text:
Cardinals Get Green-Light For Quick Conclave
As previously noted, a papal election's start-date can only be decided upon by the cardinals gathered in General Congregation after the vacancy is triggered. While almost all of the cardinals are expected to be in Rome to take part in the pontiff's sendoff on Thursday, only once the vacancy occurs can the body be formally convoked, so even the date of the first of the pre-electoral meetings remains to emerge.
In light of the unique circumstances of Benedict's departure from the papacy, the likelihood of an exemption from the usual waiting period was indicated here on 12 February, a day after Benedict announced his intent to relinquish the papacy; the preparation of the document released today first emerged on the 16th.
In recent days, several key members of the College – including Cardinals Francis George of Chicago, Andre Vingt-Trois of Paris and Timothy Dolan of New York – have publicly voiced opposition to beginning the Conclave before March 15th, the earliest permitted date under the rules of Universi Domenici Gregis, John Paul II's 1996 constitution on the papal succession.
While an earlier option has been deemed in some quarters as a play into the hands of the Roman Curia, it likewise addresses concerns expressed elsewhere over the conflict a papal transition on the normal time-frame would present with Holy Week – the period when the bulk of the cardinals who lead the world's dioceses have their most intense and high-profile obligations of the year at home.
In any event, the pre-Conclave period as stipulated until now has been a fairly recent innovation to the process. By tradition, the wait before the first ballot was a mere 10 days until 1922, when the three North American cardinals – who left for Rome by steamship quickly upon learning of the death of Pope Benedict XV – only arrived once Pope Pius XI had been elected. Shortly thereafter, the new pontiff extended the mandatory period to 15 days to allow the far-flung cardinals the needed time to arrive, with a maximum option of 20 days as necessary.
Likewise including minor clarifications on other points, the new document – titled Normas Nonnullas – was only issued by the Holy See in Latin and Italian.


