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Bakersfield, Calif., June 30, 2015 Need to connect PROFINET and Modbus devices? ProSoft Technology has four new gateways that help users do just that:
All four gateways enable bi-directional data transfers. The gateways support disaster recovery through an optional SD card, allowing for configuration recovery if an issue arises. For more information about the gateways, visit http://psft.com/A67.
These gateways join our PLX30 family of gateways, which also includes the EtherNet/IP™ to PROFINET Device Gateway.
ProSoft Technology: Where Automation Connects
ProSoft Technology specializes in the development of industrial communication solutions for automation and control applications. Our primary focus is to provide a connectivity interface that links dissimilar automation networks as seamlessly as if they were all from the same supplier. Essentially, ProSoft Technology products act as an interpreter so data can flow easily between machines that speak different languages. ProSoft Technology products include plug-in interfaces for large automation suppliers' controllers such as Rockwell Automation®, as well as stand-alone gateways and industrial wireless solutions. ProSoft products can be found in nearly every industry that employs automation. Starting with one computer chip in 1988, ProSoft Technology now has over 400 products supporting more than 60 different industrial computer languages. Our goal is to support our customers from pre-sales through the entire life-cycle of the application. With 500 distributors in 52 countries and Regional Offices in Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, Latin America and North America, ProSoft Technology is able to provide quality products with free technical support to customers worldwide.


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Port Authority® Youth Charger Jacket. Y328
All the hardworking performance of our favorite bomber-style jacket--at an exceptionally good price. The Charger Jacket withstands cold temps with a water-resistant shell, warm heavyweight fleece lining and insulated sleeves. Dyed-to-match lining and zippers give it a clean, cohesive look. |
- 100% polyester Taslan shell
- 100% polyester fleece body lining
- 100% polyester heavyweight sleeve lining with 3-ounce polyfill
- Vislon® zipper
- Front zippered pockets
- Interior pocket
- Rib knit cuffs and waistband
- Port Pocket for easy embroidery access

subset: commoncrawl


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Shelf Life
The refrigerator had stood in its place for many months but now Pesach was approaching and it would have to be moved
As its small wheels grudgingly struggled through months of sticky under-fridge grunge, a white object came into view; stiff as a board, but devoid of even a hint of mould, a flawless monolithic slice of white bread greeted the first light of day it had seen in many a month.
I marveled at our chemical society that manages to immortalize the transient with no less skill than an Egyptian embalmer.
The Torah (Shemot 12:17) tells us to guard the matzot from becoming chametz. Rashi comments that the word matzot can be read as mitzvot, meaning that just as we should guard the matzot from tardiness, similarly we should not delay our performance of mitzvot; rather when a mitzva comes to hand, we should do it immediately.
This Rashi is perplexing: Rashi is the parshan par excellence; he tells us the literal meaning of the Torah. It's not his style to deliver homilies.
Secondly, the comparison is difficult to comprehend; there's an enormous gulf between not doing a miztva in a timely fashion and chametz. For delaying a mitzva one receives no punishment at all, the punishment for eating chametz, on the other hand, is karet, spiritual excision and premature death.
Quite a difference!
The basis of all atheism is the perception that the world has always been here and always will be here. It's an easy mistake to make. Time seems immutable. We divide time into minutes and seconds, but that's only for our convenience. To the untutored eye, time is a megalithic existence with no beginning or end. Time just is.
The very first word in the Torah – Bereshet - comes to contradict that presumption. Bereshet, "In the beginning…" G-d created beginning. Time itself is a creation.
In Hebrew, the word for time is zman. The same root appears in the word hazmana, which the Talmud uses to mean "preparation." Time's greatest lie is that each moment seems to be prepared from the moment that precedes it; that each moment obliges the one that follows.
All we really see when we look at the flame is the combustion of that split-second, for as soon as it shines, that particular flame is burned and gone forever. The flame you see in the next second is a different flame, and the moment after that there is yet another flame …and another …and another…
We know that each nanosecond of a burning fire is a separate event, yet the flame gives every appearance of being continuous.
The Medrash describes how G-d ade Himself known to Avraham Avinu: Avraham was like a traveler who sees a great building ablaze with light and remarks that such a building must have an owner. Avraham Avinu looked at the creation and saw that this world must also have an owner.
In Hebrew, the expression "ablaze with light" could also mean "ablaze with fire." In other words, Avraham saw that this world was like a burning flame, that every single second was a discrete existence; he saw the seeming continuity and immutability of Time was a lie.
It was this perception that showed G-d that Avraham was worthy to be shown the reality behind the lie, and the Creator of time appeared to Avraham.
The truth of this world is that God re-makes the world every single second. Every moment is like a flame that blazes and is then replaced with another.
Matza has only two ingredients: flour and water.Bread has a third ingredient.
