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These 9 Personalities Are Changing The World
Nine distinct personality types make humanity very special, not only in their interactions with each other, but within themselves. Synchronicity ties them all together in a beautiful system that makes everything work.
No human being is ever represented by just one of these personality types, but rather a mixture of several. And while the western mindset focuses on happy moments as the ideal, it is unaware that each piece of the puzzle, each with its flaws, is integral in the spiritual evolution of humanity.
Everything is shifting and changing so quickly and each of these segments is playing a critical role in human consciousness.
9 Personality Types – Do You See Yourself?
Regardless of the initiative, these are the doers of our world. Being the number of 'new' in which all manifestation begins, they symbolize the principle of beginning or initiation through purity of purpose. It is the energy that begins all actions and leads the way in new directions. Without them, we would have a lot of trouble getting things done because when nobody else wants to do it, they step up and get it done with courage, originality and decisiveness.
Their drive makes them magnificent manifestors and they require the support to keep them going. They do not tolerate laziness from the people within their circles, and they don't like to ask for help from others. The Initiator is somebody we all depend on for monumental achievements because they are masters at self-sufficiency, invention, focus and rationality.
Key Strengths:
- Creators and primal force of consciousness and grand movements.
- Do not see an end to their journey and goals (retirement does not exist)
- The most powerful Initiators are those who awaken to their purpose to serve rather than rule (because they also make great rulers).
- Always at the forefront of directing and leading others.
- Trust in their own ability to separate right from wrong regardless of what they are told.
- Often mentally stronger than most other people.
- Live and breathe what they think they need to do and nothing will stop them from doing it.
- Generally optimistic people who have a great deal of inner strength and are often a source of inspiration to others.
- Self-motivated, striving for progress, with ambitious will, power and positivity.
- Pioneers with leadership qualities that attract many followers.
- Have an initiative, instinct and intuition that makes it all self-perpetuating.
Since the Initiators often drive themselves into physical illness through their constant drive to keep moving forward, the healers are necessary to help bring balance back to their physical health. It is a feminine energy that dominates the healer, but many men exhibit very strong healing energies. They symbolize the principle of coming together with another, positive/negative, male/female, day/night, black/white, yin/yang. They unite like-minds, and like-ideals. Above all, life must have meaning for Healers. Their intuitive sense is very strong and among the strongest of all personality types. They reflect a quiet power in the natural flow of judgement, and the need for planning and communication to do what is best for our souls.
A healer's strength and power is resilient and lasting and are some of the greatest powers hiding behind the throne. Some of the greatest men and women to ever walk the Earth (especially Initiators) had a healer as their partner or confidant by their side. They are extremely effective at bringing peace, harmony and balance to many different experiences, and they do it with tolerance, patience, co-operation and sensitivity — particularly to the needs of others. They are more likely to suffer in silence if they cannot get people within their close relationships to understand what the problem is between them.
Key Strengths:
- Skilled mediators exemplifying very high levels of compassion and empathy.
- Their intuitive prowess is the highest of all personality types.
- Eternally optimistic that the world is going to get better and that everyone will live in peace and harmony.
- Cooperate well with others in order to maintain harmony in their own lives.
- Avoid conflict and confrontation and instead see the big picture.
- Tend to be selfless and focused on the greater good.
- Concerned about seeing that everyone has the opportunity to develop their full potential.
- Want to be accepted for who they are and strive to maintain a job where that may be expressed.
- Promote personal growth of themselves and others.
- Exceptional nurturers and will always ensure that children are raised in a warm and loving environment, even at the expense of their own comfort.
The Catalysts of the world have the unique gift of changing people and circumstances with consistency and creativity at all times. They are the meditators of the planet who allow others to tap into their energy. It is a vibrational state that is very stable throughout human consciousness and not necessarily of the stereotypical meditator with closed eyes in lotus position. The meditators may be one who can achieve the same energy while dancing, painting, crafting or using any artistry skill that enables them to achieve the vibration.
When Initiators and Healers become frustrated, they look to the Catalysts for assistance on a quantum level. None of them may understand what they are doing for the other, but whatever comes the way of the Catalysts, becomes more peaceful because of them.
When the Initiators and Healers unite, they often need the synthesis of the Catalyst to put all that energy into effective action. Those who exhibit Catalyst energy are enlivening, youthful and enthusiastic with their talents spread through communications of all kinds. They are masters are harmonizing energies with their emotions. Their energy does not work well with structure, plans or routines because of their ability to move out of linear thought. Catalysts are capable of very deep love, intuition and even psychic gifts and emotions, and this needs to be admired and loved by others.
Key Strengths:
- Carry the strong seed programming as ascended masters.
- Can help anybody find peace, clarity, and love within.
- Able to cope with life's ups and downs and will not be disheartened for long by any setbacks.
- Many are truly gifted musicians, writers, dancers, and public speakers.
- Broad-minded thinking, synthesis and triad.
- Enthusiasm, youthfulness and enlivenment.
- Great communicators and often have a brilliant command of language.
- Feel the need to inspire and beautify the world with their natural capabilities to take anything they have and create something beautiful from it.
- Encourage rather than discourage and always find solutions rather than problems.
Before there was technology of any kind there was Gaia. Most modern day humans have lost this connection. Many "Protectors" are not aware they are light workers, but they do know they are connected to Gaia consciousness. They are the tree huggers, environmentalists, gardeners, animal whisperers, and all lovers of nature. Some ignore their own dietary requirements for energy and instead sacrifice those needs for their truth and love of Gaia. They love the Earth and Mother Nature for all she is and what she provides, and that passion never leaves them for the rest of their lives. They are born with it, infused at birth with a love for all that is Gaia. They are trustworthy, patient, conventional and traditionalists, yet seek security and 'home' as their haven.
Protectors are extremely loyal to their cause, hardworking and security-conscious, with high values and morals. Their vibration needs disciplined harmony, dependability and responsibility in their lives. They are dependable, serious-minded individuals who need to be practical about all that they do. They have strong opinions and beliefs about what is right and necessary even if their perspective conflicts with the masses.
Key Strengths:
- Works steadily and can be very persistent.
- Finds great satisfaction in accomplishments with physical labor, especially on the land and favors results over financial reward or public recognition.
- Believes in effort and control, and is certainly goal-oriented, but goals are simple and down to earth.
- Doesn't like to make waves, but values moral convictions and will not back down when convinced that they are doing "the right thing." (also causes extreme intolerance in Protectors who cannot appreciate other perspectives).
- Long-term commitment is likely to be a priority since they are faithful and dependable.
- Very career-minded and are highly ambitious in this area.
- Thought, consideration and contemplation goes into just about every decision or move they make.
- Build a solid foundation for the self and others, and making sure that all is safe and secure.
Game changers have the greatest number of old souls out of all personality types. They anchor all others and are extremely independent in mind and soul. They are multi-talented and with many interests. They are attractive, independent, free-thinking, fast moving, and potentially foot-loose. They are often very sexual beings. They are resenting restrictions and responsibilities while carrying instabilities and unpredictability. They draw our attention to the wonder of life, and it beckons us to appreciate the perception of chaos all around us.
So why are they the game changers? Because they walk and spread compassionate action anchoring all others. They go about their lives without building a website, writing a book, talking on stage, but rather walk their talk before doing anything else. How they treat others is their strength in changing the planet. They have an uncompromising demand for freedom in thought and action.
Key Strengths:
- Practice the principle of multiplicity, progression and passion and symbolize the need for change, variety and new growth.
- Broadcast and disseminate information like no other.
- Very pragmatic and opportunistic and can be very, very persuasive.
- Intellectual, versatile, investigative and imaginative.
- Great flexibility and this allows them to stop something and go off in an entirely different direction.
- Does not hold onto anything that creates monotony in their life and abhors routine and a dull, monotonous occupation is 'death' to them.
- Ability to adapt and change freely as they are free spirits who have a sense of adventure and curiosity about life.
- Highly inquisitive individuals who consider hands on experience to be the best teacher in life.
- Deeply intelligent, philosophical and spiritually-minded.
The Nurturer represents harmony, balance, sincerity, love, and truth. They are considered the most "harmonious" of all personality types. Creating an environment of peace and harmony is always the strongest impulse. They "light" our path in areas where we require spiritual and mental balance. They beckon us to administer compassion and consciously choose forgiveness in a situation. They are the mothers of the world. They are about sacrificing, caring, healing, protecting and teaching others.
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No family or community can function without the power of the Nurturer to keep them together and safe. They are the glue that keeps a family or community together. They are full of sympathy, and their sense of justice is well developed. So much in fact that when they perceive injustice, they will sacrifice all their time and effort to set things straight. They are right fighters of peace and harmonious integration. Unfortunately they often fall prey to forms of jealousy and small-mindedness, tending to be more focused on the minor details and self-righteousness while ignoring the bigger picture. Despite this, the Nurturer is actually the most harmonious and stable among the nine personality types.
Key Strengths:
- Symbolizes responsibility and service which they achieve through love, nurturing and protection.
- Innate desire within to bring harmony, peace, justice and truth to all experiences in life.
- Derive their greatest joy from taking care of everyone else and these people feel most useful when they are fixing things.
