Lloyd Boney would be 58 today.
Colleen Walker, aged 16; Evelyn Greenup, aged 4, Clinton 'Speedy' Duroux, aged 16
From September 1990, to February 1991, children began disappearing from the Aboriginal mission in Bowraville, on the NSW mid north coast.
In the space of six months, Colleen Walker, aged 16, Evelyn Greenup, aged 4, and Clinton 'Speedy' Duroux all went missing.
Police decided Walker had 'gone walkabout', and refused to properly investigate. At one stage, police told Walker's mother, Muriel Craig Walker, to come to the police station - her daughter had been found on a bus heading north. When Muriel arrived, police realised it was the wrong Colleen Walker (they found an elderly nun, not a young Aboriginal woman). Muriel never heard from the Bowraville police again.
When Evelyn Greenup - a baby - disappeared a few months later, police responded by sending in child abuse investigators to probe the Aboriginal community.
Those investigations continued until a few months later, when the body of Clinton Duroux was discovered in nearby bushland, two weeks after he went missing. Police finally realised they had a serial killer on their hands.
In the course of police investigations, it transpired that a set of weights - believed to be one of the murder weapons - was returned to the chief suspect, and that independent witness testimony was never followed up.
A local white man, Jay Hart was eventually charged, but acquitted in two separate trials (Greenup and Duroux).
Police have since admitted and apologised for comprehensively bungling the investigation, and wrongly blaming the community for the deaths.
But still, no-one was behind bars. The victims' families and the broader Bowraville Aboriginal community kept fighting, for more than two decades. In November 2011, after yet another failed attempt to force the government to act, the NSW Deputy Premier, Andrew Stoner gave the families a commitment he would contact them with details of their fresh appeal. They never heard from him.
Finally, thanks to an extraordinary investigation that spanned more than a decade, led by NSW Police Detective Gary Jubelin, the government was forced to act in the face of 'compelling new evidence'. Hart was been recharged with the murders, and the trial is awaiting the outcome of an appeal.
No police were ever sanctioned over the failed investigation.
Colleen Walker and Clinton Duroux would be aged 43 today. Evelyn Greenup would be 31.
Mulrunji Doomadgee, aged 36
If the Bowraville Murders sum up the indifference to Aboriginal deaths by the Australian justice system, then death of Mulrunji Doomadgee sums up its deceit.
In 2004, Mulrunji was beaten to death on the floor of the Palm Island police station, off the coast of Townsville in northern Queensland.
Mulrunji's crime was offensive language - he sung 'Who let the dogs out' as he walked past a police officer arresting another Aboriginal man.
About 45 minutes after he was thrown into the back of the police van, Mulrunji had bled to death on the floor of the local watch house. In the course of the police assault on Mulrunji, he suffered multiple injuries, including having his liver "cleaved in two". His injuries were consistent with a plane crash, and even if he had been transported immediately to hospital, he could never have survived.
The man who killed Mulrunji was Senior Sergeant Chris Hurley, the highest ranking officer on the island and at six foot six inches tall and well over 100 kilos, twice the size of Mulrunji.
Within hours of the killing, Hurley, was drinking beer with the police sent to investigate him, at least one of whom was a close friend.
A pathologist's report - which was completed without police revealing that an officer stood accused of assault - found that Mulrunji died after tripping up a single step entering the police station, and falling onto a flat floor.
The Aboriginal community responded by burning the police station, the courthouse and Hurley's barracks to the ground.
Hurley was placed on fully-paid leave, then promoted to acting Inspector, but not before fraudulently collecting an ex-gratia payment from the Beattie Labor Government of more than $102,995 for property he claimed he lost in the fire, which had already been paid out by insurers to the value of $34,980.
Aboriginal people weren't so lucky. The man who shared a cell with Mulrunji, and comforted him as he screamed in agony and died, took his own life a few years later. Mulrunji's son killed himself a week before his father's inquest was set to begin.
More than a dozen Aboriginal people were jailed over the uprising, while - like the uprising in Brewarrina over the death of Lloyd Boney - police on Palm Island received bravery medals.
Hurley was acquitted in 2007 for the manslaughter of Mulrunji. He was finally suspended from the police force more than a decade later, after grabbing the wrist of a female Police officer while off-duty.
Hurley remains suspended from the Police Service, but is expected to be allowed to retire as medically unfit some time this year.
Lex Wotton, the man who led the uprising on Palm Island - the injuries from which totalled a bruise to the hip of a police officer - was sentenced to seven years in prison. That's more than twice the sentence Elijah Doughty's killer received.
Mulrunji would be aged 49 today.
Mr Ward, aged 47
On Australia Day, 2008 Mr Ward, a respected Aboriginal man, was picked up by Laverton Police in the West Australian desert for drink driving.
He was refused bail - illegally - and then transported hundreds of kilometres south to Kalgoorlie.
Mr Ward didn't survive the journey. He was cooked to death in the back of a privately contracted prison van, the air-conditioning of which was not working.
A coronial inquest revealed the heat was so intense in the back of the van that Mr Ward suffered fourth degree burns to his body. After collapsing to the floor, a hole was burnt through his skin, exposing his organs.
No-one has ever been held criminally liable for Mr Ward's death, despite several warnings delivered to the WA Department of Justice that the fleet of prison transport vans were dangerous.
Mr Ward would be aged 56 today.
Kwementyaye Ryder, aged 33
On July 25, 2009 Kwementyaye Ryder was kicked to death by five white youths in Alice Springs. His 'crime' had been to throw a bottle at their car, after they'd driven at him and a group of people sleeping in the dry bed of the Todd River.
Amid a 12-hour binge drinking session, the youths had earlier driven home to retrieve a replica firearm, which they then aimed and fired at terrified Aboriginal campers.
The boys - Scott John Doody, Timothy Hird, Anton Kloeden, Joshua Benjamin Spears and Glen Anthony Swain - were described by the judge, Brian Martin as otherwise upstanding citizens.
A few days after the murder - and before the killers had even been identified - the local council passed laws that criminalised begging, and allowed rangers to throw away blankets which were routinely stored in bushes in the river bed by homeless people, to help them survive the freezing Alice Springs winter.
One local man responded by selling "White power Alice Springs" t-shirts from the back of his car, directly outside the council chambers. I managed to interview him by phone at the time. He told me he'd "done time for flogging the fuck out of some coons" and added, "go and see the fucking coon camps, the coon creeks. they couldn't invent the fucking wheel."
Like the killer of Elijah Doughty, the youths escaped with little jail time. They served between 12 months and three and a half years, having been charged with the lowest level of manslaughter.
Kwementyaye Ryder would be aged 41 today.
Kwementyaye Briscoe, aged 27
In January 2012, Kwementyaye Briscoe was picked up by Alice Springs police for being intoxicated.
That's three full decades after Eddie Murray - whose death helped spark the Royal Commission - was taken into police custody for precisely the same reason. For his protection.
Video footage from the watch house shows how NT police protect vulnerable Aboriginal people. At one point, Mr Briscoe is flung head first into the front counter, and then forced to the floor by police. He's dragged off to the cells, before police return to mop up his blood from the reception area.
Mr Briscoe is dumped face down in his cell and then left unattended for more than two hours while police surfed the internet, listened to music with headphones, and ignored the pleas of other prisoners for help.
