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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Singh Request for Comments: 6204 W. Beebee Category: Informational Cisco Systems, Inc. ISSN: 2070-1721 C. Donley CableLabs B. Stark AT&T O. Troan, Ed. Cisco Systems, Inc. April 2011 Basic Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers Abstract This document specifies requirements for an IPv6 Customer Edge (CE) router. Specifically, the current version of this document focuses on the basic provisioning of an IPv6 CE router and the provisioning of IPv6 hosts attached to it. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6204. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................2 1.1. Requirements Language ......................................3 2. Terminology .....................................................3 3. Architecture ....................................................4 3.1. Current IPv4 End-User Network Architecture .................4 3.2. IPv6 End-User Network Architecture .........................4 3.2.1. Local Communication .................................6 4. Requirements ....................................................6 4.1. General Requirements .......................................6 4.2. WAN-Side Configuration .....................................7 4.3. LAN-Side Configuration ....................................11 4.4. Security Considerations ...................................13 5. Acknowledgements ...............................................13 6. Contributors ...................................................14 7. References .....................................................14 7.1. Normative References ......................................14 7.2. Informative References ....................................16 1. Introduction This document defines basic IPv6 features for a residential or small- office router, referred to as an IPv6 CE router. Typically, these routers also support IPv4. Mixed environments of dual-stack hosts and IPv6-only hosts (behind the CE router) can be more complex if the IPv6-only devices are using a translator to access IPv4 servers [RFC6144]. Support for such mixed environments is not in scope of this document. This document specifies how an IPv6 CE router automatically provisions its WAN interface, acquires address space for provisioning of its LAN interfaces, and fetches other configuration information from the service provider network. Automatic provisioning of more complex topology than a single router with multiple LAN interfaces is out of scope for this document. See [RFC4779] for a discussion of options available for deploying IPv6 in service provider access networks. 1.1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 2. Terminology End-User Network one or more links attached to the IPv6 CE router that connect IPv6 hosts. IPv6 Customer Edge Router a node intended for home or small-office use that forwards IPv6 packets not explicitly addressed to itself. The IPv6 CE router connects the end-user network to a service provider network. IPv6 Host any device implementing an IPv6 stack receiving IPv6 connectivity through the IPv6 CE router. LAN Interface an IPv6 CE router's attachment to a link in the end-user network. Examples are Ethernets (simple or bridged), 802.11 wireless, or other LAN technologies. An IPv6 CE router may have one or more network-layer LAN interfaces. Service Provider an entity that provides access to the Internet. In this document, a service provider specifically offers Internet access using IPv6, and may also offer IPv4 Internet access. The service provider can provide such access over a variety of different transport methods such as DSL, cable, wireless, and others. WAN Interface an IPv6 CE router's attachment to a link used to provide connectivity to the service provider network; example link technologies include Ethernets (simple or bridged), PPP links, Frame Relay, or ATM networks, as well as Internet-layer (or higher-layer) "tunnels", such as tunnels over IPv4 or IPv6 itself. 3. Architecture 3.1. Current IPv4 End-User Network Architecture An end-user network will likely support both IPv4 and IPv6. It is not expected that an end-user will change their existing network topology with the introduction of IPv6. There are some differences in how IPv6 works and is provisioned; these differences have implications for the network architecture. A typical IPv4 end-user network consists of a "plug and play" router with NAT functionality and a single link behind it, connected to the service provider network. A typical IPv4 NAT deployment by default blocks all incoming connections. Opening of ports is typically allowed using a Universal Plug and Play Internet Gateway Device (UPnP IGD) [UPnP-IGD] or some other firewall control protocol. Another consequence of using private address space in the end-user network is that it provides stable addressing; i.e., it never changes even when you change service providers, and the addresses are always there even when the WAN interface is down or the customer edge router has not yet been provisioned. Rewriting addresses on the edge of the network also allows for some rudimentary multihoming, even though using NATs for multihoming does not preserve connections during a fail-over event [RFC4864]. Many existing routers support dynamic routing, and advanced end-users can build arbitrary, complex networks using manual configuration of address prefixes combined with a dynamic routing protocol. 3.2. IPv6 End-User Network Architecture The end-user network architecture for IPv6 should provide equivalent or better capabilities and functionality than the current IPv4 architecture. The end-user network is a stub network. Figure 1 illustrates the model topology for the end-user network. +-------+-------+ \ | Service | \ | Provider | | Service | Router | | Provider +-------+-------+ | network | / | Customer / | Internet connection / | +------+--------+ \ | IPv6 | \ | Customer Edge | \ | Router | / +---+-------+-+-+ / Network A | | Network B | End-User ---+-------------+----+- --+--+-------------+--- | network(s) | | | | \ +----+-----+ +-----+----+ +----+-----+ +-----+----+ \ |IPv6 Host | |IPv6 Host | | IPv6 Host| |IPv6 Host | / | | | | | | | | / +----------+ +-----+----+ +----------+ +----------+ / Figure 1: An Example of a Typical End-User Network This architecture describes the: o Basic capabilities of an IPv6 CE router o Provisioning of the WAN interface connecting to the service provider o Provisioning of the LAN interfaces For IPv6 multicast traffic, the IPv6 CE router may act as a Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) proxy [RFC4605] and may support a dynamic multicast routing protocol. The IPv6 CE router may be manually configured in an arbitrary topology with a dynamic routing protocol. Automatic provisioning and configuration are described for a single IPv6 CE router only. 3.2.1. Local Communication Link-local IPv6 addresses are used by hosts communicating on a single link. Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses (ULAs) [RFC4193] are used by hosts communicating within the end-user network across multiple links, but without requiring the application to use a globally routable address. The IPv6 CE router defaults to acting as the demarcation point between two networks by providing a ULA boundary, a multicast zone boundary, and ingress and egress traffic filters. A dual-stack host is multihomed to IPv4 and IPv6 networks. The IPv4 and IPv6 topologies may not be congruent, and different addresses may have different reachability, e.g., ULAs. A host stack has to be able to quickly fail over and try a different source address and destination address pair if communication fails, as outlined in [HAPPY-EYEBALLS]. At the time of this writing, several host implementations do not handle the case where they have an IPv6 address configured and no IPv6 connectivity, either because the address itself has a limited topological reachability (e.g., ULA) or because the IPv6 CE router is not connected to the IPv6 network on its WAN interface. To support host implementations that do not handle multihoming in a multi-prefix environment [MULTIHOMING-WITHOUT-NAT], the IPv6 CE router should not, as detailed in the requirements below, advertise itself as a default router on the LAN interface(s) when it does not have IPv6 connectivity on the WAN interface or when it is not provisioned with IPv6 addresses. For local IPv6 communication, the mechanisms specified in [RFC4191] are used. ULA addressing is useful where the IPv6 CE router has multiple LAN interfaces with hosts that need to communicate with each other. If the IPv6 CE router has only a single LAN interface (IPv6 link), then link-local addressing can be used instead. In the event that more than one IPv6 CE router is present on the LAN, then coexistence with IPv4 requires all of them to conform to these recommendations, especially requirements ULA-5 and L-4 below. 4. Requirements 4.1. General Requirements The IPv6 CE router is responsible for implementing IPv6 routing; that is, the IPv6 CE router must look up the IPv6 destination address in its routing table to decide to which interface it should send the packet. In this role, the IPv6 CE router is responsible for ensuring that traffic using its ULA addressing does not go out the WAN interface, and does not originate from the WAN interface. G-1: An IPv6 CE router is an IPv6 node according to the IPv6 Node Requirements [RFC4294] specification. G-2: The IPv6 CE router MUST implement ICMP according to [RFC4443]. In particular, point-to-point links MUST be handled as described in Section 3.1 of [RFC4443]. G-3: The IPv6 CE router MUST NOT forward any IPv6 traffic between its LAN interface(s) and its WAN interface until the router has successfully completed the IPv6 address acquisition process. G-4: By default, an IPv6 CE router that has no default router(s) on its WAN interface MUST NOT advertise itself as an IPv6 default router on its LAN interfaces. That is, the "Router Lifetime" field is set to zero in all Router Advertisement messages it originates [RFC4861]. G-5: By default, if the IPv6 CE router is an advertising router and loses its IPv6 default router(s) on the WAN interface, it MUST explicitly invalidate itself as an IPv6 default router on each of its advertising interfaces by immediately transmitting one or more Router Advertisement messages with the "Router Lifetime" field set to zero [RFC4861]. 4.2. WAN-Side Configuration The IPv6 CE router will need to support connectivity to one or more access network architectures. This document describes an IPv6 CE router that is not specific to any particular architecture or service provider and that supports all commonly used architectures. IPv6 Neighbor Discovery and DHCPv6 protocols operate over any type of IPv6-supported link layer, and there is no need for a link-layer- specific configuration protocol for IPv6 network-layer configuration options as in, e.g., PPP IP Control Protocol (IPCP) for IPv4. This section makes the assumption that the same mechanism will work for any link layer, be it Ethernet, the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), PPP, or others. WAN-side requirements: W-1: When the router is attached to the WAN interface link, it MUST act as an IPv6 host for the purposes of stateless [RFC4862] or stateful [RFC3315] interface address assignment. W-2: The IPv6 CE router MUST generate a link-local address and finish Duplicate Address Detection according to [RFC4862] prior to sending any Router Solicitations on the interface. The source address used in the subsequent Router Solicitation MUST be the link-local address on the WAN interface. W-3: Absent other routing information, the IPv6 CE router MUST use Router Discovery as specified in [RFC4861] to discover a default router(s) and install default route(s) in its routing table with the discovered router's address as the next hop. W-4: The router MUST act as a requesting router for the purposes of DHCPv6 prefix delegation ([RFC3633]). W-5: DHCPv6 address assignment (IA_NA) and DHCPv6 prefix delegation (IA_PD) SHOULD be done as a single DHCPv6 session. W-6: The IPv6 CE router MUST use a persistent DHCP Unique Identifier (DUID) for DHCPv6 messages. The DUID MUST NOT change between network interface resets or IPv6 CE router reboots. Link-layer requirements: WLL-1: If the WAN interface supports Ethernet encapsulation, then the IPv6 CE router MUST support IPv6 over Ethernet [RFC2464]. WLL-2: If the WAN interface supports PPP encapsulation, the IPv6 CE router MUST support IPv6 over PPP [RFC5072]. WLL-3: If the WAN interface supports PPP encapsulation, in a dual- stack environment with IPCP and IPV6CP running over one PPP logical channel, the Network Control Protocols (NCPs) MUST be treated as independent of each other and start and terminate independently. Address assignment requirements: WAA-1: The IPv6 CE router MUST support Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) [RFC4862]. WAA-2: The IPv6 CE router MUST follow the recommendations in Section 4 of [RFC5942], and in particular the handling of the L flag in the Router Advertisement Prefix Information option. WAA-3: The IPv6 CE router MUST support DHCPv6 [RFC3315] client behavior. WAA-4: The IPv6 CE router MUST be able to support the following DHCPv6 options: IA_NA, Reconfigure Accept [RFC3315], and DNS_SERVERS [RFC3646]. WAA-5: The IPv6 CE router SHOULD support the DHCPv6 Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) option [RFC4075] and the Information Refresh Time option [RFC4242]. WAA-6: If the IPv6 CE router receives a Router Advertisement message (described in [RFC4861]) with the M flag set to 1, the IPv6 CE router MUST do DHCPv6 address assignment (request an IA_NA option). WAA-7: If the IPv6 CE router is unable to assign address(es) through SLAAC, it MAY do DHCPv6 address assignment (request an IA_NA option) even if the M flag is set to 0. WAA-8: If the IPv6 CE router does not acquire global IPv6 address(es) from either SLAAC or DHCPv6, then it MUST create global IPv6 address(es) from its delegated prefix(es) and configure those on one of its internal virtual network interfaces. WAA-9: As a router, the IPv6 CE router MUST follow the weak host (Weak ES) model [RFC1122]. When originating packets from an interface, it will use a source address from another one of its interfaces if the outgoing interface does not have an address of suitable scope. Prefix delegation requirements: WPD-1: The IPv6 CE router MUST support DHCPv6 prefix delegation requesting router behavior as specified in [RFC3633] (IA_PD option). WPD-2: The IPv6 CE router MAY indicate as a hint to the delegating router the size of the prefix it requires. If so, it MUST ask for a prefix large enough to assign one /64 for each of its interfaces, rounded up to the nearest nibble, and MUST be configurable to ask for more. WPD-3: The IPv6 CE router MUST be prepared to accept a delegated prefix size different from what is given in the hint. If the delegated prefix is too small to address all of its interfaces, the IPv6 CE router SHOULD log a system management error. WPD-4: The IPv6 CE router MUST always initiate DHCPv6 prefix delegation, regardless of the M and O flags in a received Router Advertisement message. WPD-5: If the IPv6 CE router initiates DHCPv6 before receiving a Router Advertisement, it MUST also request an IA_NA option in DHCPv6. WPD-6: If the delegated prefix(es) are aggregate route(s) of multiple, more-specific routes, the IPv6 CE router MUST discard packets that match the aggregate route(s), but not any of the more-specific routes. In other words, the next hop for the aggregate route(s) should be the null destination. This is necessary to prevent forwarding loops when some addresses covered by the aggregate are not reachable [RFC4632]. (a) The IPv6 CE router SHOULD send an ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable message in accordance with Section 3.1 of [RFC4443] back to the source of the packet, if the packet is to be dropped due to this rule. WPD-7: If the IPv6 CE router requests both an IA_NA and an IA_PD option in DHCPv6, it MUST accept an IA_PD option in DHCPv6 Advertise/Reply messages, even if the message does not contain any addresses. WPD-8: By default, an IPv6 CE router MUST NOT initiate any dynamic routing protocol on its WAN interface. 4.3. LAN-Side Configuration The IPv6 CE router distributes configuration information obtained during WAN interface provisioning to IPv6 hosts and assists IPv6 hosts in obtaining IPv6 addresses. It also supports connectivity of these devices in the absence of any working WAN interface. An IPv6 CE router is expected to support an IPv6 end-user network and IPv6 hosts that exhibit the following characteristics: 1. Link-local addresses may be insufficient for allowing IPv6 applications to communicate with each other in the end-user network. The IPv6 CE router will need to enable this communication by providing globally scoped unicast addresses or ULAs [RFC4193], whether or not WAN connectivity exists. 2. IPv6 hosts should be capable of using SLAAC and may be capable of using DHCPv6 for acquiring their addresses. 3. IPv6 hosts may use DHCPv6 for other configuration information, such as the DNS_SERVERS option for acquiring DNS information. Unless otherwise specified, the following requirements apply to the IPv6 CE router's LAN interfaces only. ULA requirements: ULA-1: The IPv6 CE router SHOULD be capable of generating a ULA prefix [RFC4193]. ULA-2: An IPv6 CE router with a ULA prefix MUST maintain this prefix consistently across reboots. ULA-3: The value of the ULA prefix SHOULD be user-configurable. ULA-4: By default, the IPv6 CE router MUST act as a site border router according to Section 4.3 of [RFC4193] and filter packets with local IPv6 source or destination addresses accordingly. ULA-5: An IPv6 CE router MUST NOT advertise itself as a default router with a Router Lifetime greater than zero whenever all of its configured and delegated prefixes are ULA prefixes. LAN requirements: L-1: The IPv6 CE router MUST support router behavior according to Neighbor Discovery for IPv6 [RFC4861]. L-2: The IPv6 CE router MUST assign a separate /64 from its delegated prefix(es) (and ULA prefix if configured to provide ULA addressing) for each of its LAN interfaces. L-3: An IPv6 CE router MUST advertise itself as a router for the delegated prefix(es) (and ULA prefix if configured to provide ULA addressing) using the "Route Information Option" specified in Section 2.3 of [RFC4191]. This advertisement is independent of having or not having IPv6 connectivity on the WAN interface. L-4: An IPv6 CE router MUST NOT advertise itself as a default router with a Router Lifetime [RFC4861] greater than zero if it has no prefixes configured or delegated to it. L-5: The IPv6 CE router MUST make each LAN interface an advertising interface according to [RFC4861]. L-6: In Router Advertisement messages, the Prefix Information option's A and L flags MUST be set to 1 by default. L-7: The A and L flags' settings SHOULD be user-configurable. L-8: The IPv6 CE router MUST support a DHCPv6 server capable of IPv6 address assignment according to [RFC3315] OR a stateless DHCPv6 server according to [RFC3736] on its LAN interfaces. L-9: Unless the IPv6 CE router is configured to support the DHCPv6 IA_NA option, it SHOULD set the M flag to 0 and the O flag to 1 in its Router Advertisement messages [RFC4861]. L-10: The IPv6 CE router MUST support providing DNS information in the DHCPv6 DNS_SERVERS and DOMAIN_LIST options [RFC3646]. L-11: The IPv6 CE router SHOULD support providing DNS information in the Router Advertisement Recursive DNS Server (RDNSS) and DNS Search List (DNSSL) options as specified in [RFC6106]. L-12: The IPv6 CE router SHOULD make available a subset of DHCPv6 options (as listed in Section 5.3 of [RFC3736]) received from the DHCPv6 client on its WAN interface to its LAN-side DHCPv6 server. L-13: If the delegated prefix changes, i.e., the current prefix is replaced with a new prefix without any overlapping time period, then the IPv6 CE router MUST immediately advertise the old prefix with a Preferred Lifetime of zero and a Valid Lifetime of either a) zero, or b) the lower of the current Valid Lifetime and 2 hours (which must be decremented in real time), in a Router Advertisement message as described in Section 5.5.3, (e) of [RFC4862].L-14: The IPv6 CE router MUST send an ICMP Destination Unreachable message, code 5 (Source address failed ingress/egress policy) for packets forwarded to it that use an address from a prefix that has been deprecated. 4.4. Security Considerations It is considered a best practice to filter obviously malicious traffic (e.g., spoofed packets, "Martian" addresses, etc.). Thus, the IPv6 CE router ought to support basic stateless egress and ingress filters. The CE router is also expected to offer mechanisms to filter traffic entering the customer network; however, the method by which vendors implement configurable packet filtering is beyond the scope of this document. Security requirements: S-1: The IPv6 CE router SHOULD support [RFC6092]. In particular, the IPv6 CE router SHOULD support functionality sufficient for implementing the set of recommendations in [RFC6092], Section 4. This document takes no position on whether such functionality is enabled by default or mechanisms by which users would configure it. S-2: The IPv6 CE router MUST support ingress filtering in accordance with BCP 38 [RFC2827]. 5. Acknowledgements Thanks to the following people (in alphabetical order) for their guidance and feedback: Mikael Abrahamsson, Tore Anderson, Merete Asak, Scott Beuker, Mohamed Boucadair, Rex Bullinger, Brian Carpenter, Lorenzo Colitti, Remi Denis-Courmont, Gert Doering, Alain Durand, Katsunori Fukuoka, Tony Hain, Thomas Herbst, Kevin Johns, Erik Kline, Stephen Kramer, Victor Kuarsingh, Francois-Xavier Le Bail, Arifumi Matsumoto, David Miles, Shin Miyakawa, Jean-Francois Mule, Michael Newbery, Carlos Pignataro, John Pomeroy, Antonio Querubin, Hiroki Sato, Teemu Savolainen, Matt Schmitt, David Thaler, Mark Townsley, Bernie Volz, Dan Wing, James Woodyatt, and Cor Zwart. This document is based in part on CableLabs' eRouter specification. The authors wish to acknowledge the additional contributors from the eRouter team: Ben Bekele, Amol Bhagwat, Ralph Brown, Eduardo Cardona, Margo Dolas, Toerless Eckert, Doc Evans, Roger Fish, Michelle Kuska, Diego Mazzola, John McQueen, Harsh Parandekar, Michael Patrick, Saifur Rahman, Lakshmi Raman, Ryan Ross, Ron da Silva, Madhu Sudan, Dan Torbet, and Greg White. 6. Contributors The following people have participated as co-authors or provided substantial contributions to this document: Ralph Droms, Kirk Erichsen, Fred Baker, Jason Weil, Lee Howard, Jean-Francois Tremblay, Yiu Lee, John Jason Brzozowski, and Heather Kirksey. 7. References 7.1. Normative References [RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2464] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks", RFC 2464, December 1998. [RFC2827] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000. [RFC3315] Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003. [RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633, December 2003. [RFC3646] Droms, R., Ed., "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3646, December 2003. [RFC3736] Droms, R., "Stateless Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Service for IPv6", RFC 3736, April 2004. [RFC4075] Kalusivalingam, V., "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Configuration Option for DHCPv6", RFC 4075, May 2005. [RFC4191] Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, November 2005. [RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005. [RFC4242] Venaas, S., Chown, T., and B. Volz, "Information Refresh Time Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 4242, November 2005. [RFC4294] Loughney, J., Ed., "IPv6 Node Requirements", RFC 4294, April 2006. [RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006. [RFC4605] Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick, "Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding ("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, August 2006. [RFC4632] Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006. [RFC4779] Asadullah, S., Ahmed, A., Popoviciu, C., Savola, P., and J. Palet, "ISP IPv6 Deployment Scenarios in Broadband Access Networks", RFC 4779, January 2007. [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007. [RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007. [RFC4864] Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864, May 2007. [RFC5072] Varada, S., Ed., Haskins, D., and E. Allen, "IP Version 6 over PPP", RFC 5072, September 2007. [RFC5942] Singh, H., Beebee, W., and E. Nordmark, "IPv6 Subnet Model: The Relationship between Links and Subnet Prefixes", RFC 5942, July 2010. [RFC6092] Woodyatt, J., Ed., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for Providing Residential IPv6 Internet Service", RFC 6092, January 2011. [RFC6106] Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli, "IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration", RFC 6106, November 2010. 7.2. Informative References [HAPPY-EYEBALLS] Wing, D. and A. Yourtchenko, "Happy Eyeballs: Trending Towards Success with Dual-Stack Hosts", Work in Progress, March 2011. [MULTIHOMING-WITHOUT-NAT] Troan, O., Ed., Miles, D., Matsushima, S., Okimoto, T., and D. Wing, "IPv6 Multihoming without Network Address Translation", Work in Progress, March 2011. [RFC6144] Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation", RFC 6144, April 2011. [UPnP-IGD] UPnP Forum, "Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Internet Gateway Device (IGD)", November 2001, <http://www.upnp.org/>. Authors' Addresses Hemant Singh Cisco Systems, Inc. 1414 Massachusetts Ave. Boxborough, MA 01719 USA Phone: +1 978 936 1622 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com URI: http://www.cisco.com/ Wes Beebee Cisco Systems, Inc. 1414 Massachusetts Ave. Boxborough, MA 01719 USA Phone: +1 978 936 2030 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com URI: http://www.cisco.com/ Chris Donley CableLabs 858 Coal Creek Circle Louisville, CO 80027 USA EMail: email@example.com Barbara Stark AT&T 725 W Peachtree St. Atlanta, GA 30308 USA EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Ole Troan (editor) Cisco Systems, Inc. Telemarksvingen 20 N-0655 OSLO, Norway EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com 3054 (Verified) is as follows: Section: 4.3 Original Text: L-13: If the delegated prefix changes, i.e., the current prefix is replaced with a new prefix without any overlapping time period, then the IPv6 CE router MUST immediately advertise the old prefix with a Preferred Lifetime of zero and a Valid Lifetime of the lower of the current Valid Lifetime and 2 hours (which must be decremented in real time) in a Router Advertisement message as described in Section 5.5.3, (e) of [RFC4862]. Corrected Text: L-13: If the delegated prefix changes, i.e., the current prefix is replaced with a new prefix without any overlapping time period, then the IPv6 CE router MUST immediately advertise the old prefix with a Preferred Lifetime of zero and a Valid Lifetime of either a) zero, or b) the lower of the current Valid Lifetime and 2 hours (which must be decremented in real time), in a Router Advertisement message as described in Section 5.5.3, (e) of [RFC4862].Notes:
The original text in L-13 prohibits implementers from transmitting Valid Lifetime = 0 whenever a prefix needs to be invalidated. It should not, because transmitting VL=0 is easier to implement than sending "the lower of the current Valid Lifetime and 2 hours (which must be decremented in real time)".
Transmitting Valid Lifetime = 0 has the exact same effect on a host as the procedure described in the original text, i.e., it will the host to lower (but never raise) the remaining valid lifetime to 7200 seconds.


