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Smoking Tigers: India and Indonesia represent the biggest challenges to global tobacco reform
On Monday, December 27, 2010, Noor Atika Hasanah, a petite 28-year-old secretary in Jakarta, updated her Twitter feed. From her bed at the Jakarta Respiratory Centre clinic, she wrote: "To smoking parents, please do smoke as far as possible from your children … so that they won't get lung cancer."
Atika's own lung problem had her down again, recalled her brother Faisal Rizal. Her parents had checked her into a clinic. Later, Atika wrote that she was still waiting for a transfer to a bigger hospital.
On Thursday at 5:35am, the move happened and Atika notified her Facebook friends: "Noor just checked in @PROF. DR. SULIANTI SAROSO hospital." A friend wrote back, "Please don't stay too long …. Get well soon sis!"
Noor Atika Hasanah passed away later that day.
Five months after Noor Atika Hasanah's death, Rizal said Atika Hasanah's passing was "because of God's will. The cigarette smoke is only the pelengkap penderita." He used a Bahasa Indonesia grammatical term which means "direct object."
Atika's chronicling of her illness offered friends and family an unusual glimpse at the consequences of runaway tobacco consumption in Indonesia, yet her death to tobacco-related disease is not unusual in one of the world's last holdouts against signing the World Health Organization's treaty to limit the tobacco industry's influence by restricting tobacco advertising and raising excise taxes.
With a population of around 240 million and weak government regulations, Indonesia is one of Big Tobacco's smoking giants. As of 2009, 28 percent of Indonesian adults were smokers and more than half of men smoke, according to the World Lung Foundation.
Around 200,000 people die each year in Indonesia because of smoking-related sickness. At least 25,000 of the dead are like Atika — young, female and passive smokers, according to the WHO.
A strong habit
Atika's story went little noticed outside her circle of friends. That's a sharp contrast to Aldi Rizal, who in 2010 became global sensation at age two, shown on television news and internet video puffing away at some of the 40 or so cigarettes he consumed each day. The media attention embarrassed the government, which quickly paid for medical help needed to cure his addiction.
But the quick attention to the smoking toddler could not hide a startling number: In 2006 — the last year for which survey data is available for Indonesia — the prevalence of smokers ages 13-15 was 38 percent, one of the world's highest per-capita rates of smoking among children.
Tobacco's influence on the politics of smoking in Indonesia is punctuated by what's happened to people like Atika. She had often complained about her boss and colleagues who smoked non-stop. She was employed by a government-sponsored cooperative for villagers, where she often worked late, surrounded by second-hand smoke.
Her father also smoked at home, but quit in 2007.
As a country, however, Indonesia does not appear ready to kick the cigarette habit. Anti-tobacco and health activists blame a combination of ineffective Indonesian politicians and the lobbying clout of global tobacco interests.
Indonesia is the toughest test on the planet for health advocates who, after decades of winning tobacco restrictions in the United States and other developed nations, now must fight deep-pocketed multinational cigarette manufacturers in emerging markets and developing nations — regions that have grown to become the industry's key source of new revenue.
The Indonesian government has consistently refused to control tobacco advertisement. Indonesian legislators can't even agree on enforcing their own, limited tobacco law — the 2009 Health Law that includes limited regulation of cigarette advertising. Anti-tobacco activists say this is because tobacco's influence touches all walks of Indonesian life, from politics to pop music and the media.
In examining tobacco in Indonesia, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists found that cigarettes have become so much a part of everyday life that politicians don't feel rushed to address massive electronic billboards hawking cigarettes along busy streets. No one has moved against brazen marketing like point-of-sale displays featuring mini-skirted young women at rock concerts, even in front of children's playgrounds. And few in government thought twice about a cigarette company's sponsorship of the summit of Southeast Asian defense ministers in May 2011. Billboards for the summit were shown prominently throughout Jakarta.
"The tobacco lobby is smart. They're adaptive. With their social responsibility campaigns, they could get a lot of parties to support them," said Todung Mulya Lubis, a lawyer and anti-tobacco activist. "Grants from Sampoerna Foundation or Djarum Foundation could easily raise the 'ewuh pekewuh'" — a Javanese term for not criticizing someone in public.
In Indonesia, tobacco is an old, strong tradition. In the 1880s, tobacco traders in Kudus, on Java Island, the most important area in the Dutch East Indies, mixed cloves and tobacco, creating kretek cigarettes. The name is an onomatopoeic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves. Kretek now means cigarette in Indonesia, with four leading manufacturers: Sampoerna, Djarum, Gudang Garam and Bentoel. Almost 90 percent of Indonesian smokers puff kretek.
Indonesia's particular — and plentiful — smokers are so valuable that in 2005 Phillip Morris International paid more than $5 billion for 97-percent ownership of the Sampoerna brand. British American Tobacco followed in 2009 with $494 million for an 85-percent stake in the Bentoel brand.
The Sampoerna family established PT Hanjaya Mandala Sampoerna Tbk. in 1913 and continues to help Phillip Morris manage it. Putera Sampoerna, grandson of company founder Liem Seeng Tee, was until recently chairman of PT Hanjaya Mandala Sampoerna Tbk., while also running his Putera Sampoerna Foundation.
Power of the Press
In the Sampoerna family, Phillip Morris has an ally tied closely to Indonesia's political and media hearbeats.
In June 2006, two years after Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won the presidency, the Sampoerna family started Jurnal Nasional, a daily newspaper in Jakarta. Political opponents of Yudhoyono – even journalists who work for paper – say the publication's content is controlled from the Merdeka Palace, Indonesia's White House. Sunaryo Sampoerna, an art collector and a nephew of Putera, was chairman of PT Media Nusa Perdana, which publishes the newspaper.
The flow of money from the Sampoernas to Jurnal Nasional appears to have stopped after George J. Aditjondro, a scholar and an anti-corruption crusader, revealed connections between Yudhoyono and the newspaper in his book Membongkar Gurita Cikeas – "Uncovering the Cikeas Octopus," published in December 2009. (Cikeas is the residence of President Yudhoyonos' family in southern Jakarta.) The book created an uproar as Yudhoyono had won the presidential race on an anti-corruption campaign. Sunaryo Sampoerna stepped down from the newspaper board in the January 2010 shareholder meeting.
The Putera Sampoerna Foundation is also into journalism, with its Adiwarta Sampoerna Award for reporters covering legal, arts, business and environmental matters. Award ceremonies were always filled with Sampoerna banners, logo and souvenirs. The juries have included Sampoerna executives.
"On top of their advertising and sponsorship, the journalist award is a very effective method to reach out to the subconscious of journalists," said Wahyu Dhyatmika, leader of Jakarta's Alliance of Independent Journalists.
Another thread in the Sampoerna – Yudhoyono connection: Putera Sampoerna hosts Yudhoyono's youngest son, Edhie Baskoro, the Democratic Party secretary-general, in an office inside his Sampoerna Strategic Square tower, in Jakarta. The 27-year-old politician has a whole floor for himself.
Yudhoyono "is not a smoker, but he's a friend of the cigarette companies," Todung Mulya Lubis said.
Yudhoyono's spokesman declined requests for comment from ICIJ, and Sampoerna family members and foundation officials declined requests for interviews about Jurnal Nasional and the journalism competition.
Further punctuation of the relationship between Sampoerna and Yudhoyono are the numbers 234 and 9, which show up often in the tobacco family's story and on the license plate of the Rolls Royce that Sampoerna was once allowed to routinely park at Merdeka Palace, according to journalist Wisnu Nugroho, who chronicled the tobacco baron's visits to President Yudhoyono.
234 is a special number for the Sampoernas. Putera Sampoerna's grandfather, Liem Seeng Tee, was an immigrant from Hokkien, in southern China, who landed in Java and set up his tobacco company in 1913. Seeng Tee was superstitious. He named his most famous kretek brand 234 — Djie Sam Soe in the Hokkien language. Mathematically, 2+3+4 equals nine — what Sampoerna has said is his lucky number. Jurnal Nasional's first office on Pramuka Street in Jakarta was also numbered 234.
When the Dutch East Indies became Indonesia at the end of World War II, Seeng Tee changed his family name to "Sampoerna." In Malay the word means "perfect."
Don't Talk About Cigarettes
Tulus Abadi, coordinator of the Indonesian Consumers Foundation, which campaigns for tobacco control, recalls the visit to the Merdeka Palace by a delegation of anti-tobacco advocates whom he supported. As they met with First Lady Kristiani Herrawati Yudhoyono, she told the group she'd help them, as long as they did not talk about cigarettes.
On May 31, 2008, a World No Tobacco Day, Mrs. Yudhoyono also made a speech at the Merdeka Palace. She said cigarette advertisements were misleading and encouraged teenagers to start smoking. She reminded children not to smoke. But behind the scenes, said a health activist who attended the event, Merdeka Palace officials told the organizers that they should not say anything publicly about the WHO's tobacco-control treaty.
These events sustain a suspicion among health activists that the tobacco industry has a firm grip on Indonesian policymakers.
Tobacco companies also are active financial supporters of sports and arts events and programs. They employ six million people in Indonesia, directly and indirectly, according to the Indonesian Alliance of Tobacco Societies. And tobacco companies claim that in 2009 they paid about 55 trillion rupiah in taxes — around $6.4 billion — and account for almost 10 percent of the nation's public revenue.
Almost the Health Minister
Because of those numbers, health activists said they were suspicious of President Yudhoyono's withdrawl of a nomination of the wife of an anti-tobacco crusader to be the nation's health minister.
In late July 2009, Yudhoyono won a landslide re-election, with nearly 61 percent of the total vote. His new vice president was Boediono, a former central banker. On Sunday October 18, 2009, they invited Nila Juwita Moeloek, an ophthalmologist and a professor at the University of Indonesia's Medical School, for a talk — and then offered her the position of health minister.
Moeloek later told reporters that the president and vice president talked about reaching the UN Millennium Development Goals in 2015 and that she was expected to undergo a health examination.
Moeloek told ICIJ that the president did not talk about tobacco control in their first meeting.
Moeloek's husband, Faried Anfasa Moeloek, was Indonesia's health minister in the late 1990s. So her appointment excited anti-tobacco campaigners, as Anfasa Moeloek is a patron of a coalition of anti-tobacco activists.
"The euphoria was reflected on our Yahoo group mailing list. We forgot that there are spies," Tulus Abadi said.
Nila Moeloek took the presidential medical test. She had already received congratulatory phone calls and text messages on her nomination and political analysts proclaimed her health minister. But on the day she took the medical test, Kartono Mohamad, former president of Indonesia's doctors association, was asked by Merdeka Palace officials to recommend three other names to head the health ministry.
Mohamad alerted health activists and called the Moeloeks.
"We were surprised when she was not invited to the Merdeka Palace," Abadi said.
Yudhoyono said Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih, a Harvard-trained medical doctor already in the Health Ministry, would be the new chief. Andi Mallarangeng, a Yudhoyono spokesman, said Nila Moeloek had a "psychological problem" and was deemed unfit for a cabinet job.
Legislators, journalists, health activists and politicians questioned the sudden change. The Republika newspaper demanded the government say why her appointment had been canceled.
Nila Moeloek told ICIJ that she was surprised and hurt by the "psychologically unfit" statement. She declined, however, to comment on the motives for the abrupt change of plans.
"I am not against the tobacco industries," Nila Moeloek said. "I just want to protect small children. These kids still cannot decide yet. I don't care about adults who decide to smoke. But a young boy who smokes will keep on smoking for decades."
Later the president offered Nila Moeloek an ambassadorship, an offer she refused.
"I want to move on," she said. "In hindsight, I feel grateful I did not get that job."
Anfasa Moeloek, her husband, has eye cancer; she wants to spend more time with him.
A hard road for reform
There have been attempts in Indonesia to follow the spirit of the WHO tobacco-control treaty, but the initiatives have met with strong resistance.
In October, 2010, Health Minister Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih said new regulation was being drafted to impose a ban on tobacco advertising, and require cigarette makers to print pictures of smoking-related diseases on their packs. "It must be understood there are a lot of interests at stake. That's why we need to proceed wisely in drafting this regulation. What's important is that we're consistent and we make progress step by step."
She didn't have to wait long for the industry's reaction. Tobacco groups soon sent waves of protesters to her ministry.
Komunitas Kretek, a Java-based tobacco group, organized rallies and launched an essay writing competition on the involvement of U.S. pharmaceutical companies in support of the anti-tobacco draft.
"Developed countries like the United States are trying to make profits through the sale of nicotine-replacement drugs. But they do business through anti-smoking campaigns," said Komunitas spokesman Zulvan Kurniawan.
"I smoke one to two packs of cigarette a day. I'm fine with it. Smoking is okay as long as you don't do it too much. Compare it with eating instant noodles, 12 packs a day, or drinking Krating Daeng [an energy drink], 12 bottles a day. You will also get sick," Kurniawan said. "This draft regulation will kill farmers, workers and street vendors," he added.
At one recent protest against tobacco regulation, colorful street vendors who often hawk tobacco at busy intersections by smoking several cigarettes at a time rallied outside the Ministry of Health. They carried a huge kretek and shouted, "Do we want to be the slaves of foreigners? Down with the foreigners!"
One protester grabbed a megaphone and spoke of the benefits of a controversial cancer treatment particular to Indonesia and tried by thousands of patients: cigarette smoke blown onto — and into — patients wrapped in wet cloth and foil. "The government should finance this research," the protestor shouted. "Cigarettes are proven to have the potential to cure diseases."
The Indonesian Alliance of Tobacco Societies, locally known as the AMTI, even pushed a campaign to label kreteks part of "Indonesia's cultural heritage" and one of Indonesia's 10 prioritized industries.
But the corporate mindset favoring tobacco now appears to cut against the public grain in Indonesia: A 2010 Indonesian Consumers Foundation survey found that 90 percent of Indonesians agree that cigarettes are addictive; 57 percent believe the government does not do enough to protect non-smokers; 88 percent had seen cigarette advertisements in the previous two weeks; and 71 percent want to ban tobacco ads.
The numbers should be enough to convince legislators to move against the industry, said Tulus Abadi, the anti-tobacco activist.
"We suggest the government control tobacco by increasing the taxes. Smokers' numbers will drop but the government income will be compensated."
Indonesia's cigarette tax is about 47 percent of the price of a pack. Legally the government could increase it to 57 percent.
"These numbers speak for themselves," Abadi said.