- Will fight for their ideals and principles on behalf of a deep concern for others.
- Strong beliefs and opinions about what they feel is the truth.
- Within relationship realms, they are loving, supportive, comforting and accommodating, and make for fair, balanced and stable partners.
- Make great hosts as they are welcoming to all and know how to bring a sense of beauty, balance and love to all family occasions and social gatherings and outings.
- Greatest expression of inner Divinity is through teaching and guidance and are happiest when they see the positive results of their influence blossom in other people.
Resonate with the vibrations and energies of the 'Collective Consciousness', faith and spirituality. They deal with esoteric and scholarly aspects of reality. Focused on activation of imagination and manifesting results in our lives through the use of conscious thought and awareness. They carry what can only be defined as a magical vibration with an underlying understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe. They are secretive, mysterious, stand-offish, intuitive and introspective. They tend to have strong psychic tendencies and are natural healers with a core of inner-strength. They are visionaries, seekers, thinkers and searchers of Truth always trying to understand the underlying, hidden truths.
What are termed as conspiracy theorists are some of the greatest Explorers on the planet. Many are interested in the metaphysical, not because they are believers, but because it allows access to the ambiguous, abstract world of questions for which there are no clear answers. They are often spiritual, but not religious and will never stop seeking answers about who they are and why they are here. . Money means nothing to them and will never make a choice or a decision based on an expected financial outcome. Most are not warriors but analysts or strategic planners. More often, however, you will find them in the world of academics and science.
Key Strengths:
- Some of the greatest thinkers and are often very perspective and intuitive.
- Have a love of natural beauty, and flourish when they spend time in natural surroundings, away from civilization.
- Outstanding ability to heal people on the spiritual, emotional and physical levels (work well with Healers).
- Able to intuitively tune into the emotions and needs of others.
- Investigator and inventor whose energy shines in solitude.
- Demand a lot of themselves and others due to their extremely high standards.
- Have a love of natural beauty such as flowers, plants, oceans, seas and lakes.
- Never satisfied until they can link the known with the unknown, and this leads to a great deal of research, analysis and investigation.
- Knowledge and wisdom are their goals and their quick intelligence and inquiring mind leads them to gather many sources of information simultaneously like no other. They are masters at sourcing knowledge.
Perhaps the most misunderstood of all personality types. When the Karmic equalizer comes knocking, you can be assured that you will reap what you've sown. They are practical, realistic and intelligent. They exhibit vibrations of authority and personal power, self-confidence, executive ability, inner-strength, professionalism, management, material freedom, success, good judgement, money. They know the difference between make-believe and genuine spiritual realizations. They are more comfortable in the realm of material, tangible facts, and will be truly exceptional as soon as they develop their spiritual connection and natural intuition. On the material plane, they are focused on results, often in the form of money, yet do not care much about money for the sake of money. They are not greedy and only see money as a tool, not an end-result.
Some of the more recognizable traits of the Equalizer are drive, ambition, authority, efficiency, organization, management, discipline and control. They are goal-oriented, focused, have good judgment, can discriminate and are practical and realists. They are closely related to the Initiators and have strong leadership skills, never shying away from a confrontation. They tend to do well in business and in authority roles. The lessons of this path are many and varied, but generally have to do with learning to overcome adversity and learning about compassion for others through having faced and survived often horrendous life circumstances and/or situations.
Key Strengths:
- Generally content and sure of themselves.
- They know what they want from life and know how they are going to achieve their goals.
- Determined and strong-willed.
- Will never betray their own beliefs and principles or another's trust.
- Most often their life purpose is learning to manipulate money and power – without becoming corrupted in the process.
- Natural leadership qualities, great long term vision and can accumulate a lot of power, prestige and wealth in their lifetimes.
- Have tremendous potential for improving the lives of thousands, perhaps millions of people in practical ways, which is part of their Equalizing abilities.
- Self-reliant and independent and do not feel at ease at the mercy of anyone else.
- Support anything that brings beauty, justice, meaning and profit to the world.
- Have an air of success and project an image of being at ease with themselves and their surroundings.
Associated with universal love, eternity and faith and the height of vibrational frequencies. They have a wisdom and responsibility, and the ultimate goal of the Finalizer is to serve humanity. They deal with intellectual power, inventiveness, influence over situations and things. They make us recognize our own internal attributes, and extend these abilities out into the world to make a positive, influential difference. This vibration has come to serve the world and make it a better place for all to live in. They work without motive. Their purpose is for the greatest good of all. They have a protective energy and they have great power and love in their soul. They are aware that they have come with a mission that adheres to the principle of Universal Love and compassion.
Intuitively, the Finalizer understands the connections between all of mankind. They get the end game. They see no real difference between their neighbor next door and the person living in a very different culture and environment on the other side of the world. They are the least judgmental of all types, the most tolerant and the most conscious. When circumstances require, they can be a powerful force, strong enough to take over and bend others to their will. Yet they are not leaders in the way both the Initiators and Equalizers are. Their leadership qualities are in the higher realms of philosophy and justice. When they are done with you, they will change your mind and you will see their perspective.
Key Strengths:
- Compassion, selflessness and generosity.
- Wisdom, intuition and high idealism.
- Charitable, benevolent and altruistic.
- Sympathetic understanding of the under-privileged and under-developed.
- Share the aspiration and idealism of the more advanced souls.
- The dreamer who feels at home in the realm of the arts, medicine, religion, drama, philosophy and metaphysics.
- Healer and educator, acting always for the benefit of others.
- Looks for solutions from the inspirational, intuitive and creative worlds.
- Takes care of everyone else, but needs to learn to speak up when they themselves need help, love and support.
Each of the above are beautifully intertwined, masterfully integrated and perfectly synchronized in millions of people around the world. Each is playing a role in how we integrate the coming waves of energy into human and universal consciousness. All are beautiful and exactly as they should be, so whichever resonates with you, know that they all exist within you.
About the author: Michael Forrester is a spiritual counselor and is a practicing motivational speaker for corporations in Japan, Canada and the United States.
Image: Pixabay
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New Orleans After 24 Months: 'They wanted them poor niggers out of there.'
By Greg Palast
09/01/07 "ICH" — — "They wanted them poor niggers out of there and they ain't had no intention to allow it to be reopened to no poor niggers, you know? And that's just the bottom line."
It wasn't a pretty statement. But I wasn't looking for pretty. I'd taken my investigative team to New Orleans to meet with Malik Rahim. Pretty isn't Malik's concern.
We needed an answer to a weird, puzzling and horrific discovery. Among the miles and miles of devastated houses, rubble still there today in New Orleans, we found dry, beautiful homes. But their residents were told by guys dressed like Ninjas wearing "Blackwater" badges: "Try to go into your home and we'll arrest you."
These aren't just any homes. They are the public housing projects of the city; the Lafitte Houses and others. But unlike the cinder block monsters in the Bronx, these public units are beautiful townhouses, with wrought-iron porches and gardens right next to the tony French Quarter.
Raised up on high ground, with floors and walls of concrete, they were some of the only houses left salvageable after the Katrina flood.
Yet, two years later, there's still bars on the windows, the doors are welded shut and the residents banned from returning. On the first anniversary of the flood, we were filming this odd scene when I saw a woman on the sidewalk, sobbing. Night was falling. What was wrong?
"They just messing all over us. Putting me out our own house. We come to go back to our own home and when we get there they got the police there putting us out. Oh, no, this is not right. I'm coming here from Texas seeing if I can get my house back. But they said they ain't letting nobody in. But where we gonna go at?"
Idiot me, I asked, "Where are you going to go tonight?"
"That's what I want to know, Mister. Where I'm going to go – me and my kids?"
With the help of Patricia Thomas, a Lafitte resident, we broke into an apartment. The place was gorgeous. The cereal boxes still dry. This was Patricia's home. But we decided to get out before we got busted.
I wasn't naïve. I had a good idea what this scam was all about: 89,000 poor and working class families stuck in Homeland Security's trailer park gulag while their good homes were guarded against their return by mercenaries. Two decades ago, I worked for the Housing Authority of New Orleans. Even then, the plan was to evict poor folk out of this very valuable real estate. But it took the cover of a hurricane to do it.
Malik's organization, Common Ground, wouldn't wait for permission from the federal and local commissars to help folks return. They organized takeovers of public housing by the residents. And, in the face of threats and official displeasure, restored 350 apartments in a destroyed private development on the high ground across the Mississippi in the ward called, "Algiers." The tenants rebuilt their own homes with their own sweat and their own scraps of cash based on a promise of the landlords to sell Common Ground the property in return for restoring it.
Why, I asked Malik, was there this strange lock-out from public housing?
Malik shook his dreds. "They didn't want to open it up. They wanted them closed. They wanted them poor niggers out of there."
For Malik, the emphasis is on "poor." The racial politics of the Deep South is as ugly as it is in Philadelphia, Pa. But the New Orleans city establishment has no problem with Black folk per se. After all, Mayor Ray Nagin's parents are African-American.
It's the Black survivors without the cash that are a problem. So where New Orleans once stood, Mayor Nagin, in connivance with a Bush regime more than happy to keep a quarter million poor folk (i.e. Democrats) out of this swing state, is creating a new city: a tourist town with a French Quarter, loose-spending drunks, hot-sheets hotels and a few Black people to perform the modern version of minstrel shows.
