text:
Click HereOral Interview, Glenn Willeford With Dr. Gerald G. Raun Concerning Walter Prescott Webb's The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense (1935).
"I'm Glenn Willeford and this is the eighth of April 2008. We're at the house of Dr. and Mrs. Gerald Raun in Alpine, Texas and I will be asking Dr. Raun a few questions, one of which I think is of great importance. First, Dr. Raun, what is your background at the University of Texas in Austin? What we're referring to specifically is getting around to the point of you being at the home of Walter Prescott Webb one evening as a graduate student."Raun: I was a graduate student in biology a the University of Texas 1956 to 1961 and I do not exactly remember the occasion why there were a group of us, at Walter Prescott Webb's home near the University of Texas in Austin, Bedichek was there..
Willeford: That's Roy Bedichek?
Raun: [Affirative] Perhaps he's the reason we were there because he's a naturalist.
Willeford: "All right".
Raun: But, ah, somewhere in the conversation the question was asked Dr. Webb about his book on the Texas Rangers..
Willeford: "This would be the 1930's.."
Raun: Yeah, the original. Well, its been reprinted, that's the original 1930's edition. He discussed it a little bit and said rather sadly that he was sorry that he had written it the way he did and that it desperately needed to be redone. And I think he was planning to re-do that when he was killed.
Willeford: "Okay, and how was he killed?"
Raun: "In an automobile accident; I don't remember the exact date, in the sixties I think."
Willeford: "He and his wife, if I am not mistaken."
Raun: I believe that's correct, I believe that's correct, yeah.
Willeford: "Do you remember how the subject came up that evening or was it in the afternoon?"
Raun: I'm pretty sure it was afternoon but I don't recall specifically who asked the question but somebody did bring up the subject of the book and asked him about it.
Willeford: "Did he go into any other specifics why he thought he needed to revise it?"
Raun: "No, we changed the subject, or he did probably."
Willeford: "Okay, that will end the interview. Thank you, I think this is a very important short interview." [End].
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El Paso Herald January 19, 1915. Sierra Blanca, Texas. "The body of H. F. Boykin, who was killed by H. L. Robertson at an early hour Saturday morning, was interred in the Sierra Blanca cemetery at 2:30 p.m. Monday. The casket and grave were beautifully decorated with flowers. Relatives from elsewhere who attended the funeral were: Miss Ada Boykin, sister of the deceased from San Angelo, Texas ; Miss Florence Boykin, sister, El Paso, Texas: Mrs. T. C. Armstrong, sister, El Paso, Texas; C. Barren, San Angelo, Texas; Mrs. D. M. Logan, Colorado, Texas; Bert Humphris, Marfa, Texas."
"Walter Sitters, who was fatally shot by Robertson at the same time, died about 5 p. m. Saturday evening and his body was shipped to his father's home in Valentine, and was employed by the T. O. Ranch at the time of his death. Mr. Sitters, the father, arrived Saturday, expecting to take the wounded boy to the hospital in El Paso, but the son died just a few minutes before the train arrived."
Many thanks to Doyle Phillips for the documents! Gj
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I am researching some family oral history which occurred in Presidio, likely in the summer of 1917. I am looking for a newspaper/official account of this event. Can you suggest some directions/web sites?
Hugh Fletcher
In the summer of 1917, Presidio County deputy sheriff John Fletcher Rawls, a rancher in the Casa Piedra area of Presidio County, Texas was wounded in a shootout in the Anaya Cafe on Main Street in Presidio , Texas. The gunmen were renegade members of the US Army who were protecting the border against Pancho Villa. Rawls, commissioned by Sheriff Ira Cline, of Presidio County, Texas was the only lawman in the immediate area and alone, challenged the band of seven armed men when he discovered them in a back room of the cafe with the waitresses who had been taken prisoner for sexual purposes. The waitresses were daughters of the owner, part of a family that had taken refuge in Presidio to avoid the revolution that was taking place in Northern Mexico, particularly in their home state of Chihuahua. When Rawls opened the door to the back room the shoot out began. Rawls tripped on the step to the room which was raised above the ground floor level of the main floor, and as the shooters ran past him, as he scrambled to get up off the floor, they unloaded their service pistols into him, escaping but leaving the girls unharmed. They were never identified or tried as their identities were never known. Somehow Rawls lived, although severely crippled. After a year of hospitalization with a huge amount of doctor bills, Rawls sold his ranch and moved to El Paso, Texas He died in Austin, Texas Dec 21, 1958. After the revolution, the Anaya family returned to their home in Chihuahua.
Suggest you check the El Paso Times index at the El Paso Public Library and also see the El Paso Time microfilm for summer of 1917. UTPB library in Odessa also has El Paso Times on microfilm. Also see vertical files at El Paso public library. Keep Googling the web, you might be surprised at what you find. Set up a Google email alert for your key words.Gj
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Hi Glenn,
What information can you give me about Dias y Ocho Army camp?
All I have is one paragraph from the Electric Coop article. Also the church on the Rio Grande. North of Porvenir.
Octaviano's place.
James Lopez
Also known as Camp Evetts the Dias y Ocho U.S. Army was located at Soldier's Springs not far from Porvenir. The camp was constructed from abandoned railroad ties salvaged from from the Rio Grande Northern Railroad that ran from Chispa to the coal mine near San Carlos. In 1918, Camp Evetts was home to Troop G of the Eighth Cavalry. In February of that year, a group of Texas Rangers and vigilantes came to Camp Evetts on their way to Porvenir where they massacred 15 men and boys before putting the village to the torch. By the fall of 1919, most of the upper Big Bend border cavalry outposts had been abandoned by the U.S. military. Although I know of the church or Octaviano's Place, don't know a lot about it. It lies at the crossing to Pilares. Pilares is shown on some old map's as a Spanish prison camp in the 1700's. Also, there was supposedly a gold mine located in the moutains outside Pilares about that time. Pilares Mexico is often confused with Pilares or Porvenir, Texas. The Handbook of Texas article confuses the two places. Part of the confusion comes from the fact that following the Porvenir massacre, the postmaster fled across the river to Mexico taking with him the Porvenir post mark stamp. For years after that, letters bearing Porvenir, Texas were actually postmarked in Pilares, Mexico. Gj
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My name is McKenna Apodaca and I am the Great Great Grand Daughter of Ranger Joe Sitters. I am nine years old, and I have just finished reading a chapter about Joe Sitters in Mike Cox's book about Texas Rangers. My father and I decided to search my GG Grandfathers name and your site came up and to our surprise we saw his picture. Thank you for having it up there, and can you tell me where you found this great photo? I would like to get a copy myself. Thank you and take care.
McKenna Apodaca
The photo of your grandfather was made sometime before 1913 on the steps of the Presidio County Courthouse in Marfa. It is the photo, third from the left at the top of my blog. Texas Ranger Joe Sitters is shown at the left of the photo with Jack Howard next, an unknown man and at the right, U. S. Customs inspector Luke Dowe. I got a copy of the photo from Marian Walker of Candelaria. Marian was Jack Howard's daughter who along with her sister, Nell Howard owned and operated the Candelaria store for many years. In 1913, Sitters and Howard were ambushed near Porvenir, Texas. Jack Howard died from his wounds and your grandfather, Joe Sitters was shot in the head. He survived but was killed in another ambush on the Mexican border in 1915. My apologies for taking so long on this, I misplaced your email and only now found it. If you will email your mailing address, I will make you a high quality copy your grandfather's picture and mail it to you. I am presently working on a chapter about Joe Sitters for my new book. Gj
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Hello Mr. Justice,
Saw your website and decided to send you an email.
It's possible we have crossed paths at the West Texas Historical Assoc. meetings?
Like yourself, I am also very interested in West Texas history.
Currently I am serving on the Board of Directors for WTHA, and teach US History part-time at Dallas Baptist University. At this years WTHA, 2007 meeting (Abilene) I planned to attend your session, however, I also had a paper to present during the same hour.
I have done quite a bit of research over the years in Jack/Young/ and Palo Pinto Counties, where my family settled during the frontier period. For some time I have wanted to publish my research. I have considered submitting my work to a regional University press, however I think the flexibility of self-publishing might be a better route.
I noticed you have published several books, (I have a copy of your
Revolution on the Rio Grande). If you don't mind I have a few publishing questions for you.
I noticed you operate under the name of RimRock Press, a label that
promotes your work. I assume you contract the printing of your books independently and under the label of RimRock control the marketing and distribution?
The reason I ask I have observed your site as a close model of what I would like to launch to promote my own research. I have secured the domain name of BRAZOSBOOKS.COM, which I plan to use as the main website to promote my work. I plan to find a source, which will print the books with my "Brazos Books" name, and I will then assume all marketing, sales, and management. I have heard LuLu.com is a possible source to accomplish this? So is this the arrangement you also use?
Any advice would be appreciated. I really like your website, you have obviously spent quite a bit of time creating it.
Best Regards,
Wes J. Sheffield
Rimrock Press is my publishing company that I use to produce and market my books. I chose this approach some years ago after becoming frustrated with the attitudes and policies of commercial and university presses. I have used both and not had a positive experience with either. Generally commercial presses are simply not interested in publishing regional histories. And while University presses do publish most of our history books, they frequently have their own agendas and tend to only go to press with works done by writers associated with the university. No matter how fine your work, it's not what you know but rather who you know in these circles. Another problem is the fact that these publishers want your work and your copyright but don't want to pay for it. The same applies to historical associations who publish in their journals. After spending years researching and writing my books I feel my time is worth something more than the usual $1 per copy sold by these outfits.
Having said this, the world of self-publishing is not something most people will want to undertake. For one thing, there is absolutely no money to be made publishing history books. You will have to spend your money going to press and it will take years for you to see any return on your investment. There are numerous book manufactures who offer publishing services but few have much interest in doing regional histories. I use Bookmasters and have been well satisfied with their services. See http://www.bookmasters.com/.
Finally, once you have managed to produce a press ready book, you will be responsible for the marketing of your book and the world of book distributing is a snake pit. None of the big book stores such as Barnes and Noble or Borders or any of the others will buy books directly from the publishers. You must go through one of their "approved" distributors. These distributors are a very tight knit group and will do their best to squeeze you out of business before you even start. They will not take you books without heavy discounts and not even consider a publisher with only a few book offerings. Bookmasters will market your books for a monthly fee. The only market you will find for your history books, other than single copy internet sales, are local book stores who many times will only take your books on consignment and then not pay you. In short, if you want to make money writing books probably the best advice I can give is write trashy romance novels, not history books. Gj
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In going over my father's library we found a stack of post-cards stuffed in a small binder. They were postcards of scenes of the conflict with Villa at Columbus and other locations. The cards are in fair condition. Not great, and show some gristly scenes as well
as scenes of troop trains etc.
Is there any interest in these postcards? It is very possible that
they are just a set of cards which were distributed widely and not very unique.
I can send scans of several if that would be of interest.
David Sims
Today these postcards of the Mexican revolution are a little known but collectable glimpse into the horrors of that bloody civil war. While their monetary value has increased only slightly in the last few years, collectors do seek them out. During the years when they were produced and mainly marketed to U.S. soldiers stationed on the Mexican border, many thousands were sent home to families of these border guardians. Curiously the postcards seem to be more common in the states away from the border. You can find these postcards for sale on ebay but beware of overpricing and fakes. To learn more about these postcards I suggest you read Border Fury: A Picture Postcard Record of Mexico's Revolution and U.S. War Preparedness, 1919-1917 by Paul J. Vanderwood and Frank N. Samponaro published by University of New Mexico Press. Gj
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Mr. Fain, as Glenn Justice reminds us, more needs to be done on the Spanish Influenza epidemic of 1918 in the Big Bend region of Texas. At present, Dr. Paul Wright at Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Texas, may be the best resource for obtaining new information. Wright's research into birth and death records in the Big Bend region, taken largely from U. S. Manuscript Census data, reveals much.
As co-author of the recent (2006) book, Cemeteries and Funerary Practices in the Big Bend of Texas, 1850 to the Present, I admit that there is no "definitive work" on the subject, nor is there likely ever to be one; nonetheless, I believe mine and Dr. Gerald G. Raun's book comes a closer than anything to date.
While preparing to draft the text of Cemeteries I advertised in area newspapers for information as well as for people to come forward with information. A few did, but not so many as we would have liked; accordingly nothing was learned about Ben and Viola Pettus; other members of the Pettus family were not only mentioned but their deaths recorded, graves photographed and so forth. Additionally, I interviewed individuals in Marathon about the flu epidemic and other matters and the Ben Pettus's were never mentioned. I suspect those few months in the autumn of 1918 were such a horrid period in life that once it passed, most folk didn't wish to talk about it, or even to remember; after all, families were giving up their dead to passing wagoners for mass burial without funerary honors being rendered. Why? It was much safer to stay indoors. Under the circumstances it was not shameful to do so, either. Yet, in glancing back it may seem a sort of familial betrayal, i. e., something to be put behind.
Cemeteries and Funerary Practices in the Big Bend of Texas, 1850 to the Present does contain a story of self sacrifice in order to fulfill one's duty in caring for the sick. That is the story of Dr. Roy R. Longino, the city health officer and sole physician in Fort Stockton at the time (see pps. 62-3).
Has I known about the "influenza quarantine tent city" south of Marathon and Mrs. Viola Pettus's charitable nursing of the sick at great risk to herself it certainly would have been in the book. What a story! But nobody came forward with it. Que sera.
Glenn Willeford
Chihuahua City, Mexico