text:
Cassowary Temporal range: Pliocene to present
| |
Southern Cassowary | |
Emu | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Infraclass: | Palaeognathae |
Clade: | Notopalaeognathae |
Clade: | Novaeratitae |
Order: | Casuariiformes Kaup, 1847[1] |
Family: | {{{1}}} Brisson, 1760[1] |
Species | |
| |
Synonyms | |
Casoarius Bont. |
}} The cassowaries are ratites, very large flightless birds in the genus Casuarius native to the tropical forests of New Guinea, nearby islands and north-eastern Australia.[2] There are three extant species recognized today. The most common of these, the Southern Cassowary, is the third tallest and second heaviest living bird, smaller only than the ostrich and emu.
Cassowaries feed mainly on fruit, although all species are truly omnivorous and will take a range of other plant food including shoots, grass seeds, and fungi in addition to invertebrates and small vertebrates. Cassowaries are very shy, but when disturbed, they are capable of inflicting serious or even fatal injuries to dogs and people.
Taxonomy and evolution[edit]
Cassowaries (from the Malay name kasuari)[3] are part of the ratite group, which also includes the Emu, rheas, ostriches, and kiwis, and the extinct moas and elephant birds. There are three extant species recognized today and one extinct:
- Casuarius casuarius, Southern Cassowary or Double-wattled Cassowary, found in southern New Guinea, northeastern Australia, and the Aru Islands,[2] mainly in lowlands.
- Casuarius bennetti, Dwarf Cassowary or Bennett's Cassowary, found in New Guinea, New Britain, and Yapen,[2] mainly in highlands.
- Casuarius unappendiculatus, Northern Cassowary or Single-wattled Cassowary, found in the northern and western New Guinea, and Yapen,[2][4] mainly in lowlands.
- Casuarius lydekki Extinct[1]
- Casuarius regulus, King Cassowary[made-up sp.]}, found in Shire.
Presently, most authorities consider the above monotypic, but several subspecies have been described of each (some have even been suggested as separate species, e.g., C. (b) papuanus).[4] It has proven very difficult to confirm the validity of these due to individual variations, age-related variations, the relatively few available specimens (and the bright skin of the head and neck—the basis of which several subspecies have been described—fades in specimens), and that locals are known to have traded live cassowaries for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, some of which are likely to have escaped or deliberately introduced to regions away from their origin.[4]
The evolutionary history of cassowaries, as of all ratites, is not well known. A fossil species was reported from Australia, but for reasons of biogeography this assignment is not certain and it might belong to the prehistoric Emuarius, which were cassowary-like primitive emus.
The Northern and Dwarf Cassowaries are not well known. All cassowaries are usually shy birds of the deep forest, adept at disappearing long before a human knows they are there. Even the more accessible Southern Cassowary of the far north Queensland rain forests is not well understood.
Females are bigger and more brightly colored. Adult Southern Cassowaries are 1.5 to 1.8 metres (0–0 ft) tall, although some females may reach 2 metres (0 ft),[5] and weigh 58.5 kilograms (100 lb).[6]
All cassowaries have feathers that consist of a shaft and loose barbules. They do not have retrices (tail feathers) or a preen gland. Cassowaries have small wings with 5-6 large remeges. These are reduced to stiff, keratinous quills, like porcupine quills, with no barbs.[6] A claw is on each second finger.[7] The furcula and coracoid are degenerate, and their palatal bones and sphenoid bones touch each other.[8] These, along with their wedge-shaped body, are thought to be adaptations to ward off vines, thorns and saw-edged leaves, allowing them to run quickly through the rainforest.[9]
A cassowary's three-toed feet have sharp claws. The second toe, the inner one in the medial position, sports a dagger-like claw that is 125 millimetres (0 in) long.[6] This claw is particularly fearsome since cassowaries sometimes kick humans and animals with their enormously powerful legs (see Cassowary Attacks, below). Cassowaries can run up to 50 km/h (31 mph) through the dense forest. They can jump up to 1.5 metres (0 ft) [citation needed]and they are good swimmers, crossing wide rivers and swimming in the sea as well.[7]
All three species have horn-like but soft and spongy crests called casques on their heads, up to 18 cm (0 in).[8] These consist of "a keratinous skin over a core of firm, cellular foam-like material".[10] Several purposes for the casques have been proposed. One possibility is that they are secondary sexual characteristics. Other suggestions include that they are used to batter through underbrush, as a weapon for dominance disputes, or as a tool for pushing aside leaf litter during foraging. The latter three are disputed by biologist Andrew Mack, whose personal observation suggests that the casque amplifies deep sounds.[11] However, the earlier article by Crome and Moore says that the birds do lower their heads when they are running "full tilt through the vegetation, brushing saplings aside and occasionally careening into small trees. The casque would help protect the skull from such collisions."[10] From an engineering perspective the wedge shaped casque is also the most efficient way to protect the head by deflecting falling fruit. As cassowaries live on fallen fruit they spend a lot of time under trees where seeds the size of golfballs or larger are dropping from heights of up to 30 metres. Mack and Jones also speculate that the casques play a role in either sound reception or acoustic communication. This is related to their discovery that at least the Dwarf Cassowary and Southern Cassowary produce very-low frequency sounds, which may aid in communication in dense rainforest.[11] This "boom" is the lowest known bird call, and is on the edge of human hearing.[12] Crowe described a cooling function for the very similar casques of guineafowl.
The average lifespan of wild cassowaries is believed to be about 40 to 50 years.[13]
Cassowaries are solitary birds except during courtship, egg-laying, and sometimes around ample food supplies.[8] The male cassowary defends a territory of about 7 square kilometres (1,700 acres) for itself and its mate, while females have overlapping territories of several males.[13] While females move between satellite territories of different males, they appear to remain within the same territories for most of their lives, mating with the same or closely related males over the course of their life span. Courtship and pair bonding rituals begin with the vibratory sounds broadcast by females. Males approach and run with necks parallel to the ground with dramatic movements of the head, which accentuate the frontal neck region. The female approaches drumming slowly. The male will crouch upon the ground and the female will either step on the males back for a moment before crouching beside him in preparation for copulation or she may attack. This is often the case with the females pursuing the males in ritualistic chasing behaviors that generally culminate in water. The male cassowary dives into water and submerges himself up to his upper neck and head. The female pursues him into the water where he eventually drives her to the shallows where she crouches making ritualistic motions of her head. The two may remain in copulation for extended periods of time. In some cases another male may approach and run the other male off. He will climb on to her to copulate as well. Males are far more tolerant of one another than females, which do not tolerate the presence of other females.
The breeding season starts in May or June. Females lay three to eight large, dark bright green or pale green-blue eggs in each clutch into a prepared heap of leaf litter.[8] These eggs measure about 9 by 14 centimetres (0 by 0 in) — only Ostrich and Emu eggs are larger. The female does not care for the eggs or the chicks but moves on to lay eggs in the nests of several other males. The male incubates the eggs for 50–52 days, removing or adding litter to regulate the temperature, then protects the brown-striped chicks, who stay in the nest for about nine months, defending them fiercely against all potential predators, including humans. The young males then go off to find a territory of their own.[8][13]
"Young cassowaries are brown and have buffy stripes. They are often kept as pets in native villages [in New Guinea], where they are permitted to roam like barnyard fowl. Often they are kept until they become nearly grown and someone gets hurt. Mature cassowaries are placed beside native houses in cribs hardly larger than the birds themselves. Garbage and other vegetable food is fed them, and they live for years in such enclosures; for in some areas their plumage is still as valuable as shell money. Caged birds are regularly bereft of their fresh plumes."[9]
Cassowaries are predominantly frugivorous, but they will take flowers, fungi, snails, insects, frogs, birds, fish, rats, mice, and carrion. Fruit from at least twenty-six plant families have been documented in the diet of cassowaries. Fruits from the laurel, podocarp, palm, wild grape, nightshade, and myrtle families are important items in the diet.[8] The cassowary plum takes its name from the bird.
Where trees are dropping fruit, cassowaries will come in and feed, with each bird defending a tree from others for a few days. They move on when the fruit is depleted. Fruit is swallowed whole, even items as large as bananas and apples.
Cassowaries are a keystone species of rain forests because they eat fallen fruit whole and distribute seeds across the jungle floor via excrement.[8]
As for eating the Cassowary, it is supposed to be quite tough. Australian administrative officers stationed in New Guinea were advised that it "should be cooked with a stone in the pot: when the stone is ready to eat so is the Cassowary".[14]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Cassowaries are native to the humid rainforests of New Guinea and nearby smaller islands, and northeastern Australia.[2] They will, however, venture out into palm scrub, grassland, savanna, and swamp forest.[8] It is unclear if some islands' populations are natural or the result of trade in young birds by natives. The cassowary is usually found in a rainforest of a sort but in Australia mostly Northern Queensland in places as in Cairns or The Great Dane Rainforest.
The Southern Cassowary is endangered in Queensland, Australia. Kofron and Chapman (2006) assessed the decline of this species. They found that, of the former cassowary habitat, only 20 - 25% remains. They stated that habitat loss and fragmentation is the primary cause of decline.[15] They then studied 140 cases of cassowary mortality and found that motor vehicle strikes accounted for 55% of them, and dog attacks produced another 18%. Remaining causes of death included hunting (5 cases), entanglement in wire (1 case), the removal of cassowaries that attacked humans (4 cases), and natural causes (18 cases), including tuberculosis (4 cases). 14 cases were for unknown reasons.[15]
Hand feeding of cassowaries poses a big threat to their survival, because it lures them into suburban areas. There, the birds are more susceptible to vehicles and dogs.[16] Contact with humans encourages cassowaries to take food from picnic tables.
Feral pigs are a huge problem. They destroy nests and eggs but their worst effect is as competitors for food, which could be catastrophic for the cassowaries during lean times.
In February 2011 Cyclone Yasi destroyed a large area of cassowary habitat, endangering 200 of the birds, around 10% of the total Australian population.[17]
Cassowary attacks[edit]
Cassowaries have a reputation for being dangerous to people and domestic animals. During World War II American and Australian troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of them. In his book "Living Birds of the World" from 1958, ornithologist Thomas E. Gilliard wrote:
- "The inner or second of the three toes is fitted with a long, straight, murderous nail which can sever an arm or eviscerate an abdomen with ease. There are many records of natives being killed by this bird."[18]
This assessment of the danger posed by cassowaries has been repeated in print by authors including Gregory S. Paul (1988)[19] and Jared Diamond (1997).[20] Of 221 attacks studied in 2003, 150 were against humans. 75% of these were from cassowaries that had been fed by people. 71% of the time the bird chased or charged the victim. 15% of the time they kicked. Of the attacks, 73% involved the birds expecting or snatching food, 5% involved defending natural food sources, 15% involved defending themselves from attack, 7% involved defending their chicks or eggs. The 150 attacks included at least one human death.[21]
One documented human death was caused by a cassowary on 6 April 1926. 16-year old Phillip McClean and his brother, aged 13, came across a cassowary on their property and decided to try to kill it by striking it with clubs. The bird kicked the younger boy, who fell and ran away as his older brother struck the bird. The cassowary then charged and knocked the older McClean to the ground and kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25 cm (0 in) wound which may have severed his carotid artery. The boy managed to escape, but died shortly afterwards as a result of his injuries.[22]
Cassowary strikes to the abdomen are among the rarest of all, but there is one case of a dog that was kicked in the belly in 1995. The blow left no puncture, but there was severe bruising. The dog later died from an apparent intestinal rupture.[22]
Role in seed dispersal and germination[edit]
Cassowaries feed on the fruits of several hundred rainforest species and usually pass viable seeds in large dense scats. They are known to disperse seeds over distances greater than a kilometre, and thus play an important role in the ecosystem. Germination rates for seeds of the rare Australian rainforest tree Ryparosa were found to be much higher after passing through a cassowary's gut (92% versus 4%).[23]
- ^ a b c Brands, S. (2012) Cite error: Invalid
tag; name "SN" defined multiple times with different content - ^ a b c d e Clements, J (2007)
- ^ Gotch, A.T. (1995)
- ^ a b c Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002)
- ^ buzzle.com
- ^ a b c Davies, S.J.J.F. (2002) Cite error: Invalid
tag; name "Davies2002" defined multiple times with different content - ^ a b Harmer, S. F. & Shipley, A. E. (1899)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
- ^ a b Gilliard (1958), p. 23.
- ^ a b Crome, F., and Moore, L. (1988)
- ^ a b Mack, A.L. & Jones, J (2003)
- ^ Owen, J. (2003)
- ^ a b c "Cassowaries: Casuaridae - Behavior And Reproduction."
- ^ Vader, John, New Guinea: The Tide is Stemmed. NY, Ballantine Books: 1971, p. 35.
- ^ a b Kofron, C. P. & Chapman, A. (2006)
- ^ Borrell 2008.
- ^ Cyclone puts cassowary in greater peril
- ^ Gilliard, Thomas E. (1958) "Living Birds of the World" Doubleday
- ^ Paul, G. S. (1988)
- ^ Diamond, J. (2008)
- ^ Kofron, C. P. (1999)
- ^ a b Kofron, C. P. (2003)
- ^ Weber, B.L. & Woodrow, I.E.
Cited texts[edit]
- Borrell, Brendan. 2008. Invasion of the Cassowaries. Smithsonian magazine, October 2008
- Brands, Sheila (Aug 14 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Casuarius". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved Feb 04 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - Buzzle.com The Cassowary Bird
- Clark, Philip (ed), (1990) Stay in Touch The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 November 1990. Cites "authorities" for the death claim.
- Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Crome, F., and L. Moore. (1988) The cassowary's casque. Emu 88:123–124.
- Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002). Ratites and Tinamous. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854996-2
- Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Cassowaries". In Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 75–77. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Diamond, J. (March 1997 pg 165). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-03891-2.
{{cite book}}
(help); Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Gilliard, E. Thomas (1958) [1958]. "Cassowaries". Living Birds of the World. New York, NY: Doubleday & Company. pp. 23–24.
- Gotch, A.F. (1995) [1979]. "Cassowaries". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- Harmer, S. F.; Shipley, A. F. (1899). The Cambridge Natural History. Macmillan and Co. pp. 35–36.
- Kofron, Christopher P. (1999) "Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) in Queensland, Australia
- Kofron, Christopher P. (2003) "Case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in Queensland" Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 49(1) 335-338
- Kofron, Christopher P., Chapman, Angela. (2006) "Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuariusjohnsonii in Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology vol. 12: 175-179
- Mack, A.L. & Jones, J (2003) Low-frequency vocalizations by cassowaries (Casuarius spp.) The Auk 120(4):1062–1068
- Owen, J. (2003). Does Rain Forest Bird "Boom" Like a Dinosaur?. National Geographic News.
- Paul, Gregory S. (1988) Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon and Schuster, New York, USA. pg. 364, 464pp.
- Readers' Digest, June 2006 issue.
- Underhill, D (1993) Australia's Dangerous Creatures, Reader's Digest, Sydney, New South Wales, ISBN 0-86438-018-6
- Weber, B.L. & Woodrow, I.E. Functional Plant Biology "Cassowary frugivory, seed dmelindholhauserefleshing and fruit fly infestation influence the transition from seed to seedling in the rare Australian rainforest tree, Ryparosa sp. nov. 1 (Achariaceae)." 31: 505-516
Uncited text[edit]
- Rothschild, Walter (1899) A Monograph of the genus Casuarius. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vol15 pt5, December 1900.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Casuariidae |
- C4 - Cassowary Conservation based in Mission Beach
- Video: Cassowary with 3 chicks drinking water at Elantra Resort, Mission Beach
- ARKive - images and movies of the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)
- Cassowary videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
Projects <fb:like/> | ||||
| ||||
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors). Please help by writing it in the style of All Birds Wiki! |
- Species named by George Travis
- Articles with made-up species
- CS1 errors: access-date without URL
- Genera
- Genera of birds
- Families of birds
- Birds by classification
- Bird taxonomy
- Families
- Palaeognathae
- Notopalaeognathae
- Novaeratitae
- Casuariidae
- Casuarius
- Birds of Australia
- Flightless birds
- Heraldic birds
- Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Australasia-Pacific region
- Ratites
- Cassowaries
- Genera of Casuariiformes
- Families of Casuariiformes