Malik explained, "It's two cities. You know? There's the city for the white and the rich. And there's another city for the poor and Blacks. You know, the city that's for the white and rich has recovered. They had a Jazz Fest. They had a Mardi Gras. They're going to have the Saints playing for those who have recovered. But for those who haven't recovered, there's nothing."
So where are they now? The sobbing woman and her kids are gone: back to Texas, or wherever. But they will not be allowed back into Lafitte. Ever.
And Patricia Thomas? The middle-aged woman, worked sweeping up the vomit and beer each morning at a French Quarter karioke joint. Not much pay, no health insurance, of course. She died since we filmed her – in a city bereft of health care. New Orleans has closed all its public hospitals but for one "charity" make-shift emergency ward in an abandoned department store.
And the one bright star, Malik's housing project? The tenants' work was done this past December. By Christmastime, they received their eviction notices – and all were carried out of their rebuilt homes by marshals right after the New Year, including a paraplegic resident who'd lived in the Algiers building for decades.
Hurricane recovery is class war by other means. And in this war of the powerful against the powerless, Mr. Bush can rightly land his fighter plane in Louisiana and declare that, unlike the war in Iraq, it is, indeed, "Mission Accomplished."
Greg Palast is an investigative journalist and author of the New York Times bestseller, ARMED MADHOUSE: From Baghdad to New Orleans — Sordid Secrets and Strange Tales of a White House Gone Wild. Visit Greg's website.

subset: commoncrawl


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JDeco is the first and only dive decompression program that is available for JAVA enabled mobile phones and PDAs. It utilizes the Varying Permeability Model (VPM-B) and Bühlmann's decompression algorithm with Erik Baker's Gradient Factors for mixed gas decompression in open-circuit (OC) and closed-circuit (CCR) diving mode.
On a dive boat or on any other dive trip you try to minimize the stuff you have to carry along. Your mobile phone, however, will always be with you. With JDeco you can give your phone an additional use - you can use it to plan your dives! Additionally you can use it to calculate your gas mixings. Now you can leave your notebook (or desktop PC ;)) at home.
The profiles generated by JDeco and any other dive decompression software will not guarantee that you will not get bend or even die.
By downloading, installing, and using any version of JDeco you agree that you use all results, generated with JDeco on your own risk, and that I, the author, of JDeco can not, under any circumstances, be made liable for your use of the program and any kind of injuries that any person might get as a result.


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Computer Consulting and Repair Services for Greater Boston
About Us
We are a team of technical professionals with outstanding customer relations skills and a consummate focus on small business needs. Although we stay current with technology, we don't chase the latest trends and buzzwords for the sake of it. We help our clients improve their efficiency, growth, and profit through the thoughtful implementation of stable technologies.
Daniel Bromberg, Founder, has been running BaseZen Consulting for 15 years. As a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Computer Science, he has spent countless hours mastering the fundamentals of hardware, software, and the Internet. The benefit of an MIT education includes both a fearlessness of new and complex problems, a love of original software, as well as deep training in systems thinking: that is, how all the parts fit together best as a whole.
Why Choose Us
Our clients benefit from integrated, personalized service. You always know who to call because we handle:
- 24/7 online (hosting) services
- long-term maintenance
- urgent repairs
- custom scripting and programming
We will rescue and upgrade your hard drive, organize your cable snarl and set up your appointment scheduling software. We'll troubleshoot your CRM, host your website, and tie them together smoothly. We'll administrate your e-mail and your backups. We'll debug your spreadsheets and data reporting tools. We'll order and install your equipment, find the right printers and network switches, and make sure your cloud backup is running smoothly. We'll explain the fluff behind "The Cloud", why FileMaker and MySQL are not at all the same kind of thing, and do so with clear analogies that respect your intelligence.


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38.75 Acres
This tract of land consists of mainly Latty silty clay and Latty Clay Loam. It is nearly 95% tillable with the balance being road waste and ditch. This property has very good outlet sources for drainage and has been well maintained for years with clean ditches and adequate drainage. The outlets on this property are in great condition. Don't miss this opportunity to purchase a property that has been very well taken care of and is ready for it's new owner.
Updated Auction Terms and Conditions
Sales Method: The property will be offered in 1 tract. There will be opening bidding on the individual tract. Bidders will be able to increase their bids until the auctioneer announces the tract is sold.
Down Payment: 10% down payment on the day of the auction. The down payment can be by personal check, business check, or cashier's check.
Financing: Bidders' must have their financing arranged prior to the auction. No bids are conditional upon financing.
Absentee and phone bids: ALL absentee and phone bidders must register with Dye Real Estate and Land Company prior to the auction. Anyone bidding on behalf of an absentee bidder will be equally responsible for the bid and required to enter into a contract to purchase at the end of the auction.
Auction Dispute: If any dispute arises between or among bidders, the decision of the Auctioneer shall be final and absolute.
Online Bidders: All online bidders must be registered prior to the day of the auction.
TECHNOLOGY DISCLAIMER: Dye Real Estate and Land Co., L.L.C., its affiliates, partners and vendors, make no warranty or guarantee that the online bidding system will function as designed on the day of sale. Technical problems can and sometimes do occur. If a technical problem occurs and you are not able to place your bid during the live auction, Dye Real Estate and Land Co., L.L.C., its affiliates, partners and vendors will not be held liable or responsible for any claim of loss, whether actual or potential, as a result of the technical failure. I acknowledge that I am accepting this offer to place bids during a live outcry auction over the Internet in lieu of actually attending the auction as a personal convenience to me.
Property Inspection: Potential purchasers are responsible for conducting their own inspection of the property and any due diligence, inquiries, and inspections will be conducted at their own risk. Seller and real estate company disclaims any and all responsibility for the bidder's safety during any physical inspection of the property.
Acceptance of Bids: Any and all successful bidders will be required to enter into a purchase agreement with the seller immediately following the sale, seller may be signing the contract(s) electronically. All final bids are subject to the seller's confirmation. This offer will remain irrevocable and available to the seller for 5 business days after delivery of this offer to the sellers, its counsel, or Agent.
Evidence of title: Dye Real Estate and Land Company will perform a preliminary title opinion, certificate, or report to be made available to prospective bidders upon request prior to bidding. The certificate is given for the protection of Dye Real Estate and Land Company only. No other person or entity may rely on the opinion expressed herein; nor is any liability assumed by the certification except to. If any buyer elects to purchase title insurance, the cost thereof will be at buyer's sole expense. Seller will convey title free and clear of liens, but otherwise subject to all easements and matters of record. All tracts are being sold "AS IS".
Deed: Seller to provide a general warranty deed.
Closing: The balance of the purchase price is due at closing, which will take place within 45 days after the auction. In the event the Buyer fails to close and pay their balance when due, Seller reserves all rights allowed by law, including a suit for damages, specific performance or cancellation of the sale with the Seller to retain the earnest money deposit. Any action taken after default shall be solely at the Seller's option with all costs incurred by Seller being paid by the Buyer.
Possession: The current tenant has the right to farm for the 2024 farming season. New buyer will recieve all farming proceeds for the 2024 farming season. New buyer will receive possession after the 2024 crop is harvested.
Real Estate Taxes: All taxes and assessments shall be prorated to the day of closing. In prorating taxes and assessments, the most current available tax information shall be used. Property is currently in CAUV. If purchaser removes the property from CAUV purchaser will be responsible for the payment of any CAUV tax recoupment.
Tract Map and Acreage: All dimensions, proposed boundaries, and tract acreages are approximate and are based on aerial photos and auditor information. Final surveyed acreages are subject to change by the closing of the sale.
Mineral Rights: The sale will include 100% of the mineral rights, if any, owned by the seller.
Survey: The seller will provide a new survey and legal description if required by governmental authority. The sales price will be established by multiplying the price per acre realized on the day of the auction by the new surveyed acres.
Agency: Dye Real Estate and Land Company, and its representatives, are sole agents for the seller.
Disclaimer and Absence of Warranties: All information contained in this brochure and all related materials are subject to the terms and conditions in the purchase agreement. The properties are being sold "AS IS, WHERE IS" with no warranty or representation, either expressed or implied, concerning the property is made by the Seller or Dye Real Estate and Land Company. All sketches and dimensions in this brochure are approximate. Each potential bidder is responsible for conducting his or her own independent inspections, investigations, inquiries, and due diligence concerning the property. The information contained in this brochure is subject to verification by all parties relying on it. No liability for its accuracy, errors, or omissions is assumed by the seller or Dye Real Estate and Land Company.
Seller: Janette E. Coplin, David and Teresa Coplin, Julia A. and Grant Alford, Kathy M. and Randy Wilson.
Auctioneer and Real Estate Broker: Devin Dye
Assisting Auctioneers: Mike Reindel and Matthew Bowers
Licensed and Bonded in favor of the State of Ohio.
220 N. Main St.
Payne, Ohio 45880
United States


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Our Jack coffee leveler is the perfect fusion between technological innovation and craftsmanship.
The particular body allows you to carefully choose the depth of the leveling, the click mechanism is accurate to the millimeter. Once set the mechanism does not move and does not change the leveling of ground coffee for a perfect shoot. Laser engravings.