The addition of time to matza turns it into chametz. A mitzva is an expression of the will of G-d.Doing a mitzva in a tardy fashion, places it into the domain of time. And there can be no greater lie than that.
Pesach is the birthday of the Jewish People; Our mission and the mission of the Torah is to proclaim that G-d creates reality every single second; time has no independent existence of its own.
Therefore during Pesach, right at the beginning of our mission in this world, we avoid the food that embodies time – bread - and eat matza, the spiritual food that is above time.


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Once again, It's time to present this week's statuette of shame, The Golden Weasel!!
Every Tuesday, the Council nominates some of the slimiest, most despicable characters in public life for some deed of evil, cowardice or corruption they've performed. Then we vote to single out one particular Weasel for special mention, to whom we award the statuette of shame, our special, 100% plastic Golden Weasel. This week's nominees were all disgusting, but the votes are in and we have our winner… the envelope please…
Squeaker of the House, Obama Doormat and RINO extraordinaire, John Boehner!!
The Noisy Room: John Boehner for betraying his conservative base and aligning himself with Obama and the Progressives on the Left. In the CRominbus bill, he gave everything and more to Obama on every Progressive issue addressed. It was a breathtaking act of treason against conservatives and the Tea Party.
I agree wholeheartedly with Sean Hannity:
"John 'Gruber' Boehner, two days after the midterm elections, talking tough on the issue of amnesty, but unfortunately, that's all it was. Because today it's conservatives who feel like they've been burned as the Speaker aligned himself with the president, with Harry Reid, Steny Hoyer and Joe Biden to pass a spending bill a short time ago," Hannity said.
"John Boehner 'Grubered' conservatives tonight and by that, I mean, the conservative base in particular, and Michele Bachmann hit the nail on the head," he continued. "He never would have done this before the election. He has no inspiring vision and to me, he is everything that is wrong with Washington. He is a Democratic Party-lite. He doesn't have those bold colored differences that Reagan talked about. And he should, in my view, he should not be the Speaker and should be replaced."
Boehner would not even speak, much less negotiate with conservatives on this and he implemented a provision that would effectively raise the amount that high net-worth donors can contribute to political party committees from $97,250 to $777,600, which was an egregious slap in the face to the Tea Party and conservatives. It basically ensures that fat cats are the only ones who can afford to run and it is a blatant attempt to shut out Tea Party candidates.
Time to go RINO hunting as Sarah Palin put it. Lock and load.
The Independent Sentinel: John Boehner is unquestionably my choice for weasel of the week, perhaps for the month, no the year. He said he would stand up to Barack Obama before the election, but the only ones he has stood up to are conservative Republicans. When it looked as if the budget wouldn't pass, he pressured conservatives and when that didn't work, he went to the far-left Steny Hoyer and Barack Obama to get the bill passed.
Boehner tweeted this on December 11th: "By the House's action, we are setting up a direct challenge to the president's unilateral actions on immigration next month…″
Horse feathers!!!
Boehner pushed through a budget that funds amnesty. The Republicans have nothing to fight with next year. We can't defund the DHS.
They won't fight anyway.
Any fight is always pushed off into the future with this phony.
He betrayed the people who put Republicans in control of the House and the Senate. My second runner up for weasel is Karl Rove who is pleased that we are on our way towards having a budget as if that were the end all and be all. We passed an exorbitant spending bill that funds all of Obama's lawless actions and neither Karl Rove or John Boehner appear to care about the Constitution in all of this.
VA Right: I'm going to go with John Boehner and his lead from behind deal with Barack Obama on the Omnibus bill.
The voters made this a wave election, not to get the Republicans to work with the Democrats, but to get them to push back. Boehner gave up an entire year of leverage and opportunity. He managed to prove that Republicans are not the answer either.
Yes, John Boehner came out ahead in a crowded and despicable field to walk off with the honors. Like some of our other winners, this is something of a life time achievement award for excellence in Weaseldom rather than simply a recognition of his extraordinary performance during the current lame duck session. Remember when he first took over as Speaker back in 2011 and had us all convinced he was a fine, conservative choice?
Woo yeah, Mr. Speaker, boy did we fall for that one! And I bet you and your friends had a big laugh over it too!
Well, at any rate, I at least want to commend you for being a good sport and showing up in person to get your well-earned Weasel… please come to the stage Speaker Boehner!
Speaker Boehner… umm Speaker Boehner, I realize… I know it's an emotional moment for you sir, but could you please stop… no I don't want a hug sir… yech, you're getting it all over me! Please, someone get me a towel…!
Well, there it is.
Check back next Tuesday to see who next week's nominees for Weasel of the Week are!
Make sure to tune in every Monday for the Watcher's Forum and remember, every Wednesday, the Council has its weekly contest with the members nominating two posts each, one written by themselves and one written by someone from outside the group for consideration by the whole Council. The votes are cast by the Council and the results are posted on Friday morning.