Despite the video evidence, and a coroner's investigation, no charges were ever recommended let alone laid against police.
Mr Briscoe would be aged 32 today.
Ms Dhu, aged 22
On August 4, 2014, Ms Dhu, a Yamatji woman, died in a South Hedland police cell in Western Australian.
She'd been locked up by police for three days over unpaid fines. In the course of her incarceration, she complained repeatedly of agonising pain.
Police thought she was faking.
Even three separate visits to the local hospital didn't save Ms Dhu - medical staff on two occasions gave her a cursory examination, and sent back to the watch house with minor pain relief.
Ms Dhu, who had a broken rib, was deemed by all to simply be a black junkie coming down off drugs.
A subsequent coronial investigation acknowledged the failings of police and medical staff, however no charges were recommended, and none have been laid.
The coroner did, however, actively try to prevent the broadcast of CCTV footage of Ms Dhu in custody, despite her family calling for it to be publicly released.
On one occasion, the footage shows police entering her cell, trying to lift her then letting her go and watching her head slam into the concrete floor.
She's then dragged from the cell along a corridor and dumped into the back of a police van, for her third and final trip to hospital.
Ms Dhu died shortly after of septicaemia and pneumonia.
Ms Dhu would be aged 25 today.
Some of these deaths are at the hands of police. Like the death of Elijah Doughty, some are at the hands of ordinary citizens. But all of them have one thing in common - at varying points along the way, the victims and their families were failed spectacularly by Australia's justice system.
The list above represents a tiny proportion of the failures, which are ongoing, and perpetrated in broad daylight. For the past few weeks in Alice Springs - one of only a handful of towns that could rival Kalgoorlie for its endemic racism - local residents have been openly calling for the slaughter of Aboriginal people (in particular children) on social media. That's been going on for years, and attracts the same response from police and authorities. Precious little. People are rarely if ever charged.
Prior to and following the death of Elijah Doughty, precisely the same thing occurred on Kalgoorlie social media pages, with the same limp response from authorities. We don't just ignore the truth of our past Down Under, we actively ignore the truth of our present as well.
This catalogue of failures by the criminal justice system is well known to Aboriginal people. They live it and confront it every day. There could barely be an Aboriginal family in this country not touched by these tragedies, or let down by those charged to protect them.
It is a fact of life that tragedies happen, that people die, sometimes children. But when it happens in Australia, to those most brutalised and marginalised, our collective response is almost always found wanting. It is either one of silence, or faux sympathy, and never with any real effort to challenge and change a system that routinely delivers the outrages.
This is what non Aboriginal Australians say when children like Elijah Doughty die: 'There's no winners here'. 'This is a tragedy'. 'That poor man will have to live with this for the rest of his life'.
Yes. Live. Precisely. He will live. He gets to rebuild his life. Elijah Doughty doesn't. Neither does Elijah Doughty's family. But the killer won't need as much time to rebuild his life as you might think. Apart from having his name suppressed, so that he will never have to face any public scrutiny for his actions, it's been widely reported that he received a three-year jail term.
That's true, he did. But his sentence was also marked 'eligible for parole'.
Counting time served since August last year, he may get out of jail as early as February next year, in eight months time. The only way it could get more deliberately outrageous is if authorities chose February 2 - the official date of Groundhog Day - for his release.
Either way, a man who chased down, ran over and killed a 14-year-old Aboriginal boy will, in all likelihood, serve less than two years for his crime.
That's the price our nation places on the life of an Aboriginal boy. What's so tragic is that logically, Aboriginal people should probably feel grateful that he'll served any time at all.
Chris Graham is the publisher and editor of New Matilda, Australia (www.newmatilda.com). He is the former founding managing editor of the National Indigenous Times and Tracker magazine. Chris has won a Walkley Award, a Walkley High Commendation and two Human Rights Awards for his reporting. He was an associate producer on John Pilger's 2014 film, Utopia.
This article was first published by John Pilger -


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AMB Property Corporation(R) is a leading global developer and owner of industrial real estate, focused on major hub and gateway distribution markets throughout North America, Europe and Asia. As of September 30, 2007, AMB owned, or had investments in, on a consolidated basis or through unconsolidated joint ventures, properties and development projects expected to total approximately 140.8 million square feet (13.1 million square meters) in 44 markets within 13 countries. AMB invests in properties located predominantly in the infill submarkets of its targeted markets. The company's portfolio is comprised of High Throughput Distribution(R) facilities -- industrial properties built for speed and located near airports, seaports and ground transportation systems.
AMB's press releases are available on the company website at http://www.amb.com/ or by contacting the Investor Relations department at +1 415 394 9000.
Some of the information included in this press release contains forward-looking statements, such as those related to our expectations for the timing and amount of the company's dividend payments, which are made pursuant to the safe-harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, and you should not rely on the forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events or circumstances reflected in forward-looking statements might not occur. You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "believes," "expects," "may," "will," "should," "seeks," "approximately," "intends," "plans," "pro forma," "estimates" or "anticipates" or the negative of these words and phrases or similar words or phrases. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements are necessarily dependent on assumptions, data or methods that may be incorrect or imprecise and we may not be able to realize them. We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect our analysis only and speak only as of the date of this press release or the dates indicated in the statements. We assume no obligation to update or supplement forward-looking statements. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements: defaults on or non-renewal of leases by tenants, increased interest rates and operating costs, our failure to obtain necessary outside financing, re-financing risks, risks related to our obligations in the event of certain defaults under joint venture and other debt, risks related to debt and equity security financings (including dilution risk), difficulties in identifying properties to acquire and in effecting acquisitions, our failure to successfully integrate acquired properties and operations, our failure to divest properties we have contracted to sell or to timely reinvest proceeds from any divestitures, risks and uncertainties affecting property development and construction (including construction delays, cost overruns, our inability to obtain necessary permits and public opposition to these activities), our failure to qualify and maintain our status as a real estate investment trust, risks related to our tax structuring, failure to maintain our current credit agency ratings, environmental uncertainties, risks related to natural disasters, financial market fluctuations, changes in general economic conditions or in the real estate sector, changes in real estate and zoning laws, a downturn in the U.S., California or global economy, risks related to doing business internationally and global expansion, losses in excess of our insurance coverage, unknown liabilities acquired in connection with acquired properties or otherwise and increases in real property tax rates. Our success also depends upon economic trends generally, including interest rates, income tax laws, governmental regulation, legislation, population changes and certain other matters discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, as amended, and our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007 as amended.