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Boston Marathon Recap: Handling the Heat
Marathon champion Wesley Korir on Heartbreak Hill. (Photo by Rob Larsen via Flickr.)
Physiologist and running guru Jack Daniels once wrote in his seminal runner's handbook, Daniels' Running Formula, that "the exercising human body is far better designed to handle cold than it is to deal with heat. For a runner, particularly a distance runner, heat is enemy number one."
Nowhere was this more evident than at Monday's Boston Marathon, when temperatures skyrocketed up to the high 80s. The event kicked off early with a cautious women's elite group running at training pace — afraid to tempt Hephaestus. The men followed only slightly less gingerly. Despite the caution of professionals and mortals alike, crestfallen runners quickly lined the side of the course. The defending champion and the most dominant runner of 2011, Geoffrey Mutai, stepped aside for medical assistance upon reaching the hills, while the women's 2011 champion, Caroline Kilel, met a similar fate as she failed to make the finish line. The ultimate winners, Wesley Korir and Sharon Cherop, were able to claim the champions' laurel wreaths, but they did so with two of the slowest times in years.
Running in heat is hard. According to a study published by the B.A.A.'s Matt Ely and his colleagues at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in Natick, marathoners slow by more than four percent at temperatures similar to those experienced on Monday. It doesn't matter how well-trained the athlete might be: as the body heats up, blood is diverted to the skin, leaving less of it available for transporting oxygen to the muscles.
Sweating only adds to these issues. True, it's our body's natural adaptation for keeping cool in hot weather, but it makes staying hydrated even more essential. Significant drops in performance occur when you lose more than two percent of your body weight through sweat — and remember, it's not only water that needs to be replenished, but also salts and sugars. Runners can do this with sports drinks, gels, or candies — some resort to drinking pickle juice for the salt, but this is probably excessive. Heavy sweating can also further reduce circulating blood volume, which puts an excess stress on the heart leading to higher perceived effort. It's also critical for anyone planning to run a warm marathon to practice drinking while running in practice. As we saw, even many of the top athletes at the Boston Marathon struggled with cramping as they tried to drink more water on the go than they were accustomed to.
That said, although the heat humbled even the best athletes, more than 20,000 runners were still able to complete the 26.2 miles in these grueling conditions. I asked some local runners how they coped with conditions on Monday.
"I actually enjoyed not worrying about my pace and just moving along," said Stephanie Burnham, from Manchester, NH. "I didn't pay attention to my pace at all … I think that helped a lot."
Maine's Sheri Piers was the top American female finisher (tenth place). She told me that she adjusted her goals when she heard the weather report. "I ditched my watch and focused on place. In terms of the heat, I do best in that kind of weather because I don't sweat very much … I don't know why, but I was not bothered by it today. I hit every water stop and kept myself wet the entire distance. The fans were exceptionally helpful and dragged me through the entire finish."
My friend Louis Raffetto, who runs for the B.A.A., took more extreme measures in an attempt to keep his body temperature down before the start of the race. "I froze a t-shirt and let it thaw enough this morning so that when I put it on before heading to the start, it was still a bit frozen and nice and cool. It kept me cool on the walk over and while waiting around in the corral."

