text:
O'Rourke Visits Mexico, Meets Turned-Away U.S. Asylum Seekers
Democratic presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke visited Mexico on Sunday and listened to tearful immigrants say they fled Central American violence and turmoil to seek asylum in the U.S., but were turned away at the border.
In his first international trip as a White House hopeful, the former congressman traveled to Ciudad Juarez, across the Rio Grande from his native El Paso, Texas, to meet what his campaign described as "individuals and families directly impacted by Donald Trump's cruel and inhumane policies."
A fluent Spanish speaker, O'Rourke met around a table at a shelter with immigrants from El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala, some of whom wept as they told of being denied entry into the U.S. while their asylum claims are processed. Many said they were terrified they'd be sent back to their home countries, where their lives had been threatened because of abusive spouses, street gang violence or drug smugglers.
"We hope, by sharing these stories, that the conscience of our country is awoken right now, and the need to change the policies that we have in place" becomes apparent, O'Rourke said via a livestream on his social media.
He blames people being forced to wait on "the Trump administration's unlawful 'Remain in Mexico' program," which has allowed the United States to return thousands of Central Americans to Mexican border cities as they wait to hear about their asylum claims. It is meant to reduce the attractiveness of U.S. asylum requests that in the past had allowed claimants to remain in the U.S. for years as their cases wound their way through the courts.
Praising his hometown as part of the world's largest "binational" community with Juarez is a centerpiece of O'Rourke's presidential campaign, and he released a sweeping immigration plan in May calling for providing millions of people in the country illegally with a "pathway" to U.S. citizenship, while deploying thousands of lawyers to the border to help process asylum cases and earmarking $5 billion to improve living conditions in Central America.
O'Rourke has long argued that his border roots make immigration an issue of strength for him, and heading to Mexico may allow him to show off that expertise amid once-promising polling numbers that have flagged in recent months. During the first presidential primary debate in Miami, last week, however, O'Rourke clashed with fellow Texan and presidential candidate Julian Castro, who chided the ex-congressman for not being willing to fully decriminalize crossing the U.S.-Mexico border illegally.
O'Rourke has argued that doing so could result in drug- and people-smugglers being protected.
Castro, a former Obama administration housing chief and San Antonio mayor, told a Texas rally on Friday night that he had suddenly gone from long being outshined by O'Rourke on the campaign trail to becoming "THE Texan in this race."
Asked Sunday on CNN if he was implying that O'Rourke's presidential campaign was effectively finished, Castro responded: "No. I have a lot of respect for Congressman O'Rourke," adding that "he and I get along well" and that the disagreement was purely over policy.
Later Sunday, O'Rourke staged a rally outside the U.S. Border Patrol facility in Clint, Texas, near El Paso, where immigrant children have reported being denied access to such basic amenities as showers, soap and toothbrushes. Castro visited that facility Saturday.
O'Rourke also previously traveled to a center holding immigrant children in Houston, and was one of many Democratic presidential candidates to visit one in Homestead, Florida, near the Miami debate site.
A frequent visitor to Juarez before he began running for president in March, O'Rourke was there in December to meet with immigrants staying in shelters as they waited to begin being processed for U.S. asylum.
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text:
Known as a stone of peace and wisdom, Chrysocolla is a gentle and harmonious stone, and can be used to purify a place or remove negative energy from an individual. Perfect for aligning and attuning, it is reputed to allow one to communicate with the higher energies of the earth and beyond. It has also been traditionally used by Native American cultures to strengthen the body's resistance to toxins and clear emotional turmoil.
Every pinecone pendant is an elegant gift from Mother Nature -- unveiling the ornate Sacred Geometry hidden at the center of one of the world's densest Pinecones. Because only one cross-section is taken from the "heart" of each Cone, every pendant is absolutely unique, and truly one-of-a-kind.
This uniquely hand-crafted pinecone pendant is the exact one you will receive.
Size: Mini

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Eastlake Auto Glass offers auto glass replacement and repair in Bellevue and Redmond, Washington.
With over 40 years in business, our technicians are honest, experienced and detail oriented. We work hard to treat your car like our own with only the best service and products.
We will provide our customers with service, quality and value unparalleled in the auto glass Replacement and repair industry.
We will set the industry standard and continuously improve. We will remain customer-driven and committed to excellence in all we do.


text:
Just a normal day-to-day gibberish chat.
This just arrose as I was trying to get a dear freind of mine to browse the web while at work. Their FW was pretty strict, only allows two services out, ftp and telnet, and nothing in.
As you expected, my freind wasn't satisfied with that at all, he wanted to browse the WWW, IRC, etc.., in breif, he wanted to enjoy his work-time :-).
Well, first of all, there was the Q of how?
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Found it!
If our objective was getting a session to start from the end behind the FW to some party infront (not protected by) the FW, then we should use something that would allow an *extra* connection outbound, in other words, something that would allow a connection to go outbound without being refused by the connections table or by the rulebase.
Since the only options we had were FTP and Telnet, we had to find a way around them. Telnet doesn't allow any forum of other-conn unlike FTP's PASV command.
FTP uses to main forms of transmitting data, active and passive. Active means the server would open a connection from its side on port 20 to a random port on your side, this is considered inbound and usually isn't allowed by admins <even with stateful firewalls>, the other form is passive FTP. Passive works by telling the client where to connect to fetch a file <this method is preferred by admins so much > and therfor could be used in our little plethoria.
The idea was simple, setup a firewall on your own home network with some string matching, NAT and active response magic.
This problem was un-fixed although it is pretty simple.
I'll just explain the scenario and you'll understand how it works <hopefully>
The user connects to his home firewall using FTP <wich is actually just the FW listening for input on that port> issue the PASV command with the destination and port you wanna connect to, then your ftp session will give you a port number, just load whatever tool you want, and point it to your FW with a dport of whatever it returned.
Simple eih?
Now for the real Q,
Does anyone have a fix to such a gay problem?


text:
Important Facts About JavaScript and Related Technologies
- Initializing an AJAX Application
- Sending a GET Request
- Sending a POST Request
- Sending a Synchronous Request
- Receiving Multiple Data from the Server
- Aborting an HTTP Request
- Retrieving HTTP Headers
- Receiving XML from the Server
- Using JSON for Data (De)Serialization
- Creating a Waiting Screen
- Solving the Bookmark Problem
- Solving the Back Button Problem
- Using XSLT
- Using an XML Library
- Using the Yahoo! Web Service
AJAX has generated a huge buzz since the term was coined in February 2005. And although there is a lot of (justified) criticism, regarding both the term and the technology mix it is promising, the whole hype around AJAX led to the rebirth of JavaScript. Not only are underestimated capabilities of JavaScript carried into the daily work of web developers, but more advanced JavaScript features also are en vogue again. This chapter presents not only the most important facts (and phrases) regarding JavaScript, but also related technologies, especially XML handling with JavaScript.
