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Willamette Oaks - Cottage Grove Assisted Living & Senior Care Residence
Willamette Oaks, located in Eugene, Oregon is a senior apartment and retirement community providing the finest care and community in the Eugene area. Come home to a welcoming retirement living community, a riverfront setting, and a Eugene, Oregon location convenient to everything.
Come home to a welcoming retirement living community in Eugene, Oregon, a natural setting, and a location convenient to everything. Visit our Apartments & Rates page to view floor plans, rates, and a full list of amenities.
As a Eugene independent living senior community, we offer a unique alternative to assistance with daily living: providing access to personal assistant services, tailored to you - as you need them.
Change is inevitable. Rent increases don't have to be. People tend to live and engage at Willamette Oaks longer than they expected, so we've found a way to help you plan for the future with greater financial certainty and confidence.
LifeMinded is in everything we do.
Kate B.
I visited yesterday. The people are very friendly, the food is superb, and …
Tim B.
I've been living at Willamette Oaks for about 9 months and absolutely love …
Excellent, caring staff. Beautifully kept grounds. Google Maps lists this a…
Karel K.
This place is great. Excellent staff and lots of activities. Everyone who l…
Ivy L.
I have a friend that I visit at Willamette oaks on a regular basis. This is…
John H.
Clean place. Nice residents.
Leslie K.
Amazing staff!
Cindy G.
This is a great place to work!!!
Wanda and Tom Hayes are our parents they have been there for eighteen years…
Anne Marie L.
Such a wonderful place! The staff is attentive, friendly and extremely cari…
Barb F.
My mom has been at WO since 2006 and at almost 101, she hopes to spend the …
Shealyn Z.
Awesome staff working LifeMinded!
Chandra B.
I have loved working and growing in this community for 7 LifeMinded years!
Krisian S.
Reputable, nice staff, clean facilities
This independent retirement living center has grounds (vs cement) and is ri…
Arnie M.
Must be good. A lot of my friends live there.
Kate B.
Tim B.
Karel K.
Ivy L.
Anne Marie L.
Barb F.
Visit our Apartments & Rates page to view floor plans, pricing, and a full list of amenities included in your rent.
Proud to have 100% of our Staff & Residents vaccinated!
Learn more about our commitment to living LifeMinded here.
Not necessarily. Learn more about the in's and out's of retired independent living so you can make the right decision for you.
At Willamette Oaks, whether you live here or work here, you're a vital part of the community. Here's an introduction to a few of those folks.
No matter where you choose to live, this information can help you make an informed decision.
Assisted Living
What is Assisted Living?
Assisted Living is a term applied to many senior living and retirement communities but the assistance offered varies greatly. It is important to find a senior apartment or retirement home that provides the services you need and one that can accommodate your needs in the future as well.
There is no official, standardized definition of assisted living, but we find there are two basic types, those who support independent living and those who have the added support of on-site medical staff. Most active seniors do not need on staff medical support as a part of their senior housing. The want their own living space with the assistance of amenities that make their lives easier such as daily meals, housekeeping, health and wellness programs, social programs, transportation and access to medical services. Assisted living facilities are generally designed for those who don't need the intensive medical care provided at nursing homes.
Does the Willamette Oaks Senior Living Community offer the right assistance for you?
Common assisted living communities' amenities include meals, housekeeping, transportation, medication assistance, emergency call service, planned activities and around the clock assistance if needed. Willamette Oaks offers all of these assisted living services. Some facilities are designed for people who are less independent and in need of more support. Their service offering typically includes licensed nursing, medication assistance and around-the-clock observation of health status. This type of facility is a step between independent living and a nursing home. People who have serious health issues or are in a state of rapidly declining health are better off with this type of care. At Willamette Oaks we bridge the gap between independent living and assisted living with partner providers such as Right at Home who provide extended services to allow our residents to get the help they need without leaving the comfort and safety.
As the saying goes, one size doesn't fit all and one community isn't the right fit for everyone. What is the right level of care for you is a complex question but one we are happy to help you work through it. We honestly want you to live where you receive the maximum benefit and are here to help you make your senior housing decision.