subset: commoncrawl


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11th Circuit Court Of Appeals Finds The Health Law's Individual Mandate Unconstitutional
The 2-to-1 decision marks a major blow to the Obama administration in its legal battle over the health law. But in the ruling, which addresses the challenge filed by 26 states, the court also disagreed with a lower court's ruling and will allow other provisions of the law to remain "legally operative."
The Wall Street Journal: The 2-1 ruling marks the Obama administration's biggest defeat to date in the multifront legal battle over the health-care law. The decision directly conflicts with a ruling issued in June by a federal appeals court in Cincinnati that upheld the law. ... The decision affirmed part of a January ruling by U.S. District Judge Roger Vinson of Florida, who ruled the health-insurance mandate unconstitutional. The appeals court, however, overturned the portion of Judge Vinson's decision that voided the entire health-care law. The appeals panel said the unconstitutional insurance mandate could be severed from the rest of the law, with other provisions remaining "legally operative" (Kendall, 8/12).
Kaiser Health News has the entire PDF of the ruling as well as an excerpt of the conclusion. KHN also provides an updated scorecard tracking the health law court challenges.
The Washington Post: Appeals Court Strikes Down Health-Care Law's Insurance Mandate
The two judges in the majority called the law's insurance requirement a "wholly novel and potentially unbounded assertion of congressional authority." And they rejected the government's contention that unique features of the health-care and health insurance markets justified the mandate under Congress's constitutional right to regulate commerce. "We are unable to conceive of any product whose purchase Congress could not mandate under this line of argument," wrote Chief Judge Joel Dubina and Circuit Judge Frank Hull (Aizenman and Barnes, 8/12).
The New York Times: Health Law Mandate Is Rejected By Court
The court found that Congress exceeded its powers to regulate commerce when it decided to require people to buy health insurance, a provision of the health care law known as the "individual mandate." But the court held that while that provision was unconstitutional, the rest of the wide-ranging law could stand (Cooper, 8/12).
PBS News Hour: Americans Can't Be Forced To Buy Insurance, 11th Circuit Rules
The 11th Circuit is considered one of the most conservative in the nation -- though none of the three judges are known for being particularly partisan. Their decision partially overturns the lower court ruling by Florida Judge Roger Vinson, who said that the individual mandate is not only unconstitutional but represents such an integral part of the reform law that the entire law would need to be disassembled (Kane, 8/12).
The Hill: Appeals Court Rules Healthcare Law's Individual Mandate Unconstitutional
The Obama administration is now 1-1 in federal appeals courts in defending the healthcare law, and the rulings have defied partisan lines. Judge Frank Hull, who was appointed by President Clinton, was part of the 11th Circuit's 2-1 majority that ruled Friday against the mandate. A George W. Bush appointee on the 6th Circuit, in contrast, upheld it in an earlier ruling. The 11th Circuit Court didn't consider the mandate along the same lines as other courts have. Generally, the two sides have clashed over whether the insurance requirement regulates "economic activity," which Congress has the power to do under the commerce clause of the Constitution, or instead compels to people to participate in an economic activity, as opponents of the law argue. The 11th Circuit largely bypassed that distinction, though it made clear that the mandate is unprecedented (Baker, 8/12).
The Los Angeles Times: Federal Appeals Court Strikes Down Insurance Mandate
About 50 million Americans lack basic health insurance. As a result, hospitals and taxpayers are forced to pay about $43 billion a year to cover the costs of those who are treated but cannot pay. Many healthcare experts believe an insurance mandate is crucial not only to controlling this cost shift but also to guaranteeing that all Americans can get insurance, a right provided by the law. Without such a requirement, they argue, consumers would be able to wait until they were sick to buy insurance. That in turn would push up premiums. However, the mandate galvanized GOP opposition to the law and helped fuel the "tea party" movement (Savage and Levey, 8/12).
Politico: The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals on Friday ruled that the health care reform law's requirement that nearly all Americans buy insurance is unconstitutional, a striking blow to the legislation. The suit was brought by 26 states - nearly all led by Republican governors and attorneys general. The Department of Justice is expected to appeal (Haberkorn, 8/12).
Bloomberg Businessweek: Stephanie Cutter, a deputy senior adviser to (President Barack) Obama, said in an Internet posting that "we strongly disagree with this decision and we are confident it will not stand." "The individual responsibility provision -- the main part of the law at issue in these cases -- is constitutional," Cutter said. "Those who claim this provision exceeds Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce are incorrect" (Harris, 8/13).
This is part of the Morning Briefing, a summary of health policy coverage from major news organizations. Sign up for an email subscription.


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The "Padre::Help" class provides a base class, default implementation and API documentation for help provision support in Padre.In order to setup a help system for a document type called "XYZ" one has to do the following: Create a module called "Padre::Help::XYZ" that subclasses the "Padre::Help" module and override 3 methods: "help_init", "help_list" and "help_render".
In the class representing the Document ("Padre::Document::XYZ") one should override the "get_help_provider" method and return an object of the help provide module. In our case it should contain
require Padre::Help::XYZ; return Padre::Help::XYZ->new;
(TO DO: Maybe it should only return the name of the module)
The "help_init" method is called by the new method of "Padre::Help" once for every document of "XYZ" kind. (TO DO: maybe it should be only once for every document type, and not once for every document of that type).
"help_list" should return a reference to an array holding the possible strings the system can provide help for.
"help_render" is called by one of the keywords, it should return the HTML to be displayed as help and another string which is the location of the help. Usually a path to a file that will be used in the title of the window.


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By Amy Goodman
It's the deadliest conflict since World War II. More than 5 million people have died in the past decade, yet it goes virtually unnoticed and unreported in the United States. The conflict is in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in Central Africa. At its heart are the natural resources found in Congo and multinational corporations that extract them. The prospects for peace have slightly improved: A peace accord was just signed in Congo's eastern Kivu provinces. But without a comprehensive truth and reconciliation process for the entire country and a renegotiation of all mining contracts, the suffering will undoubtedly continue.
In its latest Congo mortality report, the International Rescue Committee found that a stunning 5.4 million "excess deaths" have occurred in Congo since 1998. These are deaths beyond those that would normally occur. In other words, a loss of life on the scale of Sept. 11 occurring every two days, in a country whose population is one-sixth our own.
Just a little history: After supporting the allies in World War II, Congo gained independence and elected Patrice Lumumba, a progressive Pan-Africanist, as prime minister in 1960. He was assassinated soon after in a plot involving the CIA. The U.S. installed and supported Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled tyrannically for more than 30 years, plundering the nation. Since his death, Congo has seen war, from 1996 to 2002, provoked by invasions by neighboring Rwanda and Uganda, and ongoing conflict since then.
A particularly horrifying aspect of the conflict is the mass sexual violence being used as a weapon of war. Congolese human-rights activist Christine Schuler Deschryver told me about the hundreds of thousands of women and children subjected to rape:
"We are not talking about normal rapes anymore. We are talking about sexual terrorism, because they are destroyed—you cannot imagine what's going on in Congo. We are talking about new surgery to repair the women, because they're completely destroyed." She was describing the physical damage done to the women, and to children, one, she said, as young as 10 months old, by acts of rape that involve insertion of sticks, guns and molten plastic. Deschryver was in the U.S. as a guest of V-Day, Eve Ensler's campaign to end violence against women, in an attempt to generate public awareness of this genocide and to support the Panzi Hospital in Deschryver's hometown of Bukavu.
Maurice Carney is executive director of Friends of the Congo, in Washington, D.C.: "Two types of rape, basically, are taking place in the Congo: One is the rape of the women and children, and the other the rape of the land, natural resources. The Congo has tremendous natural resources: 30 percent of the world's cobalt, 10 percent of the world's copper, 80 percent of the world's reserves of coltan. You have to look at the corporate influence on everything that takes place in the Congo."
Among the companies Carney blames for fueling the violence are Cleveland-based OM Group, the world's leading producer of cobalt-based specialty chemicals and a leading supplier of nickel-based specialty chemicals, as well as Boston-based chemical giant Cabot Corp. Cabot produces coltan, also known as tantalum, a hard-to-extract but critical component of electronic circuitry, which is used in all cell phones and other consumer electronics. The massive demand for coltan is credited with fueling the Second Congo War of 1998-2002. A former CEO of Cabot is none other than the Bush administration's current secretary of energy, Samuel Bodman. Phoenix-based Freeport-McMoRan, which took over the Phelps Dodge company's enormous mining concession in the Congo, is also in on the game.
The United Nations has issued several reports that are highly critical of illegal corporate exploitation of the Congo's minerals. A Congolese government review of more than 60 mining contracts call for their renegotiation or outright cancellation. Says Carney, "Eighty percent of the population live on 30 cents a day or less, with billions of dollars going out the back door and into the pockets of mining companies." An important question for us in the U.S. is: How could close to 6 million people die from war and related disease in one country in less than a decade and go virtually unnoticed?
Amy Goodman is the host of "Democracy Now!," a daily international TV/radio news hour airing on 650 stations in North America.