Initializing an AJAX Application
XMLHttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); XMLHttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
The basis of all AJAX applications is the aforementioned XMLHttpRequest object. All AJAX-enabled browsers support it natively, but in Internet Explorer the ActiveX object is required. There is one exception, though: Internet Explorer 7 comes with native XMLHttpRequest support. The best approach to create the object is to use try...catch and to instantiate the native object first (to get Internet Explorer 7 on the right track even though this browser still supports ActiveX), and then the ActiveX version:
if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // instantiate native object } else if (window.ActiveXObject) { // instantiate ActiveX object }
Regarding the ActiveX object, there are several opportunities to instantiate it. The reason: Microsoft ships various versions of their XML library where this object is hidden. A bulletproof solution would be to check for all versions, using a convoluted piece of code. However, the following approach checks only the most important versions and works on Internet Explorer 5 onward and on all other AJAX-aware browsers:
Creating the XMLHttpRequest Object (xmlhttp.js)
function getXMLHttp() { var XMLHttp = null; if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { try { XMLHttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); } catch (e) { } } else if (window.ActiveXObject) { try { XMLHttp = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { try { XMLHttp = new ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } catch (e) { } } } return XMLHttp; }


text:
A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.
The Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram, Baltistan, Northern Pakistan. At 62 kilometres (39 mi) in length, it is one of the longest alpine glaciers on earth.
On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran.[1]
Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth.[2] Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.
Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climate changes, e.g., precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level.
Etymology and related terms
The word glacier comes from French. It is derived from the Vulgar Latin glacia and ultimately from Latin glacies meaning "ice".[3] The processes and features caused by glaciers and related to them are referred to as glacial. The process of glacier establishment, growth and flow is called glaciation. The corresponding area of study is called glaciology. Glaciers are important components of the global cryosphere.
Glaciers are categorized by their morphology, thermal characteristics, and behavior. Alpine glaciers, also known as mountain glaciersor cirque glaciers, form on the crests and slopes of mountains. An alpine glacier that fills a valley is sometimes called a valley glacier. A large body of glacial ice astride a mountain, mountain range, or volcano is termed an ice cap or ice field.[4] Ice caps have an area less than 50,000 km² (20,000 mile²) by definition.
Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km² are called ice sheets or continental glaciers.[5] Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 meters.[6]Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities.[7] Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams.[8][9] In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier.
Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers.
Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacierincludes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact.[10] This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below.[11] Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal.[10]
Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) – a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) – which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into extremely dense 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice.
In temperate glaciers, snow repeatedly freezes and thaws, changing into granular ice called firn. Under the pressure of the layers of ice and snow above it, this granular ice fuses into denser and denser firn. Over a period of years, layers of firn undergo further compaction and become glacial ice. Glacier ice is slightly less dense than ice formed from frozen water because it contains tiny trapped air bubbles.
Glacial ice has a distinctive blue tint because it absorbs some red light due to an overtone of the infrared OH stretching mode of the water molecule. Liquid water is blue for the same reason. The blue of glacier ice is sometimes misattributed to Rayleigh scattering due to bubbles in the ice.[12]
A glacier originates at a location called its glacier head and terminates at its glacier foot, or terminus.
Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions.[13] The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques.
The accumulation zone can be subdivided based on its melt conditions.
- The dry snow zone is a region where no melt occurs, even in the summer, and the snowpack remains dry.
- The percolation zone is an area with some surface melt, causing meltwater to percolate into the snowpack. This zone is often marked by refrozen ice lenses, glands, and layers. The snowpack also never reaches melting point.
- Near the equilibrium line on some glaciers, a superimposed ice zone develops. This zone is where meltwater refreezes as a cold layer in the glacier, forming a continuous mass of ice.
- The wet snow zone is the region where all of the snow deposited since the end of the previous summer has been raised to 0 °C.
The "health" of a glacier is usually assessed by determining the glacier mass balance or observing terminus behavior. Healthy glaciers have large accumulation zones, more than 60% of their area snowcovered at the end of the melt season, and a terminus with vigorous flow.
Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially. A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950–1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.[14][15][16]
Glaciers move, or flow, downhill due to gravity and the internal deformation of ice.[17] Ice behaves like a brittle solid until its thickness exceeds about 50 m (160 ft). The pressure on ice deeper than 50 m causes plastic flow. At the molecular level, ice consists of stacked layers of molecules with relatively weak bonds between layers. When the stress on the layer above exceeds the inter-layer binding strength, it moves faster than the layer below.[18]
Glaciers also move through basal sliding. In this process, a glacier slides over the terrain on which it sits, lubricated by the presence of liquid water. The water is created from ice that melts under high pressure from frictional heating. Basal sliding is dominant in temperate, or warm-based glaciers.
Fracture zone and cracks
The top 50 metres (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone; it mostly moves as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 150 feet (46 m) deep but in some cases can be 1,000 feet (300 m) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs.
Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins.
Crevasses make travel over glaciers hazardous, especially when they are hidden by fragile snow bridges.
Below the equilibrium line, glacial meltwater is concentrated in stream channels. Meltwater can pool in proglacial lakes on top of a glacier or descend into the depths of a glacier via moulins. Streams within or beneath a glacier flow in englacial or sub-glacial tunnels. These tunnels sometimes reemerge at the glacier's surface.[19]
The speed of glacial displacement is partly determined by friction. Friction makes the ice at the bottom of the glacier move more slowly than ice at the top. In alpine glaciers, friction is also generated at the valley's side walls, which slows the edges relative to the center.
Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 meter per day.[20] There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.
A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed.[21] These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier[22] — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point".[23]
In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale tremblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1.[24][25] The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.[24][25]
Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge.[26] Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives.[27]
Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period.[28] In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya.[29] Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea[30] and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands[31] were completely glaciated.
The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 metres (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 metres (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow.
Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia,[32]and central and northern Alaska,[33] though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form.[34][35]
In addition to the dry, unglaciated polar regions, some mountains and volcanoes in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina are high (4,500 metres (14,800 ft) – 6,900 m (22,600 ft)) and cold, but the relative lack of precipitation prevents snow from accumulating into glaciers. This is because these peaks are located near or in the hyperarid Atacama Desert.
Glacial geology
Glaciers erode terrain through two principal processes: abrasion and plucking.
As glaciers flow over bedrock, they soften and lift blocks of rock into the ice. This process, called plucking, is caused by subglacial water that penetrates fractures in the bedrock and subsequently freezes and expands. This expansion causes the ice to act as a lever that loosens the rock by lifting it. Thus, sediments of all sizes become part of the glacier's load. If a retreating glacier gains enough debris, it may become a rock glacier, like the Timpanogos Glacier in Utah.
Abrasion occurs when the ice and its load of rock fragments slide over bedrock and function as sandpaper, smoothing and polishing the bedrock below. The pulverized rock this process produces is called rock flour and is made up of rock grains between 0.002 and 0.00625 mm in size. Abrasion leads to steeper valley walls and mountain slopes in alpine settings, which can cause avalanches and rock slides. These add even more material to the glacier.
Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock.