It's a weekly magazine of some of the best stuff written in the blogosphere and you won't want to miss it… or any of the other fantabulous Watcher's Council content.
And don't forget to like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter… 'cause we're cool like that, y'know?


text:
a service of the Baltimore Jazz Alliance
Welcome to the BJA calendar! We hope you like it, but please feel free to contact us (email@example.com) with any issues you experience.
This calendar is a community-powered public service of the Baltimore Jazz Alliance. For information and to submit events, visit events.baltimorejazz.com
Paul Walton + Greg Thomkins
::club date/restaurant, Woodberry Kitchen::In-person, Outdoor, No-cover
For questions about the calendar or to report incorrect or inappropriate content, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
See the Best County to Live in for Every State
What makes the best county in each state? Often it's a good mix of opportunities for fun outdoor activities and cultural attractions. Throw in some historical sites, good schools, job opportunities, and affordable housing, and the county will most likely have happy residents.
Stacker compiled a list of the best places to live using 2020 data from Niche. Niche ranks counties based on various factors, including public schools, jobs, and living costs. You can read more about Niche and the way they determine the best counties in each state by looking at their methodology.
The places on this list include an Alaskan borough whose bay remains open year-round, which keeps its economy humming. Huntsville, Alabama was nicknamed Rocket City for the work people in town did to get spaceships to the moon. Others, such as Fairfield County, Connecticut, have drawn on financial services to fund their tax base. One of the wealthiest of the counties is in California, its fate tied up with Silicon Valley.


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French couturière Coco Chanel pinning a sleeve in 1962. |
"The opposite of luxury is not poverty because in the houses of the poor you can smell a good pot au feu. The opposite is not simplicity for there is beauty in the corn-stall and barn, often great simplicity in luxury, but there is nothing in vulgarity, its complete opposite."
So Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel (1883—1971) told photographer Cecil Beaton in 1966.


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TL;DR I passed. :P Here's a run-down of what the experience was like.
Up-front disclaimer: I work for Acquia. However, I was not involved in the creation of Acquia Certification and had no insight to the test beforehand apart from a single sample question. I'm also writing this on my personal blog, rather than Acquia.com, because these are *my* thoughts/impressions, and haven't been vetted by anyone else. :) Carry on!
Some background
I'm originally from the United States (Duck, Duck, Gray Duck represent!) and moved to Canada in my early 20s to be with my now wife of 15 years. :) I had no family in Canada and very little work experience, so my only option was to come into Canada as a student. As a foreign student in Canada, you are only allowed to earn money through a job at the school you're attending. So, since I was already a huge nerd who'd been building all of my family's computers since I was a teenager, I knuckled down and got my A+ Certification and then taught computer hardware and A+ prep courses in the evenings.
So while I empathize with detractors of certification, and I'm sure lots of people would criticize A+ Certification in particular—and they'd pretty much be right on all counts—I do think certifications have their place. For me, it was an important enabler at a time when I was young and unestablished in my career, which allowed me to combine what I already knew from hands-on experience with a bit of book-cramming to get a piece of paper that allowed me to get a quite decent job. Many of the people I taught were older adults doing late-life career changes, or younger people like me trying to augment skills and knowledge they'd acquired as hobbyists into something that could be meaningful to a prospective employer (or at least their HR department).