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Chemical Contaminant Rules
On this page:
Rule Summary
The chemical contaminants were promulgated in phases collectively called the Phase II/V Rules or the Chemical Contaminant Rules. These rules regulate over 65 contaminants in three contaminant groups:
- Inorganic Contaminants (IOCs) (including nitrate and arsenic),
- Volatile Organic Contaminants (VOCs), and
- Synthetic Organic Contaminants (SOCs).
In 2001, EPA adopted a lower standard for arsenic in drinking water that applies to both community water systems and non-transient non-community water systems. The new arsenic standard of 10 parts per billion (ppb) replaces the old standard of 50 ppb. Several useful reference materials are provided below:
- The Technical Fact Sheet: Final Rule for Arsenic in Drinking Water contains requirements and compliance dates, the health effects associated with exposure to arsenic, the costs, benefits, and number of systems affected by the rule.
Read the Arsenic Rule Technical Fact Sheet (PDF)(6 pp, 347 K, About PDF) EPA 815-F-00-016, January 2001 - The Drinking Water Standard for Arsenic Fact Sheet provides information on the potential health effects from exposure to arsenic, an overview of the Final Rule, and background information on the natural occurrence of arsenic.
Read the Drinking Water Standard for Arsenic Fact Sheet (PDF)(2 pp, 140 K, About PDF) EPA 815-F-00-015, January 2001
Rule History
Background Information on the Chemical Contaminant Rules
The chemical contaminants were promulgated in phases collectively called the Phase II/V Rules or the Chemical Contaminant Rules. These rules regulate over 65 contaminants in three contaminant groups:
- Inorganic Contaminants (IOCs) (including arsenic and nitrate),
- Volatile Organic Contaminants (VOCs), and
- Synthetic Organic Contaminants (SOCs).
The rules apply to all public water systems (PWS). PWS type, size, and water source type determine which contaminants require monitoring for that system.
Over a five year period, EPA gathered and analyzed occurrence and health effects data. Through the Phase II/V Rules, EPA established:
- Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs),
- Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs),
- Monitoring requirements, and
- Best available technologies for removal for 65 chemical contaminants.
The Chemical Contaminants Rules provide public health protection through the reduction of chronic, or long-term, risks from:
- Cancer,
- Organ damage,
- Circulatory system disorders,
- Nervous system disorders, and
- Reproductive system disorders.
There is an acute health risk from nitrate and nitrite. The regulations reduce the risk of Methemoglobinemia or "blue baby syndrome." Blue Baby Syndrome is caused from ingestion of high levels of nitrate or nitrite.
Regulated Chemical Contaminants
EPA set a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) for each contaminant. The MCLG is the maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MCLGs are not enforceable.
The MCLG is not a legal limit set for PWSs. It is based solely on human health. For known cancer-causing contaminants the MCLG is set at zero. This is because any chemical exposure could present a cancer risk.
The Chemical Contaminants Rules also set Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for each contaminant. EPA sets MCLs as close to the health goal as possible. The MCL weighs the technical and financial barriers with public health protection.
The following link is a table of all regulated drinking water contaminants:
The following table details the VOCs, SOCs, and IOCs that are regulated in each phase of the Phase II/V Rules.
Phases of the Phase II/V Rules |
Phase I, July 7, 1987 |
Benzene |
Phase II, January 1991 |
cis-1,2-dichloroethylene |
Alachlor |
Asbestos |
Phase IIB, July 1991 |
Pentachlorophenol Aldicarb1 Aldicarb sulfone1 Aldicarb sulfoxide1 |
Barium |
Phase V, July 1992 |
Dichloromethane |
Benzo(a)pyrene |
Antimony |
1Aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, and aldicarb sulfoxide are considered regulated chemicals. However their MCLs are stayed and no monitoring is required (57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992).
2 The MCL for nickel was remanded in 1995 but PWSs are still required to monitor.
Background Information on Arsenic
Arsenic is one of the inorganic contaminants regulated under the Phase II/V Rules. In 2001, under the Arsenic Rule, EPA adopted a lower standard for arsenic in drinking water. The lower standard of 10 parts per billion (ppb) replaced the prior standard of 50 ppb.
Arsenic is a semi-metal element in the periodic table. It is odorless and tasteless. It can enter drinking water supplies from natural deposits in the earth or from agricultural and industrial practices.
Non-cancer effects of arsenic can include:
- Thickening and discoloration of the skin,
- Stomach pain,
- Nausea,
- Vomiting,
- Diarrhea,
- Numbness in hands and feet,
- Partial paralysis, and
- Blindness.
Arsenic has been linked to a number of cancers. These include cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver, and prostate.
EPA set the arsenic standard for drinking water at 10 ppb (or 0.010 parts per million). This protects consumers from the effects of long-term, chronic exposure to arsenic. PWSs had to comply with the lower standard by January 23, 2006.
Background Information on Nitrate and Nitrite
Nitrate and Nitrite are the only acute inorganic contaminants regulated under the Phase II/V Rules. The greatest use of nitrates is as a fertilizer.
Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogen-oxygen chemical units which combines with various organic and inorganic compounds. Once taken into the body, nitrates are converted into nitrites. High levels of nitrate and nitrite are most serious for infants.
The conversion of nitrate to nitrite by the body, can interfere with the oxygen-carrying capacity of the child's blood, sometimes called Blue Baby Syndrome. This acute condition can occur rapidly over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin.
The standard for Nitrate is 10 mg/L or ppm and for Nitrite it is 1 mg/L or ppm.
For more information, including federal register notices, use the links below:
- Chemical Contaminant: Phase II/V Rule Regulatory History
- Phase II/V Rule Regulatory Corrections and Significant Rule Developments
- Phase II/V Rules in the Code of Federal Regulations
- Arsenic Rule History
Compliance is key to public health protection. EPA and the state and tribal primacy agencies help to support compliance monitoring in public water systems. The following provide support for compliance assistance to both the co-regulators and the regulated community water systems:
- Chemical Contaminant Rule Compliance for Primacy Agencies
- Chemical Contaminant Rule Compliance for Community Water System Owners and Operators
- Arsenic Rule Compliance for Primacy Agencies
- Arsenic Rule Compliance for Community Water System Owners and Operators


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Moustafa Bayoumi is the author of the critically acclaimed How Does It Feel To Be a Problem?: Being Young and Arab in America (Penguin), which won an American Book Award and the Arab American Book Award for Non-Fiction. The book has also been translated into Arabic by Arab Scientific Publishers. His latest book, This Muslim American Life: Dispatches from the War on Terror (NYU Press), was chosen as a Best Book of 2015 by The Progressive magazine and was also awarded the Arab American Book Award for Non-Fiction.
An accomplished journalist, Bayoumi is also a columnist for The Guardian, and his writing has appeared in The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, The National, CNN.com, The London Review of Books, The Nation, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Progressive, and other places. His essay "Disco Inferno" was included in the collection Best Music Writing of 2006 (Da Capo). Bayoumi is also the co-editor of The Edward Said Reader (Vintage) and editor of Midnight on the Mavi Marmara: the Attack on the Gaza Freedom Flotilla and How It Changed the Course of the Israel/Palestine Conflict (O/R Books & Haymarket Books). With Lizzy Ratner, he also co-edited a special issue of The Nation magazine on Islamophobia (July 2–9, 2012).
He has been featured in The Wall Street Journal, The Chicago Sun-Times, and on CNN, FOX News, Book TV, National Public Radio, and many other media outlets from around the world. Panel discussions on How Does It Feel To be Problem? have been convened at The Museum of the City of New York, PEN American Center, Drexel Law School, and the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, and the book has been chosen as the common reading for incoming freshmen at universities across the country. Bayoumi is Professor of English at Brooklyn College, City University of New York, and is the recipient of two excellence in teaching awards. He also received a 2011 Culture and Achievement Award from the Network of Arab American Professionals and 2016 Pathmaker to Peace Award from the organization Brooklyn for Peace. In 2015, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Southern Vermont College. He lives in Brooklyn, New York.


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Marijo Bos has 20 years of experience in Talent Management with Global Service Firms and in Entrepreneurial environments. She has served as a volunteer for PWN Global since 2005, as the Founding Co President Spain and has held a board role with the Federation identifying and managing strategic partnerships such as Mercer, Praxair, RBS, IE Business School for 4 years. Marijo now leads Bos Advisors which supports global organization in strengthening their leadership capabilities to achieve individual and organizational change. She designs programs with a special interest in tapping into the strengths of cross cultural teams. She has worked with clients such as AGCS, Novartis, Nike, Time Warner, Disney, Santander and BT.
Marijo is a former Partner with Oliver Wyman's Executive Learning Center as well as Russell Reynolds Associates where she led the Media and Entertainment Practice based in Los Angeles, CA. She also served as a SVP, Partner with an early stage start-up venture eCompanies – Evercore where they identified entrepreneurs and teams to lead 10 companies in the digital media space. Marijo has a Bachelor's Degree and is an alumnus of Harvard Business Schools PMD program; she has published articles on mentoring, networking and leadership development and gender. Her passions include eco-living, outdoor activities.
With her incredible Board, Marijo, our longest serving President to date, took the network from 10 European locations to 24 global locations and we rebranded to PWN Global.