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posted by: miss M.
16 1 2014
CoolWhisper is a Website that aggregates Fashion, Lifestyle and Art blogs, a recognized type of journalism practiced on the internet, whose contents are conveyed free of charge to the public
posted by: miss M.
6 1 2014
AnimatedVideos offers people an easy way to find amazing animated videos and connect with the companies that made them.
posted by: Miss M.
17 10 2013
Model maker and photographer Michael Paul Smith has expertly combined his two crafts to create a series of images that make his intricate model cars look like life-sized vehicles on the road. The result is just amazing.
posted by: miss M.
1 4 2013
Portfolio of Diego Vencato focuses is on the product design projects and the concept behind them.
posted by: miss M.
18 1 2013
Sharing unconventional wisdom with dumb people for common good.
posted by: miss M.
24 12 2012
Some old time favorites..
posted by: Miss M.
24 12 2012
Portfolio of Maurits Lagerweij.
posted by: miss M.
24 12 2012
Just a little personal something where I share thoughts, ideas and work from Romeo Umulisa.
posted by: miss M.
25 8 2012
We have removed 250 dead links and outdated sites. Enjoy!
posted by: strangefruits team
24 8 2012
Artsnapper is a iPhone app, a visual guide enabling you to discover, review and recommend art, while learning about your taste in art.
posted by: miss M.
17 8 2012
Interesting. The psychology of logo design.
posted by: miss M.