The wide range of colors and finishes allows you to find the perfect and tailor-made tamper.


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As a law enforcement professional you understand the correlation between drug abuse and crime better than most in our society. But how do you prevent people, especially our young people, from using drugs in the first place?
That's where we can help.
We will arm you with the exact program to educate youth on the adverse effects of drugs before they start. No hype, no scare tactics, no preaching—just factual information to enable them to make the correct decisions regarding drugs.
Here is what law enforcement officials have to say about the program:
"The Truth About Drugs package was awesome. The booklets have been distributed to all fifty schools in the area. The DVD has been shown to Grade Six and up to Grade Twelve and has been met with very positive response. The teachers have loved the conversations which the DVD have sparked. I can't remember a presentation that kept students' attention so intently. I think it informed them as well as hit home. If you can send me a second DVD, I can give it to my counterpart in the north end of the city for her to distribute. It is very, very informative and impacting."
BL, Sheriff/Police Chief, Canada
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Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy Offered by Willowbend Animal Hospital
Platelet-Rich Plasma, or PRP, is blood plasma that contains concentrated amounts of platelets and growth factors. PRP is a non-surgical and advanced means of providing high doses of the body's own healing factors directly to the area where they are needed.
How does it work?
Platelet Rich Plasma is a trending topic in human sports orthopedic medicine. Used for sports injuries as many wear and tear issues. MediVet's Platelet Rich Plasma Kit, or PRP, is a breakthrough product for pets utilizing blood plasma with concentrated platelets that once activated accelerate the healing properties of the isolated growth factors at a fraction of the cost of traditional human treatments.
Platelets that are found in whole blood contain many healing growth factors and bioactive proteins. These bioactive proteins can initiate tissue healing, and assist with inflammation. The treatment offers an affordable all natural alternative to drugs and steroids.
How does it benefit your pet?
Medivet's PRP Kit can be introduced topically in or around an injured joint, tendon, or used in its gel form to treat large burns or wounds. MediVet's PRP is not limited to acute injuries, it can also be used for chronic conditions.
- Complimentary to your Pet's next surgery
- Osteoarthritis
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- Wound Care
- General Inflammation
- Post Surgical Healing


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Get ready for your next bikepacking adventure! As a key item in your bikepacking setup, the ORTLIEB Seat-Pack comes with Velcro straps to enable convenient and secure mounting to your seat stem. Projecting backwards from the seat stem, your Seat-Pack also serves as a rear fender. The spacious, waterproof Seat-Pack keeps its contents (e.g. an extra set of clothes) safe and dry. Depending on how long you plan to be away and your Seat-Pack model, you can conveniently adjust the volume of your pack from 7 to 11 liters by adjusting the roll closures on the sides. An additional valve allows you to quickly and easily compress your soft gear for a more compact fit. Your Seat-Pack also serves as a replacement backpack when you're out on a day trip, no matter whether you ride a hybrid bike, a mountain bike, a road bike, or an electric mountain bike. The Seat-Pack is available in two sizes.
This model needs only six centimeters of space on your seat stem. That's why the more compact model is ideal for smaller frame sizes, full-suspension bikes, and adjustable seat stems.
- Reinforced fabric at all points of contact to the seat
- Vertical daisy chain for rear light
- Also suitable for carbon seat stems
- Lightweight design
- Four 3M Scotchlite reflectors available for full extension
Part Numbers
Option | UPC | MPN |
Black Matte / 11L | 04013051051668 | F9912 |


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On a tiny island off Brunei's northern tip on the South China Sea, thousands of Chinese workers are building a refinery and petrochemical complex, along with a bridge connecting it to the capital, Bandar Seri Begawan.
When completed, the first phase of the $3.4 billion complex on Muara Besar island, run by China's Hengyi Group, will be Brunei's largest-ever foreign investment project, and comes at a time when the oil-dependent country needs it the most.
Brunei's oil and gas reserves are expected to run out within two decades. As production falls, oil firms won't be investing much into existing facilities, further hampering output, oil analysts say. As a result, the country's oil revenues, which provide virtually all of Brunei's government spending, are in steady decline. With youth unemployment rising, Brunei's ruler, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, is trying to quickly reform the economy and diversify its sources of income, while fighting graft and cracking down on dissent.
Brunei's changing fortunes have been reflected in its financial industry. HSBC pulled out of Brunei last year, while Citibank exited in 2014 after 41 years. Bank of China, meanwhile, opened its first branch in the sultanate in December 2016.
The Muara Besar project is promising over 10,000 jobs, at least half of which would go to fresh graduates, media reports in Brunei said. But claims that thousands of Chinese workers have been shipped in to build the complex has angered some local residents.
"There are no jobs for us, so why create some for the Chinese?" asked one shopkeeper in the capital city.
Hengyi Industries, the local company building the refinery, did not respond to requests for comment. The company, founded in 2011 and based in Bandar Seri Begawan, expects to complete the first phase of the refinery and petrochemical complex on Muara Besar by the end of the year, according to its website.
A $12 billion second phase will expand the refinery capacity to 281,150 barrels per day, and build units to produce 1.5 million tonnes per year (tpy) of ethylene and 2 million tpy of paraxylene, the company said last month.
Total Chinese investment in Brunei is now estimated at $4.1 billion, according to the American Enterprise Institute's China Global investment tracker.
That will almost certainly rise as China ramps its "Belt and Road" initiative.
Sometimes called the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road, it envisages linking China with Southeast Asia, Africa and Eurasia through a complex network of ports, roads, railways and industrial parks.
"Brunei is an important country along the 21st century Maritime Silk Road," China's Ambassador to Brunei Yang Jian said at the opening ceremony in February 2017 for a joint venture, running Brunei's largest container terminal.
Accumulated U.S. foreign investment in Brunei, by contrast, was just $116 million in 2012, the latest figures available, according to the U.S. State Department.
China has invested about $205 billion in East Asia between 2010 and 2017, according to the China Global investment tracker.
It's been increasing those investments while tussling with four other Southeast Asian nations, including Brunei, over competing claims to islets and atolls in the South China Sea.
"Building good relations and offering big investments are part of China's strategy to split Southeast Asian nations to ensure there is no consensus on South China Sea matters," said Jatswan Singh, associate professor at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, who has authored four books on Brunei.
"The Sultanate is hard-pressed for investments to diversify its economy, and in this sense the Chinese investments are important to (Brunei)," he said.
Brunei has not commented publicly about its territorial claims in the South China Sea.
There was a time not so long ago, with oil prices over $100 a barrel, when Brunei citizens could care less about jobs at a refinery.
Squeezed between two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo, Brunei provided cradle-to-grave benefits for its 420,000 citizens, including zero taxes, subsidised housing and free education and health care.
But the sultan has had to whittle back some of those benefits -- Brunei has been in recession for three straight years -- and tighten up the ship of state.
The 71-year-old Bolkiah, the world's second-longest reigning monarch, reshuffled his cabinet again last month, replacing six top ministers -- just over a couple of years after they were appointed. No explanation was given.
Sources close to the government and foreign diplomats say Bolkiah wanted to weed out corruption, and address grumbling among the Malay-Muslim majority who are unhappy with the pullback in welfare programs, budget cuts and unemployment.
In the last available official report in 2014, the unemployment rate was put at 6.9 percent. Unofficial figures suggest youth unemployment could be as high as 15 percent.
"A majority in Brunei expect a job in the government, state linked firms or in the oil and gas sector. But all three have been hit pretty hard," said one Western diplomat.
Bolkiah, who is also the Prime Minister, controls the key portfolios of defence, finance and foreign affairs.
The Sultan's office did not respond to a request for comment to this story.
At the annual parliamentary session yesterday, Bolkiah said the government must cut its dependence on oil and gas, and explore other avenues of economic growth.
"Although global demand has risen and oil prices are rebounding, economic growth remains at a low level," he said in a speech to cabinet ministers and parliamentarians.
"Therefore we still need to control the fiscal balance of the country in the short and long term."
The Sultan is still popular in Brunei and marked 50 years in power last October, with a glittering procession through the capital on a gilded chariot, cheered by well-wishers.
But in the long run, an economy based on dwindling single source of income could erode the relationship between the ruler and his subjects, said Maung Zarni, democracy advocate and a former research fellow at the London School of Economics.
"That doesn't mean that will translate into street protests. But Bruneians know things are not as rosy as they appear in the Sultan's newspapers and TV channels," said Zarni, who quit the University Brunei Darussalam in 2013 over what he said was a lack of academic freedom.


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Because some sections of the Journal contain a high density of technical dialog - in particular, the landing sequence with which each of the transcripts begins - we think it important to give the uninitiated reader an introduction to the basic hardware: the Saturn V launch vehicle, the Command-and-Service Module (CSM), the Lunar Module (LM, pronounced "lem"), the LM Environmental Control System (ECS), the Apollo Suit, and the Lunar Rover.