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Glenn -- I really like your blog. I am looking for background on a woman named Viola Pettus who is known locally as having been the "nurse" at the influenza quarantine tent city just south of Marathon during the 1918 outbreak of "Spanish flu". Her husband Ben was a well-known cowboy. Viola may have been one of those early frontier nurses that made up for lack of formal training with guts and compassion. A friend who is a nurse/researcher is interested in determining if there is enough available material to piece together the story of her sacrifice in 1918.
Any leads will be appreciated including pictures, records, letters, descendents, photos etc Ben and Viola appear on headstones in the Marathon cemetery - close to the dividing line between the Anglos and "Mexican" sections. There were a number of black "seminole" families in the Big Bend, none more remarkable than the one Viola and Ben formed.
Tyrus Fain
Your friend has touched on a topic that very much needs to be done. The emerging threats of another influenza epidemic especially in the Big Bend is one that should be addressed. History always repeats itself. I suggest a start with some background reading on the flu epidemic in Texas. See the Handbook of Texas article on epidemic diseases at: http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/onl ... sme1.html. I think it a good idea to begin with the bibliography for the article. The Handbook also has two articles on Seminoles that have helpful bibliographies:
http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/onl ... bms19.html
http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/onl ... bmb18.html
The best single book I have on Seminoles in my library is: The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole by Grant Foreman, University Of Oklahoma Press, 1934.
Narrowing the research specifically to Viola Pettus will be difficult but I do not mean to say impossible. Its just one of those topics that will take a lot of digging and that is the only way to determine if there is enough available material to piece the story together. I think I would do some digging in Marathon. Are there any Pettus family members living that might have some info about the story? You might need to do some oral history interviews with them. To find them try running a newspaper ad. Next I think I would check with the Archives Of The Big Bend at Sul Ross in Alpine. They might well have a file on this. Also be sure to look though the newspaper index of the Alpine Avalanche at the archive and spend some time with their extensive oral history collection. See: http://libit.sulross.edu/archives/.
Another suggestion is to go through the El Paso Times newspaper index at the El Paso Public Library. Perhaps the Barker Center For American History at U. T. in Austin will have some holdings. See: http://www.cah.utexas.edu/. And don't forget to look at U. S. Census records for Marathon. You might be surprised at the population decline due to the epidemic.
One final suggestion, when I take on a project like this I always put together a list of search terms. This way when I start to dig for material, I have an idea of what I am looking for. Here is a suggested list for the topic: Viola Pettus, Ben Pettus, Spanish Influenza, Texas Seminole Indians, Big Bend Seminole Indians, Brewster County Influenza emidemic, Marathon Influenza epidemic, Brewster County Influenza and so on. As your research progresses add to your list. Hope this is helpful and good luck!
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Examples of ineptitude and injustices perpetrated by individual Texas Rangers (TR) as well as entire units are not uncommon throughout the history of Texas, even up the present day. UT historian W. P. Webb, generally considered an apologist for the TR service, criticized TR activities back to the 1870s during the "Cortinas War on the War Grande," in his The Texas Rangers:A Century of Frontier Defense (1935), 181-2.
The Mexican Revolution brought on another series of border problems that resulted in atrocities. The most well known of those are the well documented (i. e., state representative "Tony" Canales investigation) and photographed slaughters carried out by state rangers between Brownsville and Laredo.
The Big Bend region was not without its problems either, particularly following the "Santa Isabel Massacre" of nineteen American miners west of Chihuahua City (Jan. 10, 1916), the Pancho Villa raid on Columbis, NM, (March 10, 1916) and the raid by starving and desperate Mexican bandits on Glenn Spring, TX (May 1916). Later, on Christmas Day, 1917, the raid on Luke Brite's ranch on the high plain above the escarpment overlooking the Rio Grande valley west of Marfa brought on a near fever pitch of resentment and demands for "justice" among the Anglo population of the region. Both the US Army and TR service were called on to mete it out. The Army, it seems, acted with circumspection leaving the dirty work to the state militia, or TR service. And those boys went about it with a vengeance (See: Glenn Justice, Revolution on the Rio Grande: Mexican Raids and Army Pursuits 1916-1919). One cold night in January 1918 a squad of TR under the command of Capt. J. M. Fox, of Brownsville area fame,rounded up Porvenir, Texas, taking "fifteen men between the ages of sixteen and seventy-two and marched them off into the darkness to a rock bluff . . . where they unceremoniously shot the Mexicans to death"(Justice, 39). No evidence to qualify any arrests had been found so the TR acted as judge, jury and executioner. Problem solved. But what problem? Many of those killed were U.S. citizens.
Those were only the "main events" of the killing season. Murders by TR took place all around the region. One, for example, happened in broad-open daylight in downtown Marfa when Carlos Morales Wood, the Valentine, Texas-based editor of La Patria, a Spanish-language newspaper was gunned down by two TR. Both rangers involved later became Texas sheriffs. Ron Segura points out another episode when TR H. L. Robertson murdered one of Segura's relatives.
Glenn Willeford
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At a glance
- Join our Nursing internship in Peru and start your journey towards a nursing career. Based in a public hospital, you will learn directly from nurses as they do their rounds.
- Rotating through different departments you'll learn about different procedures like wound cleaning, stitches, injections and more.
- Based in the city of Cusco you'll live with a local host family; ensuring that you become immersed into Peruvian culture.
Start Dates:
See DatesMinimum Duration:
Four Weeks
18 or over
You need to speak intermediate Spanish.
Is the Nursing internship in Peru right for me?
Our Nursing internship in Peru is open to all ages and is ideal if you are pursuing a career in nursing.
You can use this nursing work experience in Peru to boost your CV, and it will give you a lot to talk about in interviews. Talk about what you saw and learned at the hospital, and how you overcame any challenges you faced. You will also have a deeper insight into the healthcare challenges people face in developing countries.
Whether you're planning to study nursing, or already enrolled in university, this internship will add value to your future career.
To do this internship, you must speak an intermediate level of Spanish. This is because many nurses and patients in Peru do not speak English, and you need to communicate with them.
You can intern at any time of the year, but you are required to stay for at least four weeks, and can stay for longer than that.
What will you do on the Nursing Internship in Peru?
On this internship you will observe nurses as they go about their day. You can choose between a public hospital, healthcare centre, children's rehabilitation centre, or private health clinic. During your observation, you will see fascinating procedures as they happen and learn about different diseases and conditions. These are some of the activities you can do:
- Shadow doctors and nurses doing their daily rounds
- Spend time observing in a variety of hospital departments for a diverse learning experience
- Sit in during consulations between doctors and patients
- Assist in outreaches that provide basic healthcare services
Your work will be split in four main areas:
Shadow doctors and nurses
You will observe how doctors and nurses do their work in a clinical setting. By following medical staff on their rounds, you will see medical procedures as they happen, like stitching, and learn about common diseases in Peru. Ask questions, take notes, and absorb the knowledge of highly experienced practitioners.
Spend time in a variety of hospital departments
We encourage you to learn as much as possible by spending time in different hospital departments. This is a great way of finding out which speciality you are most interested in. The longer your internship, the more time you will get to spend in different departments.
Sit in during consulations between doctors and patients
Sitting in on consultations is a great way to get an idea of how doctors and nurses interact with, diagnose, and treat patients. You are bound to learn a lot of common diseases and how to identify their symptoms during this time.
Outreaches to provide basic healthcare services
In Peru, many disadvantaged and rural areas have very little access to healthcare services. To help provide these services, we organise medical outreaches twice a month. All of our medical interns participate, and you will help by doing basic health checks. You'll also raise awareness of common diseases in Peru and how to prevent them.
Types of Nursing placements in Peru
You can explore a number of departments, or focus on those you want to gain experience in. The departments where you can work include:
- General medicine
- Obstetrics
- Gynaecology
- Paediatrics
If you're interested in a specific department, please feel free to contact us and we can help advise you.
Where you work during the Nursing Internship in Peru
You'll be based in the city of Cusco and work in one of four placements. Choose between a public hospital, healthcare centre, children's rehabilitation centre, or private health clinic. Peru has huge problems with infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases, like diabetes and high blood pressure. This means that there will be plenty of practical cases for you to observe and learn from.
The city was once the capital of the ancient Incan Empire and you'll see countless reminders of this as you walk through it today.
Typical day on the Nursing Internship in Peru
On any given day, you will work shifts alongside your professional supervisors.
Your first shift of the day will be from around 8:00am to 1:00pm. Most patients are treated in the mornings, so be prepared for a busy start to the day. You will spend your afternoons shadowing nurses while they provide bedside care, and help with administrative tasks. If available, you could spend your afternoons working in the emergency unit.
If you work at the children's rehabilitation centre, you will have less contact with doctors in the mornings. During your afternoons you can help with child care activities that focus on education and development.
In the evenings, you will return to your host families to get a taste of living like a Peruvian. Share stories from your day with your host family and fellow volunteers, and chat about life in your home countries.
Your weekends will be free for you to explore the amazing city of Cusco. Walk along streets lined with exquisite architecture and taste delicious lunches like hearty soups. You can also be adventurous and take a trip into the breathtaking mountainous landscapes of the Andes, where llamas roam freely.
Aims and Impact of the Nursing Internship in Peru
The main aim of this project is to give you the opportunity to expand your medical knowledge, specifically in the field of nursing, and give you insight into healthcare practices in a developing country.
Peru currently suffers from a double burden of disease: infectious disease remains rife in poorer communities, with respiratory diseases still being one of the leading causes of death in Peru. That being said, non-communicable diseases are also on the rise and malnutrition amongst babies and children remains a serious issue.
Through our outreach programme, we aim to provide basic healthcare to some of these vulnerable groups as well as raise awareness about some of the more pressing health issues facing the country.
We have committed to four goals, as outlined in our Medical Management Plan:
- Encourage an understanding of medical practices and promote an exchange of medical knowledge
- Improve the quality of healthcare provided to patients
- Improve access to basic healthcare to disadvantaged groups
- Improve hygiene standards
Help us achieve these goals while you gain invaluable nursing work experience in Peru.
Professional volunteers and medical electives for students
This project is also ideally suited to professionals interested in using their skills to help, as well as university medical and healthcare elective students.
As a professional, you can be sure we will match your training and expertise to the placement where you are needed most. With your support, we can make an even bigger impact on the local communities we work with.
If you are an elective student, we will organise an elective placement where you can learn as much as possible. We want you gain the knowledge and skills that will begin to shape your professional career.
Read more about volunteering as a professional or taking a healthcare elective as a student.
Management plans
We set out the aims and objectives of our projects in documents called Management Plans. We use them to properly plan the work you'll do. They also help us measure and evaluate our achievements and impact each year.
Ultimately, our Management Plans help us make our projects better. This in turn means you get to be part of something that makes a real impact where it's needed. Read more about our Management Plans.
Measuring our impact
Our projects work towards clear long-term goals, with specific annual objectives. Every volunteer and intern we send to these projects helps us work towards these goals, no matter how long they spend on our projects.
Every year we take a step back and look at how much progress we've made towards these goals. We put together a Global Impact Report, which documents our achievements. Find out more about the impact our global community of volunteers, interns and staff make, and read the latest report.
Food and accommodation
You'll stay with a host family in Cusco. They will welcome you into their home, eager to share their customs and have you teach them about your own culture. We believe that this is the best way to immerse yourself in the culture of Peru and have a truly unique experience.
We will always try to let you live alongside at least one other Projects Abroad volunteer or intern at the same host family. Your room will be modest, but comfortable, clean, and safe.
Your programme fee includes three meals a day.
Find out more about our accommodation.
Leisure activities and free time
Peru is a vibrant country with a mix of activities for every kind of volunteer. Whether you're into arts, culture, history, or nature, there's sure to be something for you!
One of the biggest attractions of Peru is the Inca history. There are awe-inspiring archaeological sites like Coricancha, Tambomachay, and of course, Machu Picchu.
Over a weekend, you can take a trip to the village of Pisac, where you can browse bright, eye-catching textile markets. Don't miss out on seeing the llamas and alpacas too!
There are also lively restaurants, the perfect place to spend an evening relaxing and enjoying local cuisine, like ceviche.
We run a variety of projects in Peru so you'll likely meet many other volunteers on your trip. It's the perfect opportunity to connect and travel as a group. However, you're welcome to travel independently if you prefer.
Safety and staff support
Your safety and security is our prime concern. We have many procedures and systems to ensure you have the support you need to enjoy your trip with peace of mind. Our Projects Abroad staff are available 24 hours a day to help, and will be on hand to make sure you settle in well at your accommodation and placement. If you encounter any problems, they will be available to help at any time.
Find out more about safety and backup.
This placement is fully researched, safety audited, and risk assessed in accordance with the British Standard BS8848 for the Adventure Travel Sector.
Not quite what you're looking for?
Take a look at the following pages where you'll find collections of similar projects:

subset: commoncrawl


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Wednesday, September 24, 2008
Day 12: Valparaiso, Chile
Wednesday, Sept. 24
Valparaiso, Chile
I wake up in a Pablo Neruda poem:
The Pacific Ocean spilled off the map!
There wasn't anywhere to put it. It was so big,
chaotic and blue that it didn't fit anywhere.
That's why they put it in front of my window.
(my translation of a fragment of "Una Casa en la Arena," displayed in Spanish on the living room table at Neruda's coast house, La Sebastiana, now a hilltop museum in Valparaiso)
Well, OK, the sea isn't right outside my hostel window; a classic car covered in spraypaint under a twisty "Where the Wild Things Are"-esque mural occupies that view. But if I were to slide down the steep cobbled street lined with candy-colored buildings, over a few precipitous drops, I'd eventually splash into the salty cold Pacific.
Valparaiso is an artist colony, a Dr. Seuss/Tim Burton town, packed with delightful absurdities. It's a playland, with impossibly stacked hills and houses connected by skinny twisty staircases and incline cars. Every wall is a canvas for murals, graffiti art, revolutionary declarations. Flowers grow from the spaces between cobbles in the streets. Artesan shops and hip little cafes and nasturtium vines sprout from the sides of narrow, winding streets. Men play drums on the propane tanks loaded onto the backs of trucks. The city spills colors all over itself.
Wish I could stay here all week. But tomorrow, alas, we're off.
-Kera Abraham; photo by Robin Parrott
8 comments:
- Unknown said...
Sounds like a dope town!
too bad you can't stay all week. - September 25, 2008 at 9:39 AM
thanks for sharing all these snippets!
- September 25, 2008 at 11:53 AM
Valparaiso sounds like a great place to visit, but I am glad you are returning home.
Love, Mom - September 25, 2008 at 3:43 PM
my kinda town.
- September 25, 2008 at 5:23 PM
- Unknown said...
Is that a picture of you climbing the ladder? Be safe. SRVDAMAN
- September 25, 2008 at 6:40 PM
- email - email@example.com said...
I think the ladder's a painting Bob.
- September 25, 2008 at 6:44 PM
- ray said...
Yeah the Dr.seuss has been in my mind today...the Lorax and such...fairytales, dreamscapes, sunlight, faces, paintings,colors, animals, water, beings. i felt it coming and there was the blog. I'm glad you and Robin found an Oasis, it warms my bones to know there are artist towns in SudAmerica with twisting stairways and cobblestone streets. A slice of reality, breathing, being...in a mosaic of realities as moments pass and stories transpire...
- September 25, 2008 at 7:46 PM
- Unknown said...
How foolish I feel for thinking it was a picture. The big hand is a giveaway. Anyhow, hope you are well and that Kera gets back safely.
- September 26, 2008 at 8:13 AM