My interest in teaching is also what got me into Drupal in the first place. During Google Summer of Code in 2005, Drupal stood out among the list of mentoring organizations, not just because I'd seen it used on the old Spread Firefox website (which originally put Drupal on my radar), but also because one of the GSoC project ideas was the Quiz module, which could help educators like me deliver web-based learning built on open source software. Cool! So I applied to write Quiz module for Drupal, and lo-and-behold that decision seems to have worked out pretty well. ;)
However, although I've been very active in the Drupal community for almost 10 years(!), the last time I actually built a Drupal site of any level of seriousness was back in the Drupal 6 era, circa 2009. In late 2008, I was becoming more of a "project manager" at work while at the same time I was appointed Drupal 7 core co-maintainer (which basically made me a "project manager" in the community as well), so although I read lots and lots of code, my knowledge of day-to-day troubleshooting of "real world" problems on Drupal sites is on much shakier ground these days. OTOH, I could tell you the reason behind almost every weird inconsistency in core, and also the names of all the main core developers' pets, so you know, there's that. ;)
So, basically, I have a background in both taking and delivering training around certification, so I was of course intrigued to see what Acquia's take on Drupal certification was all about, and how it compared. I was also very curious how I would do on this exam, given I have several years of hard-fought "real world" experience on Drupal 4.6 => Drupal 6, but then much more academic (although deeply academic, since I read most of the core patches at one point or another) knowledge of Drupal 7, though a lot of it lost to the fog of Drupal 8, where we're actively removing most of that stuff. ;)
Start by taking a look at the Acquia Certified Developer Exam Blueprint which nicely outlines the "domains" (subject matter) that the test covers:
Domain 1.0: Fundamental Web Development Concepts
1.1. Demonstrate knowledge of HTML and CSS
1.2. Identify PHP programing concepts
1.3. Identify JavaScript and jQuery programing concepts
1.4. Demonstrate the use of Git for version controlDomain 2.0: Site Building
2.1 Demonstrate ability to create and configure Content Types with appropriate fields and field settings for building basic data structures
2.2. Demonstrate ability to configure field display and view modes for content types
2.3 Demonstrate ability to create and use Taxonomy vocabularies and terms for classification and organization of content
2.4 Demonstrate ability to configure Blocks for building layouts from information widgets
2.5 Demonstrate ability to build main and alternative navigation systems by using Menus
2.6 Demonstrate ability to create and configure Views for building content list pages, blocks and feedsDomain 3.0: Front end development (theming)
3.1 Given a scenario, demonstrate ability to create a custom theme or sub theme
3.2 Demonstrate knowledge of theming concepts
3.3 Demonstrate ability to build or override PHP templates for defining layout content
3.4 Demonstrate ability to use theme () functions for overriding custom output
3.5 Demonstrate ability to write template pre-process functions for overriding custom outputDomain 4.0: Back end development (coding)
4.1 Demonstrate ability to develop Custom Modules using Drupal API for extending Drupal functionality
4.2 Demonstrate ability to work with Drupal's Database Abstraction Layer for managing tables and CRUD operations on data
4.3 Demonstrate ability to debug code and troubleshoot site problems
4.4 Demonstrate ability to write code using Drupal Coding Standards
4.5 Demonstrate ability to analyze and resolve site performance issues arising from site configuration and custom code
4.6 Demonstrate ability to analyze and resolve security issues arising from site configuration and custom code
My impression of this curriculum-wise is that it's a pretty complete list. If someone actually has knowledge of all of these concepts, as well as a couple of years experience learning what to do / what not to do in practical terms, they'd be a really decent, well-rounded Drupal developer.
One thing I'd love to see in future revisions of the exam is a "Community" domain that demonstrates knowledge of how to engage and participate in the Drupal community. I terms of overall Drupal success, community interaction is just as fundamental a skill as knowing how to properly debug code or troubleshoot site problems, in my experience.
I've attached a "study guide" to the bottom of this post, which I prepared by going around and gathering links to free resources under each of these headings in case it's helpful to other folks rounding out their skills. (In particular, I needed to study up on performance and JavaScript, for example.) Since I prepared this before taking the exam, I don't think it will give anyone any particular advantage, but it'll at least save you a good half hour of Googling. :)
Exam pre-requisites
A couple of things you need to know ahead of time:
1) There are two ways you can take the exam: either in "real life" through one of Kryterion's worldwide test centers, or online "proctored" exam via Web Assessor.
(Note: "Proctored" sounds like something horrible that might happen to you at a doctor's office, but it means "supervised" — they are going to record your face and your computer movements while you take the test and this will be reviewed by a human to make sure you're not cheating.)
2) Whether you take it in real life or online, you *must* schedule a time for the exam at least 24 hours in advance (my bad — thanks, Wayne Eaker!). You do that at Acquia Certification Program site:
- Register for an account
- Pick the exam style you want ("onsite" vs "online" — be careful to click on the right one, the distinction is very subtle ;))
- Pay for it ($250, which puts it more on the low end... A+ is about $200 vs. Cisco/Microsoft which can be upwards of $1500). Unless of course you work for Acquia, since employees can get vouchers to take the exam for free. (Did I mention we're hiring? ;))
- Pick a date/time.
3) If you're doing the online method, you also need to download and install a software called "Sentinel Secure" to record your webcam/microphone/screen during the test (and this needs to be installed on your actual machine, not in e.g a virtual machine, since you could very easily cheat on the host machine if that were the case), as well as provide a "biometric profile." This involves typing your name like 12 times on the keyboard, and then taking a picture of your face via your web cam (you're required to have a web cam to take the test).
If all of that sounds overly creepy to you, you should register for a real-life exam instead. ;)
Taking the exam
I went the online route, and here's what that experience was like.
First, remember that you need to be at the computer the entire time until you finish the 60 question exam, which means up to 90 minutes. And while that sounds like plenty of time, the questions often require reading and re-reading to make sure you have all the details before picking an answer. So make sure you are properly hydrated, caffeinated, and have urinated ;) before your test time.