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The weekends on All Things Considered series Movies I've Seen A Million Times features filmmakers, actors, writers and directors talking about the movies that they never get tired of watching.
The movie that writer-director Derek Cianfrance, whose credits include the films Blue Valentine and The Place Beyond the Pines — currently in theaters — could watch a million times is Martin Scorsese's Goodfellas.
Interview Highlights
On why he loved Goodfellas the first time he watched it
"It felt like the best movie I had ever seen. It had the best performances. It had the best use of music and period music, no real score."
On why he thinks the movie was robbed at the Oscars
"You know, flash-forward, like, March of 1991, the Academy Awards, I couldn't believe that Dances With Wolves was winning the best picture over Goodfellas. I mean, to this day, does anyone really think that Dances With Wolves is a better movie than Goodfellas? I certainly don't."
On what the film means to him
"You know, as a filmmaker, as a film lover, it's a film to aspire to make, and I'm just so thankful that Scorsese made it and it's out there in the world. You know, it's like a friend of mine, you know? I can watch it and feel like I'm visiting an old pal."
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Feeling drowsy? You're not alone. On a typical day, a third of the adults (34%) in the United States take a nap.
Napping thrives among all demographic groups, but it's more widespread among some than others, according to a Pew Research Center Social & Demographic Trends survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,488 adults.
More men than women report that they caught a little snooze in the past 24 hours — 38% vs. 31%.This gender gap occurs almost entirely among older adults. More than four-in-ten ( 41%) men ages 50 and older say they napped in the past day, compared with just 28% of women of the same age. Below the age of 50, men and women are about equally likely to say they napped in the past day (35% vs. 34%).
There are distinctive racial patterns to napping. Half of the black adults in our survey say they napped in the past 24 hours, compared with just a third of whites and Hispanics.
Napping is quite common at the lower end of the income scale; some 42% of adults with an annual income below $30,000 report they napped in the past day. As income rises, napping declines. However, at the upper end of the scale (adults whose annual income is $100,000 or above) the tendency to nap revives and reverts to the mean.
Napping spikes among the old — but only among the very old.More than half of adults ages 80 and older say they napped in the past day. Among every other age group in the survey — including both the young (ages 18 to 29) and the old (ages 70 to 79) — about a third say they napped in the past 24 hours.
These findings are based on responses to a question in a wide-ranging survey about aging thatasked people if they had engaged in each of 10 different activities in the past 24 hours — among them driving a car, getting some exercise, going shopping, watching television, using the internet, praying and taking a nap.1
Trouble Sleeping?
The survey also asked respondents if they had trouble sleeping in the past 24 hours — and, not surprisingly, it finds a correlation between nap-taking and trouble sleeping.
Among those who reported they'd had trouble sleeping in the past day (about a quarter of the sample), more than four-in-ten (41%) also reported that they'd taken a nap. Among those who said they did not have trouble sleeping (about three-quarters of the sample), just 32% reported having taken a nap.
Interestingly, however, the gender patterns related to "having trouble sleeping" are quite different from those related to napping. In spite of the fact that women are less likely than men to report having napped in past 24 hours (31% vs. 38%), they are more likely than men to report having had trouble sleeping (29% vs. 22%) in the past 24 hours.
Weekends vs. Weekdays
Napping might seem like a natural weekend activity — after all, that's when the nettlesome world of work serves up the fewest distractions. But our survey — which was administered seven days a week over the course of a month — found no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of weekend versus weekday napping.
The explanation has to do with the napping patterns of the adults who are unemployed (either because they can't find work or because they're retired). This group takes more naps during the week than on the weekends, balancing out the very slight tendency of employed adults to nap more on weekends than on weekdays.
Happy Nappers? Yes, But…
There are plenty of happy nappers, but, overall, our survey finds a correlation that runs in the other direction. People who aren't happy are more likely to nap on a given day than are people who are very happy (43% vs. 31%). Likewise, unhappy adults are much more likely than very happy adults to report having had trouble sleeping in the past 24 hours (46% vs. 18%).
The same patterns apply to people of all ages who report that they are in poor health. Unhealthy adults report taking more naps than others, and also report having more trouble sleeping than others.
Similarly, older adults who are experiencing problems associated with aging — including an inability to live independently — are more likely than other older adults to say that they had trouble sleeping and that they took a nap in the past 24 hours.
Exercise and Napping
It's not clear whether exercise leads to napping or napping to exercise, but there's a bit of a correlation between the two. Among survey respondents who say they got vigorous exercise in the past 24 hours, some 37% also say they napped in the past 24 hours. Among those who didn't get exercise in that time period, just 30% say they napped.
Money and Sleep
Do people who are financially well off sleep better at night? The evidence from our survey is mixed. On the one hand, there's no statistically significant difference in "trouble sleeping" between those adults in our survey whose annual income is $100,000 and above and those who live on $30,000 to under $100,000 a year.
On the other hand, having very little money is associated with restless nights. Among those whose annual income is below $20,000, some 35% say they had trouble sleeping last night, compared with just 22% of those who earn $100,000 or more.
In addition, no matter what your annual income level, if you are dissatisfied with your financial situation, you're twice as likely to report having had trouble sleeping last night than if you're satisfied (40% versus 19%).
When it comes to napping patterns, there's no difference between those who are married and unmarried, or between adults who have children at home and those who don't. Also, it makes no difference if you live in the East, West, North or South. Or in a city, a suburb or a rural area. About a third of all these groups nap daily.
On the other hand, the college-educated are less likely to nap than are those who did not complete high school.But it's jut possible that the folks with the academic degrees are outsmarting themselves, for there's a lot of medical research which says that a daily nap can be good for you.2
About this Survey
Results for this report are from a telephone survey conducted with a nationally representative sample of 2,969 adults living in the continental United States. A combination of landline and cellular random digit dial (RDD) samples were used to cover all adults in the continental United States who have access to either a landline or cellular telephone. In addition, oversamples of adults 65 and older as well as blacks and Hispanics were obtained. The black and Hispanic oversamples were achieved by oversampling landline exchanges with more black and Hispanic residents as well as callbacks to blacks and Hispanics interviewed in previous surveys. A total of 2,417 interviews were completed with respondents contacted by landline telephone and 552 with those contacted on their cellular phone. The data are weighted to produce a final sample that is representative of the general population of adults in the continental United States. Survey interviews were conducted under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates (PSRA).
- Interviews were conducted Feb. 23-March 23, 2009.
- There were 2,969 interviews, including 1,332 with respondents 65 or older. The older respondents included 799 whites, 293 blacks and 161 Hispanics.
- Questions regarding whether people did certain things in the past 24 hours were partially split sampled, with "take a nap" asked about half of the sample (n=1,488), and "have trouble sleeping" asked of the whole sample (n=2,969).
- Margin of sampling error is plus or minus 2.6 percentage points for results based on the total sample and 3.7 percentage points for the split sample (n=1,488) at the 95% confidence level.
- Note on terminology: Whites include only non-Hispanic whites. Blacks include only non-Hispanic blacks. Hispanics are of any race.
The survey questionnaire on which this report is based was written by the staff of the Pew Research Center Social & Demographic Trends project, including Paul Taylor, director, Kim Parker, senior researcher, Rich Morin, senior editor, D'Vera Cohn, senior writer and Wendy Wang, research associate. To read our report based on the full survey questionnaire, go to Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality.


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The MSNBC.com headline: "Absinthe's mind-altering mystery solved"
The reality: Probably not.
The latest disclosure by someone trying to "solve" the legend-studded history of the controversial liqueur that only recently became legal again in the U.S. lays its high impact on the minds of poets, paupers, princes and painters to its very high alcohol content: 70 percent alcohol by volume, or 140 proof, to be precise. Certainly well in excess of the average bottle of spirits which rings in at 80 proof.
The story on the Imaginova Network's Live Science site says, "The modern scientific consensus is that absinthe's reputation could simply be traced back to alcoholism, or perhaps toxic compounds that leaked in during faulty distillation. Still, others have pointed at a chemical named thujone in wormwood, one of the herbs used to prepare absinthe and the one that gives the drink its green color. Thujone was blamed for "absinthe madness" and "absinthism," a collection of symptoms including hallucinations, facial tics, numbness and dementia.
"Prior studies suggested that absinthe had only trace levels of thujone. But critics claimed that absinthe made before it got banned in France in 1915 had much higher levels of thujone than modern absinthe produced since 1988, when the European Union lifted the ban on making absinthe."
It goes on to say that Dirk Lachenmeier, a chemist with the Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Laboratory of Karlsruhe in Germany, and several colleagues analyzed 13 samples of absinthe from old, sealed bottles in France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and the U.S. dating to the early 1900s before the ban. They found "relatively small concentrations of thujone in that absinthe, about the same as those in modern varieties."
While interesting, and further fuel to keep the absinthe debate going, the German findings are a long way from proving any final word on the impact and lore of absinthe.
As I have written several times in recent years, the herb-infused alcohol that began as a medicine had been blamed for bad judgment, poor health, even outright madness. Nevertheless, it was the drink beloved of 19th century Parisian cafe society, enjoyed by such writers and artists as Baudelaire, Lautrec, Picasso, Degas and Manet. In fact, in those times the cocktail hour was referred to as "l'heure verte" — the Green Hour — in honor of absinthe.
There are those who theorize that the anti-absinthe forces were funded by the wine industry, which was losing ground in the marketplace to "la Fee Verte," the Green Fairy, as the drink was known. Any link, no matter how tenuous, between evildoers and absinthe was loudly proclaimed until enough of the public grew fearful of its continued availability to demand a ban.
Absinthe began its comeback several years ago in England, where entrepreneurs discovered no legal ban remained in effect prohibiting sale or consumption of absinthe. Its availability has spread to neighboring countries and even to the U.S., although consumption here was limited by the federal government's guidelines against the original-strength version.
Absinthe is made by steeping dried herbs in ethyl alcohol, then distilling the liquor. The main herbs are nothing unusual anise and star anise, peppermint, wormwood, fennel, perhaps a few others, depending upon which recipe one prefers.
Wormwood is the catalyst for a chemical change during the process that, combined with the very high alcohol content (usually in excess of 150 proof, or 75 percent), gives the drink its potency through release of the chemical thujone. Wormwood itself is not inherently bad. It has been used as a medicine for stomach ailments and as an herbal dietary supplement.
Its medicinal uses crop up regularly in the Bible. The problem comes with the concentration ingested.
When the first domestic legal absinthe in a century went on sale in the U.S. last December, it kicked off a demand for the controversial liquor all across the country.
It was quite a scene in Alameda, Calif., where St. George Spirits, an artisinal distiller operating out of a former naval warehouse in San Francisco Bay, was given the OK to sell its version of absinthe by the federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau.
When it did so, on Dec. 11, customers lined up for a wait of two or more hours to get into the facility to sample the 120-proof spirit and purchase it at $75 a bottle or $300 a case.
Master distiller Lance Winters, 42, created the absinthe — something he's been tinkering with for years — for boss Jorg Rupf, a renowned maker of fruit brandies and Hangar One vodka in his St. George facility.
Winters' recipe includes a grape-based brandy blended with such herbs as wormwood, tarragon, ba?sil, mint, anise and fennel.
St. George does not have the field to itself. Three foreign manufacturers are exporting absinthe to the U.S. — Kubler (Switzerland), Absinto Camargo (Brazil) and Lucid (France). Plus, it is likely other domestic distillers will join the wave to restore absinthe to consumer consciousness.
One of absinthe's most ardent admirers, the Irish writer Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), was ambivalent on the subject of its role as devil or angel.
As he wrote on two different occasions:
"A glass of absinthe is as poetical as anything in the world. What difference is there between a glass of absinthe and a sunset?"
"After the first glass, you see things as you wish they were. After the second, you see things as they are not. Finally, you see things as they really are, and that is the most horrible thing in the world."
(William M. Dowd covers the beverage world at billdowd.com.)
(c) Hearst Newspapers