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Welcome to The Inn At Ragged Gardens
Surrounded by an acre of formal and "Ragged Gardens", this early 1900's manor offers an enchanting hideaway in the heart of the historic village of Blowing Rock, North Carolina.
Intimate and traditional, the Inn today, with twelve rooms and suites, is immersed in the spirit of the summer cottages of Blowing Rock. This historic Mountain Inn features The Best Cellar Restaurant, which has earned a reputation for fine food and elegance in its' 47 years of existence.
The Inn at Ragged Gardens is located in downtown Blowing Rock, NC, just two miles off the Blue Ridge Parkway in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Western North Carolina. Our central location on Sunset Drive, only two blocks off of main street allows for easy walking to all of the shoppes, boutiques, parks, and art galleries within downtown Blowing Rock, NC.
The quaint hamlet of Blowing Rock sits astride the Eastern Continental Divide at a cool 4,000 foot elevation. It is the only full service community on the Blue Ridge Parkway and is centrally located to all the attractions. For points of interest click here.
The Inn at Ragged Gardens now has Tesla and universal charging stations.


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Hop Hop Hop
The Oh Scrap blog hop is over.
But today is a bonus hop.
Sew Sampler monthly subscription box featured an exclusive small bonus project promoting Oh Scrap in their February box. The project was made using April Rosenthal's fabric collection, Mama's Cottage.
Hopefully, you have learned all about Oh Scrap but there are a few details and items I wanted to share with you.
One of the items in the sew sampler box is Antler Quilt Designs, a new ruler. This ruler will come in quite handy if working on several of the projects in Oh Scrap or your everyday projects.
One of the coolest things about quilting now is all the tools that are available. When I first started quilting, I wanted one ruler that would do everything and that is what I had for years. As I have grown my skills, the tools I have used have been a big part of the quality of my work. Have the right tool for the job is a great treat. Maybe someone will put a few quilty treats in your Easter basket.
There are a few more people I want you to meet that helped me along my Oh Scrap journey. There will be another fun event in April that will include some of these people, so stay tuned for that.
Since my legs are in shape from the hop {insert sarcasm here} and this weekend is Easter I am hopping over to American Patchwork and Quilting's Instagram for a takeover. Follow them to not miss out on the fun.
Please leave a comment sharing your favorite color and your middle name {random winner}
to win the table runner featured in Sew Sampler's box. Winner will be announced here on Friday morning.


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I'll be updating this post regularly through the morning, so keep an eye on this article!
Here's Steve Ballmer doing his keynote:
Photo by Tom Purves. Click to see the original.
Here's my view from the event's Twitter Lounge, where I'll be doing demos and answering questions:
Photo by Yours Truly.


text:
カテゴリ: ライセンシング
Salesforce Integration
For software publishers, distributing the right licenses to their users is one of the most important steps in the entire sales process. The procedure needs to be simple, secure and transparent. No more than a few clicks should be required for the user to have the license on his or her system. At the same time, the independent software vendor (ISV) wants to immediately see how many licenses have been sold and how many are active on the user's side. This needs a perfect integration between the back-office systems used by the ISV and CodeMeter License Central, the comprehensive license management solution for all the software vendor's needs.
The market for CRM (Customer Relationship Management) and ERP systems (Enterprise Resource Planning) is an embarrassment of riches with the many different solutions offered by SAP, Oracle, Sage, Microsoft, and other providers. Many ISVs also rely on their own, home-grown applications for the purpose. Among cloud-based CRM applications, Salesforce has long been one of the market leaders – which is why we'll take a closer look at how CodeMeter License Central (Internet Edition) can be made to work with Salesforce in just a handful of clicks. License Central gives ISVs the full versatility of the licensing solutions made by Wibu-Systems right in Salesforce and combines the advantages of both systems in a perfectly designed Web service.
For this purpose, CodeMeter License Central is automatically integrated to create license requests for the customer's data, which is kept on Salesforce via a dedicated SOAP interface. These requests include one or more licenses for the customer and are identified by unique ticket IDs. For each request, the ticket is sent back to Salesforce, before it is delivered to the customer by email or a delivery slip. The user retrieves his or her licenses for this ticket via the ISV's web portal (License Central WebDepot) or directly from within the software.
Which edition of Salesforce.com works?
In order to integrate with CodeMeter License Central, the ISV needs to use either the Enterprise or Performance Edition of Salesforce. These two editions include integration capabilities via the Webservice API, which is needed for the automatic integration of CodeMeter License Central via the SOAP interface (see P1).
Which changes need to be made in CodeMeter License Central?
For CodeMeter License Central to create new requests and generate licenses, it only needs the addition of the required item.
The item is identified securely via a defined Item Id, which Salesforce must know, and which is transmitted as a parameter when the web service is accessed for the automatic creation of a new request (see P2).
Which changes are needed in Salesforce.com?
For a request to be generated in CodeMeter License Central, an object needs to be created to hold the necessary information, such as:
- Customer's information to allocate the request and the ticket in CodeMeter License Central to a specific customer in Salesforce.
- Product information that CodeMeter License Central needs to generate the right licenses.
Additional fields are required to identify the request generated in CodeMeter License Central, and to store the resulting ticket. This ticket allows the customer to be authenticated and to retrieve the actual license.
One basic action that is needed is for the Web service that connects CodeMeter License Central with Salesforce to be made known in Salesforce. For this purpose, it needs to be entered and set up as a remote site in the Remote Site Settings in Administration Setup > Security Controls (see P3).
Finally, a few lines of VisualForce markup code need to be produced for the Web service of CodeMeter License Central to be accessed by Salesforce with the right parameters for creating the request. As a result, the Web service returns the ticket to Salesforce (see P4).
Now a new request can be created in CodeMeter License Central directly from Salesforce. The resulting ticket is made available for further use, such as its delivery to the client by email or as a Ticket ID on the customer's delivery papers.
How do the licenses reach the customer?
It's not until the last steps of the process that the customer comes into play. The customer retrieves the licenses by using the created ticket (e.g., via the License Central WebDepot). The licenses are copied to a CmStick connected to the user's PC. If the ISV chooses to use software-based licenses, the customer can activate these directly on his or her PC by following the same route (see P5).
Combining CRM or ERP systems with CodeMeter License Central allows the professional distribution and monitoring of licenses. Comprehensive Web services allow the entire license administration and activation functionality of License Central to be integrated into an already established back-office system. This sample based on Salesforce shows that this is not only the case for familiar in-house systems like SAP or similar options, but also for cloud-based solutions.
All systems that allow the integration of Web services can integrate the license management functions transparently and with little effort. And if you need some help or don't want to do it yourself, our Professional Service Team is always available to help you achieve this goal.
KEYnote 27 – Edition Spring 2014