subset: commoncrawl


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With the co-operation of Health Canada, Bugaboo has resumed sales and shipment of Bugaboo Cameleon strollers affected by an earlier recall affecting carry handles. The handle connectors may break, posing a possible fall hazard.
Customers with Cameleon models (serial numbers S/N 190101115300001 to S/N 190105124800215) may register for a replacement carry handles, along with installation instructions. The new handle will arrive within three weeks, subject to availability.
Customers are advised to remove the current handle while awaiting delivery of the new handle, ensuring that the child is safely harnessed at all times.
To contact Bugaboo, please email or call 1-800-460-2922.
Click here for further information on the recall.
So let's talk vanity sizing. You know, when you walk into a store knowing full well you're a size 8 everywhere else, only to find yourself blissed out in the change room squeezing into a size 4!
Vanity sizing may culminate in confused shopping trips, where your number ultimately depends on the label in a given store. But more than that, vanity sizing is a genius retailing coup d'etat, tricking you into believing you are thinner than you are. (And hey—rhetorical question—who doesn't want to shop more in a place where they fit into a 4 versus an 8?)
In an article on Huffington Post, hip hop artist Kinnie Starr recalls when she first became cognizant of the vanity sizing phenomenon. She questions the motives of retailers who shrink their sizes, deluding us into thinking we are thinner than we really are.
"It seems like all these forces combine to convince women to expend well-earned capital on dieting tricks and fads in combination with the push to become smaller for a minute according to a tag on a garment," Starr writes.
"As the number on the tag gets smaller, the doorway to 'treating oneself' for getting 'smaller' is opened, and our dollars fly out the window."
Spill it. Does vanity sizing bother you, or are you more inclined to shop at store that flatters you with a smaller size?
Fart jokes never get tired. If you're a teenage male, maybe. Or the Ontario Ministry of Health... Its new public awareness campaign compares social smoking to social farting hoping to get through to young adults in denial about their smoking habits.
"It's true that I fart but I wouldn't call myself a farter," says a young woman in the clip. "I'm a 'social farter,' I really only do it when I'm out with my friends who fart."
Aimed at 18- to 29-year-olds, Quit the Denial parodies the phenomenon of social smoking which it likens to other disgusting habits like ear wax picking and farting.
According to an article in the Vancouver Sun, the campaign is certainly not lacking in page views—with over 360,000 YouTube in just a week.
It seems beyond ridiculous to me, but then again I'm not a young male. Maybe I'm just not destined to find farting jokes funny. Ever.
Effective or just a bunch of hot (smelly) air?