The Kennedy deadline placed a number of constraints on the engineers and planners who had to decide how the landings would be accomplished and then had to design and build the actual flight hardware. The process of deciding how to get to the Moon has been thoroughly documented elsewhere - for example, in Roger Bilstein's Stages to Saturn and, at a less technical level, in NASA's Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, edited by Edgar Cortright, and in John Wilford Noble's "instant" New York Times book, We Reach the Moon. There were a variety of proposals floating around as how one might accomplish a lunar landing but, in the end, only one concept offered any plausible chance of success by the end of the 60's. The technique was called Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and, in some senses, it involved the use of two separate sets of spacecraft.
The first set of Apollo spacecraft consisted of the multi-stage Saturn V launch vehicle - which boosted the whole Apollo stack on its way to the Moon - and the Command-and-Service Module (CSM). It was in the Command Module that the astronauts entered lunar orbit and then, when the landing mission had been accomplished, it was in the Command Module that they left lunar orbit for the trip home to Earth. By itself, the Saturn V/CSM combination was only capable of performing missions to lunar orbit and, indeed, during the 1968 Christmas season, the crew of Apollo 8 performed just such a mission.
Conceptually, the hardware for the landing mission comprised a separate system - albeit one that was carried as cargo by the Saturn V/CSM. The landing systems allowed the Mission Commander and the Lunar Module Pilot (sometimes referred to as the CDR and LMP, respectively) to descend from lunar orbit to the surface while the Command Module Pilot (CMP), the third member of the crew, waited for their return. For Apollos 15, 16, and 17, there were four major elements of landing-mission hardware: (1) the Lunar Module (LM) Descent Stage which contained the engines and propellant for the actual landing, (2) the LM Ascent Stage which contained the crew cabin and the engines and propellant for the return to lunar orbit, (3) the suits which allowed the crew to work outside the pressurized cabin, and (4) the Rover which they drove to the various geology stops.
At the heart of the Descent Stage was the engine which the astronauts fired in lunar orbit to slow themselves through the twelve-minute descent to the surface. On Apollo 17, for example, at the moment Cernan first fired the Descent Engine, the total weight of the LM Challenger was 36,686 pounds and, of that total, slightly more than half (19,564 pounds) was descent propellant. The fuel and oxidizer were, respectively, hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. Because these burned on contact once they were introduced into the reaction chamber, there was no need for an ignition system. In addition, Cernan could control the fuel and oxidizer feed rates so that he and/or the on-board computer could control the thrust level and, therefore, fly a descent path tailored to minimize propellant use. At the moment of engine shutdown, Cernan had 1,315 pounds of propellant left.
In plan view, the descent stage had an octagonal cross section, with the engine, the associated propellant tanks, and also tanks of water and oxygen for use by the crew and the spacecraft systems occupying the central portion. Around the periphery, landing struts were attached at the center of every second section of the octagon. The intervening sections were used for stowage of the Rover, the scientific equipment packages, and such things as replacement batteries, spare lithium hydroxide canisters for the removal of carbon dioxide from the cabin and suit air, and even a two-day supply of food. Anything that could be stowed in the Descent Stage meant a savings in the weight and volume in the Ascent Stage and, thereby, a savings in fuel needed for the return to orbit. Stowage in the Descent Stage also gave the astronauts more elbow room in the cabin.
At liftoff from the Moon, the Apollo 17 Ascent Stage weighed 10,997 pounds, including about 240 pounds of rock and soil samples. Again, about half (5261 pounds) of the total weight was propellant. The main Ascent Stage propulsion engine also burned hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide; however, because the most efficient return to orbit is one in which velocity is built up as quickly as possible, the ascent engine had no throttling capability. Fine tuning of the LM attitude and trajectory - both during descent and ascent - was accomplished through the use of sixteen small rockets mounted on the Ascent Stage in clusters of four. These steering engines comprised the Reaction Control System (RCS) and could be started, stopped, and restarted repeatedly. Used in various combinations, the RCS engines allowed the Commander to rotate the LM about any axis and to perform small translational (side-to-side, forward-and-aft) adjustments in any direction.
When the LM was sitting on the Moon, the cabin was essentially a stubby cylinder laying on its side, with the flat ends pointed forward and aft. The cabin was surrounded laterally and at the back by tanks for propellants, water, and oxygen. There were hatches on the front face and at the top. The cabin had a diameter of 92 inches and an fore-to aft length of 92 inches, as well; however, much of the cabin volume was taken up by instrument panels, the environmental control equipment, storage compartments, and the ascent engine cover. In effect, the cabin was just barely big enough to hold two suited astronauts. When the LM crewmen were getting ready to go outside and had their suits pressurized and were wearing their backpacks, even turning in place required careful coordination.
In the interest of minimizing the LM weight, there were no seats of any kind; and, except when the astronauts were stretched out in their hammocks, they stood at the front of the cabin. The Commander stood on the left side and the LMP stood to his right. Each of them had a triangular-shaped window which was inwardly canted and gave a view out the front and to the side. They had armrests for use during the descent; and they also had restraining cords with which they tethered themselves to the floor. Metal decking provided about a five-foot width of level floor across the cabin; and, at a point midway between the windows, there was about six and a half feet of vertical space available. A square hatch, 42 inches across and hinged on the LMP's side, was mounted at the center of the forward bulkhead with its bottom flush with the floor. This forward hatch swung inward and gave access to a small porch at the top of the westward-pointing, forward landing strut and thence to the strut-mounted ladder. Overhead in the cabin, and with its center above the ascent engine cover, there was an upper hatch which the crew used in orbit when they were docked with the Command Module. In addition, there was a small window over the Commander's position on the left side of the cabin which he used primarily during the rendezvous and docking maneuvers after returning to orbit.
Toward the rear, the cabin was even more cramped than it was from side to side. At eye level, the cabin was a full seven and a half feet deep; however, from about knee height down, the aft portion of the cabin was filled with the ascent engine cover and, forward of that, the floor space was only three feet deep. In addition, the side bulkheads in the aft portion of the cabin were covered with storage compartments on the Commander's side and the environmental control equipment on the LMP's and, in effect, the aft portion of the cabin was only useful as a place for temporarily stowing such things as the suits and helmets and, at night, as a place to hang the Commander's hammock. Readers should also note that, contrary to what is shown in the accompanying drawings, the crews of the extended missions (Apollos 15, 16, and 17) did not wear their suits during the rest periods and, rather, slept in their underwear. The suits were stowed on the ascent engine cover and further reduced the usable space in the cabin.
From about waist height up, the forward wall and the bulkheads to either side of the forward section of the cabin were covered with gauges, switches, and circuit breakers. There was also a panel running across the front of the spacecraft at about waist height and, on it, each of the astronauts had a pistol-grip attitude controller at his right hand and a thrust controller at his left. In between these on the Commander's side, there was a manual start/stop button with which he could back up the computer and, in a similar position on the other side of the cabin, the LMP had readouts and a data entry pad for the Abort Guidance System (AGS), the back up navigation-and-guidance computer. On the waist-height panel between the two astronauts and above the hatch, they had a Display and Keyboard Assembly or DSKY - pronounced "diskey"- which was used for input and output of the Primary Guidance-and-Navigation System or PGNS - pronounced "pings". Because the DSKY was over the hatch and extended about a foot out into the cabin, the astronauts had to be careful not to catch their backpacks on it as they crawled in and out of the spacecraft. The final piece of navigation instrumentation was a small, one-power, optical telescope or sextant with which the astronauts could make star sightings either while they were in orbit or once they were down on the surface. This Alignment Optical Telescope (AOT) was hung from the ceiling over the DSKY and had an aft-pointing eyepiece at about eye level.
All of the aforementioned instrumentation was devoted to the flight phases of the LM mission and, once the astronauts were on the Moon and were sure that their spacecraft was in good shape, most of this equipment was powered down for the three-day stay. Thereafter, the systems with which the astronauts were most concerned were those with which they controlled the electrical supply, communications, and the cabin environment. The Environmental Control System (ECS) took up most of the right bulkhead, the one aft of the LMP's station. This ECS compartment contained most of the equipment which controlled cabin heating, cooling, humidity, oxygen pressure, and carbon dioxide content - all of it packed in a space about a meter high, a meter deep, and about a half meter thick. Most of the ECS controls were located behind the LMP's station and, as can be seen in the transcripts, some of the controls were hard to reach when both astronauts were suited, pressurized, and wearing their backpacks.
Almost all references in the transcript to the Environmental Control System concern the settings of various ECS switches and valves. Consequently, in the next few paragraphs we will go into some detail about the relevant parts of the ECS.
At sea level, the Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases - primarily of nitrogen (78% by volume), oxygen (21%), water vapor (varying amounts depending on temperature and humidity), and traces of carbon dioxide and other gases. Oxygen is, by far, the most important component of what we breathe and, indeed, the Apollo astronauts breathed almost pure oxygen laced with controlled amounts of water vapor. With the nitrogen eliminated, the cabin pressure could be considerably less than sea-level pressure on Earth - about 4.8 psi (pounds per square inch) versus 14.7 psi - and, consequently, the cabin walls could be relatively thin and, therefore, light in weight.