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Feel the black magic with these witch costumes for Halloween or fight against the most powerful magic with these Harry Potter style wizard costumes! Dress up for a night of witches and wizards! Next Halloween you will be able to cast spells with your witch outfit, witch's hat, cauldron and wonky nose. Witch costumes are some of the most classic Halloween costumes for the night of Halloween and are also ideal for any themed party or for school plays for children. At Funidelia you will find high quality detailed witch costumes for women and girls as well as low-prices models or ideas to make your outfit at home with various accessories. But if prefer white magic don't worry because we also have wizard outfits for men and boys. Unleash your magic wand and don't hold back from casting the most powerful spells with a Harry Potter or Merlin the wizard outfit!
49,99 € Before


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Our Young Riding Equine Riding Leggings are designed with a thicker fabric than normal Equine Riding leggings. The full silicon seat has a diamond pattern which has been designed to give extra security in the saddle and with added comfort and style.
Size chart here with product images and also on drop down menu. This is as a guide only because the fabric being stretchy.
. 360 Technical stretch fabric ( If between sizes, its best to go a size smaller )
. Antibacterial quick dry technical fabric.
. Wide Waistband
. Two large pockets, great for phone, or a few horse treats
. UPF 50+ Protection in the fabric of our Equine Riding Leggings/Tights
These Equine Riding Leggings/Tights are the what has maybe in the past been called Jodhpurs, Breeches but now these are the modern casual version, which are more comfortable and with many technical features.


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Bangalore, Karnataka [India]: The Guinness World Record-winning Lifology has celebrated the United Nation's International Day of happiness with 'HappinED Conclave' where 30 eminent principals from various states of India and the middle east participated.
The 3-day conclave from March 20 – 22nd also saw the release of the research report which highlights many aspects which were deliberated by the august panel. The most important finding of the research was "happy students learn better". The conclave pointed out the importance of the notion of 'happy schools and happy homes' as the most important factor of academic performance. The research report expounded the idea of the "Happiness Unit & Happiness Index" in schools which the conclave discussed and endorsed.
The research report stressed the importance of parenting sessions in schools, the need of family education, and inspiring a holistic paradigm of education and career in society. The research was spearheaded by Executive Director of APCDA Dr. Marilyn Maze (UK) and Rahul J Nair, Director Lifology.
"India has an important demographic dividend now, and it is imperative that we focus on their happiness and psychological well-being from school days. Along with improving the infrastructure of schools, the 'human infrastructure paradigm' energised by the aspects of 'The pursuit of happiness through Education' needs to be inculcated into the system" opined Dr. Marilyn Maze and Rahul J Nair, who led the research.
- Research led by a group of Lifologists and Psychologists across 12 states of India and Indian diaspora of the middle east.
- The survey covered 12 states of India and 31,257 parents | released as a part of celebrating United Nation's International Day of Happiness. UN Resolution A/RES/66/281
- 30 Principals from eminent schools of India and the Middle East participated.
It has been found that families are not giving keen focus on providing a happy environment for students and studied. The study also focused on the difference between "learned teachers" and "Learning teachers" which emphasised the importance of the latter.
Praveen Parameswar, CEO of Lifology said "In a post-Covid world, more and more focus needs to go to mental health along with physical wellbeing and academics. Our research also concurs with the Harvard Grant study's implications and we will work to create awareness on these deep and nuanced aspects across schools of the nation".
Lifology is India's first and largest guidance eco system for parents. It helps the parents to identify the right solution for every education, learning, skill development, and career planning needs of the children. It is a stop comprehensive destination for every concern of parents related to their children's future. They focus on the Career, Education, and Future of students and have been pioneering various conclaves focused on enhancing learning amount students.
The organisation has signed MOUs and associating with the Govt of Uttar Pradesh, Govt of Karnataka, and also partners of GEMS Dubai, the world's largest school chain. Their offices in Dubai and UK are doing similar research in the field of education. They have offices in Bengaluru and Trivandrum.


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People of the Net, Re-Greetings,
Millennium neuroses abound as they failed to get the big wheel off the ground. The Pope's claimed God may also be a woman and that Heaven is just a state of mind (Too much communing with Bono and Belinda Carlisle, I fancy).
This drude's been in Net Stasis these past few months as I've attempted to finish my new book and navigate the far reaches of my '80s mind (also stocking up on tins of beans, pasta, toilet paper and bathfuls of water). The book is called Repossessed, and it's an autobiographical account of the fallow time after The Teardrop Explodes right up to the point in 1989 where I first careered/slipped into Vision mode. I'd been promising this book for some time, but had not had the time nor the inclination to put myself through dredging up such weird and nagging and negative feelings – then Thorsons/ HarperCollins said they wanted to publish it and that got my ass in gear at last, bigtime.
My editor re-read Head-On and suggested that we publish the two volumes together, kind of like The Skellington Chronicles, or those Two-for-the price-of-one LPs they put out in the early '70s (Tyrannosaurus Rex/Backtracks/etc). It seemed like a great idea as Head-On was never properly distributed and had only been available on mail order these past years. So we've designed a cunning and huge double Reversible 400+ page paperback with Repossessed on one side (w/Head-On upside down on the other), which means that Head-On can be read (with Repossessed upside down). Got Me? It looks like a right pop-art statement and they even let me have 32 pages of photos. The Head-On ones are slightly improved (less L'Pool characters/more of me!), whilst the Repossessed ones are full colour and brimming over with vibrational otherness.
There's also a new meditational CD for your pre-sleep use, going by the name of Odin – after the Shamanic Oldfather himself. 73-minutes of wa-vocal harmonies and breathful incantation have been sent through my Starchamber 1 to provide a bed of blissful travel without the body-load. Lose your Neuroses instantly – oh, and read my new book and pretend the millennium is still miles away.
Love on y'all,
Sool, The Marlborough Downs


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This week I got a copy of Crab by Andrea Froncillo and Jennifer Jeffery from Jaden (of Steamy Kitchen ) and Jennifer. I was going to try one of the recipes from the book but when I saw Jadens post about Vietnamese summer rolls with cashew butter dipping sauce I decided to try making crab summer rolls. I had originally bookmarked the recipe for Goi Cuon when I saw it on Oishii Eats . The summer rolls looked nice and light and fresh and the cashew dipping sauce sounded really tasty. This was my first time working with crab, rice paper, vermicelli and cashew butter. I got some frozen precooked crab that was still in the shell from a local fish monger. It was a bit of a challenge to get the meat out of the shell. The summer rolls came together fairly easily, though my skills at wrapping them are some what lacking. I will have to practice a bit more. 🙂 The crab summer rolls turned out pretty good. They were soft and crisp and crunchy and refreshing. The mint and Thai basil in the rolls was really nice. I quite liked the crab meat and I look forward to having it again. Next week I will have to try a recipe from the book.
The cashew butter dipping sauce was really tasty. You could easily make this dipping sauce with peanut butter but the cashew butter was a nice change from the ordinary. The sauce was creamy and cashewy and the sweet and spicy was well balanced. I will definitely be making this sauce again!
Crab Summer Rolls with Cashew Butter Dipping Sauce
- * rice vermicelli
- 8 ounces crab
- 8 sheets rice paper (8″ diameter)
- 8 leaves lettuce
- 1 carrot (julienned)
- 1 cucumber (julienned)
- 1 red pepper (julienned)
- 1 mango (sliced thinly)
- 16 mint leaves
- 16 basil leaves (preferable Thai)
- Cook the rice vermicelli as directed on the package. (Boil vermicelli for 4 minutes and drain.)
- Warm the crab meat by boiling it in water for 1-3 minutes.
- Dip the rice paper in water take it out and shake off the excess water and pat dry with a paper towel.
- Place the rice paper on a dry surface and wrap all of the ingredients.
- Repeat until all are done.
Cashew Butter Dipping Sauce
- 1 teaspoon oil
- 1 clove garlic (chopped)
- 3 tablespoons hoisin sauce
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 1 tablespoon chili garlic sauce
- 2 tablespoons cashew butter
- 4 tablespoons water
- Heat the oil in a small sauce pan.
- Add the garlic and saute until fragrant, about 30 seconds.
- Add the hoisin sauce, sugar, chili sauce, cashew butter and water and bring to a simmer.
- Take off the heat.