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Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in Cleveland on December 28, 1947. Published in the American Historical Review 53, no. 2 (January 1948): 223-34.
The Molding of the Middle West
"Nothing good ever came out of the East," a midwestern lady once remarked to Dean Andrew Fleming West. "Not even the Westerners?" asked the Dean. He might with equal propriety have asked whether it had occurred to her that the Christian religion, representative government, the English language, the bill of rights had come to the Mississippi Valley from the eastern states. This good lady was but one of a numerous company, for only too many of our historians, many of them writers of distinction, have minimized this vital factor in the creation of our great West. Yet for the region beyond the Appalachians, the Atlantic seaboard and the Piedmont was the mother country, the hive from which its people swarmed, the source of its civilization.
We can gain an insight into the development of western civilization by a study of the forces which created the Atlantic civilizations, out of which it sprang.
There were four of these forces—the force of inheritance, the force of local conditions, the force of continued contact with Europe, and the force of the melting pot.
The cornerstone of our early civilizations, for there were several, was the transplanting of Europeans to our shores. It is well to remember that this movement was not confined to the English, but embraced, also, Dutch, Ulster Scots, Germans, French, Walloons, Flemings, Finns, Scots. Within some of these national groups were included minor groups, out of which grew localized American civilizations—the Wilderness Zion, Penn's Holy Experiment, the United Brethren, etc.
The true nature of the creation of American civilization has been obscured by a misleading metaphor—the birthplace of the nation. Long and bitter has been the battle over this matter between Virginians and New Englanders, the former pointing out that Jamestown was the first successful English settlement and the place where the first representative assembly was established, the latter claiming that the Pilgrims who rounded Plymouth represented the American spirit. Now certain writers have made the claim that neither Jamestown nor Plymouth has a right to the prize, since it belongs rightly to Roanoke Island. If Roanoke Island is the birthplace of the nation, then the nation was stillborn. And I may add that the New Englanders, being from the days of Cotton Mather better propagandists than the Virginians, have gained the greatest following.
But is not the whole matter based on a false conception? American civilization was not the outgrowth solely of the settlement on the banks of the James; it did not develop solely from the Pilgrim Fathers, despite the vast numbers who claim descent from them, nor even from the founders of the Massachusetts Bay colony. Our civilization was the result of the establishing of a number of what may aptly be called beachheads of European civilization. The beachhead on Roanoke Island was destroyed, but those at Jamestown, New Netherlands, Plymouth, Maryland, South Carolina, Philadelphia, and elsewhere were expanded to embrace the neighboring country, so as to become the bases of new civilizations.
These new civilizations were the product, not only of inheritance—of the languages, religions, traditions, social customs, governments, agricultural methods, architectures, crafts, etc.—of the peoples who founded them but of local conditions in the various regions in which they were planted. The tobacco civilization of Maryland, Virginia, and northern North Carolina, was shaped in a large measure by the soil, climate, and rivers of the Chesapeake Bay region; Puritan New England, despite the efforts of some of its leaders, could not escape the molding influence of geography and economic law. Before the end of the colonial period, the visitor to America, as he traveled from one province to another, distinguished a number of civilizations, each different from the other, and all different from the civilization of Great Britain.
Some of these civilizations were influenced profoundly by the melting pot. In New Jersey, Flemings and Walloons mingled with the Dutch, the Dutch touched elbows with Puritans, while Scots, Germans, Ulster Scots, and New Englanders sat down side by side with Swedes, Finns, and English Quakers. Pennsylvania, founded by the Quakers, became a refuge for thousands of Germans and Ulster Scots. Even in Virginia, Scotch merchants and French Protestants mingled with the English in the tidewater and Piedmont sections, while, in the Shenandoah Valley, Ulster Scots, Germans, and Swiss struggled to retain their religions, tongues, and customs, in the face of the tide of eastern Virginians who swept over the Blue Ridge.
Striking across the forces of diversity was the continued contact with Europe, especially with Great Britain. With New Englanders, Pennsylvanians, Carolinians, and other colonials reading English books and gazettes, wearing clothes cut in the English fashion, shaping their architecture to the Georgian model, reclining in English-made chairs, and eating from English pewter or silver dishes, turning, many of them, for religious leadership to the bishop of London, they continued to have much in common with each other and with the mother country.
The story of the founding and development of our eastern American civilizations gives us the pattern for the founding and development of the civilizations of the great West. They were shaped by the same forces—transit, local conditions, the melting pot, and continued contact with the parent regions. With the Atlantic states playing for the West the role which Europe formerly played for the colonies, history repeated itself, though with an infinite number of minor variations. The civilization planted on the southern shores of the Great Lakes did not reproduce exactly the civilization of New England; Kentucky was not another Virginia; southern and middle Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois had a distinct civilization of their own; but we cannot understand these regions unless we know New England, Virginia, and the other states from which most of their settlers came.
The transplanting of our eastern civilizations to the West, certainly one of the most important movements in our history, is also one of the most neglected. Has anyone told the story of the expansion of Virginia and Maryland and evaluated the contributions of these states to the Mississippi Valley regions? Where do we turn for a definitive study of the establishment of New England civilization in western New York, northern Pennsylvania, on the shores of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan, and along the banks of the upper Mississippi? We would like to know more about the migration from the Middle States and its influence in shaping the West.
South of the Mason and Dixon's line it was soil exhaustion and soil erosion which sent thousands of young men to seek their fortunes in the land of promise. Starting in the tidewater region they swarmed over the Piedmont, invaded the Shenandoah Valley, where they contested the supremacy of Germans and Ulster Scots, and then leapt over the mountains to stake out their claims in the West. Here they fanned out in an ever-moving semicircle, some crossing the Ohio to establish farms in the fertile plains of Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois; others pushing out to Kentucky, Missouri, and beyond; still others heading for the Southwest, to play a major role in the development of Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas.
The distinctive Virginia accent became familiar in the streets of Cincinnati, on the banks of the Missouri, in the tobacco fields of Kentucky, in the far-off Brazos Bottom, even in the gold fields and fertile valleys of California. After the War between the States, cowboys, many of them Confederate veterans, carried the Virginia-Maryland tradition to every corner of the Great Plains. When a group of Princeton geologists under the leadership of the late William B. Scott lost their way in Idaho, they were received with hospitality by a settler in his log cabin. But on their departure the next morning, the host remarked, "Strangers, I am glad I let you in, but I wouldn't have done so had I known you were Yankees."
It would be hard to exaggerate the influence of the settlers from the tobacco states upon the vast West. They brought with them their governmental system; their religions; so far as soil and climate permitted, their agriculture; where the law did not forbid, the institution of slavery; their architecture; their social customs; their mental characteristics. Today thousands of western families take pride in tracing their ancestry back to a Harrison or a Clopton or a Carter, and have for Virginia and Maryland the same reverence that the colonial Virginians and Marylanders had for England.
The New Englanders, in turn, exerted a similarly powerful influence upon the regions where they settled. The farmer, weary of trying to wrest a living from his infertile soil; the sailor, thrown out of work by the Embargo, the War of 1812, and the Tariff of 1816; the poor and the dissenter, resenting the restrictions upon their political freedom, created in the West a new New England. No doubt this Yankee West, like the Virginia-Maryland West, would have been fan-shaped, had not Canada interposed to the northwest and west. So the New England host, upon reaching the Great Lakes, were shunted southwestward before they could move out into Michigan, northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and beyond the Mississippi. There were New Englanders in all parts of the old Northwest, but their chief line of advance was from the Mohawk to the Western Reserve and thence westward to Iowa.
Everywhere they were welcomed. "Come to us," urged a western editor. "Come you poor job-hunting, street-walking Yankee mechanics and you will find a land of plenty." Come they did—by the thousands, bringing with them the religion, political ideals, architecture, literature, customs of the region east of the Hudson. The traditions of William Ames, which John Winthrop and John Cotton had planted on the shores of Massachusetts Bay two centuries earlier, they now planted on the shores of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. The New England town, in a modified form, they established wherever they went.
In Congregationalist churches, modeled upon those of Massachusetts and Connecticut, preachers thundered out their warnings after the manner of Urian Oakes or Jonathan Edwards; in crude little schoolhouses the teacher gave instruction from books printed in Boston; in the four-square courthouses, for all the world like the old New England meetinghouses, the judge expounded the legal code which had been familiar to Samuel Sewall and William Stoughton; the stranger who strolled across the public square of a northern Ohio village might have imagined himself on the green of Lexington, Massachusetts. The old Northwest owes much to its Yankee inheritance. Nor were the Virginians and Marylanders and New Englanders alone in contributing to the civilizations of the West. From both banks of the lower Delaware came groups of Quaker farmers; the presence here and there of great Swiss barns marks the settlements of Pennsylvania Germans; the trail of Jerseymen and Pennsylvanians was blazoned by the crude little Presbyterian church buildings of the Ulster Scots. And far to the south, the expanding frontier of the cotton kingdom marked the advance of Carolinians and Georgians.
The settlers represented all classes of Easterners, for mingled with the poor mechanics and farmers were the sons of well-to-do planters, land speculators who dreamed of rich profits from the unopened expanses of the West, merchants who realized the possibilities of trade along the river systems. These men gave a tinge of conservatism to an otherwise democratic society, and recreated so far as they could the aristocracies of the East.
One wonders whether the emigrant from the Atlantic region, as he halted his pack horse or his crude wagon atop the Alleghenies to take his first view of the great valley which was to be his future home, realized how powerful would be its influence in reshaping his life. He might cling to his religion, to his ideals, to old customs, he might try to build his house on the model of the one in which he was born and reared, but slowly, inevitably the West would turn him into a Westerner. The vast inland waterways of the Mississippi River system and the Great Lakes, the climate, the character of the soil, the crude life of the frontier, the danger from the Indians, the battle with the forests, all were to leave their mark on him and upon his sons and daughters.
It is not our purpose to dwell upon the influence of the frontier in molding the civilization of the West, since we are all acquainted with Frederick J. Turner's brilliant work on this subject. Perhaps too much emphasis has already been put on it. After all, it was but one of many factors which contributed to the making of the region. And we should remember that local conditions in the West continued to be a powerful remolding force long after the frontier had moved on to other regions. Nor is it true that American democracy was born of the frontier. American democracy was born in Westminster Hall, it gained a new birth when transplanted to the shores of North America, it was fortified by a century and a half of political conflict between the colonial assemblies and the governors, and was taken into the West by men who regarded it as their most valued inheritance.
Yet none will deny that life in the Mississippi Valley was different, had to be different, from the life of Boston, or New York, or Pennsylvania, or on the Virginia plantation, or in the rice fields of South Carolina. The Yankee settlers found that the Great Lakes were quite different from the Atlantic Ocean, that the trader whose business had taken him to the West Indies, or to Glasgow, or to Spain, now found his ventures narrowly limited; the whaler had to turn to some other occupation; the Gloucester fisherman looked in vain for another Georges Banks; the shipbuilder had to reshape the type of vessel he turned out; the farmer was overjoyed to discover that the yield of wheat per acre in Knox County or Seneca County was double or treble that of Essex or Worcester; the Congregationalists, weakened by isolation in the new country and lacking the prop given them by the governments of New England, in many cases turned Presbyterian. The Virginians and Marylanders, faced with a legal ban on slavery north of the Ohio River and with the equally effective ban of sterile soil in vast expanses south of it, were greatly restricted in duplicating their plantation system.
Not less influential than inheritance and local conditions in shaping the character of the West was the melting pot. Had the boundaries of the newly formed regions in the Mississippi Valley been clearly fixed, those regions would have been more distinctive, would have differed one from the other more radically. But thousands of New Englanders crossed over into the Virginia-Maryland zone; in the Middle States zone of Ohio and Indiana both Yankees and Southerners flocked in to elbow Jerseymen and Pennsylvanians; in the Southwest settlers from Georgia and South Carolina disputed the best cotton lands with Virginians and Kentuckians. And, as though this did not complicate western society enough, there came across the Atlantic to seek their fortunes in this land of promise an unending stream of immigrants—Germans, Irish, Englishmen, Welsh, Scots. A western local historian tells us that a certain Andy Craig, the first settler of Knox County, Ohio, lived there for years before the solitude which surrounded him was broken by the arrival of Nathaniel Mitchell Young, a Jerseyman. Next George Dial, of Hampshire County, Virginia, paddled up the Owl Creek in his pirogue "and, pleased with the beautiful country," made it his home. Then "old Captain Joseph Walker, from Pennsylvania, settles on the bank of the creek where Mt. Vernon now is." He was followed by John Simkins, of Virginia, "with his son Seeley for capital." "While these plain men from Virginia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania are preparing their cabins . . . a stray Yankee [Samuel H. Smith] . . . with a speculative eye . . . is, with a pocket compass," laying out the town of Clinton. Finally, in 1806, arrived a company of Quakers to add still another element to this mixed society.
Nor was the situation in Knox County unusual. Among the first settlers of Dayton were men from Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Kentucky, Ireland, and elsewhere. The first white men to settle along Silver Creek, Honey Creek, and Rocky Creek, in Seneca County, hailed from Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, and southern Ohio, while elsewhere in the county were Germans, Irish, and French. The so-called backbone region of Ohio was peopled largely with Pennsylvania Germans, who were joined later by Germans and Swiss from Europe. In the Ohio legislature in 1822 twenty-nine members were from Virginia and Maryland, twenty-seven from Pennsylvania, twenty-five from New England, seven from New Jersey, four from New York, two from Kentucky, two from the Carolinas, and six from Ireland.
And so, in the forests of Ohio and Indiana, was renewed the age-old battle of civilizations. Warm indeed must have been the disputes in the crude cabins as the Virginian defended the institution of slavery, or the Quaker dwelt on the sin of war, or the New Englander insisted that God himself had designed the Congregationalist way. The Yankee farmer viewed with interest the great barns of the Pennsylvania Germans and profited by their agricultural methods; the Southerner, while perhaps disliking New England thrift, himself became more businesslike in his dealings.
The Southerners and New Englanders especially, as they met in the western melting pot, presented a marked contrast. "The Virginian is less complicated, with less apparent paradoxes, hospitable, generous, liberal," wrote one observer. "The New Englander is unique and peculiar. He reduces everything to the standard of utility; he is frugal, not mean. He scrutinizes; his curiosity sometimes leads him into impertinence. He has . . . quiet humor. . . . The two distinct types of character are brought into contact, the one losing its rugged asperities and sharp angles, the other correcting unnecessary habits."
Out of this welter, these clashing forces, emerged the Middle Westerner. Claiming an inheritance which led back to Williamsburg, to Boston, to the Delaware and Hudson Valleys; to the ideals of a Carter or a Byrd, or of Cotton Mather and Samuel Sewall; to the teachings of William Penn, of Jonathan Edwards, of Count Zinzendorf; remolded by the great West itself, he emerged as the new American.
This new American owed much to the newcomers from foreign lands, from Germany, from Great Britain, from Ireland, from Switzerland, from Holland, and elsewhere, in the formative years of the West. The immigrant, though he might become an American citizen, might learn to speak English, might adopt American clothes and build his house in the American fashion, clung tenaciously to Old World customs and ideals. The Germans introduced intensive agriculture by the use of fertilizers and the diversification of crops, their music and drama had a marked influence on the region, their perseverance, thrift, and respect for authority exercised a needed stabilizing force. The Irish contributed an element of cheerfulness and hospitality; their wit and extravagances of speech made a lasting imprint on the American language; they made the Roman Catholic Church a power in the Midwest. The Dutch, stern Calvinists most of them, joined with Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Methodists in passing blue laws and frowning upon dancing, cards, the theater and even music, while, at the same time, preserving some of their lighter customs through the annual tulip festival.
The development of distinct midwestern civilizations was hastened by the lack of adequate transportation before the advent of the railways. It was far more difficult for a Kentuckian to keep in touch with Richmond than for a Richmonder to keep in touch with Europe; to the Yankee settler in the Western Reserve, Faneuil Hall and the Old South Church seemed remote indeed. In fact, neither Richmond nor Boston ever became for the West the cultural capital, as London for two centuries was the cultural capital of the Atlantic colonies and states. The great Appalachian barrier, the barrier which Washington feared might one day cause the West to split off from the nation, made it necessary for the Westerners to depend more upon their own efforts and less upon the East, not only for their physical but for their spiritual and intellectual needs.
A lady once told me that the bricks for her ancestral residence near Lexington, Kentucky, built in 1811, had been brought all the way from Virginia. A little reflection should have convinced her that this was next to impossible, since the cost of hauling bricks over the poor roads of that day would have been prohibitive. It was only by the greatest effort that more precious things than bricks—books, newspapers, magazines, letters—were brought from the eastern states. When Samuel Doak founded the academy which later became Washington College, Tennessee, he brought the books for the library in sacks on horseback five hundred miles from Philadelphia through forests and over mountains.
This difficulty in securing eastern printed matter made it necessary for the settlers, at a very early date, to begin publishing for themselves. The first number of The Centinelof the North-Western Territory, edited by William Maxwell, a Revolutionary soldier, was published at Cincinnati in 1793. Since it was very costly to send a Kentucky or Ohio youth to William and Mary or to Harvard, the Midwesterners founded their own colleges. It became necessary for the region to develop its cabinetmakers, to organize public libraries and musical societies, to manufacture its own cloth and agricultural instruments. At a remarkably early date it gave birth to a distinctive literature.
Yet the transmontane region, despite its isolation, could not escape entirely the influence of the East. As new settlers continued to pour in from the seaboard states, they brought with them new ideas, new fashions, new techniques. The builder brought with him the latest architectural designs from Boston or Philadelphia, the schoolmaster new methods of teaching, the manufacturer brought new machinery, the musician brought new compositions. The news from the East, even before the day of canals and railways, was awaited eagerly. One Cleveland weekly, in changing the day of publication from Tuesday to Thursday, explained that this made it possible "to circulate the eastern news a week earlier" since the steamboat from Buffalo was expected to arrive on Wednesday. The New York Tribune was read in thousands of homes in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa, and exerted a powerful influence on public opinion, in fact became, as James Ford Rhodes expresses it, a political bible.
In architecture the log cabin was superseded by frame dwellings designed in many cases from drawings in Asher Benjamin's The Country Builder's Assistant and The American Builder's Companion, while the influence of Jefferson was shown in such classical buildings as the Taft House, built in 1820, at Cincinnati; the Stinton House, Hamilton, Ohio; the Schug House, Huron; the Mathews House, Lake, Ohio; the Sykes House, Cuyahoga, Ohio; the Peter Allen House, Trumbull, Ohio; the Grange, Bourbon, Kentucky; the John Speed House, Jefferson, Kentucky; and Mercer Hall, Maury, Tennessee. Classical church buildings, almost identical with those in many eastern cities, sprang up on all sides. That Bulfinch, too, had his imitators in the West is evidenced by the Hildreth House, at Marietta, and by other buildings.
Both religion and education received their chief inspiration from the East. It was Thaddeus Dod, one of John Witherspoon's ablest students, who was the prophet of Presbyterianism in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, preaching in the wilderness, organizing congregations, gathering around him a group of students to found the first classical school west of the Alleghenies. It was another Princeton graduate, David Rice, a convert of Samuel Davies, who became the father of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky. James Doddridge, who studied at Jefferson College, was the torchbearer of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Virginia panhandle and eastern Ohio, going on horseback through the woods and over rivers, to preach and to baptize. Elisha Bates and Benjamin Lundy spread far and wide the tenets of the Society of Friends. Earnest men from New England, Yale graduates, many of them, established Congregational churches, schools, and colleges. The students at Oberlin, Western Reserve, Knox, and other western colleges went through the same array of Greek, Latin, mathematics, philosophy, and physics as students in the East, often using the same textbooks.
Profound, also, was the influence of eastern literature upon the West. Emerson, Poe, Lowell, Cooper, Irving, and others were widely read and appreciated, were an inspiration to budding western writers. Four of Emerson's best-known poems were published in The Western Messenger a year before their first appearance in the East. The browser in M. C. Younglove's bookstore, in Cleveland, was sure to find on the shelves copies of the Leatherstocking Tales. The Marietta College Magazine published critical articles on "Washington Irving," "Ralph Waldo Emerson," "Edgar Allan Poe" and "Horace Greeley." And at the lyceums, which flourished in the midwestern cities, great crowds listened with intense interest to the lectures of Emerson, Henry Ward Beecher, and other distinguished eastern writers.
Visitors to the United States have long recognized the existence of a distinctive American civilization. Even before the advent of the national period they noted with interest the spirit of optimism which prevailed everywhere, the love of democracy, the driving energy, the self-reliance, the initiative which marked the people from Maine to Georgia. Today we have an American economic system, a distinctive literature, a distinctive architecture, even an American language. When the American goes abroad he is recognized instantly by the cut of his clothes, by his accent, by his free and easy manners.
Yet one does not have to look far to find diversity in the midst of this apparent uniformity. The New Englander is different from the Georgian; California has a civilization quite distinct from that of Virginia; there is still such a thing as the Old Northwest. During the Second World War, Princeton University inaugurated a series of conferences on the United States for British officers and men. The thing which seemed to interest them most, the thing which they were sure they had to understand before they could know this country, was sectionalism; and many were the questions they asked concerning the Solid South, the Middle West, New England, and the Pacific Coast states. Americans themselves are fully aware of the importance of this matter, for sectionalism has played a major role in our history, plays a major role in our life today.
Should not historians give more attention to the origins and development of these sections? We have one excellent study of the geography of the expanded New England; there are a number of scholarly works on immigrant groups; the influence of the frontier has been studied fully; but we are woefully lacking in books on the transit of civilization from one section to another, on the continued influence of the older sections on the new, on the effects of local conditions.
It is fascinating to turn the pages of history back to ancient times—to look on as the Egyptians build their pyramids and temples and send their conquering armies up the Nile or into western Asia; to linger in Athens in the days of its glory, there to take counsel with Aristotle or Plato, or stand in admiring wonder before the Parthenon; to witness the rise and the decline of the Roman Empire; to accompany Peter the Hermit and Richard the Lionhearted on the Crusades. But even more interesting is the story of the founding and growth of our Middle West—the pouring of hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children over the mountains into the vast bowl of the Mississippi Valley; the struggle with the Indians, the forests, and isolation; the converting of the wilderness into prosperous farms, great cities, and innumerable towns and villages; the laying down of railways, highways, and canals; the founding of schools and colleges; the building of churches; the development of a great industrial system.
May we not hope that in the coming years this story will be better told, so that we may understand more fully the forces which created our great Middle West, which has had so profound an influence upon all phases of American civilization.
Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker (February 6, 1879–April 22, 1966) was Edwards Professor of American History at Princeton University. Prominent works include his doctoral dissertation, Patrician and Plebeian in Virginia (1910); Virginia Under the Stuarts (1914); and The Planters of Colonial Virginia (1922).