First Call Analyst:
FCMN Contact: [email protected]
SOURCE: AMB Property Corporation
CONTACT: Margan S. Mitchell, Vice President, Corporate Communications of
AMB Property Corporation, +1-415-394-9000, fax, +1-415-477-2055,
Web site: http://www.amb.com/


text:
Softcover in Good Condition. Several areas of book highlighted
***Includes Practice Test Questions*** MTTC Earth/Space Science (20) Test Secrets helps you ace the Michigan Test for Teacher Certification, without weeks and months of endless studying. Our comprehensive MTTC Earth/Space Science (20) Test Secrets study guide is written by our exam experts, who painstakingly researched every topic and concept that you need to know to ace your test. Our original research reveals specific weaknesses that you can exploit to increase your exam score more than you've ever imagined. MTTC Earth/Space Science (20) Test Secrets includes: The 5 Secret Keys to MTTC Success: Time is Your Greatest Enemy, Guessing is Not Guesswork, Practice Smarter, Not Harder, Prepare, Don't Procrastinate, Test Yourself; Introduction to the MTTC Series including: MTTC Assessment Explanation, Two Kinds of MTTC Assessments; A comprehensive General Strategy review including: Make Predictions, Answer the Question, Benchmark, Valid Information, Avoid Fact Traps, Milk the Question, The Trap of Familiarity, Eliminate Answers, Tough Questions, Brainstorm, Read Carefully, Face Value, Prefixes, Hedge Phrases, Switchback Words, New Information, Time Management, Contextual Clues, Don't Panic, Pace Yourself, Answer Selection, Check Your Work, Beware of Directly Quoted Answers, Slang, Extreme Statements, Answer Choice Families; Along with a complete, in-depth study guide for your specific MTTC exam, and much more


text:
When trust tags are needed to open output channels
Use this function in place of
(defmacro har-zip! (x filename &key sortp) "See :doc hons-archive" `(mv-let (erp val state) (progn! :state-global-bindings ((temp-touchable-vars t set-temp-touchable-vars)) (state-global-let* ((writes-okp t)) (let ((state (har-zip-fn ,x ,filename ,sortp state))) (mv nil nil state)))) (declare (ignore erp val)) state))
The book below illustrates the soundness loophole plugged in ACL2 Version_3.2 related to file writes during book certification.
; The following example is adapted (with only very slight changes) ; from one written by Peter Dillinger. It illustrates the prohibition ; against writing files enforced by with-output-channel during book ; certification (more specifically, during make-event expansion). ; This book certifies in ACL2 Version_3.1 before the fix discussed in the ; paragraph about it being ``possible to write files during book ; certification'' in :DOC NOTE-3-2. The fix was actually made to ACL2 ; function open-output-channel. ; After the fix, in order for certification to succeed one needs to do ; two things. First, in raw lisp: ; (push :after-writes-okp-fix *features*) ; Second, certify with this command: ; (certify-book "writes-okp" 0 nil :ttags (:writes-okp)) (in-package "ACL2") (local (defun write-objects-to-channel (obj-lst chan state) (declare (xargs :mode :program :stobjs state :guard (true-listp obj-lst))) (if (consp obj-lst) (pprogn (print-object$ (car obj-lst) chan state) (write-objects-to-channel (cdr obj-lst) chan state) state) state))) #+after-writes-okp-fix (defttag :writes-okp) (local (defun write-objects-to-file (obj-lst filename state) (declare (xargs :mode :program :stobjs state :guard (and (stringp filename) (true-listp obj-lst)))) (mv-let (chan state) #-after-writes-okp-fix (open-output-channel filename :object state) #+after-writes-okp-fix (open-output-channel! filename :object state) (if chan (pprogn (write-objects-to-channel obj-lst chan state) (close-output-channel chan state) (value :done)) (er soft 'write-object-to-file "Could not open for writing: ~x0" filename))))) (local (defconst *nil.lisp* '((in-package "ACL2") (defthm bad nil :rule-classes nil)))) (local (defconst *nil.cert* '((IN-PACKAGE "ACL2") "ACL2 Version 3.1" :BEGIN-PORTCULLIS-CMDS :END-PORTCULLIS-CMDS NIL (("/home/peterd/test/nil.lisp" "nil" "nil" ((:SKIPPED-PROOFSP) (:AXIOMSP) (:TTAGS)) . 134094174)) 62589544 ))) (local (make-event (er-progn (write-objects-to-file *nil.lisp* "nil.lisp" state) (write-objects-to-file *nil.cert* "nil.cert" state) (value '(value-triple :invisible))))) (local (include-book "nil" :load-compiled-file nil)) (defthm bad nil :rule-classes nil)


text:
Widely used data mining systems are expensive in...
...time (configuration, tuning, indexing, query run times)
...money (licensing, hardware, services)
...flexibility (must discard or index data to make queries tractable)
...or in some cases all of the above.
r17 is our response to these problems.
r17 provides brute-force performance so you're free to explore the data without a separate indexing step and without reducing data resolution.
r17 provides pipeline concurrency and two kinds of cross-machine parallel concurrency.
Mix data from multiple sources without a separate import step. External applications can participate in queries using an easily-parsed & efficient data format. Store data in r17's efficient binary format...or not, as you please.
r17 allows SELECT, WHERE and JOIN queries of data streams in real time.
r17 is a single executable. No wrestling with complex & fragile installation or configuration. It's easy to learn and uses familiar idioms.
r17's syntax is a cross between UNIX shell and SQL.
ls | grep "fred"
is roughly equivalent to
io.directory.list(".") | rel.where(file_name = "fred");
or (since 1.4.2) io.ls(".") | rel.where(file_name = "fred");
The |
has the same meaning as in UNIX shell: the io.directory.list stream operator will execute concurrently with the rel.where operator.
SELECT username, COUNT(1) AS num FROM users GROUP BY username ORDER BY num;
is roughly equivalent to
io.file.read('users') | rel.select(username) | rel.group(count) | rel.order_by(_count);
The most interesting difference is that each r17 clause will execute concurrently.
And now for something that's quite difficult to do in UNIX shell or SQL alone:
sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/access.log
| r17 'rel.from_text(
"^([^ ]+?) [^ ]+? [^ ]+? \\[([^\\]]+?)\\]",
"string:ip_address", "string:date")
| rel.join.natural("interesting_ips.r17_native")
| rel.to_tsv();'
This parses the IP address and date from the Apache access log, joins to an interesting list of IP addresses and converts the result to TAB-separated-value format, all in real time.
(if (str.starts_with(name, "Johann") || (j_i > 0)) then (
"Another Johann"
) else (
"No Johann"
)) as johann_nature);
Supported on 32- and 64-bit Linux and Mac OS X. Other UNIX-like platforms available on request. r17 is a single 1MB-ish executable dependent only on the lowest-level OS-supplied libraries.
Thanks to Dave Gamache for the Skeleton template.


text:
At Valve we make games, Steam, and hardware.
Our games attract millions
and define genres.
Valve's debut title, Half-Life, was released in 1998. It won more than 50 game of the year awards, and PC Gamer even called it the Best PC Game Ever. Since then, we've released dozens of titles that changed the world. Today, millions of people play our games every day.
Our earlier titles were built on an innovative engine with world-class gameplay as their paramount goal, and praised by critics as games that revitalized or even invented their genres.
We have some new games in the works, too. A couple have been announced, while others remain top secret.
Our platform connects players with the world's greatest entertainment.
We created Steam in 2003 to serve as a digital content distribution channel, before app stores existed. It's since grown and evolved into a platform for thousands of creators and publishers to deliver content and establish direct relationships with their customers. The Steam Community enables millions of players to do likewise, sharing entertainment and ideas, and making friends.
Our hardware is a happiness delivery vehicle.
We make consumer electronic devices that expand and improve gaming on the PC. Things like the Steam Deck, Valve Index, Steam Controller, and Steam Link. We invented the VR technologies that power the Vive, an interactive VR system brought to market in partnership with HTC.