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Bridal Makeup Services For Snellville
At Salon Naava LLC, we specialize in the creation and application of custom bridal makeup looks for the soon to be brides of Snellville. We are a full service, fully equipped team of makeup artists ready to serve you and your entire bridal. We are passionate about making our clients feel like the best, most beautiful and polished versions of themselves on their special day. We are skilled at performing a variety of makeup looks from natural, to glamorous, to classic and even retro. We are experienced at working weddings large and small. There is no bridal party that can intimidate us! Our team of makeup artists are well-versed in an array of wedding ceremonies. Don't be bogged down with the small details on your special day. Leave your makeup to the professionals at Salon Naava LLC!
Choose Your Look for Your Wedding Day
There are many different makeup looks to choose from to incorporate on your big day. Your personal makeup consultant will schedule a session with you so that you can go over the details with them. This allows them to envision the color scheme, themes, and mood of the wedding to create a personalized, unique makeup look that fits in with the decor and feel of the wedding. This would be a great time to bring any reference photos that you may have for inspiration, so as to help visualize the final look.
Bridal Makeup to Match the Color Scheme
A great way to think about what kind of wedding makeup to do is to think about the color scheme of the wedding. You want your makeup to fit in with the decor so that everything is cohesive and in harmony. For example, if your wedding is mostly cool tones, you will probably have blue, pink, purple or turquoise flowers and table settings. Perhaps your bridal party's dresses will also be cool toned. If so, you will want your makeup to match this color scheme. Your makeup artist will present you with blushes, lipsticks and eyeshadows that have a blue undertone. Colors like pinks, lavenders, blues and greens will look great with this color scheme.
If your color scheme is warm toned, you will probably benefit from incorporating lots of golds, yellows, oranges and maroons into your wedding. This type of color scheme goes great in the autumn when the change of season compliments these colors. No matter the wedding, our makeup team will always be sure to find the perfect color scheme to fit it.
Contact Us
At Salon Naava LLC, we always rise to the challenge to create a custom makeup look for each of our clients. We believe that no two clients' needs are the same, that is why we always strive to learn new techniques all the time to help on our clients in Snellville find the perfect look.
Your wedding day is one of the most special days of your life. Don't risk doing your own makeup. If you live in or around Snellville then trust a bridal makeup company that is fully invested in making your special day a success.


text: {1:1} James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are in the Dispersion: Greetings. {1:2} Count it all joy, my brothers[1], when you fall into various temptations, {1:3} knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance. {1:4} Let endurance have its perfect work, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing. {1:5} But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach; and it will be given to him. {1:6} But let him ask in faith, without any doubting, for he who doubts is like a wave of the sea, driven by the wind and tossed. {1:7} For let that man not think that he will receive anything from the Lord. {1:8} He is a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways. {1:9} But let the brother in humble circumstances glory in his high position; {1:10} and the rich, in that he is made humble, because like the flower in the grass, he will pass away. {1:11} For the sun arises with the scorching wind, and withers the grass, and the flower in it falls, and the beauty of its appearance perishes. So also will the rich man fade away in his pursuits. {1:12} Blessed is the man who endures temptation, for when he has been approved, he will receive the crown of life, which the Lord promised to those who love him. {1:13} Let no man say when he is tempted, "I am tempted by God," for God can't be tempted by evil, and he himself tempts no one. {1:14} But each one is tempted, when he is drawn away by his own lust, and enticed. {1:15} Then the lust, when it has conceived, bears sin; and the sin, when it is full grown, brings forth death. {1:16} Don't be deceived, my beloved brothers. {1:17} Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom can be no variation, nor turning shadow. {1:18} Of his own will he brought us forth by the word of truth, that we should be a kind of first fruits of his creatures. {1:19} So, then, my beloved brothers, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, and slow to anger; {1:20} for the anger of man doesn't produce the righteousness of God. {1:21} Therefore, putting away all filthiness and overflowing of wickedness, receive with humility the implanted word, which is able to save your souls[2]. {1:22} But be doers of the word, and not only hearers, deluding your own selves. {1:23} For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man looking at his natural face in a mirror; {1:24} for he sees himself, and goes away, and immediately forgets what kind of man he was. {1:25} But he who looks into the perfect law of freedom, and continues, not being a hearer who forgets, but a doer of the work, this man will be blessed in what he does. {1:26} If anyone among you thinks himself to be religious while he doesn't bridle his tongue, but deceives his heart, this man's religion is worthless. {1:27} Pure religion and undefiled before our God and Father is this: to visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep oneself unstained by the world. {2:1} My brothers, don't hold the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ of glory with partiality. {2:2} For if a man with a gold ring, in fine clothing, comes into your synagogue[3], and a poor man in filthy clothing also comes in; {2:3} and you pay special attention to him who wears the fine clothing, and say, "Sit here in a good place"; and you tell the poor man, "Stand there," or "Sit by my footstool"; {2:4} haven't you shown partiality among yourselves, and become judges with evil thoughts? {2:5} Listen, my beloved brothers. Didn't God choose those who are poor in this world to be rich in faith, and heirs of the Kingdom which he promised to those who love him? {2:6} But you have dishonored the poor man. Don't the rich oppress you, and personally drag you before the courts? {2:7} Don't they blaspheme the honorable name by which you are called? {2:8} However, if you fulfill the royal law, according to the Scripture, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself,"[4] you do well. {2:9} But if you show partiality, you commit sin, being convicted by the law as transgressors. {2:10} For whoever keeps the whole law, and yet stumbles in one point, he has become guilty of all. {2:11} For he who said, "Do not commit adultery,"[5] also said, "Do not commit murder."[6] Now if you do not commit adultery, but murder, you have become a transgressor of the law. {2:12} So speak, and so do, as men who are to be judged by a law of freedom. {2:13} For judgment is without mercy to him who has shown no mercy. Mercy triumphs over judgment. {2:14} What good is it, my brothers, if a man says he has faith, but has no works? Can faith save him? {2:15} And if a brother or sister is naked and in lack of daily food, {2:16} and one of you tells them, "Go in peace, be warmed and filled"; and yet you didn't give them the things the body needs, what good is it? {2:17} Even so faith, if it has no works, is dead in itself. {2:18} Yes, a man will say, "You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith without works, and I by my works will show you my faith. {2:19} You believe that God is one. You do well. The demons also believe, and shudder. {2:20} But do you want to know, vain man, that faith apart from works is dead? {2:21} Wasn't Abraham our father justified by works, in that he offered up Isaac his son on the altar? {2:22} You see that faith worked with his works, and by works faith was perfected; {2:23} and the Scripture was fulfilled which says, "Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him as righteousness";[7] and he was called the friend of God. {2:24} You see then that by works, a man is justified, and not only by faith. {2:25} In the same way, wasn't Rahab the prostitute also justified by works, in that she received the messengers, and sent them out another way? {2:26} For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead. {3:1} Let not many of you be teachers, my brothers, knowing that we will receive heavier judgment. {3:2} For in many things we all stumble. If anyone doesn't stumble in word, the same is a perfect man, able to bridle the whole body also. {3:3} Indeed, we put bits into the horses' mouths so that they may obey us, and we guide their whole body. {3:4} Behold, the ships also, though they are so big and are driven by fierce winds, are yet guided by a very small rudder, wherever the pilot desires. {3:5} So the tongue is also a little member, and boasts great things. See how a small fire can spread to a large forest! {3:6} And the tongue is a fire. The world of iniquity among our members is the tongue, which defiles the whole body, and sets on fire the course of nature, and is set on fire by Gehenna.[8] {3:7} For every kind of animal, bird, creeping thing, and thing in the sea, is tamed, and has been tamed by mankind. {3:8} But nobody can tame the tongue. It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison. {3:9} With it we bless our God and Father, and with it we curse men, who are made in the image of God. {3:10} Out of the same mouth comes forth blessing and cursing. My brothers, these things ought not to be so. {3:11} Does a spring send out from the same opening fresh and bitter water? {3:12} Can a fig tree, my brothers, yield olives, or a vine figs? Thus no spring yields both salt water and fresh water. {3:13} Who is wise and understanding among you? Let him show by his good conduct that his deeds are done in gentleness of wisdom. {3:14} But if you have bitter jealousy and selfish ambition in your heart, don't boast and don't lie against the truth. {3:15} This wisdom is not that which comes down from above, but is earthly, sensual, and demonic. {3:16} For where jealousy and selfish ambition are, there is confusion and every evil deed. {3:17} But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceful, gentle, reasonable, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. {3:18} Now the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace by those who make peace. {4:1} Where do wars and fightings among you come from? Don't they come from your pleasures that war in your members? {4:2} You lust, and don't have. You kill, covet, and can't obtain. You fight and make war. You don't have, because you don't ask. {4:3} You ask, and don't receive, because you ask with wrong motives, so that you may spend it for your pleasures. {4:4} You adulterers and adulteresses, don't you know that friendship with the world is enmity with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God. {4:5} Or do you think that the Scripture says in vain, "The Spirit who lives in us yearns jealously"? {4:6} But he gives more grace. Therefore it says, "God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble."[9] {4:7} Be subject therefore to God. But resist the devil, and he will flee from you. {4:8} Draw near to God, and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners; and purify your hearts, you double-minded. {4:9} Lament, mourn, and weep. Let your laughter be turned to mourning, and your joy to gloom. {4:10} Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he will exalt you. {4:11} Don't speak against one another, brothers. He who speaks against a brother and judges his brother, speaks against the law and judges the law. But if you judge the law, you are not a doer of the law, but a judge. {4:12} Only one is the lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy. But who are you to judge another? {4:13} Come now, you who say, "Today or tomorrow let's go into this city, and spend a year there, trade, and make a profit." {4:14} Whereas you don't know what your life will be like tomorrow. For what is your life? For you are a vapor, that appears for a little time, and then vanishes away. {4:15} For you ought to say, "If the Lord wills, we will both live, and do this or that." {4:16} But now you glory in your boasting. All such boasting is evil. {4:17} To him therefore who knows to do good, and doesn't do it, to him it is sin. {5:1} Come now, you rich, weep and howl for your miseries that are coming on you. {5:2} Your riches are corrupted and your garments are moth-eaten. {5:3} Your gold and your silver are corroded, and their corrosion will be for a testimony against you, and will eat your flesh like fire. You have laid up your treasure in the last days. {5:4} Behold, the wages of the laborers who mowed your fields, which you have kept back by fraud, cry out, and the cries of those who reaped have entered into the ears of the Lord of Armies[10]. {5:5} You have lived delicately on the earth, and taken your pleasure. You have nourished your hearts as in a day of slaughter. {5:6} You have condemned, you have murdered the righteous one. He doesn't resist you. {5:7} Be patient therefore, brothers, until the coming of the Lord. Behold, the farmer waits for the precious fruit of the earth, being patient over it, until it receives the early and late rain. {5:8} You also be patient. Establish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is at hand. {5:9} Don't grumble, brothers, against one another, so that you won't be judged. Behold, the judge stands at the door. {5:10} Take, brothers, for an example of suffering and of patience, the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord. {5:11} Behold, we call them blessed who endured. You have heard of the patience of Job, and have seen the Lord in the outcome, and how the Lord is full of compassion and mercy. {5:12} But above all things, my brothers, don't swear, neither by heaven, nor by the earth, nor by any other oath; but let your "yes" be "yes," and your "no," "no"; so that you don't fall into hypocrisy.[11] {5:13} Is any among you suffering? Let him pray. Is any cheerful? Let him sing praises. {5:14} Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the assembly, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord, {5:15} and the prayer of faith will heal him who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up. If he has committed sins, he will be forgiven. {5:16} Confess your offenses to one another, and pray for one another, that you may be healed. The insistent prayer of a righteous person is powerfully effective. {5:17} Elijah was a man with a nature like ours, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain, and it didn't rain on the earth for three years and six months. {5:18} He prayed again, and the sky gave rain, and the earth brought forth its fruit. {5:19} Brothers, if any among you wanders from the truth, and someone turns him back, {5:20} let him know that he who turns a sinner from the error of his way will save a soul from death, and will cover a multitude of sins. Footnotes: [2] {1:21} or, preserve your life. [3] {2:2} or, meeting [4] {2:8} Leviticus 19:18 [5] {2:11} Exodus 20:14; Deuteronomy 5:18 [6] {2:11} Exodus 10:13; Deuteronomy 5:17 [7] {2:23} Genesis 15:6 [8] {3:6} or, Hell [9] {4:6} Proverbs 3:34 [10] {5:4} Greek: Sabaoth (for Hebrew: Tze'va'ot) [11] {5:12} TR reads "under judgment" instead of "into hypocrisy" Source: The World English Bible See also: 15 Beautiful Rare Bibles Recommend this page to your friend! |