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Burnham on Sea Mobility Shop & Stairlift Installation
Serving throughout Somerset we are your local mobility shop covering Burnham on Sea
As a leading independent mobility shop and stairlift installers, Somerset Mobility & Stairlifts can confidently supply all aspects of mobility aids, daily living aids and stairlifts to help you with your day to day living needs.
Our welcoming Mobility Shop covering Burnham on Sea stocks and supplies a wide range of mobility aids. From mobility scooters and batteries to the latest array of rise and recline chairs – plus a huge range of bathroom and daily living aids – our expert guidance is on hand to help make your life easier from as soon as you wake up to the moment you go to sleep.
From the moment you set foot in the Somerset Mobility & Stairlifts shop or have got through to us on the phone, we want you to experience a personal and caring service from start to finish.
Mobility Scooters & Batteries
Visit our mobility shop from Burnham on Sea to see our different types of mobility scooters. From scooters that can be disassembled with ease to fit inside the boot of your car to large scooters that can travel 20 – 30 miles, we are sure to have the right scooter for your needs. Our expert team will be available in the shop to answer any questions, show you how the scooters work and offer you their advice.
Ask us for a free no obligation demo and quotation so you can try before you buy. All scooters also come with a 1 year full warranty.
Daily Living Aids
At Somerset Mobility & Stairlifts we have solutions to so many of life's little problems that we know can cause a serious negative impact to your day to day living. Our daily living aids give you your independence back, so you can confidently go about your day.
From walking aids to grab rails, pill organisers and kettle tippers to over-bed tables and armchair risers, we've got a huge range of products to make for easier living.
What's more we have a range of ramps, trolleys and easy reachers too.
Rise & Recline Chairs
Sit down and stand up with ease with our range of rise and recline chairs, available to try at our mobility shop. We provide rise and recline chairs manufactured to the highest standards to ensure they demonstrate exceptional reliability and are built to last.
A wide variety of fabrics, colours and fillings offer a variety of chairs to suit all budgets and preferences. Removable seat covers allow for easy maintenance and zipped adjustable cushioning means that all of our rise and recline chairs can be tailored to you for that perfect fit.
Call us on 01823 66 33 56
Contact Us
Contact Somerset Mobility & Stairlifts for more information or to book a free quotation
Here at Somerset Mobility & Stairlifts, you will find a personal and caring service from start to finish. We pride ourselves on our no pressure approach and our free no obligation quote service.
Tel: 01823 66 33 56
Email: email@example.com
Burnham on Sea Stairlift Installation
Working throughout Somerset we provide stairlifts in Burnham on Sea
With so many types of stairlift available, we are confident that we can provide the solution to your needs. Somerset Stairlifts can offer stairlifts that allow you to stand and perch, stairlifts that help you get up and down stairs whilst using the more traditional method of sitting with the ability to add on power options such as swivel seats and powered footplates to make mobility even easier, and we can even provide stairlifts that can be used on stairs outside of the home that are exposed to the elements.
All of our stairlifts will be customised and tailored to your requirements and made to fit neatly in your home to help provide you with maximum mobility. Adjustments such as manual hinges to allow the rail to be lift out of the way of doorways can even be included as a solution for tighter areas.
Sensitive, experienced stairlift installation in Burnham on Sea
We understand that the point in your life that you consider a stairlift is a decision that is sensitive and personal to you. That's why we strive to offer a friendly, caring service utilising our 30 years of experience and knowledge in order to provide you with a service that leaves you feeling confident, happy and safe.
We want you to feel looked after, so we will clearly discuss the options available to you so that you can rest assured that you have found the perfect stairlift solution for your home. Whether it's for a straight or curved stairlift, we carry out the fitting of our models to the highest standards giving you peace of mind as you improve your mobility with our seamless designs.
At Somerset Stairlifts we are even able to offer a selection of reconditioned stairlifts, as well as our extensive range of new stairlifts, to be able to make the cost of your new mobility purchase more manageable and suit all budgets.
Reconditioned Stairlifts
Reconditioned stairlifts are very likely to be different from the length of your stairs depending on what we have in stock as no two staircases are the same the rail length. Although there will be some work required to make them fit your home, we are able to make adjustments to extend or shorten the rail lengths in order to create a perfect fit on your staircase. All of our reconditioned stairlifts come with brand new batteries as standard and two remotes.
We also cover the following areas in Somerset:
Axbridge, Bridgwater, Burnham on Sea, Chard, Crewkerne, Glastonbury, Illminster, Minehead,
Shepton Mallet, Somerton, Taunton, Wellington, Weston Super Mare, Yeovil