text:
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Sparkless - My House '19
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text:
"Never forget" became a national rallying cry after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.
Yet America's schools — where collective memory is shaped — are now full of students who never knew because they weren't alive then. Many teachers now struggle with whether and how to teach the attacks and their aftermath.
According to one survey, only about 20 states include anything in depth about the events of that fateful day in their high school social studies curriculum.
And when they are taught, critics say, it's often through a narrow lens.
Ask students born after 2001 what they know about the attacks, and many admit they have big knowledge gaps — gaps that they also want filled in.
"It was a really big part of other people's lives. I wasn't born then," says Kaylah Eggsware, a seventh-grader at Greenfield Middle School in Greenfield, Mass. "I don't know about it, so I don't know how to feel about it."
"I'd like to know exactly, like, everything that happened. Because I don't know exactly how many planes there were," says Josh Sylvester, also a seventh-grader at Greenfield Middle School. "I know the two twin towers fell. But I don't know if anything else happened."
Like a lot of middle schools, Greenfield taught little about that day, and none of the "anything else." Often, the school would observe a moment of silence at anniversary time and follow with a brief class discussion.
"We have never really tackled the issue before," says Greenfield Principal Gary Tashjian.
But that's changing. This school year, Greenfield students, as well as their teachers and administrators, are being asked to read and discuss a new young adult novel called Towers Falling by Jewell Parker Rhodes.
The protagonist is a resilient New York City fifth-grader named Dèja. In her new school, the towers were once visible from her classroom. Her family has hit hard times: Her father suffers a host of physical and mental problems related to the attacks. After the family gets evicted, it moves into a homeless shelter.
Dèja knows the attacks have cast a shadow over her life, but she doesn't know much about them. So she and her friends set out to discover more.
Tashjian hopes the all-school read sparks discussion, debate and further inquiry among students.
"They can relate right off the bat to many of the things this girl is going through. Maybe not exactly; maybe I don't have someone who was affected directly by 9/11. But maybe I have a brother who was in Iraq," Tashjian says. "The whole conversation gets a whole lot bigger with something as simple as a book."
It's not clear how big that conversation will get at Greenfield. The school is encouraging the entire town to read the novel.
"My first reaction was to say, 'No way, can't go there. It's too sensitive and parents will give a lot of pushback,' " says Angela Ruggeri, Greenfield's assistant principal.
But she ultimately changed her mind. Issues of terrorism and its aftermath come up on the news all the time, Ruggeri says. "I started wondering, what are the conversations parents are having with their children about this, and how will they approach it?"
Teachers hope the book provides jumping-off points for talking about the more difficult issues "beyond the events of that one day to really thinking deeply about what it means to them to be an American citizen," says Ashley Fitzroy, a literacy and technology teacher at the school.
The middle school is something of an outlier nationally for starting a schoolwide conversation. The majority of schools that do "go there" often focus on the shock and horror of the attacks and the heroism of the first responders.
"The narrative about 9/11 that students are getting is really ahistorical," says Cheryl Duckworth. "It has no context. It's very thin." Duckworth surveyed more than 150 teachers and interviewed several dozen in-depth for her work 9/11 and Collective Memory in US Classrooms.
Duckworth, a professor of conflict resolution at Florida's Nova Southeastern University, found that only about 20 states include content about Sept. 11 in their high school social studies curriculum. And in about half of those states, she says, the topic is covered in a mostly cursory way.
A 2011 research paper by the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement underscored serious shortcomings in Sept.11 teaching curricula, including textbooks with "a startling lack of detail about what actually happened on 9/11." In addition, the report found that despite the many contentious issues surrounding the attacks and the American response, "little was presented in the early curricula and textbooks as controversial."
The National Council for the Social Studies doesn't track data on how the attacks are taught in schools or their place in curricula.
Neither does the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.
But the museum says demand has gone way up forits professional development program for educators on teaching the subject. The organization has offered seven such sessions in the past two years and plans to expand in coming months "due to overwhelming response," says Communications Director Kate Monaghan. It also conducts a weeklong summer seminar for teachers called "9/11 and American Memory."
Duckworth found that if Sept. 11 is addressed in classrooms, too often teachers don't want to tackle the complex, often ugly aftermath at home and globally: the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; the Patriot Act and civil liberties; radical Islam and Islamophobia.
"I think it's very disturbing," Duckworth says, "especially during this presidential election cycle. Islamophobia is just sort of free-floating out there in the air."
If we don't address Sept. 11 in all its complexity, she says, stereotypes and misinformation will continue.
A version of this story was published on NPR Ed in September 2016.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Learning with visuals can be very helpful. Learning with models made from NXT Mindstorms is just plain awesome, as [Rdsprm] demonstrates with this LEGO NXT 3-point bend tester that he built to introduce freshmen to flexural deflection and material properties. Specifically, it calculates Young's modulus using the applied force of a spring and the beam's deflection. [Rdsprm] provides a thorough explanation in the About section of the YouTube video linked above, but the reddit comments are definitely a value-add.
[Rdsprm] built this from the Mindstorms education base set (9797) and the education resource set (9648). Each contestant endures a 5-test battery and should produce the same result each time. The motor in the foreground sets the testing length of the beam, and the second motor pulls the spring down using a gearbox and chain.
This method of deflection testing is unconventional, as [Rdsprm] explains. Usually, the beam is loaded incrementally, with deflection measured at each loading state. Here, the beam is loaded continuously. Vertical deflection is measured with a light sensor that reads a bar code scale on the beam as it passes by. The spring position is calculated and used to determine the applied force.
[Rdsprm] analysed the fluctuation in GNU Octave and has graphs of the light sensor readings and force-deflection. No beams to bend with your Mindstorms? You could make this Ruzzle player instead.
[via reddit]


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Ahmedabad (Gujarat) [India], January 2: Startups are quickly gaining traction in India, making our nation the third-largest startup economy in the world. To discuss this and the road ahead for startups, Antrapreneur, the Business Incubator run by LJ University, Ahmedabad, held an event called 'India: A Startup Nation.' The event was held on December 29th.
The event featured Shri TV Mohandas Pai, a chartered accountant who is an ex-director of Infosys and a Padma Shri Award winner. He is currently the chairman of Manipal Global Education. He was introduced by Amitabh Shah, founder of Yuva Unstoppable, who briefed the audience about Pai's incredible journey.
Pai discussed the Indian startup environment at length. According to him, a focus on technology is what is needed to make sure that Indian startups are both scalable and profitable. He said that Indians excel at both tech and managing startups. India has been exporting tech services to so many countries. And Indian-origin employees are also preferred by unicorns in the US. So, this deadly combination could work out in the favour of Indian startups as well. They have the potential to become as powerful and as popular as the unicorns of the West.The inspiring session was attended by many investors, startup founders as well as teenpreneurs. It was followed by a Q&A session hosted and moderated by Antrapreneur CEO Viral Shah. He also played a massive role in motivating the audience of budding and seasoned entrepreneurs. "Startup ecosystem flourishes with co-incubation, co-investments and co-operation," Shah said. His inspiring words resonated with the audience.
The session also raised questions about why Ahmedabad, which has been a hub of business, has so far not produced many unicorns.
Both Pai and Amitabh Shah also talked about how more startups could help Ahmedabad and the Indian economy grow faster. Startups could also play a role in uplifting education and health standards in India.
The event inspired the young entrepreneurs in the audience to work hard and make Ahmedabad a startup hub just like Delhi and Bengaluru because the city and its citizens have high potential and can achieve this goal.
For more information: http://www.antrapreneur.com/
If you have any objection to this press release content, kindly contact pr.error.rectification[at]gmail.com to notify us. We will respond and rectify the situation in the next 24 hours.
The post 'India: A Startup Nation' Event Featuring TV Mohandas Pai Held by LJ University's Antrapreneur, the Business Incubator appeared first on City Lights.