Fresh oxygen had to supplied more or less continuously because, as the astronauts breathed, they took in oxygen and exhaled carbon dioxide. Lithium hydroxide canisters (described below) were used to extract excess carbon dioxide from the cabin and/or the suits and, had fresh oxygen not been added, the cabin and/or suit pressures would have slowly decreased. Except when the astronauts were using the oxygen supplied from their backpacks, they used oxygen supplied to the cabin and/or the suits through a pair of oxygen demand regulators - usually referred to in the checklists and in the transcript as "Press(ure) Reg(ulator)'s A & B". Upstream of the demand regulators, various valves and switches allowed the crew to select the tank from which fresh oxygen would be drawn (two tanks in the descent stage and one in the ascent stage), allowed them to refill the tanks in their backpacks, or, after a period of Extravehicular Activity (EVA), allowed them to repressurize the cabin. Also to be found upstream of the demand valves were various relief valves, burst diaphragms, and high pressure regulators which protected the ECS from the high (2700 psi) pressures of the descent stage storage tanks.
The two demand regulators were hooked up in parallel so that the system would still function if one or the other of them failed. The controls were located on a panel behind the LMP's station. They were positioned at about waist height and each had four possible settings. With the control set in the Closed position, no oxygen would flow through the regulator while, in the Cabin position, enough oxygen was supplied directly to the crew compartment to maintain a pressure in the range of 4.6 to 5.0 psi. When set in the Egress position, the regulators maintained a pressure of 3.8 psi (plus or minus 0.2 psi) in the Suit Circuit described below; and, finally, the Direct O2 setting produced unregulated flow of oxygen into the Suit Circuit. Some readers may want to note that, with the demand regulators set in Direct O2, pressure in the Suit Circuit could, in principle, be controlled through use of the Suit Circuit Relief valve which also described below.
As already mentioned, the ECS included a cabin repressurization valve. Its control was located on the same panel as the demand regulator controls and it had three settings. In the Closed position, there was no possibility of flow through the valve while, in the Manual position, oxygen would flow into the cabin until the setting was changed. With the control in the Auto position - and the repressurization circuit breaker closed - valve openings and closings were determined by a solenoid which was enabled whenever either of the demand regulators was set in the Cabin or Direct O2 position. With the solenoid activated and the repressurization control in the Auto position, a drop of pressure below 3.7 psi would activate the flow of oxygen until the cabin pressure built back up to about 4.5 psi.
Although the repressurization valve never had to respond to an emergency during any of the Apollo missions, it was designed to maintain cabin pressure at 3.5 psi for at least 2 minutes following a 5-inch-diameter hull puncture. The only times when a puncture was at all plausible was during landing and during launch and rendezvous; and, at these times, the astronauts always wore their suits, albeit unpressurized so that they could move their arms with relative ease. Consequently, in the event of a puncture the astronauts would only need cabin pressure maintained for long enough that they could get their suits inflated. Two minutes gave plenty of margin. Because there was never any repressurization emergency during any of the Apollo missions, the repressurization valve was only put to use following the EVA's (three on Apollo 17) and various scheduled jettison operations (two on Apollo 17).
In order to depressurize the cabin for an EVA or to jettison trash (empty food packs, expended batteries, and the like), the astronauts could use one or both of two dump valves: one was built into the forward, or "EVA", hatch and the other into the overhead, or "docking", hatch. As indicated in the accompanying figure, each of the dump valves had two lever-type handles. One was on the outside of the spacecraft so that, if for some reason pressure built up in the cabin and was holding the hatch closed, the astronauts could use the external handle to dump the pressure. (There were never any unplanned cabin pressurizations during the Apollo missions and, consequently, the external handle was only used as a means of pulling the hatch partially shut for cabin thermal control during the EVA's.) The internal handle could be set and locked in any one of three positions. In the Closed position, no cabin gas could get through the valve. In the Open position, the valve was fully open and gases in the cabin could freely escape to the lunar vacuum. And, in the Auto position, the valve served as a pressure relief valve, and would have opened had the cabin pressure ever exceeded 5.4 psi. In the Open position, the overhead valve could reduce cabin pressure from 5.0 psi to 0.08 psi - a value low enough that an astronaut could pull the hatch open against the remaining pressure - in about 180 seconds. The corresponding time for the forward dump valve was 310 seconds.
On Apollo 17, between the time Cernan and Schmitt undocked from the Command Module in preparation for the descent and the time that they redocked once they were safely back in orbit, they spent about 58 hours inside the LM and 22 hours outside on the surface. Because the backpacks were cumbersome and had only limited oxygen storage capacity, they were used only during the EVA's. For virtually all of the time the astronauts were in the LM, they used the ECS Suit Circuit to provide them with oxygen which was temperature controlled and scrubbed of excess carbon dioxide, excess water vapor, extraneous dust and smells.
As noted previously, oxygen was added to the Suit Circuit when either of the pressure demand regulators was set in the Egress or the Direct O2 positions. In Egress, enough oxygen was added to maintain the Suit Circuit pressure at 3.8 psi while, in the Direct O2 setting, the flow was unregulated, albeit at a modest 7 pounds of oxygen per hour. For comparison, the cabin repressurization valve supplied 6.6 pounds of oxygen in two minutes.
Beyond the point where fresh oxygen was added to the Suit Circuit flow, the gas stream first passed through a heat exchanger where, depending on the setting of a control located behind the LMP's right foot, more or less heat was added.
The oxygen stream next entered two Suit Isolation valves - one for each crewman. The controls for these valves were located behind the LMP's station at about knee height and each had two settings. In the Suit Flow position, the valve let oxygen flow from the Suit Circuit into the hoses and then back again. In the Suit Disconnect position, the valve was closed to flow. The prime position of the valve was Suit Disconnect and, indeed, the valve was equipped with a solenoid-activated, spring-operated Override which would cut off the flow if a sensor detected a suit circuit malfunction. If the actuator had ever been tripped, the astronauts would then have hooked up to the backpacks or the Oxygen Purge Systems described below.
Beyond the Suit Isolation valves, the oxygen flow next encountered the Suit Circuit Relief valve. This control was located on the inboard face of the ECS cabinet, a position which was relatively hard to reach when the astronauts were wearing their backpacks and had their suits pressurized. Indeed, the only time the J-mission crews had to change the Relief valve setting while they were pressurized was just prior to the backpack jettison at the end of the last EVA - at a mission elapsed time of 171:48:42 in the case of Apollo 17. The transcript indicates at that point, with his backpack off, Schmitt had enough freedom of movement that he could reach the control without notable trouble. The Relief valve had three settings. In the Open position, oxygen flowed freely out of the Suit Circuit into the cabin; while, in the Closed position, no flow could occur. Because both the Open and Closed positions represented a slightly increased risk in the operation of the Suit Circuit, microswitches were used to produce a telemetry signal whenever the control was in either of those settings. The normal setting was Auto. Usually, this meant that the valve was closed but, when the Suit Circuit pressure exceeded 5.3 psi, the valve would open to relieve the excess into the Suit Circuit. The only time during Apollo 17 when the Suit Circuit Relief valve was not in the Auto position was during a brief period prior to depressurization for the backpack jettison. For these few minutes, the Relief valve was Closed and one of the Pressure Demand Regulators was set to Direct O2, thereby permitting suit/suit circuit pressurization for an integrity check. Once the suits had been pressurized, the regulator was reset to Egress; and, then, a short while later when the integrity check was complete, the Relief valve was reset to Auto. Thereafter, pressure in the Suit Circuit was maintained at 3.8 psi by the Demand Regulators.
Next downstream from the Suit Circuit Relief valve was the Suit Gas Diverter valve - located behind the LMP's station, just to the right of his head. This control was a push/pull-type handle. The fail-safe position was Pull/Egress which closed the valve and prevented the flow of oxygen out of the suit circuit, through the valve, and into the cabin. The alternative position was Push/Cabin which permitted free flow of oxygen out of the suit circuit into the cabin. Under normal conditions, this setting was used only when the astronauts were out of their suits and wanted to maximize the interchange of air between the Suit Circuit and the cabin and/or they wanted to dry the suits. Had the cabin pressure ever fallen with the Suit Gas Diverter set in Push/Cabin, a solenoid would have released a spring and returned the valve to the Egress position.
Oxygen flowing out of the Suit Gas Diverter valve returned to the suit circuit through the Cabin Gas Return valve. This control was also located on the inboard face of the ECS cabinet. As with the Suit Circuit Relief valve, its setting was never changed when the astronauts had their suits pressurized. The control could be set in one of three positions: Open, Auto, and Egress. The Open setting, of course, permitted a free return of cabin gas to the suit circuit and the Egress setting prevented such flow. In Auto, the flapper-type valve was allowed to respond to pressure differences between the cabin and the suit circuit - closing when the cabin was at lower pressure than the suit circuit and opening in response to the reverse condition.