The rate of glacier erosion is variable. Six factors control erosion rate:
- Velocity of glacial movement
- Thickness of the ice
- Shape, abundance and hardness of rock fragments contained in the ice at the bottom of the glacier
- Relative ease of erosion of the surface under the glacier
- Thermal conditions at the glacier base
- Permeability and water pressure at the glacier base
Material that becomes incorporated in a glacier is typically carried as far as the zone of ablation before being deposited. Glacial deposits are of two distinct types:
- Glacial till: material directly deposited from glacial ice. Till includes a mixture of undifferentiated material ranging from clay size to boulders, the usual composition of a moraine.
- Fluvial and outwash sediments: sediments deposited by water. These deposits are stratified by size.
Larger pieces of rock that are encrusted in till or deposited on the surface are called "glacial erratics". They range in size from pebbles to boulders, but as they are often moved great distances, they may be drastically different from the material upon which they are found. Patterns of glacial erratics hint at past glacial motions.
Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.
The term moraine is of French origin. It was coined by peasants to describe alluvial embankments and rims found near the margins of glaciers in the French Alps. In modern geology, the term is used more broadly, and is applied to a series of formations, all of which are composed of till. Moraines can also create moraine dammed lakes.
Drumlins are asymmetrical, canoe shaped hills made mainly of till. Their heights vary from 15 to 50 meters and they can reach a kilometer in length. The tilted side of the hill faces the direction from which the ice advanced (stoss), while the longer slope follows the ice's direction of movement (lee).
Drumlins are found in groups called drumlin fields or drumlin camps. One of these fields is found east of Rochester, New York; it is estimated to contain about 10,000 drumlins.
Although the process that forms drumlins is not fully understood, their shape implies that they are products of the plastic deformation zone of ancient glaciers. It is believed that many drumlins were formed when glaciers advanced over and altered the deposits of earlier glaciers.
Glacial valleys, cirques, arêtes, and pyramidal peaks
Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.
Many glaciers deepen their valleys more than their smaller tributaries. Therefore, when glaciers recede, the valleys of the tributary glaciers remain above the main glacier's depression and are called hanging valleys.
At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns.
Roche moutonnée
Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long.[36] Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking.
Alluvial stratification
As the water that rises from the ablation zone moves away from the glacier, it carries fine eroded sediments with it. As the speed of the water decreases, so does its capacity to carry objects in suspension. The water thus gradually deposits the sediment as it runs, creating an alluvial plain. When this phenomenon occurs in a valley, it is called a valley train. When the deposition is in an estuary, the sediments are known as bay mud.
Outwash plains and valley trains are usually accompanied by basins known as "kettles". These are small lakes formed when large ice blocks that are trapped in alluvium melt and produce water-filled depressions. Kettle diameters range from 5 m to 13 km, with depths of up to 45 meters. Most are circular in shape because the blocks of ice that formed them were rounded as they melted.[37]
Glacial deposits
When a glacier's size shrinks below a critical point, its flow stops and it becomes stationary. Meanwhile, meltwater within and beneath the ice leaves stratified alluvial deposits. These deposits, in the forms of columns, terraces and clusters, remain after the glacier melts and are known as "glacial deposits".
Glacial deposits that take the shape of hills or mounds are called kames. Some kames form when meltwater deposits sediments through openings in the interior of the ice. Others are produced by fans or deltas created by meltwater. When the glacial ice occupies a valley, it can form terraces or kames along the sides of the valley.
Long, sinuous glacial deposits are called eskers. Eskers are composed of sand and gravel that was deposited by meltwater streams that flowed through ice tunnels within or beneath a glacier. They remain after the ice melts, with heights exceeding 100 meters and lengths of as long as 100 km.
Loess deposits
Very fine glacial sediments or rock flour is often picked up by wind blowing over the bare surface and may be deposited great distances from the original fluvial deposition site. These eolian loess deposits may be very deep, even hundreds of meters, as in areas of China and the Midwestern United States of America. Katabatic winds can be important in this process.
Isostatic rebound
Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.
A geomorphological feature created by the same process on a smaller scale is known as dilation-faulting. It occurs where previously compressed rock is allowed to return to its original shape more rapidly than can be maintained without faulting. This leads to an effect similar to what would be seen if the rock were hit by a large hammer. Dilation faulting can be observed in recently de-glaciated parts of Iceland and Cumbria.
On Mars
The polar ice caps of Mars show geologic evidence of glacial deposits. The south polar cap is especially comparable to glaciers on Earth.[38] Topographical features and computer models indicate the existence of more glaciers in Mars' past.[39]
At mid-latitudes, between 35° and 65° north or south, Martian glaciers are affected by the thin Martian atmosphere. Because of the low atmospheric pressure, ablation near the surface is solely due to sublimation, not melting. As on Earth, many glaciers are covered with a layer of rocks which insulates the ice. A radar instrument on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found ice under a thin layer of rocks in formations called Lobate Debris Aprons (LDAs).[40][41][42][43][44]
- ^ Post, Austin; LaChapelle, Edward R (2000). Glacier ice. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97910-0.
- ^ Brown, Molly Elizabeth; Ouyang, Hua; Habib, Shahid; Shrestha, Basanta; Shrestha, Mandira; Panday, Prajjwal; Tzortziou, Maria; Policelli, Frederick; Artan, Guleid; Giriraj, Amarnath; Bajracharya, Sagar R.; Racoviteanu, Adina. "HIMALA: Climate Impacts on Glaciers, Snow, and Hydrology in the Himalayan Region". Mountain Research and Development. International Mountain Society. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
- ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ "Retreat of Alaskan glacier Juneau icefield". Nichols.edu. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- ^ "American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology". Amsglossary.allenpress.com. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ "Sea Level and Climate". USGS FS 002-00. USGS. 2000-01-31. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- ^ * National Snow and Ice Data Center. "Types of Glacier".
- ^ Bindschadler, R.A. and T.A. Scambos. Satellite-image-derived velocity field of an Antarctic ice stream. Science, 252(5003), 242-246, 1991
- ^ British Antarctic Survey. "Description of Ice Streams". Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ a b http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2642-2_72/fulltext.html
- ^ Boulton, G.S. [1974] "Processes and patterns of glacial erosion", (In Coates, D.R. ed., Glacial Geomorphology. A Proceedings Volume of the fifth Annual Geomorphology Symposia series, held at Binghamton, New York, September 26–28, 1974. Binghamton, N.Y., State University of New York, p. 41-87. (Publications in Geomorphology))
- ^ "What causes the blue color that sometimes appears in snow and ice ?". Webexhibits.org. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Benson, C.S., 1961, "Stratigraphic studies in the snow and firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet", Res. Rep. 70, U.S. Army Snow, Ice and Permafrost Res Establ., Corps of Eng., 120 pp
- ^ "Glacier change and related hazards in Switzerland". UNEP. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- ^ "Frank Paul, et al., 2004, Rapid disintegration of Alpine glaciers observed with satellite data, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L21402, {{doi|10.1029/2004GL020816}}" (PDF). 2004.
- ^ "Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Greve, R.; Blatter, H. (2009). Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03415-2. ISBN 978-3-642-03414-5.