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Paul has clearly and convincingly shown that the HEATHEN man is lost and without excuse before God (Romans 1:17-32). Now in the first part of chapter 2 he will show that the MORAL man is lost and without excuse. Later in chapter 2 and in chapter 3 he will show that the RELIGIOUS man (the Jew) is lost and without excuse.
There is a KEY WORD found in the first 16 verses of chapter 2. It is the word "JUDGE" or "JUDGMENT" (see verses 1,2,3,5,12,16). In verse 1 we have man sitting in judgment, but starting in verse 2 we have God on the throne of judgment which is proper and right. God is the perfect and righteous JUDGE, and in these first 16 verses we will discover several PRINCIPLES OF JUDGMENT. These important principles will help us to understand what kind of a Judge God is and how He carries out and exercises His judgment.
Principle of Judgment #1: The moral man is rendered inexcusable before God the righteous Judge |
Inexcusable means "without any defense" (compare Rom. 1:20). He has nothing to say, he is silenced (compare Romans 3:19); he is guilty and he knows it!
This verse is talking about a person who is passing judgment on another, condemning the actions of another. Hence, it is talking about the moral person (the person with moral discernment, the person who passes a moral judgment on someone). There is a difference between the moral man and the heathen man. In Romans 1:32 the heathen man APPROVES and APPLAUDS sinful conduct but in Romans 2:1 the moral man DISAPPROVES and JUDGES sinful conduct.
The moral man condemns another for sinful conduct but since he himself is guilty of the same thing he is in effect condemning himself. This principle can be illustrated in three ways:
Principle of Judgment #2: God's Judgment is according to truth. |
We are sure = we know
A human judge is limited when it comes to knowing the truth and ascertaining the true facts of any case. He must depend upon the testimony of men, many of whom will lie even under oath. People may fail to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, but this is no problem to God. The true facts of every case are naked and open before Him. He needs no witnesses and no jury because He has personally witnessed every crime and every sin that has ever been committed. He knows all the facts (see Hebrews 4:12-13). He never misrepresents a person's case! We can be sure that God's judgment is always according to truth.
Principle of Judgment #3: God's judgment is inescapable! |
The answer to the question of this verse is obvious: NO! There is no escape! If any person thinks that he will escape God's judgment, he is thinking wrong! There is no such thing as "the perfect crime." Men may escape human justice but they will never escape divine justice (compare Amos 9:1-3).
Principle of Judgment #4: Men should not run away from God (v.3 -- "escape" is impossible) but they should run to God (v.4 -- "repentance" is essential). |
Goodness = kindness, generosity. God's goodness extends to all men (see Matthew 5:45 and Acts 14:17).
Forbearance = holding back. God holds back His Judgment; God delays His punishment; He does not judge sin immediately.
Longsuffering = long time before getting angry, slow to anger. This does not mean that God never gets angry, but it does mean that He is slow to anger. His longsuffering will not last forever.
The fact that God is good and forbearing and longsuffering ought to lead men to repentance! Men ought to run to God seeking His mercy! But instead men despise God, harden their hearts and refuse to repent! Today, during this age of grace God's goodness and grace and mercy abound towards all men, but men still refuse to repent. In the tribulation period, God's severity and judgment and plagues will abound towards all men, but men will still refuse to repent (see Rev. 9:20-21). However, when a sinner does repent, whether now or then, there is great joy in heaven (Luke 15:7,10).
Principle of Judgment #5: There will be a final day of judgment for the ungodly. |
This day of judgment is described as "the day of wrath and revelation (unveiling) of the righteous judgment of God." This final day of judgment for the ungodly is also described in 2 Peter 3:7 ("the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men") and Revelation 20:11-15.
Hardness: the hearts of men get harder and harder as they refuse to respond to God's goodness and forbearance and longsuffering.
Impenitent: describing a person who refuses to repent (compare the two criminals on the cross -- one was penitent or repentant and the other was impenitent).
Treasurest up unto (for) thyself wrath = treasuring up wrath, misers of wrath. Instead of laying up treasures for heaven (Matthew 6:19-20), they were treasuring up wrath from heaven (storing it up for that final day).
Principle of Judgment #6: God's Judgment is perfectly righteous! |
It is called the "righteous judgment of God." God the righteous Judge makes no mistakes! See Genesis 18:25 and Romans 9:14. When the divine Judge arrives at a verdict, it must be RIGHT. The punishment (penalty) must be right also. God makes no mistakes. The Judge of all the earth will do right. He cannot do wrong. Every occupant of hell will be fully deserving.
Principle of Judgment #7: God's judgment is just -- every man will get exactly what he deserves. |
"(God) will render (give back) to every (each) man according to his deeds (works)." Here we have perfect justice at work. God evaluates a man's works and judges accordingly. The penalty will perfectly fit the crime. Every man will get his due reward, whether good or bad.
This same teaching is found in the following passages: Matthew 12:36-37 (men will be judged according to their words); Matthew 16:27 (every man will be rewarded according to his works); Romans 12:19 (God will repay men for the evil they have done); 2 Timothy 4:14 (God will reward this evil man according to his works); Revelation 18:4-6, Judges 1:7 ("as I have done, so God hath requited me"); 2 Samuel 3:39; Psalm 28:4; Psalm 62:12; Psalm 94:1-2; Proverbs 22:12; Lamentations 3:64 and Jeremiah 17:10.
Thankfully, God is not only a God of JUSTICE but He is also a God of GRACE. According to JUSTICE sin must be judged and punished. According to GRACE sin can be pardoned and forgiven (see Psalm 103:3 and Ephesians 1:7). God is a God of judgment but He is also a God of grace (Psalm 103:8). Psalm 103:10 is true only because of the GRACE OF GOD. The wonderful truth of the gospel is that God can be gracious to sinful men WITHOUT COMPROMISING HIS JUSTICE. The Lord Jesus died for our sins, and thus God has dealt with Christ after our sins and God has rewarded Christ according to our iniquities (compare Psalm 103:10)! God remains JUST (because He poured out His judgment and wrath upon Christ) and at the same time He is able to graciously JUSTIFY the sinner who trusts in His Son (Romans 3:26; 4:5)! Praise God!
Principle of Judgment #8: God punishes those who do evil and rewards those who do good. |
Notice the structure of these verses (chiasm or inverted parallelism):
Verse 7 -- this is how God will reward those who do good A1
Verse 8 -- this is how God will reward those who do evil B1
Verse 9 -- this is how God will reward those who do evil B2
Verse 10 -- this is how God will reward those who do good A2
[For a lengthy discussion of inverted parallelism, see our studies entitled ENGLISHMAN'S GREEK].
Here is some help with some of the words:
"Render" (v.6) = give back, pay back, reward (give a person just what he has earned)
"Contentious" (v.8 ) = selfish, self-seeking
"To the Jew first" (v.9) -- Why were the Jews "first" in judgment? Because according to Luke 12:48, "unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required." The Jews had been given much (see Rom. 3:1-2 and Romans 9:1-5). Those who have been given much will be held more accountable. It is not unreasonable for the Judge to ask, "What have you done with all the light and truth which I have given you?" Example: An unsaved person who lives next door to a Bible believing church in America is much more accountable than an unsaved person who lives in a jungle tribe where there is no gospel testimony. This does not mean that the tribesman will not be judged, but God's judgment will be more severe toward the person who had such opportunity and privilege. Concerning the question: Are the heathen lost? See our notes of Romans 1.
Theological ProblemIt might seem that Paul is saying that A PERSON EARNS eternal life BY DOING GOOD. "What must I do to inherit eternal life?" At first glance Paul's answer seems to be, "to earn eternal life you must patiently continue in well doing" (v.7) or "to earn eternal life you must do good" (v.10). In order to solve this theological problem, consider the following points:
Compare John 5:29 which also sets forth two classes: 1) those that have done good (LIFE); 2) those that have done evil (DAMNATION).
Therefore we must conclude from these passages that CLASS 1 (see above) is made up of born again believers and CLASS 2 (see above) is made up of those who are unbelievers and who have refused to come to Christ. CONCLUSION: Paul is setting forth the simple principle of judgment that God rewards the good and punishes the evil. Paul is dealing here with how people are judged, not how people are saved. In Romans chapters 3 and 4 Paul will proclaim the good news that God is able to save wicked people by His grace. We will then learn how men are saved. |
"Respect of persons" = literally, "to receive (a person's) face." God does not deal with a person on the basis of his "face" (surface considerations such as nationality, race, color of skin, wealth, etc.). God looks deeper than the surface. The goddess of Justice in the Greek system had a bandage over her eyes so that she could not see the person who came before her for judgment!
Principle of Judgment #9 -- There is no partiality with God. |
This continues the thought of verse 11. God is not partial in judgment. In His judgment God does not favor the Jews (His chosen people) over the Gentiles. Both Jews and Gentiles will be judged fairly.
Those who are "without law" (see Romans 2:14) are the Gentiles. Those who had the law (compare Romans 2:17-20) are the Jews. God never gave the law to the other nations (such as Egypt, Assyria, etc.). The law was given exclusively to the nation Israel (see Exodus 19:3-5; 20:2; 34:27 and compare Deuteronomy 4:1-8 and Romans 9:4).
According to the first part of verse 12, what will happen to the Gentiles (heathen people) who have sinned without law? (This sheds light on the question, "Are the heathen lost?") According to the last part of verse 12, what will happen to the Jews who sinned even though they had the law? Notice the expression "as many as have sinned." How many have sinned (see Romans 3:23 and 3:9)?
Paul's point, simply stated is this:
Both are condemned before God the righteous Judge!
Principle of Judgment #10 -- A Person is judged according to the light which he has. |
To whom much is given, much also is required (see Luke 12:48). The Jew had been given much light. The Jew possessed the law of God in written form (the Ten Commandments, etc.). The Jew will be judged by that law which he has. The Gentile who does not have the law will not be judged by that law. He will not be held accountable for what he does not have. But the Gentile does have something. He has been given some light and he will be judged according to the light which he does have. The Gentiles did not have the law of Moses but there was another law which they did have (as we will see in verse 15).
Verses 13-15 are parenthetical (to see this, read verse 12 and then go directly to verse 16). The structure here is that of inverted parallelism (also known as CHIASM) and can be simply explained as follows:
Al Verse 12a -- refers to the Gentiles (who do not have the law)
Bl Verse 12b -- refers to the Jews (who have the law)
B2 Verse 13 -- refers to the Jews
A2 Verses 14-15 -- refers to the Gentiles
[For other examples of chiasmus or inverted parallelism see our notes entitled Englishman's Greek. There is chiasmus in Philemon 5 and in Acts 20:32. Can you identify these grammatical structures?]
Verse 13 -- This verse refers to the Jews who had the law and who heard the law. It is not enough just to have the law. It is not enough just to hear the law. A person must DO (keep, obey) the law. Paul's argument is very simple: The Jews had the law (possessed it), they heard the law, but they did not do the law, and therefore the Jews are condemned!
Consider the expression: "THE DOERS OF THE LAW SHALL BE JUSTIFIED" (v.13). Does this mean that a person can get to heaven by keeping God's law? Consider the following facts:
Thus, Paul's argument: "Listen my Jewish brothers, it is not enough to hear the law. You must obey the law perfectly or else you are under the curse and condemnation of God!" Those who wish to be justified by the law must keep the entire law and must keep it perfectly. |
The Gentiles do not have the written law of God. They do not have the law of Moses. But according to these verses they have God's law WITHIN THEM, "written in their hearts." Although they have never seen a copy of the Ten Commandments, they know that it is wrong to murder, steal, lie, etc. And their conscience condemns them when they do such things. Here are two examples: 1) Acts 28:3-4. These barbarians never saw the Ten Commandments but somehow they knew that murder was wrong and that it was punishable by death! 2) Genesis 26:6-11. This heathen king had never seen the Ten Commandments yet he knew that adultery was wrong.
"Accusing" = "You're guilty! What you did is wrong!"
"Excusing" = "You're not guilty! What you did is right!"
When they do RIGHT their conscience applauds and cheers. When they do WRONG their conscience condemns them and says "You are guilty!"
Thus, the Jew sinned by failing to do what the law of Moses commanded him to do. The Gentile sinned by failing to do what his conscience told him to do. Both Jew and Gentile failed to live up to the light God had given. Both are condemned before God.
(This sentence is continued from verse 12)
"In the day" See verse 5 which also describes this day.
"Secrets" = hidden things
Principle of Judgment #11 -- Nothing is hidden or kept secret from the Judge. |
Compare Hebrews 4:12-13 and Matthew 10:26. In Revelation 20:12 we learn that the books will be opened and all secrets will be revealed. God keeps accurate records of everything that we have ever thought, said or done!
"By Jesus Christ" = the final Judge of men will be none other than Jesus Christ Himself (see John 5:22,27). God the Father has committed all judgment to His Son.
Principle of Judgment #12 -- Jesus Christ will be the final Judge before whom all men shall stand. |
"According to my gospel" -- the gospel which Paul preached included the JUDGMENT OF GOD (compare Romans 1:16-18 and Acts 17:31). The gospel is not presented correctly if nothing it said about the judgment of God.
Paul is now dealing with the JEW, or THE RELIGIOUS MAN. Paul's purpose in the early chapters of Romans is to show that all men are condemned and in need of a Saviour (see Rom. 3:9,19,23). In this section he will demonstrate that the religious Jew is condemned. Note: Religious people are often self-righteous and generally it is very difficult to convince them that they are condemned and guilty before God (compare Luke 5:29-32; 18:9-14).
Key word in these verses = the LAW (see Rom. 2:17,18,20,23,25,26,27). The Jews, in contrast to the Gentiles, possessed God's written law. Since they are accountable for what they have been given, the Jews WILL BE JUDGED BY THIS LAW (Rom. 2:12). As Paul has already told them, it is not enough just to possess the law and hear the law, but what else is necessary (Rom. 2:13)?
"Called a Jew" -- These people took great pride in the fact that they were children of Abraham (see Matt. 3:9; John 8:33,39). "Since we are Jews we are better than everyone else. We are God's chosen people!" Some seemed to think that being a Jew would guarantee them a place in heaven. But it is obvious from God's Word that being a JEW does not make a person JUST before God. Being a Jew externally is one thing (being a Jew physically and racially) but being a TRUE JEW spiritually and internally is something else (see Rom. 2:28-29).
"Restest in the law" -- relying on the law, resting comfortably. Paul's job in this section is to DISTURB THEIR REST! He is going to pull the comfortable bed out from under them.
"Boast of God" = boast in God, "we worship the one and only true God whereas all the other nations worship false gods and idols."
"Knowest His will" -- The Jews had God's Word and thus they knew His will (compare Luke 8:21 with Matt. 12:50 where we see that doing God's Word is equivalent to doing God's will). It is one thing to KNOW God's will, but it is quite another thing to DO God's will.
"Approvest the things that are more excellent (superior)" -- they had a keen sense of moral discernment; they could clearly discern what was right and what was wrong. However, it is one thing to know what is right, and it is another thing to DO what is right. Note: Believers need to have good discernment (compare Phil. 1:9-10).
"Being instructed (taught) out of the law" -- they were certainly not ignorant of God's revealed truth. But having God's holy law does not make a person holy! Having God's righteous commandments does not make a person righteous! The key question in the book of Romans is this: HOW CAN A PERSON BE RIGHTEOUS BEFORE A HOLY GOD? It is not by the works of the law (see Rom. 3:20).
"Confident" -- notice the words that Paul has been using to describe these people: resting comfortable, boasting, confident, etc. Paul needs to humble these people, disturb their rest and bring them very low (compare Luke 18:14). It is very difficult to break through religious pride. Religious people are trusting in themselves and not Christ. They are far too comfortable!
"Confident" = convinced, persuaded. These two verses paint a picture of the Jew as feeling far superior to others. They were convinced that their perspective was correct. If their hearts had been right with the Lord, then they would have been faithful witnesses to the Lord (Isaiah 43:10-12 and see Deuteronomy 4:6-9), and although not superior to others, they would have been able to be a great help to them in this way:
"We have spiritual sight and are able to help those who are blind."
"We have the light and everyone else is in darkness."
"We are wise and we alone can help those who are foolish."
"We are spiritually mature and are able to help those who are babes."
Paul is setting them up for the big blow! He will bring them very low!
"Form" = refers to what is outward and external (compare 2 Tim. 3:5). Their life looked very good on the surface and their religion seemed fine externally. They could rattle off the Ten Commandments, tell you which animals were clean and which were unclean, etc. But as Paul will point out, a mere formal, external, outward religion is not enough (Rom. 2:28). It needs to be real and internal and "of the heart" (Rom. 2:29). Being outwardly religious does not make a person RIGHT WITH GOD.
Paul is now ready to knock the props right out from under these religious Jews. These people had God's law and they heard God's law but they did not DO God's law (verse 13) and thus they will be judged by God's law (verse 12). Instead of being law-keepers they were law-breakers (verses 23,25).
Before we teach others we need to first teach ourselves (v.21). This is especially true when teaching God's Word. Make sure the message first hits home to your heart before you teach it to anyone else. These Jews failed to practice what they preached: "Your actions speak so loud that I can't hear your words!" What flowed from their life contradicted what flowed from their lips. They taught the commandments but they did not keep the commandments. Compare the religious Jews as described by the Lord in Matthew 23:1-3. Did Jesus tell His disciples to follow their teaching? Did He teach them to follow their actions? Compare also the positive example of Paul in Philippians 4:9 and 1 Cor. 11:1.
The Jews thought that they were excellent witnesses for the Lord (see v.19) but they were actually terrible witnesses. They DISHONORED God (v.23) by breaking God's holy law. This is explained further in verse 24.
"The Name of God" -- The Name of God stands for God's Person and for His Reputation. The Jews were very careful about how they used the Name of God, especially the name JEHOVAH or YAHWEH. They considered this Name to be so sacred that they would not even pronounce it. They would substitute another word for God instead. Yet by the way they lived, they dishonored God's Name.
"As (just as) it was written" -- Paul was thinking of something in the Old Testament which said this very same thing. Consider the following two passages: : 1) Isaiah 52:5; 2) Ezekiel 36:21 (and read also verses 22-23). There is nothing that God is more concerned about than His Name (His Reputation, His glory) and when the Jews were not living right, that did not make God look very good before the nations. If the nations see Israel as a sinful people, then how can they think of Jehovah as a holy God? God's people will always reflect upon God, for better or for worse. A WITNESS IS ONE WHO FORCES OTHERS TO THINK RIGHTLY ABOUT GOD BY LIFE AND BY LIP. See the study entitled What Is a Witness?
"Circumcision" -- the Jews rested comfortably in the fact that they were circumcised. The Jews highly valued circumcision as stated in their Old rabbinical writings: "No circumcised man will be lost." In the days of Paul there was a saying that Abraham stood at the gates of Hades to make sure that no circumcised man was ever cast into Hell. Remember, circumcision was merely an OUTWARD RITUAL. It was meant to be an outward sign or seal (Rom. 4:11) of an INWARD REALITY. The outward ritual profits a person only if it is accompanied by the inner reality. The outward rite is worthless (of no benefit or advantage) apart from the inward reality. Apart from this, it is just ritual with no reality, a symbol with no substance.
"Uncircumcision" = this refers to the Gentiles, those who do not have the outward ritual of circumcision.
If the Gentile has the inward reality, then he has the one thing that really counts. Baptism illustration: Is it better for a person to believe on Christ and not be baptized or for a person to be baptized and not believe on Christ? If you must choose between the RITUAL and the REALITY, choose the REALITY! Of course, ideally there should be both. The true believer should be baptized in obedience to Christ's command and to show what happened to him the moment he was saved. Our point is simply that it is better to be an unbaptized believer than to be a baptized unbeliever! Wedding Ring illustration: the ring is just a sign and symbol of a commitment made before God to be faithful to one's spouse. What would you rather have, a husband that has a ring and is running around with five other women or a husband that has no ring but who is faithful to his wife? The symbol (ring) without the reality (faithfulness) is worthless. Paul's point: LACK OF CIRCUMCISION DOES NOT CONDEMN THE GENTILE AND POSSESSION OF CIRCUMCISION DOES NOT SAVE THE JEW (see Galatians 5:6 and 6:15).
Note the contrasts found in these verses (outward-inward, flesh-heart, letter-spirit, men-God). It's one thing being a RACIAL JEW; its another thing to be a REGENERATED JEW (a real Jew!). What is on the inside is what really counts. Paul is preparing us for Chapter 3 where we will see what we are really like on the inside (cf. 3:10-18). For "heart circumcision" see Deut.10:16; 30:6; Jer. 4:4; 9:25-26; Jer.6:10 (circumcise your ear!), Acts 7:51,57; Joel 2:13; Phil.3:3; Psalm 51:6.
Please note: In verse 28, Paul is talking about a Jew (not a Gentile) who is a Jew outwardly. He has been circumcised and he is a descendant of Abraham, but he is not a believer (his heart is not right with God). He is a Jew outwardly and physically, but he is not a Jew inwardly and spiritually. In verse 29, Paul is talking about a Jew (not a Gentile) who is a Jew inwardly. That is, he is a Jew who believes in God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. He is not only a child of Abraham, but he is a child of God. In verse 29 Paul is not saying that Gentiles are Jews inwardly. Saved Gentiles are never referred to as Jews and they are never referred to as "Israel." For a detailed study of this important distinction, please see The Use of the Term "Israel" in the New Testament. "This passage does not teach that all believers are Jews, or that the church is the Israel of God. Paul is talking about those who are born of Jewish parentage and is insisting that the mere fact of birth and the ordinance of circumcision are not enough. There must also be inward reality" (MacDonald, p. 1685).
"Whose praise is not of men, but of God." This is a play on words. The term "Jew" is from the name "Judah" (one of the twelve sons of Jacob) which means "may He be praised."
Back to THE EPISTLE OF ROMANS
Back to SUNDAY SCHOOL MATERIALS & HELPFUL BIBLE STUDIES