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Caitlyn, the Dog Found With Her Muzzle Taped, One Year Later
Remember Caitlyn? She was the dog who was found with her muzzle taped so tightly closed that it nearly killed her. But now, one year later, she's been the face for scads of fundraisers for abused and injured animals, and is thriving in her foster home, which is soon to be her forever home.
The 15-month-old chocolate pit bull mix was found on the porch of a South Carolina resident who called 911 after seeing what horrible shape she was in.
"I have a dog that's here at my house that I found and the dog's mouth is taped shut with electrical tape, tongue hanging out its mouth, bleeding, and his tongue is completely black," a 911 caller said, according to ABC affiliate WCIV. "I just don't know what to do."
She was taken to Charleston Animal Society, who got her immediate medical attention. The blood flow had been completely cut off from her tongue, making the situation quite delicate. When the tape was removed, Caitlyn screamed in excruciating pain.
"To leave this dog in pain, unable to eat or drink, and to now leave her in the position where her life is at stake because she may lose her tongue is heartbreaking," said Aldwin Roman of the CAS.
Caitlyn needed surgery on her badly lacerated cheek, numerous laser surgeries for facial scarring, hyperbaric oxygen treatments, and surgery on a wounded salivary gland. Cold laser therapy and the oxygen treatments greatly reduced the amount of tissue loss from her tongue damage.
A fundraiser was set up for her care, and because of the widespread media attention, over $150,000 was donated. This is far more than she needed, and the excess has been used to help all the other animals in need at CAS.
Caitlyn overcame her horrific treatment to become a canine ambassador for abuse victims, and her story has inspired cities nationwide to harshen punishments against animal abusers. At their requests, she met singer/actor Rick Springfield and chef Alton Brown of Food Network when they were in the area.
She's been featured on magazine covers and even posed with Charleston firefighters for their 2016 and 2017 calendars, the proceeds of which go to CAS' medical fund. On May 3rd, $160,000 was raised during CAS' Lowcountry Giving Day, partly because of Caitlyn's presence. And most recently, she was the guest of honor at Caitlyn's Anti-Cruelty Fund's gala, which raised another $75,000.
Much of this is possible thanks to the wonderful foster family that has been caring for Caitlyn since last June. She loves playing and snuggling with her foster siblings – canine and human, and going for five-mile runs with her mom. When the trial for her abuser is finished this summer, she will no longer be a foster dog, but a forever dog.


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She had a career that sometimes defied common sense and the laws of good taste. She famously competed in wrestling matches over a span of more than 70 years. And last week, word went out that Mae Young has died at age 90.
"There will never be another Mae Young," WWE chairman and CEO Vince McMahon said on a remembrance page. "Her longevity in sports entertainment may never be matched, and I will forever be grateful for all of her contributions to the industry. On behalf of WWE, I extend our sincerest condolences to her family and friends."
The famed wrestler and trainer's death came days after news accounts emerged that prematurely reported her passing earlier this month. Her funeral was held this afternoon in Columbia, S.C., where she died in hospice care at her home last week.
She's a wrestling pioneer. I truly had deep affection & respect for "Aunty Mae" Young. RIP. #IMissUMae pic.twitter.com/r9oG9rLw9Z
— Dwayne Johnson (@TheRock) January 15, 2014
Johnnie Mae Young's signature move was called the Bronco Buster — a reference to her roots in Sand Springs, Okla. For much of the decades in which she wrestled, she was known simply as The Great Mae Young.
Young laid the groundwork for her career while in high school, when she challenged a visiting top female wrestler to a match in Tulsa — and won, as WWE Hall of Fame commentator Jim Ross notes. That led to a contract offer, which Young accepted after she graduated from high school.
More from Ross:
"It was widely known that Mae Young was the bona fide toughest and most dangerous female in the rough and tumble world of old school, pro wrestling.
"Mae told me many stories of smoking cigars and playing poker with her male peers that only enhanced the legend that was 'The Great' Mae Young. Mae once discovered a male wrestler cheating at cards for which he paid an embarrassingly physical price."
The Superstars section of the World Wrestling Entertainment website lists Young's career highlights: "First-ever NWA United States Women's Champion; competed in the ring in eight different decades; winner of Miss Royal Rumble 2000 Bikini Contest; 2008 WWE Hall of Fame Inductee."
Young was destined to be an athlete. As Mike Mooneyham writes for the (Charleston, S.C.) Post and Courier, she wrestled boys in high school, was a star softball player and kicked field goals for the football team. She also worked at the local cotton mill as a teenager, in post-Depression Oklahoma.
Decades after the heyday of a career that took off in the 1940s, Young returned to the ring to compete and entertain new audiences that were sometimes mystified by her ability to keep wrestling — and by her taking part in ludicrous gags.
In recent years, Young sometimes partnered with another wrestling legend, Mary Lillian Ellison — The Fabulous Moolah (who spoke to Fresh Air in 2005) — whom she trained decades ago. Together, they brought a bit of a "Golden Girls" vibe to WWE. Both wrestlers were also featured in Lipstick and Dynamite, a documentary about women in pro wrestling.
"She had men's shoes on, men's pants on, with the zipper up the front — a cigar hanging out of her mouth," a fellow wrestler said of Young in that film. "Back in 1954, you didn't do that."
Later, Young and Ellison, as Mooneyham reports:
RIP Mae Young
— Dixie Carter (@TNADixie) January 9, 2014
A true trailblazer in our industry. She paved the way for every woman in the pro wrestling business.
"For nearly 20 years Mae, Moolah and Katie Glass (former women's midget star Diamond Lil, who Moolah adopted many years ago when the 17-year-old knocked on her door looking for work in the wrestling business) lived on separate floors of Ellison's 42-acre estate in the back of a tranquil neighborhood in the suburbs of Columbia — appropriately dubbed 'Camp Moolah' — that included a 13-room home, eight- and 12-acre lakes, a row of lake houses and a gym equipped with a wrestling ring where hundreds of men and women came to train over the years."
Mae Young die she break my heart. I love her forever God bless her
— The Iron Sheik (@the_ironsheik) January 9, 2014
Young trained many male and female wrestlers who went on to their own productive careers. Her role as a pioneer and as a tough competitor endeared her to fans and to her fellow wrestlers.
When news of her passing spread — after that incorrect early report and then last week — Young's colleagues used Twitter to express their sadness and send condolences. Several younger female wrestlers also thanked Young for making their careers possible, and for her advice.
Even the Iron Sheik tweeted, "Mae Young die she break my heart. I love her forever God bless her."
During their return to competition, the veterans Young and Ellison took on — and defeated — much younger opponents, including one match in which all the wrestlers wore schoolgirl uniforms.
Young also took part in several outlandish skits, including a storyline that portrayed her becoming pregnant in her late 70s. A spectacle was staged to resemble a hospital room, where a roomful of people pretended to help her give birth — only to welcome the arrival of a mysterious rubber hand festooned with jewelry.
The "Hand" later made an appearance, as an adult.
And between bouts, she sometimes used her iron grip to grapple with men and give them a messy kiss. She always came away smiling; the men often looked dazed, as a highlight video on the WWE site shows.
Another storyline saw Young "powerbombed" — driven through a long folding table — by male wrestlers known as The Dudley Boyz on more than one occasion. The wrestling site Slam! calls the incident "the most famous — or notorious — powerbomb in WWE history."
The site quotes Young's opponents that day, citing the book World Wrestling Entertainment Unscripted:
"When you've got an 80-year-old woman like Mae Young, who you're supposed to put through a table, at first you go, 'What?' " said D-Von Dudley. "But when she comes up to you and slaps you in the face and tells you, 'Don't be a wuss with me; throw me through; I wanna go through' — what are you gonna do? By far, that was the toughest person, pound for pound, we've ever been in the ring with."
From Bubba Dudley: "I picked her up very lightly, put her down very gently. After the match was over and we'd gone to the back, she came up to me, grabbed me by the wrist like only Lou Thesz could have done, 'Listen, hotshot, if you're gonna slam me, slam me like one of the boys.' You could imagine the look on my face, seeing this little, blonde lady telling me that. From there, we did the spot where I Superbombed her off the top of the stage, 12 feet from the ground, through two tables. She has since suggested to me on three different occasions that we do the same spot from the top of the steel cage."
Even after her good friend Ellison died in 2007, Young had no intention of quitting. When she turned 90 last year, WWE threw her a party, complete with a cake and a championship belt.
At that event, Young said, "I expect to wrestle when I'm 100."
She said that she still lifted weights, and she named Stephanie McMahon, the WWE chief's daughter and an occasional wrestler, as a possible opponent.
"I'm gonna put my money on you," WWE impresario Vince McMahon told her.
Young then showed her softer side. "I love Stephanie. She's like my little kid," she said.
No one told her that her potential opponent might actually be more like her granddaughter.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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"The National Security Agency is searching the contents of vast amounts of Americans' e-mail and text communications into and out of the country, hunting for people who mention information about foreigners under surveillance, according to intelligence officials," The New York Times reported Thursday.
The Times report, which has not been matched by NPR or other news outlets, adds another layer to the stories that have emerged since "NSA leaker" Edward Snowden spilled secrets about NSA surveillance programs in June.
According to the Times:
"While it has long been known that the agency conducts extensive computer searches of data it vacuums up overseas, that it is systematically searching — without warrants — through the contents of Americans' communications that cross the border reveals more about the scale of its secret operations."
NSA spokeswoman Judith Emmel does not directly address the Times' reporting, but does tell the newspaper that "in carrying out its signals intelligence mission, NSA collects only what it is explicitly authorized to collect. ... Moreover, the agency's activities are deployed only in response to requirements for information to protect the country and its interests."
President Obama told NBC-TV's Jay Leno this week that "there is no spying on Americans."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Posts Tagged '31st Sunday Year A Readings'
Download 31st Sunday Yr A
Reflection Questions
- The prophet Malachi was writing to his community. They had been allowed to return home from exile. They had even received financial help to rebuild their Temple in Jerusalem. And yet religious practice and faithfulness was at an 'all-time-low'. He turns his attention to the Priests. They were responsible for the spiritual leadership of the community and were not 'listening' or keeping the laws 'in their heart', 'not instructing people properly in 'the way'. In the final verse Malachi also turns to those who 'intermarried'. He interpreted this as weakening God's family and introducing other God's into the family – a breaking of the 'covenant'. What would you suggest today is the source of decline in 'religious practice'?
- St Paul, while traveling far and wide as a missionary, continued his trade as a 'Tent maker'. He worked 'night and day' so as not to burden anyone. While they missed him, Paul pointed to the true source of their growth 'the word of God at work in you'. How could you spend more time with the 'Word of God'. Who could help you?
- The word 'Pharisee' means 'set apart' or 'separate'. They were lay men (not priests who worked in the Temple or scribes who were 'scripture scholars' and experts in the law). In Jesus' time the Pharisees believed the 'laws' were not being lived perfectly and the temple priests and Religious Leaders were too comfortable with Roman authorities. When Matthew's Gospel was written, the Jerusalem Temple had been destroyed. Pharisees were now more public in their leadership – even being referred to as 'Rabbi' – teacher. Jesus continues his critique of religious leaders being 'hypocritical'. Literally 'two faces – actor'. Preaching and practice must go together. Is there any areas of your life where you are 'acting'? Wearing 'two faces'?
- Jesus reminds his disciples and the Church today to not follow the Pharisees or scribes. Be an example to follow. Interpret laws sensitively so as not to load heavy burdens. Be alongside to shoulder the weight of discipleship. Do not seek glory or status. Point toward God (not self) as the true teacher. What aspect of Jesus' leadership challenge speaks personally to you?
- 'Father' was a term of special respect given to 'elders' and special deceased persons. To call no one on earth your 'Father' or 'Master' is Jesus telling the community – and its leaders – not to 'chase' titles and public recognition. Service and humility are to be the trademarks of the Christian community. Is there an attitude of 'seeking' rather than 'service' in your ministry? How could you show respect to leaders and also develop a culture of equality and expectation of 'leading by example' in your community? Is a humble word of correction to a leader friend needed?
- What is one action that you will do to 'livetheword' this week?