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Recorded in many spellings including Pena, Pina, Pinilla, Pennetta, and Pennazzi, this is a surname of Roman (Latin) origins, and recorded in many parts of Southern Europe. The derivation is from the word 'penna', from the pre-Christian period, and this decribes either a prominent rock, or in most cases, a fortress or battlements. The Roman Empire spread through Europe for over one thousand years, and their influence on most European languages remains as the basis of the modern spellings. The surname was probably locational, but in some cases at least, it may have been occupational for one whose job was the manning or maintenance of the 'penna'.
Because of the many spellings of the surname it has been necessary to restrict examples of the recording. These include Nicolleta Penna, christened at Potenz, Italy, on June 11th 1613, Nicolosa de la Pena on March 5th 1713 at Santa Ana, Mexico, Luiza Penazzi at San Benedetto, Mantova, Italy, on February 6th 1755, and Luis Pena on February 3rd 1785 at Mission Buenaventura, California. Maria Mavilla Pina married Jose Raphael at San Jose Nuestra, Mexico, on Sepember 23rd 1802, whilst Dora Pena married John Parry Rowlands at El Dorado, California, on April 6th 1920. The coat of arms granted in Spain has the distinctive blazon of a blue field, charged with a gold five pointed star. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Matheo de la Pena, which was dated October 9th 1577, at Nuestra Senora, Valladolid, Spain, during the reign of King Phillip 11 of Spain, Emperor of Mexico, 1556 - 1598. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2024
Enjoy this name printed onto our colourful scroll, printed in Olde English script. An ideal gift.


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GBH Openvault
U.S. Policy in Vietnam
License Clip
This program cannot be made available on Open Vault.
More material may be available from this program at the GBH Archives. If you would like research access to the collection at GBH, please email email@example.com.
- Series
- U.S. Policy in Vietnam
- Program Number
- Series Description
A radio survey of the U.S. role in this crucial corner of Southeast Asia emphasizes the need to understand alternate approaches to the problem. The series contains nine programs all based on a briefing for newsmen and political scientists under auspices of the University of Wisconsin.
Sundays at 8pm starting August 16, 1964 Series release date: 8/16/1964
- Duration
- Asset Type
Broadcast program
- Media Type
- Topics
- Government
- War and Conflict
- Citation
- Chicago: "U.S. Policy in Vietnam," 10/04/1964, GBH Archives, accessed July 15, 2024, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_96505AC2EDB6444D9CCD90AA304E5335.
- MLA: "U.S. Policy in Vietnam." 10/04/1964. GBH Archives. Web. July 15, 2024. <http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_96505AC2EDB6444D9CCD90AA304E5335>.
- APA: U.S. Policy in Vietnam. Boston, MA: GBH Archives. Retrieved from http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_96505AC2EDB6444D9CCD90AA304E5335
If you have more information about this item, we want to know! Please
contact us, including the URL.


text:
InvertebrateIreland Online
Below is a taxonomic list of all the families for this Order recorded on the Irish Checklist, and the number of species within each group. To view a list of the species within each family, click on the family name you are interested in. |
By clicking the above link to "Alphabetical Stats", you can view this list in alphabetical order. Clicking the link to "Family List" will bring up a list of species per family, for all families of that Order in Ireland. By clicking the link to "Taxonomic Checklist" you can view the full Checklist for Ireland in taxonomic order, including recent updates. Have a look at the images below in greater detail by clicking on them. |


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Websites | top 10 inspirational websites
From time to time we can find ourselves out of gas, in a rut or even knocked to the ground, and can use a little inspiration to get going again. These sites could lend a hand.
Top 10 Inspirational Websites
by Rhonda Hale Warren
Sometimes I get blown away with the awesomeness of the regular things in life. The other day I was in the shower (best place to meditate) and was thinking about the Internet.
I rarely think about the Internet in deep ways, yet I use it more in a day that another other object besides my own body. It is SO vast, full of information, and such a great resource for connecting us to others across the globe. I'm thankful for the Internet and its infinite possibilities.
And I'm thankful for the dynamic people whom fill the webisphere with their knowledge, creativity, and inspirational words to help us live a little better each day. I get asked all of the time what websites I go to for inspiration and so I've decided to roundup my top 10 fave sites for you (in no particular order).
Elephant Journal
The Journal's tagline, "dedicated to a mindful life" is spot on. I am a huge fan of any info-hub that brings together multiple sectors of life. EJ is a brilliant resource for wellness, spiritual, and creative inspiration. They publish tons of articles everyday, so there is always new inspiration waiting for you. And the layout just makes me smile quite a bit. Article continued here (more…)


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We offer a Free quote and UK design service, get in touch today.
The government in the UK has been actively involved in promoting renewable energy for nearly a decade. As a result the UK solar industry has gone from being little more than a curiosity to being the 6th largest in the world. Solar panels can be seen on countless homes and businesses throughout the nation and we're well on our way to meeting emissions and renewable targets set out years ago. If you have an interest in having solar panels installed on your home in Alfold Bars but can't afford the sometimes substantial installation costs there are steps you can take. Because while the government does not supply direct solar panel grants there are government programs that can help mitigate the cost.
While the government does not provide grants to cover the cost of solar panel installation they do offer a number of ways you can reduce the cost of solar panel ownership and even make money from your solar panels including:
Although the UK government does not hand out solar panel grants they do provide a number of other ways you can mitigate the cost of installing those panels on your home. Be sure you call us at the number on our contact page with any questions you may have related to the above described incentive programs in Alfold Bars.