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It's true. I know O'Reilly and any number of the folks running the right-wing Christian-persecution industry want to think I've declared "war" on their holiday. But I haven't. If anything, they've done so, by loudly claiming the entire holiday season as their own and not wanting anyone else to play. I thought this was a time of peace on Earth and good will to all men. Not for fearmongering religionists who see enemies beneath every rock, I suppose.
The things I dislike about Christmas are mainly the things most people dislike: the traffic, the congestion, the crowds. I'm able to avoid most of this, because I'm not a family man myself so I don't have an obligation to race to the mall and bow to the gods of commerce every year so I can get the kids the latest awesome video game. No, I get to go at my own pace and pick that game up for me whenever I want it. Hah!
When I was a Christian in my childhood and adolescence, I recall having more of an investment in the religious aspects of the holiday. Today I find much about the holiday that engendered those same feelings of warmth in secular motifs and in fact, I realize now that what I really loved about the holiday back then was mostly secular, as well. I dug decorations, and hanging out by the tree, and the anticipation of opening presents. Going to church on Christmas Eve was okay, I guess, the only really sucky part having to do with getting dressed up and going out in the cold when I'd rather be at home curled up under blankets. But I do remember liking one thing about the Christmas Eve church service when I was a kid: they'd kill the lights in the sanctuary and everyone would be holding lit candles, and that created a really great ambiance.
As an atheist adult, I don't miss the church services or religious carols, but there's still plenty about the holiday for a secularist to enjoy. I have often been asked by Christian friends why I celebrate Christmas if I'm not Christian. I hasten to remind them that the holiday wasn't exclusively Christian to begin with (as with all major Christian holidays, it's an absorbed pagan celebration), and that today, there's the Christian Christmas and the secular Christmas, the latter of which embraces all the good, humanist sentiment of the holiday (the peace and goodwill thing) with none of the baggage involved in taking the mythological parts seriously. We shouldn't need a particular time of year set aside during which it's the proper thing to do to be good to one another. But with all the sectarian ideologies around the world eager to divide humanity into warring factions throughout all the rest of the year, clearly we do. A shame that in this country, the Christians who claim to be Christmas's most ardent supporters want to turn it into a divisive time, too.
Finally, here's one more bit of childhood Christmas nostalgia that still rocks my world. Who doesn't remember growing up with this bit of awesomeness? In fact, I think I'll watch it tonight over a cup of hot chocolate.
So if you don't celebrate Christmas but something else (the solstice, or whatever), then Happy Holidays. If you do celebrate Christmas, then Merry Christmas. (There. I said it.) If you don't celebrate any holidays at all, but are looking forward to a day off work, then have a great day. In fact, have one every day. As best we know, this is the only life we have. There's no excuse not to celebrate every day of it.