Iterate, test, repeat.
Just as in software development, we conduct playtests and share prototypes with our partners and players. We follow the results of this work all the way through the manufacturing process to create products people are sure to enjoy.
We're just getting started.
We make all of this stuff collaboratively in Bellevue, Washington, where we combine the resources and talent of a world-class company with the ethos of a small startup. With an engaged and vocal community of partners and players, our products and our company will continue to change and grow in ways we may never have predicted. Join us, and help inform what's next.


text:
Making the Pip-Boy 3000 Mark IV
To make a pip-boy, you'll first need to decide what version you want, and what size you will need. The version is either phone or accurate. Do you want to have a pip-boy that can hold your smartphone, pick the phone version. Do you want to do something a bit more challenging and make a wrist wearable computer with working buttons, pick the accurate version. With the accurate version you'll probably need to make modifications to the design, but it does offer more accuracy and more possibilities.
The size is either determined by your wrist size or your phone size. The table below shows the sizes in millimeters. A is the rough diameter of the middle of your wrist. If your wrist is smaller than A at the middle, the Pip-Boy should fit. F and G are the height and width of your phone (sideways). If your phone is smaller than these values, your phone will fit. Don't worry too much about thickness, that should not be an issue.
Download files
If you downloaded the files from this site and liked it, please consider going to the Donations page. This will help the development of more free designs and plans.
Community designs:
A better version of the Holotape (108% only) – By Chris Ensell: Download Files
Reel for the back of the Pip-Boy (All sizes) – By Oddoutput: Download Files
For the phone version you will need a few items (some of the screws do not have quantities, but there are less then 10 of each):
- ABS filament (500g);
- clear plastic (PLA) filament (10g);
- M3 nut (12x);
- M3 screw 6mm (4x);
- M3 screw 8mm (5x);
- M3 screw 12mm (1x);
- M3 screw 16mm (12x);
- M3 grub screw 5mm (6x);
- M3 grub screw 10mm (2x);
- M3 grub screw 16mm (1x);
- M4 nut (3x)
- M4 screw 12mm (1x)
- M4 hexagonal bolt 30mm (1x)
- M4 threaded rod (45mm);
- 1mm steel wire (to make the spring, 10cm)
- tiny decorative screws (6x)
- 4mm black pneumatic hose (10cm);
- Rubber band or wire;
- Glue;
- Sandpaper;
- Acetone;
- Primer;
- Paint (brownish green, black, silver, white, yellow);
- Paper;
- Orange led (2x);
- 2025 battery (+ holder);
- Wire;
- Switch;
- 3D printer;
- Sandpaper;
- Files;
- Paper color printer;
- Soldering Iron;
3D printing really depends on the printer being used, but my version was printed on an UP! Plus 1, in ABS, at 0.25mm layer thickness, normal speed and 30% infill . I tried to make the design as easy to print as possible. Parts are optimized for supportless printing and where support is still necessary, the support is at 90 degrees. Usually I do not use ABS to print anything, but the Pip-Boy is an exception. The parts are relatively small, and ABS gives a smoother and easier to work with surface. Minimum printer size required is 140mmx140mmx100mm for the 100% version. Some parts will no longer be printable on an UP! plus if they are scaled up. The 2 small light covers are printed in a clear plastic, in my case clear PLA. The quantity of parts you will need is mentioned in the name of each 3D printable part. The parts that require more than one have a suffix (nx), that tells how often it needs to be printed.
Some of the parts need to be glued together. Be aware that some screws and nuts need to be placed within the glued part. Look at the photos to see where these pieces need to be. To glue the pieces together, you can use a variety of glues, but as long as the glue is capable of gluing plastic, it should be fine.
Painting on raw 3D printed parts will show all flaws in the print. Some people like this, other do not. I generally get rid of about 80% of the lines, because the remaining 20% is incredibly hard to remove. Because I printed this in ABS, I can use Acetone to smooth the parts. First I gave all parts a quick sanding to get the worst lines out, then I used acetone (in a well ventilated room) to get rid of the printing lines and any imperfections.
First a light layer primer was applied to all parts. The base coat for this design is a brownish green. All parts that had at least some of the base color on them were painted with a spray can. The smaller parts are either a dark metallic color or black. These colors were applied with a paintbrush. The tapes are faded yellow and white. Officially I would need to paint them cream and orange, but because I did not have those colors, I went with white and yellow. The tube on the back of the Pip-Boy already had the right color from printing, so no paint was applied to that.
For the decals I wanted to try waterslide decals. I knew they were for light colored surfaces, but I reckoned they could also cover darker colors. I was wrong. The yellow text was completely overshadowed by the dark green. The silver was still sufficiently covered by the waterslide decal, so the latch does have the yellow grid on it. There is for now no text next to some of the buttons. The gauges were simply printed on a piece of paper, cut out and put behind the recesses of the geiger counter gauge and the tune gauge. I had intend to also light these gauges, but I simply could not find the room to fit the lights.
There are no complicated electronics in this design. There are simply 2 orange leds, one under each light cover. A concealed switch was mounted in a small hole I drilled on the left side (the thick part of the tube) this switch is connected to a small CR2025 battery and to the both leds. The led on the removable side of the Pip-Boy has a connector so it can be disconnected.
I am not going to write an app, but I do still want some of the Pip-Boy's images to show on the screen of the Pip-Boy. For this I used screencaps from the E3 unveiling, modified to be on the left side of a smartphone screen. I even added my internet name in the Status tab (only for me, you all have to be called Howard). The screencaps are added to the phone version of all downloads. They are 1920×1080 and can be shown as photo's on any smartphone.
For assembly, simply follow the pictures. There is not much more to be said.
The project described on this page is licensed under the Creative commons – Attribution – ShareAlike license.


text:
See Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria for important information about the usage of these informative techniques and how they relate to the normative WCAG 2.0 success criteria. The Applicability section explains the scope of the technique, and the presence of techniques for a specific technology does not imply that the technology can be used in all situations to create content that meets WCAG 2.0.
All technologies.
This technique relates to:
The objective of this technique is to provide a summary of complex content. The summary is provided in addition to the original content.
Users with disabilities that make it difficult to decode words and sentences are likely to have trouble reading and understanding complex text. This technique provides a short statement of the most important ideas and information in the content. The summary is easier to read because it uses shorter sentences and more common words than the original.
The following steps can be used to prepare the summary:
Identify the most important ideas and information in the content.
Write one or more paragraphs that use shorter sentences and more common words to express the same ideas and information. (The number of paragraphs depends on the length of the original.)
Measure the readability of the summary.
Edit the summary. Consider dividing longer sentences into two or replacing long or unfamiliar words with shorter, more common terms.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 as needed.
An article describes a technical innovation. The first item after the title of the article is a section with the heading, "Summary." The average length of the sentences in the summary is 16 words (compared to 23 words for sentences in the article), and it uses short, common words instead of the technical jargon in the article. A readability formula is applied; the summary requires reading ability less advanced than the lower secondary education level.
No resources available for this technique.
For each summary provided as supplemental content:
Measure the readability of the summary.
Check that the summary requires reading ability less advanced than the lower secondary education level.
# 2 is true.
If this is a sufficient technique for a success criterion, failing this test procedure does not necessarily mean that the success criterion has not been satisfied in some other way, only that this technique has not been successfully implemented and can not be used to claim conformance.