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Riviera Theatre
67 Webster Street,
North Tonawanda,
4 people favorited this theater
Related Websites
Riviera Theatre (Official)
Additional Info
Previously operated by: Dipson Circuit, Shea Theatres
Architects: Leon H. Lempert, Jr.
Functions: Community Arts Center, Movies (Silent)
Styles: Italian Renaissance
Previous Names: Rivera Theatre
Phone Numbers:
Box Office:
Nearby Theaters
News About This Theater
- Nov 5, 2013 — Riviera Theatre begins marquee restoration
- Jan 17, 2013 — County agency provides $350,000 to aid Riviera expansion
- Oct 9, 2012 — Donation keeps Riv film series rolling
- Feb 20, 2012 — Digital Film switch could signal end of historic movie theaters
- Feb 20, 2012 — Digital Film switch could signal end of historic movie theaters
- Apr 1, 2008 — Riviera debuts restored wurlitzer
- Feb 28, 2008 — Harold Lloyd Film Festival: April 18-20, 2008, Riviera Theatre
The Rivera Theatre opened on December 30, 1926 with an MGM feature titled "Upstage", starring Norma Shearer and Oscar Shaw.
The theatre was designed by Leon Lempart & Son of Rochester New York for the Yellen family. The most famous Yellen being lyricist Jack, whom with partner and pianist Milton Ager penned the classics "Happy Days Are Here Again" and "Aint She Sweet".
The Yellen family leased the Rivera Theatre to Shea's Operating Corp. in 1928. It was as this time the extra "i" was added to the name, changing it to Riviera Theatre. The Shea's company also did some redcorating of the theatre at this time. The most notible change being the painting of the now famous "Naked Ladies" on the console of theatres 3/11 Wurlitzer organ, which had left the Wurlitzer factory with an ivory painted console.
The following decades would see many changes in operators. Shea's operated the theatre into the 1940's, when the Dipson-Basil company (later Dipson) took the reigns and continued its operation into the early-1970's.
The theatre was closed for the year 1971 while it waited for a new operator to take an interest in it. A group of local entrepreneurs, whom had been running the sucessful Parklane Resturant in Buffalo, stepped up and would run the theatre into the early-1980's.
The theatre was sold in the early-1980's to theatre organist Dr. Edward "Eddy Baker" Bebko whom operated under several business names. Key Theaters and Saled Properties.
On February 14, 1989 the theatre became the property of the Niagara Frontier Theatre Organ Society; a group which had been maintaining the Wurlitzer theatre organ since the early-1960's.
Following the theatre's purchase, the organ society, manned entirely by volunteers began the enormous task of restoring the theatre to its opening night granduer.
The seats have been reupholstered, the auditorium, lobby, and all public areas repainted, dressing rooms restored, new AC and electrical service, sound and lights, new carpeting. And the work continues, all performed by an amazingly dedicated group of volunteers, all with a undying love for this historic showplace.
The theatre is currently operated by the society as a rental house. The only programs produced by them are the monthly organ concerts, which have been going strong for almost 40 years.
The theatre's resident theatre company, NFLT (Niagara Falls little Theatre) provides regular offerings of plays and musicals.
Other events include various local theatre company productions, live concerts, dance recitals, children's films, weddings and tours complete with organ demonstration and short silent film.
Recent comments (view all 87 comments)
Saw many Hammer horror and beach party movies here in the '60's.
The article above deals with the Riviera' conversion to digital projection.
Check out their upcoming classic films. Included are Gone with the Wind, Casablanca, Citizen Kane, Singing in the Rain, and a Three Stooges Festival.
The Riviera Theatre opened on June 14, 1930. The feature film was "The Texan" with Gary Cooper.
Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater.