- ^ W.S.B. Paterson, Physics of ice
- ^ "Moulin 'Blanc': NASA Expedition Probes Deep Within a Greenland Glacier". NASA. 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- ^ Glacier properties Hunter College CUNY lectures
- ^ T. Strozzi et al.: The Evolution of a Glacier Surge Observed with the ERS Satellites (pdf, 1.3 Mb)
- ^ "The Brúarjökull Project: Sedimentary environments of a surging glacier. The Brúarjökull Project research idea". Hi.is. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Meier & Post (1969)
- ^ a b http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~vtsai/files/EkstromNettlesTsai_Science2006.pdf Ekström, G., M. Nettles, and V. C. Tsai (2006)"Seasonality and Increasing Frequency of Greenland Glacial Earthquakes", Science, 311, 5768, 1756-1758, doi:10.1126/science.1122112
- ^ a b http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~vtsai/files/TsaiEkstrom_JGR2007.pdf Tsai, V. C. and G. Ekström (2007). "Analysis of Glacial Earthquakes", J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S22, doi:10.1029/2006JF000596
- ^ Easterbrook, D.J. (1999). Surface Processes and Landforms (2 ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 546. ISBN 0-13-860958-6.
- ^ "Glossary of Glacier Terminology". Pubs.usgs.gov. 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ "C.D. Ollier: "Australian Landforms and their History", National Mapping Fab, Geoscience Australia". Ga.gov.au. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ KINCAID, JONI L.; KLEIN, ANDREW G. (2004). "Retreat of the Irian Jaya Glaciers from 2000 to 2002 as Measured from IKONOS Satellite Images". Portland, Maine, USA. pp. 147–157. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- ^ "Hawaiian Glaciers Reveal Clues to Global Climate Change". Geology.com. 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ "French Colonies – Crozet Archipelago". Discoverfrance.net. 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Collins, Henry Hill; Europe and the USSR; p. 263. ISBN 1-256-35000-3
- ^ "Yukon Beringia Interpretive Center". Beringia.com. 1999-04-12. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Earth History 2001 (page 15)
- ^ "On the Zoogeography of the Holarctic Region". Wku.edu. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ 'Glaciers & Glaciation' (Arnold, London 1998) Douglas Benn and David Evans, pp324-326
- ^ "Kettle geology". Britannica Online. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ "Kargel, J.S. et al.:"Martian Polar Ice Sheets and Mid-Latitude Debris-Rich Glaciers, and Terrestrial Analogs", Third International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration, Alberta, Canada, October 13-17, 2003 (pdf 970 Kb)" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ "Martian glaciers: did they originate from the atmosphere? ESA Mars Express, 20 January 2006". Esa.int. 2006-01-20. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Head, J. et al. 2005. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature: 434. 346-350
- ^ Source: Brown University Posted Monday, October 17, 2005 (2005-10-17). "Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers | SpaceRef – Your Space Reference". Marstoday.com. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Richard Lewis (2008-04-23). "Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active | Brown University News and Events". News.brown.edu. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
- ^ Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf
- ^ Holt, J. et al. 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2441.pdf
- This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 24 July 2005.
- Hambrey, Michael; Alean, Jürg (2004). Glaciers (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82808-2. OCLC 54371738. An excellent less-technical treatment of all aspects, with superb photographs and firsthand accounts of glaciologists' experiences. All images of this book can be found online (see Weblinks: Glaciers-online)
- Benn, Douglas I.; Evans, David J. A. (1999). Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold. ISBN 0-470-23651-5. OCLC 38329570.
- Bennett, M. R.; Glasser, N. F. (1996). Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-96344-5. OCLC 33359888 37536152.
- Hambrey, Michael (1994). Glacial Environments. University of British Columbia Press, UCL Press. ISBN 0-7748-0510-2. OCLC 30512475. An undergraduate-level textbook.
- Knight, Peter G (1999). Glaciers. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0-7487-4000-7. OCLC 42656957 63064183 77294832. A textbook for undergraduates avoiding mathematical complexities
- Walley, Robert (1992). Introduction to Physical Geography. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. A textbook devoted to explaining the geography of our planet.
- W. S. B. Paterson (1994). Physics of Glaciers (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-013972-8. OCLC 26188. A comprehensive reference on the physical principles underlying formation and behavior.
External links
- Glacial structures – photo atlas
- Glaciers of the Pyrenees
- NOW on PBS "On Thin Ice"
- Photo project tracks changes in Himalayan glaciers since 1921
- Short radio episode California Glaciers from The Mountains of California by John Muir, 1894. California Legacy Project
- Dyanamics of Glaciers


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Locksmith & Key Service Miami, FL – Central Locksmith Store
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Setting up of 7th CPC Anomaly Committee – Dopt orders on 16.8.2016
Setting up of Anomaly Committee to settle the Anomalies arising out of the implementation of the Seventh Pay Commission's recommendations.
Government of India
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and pensions
Department of Personnel & Training
JCA Section
North Block, New Delhi
Dated the 16th August, 2016
Subject: Setting up of Anomaly Committee to settle the Anomalies arising out of the implementation of the Seventh Pay Commission's recommendations.
The undersigned is directed to say that it has been decided that Anomaly Committees should be set up, consisting of representatives of the Officials Side and the Staff Side to settle the anomalies arising out of the implementation of the 7th Pay Commission's recommendations, subject to the following conditions, namely:
(1) Definition of Anomaly
Anomaly will include the following cases:
(a) where the Official Side and the Staff Side are of the opinion that any recommendation is in contravention of the principle or the policy enunciated by the Seventh Central Pay Commission itself without the Commission assigning any reason; and
(b) where the maximum of the Level in the Pay Matrix corresponding to the applicable Grade Pay in the Pay Band under the pre-revised structure, as notified vide CCS (RP) Rules 2016, is less than the amount an employee is entitled to be fixed at, as per the formula for fixation of pay contained in the said Rules".
(2) Composition:
There will be two levels of Anomaly Committees, National and Departmental, consisting of representatives of the Official Side and the Staff Side of the National Council and the Departmental Council respectively.
(3) The Departmental Anomaly Committee may be chaired by the Additional Secretary (Admn.) or the Joint Secretary (Admn.), if there is no post of Additional Secretary (Admn.). Financial Adviser of the Ministry / Department shall be one of the Member of the Departmental Anomaly Committee.
(4) The National Anomaly Committee will deal with anomalies common to two or more Departments and in respect of common categories of employees. The Departmental Anomaly Committee will deal with anomalies pertaining exclusively to the Department concerned and having no repercussions on the employees of another Ministry / Department in the opinion of the Financial Adviser.
(5) The Anomaly Committee shall receive anomalies through Secretary, Staff Side of respective Council upto six months from the date of its constitution and it will finally dispose of all the anomalies within a period of one year from the date of its constitution. Any recommendations of the Anomaly Committee to resolve the anomaly shall be subject to the approval of the Government.