text:
Log in to FMX
Note: Users cannot log in with a temporary password. You must first change your temporary password in order to establish your normal password.
Log in to Security Coordinator Reference Sheets > >
This system is restricted to authorized users only. Unauthorized access, use, misuse or modification of this system, the data contained herein, or in transit to/from this system, may constitute a violation of federal, state and local laws and subject individual(s) to criminal and/or civil prosecution and penalties. This system and associated usage is subject to monitoring and security testing by authorized personnel. There is no expectation of privacy except as otherwise provided by applicable privacy laws.


text:
Bad news from California (like we didn't already know) in the Wall Street Journal: Shrinking Water Supplies Imperil Farmers.
Dwindling water supplies are compounding economic woes in California's Central Valley, causing farmers to leave fields fallow and confront the prospect of going under.
The state's water supply has dropped precipitously of late. California is locked in the third year of one of its worst droughts on record, with reservoirs holding as little as 22% of capacity. On top of that, a federal judge in Fresno last year issued a ruling in an environmental lawsuit that could restrict diversions to farmers by as much as one-third, as part of an effort to save an endangered minnow, the Delta Smelt.
Keep in mind that at least half of the fresh produce in the United States comes from California! (Or so the gov't is telling immigrants . . .)


text:
lemon oregano chicken
with zucchini noodles and kale buttermilk dressing
- 2 x 250g chicken breast fillets, trimmed
- 1 tablespoon finely grated lemon rind
- 2 cloves garlic, crushed
- 6 sprigs oregano, plus extra to serve
- ½ teaspoon dried chilli flakes, plus extra to serve
- sea salt and cracked black pepper
- ⅓ cup (10g) finely grated parmesan
- ½ cup (125ml) buttermilk
- 4 cups (80g) ghost kale+ or baby kale
- 1 tablespoon extra virgin olive oil
- 3 zucchini (courgette), spiralised++
- ¼ cup (40g) smoked almonds, chopped
- lemon wedges, to serve
- Place the chicken, lemon rind, garlic, oregano, chilli, salt and pepper in a large bowl and toss to coat. Set aside for 15 minutes to marinate. Place the parmesan, buttermilk, salt, pepper and 1 cup of the kale in a small food processor and process until well combined. Set aside.
- Heat the oil in a large non-stick frying pan over medium heat. Add the chicken and cook, turning halfway, for 10–12 minutes or until cooked through. Slice the chicken. Divide the zucchini between plates and top with the chicken, almond, remaining kale and extra oregano. Drizzle with the kale buttermilk dressing and serve with lemon wedges and extra chilli. Serves 4.
+ Ghost kale is a small variety which works really well in salads. You can find it at farmers markets and selected greengrocers, or if unavailable, use baby kale.
++ If you don't have a spiraliser, you can use a mandoline, julienne peeler or sharp knife to create the thin vegetable strands.
Photography: Chris Court


text:
CORVERT- ibutilide fumarate injection, solution
Pharmacia & Upjohn Company LLC
CORVERT Injection (ibutilide fumarate injection) is an antiarrhythmic drug with predominantly class III (cardiac action potential prolongation) properties according to the Vaughan Williams Classification. Each milliliter of CORVERT Injection contains 0.1 mg of ibutilide fumarate (equivalent to 0.087 mg ibutilide free base), 0.189 mg sodium acetate trihydrate, 8.90 mg sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid to adjust pH to approximately 4.6, and Water for Injection.
CORVERT Injection is an isotonic, clear, colorless, sterile aqueous solution.
Ibutilide fumarate has one chiral center, and exists as a racemate of the (+) and (−) enantiomers.
The chemical name for ibutilide fumarate is Methanesulfonamide, N-{4-{4-(ethylheptylamino)-1-hydroxybutyl}phenyl}, (+) (−), (E)-2-butenedioate (1:0.5) (hemifumarate salt). Its molecular formula is C22H38N2O5S, and its molecular weight is 442.62.
Ibutilide fumarate is a white to off-white powder with an aqueous solubility of over 100 mg/mL at pH 7 or lower.
The structural formula of ibutilide fumarate is represented below:
CORVERT Injection prolongs action potential duration in isolated adult cardiac myocytes and increases both atrial and ventricular refractoriness in vivo, ie, class III electrophysiologic effects. Voltage clamp studies indicate that CORVERT, at nanomolar concentrations, delays repolarization by activation of a slow, inward current (predominantly sodium), rather than by blocking outward potassium currents, which is the mechanism by which most other class III antiarrhythmics act. These effects lead to prolongation of atrial and ventricular action potential duration and refractoriness, the predominant electrophysiologic properties of CORVERT in humans that are thought to be the basis for its antiarrhythmic effect.
CORVERT produces mild slowing of the sinus rate and atrioventricular conduction. CORVERT produces no clinically significant effect on QRS duration at intravenous doses up to 0.03 mg/kg administered over a 10-minute period. Although there is no established relationship between plasma concentration and antiarrhythmic effect, CORVERT produces dose-related prolongation of the QT interval, which is thought to be associated with its antiarrhythmic activity. (See WARNINGS for relationship between QTc prolongation and torsades de pointes-type arrhythmias.) In a study in healthy volunteers, intravenous infusions of CORVERT resulted in prolongation of the QT interval that was directly correlated with ibutilide plasma concentration during and after 10-minute and 8-hour infusions. A steep ibutilide concentration/response (QT prolongation) relationship was shown. The maximum effect was a function of both the dose of CORVERT and the infusion rate.
A study of hemodynamic function in patients with ejection fractions both above and below 35% showed no clinically significant effects on cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at doses of CORVERT up to 0.03 mg/kg.
After intravenous infusion, ibutilide plasma concentrations rapidly decrease in a multiexponential fashion. The pharmacokinetics of ibutilide are highly variable among subjects. Ibutilide has a high systemic plasma clearance that approximates liver blood flow (about 29 mL/min/kg), a large steady-state volume of distribution (about 11 L/kg) in healthy volunteers, and minimal (about 40%) protein binding. Ibutilide is also cleared rapidly and highly distributed in patients being treated for atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation. The elimination half-life averages about 6 hours (range from 2 to 12 hours). The pharmacokinetics of ibutilide are linear with respect to the dose of CORVERT over the dose range of 0.01 mg/kg to 0.10 mg/kg. The enantiomers of ibutilide fumarate have pharmacokinetic properties similar to each other and to ibutilide fumarate.
The pharmacokinetics of CORVERT Injection in patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation are similar regardless of the type of arrhythmia, patient age, sex, or the concomitant use of digoxin, calcium channel blockers, or beta blockers.
In healthy male volunteers, about 82% of a 0.01 mg/kg dose of [14C] ibutilide fumarate was excreted in the urine (about 7% of the dose as unchanged ibutilide) and the remainder (about 19%) was recovered in the feces.
Eight metabolites of ibutilide were detected in metabolic profiling of urine. These metabolites are thought to be formed primarily by ω-oxidation followed by sequential β-oxidation of the heptyl side chain of ibutilide. Of the eight metabolites, only the ω-hydroxy metabolite possesses class III electrophysiologic properties similar to that of ibutilide in an in vitro isolated rabbit myocardium model. The plasma concentrations of this active metabolite, however, are less than 10% of that of ibutilide.