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were alive written progress!
, Aug 14th, 2014 at 05:52 PM (85409 Views)
A story of survival
Ch.1 part 1 of 3
"As I recall the months leading up to when this all happened werent much to remember. My unit returned home earlier that year from our tour in Iraq. I had spent 365 on ground working as military Intelligence; our group came up with those playing cards you saw on the news. The 52 most wanted. I was a hard charge P.F.C. back then, but that was the first tour. After the third I was the tired and depressed Sergeant. Nothing scared me back then, I did not fear death or what might be there on the other side if today was my last day .that was then, and this is now. I Wright this not really for anyone to read, but for my own sanity maybe if I go ever it from the beginning it might make more sense to me. And then again maybe not
I was twenty seven at the time and in my fourth year in college. I started my freshman year in two thousand and one almost eight years ago now. I remember the date as if it was burned into my head. May 8th 2009
I was walking down a brick path to my first class of the morning. When a perky ginger haired girl waved to me from across the courtyard. She was wearing a light purple shirt and a pair of jeans that seemed a just a little too tight. And as she jogs to catch up to me she smiled. Hey Michael, where you going? and with a shrug I reply uh, class
She moves and walks in step with me Oh, did you study for the quiz today? I chuckle No, not really. she laughs and bumps me with her elbow. Oh, well neither did I. I smile at that and look at my watch speeding up my pace a little. Yeah, well, alright. She then gives me a hopeful look Hey are you going to the Omega's party this weekend? It's going to be so awesome, I thought you might want to go with-but I interrupt her Nope, don't want to. Thanks though. I see her face fall at that Why not? and I sigh I didnt like college parties that much. Is it a better response to say, oh OK, well maybe another time? She frowns and crosses her arms Geese, you don't have to be such a jerk about it. And I shrug I was direct, how is that being a jerk?
By this time we had reached the class room just before we were late. As I entered I heard the professor drone Once you are done, um, go ahead and put your papers up here and you guys will be free to go. I sat down in my seat the stacks of paper sitting I front of me.
And thats when we hear it at first I thought that someone was making a growling noise but then I felt the rumble, it was an explosion. What the hell? I say getting up from my chair. The girl from before walked up to the window and looked out Did you hear that? she said
The teacher lets out a sigh and adjusts his glasses It's probably just the construction going on next door, now please take your seat I start packing my things and then look up at him That's not construction
please tell me if its good i have more written but i want to get feedback to see if this style is good first so here is a section of chapter one0 Likes, 0 , 0 , 0


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Skydive Booking Confirmation Form - 13th May 2023
Thank you for reserving your place for our Charity Skydive. To confirm your place, please ensure you download, fill out and return our Booking Confirmation form as soon as possible!
You're one step closer to taking part in a fundraising challenge like no other. If you have a question about taking part or the form below, please call our team on 0141 212 8750.


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Mix CDs, USB Flash drives, MP3 CDs, software and external sources all on one professional controller.
The NDX900 Controller is capable of mixing music from virtually any digital source including a computer, CDs, MP3 CDs, or even USB flash drives. NDX900 Controller has a layout that is familiar to DJs everywhere with a large, seven-inch touch-sensitive illuminated platter, smooth, front-loading CD drive, top-facing USB port, powerful remixing, effects control, scratching, looping, and sampling capabilities, all in a chassis that has a solid feel and professional look. NDX900?s Beat-synced DSP effects include chop, echo, filter, flanger, pan, and phaser with full control of the effects blend.
NDX900 Controller's built-in audio interface works plug-and-play, allowing you to seamlessly integrate NDX900 Controller with virtually any computer and control virtually any DJ software – no drivers or external sound cards are required. With two NDX900 Controllers and a mixer of choice, you have a powerful and versatile digital DJ rig. NDX900 Controller includes Traktor LE 2 DJ Software, comes premapped for use with Virtual DJ, Traktor 2 Pro and is compatible with virtually any MIDI compatible DJ software.
You'll appreciate NDX900 Controller's smooth, quick, slot-loading disc action that features Numark's Anti-Shock™ electronically buffered skip protection to keep the music playing reliably when the floor gets packed. You can also adjust NDX900 to perform just like vinyl on turntables thanks to start and stop-time controls.Auto Cue, Instant Start, and Stutter Start controls allow for quickly and easily playing the track the way you like. Track selection is a breeze with a rotary control, and you can play back tracks in single, continuous, program, and shuffle modes. Fader Start enables the NDX900 Controller to start playing the track you have cued up when you move the crossfader on a compatible mixer for effortless transitions. Add some flavor to your performances with NDX900's integrated, beat-synced DSP effects that include chop, echo, filter, flanger, pan, and phaser. Each is completely adjustable and a dedicated wet-dry fader controls them all.NDX900 Controller contains a set of beat and pitch tools that will help you with beat matching and harmonic mixing. Start playing a track and NDX900 Controller automatically analyzes its BPM (tempo), and displays it on screen. There?s also a Tap tempo button for manual BPM entry. You can alter the track?s BPM by ?6, 12, 25, and 100% using the pitch fader. For each of those ranges, you can also engage Key Lock, which holds the pitch of the track while you independently manipulate its BPM. There?s also a set of pitch-bend buttons on each track for quick tweaks and you can adjust pitch in half steps (semitones).
NDX900 Controller gives you a complete range of remixing tools for on-the-fly creativity. NDX900 Controller has an internal sampler with overlay and reverse settings so you can easily grab samples while you work and trigger them on the three sample/hot cue trigger pads whenever you want. NDX900 Controller also has seamless looping on a set of easy-to-understand controls including adjustable loop-out point. Numark?s familiar Bleep/Reverse gives you the ability to keep time moving forward while you cut or reverse the track. Five stutter starts and cue point memory storage round out this powerful deck's remix capabilities.NDX900 Controller features a large, backlit display for keeping tabs on the deck even in poorly lit conditions. You can monitor BPM, CD and MP3 text ID3 tags, navigate folders, and keep an eye on effect status on this big, bright screen.Whether you play parties, clubs, or events, NDX900 Controller gives you the feel you like, the look a professional demands, and the utility of built-in effects, remixing, looping, and sampling.Control and mix from virtually any source with the powerful, versatile and professional NDX900 Controller from Numark.