(6) Cases where there is a dispute about the definition of "anomaly" and those where there is a disagreement between the Staff Side and the Official Side on the anomaly will be referred to and "Arbitrator" to be appointed out of a panel of names proposed by the two sides. However, this arbitration will not be a part of the JCM Scheme.
(7) The Arbitrator so appointed shall consider the disputed cases arising in the Anomaly Committees at the National as well as Department level.
(8) Orders regarding appointment of the Arbitrator and constitution of Anomaly Committee at National Level will be issued separately. All Ministries / Departments are accordingly requested to take urgent action to set up the Anomaly Committees for settlement of anomalies arising out of implementation of the 7th Pay Commission's recommendations, as stipulated above.
(G. Srinivasan)
Deputy Secretary (JCA)


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Bankruptcy code has come up to save the minority share holders and other stake holders into the system. But it's being found that this code will be misused by crony capitalist which will end up creating more pain and devastation for the society in the long term. Before the bell of bankruptcy comes into play we need Asset Reconstruction Management which will be lead by Cost Accountants, MBA and also those who have turnaround experts who are entrepreneurs at heart, managers by training and experience, and committed to make companies in distress to perform brilliantly out of the blues. Cost Accountants know how to utilize resources and create turn around for sick industries. We need people who have strong vision of efficient utilization of resources. If we look towards history we find that in 1999 IBM made a turnaround and in 2015 Ford made a turnaround riding on the wheels of optimum resource utilization. Bankruptcy is nothing but wrong utilization of resources and mismanagement conducting deliberately or due to economic factors. . Bankruptcy will not save the economy neither the society over the long term. Those who will lose jobs will never get anything form Bankruptcy. Bankruptcy code is to protect banks, minority shareholders and creditors of the same. Cost Accountants who are looking for practicing opportunity can easily come up with this diverse manpower and intellectual capital to create Asset management companies under LLP.
The devastation of Bankruptcy code is that many ancillary industries will come to an end. Lay off staff, and auction off saleable assets to pay off creditors who get peanuts against their elephant size investments. Bankruptcy code has been implemented but where we have failed is reviving the business before the bell goes for bankruptcy. This Bankruptcy will finally make borrower richer since valuation of asset is always a gimmick and this gimmick loophole is being exploited. Let me put an example. Say my asset are actual valued at Rs 100 cr where as its being inflated to Rs 300cr. Now I take a loan of Rs150 cr and later on files for Bankruptcy. Now my original assets is valued RS 100 cr and by the time I go for Bankruptcy my value comes down to Rs 80 cr, which gets sold at Rs.50 cr. Now who makes how much and what you get out of Bankruptcy code. Now you place a Asset Management heading by a team of people having entrepreneurial mindset with Cost accountants, and MBAs who will get into the business cut down non productive business and will make the company turnaround. This will save mass lay off and les damage to the ancillary industry segment associated with the same. Practicing cost accounts can come together to form this type of organizations.
The government is giving a opportunity of non accountable business process which will harm the society more than creating protection of the stake holders. Indian Post Office also has been one of the key segments for the turnaround where staff was trained to use digital technology and making every one accountable for their deliveries. This is one of the key areas where reduction of cost and making every department to be ABC and making Product pricing and Target Pricing and create market segmentation and tweaking process and products to increase revenue would be a game changing tool. We all know that company gets into Bankruptcy due to extravagant and wrong business strategies and uncontrolled fund management. This is very grey area and as a profession cost accountants can work stupendously top cut and lean the organization wastages of resources and improvise the organization.
. Further Balance Score card and Six Sigma strategies help to improve the quality of management and improves the business revival strategy within everyone in the organization. A strong entrepreneur mind followed with strong business and financial acumen from a Cost Accountant would create game changing tool for saving the organizations. I find a group of professional should come up with Asset Management Banks who will work to save the society from Bankruptcy code segment.
Cost accounting profession has the necessary tools to develop and make turn around within an organization particularly the ones who are getting drowned. We as a profession have been working for the society and I find that we need to come forward with Asset Reconstruction Banks model where a team will revive the companies and save the society and taxpayers resources. Practicing cost accounts can come together to form this type of organizations.


text:
Purple bow stud
Purple bow stud
Polymer Clay
Hypo allergenic posts
Led and Nickel free
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns
Please allow 5-7 business days to process the order. Once shipped allow 2-3 business days for shipping. Once shipped you will receive a tracking number. If you have any questions about your order once shipped please reach out to the post office for questions. If you do not receive your order and it shows "delivered" please reach out to the post office first.
For health and safety there are no returns and/or exchanges.
Care Instructions
Care Instructions
- remove before exercising, swimming, bathing and sleeping.
- Avoid contact with Moisture (lotion, perfumes, water and makeup)
- Store in a cool, dry place. Keep in a bag, box or jewelry holder to avoid scratches.
- use damp cloth to spot clean makeup/dry areas
- The earrings are made of polymer clay. They are slightly bendable but PLEASE refrain from bending them so they last as long as possible. If you bend them too hard/far, they will break.


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I first enjoyed the Fish Eye Pinot Grigio in 2009 with my fellow wine bloggers at our annual conference (and wrote about that experience here). It was a humbling moment for many of us, who were a bit sniffy about the wine based on the cute label, its availability in large-format bottles and boxes, and because it was Pinot Grigio. There is a lot (and I do mean a lot) of terrible, cheap Pinot Grigio out there. So much of it, in fact, that I've stopped ordering it in restaurants.
So it is with great pleasure that I report that the 2011 Fish Eye Pinot Grigio still has a suggested retail price of $7 (though you can find it in the market for prices between $5 and $10), it is still delicious, it is still widely available throughout the country, and it is still excellent QPR. Expect zesty, pure lemon and lime aromas and to have those scents echo through the flavors. You might detect a nice peachy note as you sip, which takes off some of the bitterness that can be associated with Pinot Grigio.
This is a versatile, food-friendly wine that is light enough to pair with vegetables and salads at a weekend lunch, will be a great companion to asparagus and lemon pasta as you work your way into your spring recipes, and will be welcome at summer barbeques so if you see some on the shelf give it a try.
Full Disclosure: I received a sample of this wine for possible review.
An award-winning wine blog dedicated to celebrating everyday wine culture and helping you find delicious, varied wines from all over the world that are good value, interesting to drink, pair well with food, and are (mostly) under $20. Looking for something particular, like a Cabernet that won't break the bank or sparkling wine from Spain? Scroll down to the Topic Index in the left sidebar to locate wines by variety, region, or price.
Thursday, February 23, 2012
2 comments:
- cheeseblab said...
Good to know--I've actually avoided it for all the reasons you cite.
Is it a screw top? I really can't be terribly bothered with corks any more.
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"That every man is desirous to obtain, with as little sacrifice as possible, as much as possible of the articles of wealth." -- Nassau Senior, 1827In "Expectation and Rational Conduct" (1937) Terence Hutchison argued that Senior's "first fundamental proposition" shared "one remarkable characteristic" with "almost all" formulations of the utilitarian doctrine: "they appear further to postulate, and only are applicable if the further postulate is made, that all expectations are perfectly correct."