Treatment with intravenous ibutilide fumarate for acute termination of recent onset atrial flutter/fibrillation was evaluated in 466 patients participating in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Patients had had their arrhythmias for 3 hours to 90 days, were anticoagulated for at least 2 weeks if atrial fibrillation was present more than 3 days, had serum potassium of at least 4.0 mEq/L and QTc below 440 msec, and were monitored by telemetry for at least 24 hours. Patients could not be on class I or other class III antiarrhythmics (these had to be discontinued at least 5 half-lives prior to infusion) but could be on calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, or digoxin. In one trial, single 10-minute infusions of 0.005 to 0.025 mg/kg were tested in parallel groups (0.3 to 1.5 mg in a 60 kg person). In the second trial, up to two infusions of ibutilide fumarate were evaluated—the first 1.0 mg, the second given 10 minutes after completion of the first infusion, either 0.5 or 1.0 mg. In a third double-blind study, 319 patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter of 3 hours to 45 days duration were randomized to receive single, 10-minute intravenous infusions of either sotalol (1.5 mg/kg) or CORVERT (1 mg or 2 mg). Among patients with atrial flutter, 53% receiving 1 mg ibutilide fumarate and 70% receiving 2 mg ibutilide fumarate converted, compared to 18% of those receiving sotalol. In patients with atrial fibrillation, 22% receiving 1 mg ibutilide fumarate and 43% receiving 2 mg ibutilide fumarate converted compared to 10% of patients receiving sotalol.
Patients in registration trials were hemodynamically stable. Patients with specific cardiovascular conditions such as symptomatic heart failure, recent acute myocardial infarction, and angina were excluded. About two thirds had cardiovascular symptoms, and the majority of patients had left atrial enlargement, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, a history of valvular disease, or previous history of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Electrical cardioversion was allowed 90 minutes after the infusion was complete. Patients could be given other antiarrhythmic drugs 4 hours postinfusion.
Results of the first two studies are shown in the tables below. Conversion of atrial flutter/fibrillation usually (70% of those who converted) occurred within 30 minutes of the start of infusion and was dose related. The latest conversion seen was at 90 minutes after the start of the infusion. Most converted patients remained in normal sinus rhythm for 24 hours. Overall responses in these patients, defined as termination of arrhythmias for any length of time during or within 1 hour following completed infusion of randomized dose, were in the range of 43% to 48% at doses above 0.0125 mg/kg (vs 2% for placebo). Twenty-four hour responses were similar. For these atrial arrhythmias, ibutilide was more effective in patients with flutter than fibrillation ( ≥ 48% vs ≤ 40%).
PERCENT OF PATIENTS WHO CONVERTED (First Trial) | ||||||
Ibutilide | ||||||
Placebo | 0.005 mg/kg | 0.01 mg/kg | 0.015 mg/kg | 0.025 mg/kg | ||
n | 41 | 41 | 40 | 38 | 40 | |
Both | Initially* | 2 | 12 | 33 | 45 | 48 |
At 24 hours† | 2 | 12 | 28 | 42 | 43 | |
Atrial flutter | Initially* | 0 | 14 | 30 | 58 | 55 |
At 24 hours† | 0 | 14 | 30 | 58 | 50 | |
Atrial fibrillation | Initially* | 5 | 10 | 35 | 32 | 40 |
At 24 hours† | 5 | 10 | 25 | 26 | 35 |
PERCENT OF PATIENTS WHO CONVERTED (Second Trial) | ||||
Ibutilide | ||||
Placebo | 1.0 mg/0.5 mg | 1.0 mg/1.0 mg | ||
n | 86 | 86 | 94 | |
Both | Initially* | 2 | 43 | 44 |
At 24 hours† | 2 | 34 | 37 | |
Atrial flutter | Initially* | 2 | 48 | 63 |
At 24 hours† | 2 | 45 | 59 | |
Atrial fibrillation | Initially* | 2 | 38 | 25 |
At 24 hours† | 2 | 21 | 17 |
The numbers of patients who remained in the converted rhythm at the end of 24 hours were slightly less than those patients who converted initially, but the difference between conversion rates for ibutilide compared to placebo was still statistically significant. In long-term follow-up, approximately 40% of all patients remained recurrence free, usually with chronic prophylactic treatment, 400 to 500 days after acute treatment, regardless of the method of conversion.
Patients with more recent onset of arrhythmia had a higher rate of conversion. Response rates were 42% and 50% for patients with onset of atrial fibrillation/flutter for less than 30 days in the two efficacy studies compared to 16% and 31% in those with more chronic arrhythmias.
Ibutilide was equally effective in patients below and above 65 years of age and in men and women. Female patients constituted about 20% of patients in controlled studies.
In a double-blind, parallel group study, 302 patients with atrial fibrillation (n=201) or atrial flutter (n=101) that occurred 1 to 7 days after coronary artery bypass graft or valvular surgery and lasted 1 hour to 3 days were randomized to receive two 10-minute infusions of placebo, or 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg of ibutilide fumarate. Among patients with atrial flutter, conversion rates at 1.5 hours were: placebo, 4%; 0.25 mg ibutilide fumarate, 56%; 0.5 mg ibutilide fumarate, 61%; and 1 mg ibutilide fumarate, 78%. Among patients with atrial fibrillation, conversion rates at 1.5 hours were: placebo, 20%; 0.25 mg ibutilide fumarate, 28%; 0.5 mg ibutilide fumarate, 42%, and 1 mg ibutilide fumarate, 44%. The majority of patients (53% and 72% in the 0.5-mg and 1-mg dose groups, respectively) converted to sinus rhythm remained in sinus rhythm for 24 hours. Patients were not given other antiarrhythmic drugs within 24 hours of ibutilide fumarate infusion in this study.
CORVERT Injection is indicated for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter of recent onset to sinus rhythm. Patients with atrial arrhythmias of longer duration are less likely to respond to CORVERT. The effectiveness of ibutilide has not been determined in patients with arrhythmias of more than 90 days in duration.
CORVERT can cause potentially fatal arrhythmias, particularly sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, usually in association with QT prolongation (torsades de pointes), but sometimes without documented QT prolongation. In registration studies, these arrhythmias, which require cardioversion, occurred in 1.7% of treated patients during, or within a number of hours of, use of CORVERT. These arrhythmias can be reversed if treated promptly (see WARNINGS, Proarrhythmia). It is essential that CORVERT be administered in a setting of continuous ECG monitoring and by personnel trained in identification and treatment of acute ventricular arrhythmias, particularly polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Patients with atrial fibrillation of more than 2 to 3 days' duration must be adequately anticoagulated, generally for at least 2 weeks.
Patients with chronic atrial fibrillation have a strong tendency to revert after conversion to sinus rhythm (see CLINICAL STUDIES) and treatments to maintain sinus rhythm carry risks. Patients to be treated with CORVERT, therefore, should be carefully selected such that the expected benefits of maintaining sinus rhythm outweigh the immediate risks of CORVERT, and the risks of maintenance therapy, and are likely to offer an advantage compared with alternative management.
CORVERT Injection is contraindicated in patients who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to ibutilide fumarate or any of the other product components.