Also, make sure you are in a quiet place and don't have any "real life" distractions happening during that 90 minutes. Web Assessor doesn't mess around. For example, a co-worker had to re-take the exam because he took the test in an office setting where people were seen walking behind his desk (because they could've been looking at his screen and whispering answers to him, presumably). For my part, I started mumbling along as I was reading a question and it gave me a warning to not read the test questions aloud. :P I'm sure if I'd kept that up, I would've had to do a force-retake as well.
Then, close out of everything except for Firefox, IE, or Safari (for whatever bizarre reason you can't use Chrome). Log back into the Acquia Certification Program site and you should see a link to your exam that becomes active within a few minutes of your test time.
(Note: If you're like me and you do a dumb thing and accidentally pick the wrong date for your exam, you will find Kryterion's support actually helpful. I was able to call an 866 number and get a person on the phone within 30 seconds, and they had me up and rescdeduled in about 2 minutes. w00t!)
Once in, it'll repeat your bio profile, you'll have to agree to a terms of use which basically says you're not allowed to talk about what's on the exam (so I'll be very vague about it here), and then you're off to the races.
All questions are multiple choice. Most are single-answer, but a few are multiple answer. On any question you're allowed to check a box and "flag" it for later review, so if you're not sure of something you can always come back to it. You can review all of your answers at any time, the ones you've flagged will be starred so they stand out.
Then at the end, you'll get your mark, as well as a breakdown of how you did per-domain, and you get this e-mailed to you as well (since obviously you can't take screenshots or copy/paste out of the Secure Sentinel app :P). A few minutes later you'll also get a fancy certificate to print out and badge for your website e-mailed to you as well.
Blah, blah, blah. How'd you do already?
I got.... 85%! Which I was actually pretty happy with, especially since I've been told the highest exam mark atm is under 90%. :) (I did the worst on the "Basic Web Concepts" part. Damn you, CSS/JS.) Overall I'd say about 30% of the questions were easy for me, another 50% made me go "Hmmm" and about 20% I needed to flag, a handful of which required resorting to Wild Ass Guesses. ;)
The reason I was able to score relatively high despite my lack of extensive hands-on D7 experience is that most of the questions on the exam are "scenarios" that are highly focused around common issues you hit in the "real world" while building Drupal sites, and most of these are pretty timeless (especially the site builder-related topics). This also makes the exam much harder to "book-cram" for, because unless you've smacked your head into the desk a few times with Drupal, you could have a hard time because all of the answers at least sound plausible.
I found this format very refreshing and very unlike the A+ certification, which was to a large extent (at least back when I took it) a bunch of mindless memorization of useless facts. For example, I will forever have the number of pins in an IDE vs. floppy cable etched into my memory, even though that is completely useless knowledge because you know what? One fits, and the other one doesn't. :P~ So don't expect your ability to recite all of the hook_menu() bitmask flags from memory to help you much on this exam. (Darn, I had worked so hard on developing that party trick, too.)
I also did spot a few typos and some places where question wording could be more clear, and I'll try and work with the certification team to clean those up (it'd be nice if there was a "report a problem with this question" link for things like that). But overall, this seems like a pretty solid entry point into certification for Drupal, and I'm looking forward to see what the team comes up with for the more focused and "hardcore" exams.
Do you need to take this exam? If you've worked on Alexa top 1000 sites and/or have a great track record of public contributions on Drupal.org, obviously no: your resume speaks for itself. But if you've been prevented by either personal or professional circumstances from having built up a robust D.o profile or client base over the years, this certification seems like a pretty solid way to get your foot in the door at a Drupal company.
Attachment | Size |
AcquiaCertificationStudyGuide.pdf | 121.27 KB |
logo.png | 5.99 KB |
Well done on the result
Well done on the result webchick! This is a nice writeup, i'm sure all in the community who go for the accreditation will value the Study Guide too.
Very informative
Enjoyed reading this. Thank you!
It will be interesting to watch how this certification develops as a "defacto standard". For instance, will recruiters (both inside and outside Aquia) insist on that shiny badge in order to even grant an interview for a position as a Drupal developer/site builder/themer etc.?
Time will tell.
FWIW: I was able to sign up
FWIW: I was able to sign up for the online test on Saturday and take it 15 minutes later. Not sure if that was a bug or the 24 hour thing is not enforced. Maybe just limited availability of time slots.
Test was more challenging than I expected. Would be very hard to take a class, cram and pass, I think. The questions do a good job of evaluating real-world experience, which is pretty amazing for multiple choice test. (Study guide: Go debug a bunch of Drupal sites with performance problems.)
The code formatting issue in the answers is annoying, though. Hard to read the code when it's all on a single wrapped line, and you aren't allowed to use a pencil and paper to rewrite it out. Also a couple of the questions seemed to encourage non-best practices, though they weren't the crux of the question, so it was mainly just a distraction.
Also, please pass this on: the certification logo files they send you are too small/low quality. Hard to read the text, and you can't scale down for high ppi screens because they'd be miniscule.