Beyond the Return valve, oxygen in the suit circuit flowed through one or the other of two carbon-dioxide/odor-removal canisters, the choice of canister depending on the settings of selectors mounted on the in-board face of the ECS cabinet. The canisters each contained beds of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) for carbon dioxide removal and beds of activated charcoal for odor control. The larger Primary canister had a capacity of 41 person-hours while the smaller, Secondary canister, identical to the canisters used in the backpacks, had a 14-hour capacity. Replacement LiOH cartridges - along with backpack replacements - were stored outside the cabin in the Modular Equipment Storage Assembly (MESA). On Apollo 17, replacement of the Primary ECS cartridge was done after wake-up on Day 2 of the lunar surface stay and then, a second time, about 35 hours later at the end of EVA 3. We note that the astronauts were outside the spacecraft during two 8-hour EVA periods during the time between the first changeout and the second. Consequently, the cartridge was used for about 38 person-hours, a figure close to the design lifetime. As a back up, there was a carbon dioxide sensor in the Suit Circuit which, if the CO2 partial pressure exceeded 7.6 mm of mercury, would have turned on warning lights. And, finally, because of the heavy - if relatively brief - dust load anticipated following the EVA's, the Primary canister was protected with a dust filter which, if it became clogged, could be bypassed by changing a valve setting.
Oxygen flow through the Suit Circuit was achieved primarily through the operation of one or the other of two suit-circuit fans. The circuit breaker for fan No. 1 was located on breaker panel 11 on the Commander's side of the cabin while the circuit breaker for the other fan was located on panel 16 on the LMP's side. A selector switch was located on a panel on the forward cabin wall, right next to the ECS caution lights and just to the LMP's side of the centrally-mounted Alignment Optical Telescope (AOT). Generally, Fan No. 1 was used during the landing and launch phases while Fan No. 2 was used during the pre-and-post EVA periods. A sensor called Suit Fan Delta-P measured the pressure differential across the fan assembly. It was operated with a circuit breaker on the LMP's panel and, when the breaker was closed, lit a warning light if the pressure difference across the fan assembly was less than 9.0 inches of water (about 0.3 psi). Obviously, the warning light would come on as the fan was turned on and, by going out, would indicate that the fan had come up to speed. Backflow across an inoperative fan was prevented by flapper-type check valves.
Beyond the fans, oxygen in the suit circuit flowed through a sublimator where excess heat was removed and then through one of a pair of water separators where excess water was removed and transferred to the waste management system. A selector switch was located near the LiOH canisters on the in-board face of the ECS cabinet.
Each of the suits, together with the backpack comprised an independent spacecraft. To get from place to place, the suited astronaut still had to rely on muscle power but, otherwise, the suit-and-backpack combination - called the Extravehicular Mobility Unit or EMU - kept him safe from the lunar vacuum, kept him cool by getting rid of excess body heat, provided him with oxygen for breathing, removed the carbon dioxide he exhaled, and gave him the means to talk with his crewmate and, through relays in the LM and on the Lunar Rover, the means to talk with Earth. The suit was also designed so that, despite the tendency of internal pressure to make it a rigid, unyielding balloon, the astronaut could move his arms and legs and flex his fingers. Necessarily, moving the suit against the internal pressure was hard work. Forearm fatigue from the constant use of the hands inhibited productivity, but at least it was possible to get work done.
Next to his skin, the astronaut wore a Liquid-Cooled Garment (LCG), a pair of long-johns embedded with a network of thin plastic tubes. During the EVA's, water was pumped through the tubes where it picked up excess body heat. The water then flowed out of the LCG, through a connecting hose, and into the backpack where it was cooled before flowing back to the LCG. This supply of LCG cooling water flowed in a closed-loop system and there was never any appreciable loss during the course of the mission. Inside the backpack, there was another supply of water called the feedwater; this was fed at a controllable rate through a heat exchange coil where it extracted heat from the LCG water. After being heated in the coil, the feedwater was then allowed to sublimate into the lunar vacuum and, thereby, carried away the excess heat. Each of the backpacks could hold about twelve pounds of feedwater, enough to provide cooling for about eight hours of fairly strenuous activity.
The suits were made of an inner bladder covered by several layers of insulating aluminized mylar which, collectively, not only held pressure but also provided thermal protection when the astronauts were out in the direct sun. In addition, the outer layers of the suits were strong enough to resist tearing and abrasion as the astronauts crawled in and out of the LM, carried equipment, jumped onto their Rover seats, brushed up against rocks, and sometimes even fell. At stomach and lower chest levels, the suit was equipped with connectors for water hoses, oxygen hoses, and a communications cable. The hose connectors each had a ring lock and, embedded in it, a ring-locking mechanism ingeniously called a "lock-lock". There were also dust covers over each of the connectors.
The hoses ran from the connectors around to the backpack or PLSS (Portable Life Support System) - pronounced "pliss" - which contained communications and telemetry gear, tanks of oxygen and feedwater, a fan to move the oxygen through the suit, a pump to move the closed-loop water through the Liquid Cooled Garment, a lithium hydroxide canister to remove carbon dioxide, a battery for electric power, and assorted subsystems which allowed the astronauts to recharge and refill the tanks for multiple forays out onto the lunar surface. For Apollo 17, each of the PLSS's could hold enough oxygen (1.8 pounds), feedwater water (12 pounds), and battery power (25 amp hours) to see an astronaut through seven to eight hours of Extravehicular Activity (EVA). The exact length of an EVA depended on the astronaut's level of exertion and, therefore, the rate at which he used his supplies of "consumables". The nominal eight-hour capacity - with about an hour's worth of cooling water in reserve and even more of oxygen and battery power - meant that the astronauts got back in the LM at about the time when prudence would suggest getting out of the suits for a period of rest anyway. Indeed, the astronauts could divide their lunar stays into something resembling three normal 24-hour days - four hours of EVA preps, eight hours of work outside the spacecraft, four hours of post-EVA activities, and eight hours of rest - and, thereby, minimize the fatigue and stress with which they had to cope.
For its time, the PLSS design represented an amazing engineering achievement: a complete life-support system in a reliable, manageable, 80-pound package. However, the fact that crew safety was so dependent on PLSS operation dictated that backup systems be available.
On top of their PLSS's, each of the astronauts wore a forty-pound Oxygen Purge System (OPS) which provided backup oxygen. The purge system contained about a thirty-minute supply which could be used in the event of a PLSS failure, a suit puncture, or exhaustion of the primary oxygen supply. Because the OPS's could not be recharged and, in addition, were intended to serve as sources of emergency oxygen in case the astronauts could not dock with the Command Module and, therefore, had to make a spacewalk, there was never any thought given to use of the OPS's to extend an otherwise normal EVA. However, if oxygen were needed in an emergency, the astronaut could pull an actuator mounted on the Remote Control Unit (RCU) on his chest and the OPS would supply whatever oxygen was needed to keep the suit pressure at 3.8 pounds per square inch. In the case of a suit puncture, oxygen would flow out of the OPS, into the suit, and out through the hole; and, if it was a PLSS failure that caused the problem rather than a suit puncture, the astronaut could open a purge valve fitted on the right side of his chest in order to create a pressure difference and, thereby, initiate the emergency flow. The purge valve had two settings. If the LCG/PLSS cooling system was still working, the astronaut would put the purge valve in the Low Flow setting (4 lbs/hour) and would be able to get oxygen for about an hour. If the cooling systems was inoperative, he would use the High Flow setting (8 lbs/hour) and would have about 30 minutes to climb back in the cabin and get hooked up to the LM oxygen supply.
Because the astronauts planned to drive for up to an hour to get to their most distant work stations, if they were going to make it back to the LM in the event of a PLSS failure they had to be able to operate the OPS in Low Flow. Consequently, it was essential to have a backup to the cooling system. This was provided by the Buddy/Secondary Life Support System (BSLSS) which consisted of a set of water hoses and fittings which would allow the astronauts to share cooling water from the good PLSS. Because the astronauts could not have walked very far or very quickly tied together with hoses, the BSLSS was only of practical value if the Rover was still working. However, the risk of a simultaneous PLSS/Rover failure was considered to be acceptably low.
The various PLSS controls were located on either the chest-mounted Remote Control Unit (RCU) or, the lower, right corner of the front of the PLSS. Switches for the oxygen fan and the LCG pump were located on the RCU along the comm switches, a volume control, an oxygen quantity gauge, and an assortment of warning flags which would indicate PLSS malfunctions. The gauge and the flags were located on the top surface so that, in principle, the astronaut could merely look down and see them. Sun glare and dust sometimes made the reading a little difficult. The switches on the bottom of the PLSS were located far enough forward that, in principle, the astronaut could reach back and turn the sublimator on, switch from the primary feedwater tank to the auxiliary tank, or adjust the amount of cooling he was getting by changing the rate of feedwater flow through the sublimator. Each of the switches was shaped differently from the others so that they could be distinguished by feel. However, the stiff suits made the act of reaching the switches a bit difficult. When the astronauts were inside the LM, reaching the switches was particularly difficult - especially for the shorter-armed astronauts - and many had to help each other get their cooling water turned on or off. Outside, the stiff suits forced most of them to first move their right arms up and forward so that they could get some momentum in a downward swing as they reached back for the control.
The last of the Apollo "spacecraft" to be designed and flown was the marvelous Lunar Rover, designed and built by the Boeing Company and NASA's Marshall Spaceflight Center. The Rover was a lightweight vehicle, weighing only 462 terrestrial pounds empty - 70 pounds on the Moon. It was battery-powered and had a potential range of about 50 kilometers. On level ground, the Rover was capable of about 10 - 12 kilometers per hour and, when one added to the driving time the time spent on Rover deployment and housekeeping chores, the savings over a walking traverse was not particularly impressive. However, because the astronauts used far less oxygen, feedwater, and physical energy when they were riding than they did when they were walking, use of the Rover meant that they arrived at the geology stops rested and refreshed and with a far greater stock of consumables than they would have had otherwise. In addition, the Rover could carry up to 970 terrestrial pounds of payload and, when one subtracted about 600 pounds for the astronauts and their life-support gear, there was still plenty of capacity for communications equipment and a generous assortment of scientific paraphernalia.