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Did a great platform for receiving logs
Now the logs are not falling as a standard
The platform is located behind that is very convenient for operational
Trailer for chopping trees. Lighting, tow hitch, with the capture of the manipulator, the dust from the wheels, the tracks on the road, the support legs. Washable.


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ARIES (March 21 to April
19): This could be the time to try soothing whatever bad feelings might be
lingering 'twixt and among colleagues, friends or family members. But be sure
you do so without favoring any side.
TAURUS (April 20 to May
20): An idea is only an idea until you put that clever Bovine mind to work to
develop it from concept to substance. This could lead to something rewarding,
both emotionally and monetarily.
GEMINI (May 21 to June
20): The early part of the week could have some disconcerting moments, but
approaching them with a calm, unruffled attitude goes a long way toward helping
to get things nicely settled down.
CANCER (June 21 to July
22): Getting used to change continues to mark much of the week. But accepting
what you have to do makes adapting that much easier. A welcome visitor could
turn up sooner than expected.
LEO (July 23 to Aug.
22): Learning how to live with a decision is a challenge, but one you Leos and
Leonas could really enjoy. You'll also be pleased to see your social life take
that upsurge you've been hoping for.
VIRGO (Aug. 23 to Sept.
22): Use your perceptive Virgo instinct to help you see the positive aspects of
what, at first, appears to be a disappointment. You could find that it proves
to be quite the contrary.
LIBRA (Sept. 23 to Oct.
22): Your ability to maintain a balance between sense and sentiment once again
helps you sort through apparently conflicting choices and ultimately arrive at
the right decision.
SCORPIO (Oct. 23 to Nov.
21): Before you seek the advice of colleagues about a potential career move,
you might be better off getting counsel from someone who won't be affected by
the choices you make.
SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22 to
Dec. 21): It can be a challenging week for some relationships if the normal
give-and-take flow changes with one side doing most of the giving and the other
the taking.
CAPRICORN (Dec. 22 to
Jan. 19): A new opportunity could bring with it much anticipation along with
some anxiety. Take time to sort out your options as well as your emotional
AQUARIUS (Jan. 20 to
Feb. 18): Are you sure you have all the facts you need to let that matter move
to another level? Don't be rushed into a decision unless and until you feel
it's the right thing to do.
PISCES (Feb. 19 to March
20): Pace yourself as you prepare to take on that more demanding project. Be
careful not to let your energy reserves drain away. Take time to relax with
people close to you.
BORN THIS WEEK: You have
the ability to see both sides of a situation. You would do well as a counselor
or a judge.
(c) 2010 King Features
Synd., Inc.


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We decided to try something different this issue, a theme that wasn't really a theme the way GLORY or ENVY or TRAVEL are themes. Our rubric this time is OBJECTS. By which we mean to imply neither a rigorous art-historical treatment of the modernist object, nor a phenomenological account of stuff, nor some psychological treatment of desire and its target. We thought of it as a quest, or rather a question — what are the Bidounest things in the world? We asked friends old and new to play along with us, imagine just such an object, and then tell us a story about it.
And lo, the stories they told: monuments and memento mori; iconic props of iconic people; trusty or beloved cars, buses, blankets, drums. Dictators are slightly overrepresented (but then, nobody loves a prop like a dictator). Some of them are light or whimsical. Some of them are tough to read. (At least one of them was tough to write, take my word for it.) Some are weirdly moving. A few of them are fictional. But all of them, we think, are slightly fantastic, and in any case we hope you enjoy them. The middle pages of the magazine are a veritable Treasury of Bidounish Wonders, a visual catalogue produced by creative director Babak Radboy, armed only with vinyl, corkboard, and a handful of items from obscure mail-order catalogues.
There are a lot of new things in this issue, as well. It's a thick one, the biggest yet. A new column opens up the quasi-hermetic world of the private collector and her prized possessions, inaugurated this issue by Madelon Vriesendorp. A new department, the gallery, presents a selection of images that intersect the theme in one fashion or another. And a pair of inserts showcase extravagant object-oriented imagery. In Children's Museum, an artist's project by Vadim Fishkin, the curatorial instincts of ten-years-old-and-under kids are unleashed. The other presents the terrifyingly desiccated exhibitions of Cairo's Agriculture Museum, a space straight out of Borges or Sebald or maybe even Mahfouz, whose white linen suit itself makes for a powerfully telling object, as you may learn on page 86.
As always, thanks for reading.


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GCG's Q1 2021 Healthcare Industry Update provides an overview of the latest trends in the sector, including recent performance, valuation multiples and the state of the middle-market M&A environment.
Key findings include the following:
Click here for the full update.
Get in Touch
Tell us a little about yourself and we will get in touch as soon as we can.


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RP on your laptop or desktop
- If you've been using our "beta" player, please stand by. We'll be introducing a much-improved new version in the next few days.
- In iTunes, you'll find us under "Eclectic" on the "Internet Radio" menu. If you don't see that as an option, see how to add it to iTunes. Note that "Radio" is not where you'll find us.
- For other players (like VLC or Winamp), see our stream links.
RP on your phone or tablet
- We have free apps for iOS devices (iPhone, iPad, & iPod Touch) and for Android phones and tablets. Both apps include the ability to cache RP for later playback without using cell data (or if you're offline).
- For Amazon Fire HD tablets, we have a free app available in the Amazon Appstore.
- Unfortunatly, we no longer have an app for Windows Phone.
- On all phone platforms, we're available via the free TuneIn app. In many cases you can also listen via our website.
RP on Amazon Echo
- Just say "Alexa, enable Radio Paradise"
- Then "Alexa, play Radio Paradise", "Alexa, ask Radio Paradise what's playing", and "Alexa, skip" (to skip the currently-playing song).
- Check your Alexa app after enabling RP for more commands, and to link your RP account to Alexa.
RP on your TV
- We have a free app for current-generation AppleTV units (with the Siri touchpad remote). Search for "radio paradise" in the AppleTV App Store. Note: you need to enter the search term manually. Siri search only works for movies & TV shows.
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- On most smart TVs, you can either play us via our website in your TV browser, or via the free TuneIn app.
- We will be adding Chromecast support to our Android app soon. In the meantime, open RP in a Chrome tab on your computer and 'cast' it to your TV.
RP on WiFi radios and receivers
- We're listed in the station directories of almost all WiFi radios, usually under "alternative" or "eclectic". You can also try searching for "radio paradise".
- On Naim audiophile tuners & receivers (highly recommended by RP), you'll find us in the "Naim's Choice" selection.
- On Bluesound players (also highly recommended), you'll find RP on the menu in the Bluesound controller app.
- If you need to add a preset for us manually (or want to add a different bitrate), here's our list of stream links.
- If you don't know how to add a stream link, try Googling "add station to [brand of radio] WiFi radio".
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We'll do our best to help. Just shoot us an email.
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If you enjoy what we do at Radio Paradise, please consider becoming a supporting listener.
It just takes 30 seconds or so, and we depend completely on your support to keep RP's streams, apps and servers going — and to keep your curators fed, clothed, and happy :-).
It just takes 30 seconds or so, and we depend completely on your support to keep RP's streams, apps and servers going — and to keep your curators fed, clothed, and happy :-).


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"I enjoy looking at Thomas Zimmerman's art and photos because it gives an alternative sense of a picture. I think it makes you think of the scene differently than you normally would by the enhancement of the colors and angles.
All year round I enjoy winter and snowy pictures such as these by Vivienne Gucwa. It's a peaceful and sometimes playful look into the glistening snow fallen scenes."
– Jennifer P., Controller


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Mitochondria and Cell Energy
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Disclaimer: This website is not intended to replace professional consultation, diagnosis, or treatment by a licensed physician. If you require any medical related advice, contact your physician promptly. Information at this website is exclusively of a general reference nature. Do not disregard medical advice or delay treatment as a result of accessing information at this site.


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Covid-19 is still a grave reality, now with a new strain of the virus spreading across the world. When the pandemic first began, we did not expect it to last this long, and no one expected that it would spread so widely and have such a disastrous impact. As we move into 2021, it continues to be crucial to maintain social distance, avoid large groups of people, wash or sanitize our hands and wear masks consistently to stop the spread of the virus. Produced by Dev Kumar Sunuwar Translation and Voice: Nichol Ragai Lang
After months of clinical trials by many companies in different countries, several vaccines, which are 94-95% effective, have finally been approved and are now making their way to hospitals, clinics and doctors rooms. Successful trials of the vaccines have taken place with medical professionals and the elderly. Vaccines against COVID-19 will be available to us soon. Produced by Dev Kumar Sunuwar Voice and Translation: Nichol Ragai Lang
Limited access to basic health services remains a big problem for Indigenous communities across all continents. Indigenous populations in many countries have experienced poorer health outcomes compared to non-Indigenous populations. Mainstream health services have not adequately met the health needs of Indigenous Peoples in both rural and urban settings.