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Unusual and beautiful architecture with odd and bizarre buildings, fantasy cottages, fairytale houses, gate lodges, cabins, tree, dome and funny hobbit houses
On our travels we often see beautiful and sometimes strange houses. I have a fascination with strange and nice buildings so I started collecting pictures of them and also found a lot on the internet. You can see a selection here.
You see: random houses


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From Power (point) to Magic(point) -- Presentations using your Linux box
So we decided to look around and what better place than Freshmeat (www.freshmeat.net). A little sniffing around Freshmeat and we came up with some good tools to make simple and handsome presentations. We downloaded the following software:
Magic Point
Prestimel turned out to be a no-brainer as we could not install it. We were testing it on a SuSE 6.4 Installation running the 2.2.14 kernel. However, we just could not figure out why Prestimel would not compile on our box although all the dependencies were satisfied. We finally gave up and are therefore unable to review Prestimel. We however did have some previous experience with Prestimesl and would recommend that you give it a try (i.e. if you can compile it). Creating slides in Prestimel was a piece of cake as we remember. It was as simple as taking the sample XML file provided with the stock compilation of Prestimel and tweaking it to suit our needs. You then run Prestimel again with the appropriate command line switches parsing it a template for the background and color scheme according to your choice and lo....... Prestimel creates all the slides as separate HTML files interlinked to each other and created using the template mentioned by you during parsing of the XML file. All you then need is an HTML browser to view the slides.
That was as far as Prestimel goes. The next application to be chucked off our list was PPresenter. This was another pain in the .......? You know how cryptic some of these packages can be. We soon realized that getting started with PPresenter would require us to code our own slides in some scripting language that was almost equivalent to messing around with assembly code. Not that PPresenter was any different from the others in the way things worked, but we felt that it was too cryptic for the average user to get a hold on. And to expect a novice to start coding in some cryptic scripting language just to make a elegant presentation is asking quite a lot.
Than left us with Magic Point and fortunately for our CEO (or us!), we had a better experience.


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Misses Extra Small to 2XL.
This is the paper pattern; for the PDF version, go here.
A popular 1920s fashion among the young, adventurous "flapper" girls was the straight-sided drop-waist dress with handkerchief hem, worn with tunic tops made out of revealingly sheer fabrics. It was daring to attract attention to the youthful, healthy body underneath the clothes, instead of concealing it with the conservative garments of earlier years.
Our sewing pattern for this Monte Carlo Dress, from 1924, is inspired by the captivating styles of Paul Poiret and Jacquese Doucet. The sheath dress features the drop waist and cylindrical silhouette so popular of the time. It is finished off with a bias-cut handkerchief hem that swishes seductively around nylon-stockinged legs and shows off a bit of ankle. Fanciful decoration was all the rage, in beads, sumptuous embroidery, and bejeweled ornaments. Embellish the dress according to the occasion, using the vintage design motifs included in the pattern.
Two simple-sew tunics can be embellished with tassels or sparking baubles and worn in different arrangements over the dress: facing front of back, belted all around, or belted just in the front. They also create opportunities for interesting layering of sheer or shimmering fabrics.
The pattern has several pages of professional sewing tips for using sheer or slinky fabrics as well as tips for embroidery and embroidery designs.
Suggested fabrics: Lightweight and/or sheer silk, rayon, polyester, novelty velvet, jacquard, or brocade. The dress skirt is attractive in multiple layers of chiffon or georgette. Sheer striped fabrics create a nice graphic effect in the Crossover Tunic.


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Mice and rat infestations are not only a health danger but also cause damage to properties.
Methods for deterring and preventing these pests can ensure that these dangers never arise. Our pest control team specialise in mice and rat control in Ashurst and can provide services to ensure you never experience rodent pests by analysing your domestic or commercial property for the best solutions.
However, if the problem has already arisen, our team can be with you that same day to eliminate or remove the pests humanely.
Getting rid of rats or mice may seem like an easy task when there are one or two of them, but rodents are notorious for producing offspring at an alarming rate.
Our dedicated pest control professionals specialise in comprehensive rat and mice pest control in Ashurst for both prevention and removal, ensuring your space remains rodent-free and safe. Through our targeted strategies, we protect and secure your environment from the potential threats associated with these pests.
If you want some advice, our expert advisors are on hand 24/7* to help. They can talk through your problem and give you a free, no-obligation, estimate based on your specific situation. Or take a look at our frequently asked questions below and see how our professionals can help you.
Answered your question?
01903 383 083Mice, though small in size, can create significant problems for homes and businesses alike. These agile rodents have a knack for finding their way into even the tiniest of openings and spread contamination through their droppings.
If left unchecked, a small mouse problem can quickly escalate into a full-blown infestation. So if you need mice pest control in Ashurst, give our experts a call.
Squirrels are charming and acrobatic creatures, but their presence within homes or buildings can lead to various problems. Squirrels might chew through electrical wires, insulation and structural elements, leading to costly repairs. Their droppings and urine can pose a health risk to occupants.
Call Xpress Pest Control Services today. Our advisors can discuss your problem and arrange a local specialist to visit at a time that suits you.
While squirrels are charming creatures, their presence can lead to property damage, electrical hazards from chewing through wiring, and nesting problems.
Trust us for squirrel removal in Ashurst and our experts will provide you with squirrel management solutions that ensure the coexistence of wildlife and your well-being.
Rats, larger and more formidable than mice, can also wreak havoc on homes and businesses, leading to serious concerns. These intelligent rodents cause damage by gnawing through various materials and can also carry nasty diseases.
As rodents breed quickly, a minor rat issue can quickly escalate into a major infestation, causing extensive damage and distress. Tackle the problem fast and call us for responsive rat control in Ashurst.
By enlisting our services for pest proofing in Ashurst, your home or business will have a proactive approach essential for maintaining a pest-free environment. We'll identify and seal off potential entry points, such as cracks, gaps, and openings, creating a strong line of defence against unwelcome pests.
Using thorough pest proofing measures, our experts employ a meticulous approach to ensure that your home or business remains resilient to pest intrusions.
With local pest controllers available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week*, Xpress Pest Control Services emergency response time for both planned and emergency pest work. We can provide you with a quick and effective solution.


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I recently picked a new primary care physician. After two visits and exhaustive lab tests, he said I was doing "fairly well" for my age.
A little concerned about that comment, I couldn't resist asking him, "Do you think I'll live to be 80?"
He asked, "Do you smoke tobacco or drink alcoholic beverages?"
"Oh no," I replied. "I'm not doing drugs, either."
Then he asked, "Do you eat rib-eye steaks and barbecued ribs?"
I said, "No, my other doctor said that all red meat is very unhealthy!"
"Do you spend a lot of time in the sun, like playing golf, sailing, hiking, or bicycling?"
"No, I don't," I said.
He asked, "Do you gamble, drive fast cars, or have a lot of sex?"
"No," I said. "I don't do any of those things."
He looked at me and said, "Then why do you give a shit?"