Thanks for the feedback!
I passed it along to the Learning Services team. Hopefully the graphic request is easy to fulfill, seems like a very reasonable request.
Agreed that the code formatting issue, particularly on a couple of the questions where you had to differentiate between code snippets, made that more challenging than it needed to be. Might be a limitation of the system, but never hurts to check. Presumably ours can't be the only technical certification they offer. :)
The 24 hour thing was probably my mis-reading. I'll go back and edit the post. I think I read "24 hours in advance" on the tech prep stuff, and then noted that there was no link for me to take the exam until I scheduled something, then got the date wrong (see the note about having to call support). I probably could've chosen the same day and taken it within 15 minutes like you. Thanks for clearing that up!
Happy new year
Nice topic based blogging..
Thanks, Angie!
I know discussions about providing certification with Drupal has had years of arguments against it. I'm glad Acquia have stuck with it, and have found a way to provide certification which appears to have the rigour it needs to be credible.
And thanks for blogging about it, in your inimitable way ;-)
Great post
Great post Angie. This should almost be required reading for the cert. The whole online proctoring thing is a bit strange at first - Secure Sentinel really does take over your computer and the biometric stuff is scary/cool. They will know if you try to cheat!
I did my test over the weekend. I got 85% as well - I am quite proud that I matched your score :)
Works on Linux?
Excellent writeup, will come in handy when I take the test. The Sentinel software sounds crazy, but I guess adds a lot of validity to the certification itself.
Would you/anyone happen to know if it can be installed (ie test taken) on a Linux host?
I tried looking up the software, but it seems kinda new/secret.
Also curious if the
Also curious if the certification testing software supports Linux?
Based on the kerfuffle over
Based on the kerfuffle over at http://www.wunderkraut.com/blog/grumpy-swedish-developer-try-to-setup-fo..., I'm guessing not. As Jakub Suchy points out in the comments over there, there isn't an open source technology available for remotely proctored exams, and proprietary vendors tend to focus on the most common platforms. I do know that Acquia's Learning Services team is aware of this issue and they'll be talking to Kryterion to see what, if anything, they can do to expedite whatever plans might be in the works for Linux support.
Does the certification focus on a specific version like D7, or a scope of versions?
Hi Webchick,
Hi Webchick,
Is certificate is valid for some period??
I appreciate the perspective, particularly as someone who is relatively new to the Drupal community and moving back into tech after over a decade pursuing other professional options. It's nice to know that learning the material needed to pass the certification is also a good basis for obtaining the knowledge and skills needed to solve real problems encountered by Drupal devs and users every day.
Thanks for the insight
Hi webchick,
Thanks a lot for this. I have been looking into getting certified and this was exactly what I needed.
Going to pore over the study guide.
Once again. Good looking out!
I barely passed a PHP exam once
Just came across this post now, giving YOU as an example of diversity in the Drupal community for the Skillcrush mentoring community https://mightybell.com/communities/skillcrush :D
Reminds me of a PHP test a recruiter had me take. All kinds of obscure trivia nobody ever uses. Either they were looking for someone who learned it in school and has a mnemonic memory, or they don't really know how to code and picked stuff that seemed "hard" - but I passed, barely ;)
By "diversity" I mean, I was invited to a paid focus group for web developers. I was the only Open Source PHP developer; there were 5 male .NET devs, 3 of them were South Asian with H1B visas, and one was African-American; and the only female was a mobile dev. :P And none of their questions were relevant for me, half of them were about Visual Studio. lulz
PS it's friendlier to add the Captcha to the add form, instead of presenting it on preview - UX rocks!
oh sh#t that was supposed to be a "new comment" but I just clicked on "reply" on the bottom of the page :(
Well Done!
In any place I've worked, I've tried to take the certification (as long as I wasn't directly involved in the creation of it!) I'm just delving into Drupal after working with many other CMS's, and have definitely found that having a PHP and SQL background has helped, though my project planning experience has helped even more! I'm bookmarking this entry for after I've gotten some more chops and am looking to get my certification, thanks for writing this!