Like other antiarrhythmic agents, CORVERT Injection can induce or worsen ventricular arrhythmias in some patients. This may have potentially fatal consequences. Torsades de pointes, a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that develops in the setting of a prolonged QT interval, may occur because of the effect CORVERT has on cardiac repolarization, but CORVERT can also cause polymorphic VT in the absence of excessive prolongation of the QT interval. In general, with drugs that prolong the QT interval, the risk of torsades de pointes is thought to increase progressively as the QT interval is prolonged and may be worsened with bradycardia, a varying heart rate, and hypokalemia. In clinical trials conducted in patients with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, those with QTc intervals >440 msec were not usually allowed to participate, and serum potassium had to be above 4.0 mEq/L. Although change in QTc was dose dependent for ibutilide, there was no clear relationship between risk of serious proarrhythmia and dose in clinical studies, possibly due to the small number of events. In clinical trials of intravenous ibutilide, patients with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) or low left ventricular ejection fraction appeared to have a higher incidence of sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT), than those without such underlying conditions; for sustained polymorphic VT the rate was 5.4% in patients with a history of CHF and 0.8% without it. There was also a suggestion that women had a higher risk of proarrhythmia, but the sex difference was not observed in all studies and was most prominent for nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. The incidence of sustained ventricular arrhythmias was similar in male (1.8%) and female (1.5%) patients, possibly due to the small number of events. CORVERT is not recommended in patients who have previously demonstrated polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (eg, torsades de pointes).
During registration trials, 1.7% of patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation treated with CORVERT developed sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia requiring cardioversion. In these clinical trials, many initial episodes of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia occurred after the infusion of CORVERT was stopped but generally not more than 40 minutes after the start of the first infusion. There were, however, instances of recurrent polymorphic VT that occurred about 3 hours after the initial infusion. In two cases, the VT degenerated into ventricular fibrillation, requiring immediate defibrillation. Other cases were managed with cardiac pacing and magnesium sulfate infusions. Nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia occurred in 2.7% of patients and nonsustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardias occurred in 4.9% of the patients (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Proarrhythmic events must be anticipated. Skilled personnel and proper equipment, including cardiac monitoring equipment, intracardiac pacing facilities, a cardioverter/defibrillator, and medication for treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia, including polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, must be available during and after administration of CORVERT. Before treatment with CORVERT, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia should be corrected to reduce the potential for proarrhythmia. Patients should be observed with continuous ECG monitoring for at least 4 hours following infusion or until QTc has returned to baseline. Longer monitoring is required if any arrhythmic activity is noted. Management of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia includes discontinuation of ibutilide, correction of electrolyte abnormalities, especially potassium and magnesium, and overdrive cardiac pacing, electrical cardioversion, or defibrillation. Pharmacologic therapies include magnesium sulfate infusions. Treatment with antiarrhythmics should generally be avoided.
Class Ia antiarrhythmic drugs (Vaughan Williams Classification), such as disopyramide, quinidine, and procainamide, and other class III drugs, such as amiodarone and sotalol, should not be given concomitantly with CORVERT Injection or within 4 hours postinfusion because of their potential to prolong refractoriness. In the clinical trials, class I or other class III antiarrhythmic agents were withheld for at least 5 half-lives prior to ibutilide infusion and for 4 hours after dosing, but thereafter were allowed at the physician's discretion.
The potential for proarrhythmia may increase with the administration of CORVERT Injection to patients who are being treated with drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants, and certain antihistamine drugs (H1 receptor antagonists).
No specific pharmacokinetic or other formal drug interaction studies were conducted.
Supraventricular arrhythmias may mask the cardiotoxicity associated with excessive digoxin levels. Therefore, it is advisable to be particularly cautious in patients whose plasma digoxin levels are above or suspected to be above the usual therapeutic range. Coadministration of digoxin did not have effects on either the safety or efficacy of ibutilide in the clinical trials.
No animal studies have been conducted to determine the carcinogenic potential of CORVERT; however, it was not genotoxic in a battery of assays, (Ames assay, mammalian cell forward gene mutation assay, unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, and mouse micronucleus assay). Similarly, no drug-related effects on fertility or mating were noted in a reproductive study in rats in which ibutilide was administered orally to both sexes up to doses of 20 mg/kg/day. On a mg/m2 basis, corrected for 3% bioavailability, the highest dose tested was approximately four times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD).
Ibutilide administered orally was teratogenic (abnormalities included adactyly, interventricular septal defects, and scoliosis) and embryocidal in reproduction studies in rats. On a mg/m2 basis, corrected for the 3% oral bioavailability, the "no adverse effect dose" (5 mg/kg/day given orally) was approximately the same as the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD); the teratogenic dose (20 mg/kg/day given orally) was about four times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis, or 16 times the MRHD on a mg/kg basis. CORVERT should not be administered to a pregnant woman unless clinical benefit outweighs potential risk to the fetus.
The excretion of ibutilide into breast milk has not been studied; accordingly, breastfeeding should be discouraged during therapy with CORVERT.
Clinical trials with CORVERT in patients with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter did not include anyone under the age of 18. Safety and effectiveness of ibutilide in pediatric patients has not been established.
Clinical studies of ibutilide fumarate (involving 586 patients) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects less than age 65 (45%) to determine whether they respond differently from older subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
The safety, effectiveness, and pharmacokinetics of CORVERT have not been established in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction. However, it is unlikely that dosing adjustments would be necessary in patients with compromised renal or hepatic function based on the following considerations: (1) CORVERT is indicated for rapid intravenous therapy (duration ≤ 30 minutes) and is dosed to a known, well-defined pharmacologic action (termination of arrhythmia) or to a maximum of two 10-minute infusions; (2) less than 10% of the dose of CORVERT is excreted unchanged in the urine; and (3) drug distribution appears to be one of the primary mechanisms responsible for termination of the pharmacologic effect. Nonetheless, patients with abnormal liver function should be monitored by telemetry for more than the 4-hour period generally recommended.
In 285 patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter who were treated with CORVERT, the clearance of ibutilide was independent of renal function, as assessed by creatinine clearance (range 21 to 140 mL/min).
CORVERT Injection was generally well tolerated in clinical trials. Of the 586 patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter who received CORVERT in phase II/III studies, 149 (25%) reported medical events related to the cardiovascular system, including sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (1.7%) and nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (2.7%).
Other clinically important adverse events with an uncertain relationship to CORVERT include the following (0.2% represents one patient): sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (0.2%), nonsustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (4.9%), AV block (1.5%), bundle branch block (1.9%), ventricular extrasystoles (5.1%), supraventricular extrasystoles (0.9%), hypotension/postural hypotension (2.0%), bradycardia/sinus bradycardia (1.2%), nodal arrhythmia (0.7%), congestive heart failure (0.5%), tachycardia/sinus tachycardia/supraventricular tachycardia (2.7%), idioventricular rhythm (0.2%), syncope (0.3%), and renal failure (0.3%). The incidence of these events, except for syncope, was greater in the group treated with CORVERT than in the placebo group.
Another adverse reaction that may be associated with the administration of CORVERT was nausea, which occurred with a frequency greater than 1% more in ibutilide-treated patients than those treated with placebo.