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Phase One launch $60,000 aerial camera
iXA system is designed to meet exacting needs of aerial photography
Phase One has created the iXA, a new medium format aerial camera system manufactured to streamline image capture and process workflow.
Users have a choice of 80 or 60 megapixel models in either RGB or NIR versions, allowing it to be used with existing or new systems.
The 80MP version has a resolution of 10320 x 7752 pixels and the 60MP has a resolution of 8984 x 6732. The body has secured I/O communication connectors and a mini USB connector.
Phase One claims that its new range of Schneider-Kreuznach electronically controlled leaf shutter lenses provide sharp images with in-depth colour. SDK software promises users complete control over ISO, aperture and shutter speed during flight.
The iXA certainly swings its weight about, comprising of a 6061 aluminium alloy body for tough aerial conditions and a weighty price tag of $60,000 for the 80MP version and $53,000 for the 60MP. Dov says that this is an extremely high performance system with a cost-effective price.
The camera has been designed for its scalability and flexibility, capturing synchronised images within 100 microseconds.
Dov Kalinski general manager of Phase One Industrial said, "Phase One has spared no effort in developing a truly integrated aerial camera system."
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Phase One manufacture open-platform based medium format cameras, digital backs and lenses which are aimed at pro photographers.
Shipping of the iXA will commence in May 2012.


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(RNS) — Air travelers want to feel safe, and federal security officials want to make sure they actually are safe. If only it were that simple.
Misunderstandings over religious expression have led to recent incidents that prompted apologies from airlines. On March 13, agents with the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) removed a Muslim woman in a headscarf from a Southwest Airlines flight after airline staff deemed her suspicious.
Crew members thought the woman said "It's a go" into her cell phone, when she actually said, "I have to go" because the plane was about to take off.
That same day, Orthodox Jews triggered a security alert on an Alaska Airlines flight when they strapped on tefillin, or ritual straps for the arms and forehead, and began to pray in a foreign language.
Such incidents highlight an ongoing challenge for airlines and the TSA to allow for religious expression while also taking prudent security measures. The domain puts personnel in the sometimes uncomfortable position of assessing: When does a prayer, a garment, or religious paraphernalia constitute a threat?
"We are sensitive to travelers' concerns," TSA spokeswoman Sari Koshetz said, "but security is not optional."
Muslim and Sikh groups say it's an ongoing problem — almost always directed against religious minorities — that hasn't improved much since the 9/11 terrorist attacks prompted widespread security crackdowns.
Muslim women in headscarves and Sikh men in turbans are routinely subjected to extra pat-downs at security checkpoints, advocates say, thus stoking fears among already-tense fellow passengers.
"Imagine you're walking through the airport and you see this group of people, all fitting this certain profile, who are all pulled aside," said Ameena Mirza Qazi, deputy executive director of the California chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, a Muslim civil rights group. "It feeds into pervasive biases that people have."
Even before they clear security, several religious groups chafe at full-body scanners that they consider immodest; the 18-member Fiqh Council of North America last year issued a fatwa (religious edict) that said the scanners violate Islamic law.
TSA takes steps to allow for religious needs, Koshetz explained — allowing travelers to forgo a full-body scan, for example, and instead receive a thorough pat-down by a person of the same gender. Those who wear head coverings or loose-fitting clothing may undergo additional screening, she said, and in some cases need to remove headwear to show "the head area is free of a detectable threat item." The TSA neither condones nor practices religious profiling, she said.
Some religious minorities have welcomed TSA's accommodations. Orthodox Jews, for instance, dropped complaints about new screening procedures last year after TSA announced the option of same-gender pat-downs. The Hindu American Foundation likewise has no pending concerns or requests to modify TSA procedures, according to Managing Director Suhag Shukla.
Others, however, feel they're being unfairly targeted. Sikhs have been working with the TSA for years to craft screening procedures that respect turban wearers, according to Amardeep Singh, program director for the Sikh Coalition. Yet Sikhs continue to endure stigmatizing turban pat-downs, Singh said, even though scanners can purportedly see through fabric.
"We're still trying to get from [the TSA] the reasons why the turbans require this extra scrutiny," Singh said. "It sends the wrong message to the other passengers. It singles us out in a way that builds into the discrimination that the community already feels as a result of our religious appearance."
Some are more concerned with the practices of airlines than the TSA.
The Orthodox Union, which represents Orthodox Jews, is developing initiatives to educate airlines about Jewish observances, including the use of tefillin and prayer shawls. Alaska Airlines is developing new training materials in consultation with the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle.
"The plane is controlled by a more idiosyncratic sense of what's going on, and there's no TSA policy" to heed, said Michael Broyde, project director at the Center for the Study of Law and Religion (CAIR) at Emory University. "There's a lack of common sense on many sides" on which types of religious expression should be permitted during flight.
CAIR also sees the need for improvement in the wider airline industry. The organization has seen a recent increase in complaints from Muslims and other religious minorities who say they've been "ejected from aircrafts for no reason at all," Qazi said.
The airline industry says staffers often have had training to make them aware of various groups' religious customs and practices.
"Airlines deeply understand, respect and are very sensitive to their customers and employees who comprise varied cultures and religions and have specialized training for their employees in this regard," said Victoria Day, spokeswoman for the Air Transport Association.
As policies get fine-tuned, the TSA and airlines say they're committed to the principle of religious freedom, both in airports and at 30,000 feet. But legal experts caution that claims of religious freedom face limits, and don't ever trump security considerations.
"There's no notion in our society that religion entitles you to opt out of reasonable security measures," Broyde said.
— G. Jeffrey MacDonald
© 2011 Religion News Service. Used with permission.
Posted April 11, 2011