Thanks! ...from a fellow Acquian
Hey Angie, thanks for posting this. I just took the test and passed thanks to your helpful guide. I'm a fellow Acquian (TA in CD), by the way. :)
Kenny Carlile
Hey congrats, do you
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RFC 8070 - Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Short, Ed. Request for Comments: 8070 S. Moore Category: Standards Track P. Miller ISSN: 2070-1721 Microsoft Corporation February 2017 Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos (PKINIT) Freshness Extension Abstract This document describes how to further extend the Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos (PKINIT) extension (defined in RFC 4556) to exchange an opaque data blob that a Key Distribution Center (KDC) can validate to ensure that the client is currently in possession of the private key during a PKINIT Authentication Service (AS) exchange. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8070. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................2 1.1. Kerberos Message Flow Using KRB_AS_REQ without Pre-authentication .........................................3 1.2. Requirements Language ......................................3 2. Message Exchanges ...............................................4 2.1. Generation of KRB_AS_REQ Message ...........................4 2.2. Generation of KRB_ERROR Message ............................4 2.3. Generation of KRB_AS_REQ Message ...........................4 2.4. Receipt of KRB_AS_REQ Message ..............................5 2.5. Receipt of Second KRB_ERROR Message ........................5 3. PreAuthentication Data Types ....................................5 4. Extended PKAuthenticator ........................................6 5. IANA Considerations .............................................6 6. Security Considerations .........................................7 7. Interoperability Considerations .................................7 8. Normative References ............................................8 Acknowledgements ...................................................8 Authors' Addresses .................................................9 1. Introduction The Kerberos PKINIT extension [RFC4556] defines two schemes for using asymmetric cryptography in a Kerberos pre-authenticator. One uses Diffie-Hellman key exchange and the other depends on public key encryption. The public key encryption scheme is less commonly used for two reasons: o Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Support for PKINIT [RFC5349] only specified Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement, so it cannot be used for public key encryption. o Public key encryption requires certificates with an encryption key, which is not deployed on many existing smart cards. In the Diffie-Hellman exchange, the client uses its private key only to sign the AuthPack structure (specified in Section 3.2.1 of [RFC4556]), which is performed before any traffic is sent to the KDC. Thus, a client can generate requests with future times in the PKAuthenticator, and then send those requests at those future times. Unless the time is outside the validity period of the client's certificate, the KDC will validate the PKAuthenticator and return a Ticket-Granting Ticket (TGT) the client can use without possessing the private key. As a result, a client performing PKINIT with the Diffie-Hellman key exchange does not prove current possession of the private key being used for authentication. It proves only prior use of that key. Ensuring that the client has current possession of the private key requires that the signed PKAuthenticator data include information that the client could not have predicted. 1.1. Kerberos Message Flow Using KRB_AS_REQ without Pre-authentication Today, password-based AS exchanges [RFC4120] often begin with the client sending a KRB_AS_REQ without pre-authentication. When the principal requires pre-authentication, the KDC responds with a KRB_ERROR containing information needed to complete an AS exchange, such as the supported encryption types and salt values. This message flow is illustrated below: Client KDC AS-REQ without pre-authentication ----> <---- KRB-ERROR AS-REQ ----> <---- AS-REP TGS-REQ ----> <---- TGS-REP Figure 1 We can use a similar message flow with PKINIT, allowing the KDC to provide a token for the client to include in its KRB_AS_REQ to ensure that the PA_PK_AS_REQ [RFC4556] was not pre-generated. 1.2. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Message Exchanges The following summarizes the message flow with extensions to [RFC4120] and [RFC4556] required to support a KDC-provided freshness token during the initial request for a ticket: 1. The client generates a KRB_AS_REQ, as specified in Section 2.9.3 of [RFC4120], that contains no PA_PK_AS_REQ and includes a freshness token request. 2. The KDC generates a KRB_ERROR, as specified in Section 3.1.4 of [RFC4120], providing a freshness token. 3. The client receives the error, as specified in Section 3.1.5 of [RFC4120], extracts the freshness token, and includes it as part of the KRB_AS_REQ as specified in [RFC4120] and [RFC4556]. 4. The KDC receives and validates the KRB_AS_REQ, as specified in Section 3.2.2 of [RFC4556], then additionally validates the freshness token. 5. The KDC and client continue, as specified in [RFC4120] and [RFC4556]. 2.1. Generation of KRB_AS_REQ Message The client indicates support of freshness tokens by adding a padata element with padata-type PA_AS_FRESHNESS and padata-value of an empty octet string. 2.2. Generation of KRB_ERROR Message The KDC will respond with a KRB_ERROR [RFC4120] message with the error-code KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED [RFC4120] adding a padata element with padata-type PA_AS_FRESHNESS and padata-value of the freshness token to the METHOD-DATA object. 2.3. Generation of KRB_AS_REQ Message After the client receives the KRB-ERROR message containing a freshness token, it extracts the PA_AS_FRESHNESS padata-value field of the PA-DATA structure as an opaque data blob. The PA_AS_FRESHNESS padata-value field of the PA-DATA structure SHALL then be added as an opaque blob in the freshnessToken field when the client generates the PKAuthenticator specified in Section 4 for the PA_PK_AS_REQ message. This ensures that the freshness token value will be included in the signed data portion of the KRB_AS_REQ value. 