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The first U.S. case of a Brazilian COVID-19 variant that doctors fear can re-infect the previously sick surfaced in Minnesota in early January 2021, and the more infectious variant has since been found in four other states, a new government report says.
Known as the P.1 variant, it first appeared in a Minnesotan who'd recently traveled to southeastern Brazil, according to Melanie Firestone of the the Minnesota Department of Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and colleagues.
That patient was hospitalized for nine days with COVID-19, and another person in the household who traveled with the person also developed symptoms and was diagnosed with the P.1 variant, the CDC report said. But contact tracing among fellow flight passengers and health professionals who cared for the Minnesota patient found no further infections.
The findings were published online March 3 in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
As of Wednesday, the CDC has reported 10 cases of the Brazil variant in the United States across five states: five in Florida; two in Minnesota; and one case each in Alaska, Maryland and Oklahoma.
Compared to two other more contagious variants first spotted in the United Kingdom and South Africa, research on P.1 has been slower to come since its discovery in late December, so scientists don't really know how much to worry about it, The New York Times reported.
"I've been holding my breath," Bronwyn MacInnis, an epidemiologist at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Mass., told the newspaper.
But a series of unpublished studies reported this week that the P.1 variant has infected some people who developed natural immunity from previous bouts of COVID-19, the Times reported. Lab experiments also suggest the variant could weaken the protection provided by a Chinese vaccine now being distributed in Brazil.
P.1 was first discovered in late December in the Brazilian city of Manaus, in the Amazon jungle. The variant is currently spreading across Brazil and has been found in 24 other countries, according to the Times.
"The P.1 variant is particularly notable because of its ability to evade both vaccine-induced and natural immunity," said Dr. Amesh Adalja, a senior scholar with the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, in Baltimore.
"However, it is important to remember that when it comes to this variant, vaccines — while they may not be able to stop symptomatic infection — halt what is important: serious disease, hospitalization and death," Adalja said.
If vaccinated people start having breakthrough COVID-19 infections, that's when we should start worrying and looking to tweak vaccines to enhance their protective capabilities, Adalja explained.
"That has not occurred yet to my knowledge, and may not occur," Adalja said. "Nevertheless, it is important to study alternative vaccine strategies for this variant."
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about COVID-19 variants.
SOURCES: Amesh Adalja, MD, senior scholar, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Baltimore; The New York Times; Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 3, 2021, online
Source: HealthDay


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Yes, that's what it means – skip the hair care or hope for gifts. This "personal needs allowance" varies somewhat from state to state, and in many states it has not been raised in decades. Ohio seems a bit ungenerous. In Massachusetts, where I practice, the Medicaid agency is especially generous, letting covered nursing home residents keep $72.80 of their monthly income.
For more on how Medicaid treats income, click here.


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BOULDER, Colo. — A mountain lion entered a Boulder home and killed a house cat, police said.
The Boulder Police Department tweeted that the mountain lion entered the unoccupied residence, located in the 400 block of Marine Street, through a screen door sometime Thursday night.
Last night, a mountain lion entered a home on Marine St through a screen door, No people were injured but a house cat was killed. Please keep ground level doors and windows closed and locked at night and when you are not home. (This is also good advice for bears and burglars.) pic.twitter.com/cGseNpx2LI
— Boulder Police Dept. (@boulderpolice) August 10, 2018
When wildlife officers arrived at 11:30 p.m., they decided the best way to get the mountain lion out of the house was to use non-lethal bean-bag rounds to fire at it in an attempt to chase it out the front door, according to a release from Colorado Parks and Wildlife. After more than an hour, officers were successful in getting the mountain lion out of the house.
CPW said they will have additional wildlife officers in the area Friday and over the weekend to make sure the mountain lion does not return.
Officers reminded residents to keep ground-level doors and windows closed and locked at night. They also issued the following tips on reducing your risk of injury if you encounter a mountain lion.
- Make lots of noise if you come and go during the times mountain lions are most active: dusk to dawn.
- Install outside lighting. Light areas where you walk so you could see a lion if one were present.
- Supervise children while playing outdoors. Talk with children about lions and teach them what to do if they meet one.
- Landscape or remove vegetation to eliminate hiding places for lions, especially around children's play areas. Make it difficult for lions to approach unseen.
- Planting non-native shrubs and plants that deer often prefer to eat encourages wildlife to come on to your property. Predators follow prey. Don't feed any wildlife!
- Keep your pets under control. Roaming pets are easy prey and can attract lions. Bring pets in at night. If you leave your pet outside, keep it in a kennel with a secure top. Don't feed pets outside; this can attract raccoons and other animals that are eaten by lions. Store all garbage securely.
- Keep doors and windows closed and locked at night and when you're not home. Install extra-sturdy doors if you have a freezer, refrigerator, pet food, bird seed, or other attractants in your garage. Install bars around windows or screens where predators can easily break in through.
- Encourage your neighbors to follow these simple precautions.