The four Rover wheels were each made of a strong wire mesh and had a chevron-shaped, metal tread that covered about fifty percent of the traction surface. When fully loaded, the Rover chassis had a clearance of about 14 inches. Rocks bigger than that had to be avoided, of course and, indeed, Cernan tried to avoid as many rocks as he could to avoid damage to the wheel. Inevitably, he couldn't avoid all of the six-inch rocks and ran over quite a few and, by the end of the third EVA, had collected a number of golf-ball-sized dents in the mesh. The dents did not noticeably degrade the Rover's performance and, indeed, because each of the wheels was driven by a separate motor and because the vehicle had, as well, both front and rear steering systems, there was little chance of a complete Rover breakdown.
The Rover was equipped with a navigation system which used counts of wheel rotations to measure the distance driven since the system was last reset. More importantly, when the wheel-rotation data were combined with heading information provided by an internal gyro, the nav system provided a range and bearing to that last point of initialization - always a point near the LM.
The "problem" of getting back to the LM from some distant geology station was actually a trivial one. There were outbound Rover tracks to follow and, even if the astronauts weren't retracing their outbound course, there were plenty of landmarks to lead them close enough to see the 23-foot-tall LM. For obvious reasons, the astronauts always landed in the middle of a large area of relatively flat terrain and, even if the LM was in a local low spot, all one had to do was find a bit of high ground and the glint of sunlight off the LM's foil covering would immediately catch the eye. Certainly, there was no chance of mistaking the LM for a rock and, if it was in the line of sight, it could be seen from a considerable distance. The only exception to this general rule was when the astronauts had to look directly into the low, early-morning Sun - in the direction called "up-Sun". In such a case, even had they been able to see into the bright glare, they would have been looking at shadowed surfaces on the spacecraft and might have had trouble spotting it. However, it wouldn't have taken much of a detour to get a good viewing angle and, all in all, there was virtually no chance of getting lost.
Because even the "flat country" is rolling and hummocky and everything but the LM is some shade of grey, the problem of finding anything else - say a specific crater - could be challenging. As an extreme example, on Apollo 14 Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell walked to within twenty meters or so of the rim of Cone Crater and then, after a tiring climb and a fruitless search, eventually had to head back toward the LM without ever having actually looked into the crater. With the Rover, the problem of finding geology stops was much less dramatic.
Because the nav system measured distance and bearing relative to the LM, finding a specific crater meant that the astronauts had to know exactly where they had landed. On each of the three Rover missions, there was some initial confusion about the absolute location of the LM; but, after a while, the crews were able to unambiguously identify a crater or two. Navigation readouts at those places then helped the support people back in Houston to pin down the landing site and, thereafter, the crews could use the nav systems to drive with confidence from one place to another. The nav system was only accurate to about 100 meters; but, if there was a little remaining confusion when the crew got close to their target, they could always spend a minute or two driving around, seated comfortably, until they found the crater they were looking for.


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Introduce your business and tell us your story: How did you decide on what to sell, and how did you source your products?
I couldn't find a large pedestal cake stand anywhere for my wedding so I used my experience as a woodworking apprentice and built my first design. Seeing that large cake stands did not exist anywhere prompted me to fill this niche market by opening an online shop. Initially, I made the products by hand in my garage and then once the orders got too big I outsourced certain parts to USA manufacturers. We still manufacture and assemble all our designs in the USA.
How did you earn your first sales? Which channels are now generating the most traffic and sales for you?
Etsy was my first experience with selling online and my first sale happened within one day of posting it there. Soon, BRIDES magazine contacted us and, as a result, our business quickly expanded. Word of mouth through bakers and wedding blogs also quickly helped escalate sales. Organic Google Search is still our number one revenue stream as we exist in a niche market and no one sells a variety of cake stands like we do. Our newsletter is also our main revenue stream followed by social media channels like Pinterest, Facebook and Instagram.
Tell us about the back-end of your business. What tools and apps do you use to run your store? How do you handle shipping and fulfillment?
Mailchimp app is the most important since it connects us with our fans and generates a lot of sales. Google Shopping app ensures our products show up correctly and is invaluable. And, Yotpo is a silent hero in that it helps new customers feel more confident buying from us and gives us immediate feedback about what is (and is not) working with our product designs. We fulfill and ship everything ourselves since that allows us to ensure a great experience for our customers. It also allows us to personalize the experience by adding in thank notes or rushing a delivery for a customer in need.
What are your top recommendations for new store owners?
Gosh, that's a hard one since there's so much to say! First, no matter what anybody says or what experience (or lack thereof) that you have, you can do it. It will be hard with long hours and each type of business has its own learning curve but it is completely possible to do it. Second, make sure you crunch the numbers to the penny before deciding on a sales price for your product, even if that means delaying your launch to find a better manufacturer and source for your materials. We got hampered by a sales price that didn't have good margins and that crippled us for a long time. Price your products right the first time so you can survive and grow.


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The University of Michigan offers REES-related courses in the following divisions of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts: anthropology; art history; communication studies; comparative literature; economics; German; history; Judaic studies; linguistics; Near Eastern studies; philosophy; political science; Russian, East European, and Eurasian studies; screen arts and cultures; Slavic languages and literatures; and sociology. Area-related courses are also taught in the Residential College and in the following professional fields: architecture, business, law, music, natural resources and environment, public health, and public policy.
The current term's course list and course archive list courses relating to Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia, many of which can be applied to REES undergraduate and graduate degrees. Independent study and directed reading courses may also be used toward a REES degree when appropriate. Please consult the LSA Course Guide and relevant department for details.
REES-approved courses DO NOT require approval by the CREES Advisor; REES-related courses need to be approved in order to count toward a REES degree.
Please note that only courses labeled 300 and above can count towards the REES major. The REES senior seminar requirement may be satisfied by any class meeting the following requirements:
- It must be small (fewer than 25 students);
- It must emphasize discussion rather than lecture; and
- It must have a substantial writing requirement
Useful links
LSA Course Guide
Wolverine Access
Summer Language Institute
REEES Grade Grievance Policy


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Should you rent or should you buy your home? It takes more than looking at your mortgage payment to answer this question
The first steps in buying a house are ensuring you can afford to place at least 5% of the purchase price of the home as a down payment and determining your budget. This calculator helps you weed through the fees, taxes and monthly payments to help you make a good financial decision


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Tim Ferriss, the #1 New York Times best-selling author of The 4-Hour Workweek, shares the ultimate choose-your-own-adventure book—a compilation of tools, tactics, and habits from 130+ of the world's top performers. From iconic entrepreneurs to elite athletes, from artists to billionaire investors, their short profiles can help you answer life's most challenging questions, achieve extraordinary results, and transform your life.
From the author:
In 2017, several of my close friends died in rapid succession. It was a very hard year, as it was for many people.
It was also a stark reminder that time is our scarcest, non-renewable resource.
With a renewed sense of urgency, I began asking myself many questions:
Were my goals my own, or simply what I thought I should want?
How much of life had I missed from underplanning or overplanning?
How could I be kinder to myself?
How could I better say "no" to the trivial many to better say "yes" to the critical few?
How could I best reassess my priorities and my purpose in this world?
To find answers, I reached out to the most impressive world-class performers in the world, ranging from wunderkinds in their 20s to icons in their 70s and 80s. No stone was left unturned.
This book contains their answers—practical and tactical advice from mentors who have found solutions. Whether you want to 10x your results, get unstuck, or reinvent yourself, someone else has traveled a similar path and taken notes.
This book, Tribe of Mentors, includes many of the people I grew up viewing as idols or demi-gods. Less than 10% have been on my podcast (The Tim Ferriss Show, more than 200 million downloads), making this a brand-new playbook of playbooks.
No matter your challenge or opportunity, something in these pages can help.
Among other things, you will learn:
• More than 50 morning routines—both for the early riser and those who struggle to get out of bed.
• How TED curator Chris Anderson realized that the best way to get things done is to let go.
• The best purchases of $100 or less (you'll never have to think about the right gift again).
• How to overcome failure and bounce back towards success.
• Why Humans of New York creator Brandon Stanton believes that the best art will always be the riskiest.
• How to meditate and be more mindful (and not just for those that find it easy).
• Why tennis champion Maria Sharapova believe that "losing makes you think in ways victories can't."
• How to truly achieve work-life balance (and why most people tell you it isn't realistic).
• How billionaire Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz transformed the way he engages with difficult situations to reduce suffering.
• Ways to thrive (and survive) the overwhelming amount of information you process every day.
• How to achieve clarity on your purpose and assess your priorities.
• And much more.
This reference book, which I wrote for myself, has already changed my life. I certainly hope the same for you.
I wish you luck as you forge your own path.
All the best,
Tim Ferriss