Now, this perfect expectation postulate can be -- and has been -- shrugged off as a merely heuristic "convenient approximation" that enables the economist "to study in isolation, tendencies which in the world of reality operate with many others" (Robbins, 1935). But, as Hutchison emphasized, the consequences of such a "simplification" are not so easily waved aside. He cited Frank Knight:
"With uncertainty absent, man's energies are devoted altogether to doing things; it is doubtful whether intelligence itself would exist in such a situation; in a world so built that perfect knowledge was theoretically possible, it seems likely that all organic readjustment would become mechanical, all organisms automata."Hutchison followed this quotation with the observation that it is misleading to attribute rationality to "this sort of conceptual marionette" because the decision process becomes superfluous when results are known beforehand. In one example, he compared the logical impossibility of perfect expectation to the liar's paradox: "A person's conduct cannot both be given to someone else who may adjust his own accordingly, and still be adjustable by the person."
1937 was a banner year for economic articles addressing uncertainty. In addition to Hutchison's article, the following were published: Coase's "The Nature of the Firm," Hayek's "Economics and Knowledge" and Keynes's response to critiques of his General Theory in The Quarterly Journal of Economics. In his article, Keynes observed that uncertainty about the indefinitely distant future renders the accumulation of wealth "a peculiarly unsuitable subject for the methods of the classical economic theory." Of course that "peculiarly unsuitable subject" happened to be none other than the very one the classical theory purported to illuminate -- with, as Senior put it, "certainty and universality."
"Exactly a year before Nassau W. Senior discovered at Manchester, that the profit (including interest) of capital is the product of the last hour of the twelve, he had announced to the world another discovery. 'I substitute,' he proudly says, 'for the word capital, considered as an instrument of production, the word abstinence.'" -- Karl MarxAbstinence was the basis of Senior's theory of interest. Interest is a payment to the lender of money for the service of abstaining, for the time being, from consumption. According to Waterman, Senior "was the most important writer on scope and method among the classical economists, and the one whose work was most influential for the twentieth century development of economic methodology."
Some 26 years after Senior delivered his inaugural lecture at Oxford, Cardinal Newman, in his inaugural lectures at the Catholic University of Ireland, rebuked Senior for the presumptuousness of the claims he had made on behalf of political economy. Newman characterized Senior's argument as "just so far true, as to be able to instil what is false."
Newman quoted Senior's assertion that "The endeavour to accumulate the means of future subsistence and enjoyment, is to the mass of mankind, the great source of moral improvement." Newman interjected to exclaim that Senior had rated the pursuit of wealth as "not merely a source, but the great source" of not merely "social and political progress—such an answer would have been more within the limits of his art,—no, but of something individual and personal, 'of moral improvement.'"
That was only the warm up. To Senior's claim that "No institution could be more beneficial to the morals of the lower orders... than one which should increase their power and their wish to accumulate..." Newman observed that this excluded Christianity, "for it expressly says, 'Lay not up to yourselves treasures on earth... for where thy treasure is, there is thy heart also."
"But it is not enough that morals and happiness are made to depend on gain and accumulation," Newman exclaimed, continuing:
"...the practice of Religion is ascribed to these causes also, and in the following way. Wealth depends upon the pursuit of wealth; education depends upon wealth; knowledge depends on education; and Religion depends on knowledge; therefore Religion depends on 'the pursuit of wealth.'"Thus did Nassau W. Senior deduce faith and redemption from usury, while redefining usury as "abstinence." Medieval canon law strictly condemned usury and prescribed excommunication as the punishment for usurers, excluding them from the sacraments of the church and the from society of other Christians. How did such a remarkable doctrinal reversal, from sin to sacrament, come about?
The history of double-entry bookkeeping offers a clue. Surely one of the motivations for early modern merchants to adopt the novel and challenging technique was to "prove an alibi" against suspicions of usury. Some of the financial instruments for evading the prohibition were complicated, to say the least:
"The canonist doctrine on usury had a profound influence on business practices, since interest could not be charged openly but had to be concealed under some form or other. As a result of the usury prohibition, bills were never discounted but were bought at a rate of exchange which fluctuated up and down according to the conditions prevailing in the money market. There is no doubt that interest was received by the banker who invested his money in the purchase of bills, for a hidden interest was included in the rate of exchange. Because of this subterfuge, the structure of the money market was such that exchange fluctuations were caused either by a change in the rate of interest or by a change in the terms of international trade."
"The ledgers of medieval bankers do not contain any account called Interest Income. Nor is there any account for Interest Expense. It is true that the Italian merchant-bankers often paid interest on time deposits, but it was called deposit, discrezione, dono (gift), guadagno (gain), or provedigione (commission). The use of the word 'interest' itself was avoided like the plague.
True, interest was concealed in the exchange rates, but the presence of the interest factor was boldly denied. The merchants argued -- and the canonists agreed -- that exchange transactions did not involve a mutuum or a loan of money for certain gain. It is quite true that the profit on individual exchange transactions was uncertain.And so, we return at last to uncertainty, this time as an alibi for the certain gain of usury. But I have interrupted de Roover's narrative. There is more:
"As the analysis of our data reveals, it did happen that occasionally the lender lost. Nevertheless, the reasoning of the canonists was fallacious: they overlooked an essential point, namely, that the presence of the time factor tipped the scales in favor of the banker. While he suffered a few losses, the banker was bound to gain on most transactions, if he was a clever and cautious manager. Losses occurred only when the exchange rates were not in a position of equilibrium. Such a condition could not persist over a long period of time, for the economic forces of the money market automatically tended toward the restoration of equilibrium."de Roover possibly overstated the case for the automatic restoration of equilibrium. But his point remains valid that the usual tendency toward equilibrium in the foreign exchange market favored the banker "if he was a clever and cautious manager."
Sections 5 and 6 of Hutchison's article address, respectively, "Perfect Expectation and Equilibrium" and "The Assumption of a 'Tendency' Towards Equilibrium." "The position of equilibrium," he argued at the beginning of section 6, "has always been the very central concept of economic analysis." In section 5 he had cited Oscar Morgenstern's argument that the postulate of perfect expectations "may give a nonsensical indeterminate situation the very reverse of equilibrium." Conversely, Knight, Hicks and Pigou argued that the postulate of perfect expectation is necessary for equilibrium theory.
Leaving aside some ostensively universal political economy and thinking instead in terms of Venetian merchant-bankers' interest on loans -- interest concealed within rates of exchange -- uncertainty, perfect expectation and the tendency toward equilibrium all play their roles in assuring both probable profit and usurious deniability to the bankers. The probability of gain is a qualitative one and thus not calculable. All the better to allay suspicion.