The medical events reported for more than 1% of the placebo- and ibutilide-treated patients are shown in the following Table.
Event | Placebo N=127 | All Ibutilide N=586 | ||
Patients | Patients | |||
n | % | n | % | |
Ventricular extrasystoles | 1 | 0.8 | 30 | 5.1 |
Nonsustained monomorphic VT | 1 | 0.8 | 29 | 4.9 |
Nonsustained polymorphic VT | — | — | 16 | 2.7 |
Hypotension | 2 | 1.6 | 12 | 2.0 |
Bundle branch block | — | — | 11 | 1.9 |
Sustained polymorphic VT | — | — | 10 | 1.7 |
AV block | 1 | 0.8 | 9 | 1.5 |
Hypertension | — | — | 7 | 1.2 |
QT segment prolonged | — | — | 7 | 1.2 |
Bradycardia | 1 | 0.8 | 7 | 1.2 |
Palpitation | 1 | 0.8 | 6 | 1.0 |
Tachycardia | 1 | 0.8 | 16 | 2.7 |
Nausea | 1 | 0.8 | 11 | 1.9 |
Headache | 4 | 3.1 | 21 | 3.6 |
In the post-cardiac surgery study (see CLINICAL STUDIES), similar types of medical events were reported. In the 1 mg ibutilide fumarate treatment group (N=70), 2 patients (2.9%) developed sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and 2 other patients (2.9%) developed nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia was not reported in the 73 patients in the 0.5 mg dose group or in the 75 patients in the 0.25 mg dose group.
Acute overdose in animals results in CNS toxicity; notably, CNS depression, rapid gasping breathing, and convulsions. The intravenous median lethal dose in the rat was more than 50 mg/kg which is, on a mg/m2 basis, at least 250 times the maximum recommended human dose.
In the registration trials with CORVERT Injection, four patients were unintentionally overdosed. The largest dose was 3.4 mg administered over 15 minutes. One patient (0.025 mg/kg) developed increased ventricular ectopy and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, another patient (0.032 mg/kg) developed AV block—3rd degree and nonsustained polymorphic VT, and two patients (0.038 and 0.020 mg/kg) had no medical event reports. Based on known pharmacology, the clinical effects of an overdosage with ibutilide could exaggerate the expected prolongation of repolarization seen at usual clinical doses. Medical events (eg, proarrhythmia, AV block) that occur after the overdosage should be treated with measures appropriate for that condition.
The recommended dose based on controlled trials (see CLINICAL STUDIES) is outlined in the Table below. Ibutilide infusion should be stopped as soon as the presenting arrhythmia is terminated or in the event of sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, or marked prolongation of QT or QTc.
Patient Weight | Initial Infusion (over 10 minutes) | Second Infusion |
60 kg (132 lb) | One vial | If the arrhythmia does not terminate within 10 minutes after the end of the initial infusion, a second 10-minute infusion of equal strength may be administered 10 minutes after completion of the first infusion. |
Less than 60 kg | 0.1 mL/kg |
In a trial comparing ibutilide and sotalol (see CLINICAL STUDIES), 2 mg ibutilide fumarate administered as a single infusion to patients weighing more than 60 kg was also effective in terminating atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
In the post-cardiac surgery study (see CLINICAL STUDIES), one or two intravenous infusions of 0.5 mg (0.005 mg/kg per dose for patients weighing less than 60 kg) was effective in terminating atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
Patients should be observed with continuous ECG monitoring for at least 4 hours following infusion or until QTc has returned to baseline. Longer monitoring is required if any arrhythmic activity is noted. Skilled personnel and proper equipment (see WARNINGS, Proarrhythmia), such as a cardioverter/defibrillator, and medication for treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia, including polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, must be available during administration of CORVERT and subsequent monitoring of the patient.
CORVERT Injection may be administered undiluted or diluted in 50 mL of diluent. CORVERT may be added to 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or 5% Dextrose Injection before infusion. The contents of one 10 mL vial (0.1 mg/mL) may be added to a 50 mL infusion bag to form an admixture of approximately 0.017 mg/mL ibutilide fumarate. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
The following diluents are compatible with CORVERT Injection (0.1 mg/mL):
The following intravenous solution containers are compatible with admixtures of CORVERT Injection (0.1 mg/mL):
Admixtures of the product, with approved diluents, are chemically and physically stable for 24 hours at room temperature (15° to 30° C or 59° to 86° F) and for 48 hours at refrigerated temperatures (2° to 8°C or 36° to 46°F). Strict adherence to the use of aseptic technique during the preparation of the admixture is recommended in order to maintain sterility.
CORVERT Injection (ibutilide fumarate injection) is supplied as an acetate-buffered isotonic solution at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL that has been adjusted to approximately pH 4.6 in 10 mL clear glass, single-dose, flip-top vials.
Single-dose 10 mL vial, 1 mg /10 mL (0.1 mg/mL) NDC 0009-3794-01


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SSI Recipients by State and County, 2019
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County data on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) are a measure of the local impact of the program. This report is a resource for Social Security Administration (SSA) staff in formulating policy and for local service providers and economic planners.
The SSI program is a cash assistance program that provides monthly benefits to low-income aged, blind, or disabled persons in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The states and other jurisdictions have the option of supplementing their residents' SSI payments and may choose to have the additional payments administered by the federal government. When a state chooses federal administration, SSA maintains the payment records and issues the federal payment and the state supplement in one check. The data presented in this document are for federal and federally administered state payments only. State-administered supplementation payments are not included.
The tables present SSI data by eligibility category (aged, blind, and disabled) and age. State data on the number of recipients and amount of payments are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. SSI recipients who also receive Social Security (Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance) benefits are shown in Table 1 and in Table 3, which presents data at the county level. For the applicable states, Table 4 shows state-level data on persons receiving federally administered state supplementation payments by the recipient's living arrangement.
Some tables from the discontinued report State Assistance Programs for SSI Recipients are incorporated into this report beginning with the 2012 edition.
Cherice Jefferies in the Office of Statistical Analysis and Support programmed and compiled the data for this report. Staff of the Office of Dissemination edited the report and prepared it for web publication.
Katherine N. Bent
Acting Associate Commissioner for Research, Evaluation, and Statistics
October 2020
The data in this report are drawn from the Supplemental Security Record, the principal administrative data file for the Supplemental Security Income program.
State and county payment amounts are rounded to whole dollars. A state payment amount may not equal the sum of the county payment amounts because the state total is derived by adding unrounded county payment amounts.
To avoid disclosure of information for particular individuals, the following county-level detail is suppressed:
- The number of recipients by age group, eligibility group, and receipt of Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) for a county with at least one recipient and fewer than 10 recipients;
- The total number of recipients and the amount of payments if the number in a county is smaller than a predetermined threshold;
- The number of recipients within an age or eligibility group or within the group receiving OASDI if the table cell within the group contains a number smaller than a predetermined threshold;
- The amount of payments if the amount is smaller than a predetermined threshold.
Additional cells may be suppressed regardless of their value to prevent derivation of suppressed table cells by subtracting from totals.
State totals include all county numbers, regardless of whether individual county numbers are suppressed.
Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia contain at least one independent city that is not part of a county. For these states, the counties are listed in alphabetical order, followed by the independent cities in alphabetical order.