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Wednesday, January 7, 2009
Project Improv - Here We Go!
Wow folks, I'm stunned at the response to project improv. We have 72 participants as of this morning. We've got quilters from all over the United States and lots of international folks too. That means we can make about 6 quilts for charity if we put 12 blocks in each. We may decide to do some smaller and some larger, but that is a LOT of quilt blocks. Thanks so much. A special thanks to all of you who have volunteered to help put the quilts together, quilt them, sew on binding and even donate batting and backing. I'm sure we'll need more help so if you're interested, let me know. We'll probably be putting them together during the summer if that helps. I'm excited to get going. I'm busy getting it all organized. A couple of things you can do to help get this started.
I need an email address from Tammy. I have to be able to contact you for you to participate. Please send me your email as soon as you have a minute.
Check the list of participants in the sidebar and make sure that you are listed and that your link works and goes to the right place. Drop me an email if you are missing or if something isn't right.
Did you choose a color for your charity block? If you didn't or I haven't contacted you, drop me an email or leave a comment with your choice. We're pretty even right now, amazingly enough, so whatever you decide will probably be fine.
Look for a couple of emails in the next couple of days. One will be with details, my address, your choice of color etc. and one will be an invitation to join the flickr group where we can post our blocks, our progress, our finished projects and share ideas about improvisational quilting.
One more thing, check out Victoria's post that she did today on improvisation. She was one of those experts I talked about in the intro to the project. She's sharing some really good info!
EDITED TO ADD: We're up to 83 quilters. I think I'm going to stop at 100. I've got to stop somewhere!
EDITED TO ADD: We're over 100. What can I say, I'm a softie. I wanted everyone who wanted to participate to have the chance. Thanks so much for the great response!
32 comments:
- Unknown said...
Hi Jacquie, I must have been on a mind break and missed your post on the improvisational quilts. Since you are even numbers, I don't know if you could still use help. But I would absolutely love to donate my longarm quilting skills to quilt some of the charity quilts for free! I hope that would be okay with you. Please let me know. I think it is a great idea and would like to participate in some way.
- January 7, 2009 at 11:55 AM
- froghair said...
woo hoo! can't wait to get started!
- January 7, 2009 at 11:57 AM
- QuiltedSimple said...
I'm ready!! I said I could do 2 blocks out of any of the color combos - let me know which ones you need!
Kris - January 7, 2009 at 12:07 PM
- Sherri said...
I'd love to help also...just let me know what color combo is needed most...and if you'd like me to do more than one block!
- January 7, 2009 at 12:16 PM
OK--I will do orange/pink.
- January 7, 2009 at 1:29 PM
I'm in! Put me down for a blue/green block. Also, if you end up needing another block or two to make up a quilt with, let me know and i'll make another block.
I also love to sew on binding, so count me in for making the blocks into quilts and finishing.
Thanks for organizing this,
email@example.com - January 7, 2009 at 1:46 PM
- Eden said...
Am I too late? I hope not. I'd love to participate. I could make a blue/green block for the charity quilt. My email is email@example.com
- January 7, 2009 at 1:47 PM
- kat said...
hey jacquie, i know you're going to be emailing soon, but just wanted to let you know that i will gladly bind any quilts necessary and/or donate batting for 1 or 2 quilts. . . .
thanks for putting this all together. it's gonna be fun!
-\kat - January 7, 2009 at 1:51 PM
- Yummers! said...
Hi Jacquie,
I am behind in my blog reading... darn old digital scrapbooking lessons that I am currently addicted to and my Valentine projects already in progress. hee hee!
I love, love, love (as Eloise would say) your new pillows made from the embroidered squares. I just love red and I lve them!!
Your quilt project is a great idea. I'm going to have to pass this time as my calendar is full, full, full. But "Bravo" to you for organizing it all.
Happy 2009 kind lady!
Joni - January 7, 2009 at 1:53 PM
- Tine said...
Yipee!! I am so excited about this. Checked the things you asked, everything ok!
Now I'm off to read the post you've linked to. - January 7, 2009 at 2:10 PM
- Beth said...
Yea! Can't wait to start. Thanks for the link on the how to -- I'm excited to build confidence!
I've decided I love binding if you need help with assembly! Summer will be an especially good time. - January 7, 2009 at 2:43 PM
- Marie' said...
I'm in, if it is not too late. I will do orange/pink.
My email is
Thank you for hosting. This is very special. It is also going to take my "follow the pattern and make all corners match" kind of quilting to the next level. - January 7, 2009 at 2:54 PM
- shellysquilts said...
Hey Jacquie, I have been out of pocket but would love to participate if you still have room. I can do any color combo you need, want, or can think up.
- January 7, 2009 at 3:10 PM
- Bonus Mom said...
I don't know if I changed my settings by accident or what? My email address is boutiquegb(at)aol.com Thank you so much for organizing such a great quilting bee :)
- January 7, 2009 at 3:19 PM
- shellysquilts said...
Jacqui, Yee-haw! I can absolutely do red and aqua. shelly(dot)sutton(at)sbcglobal(dot)net
- January 7, 2009 at 3:19 PM
- Erin @ Two More Seconds said...
I'd love to be involved if you haven't reached your 100 person quota yet. I think it's wonderful that you've had such a great response already!
I'm: Eerriinn on Flickr and my email is esingleton . AT . gmail - January 7, 2009 at 3:27 PM
- Mushyhed said...
If it's not too late, I'd love to join in. My email is email@example.com.
Thanks! Chen - January 7, 2009 at 3:33 PM
- dutchcomfort said...
Wonderful, wonderful!!
I love Victoria's quilts! I saw her post this morning! - January 7, 2009 at 3:57 PM
- bettyninja said...
I can't wait! I really love getting involved with these types of online projects! SO much fun
- January 7, 2009 at 4:26 PM
- em's scrapbag said...
I was really unsure about this but after reading Victoria's post I think it is going to be so great. Thanks again for putting it together.
- January 7, 2009 at 6:07 PM
- ellen said...
Wheeeee, good for all of you. I can't wait to see what all of you come up with. What a wonder this is, so beautiful and exciting for all of you quilters. Go, go, go...and what a wonderful cause. Blessings to all.
- January 7, 2009 at 7:54 PM
Count me in if there is still room! I'd love to try a more improv style and pink & orange is a combo I'd like to play with.
I'm at beasmile AT yahoo DOT com
Colleen - January 7, 2009 at 10:16 PM
oops let me get it right
I'm at beasmile5 AT yahoo DOT com
colleen - January 7, 2009 at 10:28 PM
- Nichole said...
I'd love to join if you haven't reached 100 yet. Your thoughts are spot on to my thinking/quilting philosophy. I can make a red/aqua block, or whatever is needed to even things out. Godness, I have enough scraps around here to do any or all of them! I'm at partridgepeartree on Flickr and firstname.lastname@example.com
- January 7, 2009 at 11:50 PM
- Leah said...
BTW I left a begging comment on your last post but I feel like I have to put one here too in case you miss that one. PLEASE let me participate!!!!!
(thanks) - January 7, 2009 at 11:55 PM
- driftwood said...
I forgot to say what colours, I'll do blue/green, and my link works fine. wow this must be turning into a lot of work for you - all those links brings me out in a fluster.... but it's going to be great . tess xxxx
- January 8, 2009 at 3:25 AM
- linda said...
Hi! Count me in. I'd love to do a blue/green block. I'd also be able to quilt one of the quilts when it is finished.
- January 8, 2009 at 8:05 AM
This would be a great project to join in. if you have room! I can do a pink and orange block. Thanks!
jennbennstar@yahoo dot com - January 8, 2009 at 9:26 AM
- MightyMom said...
I wish I could commit to assembling a top...but my plate is already full for a couple years. :-)
Thesaurus Thursday 2009 is up and running wanna play? - January 8, 2009 at 10:17 AM
- calicodaisy said...
Wow! Big job to organize but hopefully the art-stretching fulfillment and awesome charity quilts will be more than worth it! Thanks, Jacquie, for putting such a great opportunity out there for us to learn and share.
- January 8, 2009 at 10:15 PM
- Quinta da Quilter said...
Is it too late to play??
Garen - January 11, 2009 at 5:31 AM
If it is not too late, I would lov eto play too.
- January 12, 2009 at 10:48 AM


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The Nomadic Developer: Surviving and Thriving in the World of Technology Consulting
- Reality Check: Avoid Fear and Greed
- People Who Create Profit Don't Get Fired
- Rainmakers Are Always Welcome
- One-Trick Pony? Better Be Good at Your Trick!
- Leave the Drama at the Theater
- Being Overpaid Is a Curse
- Early to Bed, Early to Rise
- Billing Work = Good Work (with Few Exceptions)
- The Three Words You Want to Hear: You've Been Extended
- Don't Live "Three Steps Ahead"
- Summary: What's The Worst That Can Happen?
- Keep your sanity and avoid living in fear when tough economic times inevitably occur.
Like clockwork, the economy will go through boom and bust cycles. Many people fondly remember the dot-com bubble—and not so fondly remember the dot-com bust that followed it. In Silicon Valley, you even see bumper stickers such as, "Pray for Another Bubble." Hope is well and good, but it isn't the best career strategy if you want to have some semblance of sanity when the news media is pounding fear into your head via dreary economic prognostication headlines day in and day out.
This chapter provides specific strategies for keeping your position as a technology consultant, even when times are bad. Although there are no guarantees in life—you could perfectly apply all these techniques and still be laid off—it does not hurt to do everything you can to maximize your chances of getting through the downturn with your job and career intact.
Reality Check: Avoid Fear and Greed
There will be times in your career—particularly as a highly coveted technology professional—when you feel invincible. When times are good, recruiters are calling you every week, and it feels as though the wind is at your back. It is easy to assume the good times will last forever. For a time, in the late 1990s and the first three months of 2000, such thoughts were helped by numerous magazines telling us that there was a new economy, centered on the Internet, created by software developers. This "new economy" would be impervious to the economic cycle, and the world had changed forever.
- In 2000, we went from a wild sense of enthusiasm in the first three months of the year, until the dot-com bubble crashed, at which point the enthusiasm quickly turned into a sense of doom (see Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1 From boom to bust in six months.
If you let your sense of how the world was doing be controlled by the cover stories in the business press, you went from a sense of wild enthusiasm—a world where software people would be hailed as masters of the universe—to a sense of total doom—where it would be hard for competent software developers to find work flipping burgers. For most people, the story all seems very overblown, in both directions, thinking about it in hindsight. The world of technology did not become a utopia during the boom, nor did the sun stop coming up in the morning during the bust.
We humans have a tendency to romanticize the good times in the past and demonize the bad times that, as we read from the business press, will occur in the future. The sober reality is that the truth is neither: The good times are probably not as good as we remember, and the bad times will almost certainly not be as bad as we fear.
Surviving in the technology consulting business requires making good career decisions. If you assume that every upcoming bump in the road is going to be the ruin of the company you work for, you will likely put yourself in a worse position by possibly jumping ship and leaving perfectly good consulting companies for jobs that might appear to be stable but really are no more secure, and often substantially less secure, than jobs in consulting. Making good career decisions depends on not overreacting to the news and getting jittery when headlines are making it seem as if the world is in imminent danger of ending. It means not succumbing to the fear and greed that recruiters and others will try to use to take advantage of you.
- Survival Strategy #1: Avoid making decisions from a place of fear or greed. You really do have nothing to fear but fear itself.
The consequences of fear, in particular, go beyond leaving a company too early. When software developers are operating from a place of fear, they cease to communicate bad news to the project manager, thinking that being the bearer of bad news will lead to being removed from an engagement. This leads to project managers, who might be operating from fear themselves, not communicating bad news to the project sponsor. This leads to the sponsor miscommunicating to his or her board, or worse, to his or her customers. This, of course, leads to something worth fearing: a client potentially failing because of fear. It should not be a surprise that fear—and the poor decision making that results from fear—kills more technology consulting companies than recessions do.
In this respect, surviving means using your head, not your heart, to evaluate your current and future prospects. When times are good, it means moderating your prospects and being realistic with yourself. And when times are bad, it means working hard and doing things to increase your marketability, but still continuing to think of both the short-term and long-term implications of your actions.


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A cryptographic hash algorithm (alternatively, hash "function") is designed to provide a random mapping from a string of binary data to a fixed-size "message digest" and achieve certain security properties. Hash algorithms can be used for digital signatures, message authentication codes, key derivation functions, pseudo random functions, and many other security applications. The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS 180-4), Secure Hash Standard, specifies seven cryptographic hash algorithms for Federal use, and is widely adopted by the information technology industry as well.
In 2004-2005, several cryptographic hash algorithms were successfully attacked, and serious attacks were published against the NIST-approved SHA-1. In response, NIST held two public workshops to assess the status of its approved hash algorithms, and to solicit public input on its cryptographic hash algorithm policy and standard. As a result of these workshops, NIST decided to develop a new cryptographic hash algorithm for standardization through a public competition. The new hash algorithm would be referred to as SHA-3.
NIST announced the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition on November 2, 2007, and ended the competition on October 2, 2012, when it announced KECCAK as the winning algorithm to be standardized as the new SHA-3.
The Internet Archive has an archive copy of NIST's SHA-3 Development site (as of August 29, 2017), including the submission packages (with the specification and implementations) of all candidate algorithms, public comments received, conference materials, etc.
Security and Privacy: secure hashing