This just in: At the end of an appendix to Significance and Basic Postulates of Economic Theory, Hutchison remarked, "It must always be remembered that laissez faire and equilibrium doctrines had their origin in rationalistic Utopia-building." In the footnote to that comment, he cited the 1931 article by S. Bauer, "Origine utopique et métaphorique de la théorie du "laissez faire" et de l'équilibre naturel." Below is an abstract of that article:
9538. BAUER, STEPHANE. Origine utopique et métaphorique de la théorie du "laissez faire" et de l'équilibre naturel. [Utopian and metaphoric origin of the theory of 'laissez faire' and of natural equilibrium.] Rev. d'Êcon. Pol. 45(6) Nov.-Dec 1931: 1589-1602.
A re-examination of the origins of laissez faire gives rise to three observations: (1) the theory of laissez faire was originally conceived as a utopia; (2) it developed as an abuse of a metaphor; (3) this utopian metaphor has perpetuated itself into the 19th century in the guise of a theory of equilibrium. Economic laissez faire was utopian, i.e. far from the facts, and purely intellectual in origin, since both in France and England the corn markets of the 18th century were regulated. The metaphoric use of laissez faire carried over from the Pyrrhonean theory of medicine was current not only in Boisguillebert, d'Argenson, Gournay, and the Marquis of Casaux but is found in and old Spanish book by Balthasar Gracian, Oraculo Manual (1647) which was translated into French and was very popular in the 18th century. Indeed the whole concept of the sovereign and perfect character of nature can be traced through the Renaissance back to the Stoics. The medical analogy marks the work of the Physiocrats, of Adam Smith and of Cournot. Rodbertus protested against this point of view by setting "anthropocracy" in opposition to "physiocracy." Further protests are coming from those who explain economic phenomena in terms of economic institutions rather than in terms of deviation from a rigid system of equilibrium.


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Preface: I wrote this series of articles to show how to get excellent results in body work with simple tools. It's intended to be a guide for the novice body worker trying to save money, and covers only surface preparation prior to painting. Not everybody can afford the big air compressor and special tools associated with this kind of work for what may be a one time job. I'm into my third full restoration and sixth paint job, and still prefer to keep it simple. I hope this little piece will help someone because any day I can help someone is a good day for both of us. Click here to see all articles in this series
- John D. Weimer
So, you thought 'jamming' was a group of musicians getting together and trying to out play one another and having a good time. Nope! Not when it comes to cars.
'Jambing' a car is somewhat different than 'jamming musicians', and if you call wearing your fingernails down into odd shapes, poking little holes in your fingers and hands, and generally working your fingers to the bone fun, you'll enjoy SANDING JAMB AREAS.
Jamb areas are around door jambs, door edges, the bottom of the hood, the engine bay, and all the places that must be jambed-in (painted) before you shoot the overall color coat. It' a major portion of what that two or three grand you drop on a body shop goes for. Most of what you buy is "grunt" work. The actual color coat paint, hardener, reducer, and clear coat, (if you use a two stage system) costs maybe $400.00, depending on color and paint type, and the painter himself spends only about an hour with your car.
Before that comes, however, all the grunt work.
Every nook and cranny you see in this photo--and plenty you can't--has to be sanded before you paint. It is imperative that nothing be missed or the finish coat will not have a solid foundation to bond to, and will begin to peel off in a year or so. It took about six hours to work out the areas you see here. The underside of this hood took about three hours before I was satisfied with it. Nine hours for the engine area alone seems like quite a while, eh?
Well, boys and girls, that's after degreasing and scrubbing all that, sanding the original finish, and priming it to the point you see here. That puts it at no less than eighteen hours multiplied by the body shop rate because most under hood areas easier to work than this one.
How much money can you save by doing it yourself?
Go figure. Wait, there's more.
Sanding Supplies
About all you need for jamb sanding is a couple pieces of 3M # 7447 Scotchbrite pad, some 320 dry paper and maybe a piece of 180 dry paper. Scotchbrite pads seem handier if cut into 3 or 4 pieces.
The pieces you see here are 1/3 of a full pad. The waded up "worn out" piece is far from worn out. That stuff never quits working and you can use it until it wears away to nothing. You can get in the tiniest crevice, it cuts fast, and doesn't produce any deep scratches. You can wad it into a 1/4" wide weather-strip channel and have it sanded in a jiffy. Notice the 320 paper looks like a small square. It is actually 1/3 sheet folded in thirds. Whether you're dry or wet sanding the paper is easier to work and control when folded in thirds and you can end up using every bit of the paper when folded this way.
The Scotch-brite alone works well on most surfaces, but when priming into many of these type areas they'll always be some blow out and stick to surfaces in a nearly dry state. You'll feel where they are as soon as the Scotchbrite hits them, they feel kind of like sandpaper.
Grab the 320 give the area a couple of swipes, the nibs are gone, and go over it with the Scotchbrite to retain a uniform surface. If you happen onto a run, you can knock it off quick by finger sanding with the 180 then hit it with the other two.
The Sanding Block
This is so basic that I've never seen it in a painting article, but I'm not assuming everybody knows it.
Standard size sander blocks are sized to the sandpaper. You can measure the paper with the block as in the picture or you can fold the paper in half tear it off and fold those pieces in half again and separate them. In any case one sheet of paper will make four useful pieces. Wet or Dry paper is really tough so you'll mess up now and then. The preferred method is to fold the paper with the abrasive side out, pinch it together as tight as you can then tear it using a sharp edge as shown here.
I use the pieces on the block, (of course), folded in third for hand sanding, and cut a paint stick to the width of a sander block and wrap the paper tightly around it. The stick is a super handy combination of block and hand sanding for small areas or large. It's not quite as accurate as a block sanding on flat areas, but I find it makes wet sanding a lot easier on your hand. I always follow up either method with hand sanding, dry the part, then run over it with a Scotchbrite pad. The Scotchbrite just gets the entire surface uniform while removing a minimum of material.
Sanding Technique
Keep an eye on your fingers when hand sanding, you may want to start off wearing a latex or nitrile glove to save wear and tear on yourself. I once wore the skin on my fingers so thin I started bleeding right through it before I knew what was happening, put a latex glove on and kept going.
Remember to spot prime any areas where you happen to sand through to metal, let it dry, and Scotchbrite it.
The next step is to wash everything with plain water and powerful stream from a hose nozzle or pressure washer. This gets rid of all sanding dust, abrasives that have worn off the sandpaper, and bugs; especially spiders. Those little devils will take up residence in the tiniest places, so wash them out good, the hardiest ones will run out onto your paint when you start spraying.
I like to wash everything the afternoon before I intend to paint, stand it up against something and let it dry overnight. The next morning I'll turn the doors, hood, etc 90 degrees just in case some water stayed in there somewhere and let them set while I do my masking and prepare to paint.
Pro Tips
A minor point, but usually forgotten. Screw the attaching bolts in wherever they belong before jamming and when you're done they're painted too. If washers are involved set them about like on the lower yellow bolt and they'll get painted on both sides just as a matter of course. What little paint gets on exposed threads is of no matter, and it's easier to clean the bolt than the jamb nut.
Here's a neat trick: Mask the door from the inside while you're outside. It's the only way to get it right. Start at the straightest side and keep working it until you have an arm, then hand, then finger hole at the bottom.