2.4. Receipt of KRB_AS_REQ Message If the realm requires freshness and the PA_PK_AS_REQ message does not contain the freshness token, the KDC MUST return a KRB_ERROR [RFC4120] message with the error-code KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED [RFC4120] with a padata element with padata-type PA_AS_FRESHNESS and padata-value of the freshness token to the METHOD-DATA object. When the PA_PK_AS_REQ message contains a freshness token, after validating the PA_PK_AS_REQ message normally, the KDC will validate the freshnessToken value in the PKAuthenticator in an implementation- specific way. If the freshness token is not valid, the KDC MUST return a KRB_ERROR [RFC4120] message with the error-code KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED [RFC6113]. The e-data field of the error contains a METHOD-DATA object [RFC4120], which specifies a valid PA_AS_FRESHNESS padata-value. Since the freshness tokens are validated by KDCs in the same realm, standardizing the contents of the freshness token is not a concern for interoperability. 2.5. Receipt of Second KRB_ERROR Message If a client receives a KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED KRB_ERROR message that includes a freshness token, it SHOULD retry using the new freshness token. 3. PreAuthentication Data Types The following are the new PreAuthentication data types: +----------------------+-------------------+ | Padata and Data Type | Padata-type Value | +----------------------+-------------------+ | PA_AS_FRESHNESS | 150 | +----------------------+-------------------+ 4. Extended PKAuthenticator The PKAuthenticator structure specified in Section 3.2.1 of [RFC4556] is extended to include a new freshnessToken as follows: PKAuthenticator ::= SEQUENCE { cusec [0] INTEGER (0..999999), ctime [1] KerberosTime, -- cusec and ctime are used as in [RFC4120], for -- replay prevention. nonce [2] INTEGER (0..4294967295), -- Chosen randomly; this nonce does not need to -- match with the nonce in the KDC-REQ-BODY. paChecksum [3] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL, -- MUST be present. -- Contains the SHA1 checksum, performed over -- KDC-REQ-BODY. ..., freshnessToken [4] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL, -- PA_AS_FRESHNESS padata value as received from the -- KDC. MUST be present if sent by KDC ... } 5. IANA Considerations IANA has assigned numbers for PA_AS_FRESHNESS listed in a subregistry of the "Kerberos Parameters" registry titled "Pre-authentication and Typed Data" as follows: +------+-----------------+-----------+ | Type | Value | Reference | +------+-----------------+-----------+ | 150 | PA_AS_FRESHNESS | [RFC8070] | +------+-----------------+-----------+ 6. Security Considerations The freshness token SHOULD include signing, encrypting, or sealing data from the KDC to determine authenticity and prevent tampering. Freshness tokens serve to guarantee that the client had the key when constructing the AS-REQ. They are not required to be single use tokens or bound to specific AS exchanges. Part of the reason the token is opaque is to allow KDC implementers the freedom to add additional functionality as long as the tokens expire so that the "freshness" guarantee remains. 7. Interoperability Considerations Since the client treats the KDC-provided data blob as opaque, changing the contents will not impact existing clients. Thus, extensions to the freshness token do not impact client interoperability. Clients SHOULD NOT reuse freshness tokens across multiple exchanges. There is no guarantee that a KDC will allow a once-valid token to be used again. Thus, clients that do not retry with a new freshness token may not be compatible with KDCs, depending on how they choose to implement freshness validation. Since upgrading clients takes time, implementers may consider allowing both freshness-token based exchanges and "legacy" exchanges without use of freshness tokens. However, until freshness tokens are required by the realm, the existing risks of pre-generated PKAuthenticators will remain. 8. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. [RFC4120] Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S., and K. Raeburn, "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 4120, DOI 10.17487/RFC4120, July 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4120>. [RFC4556] Zhu, L. and B. Tung, "Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos (PKINIT)", RFC 4556, DOI 10.17487/RFC4556, June 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4556>. [RFC5349] Zhu, L., Jaganathan, K., and K. Lauter, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Support for Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos (PKINIT)", RFC 5349, DOI 10.17487/RFC5349, September 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5349>. [RFC6113] Hartman, S. and L. Zhu, "A Generalized Framework for Kerberos Pre-Authentication", RFC 6113, DOI 10.17487/RFC6113, April 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6113>. Acknowledgements Douglas E. Engert, Sam Hartman, Henry B. Hotz, Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos, Martin Rex, Nico Williams, and Tom Yu were key contributors to the discovery of the freshness issue in PKINIT. Sam Hartman, Greg Hudson, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Nathan Ide, Benjamin Kaduk, Bryce Nordgren, Magnus Nystrom, Nico Williams, and Tom Yu reviewed the document and provided suggestions for improvements. Authors' Addresses Michiko Short (editor) Microsoft Corporation United States of America Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Seth Moore Microsoft Corporation United States of America Email: email@example.com Paul Miller Microsoft Corporation United States of America Email: email@example.com User Contributions:Comment about this RFC, ask questions, or add new information about this topic:


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