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兴发娱乐品牌创始人乐显扬认为 "可以养生、可以济人者, 惟医药为最",并把"同仁"二字命名为堂名,认为"公而雅"。
Mr. Yue Xianyang, founder of Tongrentang Brand, believed that "among things which can preserve peoples' health and to do good to society, medicine is the best" and named the pharmacy as "Tongren (cultivate both noble morality and benevolence)", meaning "equal and elegant"
《周易》"同人卦"天火同仁,象征同类会聚、齐心无私、协力经营共同事业,因此卦辞曰"亨",即通达顺利;汉黄石公《素书 • 安礼》"同仁"一词,指同行仁德者;韩愈《清边郡王杨燕奇碑文》用"同仁"一词,取一视同仁之意。乐显扬融合上述三意,命为堂名,既包含了儒家推崇的"天下为公"的思想,又蕴含了《尔雅》关于"义"、"正"的道德要求。
In the Book of Changes (Yijing), "Hexagram Tongren" means sky and fire are similar, symbolizing that similar peers, united and selfless, converge to work together to run a common cause. Therefore, hexagram defines "Tongren" as "prosperous", which refers to sensible and smooth going. In the book Sushu• Anli written by Mr. Huang Shigong from Han Dynasty, "Tongren" means benevolent fellows. Mr. Han Yu from Tang Dynasty said, "Tongren" means no discrimination. Mr. Yue Xianyang integrated the above three meanings to name the pharmacy Tongren, including not only the concept that "the world is equally shared by all" which was highly praised by the Confucianists, but also the moral request of "righteous" and "upright" , the first dictionary in China.
"Cultivate both noble morality and benevolence to do good to society and to keep people healthy" is a new summary of Tongrentang's original desire, mission and spirit as a Traditional Chinese Medicine enterprise, showing the ideal and pursuit that Tongrentang people are committed to serving human and preserving their health, and also regard this as their own duties.


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sigplus adds photo and multimedia galleries to a Joomla article with a simple syntax. It takes a matter of minutes to set up but comes with a vast range of options for advanced users.
Despite its versatility, sigplus is completely free. It is a full-fledged product with all features included, there is no need to buy a commercial professional version for extra features or purchase club membership to unlock additional privileges.
- user-selectable pop-up window engine, including boxplus (specifically designed for sigplus), Bootstrap Modal, Fancybox and Slimbox2
- user-selectable image slider/carousel/rotator
- free-flow and grid layout mode; row, column and grid arrangement
- fully responsive, mobile-enabled
- build gallery from images on the server or photos on Flickr
- support for image types .jpg, .png and .gif (with and without transparency, with and without animation)
- multimedia support (HTML video tag)
- best-fit thumbnail generation with automatic cropping and centering
- progressive load feature to save network bandwidth: only those images are fetched from the server that are to be shown
- multiple galleries per content item and per page
- multilingual, search engine-friendly image labels and more verbose description set globally or for each individual image
- right-to-left language support
- image caption templates
- image metadata processing; IPTC and EXIF data extraction
- download option to save high-resolution image version
- custom styling (e.g. preview image margin, border, padding and opacity, slide duration and animation delay)
- custom sort criteria (user-defined, file name, last modification time and random order)
- integrates into Joomla content editor and Joomla search
- large gallery support (100 or more images in a single gallery)
- default global settings for the entire site and local parameter overrides for individual galleries
- restricted-access galleries
- and more...
- Version:
- 1.5.0
- Developer:
- Levente Hunyadi
- Last updated:
Mar 09 2024
4 months ago - Date added:
- Mar 13 2010
- License:
- GPLv2 or later
- Type:
- Free download
- Includes:
- m p
- Compatibility:


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Dubai, UAE, 31 October – Zeebu, the Web3 Neobank for telecoms, is excited to announce that its loyalty token, ZBU, is now available for trading on BitMart, a leading cryptocurrency exchange recognized worldwide. This listing brings exciting opportunities to BitMart users, making Zeebu accessible to BitMart's 3M+ global community allowing them to officially trade the ZBU/USDT trading pair.
Listing Schedule:
- Users can deposit ZBU starting on Oct. 28 at 9:00 AM UTC.
- Trading of ZBU will commence on Oct. 30 at 9:00 AM UTC.
- Withdrawals of ZBU will be available starting Oct. 31 at 9:00 AM UTC.
Zeebu's ZBU token is a game-changer in the telecom carrier industry. It's designed to transform the way telecom carriers do business by enabling swift B2B invoice settlements and seamless cross-border payments, fostering a new era of global telecom payment system. ZBU, which operates on the Ethereum blockchain as an ERC-20 token and pegged on Binance Smart Chain as a BEP-20 token, isn't just another digital token; it's a key to simplifying and speeding up cross-border transactions. This, in turn, creates a more interconnected telecom ecosystem and potentially saves high-volume carrier businesses significant costs.With ZBU, successful invoice settlements come with rewards for both customers and merchants. They can use these rewards to settle invoices or trade them on token exchanges with remarkable ease. Plus, by eliminating the need for traditional banks and intermediaries in cross-border settlements, Zeebu's unified settlement platform could potentially boost carrier businesses' bottom-line growth by up to 120%.
A representative from Zeebu expressed their enthusiasm about this milestone, saying,
"Being listed on BitMart is a significant step toward our goal of empowering telecom carriers with loyalty rewards and simplifying invoice settlements within our ecosystem. We believe our innovative settlement platform and loyalty solution can revolutionize the telecom industry, creating value for everyone in the network."
About Zeebu:
Zeebu is a Web3 Neobank for Telecoms with a mission to transform the global telecom carrier industry through a loyalty token designed for telecom carrier businesses. The Zeebu ecosystem makes invoice settlements faster and easier, benefiting carriers and the entire telecom industry.
Learn more about Zeebu: Website | Twitter | Telegram | LinkedIn | Instagram | Whitepaper
About BitMart:
BitMart is a global cryptocurrency exchange platform committed to offering straightforward and secure crypto products and services for individuals and institutions. BitMart's vision is to make cryptocurrency accessible to everyone, with the goal of reshaping the global economy through decentralized digital currency.


text: When these horny teen lovers feel it's time for them to try anal sex for the very first time they don't even need a bed to enjoy some nasty backdoor fucking. They go from erotic shenanigans on a windowsill to some hot petting and finally the lucky guy drives his throbbing cock deep into his girlfriend's tight virgin ass hole. He thought she'd scream of pain, but she is just moaning of pleasure enjoying a new magic feeling of deep anal intercourse and begging for her bf to fuck her welcoming.


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Envato (formerly Eden) operates a group of digital marketplaces that sell creative assets for web designers, including themes, graphics, video, audio, photography and 3D models. It has over 1.5 million active buyers and sellers and over 8 million community members, along with over 5 million items for sale.
Its highest-trafficked marketplace, ThemeForest, is the 204th most visited site in the world according to Alexa. Envato was founded in 2006 by Collis Ta'eed, Cyan Claire, and Jun Rung. It is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia.We believe good ideas deserve a chance to grow. We believe people deserve to earn a living doing what they love. We believe in making it easy to get things done.


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- This event has passed.
Freeport Community Library – Storytime For Toddlers
June 3 @ 10:15 am
An event every week that begins at 10:15 am on Monday and Thursday, repeating until December 26, 2024
Storytime continues at Freeport Community Library (FCL) each Monday and Thursday at 10:15 in the Little Room inside the library. While indoors, storytime capacity is 40 people.
Come share stories, songs, and rhymes! Each Monday and Thursday has different programs. Storytime runs about 15 minutes and is designed for ages 0-4, but all are welcome. Please check the events calendar on the FCL website for cancelations or closures. In the case of cancelation, Story Kits will be offered for in-library use at the Youth Services desk.
This program is free and open to the public. For questions or directions to the Library, visit www.freeportlibrary.com or call 865-3307.
Freeport Community Library
10 Library Drive,
Freeport, ME 04032


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Harken 46 Electric Self-Tailing Radial Winch — 2 Speed, 24V, Horizontal
SKU: harken-46-2STEC24H
Electric Radial winches let you relax in luxury and trim any size sail with the push of a button.
The Radial winch drum's gripping surface is shaped for each winch size and drum material and features diagonal ribs (rather than textured abrasive materials) to maximize gripping power and greatly reduce line wear. The self-tailing mechanism on the winch means that one crew member can quickly and easily trim or raise sails.
High-strength composite roller bearings and bushings reduce friction under load. Load-carrying gears and pins are 17-4 PH stainless steel for strength, corrosion resistance.
Motors attach to central drive shaft and drive through winch gears for two-speed mechanical advantage. Low-power first gear for fast trimming; higher-power second gear for fine-tuning loaded sheets.
Efficient design allows smaller motor size.


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Lady of Legend
Currently viewing the tag: "Author Events"
Lodi High School Speaking Engagement Moved to February 28, 2012
by R.M. ArceJaeger on December 4, 2011 · Leave a CommentDue to circumstances beyond my control, the date of my speaking engagement at Lodi High School has been moved from December 6, 2011 to February 28, 2012. Times should be the same, but I'll keep you posted.
See original announcement HERE.
R.M. ArceJaeger to Speak at Lodi High School
by Platypus Press on December 1, 2011 · Leave a CommentAuthor R.M. ArceJaeger will guide listeners through her excursion into ebook publishing on December 6, 2011 at Lodi High School. Audience members will learn how to get started as an ebook publisher, and will be given resources to allow them to publish any written material for free.
ArceJaeger's short story, A Stepmother's Story: […]