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Southerly: This Week in Parliament: 2 February 2015 - 6 February 2015
22 Responses
Our 88-year-old stenographer, Miss Spong, has requested a bonus for spelling "weltanschauung" correctly, and hopes that Russell Brown's house doesn't burn down in the event that there's not an extra fifty in her brown envelope this week.
Unfortunately Russell has a policy of not paying at all when threatened with arson, so you're bound to be a bit disappointed, Miss Spong. Nevertheless, we're sure that you'll still be doing the transcripts next week—if you want to maintain your normal cigarette habit!
What a trouper you are, Miss Spong. It would be a good few extra years in prison if anything really does happen to Russell's house. And, of course, a few extra years is tantamount to a death sentence at your age!
I hope Ms Spong, in the odd break between bursts of her vital parliamentary stenography, takes the time to write her own life story. Blood needs to be curdled; hackles, raised; spines tingled. It's her patriotic duty!
If you have a small dark creature whispering in one ear isn't it traditional for there to be a white one whispering in the other, you know for balance, testing ones moral courage ....
Is this what's wrong with our government? our leader has lost his balanced out look on the world, he has turned, to, well, the dark side ..... it would explain a lot, the fetish he has with black flags, both ours and ISIS's, the weird idea that selling houses makes more of them, the apology to (spit) Slater
Ian Dalziel, in reply to
Wednesday's child...
Is Sooty maybe one of the ravens Huginn or Muninn?
but, but, that would make Key - Odin!
...giving truth to the old saw that in the land of the blind a one eyed man is king!
and he does have a serious 'Ass Guard' in Wayne Ravenson...Glove's Labours lost...
But if Sooty is 'that bear' he has pedigree - the Daily Mail has a tale of his killing someone!
and he was always getting into jams...Why once he even briefly ran the country (Britain):
The moral of the story: where there's 'soot' there's 'smut'
keep your black powder dry! -
Wow -- 7.00am and already four comments of genius that have significantly extended the analysis of our parliamentary reporting.
Rob: what an excellent suggestion. I shall have a word with Ms Spong when she is in a better mood. It's my understanding that she has family in the church and is therefore rather reluctant to publicize her various 'scrapes', but she must also weigh this against the public's need to know (in my opinion).
Paul, Martin, and Ian: you are obviously persons of great brain (perhaps you eat a lot of fish?) and I only wish that the Public Address budget would stretch to hiring you as additional parliamentary reporters. What a formidable team we would make. I thank you!
Incidentally, for those of you who have been wondering how Zippy and Bungle (and George) were employed in between Rainbow and CERA, then this will explain:
Ian Dalziel, in reply to
perhaps you eat a lot of fish?
Alpha and Omega...
(be the 1,225,581st person to watch this annually linked 'masterpisce'...)and I do love this pair of fish from New Brighton...
Russell Brown, in reply to
David, can you please tell Miss Spong that neither I nor any member of my family will open the door to her, and that she must surrender any thought of an affectionate relationship between her and myself. Also, that the cats she has disembowelled and affixed to lamp-posts in our street in fact belong to various of our neighbours, who are understandably upset.
Bart Janssen, in reply to
takes the time to write her own life story
Is she perhaps related to the Miss Spong who was reported to be Churchill's bodyguard during the WWII? I think those documents may have become public domain now.
David Haywood, in reply to
David, can you please tell Miss Spong that neither I nor any member of my family will open the door to her…
Look, I told the prison administrators that trying Miss Spong on day release was a bad idea – and now look what's happened!
Russell, I will certainly convey your message to Miss Spong, and I offer my condolences to you and your neighbours for what must have been a very trying experience.
It goes without saying that, of course, the judiciary of this country had a very good reason to put Miss Spong behind bars (not to mention her black-listing by the SPCA), but – if it's any consolation – I don't think the thing with the cats was necessarily directed at you or your household.
If you recall the job interview when we hired Miss Spong: how she raged on and on about cats; how she said that cats were against democracy; how she maintained that if you observed a cat when it was watching Robert Mugabe on television, then you would see the cat smiling to itself, and thinking "There's our Robert". It all adds up to a pretty good prediction of the subsequent events in your street.
In other words, I don't think that Miss Spong had any plan to "put the frighteners" on you via the cats, but rather it was a case of: the cats were there, the lamp-posts were there; she had a knife. In other words, she had the motive, the means, and the opportunity – so naturally she just put the three things together.
Oh that Zippy, I was thinking more of the pinhead variety
It seems seems to me that pairing Ms Spong with a certain Kiwisaver Mogul might be an environmentally successful strategy ….
Jason Ede couldn't have wished for a more suitable successor. Who but the strong and almost silent Sooty could suggest such a perfect Party slogan, "Izzy wizzy, let's get busy!".
It encompasses all that is National and reminds us that all JK has to do is wave a magic wand and all things are possible, however unconventional that may seem it has been the hallmark of JK's career to date and may become the central convention for some years to come, a convention centre if you will.All this, however may yet backfire on the PM if he were to withdraw his hand, bowing to internal and very public, pressure over the Sky City deal, his other proposed Black Flag operations and his support for IS a division of Rentokill (who, incidentally, provided school meals in the UK) and may help him rid us of those pesky people with headscarves that might upset the New World Order
Perhaps in light of these revelations we may yet hear the puppet of muppets wail the mournful cry of...
"Bye bye everybody, bye bye" -
Ian Dalziel, in reply to
Cray fishing…
Just wondering if Miss Spong may have been part of the notorious Giles gang or is perhaps related to the Crays and is now in some antipodean 'witless' protection scheme…the cats she has disembowelled and affixed to lamp-posts in our street in fact belong to various of our neighbours…
But it did give 'paws for thought'…
Bad news for satire...
Jon Stewart to leave The Daily Show this yearFake news host Jon Stewart has announced plans to step away from The Daily Show later this year.
Fake news show?
I thought The Daily Show did a far better job at highlighting current affairs than many other 'Real News' shows...
(ditto for John Oliver's show) -
We're so pretty, oh so pretty, legal...
Eminem taking National Party to court next week
Here's hoping they aren't just 'rapped' over the knuckles... -
it doesn't matter what JK does, he gets on swimmingly. Treacle or water.
As for the likes of sooty on the shoulder....
It is rather sad that this is the only, albeit clever and amusing, thread pertaining to politics on Public Address at this time. A time when so much is happening, appearing in even the MSM, that we would, in the past, have been so vociferous in discussing.
The Sabin affair, the Sky City rort, State House sell-off, the rise of Andrew Little and the rebirth of the Labour movement. So much to discuss, so little said.On the Sabin affair I came across this.
On 30 January NBR reported in Sabin resigns from Parliament:
NBR ONLINE first began researching the National MP in September.
In December, Fairfax media revealed Waitemata police were investigating an assault complaint against Mr Sabin.
It is understood the National Party was first made aware of an assault complaint against National MP Mike Sabin weeks before the 2011 election but chose not to ask Mr Sabin to withdraw his candidacy.
Paywalled for you convenience.
Is that a simple typo or does it really go back that far?
The question should be asked in Parliament... "When did the police initiate their investigation into Mike Sabin?"
If the 2011 date is, in fact, correct, then surely the PM would have known years ago.We are now reliably informed by that most reliable of jokers, Steven Joyce, that the Government will not be coughing up Corporate Welfare for those poor undernourished folks at Sky City, they will just have to spend that $402,000,000 they said they will and we will just have to put up with an eyesore, to mach the existing eyesore that is their Casino and "entertainment" centre. Either that or we must put up with the three perfectly adequate convention centres we already have.
State Houses are not, apparently, assets, go figure. There is no reason for central, or even local Government to duck their responsibility to the Nations underprivileged, those same underprivileged that are growing in number under this ideologically crippled cohort of corrupt criminals, other than to line the pockets of those that already hold the bulk of the Nations wealth.
Are we going to sit back and stay quiet? are we going to go quietly into this dark self satisfied morass of middle class slumber? or are we going to get back on that once proud horse that was Public Address?
Alfie, in reply to
Like Steve, I've been expecting a pithy PAS post on the SkyCity fiasco. I enjoyed Dave Armstrong's summary in today's Dom Post.
The odds seem to be stacked against those, like SkyCity, at the bottom of the corporate heap.
I've heard that children of SkyCity executives are turning up at their Auckland private schools without having had a decent cafe breakfast. At playtime the kids have to fill their bottles with tap water.
Even worse, Auckland's rising housing market has forced out some executives from Remuera and Herne Bay into nearby ghetto suburbs such as Meadowbank and Westmere, forcing their children to attend decile 9 schools.
Key is already re-writing history by claiming (RNZ this morning) that taxpayer funding for the casino was never an option. Hold on... didn't he say a few days ago that taxpayer funding for such a needy cause was likely? The man's hypocrisy is shocking.
Steve Barnes, in reply to
Like Steve, I've been expecting a pithy PAS post on the SkyCity fiasco.
And as if by magic.... !!KAPOW!!
eta Love the Armstrong piece.
;-) -
nzlemming, in reply to
Key is already re-writing history by claiming (RNZ this morning) that taxpayer funding for the casino was never an option. Hold on... didn't he say a few days ago that taxpayer funding for such a needy cause was likely? The man's hypocrisy is shocking.
In the Herald this morning, he tried the "they did it too" option:
Mr Key said there was nothing unusual in the controversial original deal in which the Government agreed to let SkyCity install more pokies and gambling tables in return for the company building the convention centre.
"Helen Clark did the same thing actually, Labour forget that. That's how we got the first convention centre," he said. SkyCity opened its first convention centre in Federal St in 2004, eight years after the casino opened in 1996.
Um, that's not how I remember it, but I'm not in a position to fact check.
nzlemming, in reply to
Um, that's not how I remember it, but I'm not in a position to fact check.
Ah, I see Russell has picked up on that in the latest post.
Post your response…
This topic is closed.


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Bradley County, Tennessee, World War 1 Veterans
This index lists the 623 individuals who served from Bradley County during World War I. There were 505 soldiers in the Army, 18 of which were officers. There were 96 sailors in the Navy, 1 of which was an officer. There were 14 Marines in the Marine Corps. There were 8 fraudulent enlistments, discharges, dishonorable discharges, or desertions.
Bradley County, Tennessee, World War 1 Veterans Read More »


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Publication Date: May 19, 2015
MadeGlobal Publishing
eBook; ASIN: B00X806742
Genre: Historical Fiction
The last hour of Anne Boleyn's life…
Court intrigue, revenge and all the secrets of the last hour are revealed as one queen falls and another rises to take her place on destiny's stage.
A young Anne Boleyn arrives at the court of King Henry VIII. She is to be presented at the Shrovetide pageant, le Ch'teau Vert. The young and ambitious Anne has no idea that a chance encounter before the pageant will lead to her capturing the heart of the king. What begins as a distraction becomes his obsession and leads to her destruction.
Love, hate, loyalty and betrayal come together in a single dramatic moment… the execution of a queen. The history of England will be changed for ever.
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Phoenix Rising Available at
About the Author
Deb Hunter publishes as Hunter S. Jones. Her best-selling novel, "September Ends" won awards for Best Independently Published Novel and Best Romance, based on its unique blending of poetry and prose. Her story "The Fortune Series" received best-selling status on Amazon in the Cultural Heritage and Historical Fiction categories. She has been published by H3O Eco mag, LuxeCrush, Chattanooga Times-Free Press, and is now a freelance contributor for the Atlanta Journal Constitution. She has recently been accepted into the prestigious Rivendell Writers Colony. Her arts, music and culture blogs on ExpatsPost.com are filled with eclectic stories regarding music, writing, the arts and climate awareness. She lives in Atlanta, Georgia with her Scottish born husband. Her undergrad degree is in History with an emphasis on the English Renaissance and Reformation.
For more information please visit Hunter S. Jones' website. You can also follow her on Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.
Phoenix Rising Blog Tour
Tuesday, May 19
Review at 100 Pages a Day
Wednesday, May 20
Guest Post & Giveaway at The Anne Boleyn Files
Spotlight at The Never-Ending Book
Thursday, May 21
Review at Book Drunkard
Friday, May 22
Spotlight at A Literary Vacation
Spotlight at What Is That Book About
Saturday, May 23
Spotlight at Curling up by the Fire
Monday, May 25
Review at JulzReads
Spotlight at Just One More Chapter
Tuesday, May 26
Review at Book Lovers Paradise
Spotlight at CelticLady's Reviews
Wednesday, May 27
Review at Book Nerd
Guest Post at The Readers Hollow
Thursday, May 28
Review at Bookramblings
Friday, May 29
Review at The Reading Queen
Saturday, May 30
Review at Historical Fiction Obsession
Spotlight at Beth's Book Nook Blog
Sunday, May 31
Review at Genre Queen
Spotlight at Unshelfish


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