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Today, a World War II training film produced by the Army Air Force animation division, The First Motion Picture Unit (FMPU): Elementary and Pylon Eights (1944) – one of a "Lazy 8″ series – featuring the characters "Wilbur Right" and "Wilbur Wrong".
This complete 16mm print recently came up for auction on Ebay, and the characters turn out to be the creation of Gus Arriola (1917-2008), creator of the comic strip "Gordo" (1941-1985). In Arriola's biography, Accidental Ambassador Gordo by Robert C. Harvey and Gus Arriola, published in 2000 by the University Press of Mississippi, Harvey explains the creation of the characters Wilbur Right and Wilbur Wrong:
"Among the animation projects Arriola worked on (for the First Motion Picture Unit) were films teaching cadets in flying schools the correct procedures. For these, he created a couple of cartoon characters, Wilbur Right and Wilbur Wrong. The animated figures were superimposed on live-action footage, demonstrating the right way to do something as well as the wrong way and its consequences."
There is also a production story that seems to touch on the making of this particular entry in the Wilbur Right and Wrong series, "Lazy 8's":
"Arriola spent most of his three year tour of duty in California, but once he went with his director (perhaps Frank Thomas?) to Randolph Field in Texas. The director wanted to interview the head of pilot training on the AT aircraft. 'They took us up for a demonstration,' Arriola remembered with a rueful grin. 'And they did all kinds of acrobatics–lazy eights and different dives and loops and all that. Luckily the trainer had a greenhouse cockpit cover, and I slipped it back so I could get my head out. They had to wash the side of the plane after we landed.' He chuckled."
Arriola's comic strip "Gordo" was launched in November of 1941; In December, the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred, and Gus found himself drafted by 1942 and "Gordo" was put on hold for awhile, until Gus settled at the FMPU and could go home nights. That's where he found time to continue the Sunday page for the duration.
Gus Arriola had quite a background in animation, starting in 1936 at the Charles Mintz studio, then working at the newly-formed MGM cartoons studio, working at first with Milt Gross. When Hugh Harman and Rudy Ising came on the lot as producers, Gus did assistant animation at first, then joined the story department and did boards and character models on shorts like The Lonesome Stranger, where the nascent Gordo was developed as a barrel chested Mexican bandit. To make the bandido into Gordo, Arriola just slid his chest down into his stomach, and gave him a big sombrero. Gus also designed the little weed character in Dance of the Weed, which Mike Lah animated, and Ivan Scavinsky Scavar, from Abdul the Bulbul Ameer, which Irv Spence and George Gordon animated. After a stint as an assistant, Gus never became an animator and thought animation too precise a profession. He preferred to design characters and draw storyboards.
It's unclear who were the animators on "Lazy 8's", but Frank Thomas may have contributed, perhaps Amby Paliwoda, and other draftees who served at Fort Roach. The animation is a funny combination of full and limited, when Wilbur Wrong looks all around himself in the cockpit as a safety check, the blurry multiple heads are handled in a cycle, when Wilbur Wrong's plane crashes, it falls apart in a burst of parts with full animation.
Also handled in full animation are some gags in "Lazy 8's "which are expanded barnyard humor, as an alarmed cow with a big trailing udder tries to escape the low-flying propellor of Wilbur Wrong's plane. The subtext of this business is the old washerwoman cliche; "Don't get your tits in the wringer".
It's clear that the Snafu cartoons were an influence on Arriola's character design of the two Wiburs, and that the vulgarity and sexy suggestiveness were appropriated from the Snafu series as well. Wait until you see what the animators did with Arriola's ideas for the cows udder! It's unique. There's also a beautiful scene that's a pan set-up over photostats as Wilbur Right's plane flies from one wall chart to another.
The film also features a live-action on-camera narrator – character actor James Seay as the flight instructor – shot on sound stages at Fort Roach (Hal Roach Studios) in Culver City.
We have no idea of how many films were in the Wilbur Right and Wrong series, as the preservation record of the FMPU's cartoon training films is very scant. The print we are using here is a 16mm original from 1944, in remarkably good condition for it's age, we can only guess at what happened to the original negative for this subject. One of the only films from the FMPU era that has wide circulation is Camouflage, a two-reel color subject directed by Frank Thomas, some of the cels have survived from Camouflage as well. It's fortunate that 16mm film was diacetate and triacetate safety base, as these training films were shipped all over the world, and a few prints have survived to this day.
Camouflage is on Thunderbean's Cartoons For Victory dvd; A slightly edited print of Elementary and Pylon Eights is also contained on More Cartoons For Victory.
I love the early Gordo strips that resemble Arriola's early character designs for MGM cartoons, here's the first few dailies from 1941 (click to enlarge):
Mark Kaulser blogs regularly at Mark Kausler's CatBlog. (Special Thanks: Ed Hulse and Steve Stanchfield)


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Commonfare groups give you the chance to create your own currency to use within the group. This is an advanced feature that requires some technical experience to set up an instance of the Social Wallet API. While you can do this manually, we have sought to make the process more straightforward for those who have experience with Docker and Docker compose, command line tools, and a bit of server configuration.
If you want to know more about groups, check the tutorial.
Creating a currency
To create your Group Currency, you need to be an admin of the group.
Go to your group page, then click 'Create currency'.
You will be asked to insert:
- Name of the currency
- Code of the currency (the equivalent of USD for US Dollars)
- Endpoint
- API key
How to get the endpoint and the API key
Note: this part uses more technical language. If you don't understand, ask someone who might have experience with programming and servers.
For security and privacy reasons, Commonfare won't host the instance of your currency. You will need to generate an endpoint and API key by yourself, which means also that you have the complete control on your group currency.
This means that you have to run it on a server of your own, which can be accessed from the Internet through a domain name or a IP address.
1) Set up your server
The first thing you need to set up is a server. If you don't have a particular preference, or you don't already have your own server, one option is to use the Amazon Web Services, which has a free option. In addition they provide detailed documentation to get started with Docker, which is important for the next step.
2) Install the Social Wallet on your server
The currency backend system is provided by an open source tool called Social Wallet, that you have to instantiate by yourself. There are several way for doing this, and the one that we suggest is by installing and running the 'dockerized version' of the Social Wallet on your server. You can find this dockerized version on github, along with the instructions for configuring and running it.
If you would prefer not to use Docker, you can manually set up the Social Wallet API (and get your Endpoint URL and API key) following the instructions here.
3) Add the endpoint URL and API Key in Commonfare
Once you have successfully installed and started the Social Wallet on your server, you can copy and paste the endpoint (e.g. https://mysocialwallet.online:3000/wallet/v1) and the API key in the 'Create currency' page of commonfare.net.
4) Use the currency
Congratulations, the currency has been created: all the group members will now have their own wallet. They will be able to find it on their group page, and can make transactions with other Commoners in the group as you would with Common Coin (see the tutorial here).
Admins have also access to the central wallet. It works as any other wallet, except for the fact that this is the only wallet can have a negative balance, in order to be able to generate currency to be distributed to the group members.
Do you have questions or remarks about this tutorial? Write a comment below!