Independent Living
Independence is something we all hold dear. We desperately wanted our independence as teenagers and hold on to the concept even more dearly as we age. Nobody wants to give up their independence. It's the number one reason people state for staying in their own home instead of moving to a senior apartment community yet there's a problem with that logic. Staying in our homes tends have the opposite effect on our independence. Instead of giving us freedom, it tends to restrict us. Visiting friends and staying active can be difficult when living in one's own home with limited access to transportation and activities. Maintaining and cleaning a house also requires time and money, which can limit many people's choices and activities. Independence does not mean isolation but that's often the result of "staying in my home." People who move to an assisted living or Independent Senior Living Community have fewer logistical barriers and tend to become more active, have more social interaction and live fuller more purposeful lives. Most residents at Willamette Oaks Senior Living Community will tell you they resisted moving from their own homes as long as possible, but they will also tell you after making the move, they wish they had done it sooner.
What is an Independent Senior Living Community?
An Independent Senior Living Community is a community of active, healthy seniors who are able to live on their own. It may take the form of a neighborhood, apartment complex or a single large building. Independent living is frequently referred to as retirement communities, retirement homes, senior apartments, or senior housing. The key component is that you live in close proximity to one another which allows for a wide array of benefits. At Willamette Oaks these benefits include amenities that are very expensive or simply not available to an individual or couple, such as housekeeping, salons, transportation, security, a concierge, fitness center, and large communal rooms. Additional benefits if you choose to partake include a wide array of planned social activities, fitness and wellness programs, and meal services. Even if you choose not to engage socially, prepare your own meals and spend time out and about by yourself the peace of mind in being part of a larger retirement community is always there.
Aging in place.
Many Senior Living Communities also allow for "aging in place". They are designed to accommodate seniors even as they lose some independence. Most find they do not have to leave their community, since it's designed with amenities such as elevators, wide hallways, and easy access to part- or full-time caregivers. Should one need immediate assistance, every Willamette Oaks senior apartment is set up with a voice activated call system for help. No need to search for pull cords or finding a phone, just a verbal expression of distress will alert the staff you need assistance. All of this is designed to allow you to age in place and results in a healthier mental and emotional state during any necessary recuperation.
Is the Willamette Oaks Senior Living Community the right place for you?
Just as every resident is unique, so is every senior housing or independent living community. Unlike most senior apartments that are owned by large corporations Willamette Oaks is a family owned community that just celebrated its 30th anniversary. We are proud of the longevity of our residents and our staff. It all adds up to a strong, healthy and supportive community. The best way to see if Willamette Oaks is right for you is to come in and visit. We know it's a big decision and we let you take your time; there is no hard sell, just a chance to see and feel the difference. Meet the staff and residents, have a meal or spend a few days in the guest apartments (a wonderful benefit for residents families who visit from out of state) and participate in a social event or two. After that we're sure you'll know if Willamette Oaks Senior Living Community is right for you.
Our bodies change as we age.
Nutritional needs change as we age, but eating well doesn't get any less important. Sadly, poor nutrition and malnutrition can easily be mistaken as illness. Consuming healthy food and key nutrients are a valuable preventative medicine for all seniors, and should be made a high priority.
Many issues can get in the way of this goal. Bodily changes, such as dental and gastrointestinal conditions, can effect what foods are satiating and appealing. Lack of interest in cooking and eating alone, financial concerns, and the ability to access the grocery store also play a role.
We also tend to use less energy as we age (staying active can help offset this), therefore a senior's caloric needs are lower. That is why it's important to be efficient in getting key nutrients into our systems. Common nutrient deficiencies include inadequate intake of vitamin A, B, C, D, E, folic acid and niacin. Focusing on healthy whole foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, high protein foods such as meat, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds, will help pack the nutrition you need into your daily caloric intake. Partaking in low nutrient foods like solid fats and added sugars doesn't leave enough room in your diet for the nutritious foods. A daily multi-vitamin can also help fill in any gaps you may have, but is no substitution for healthy, nutrient-dense foods.
Senior apartment communities can help seniors meet their nutritional needs by providing easy access to healthful, well-balanced meals. Everyone gets sick of cooking and eating the same meals over and over again, but it's difficult to meal plan and try new things. Senior housing and retirement homes often have a full-time chef on site that can bring spice to your life, and more nutritious foods to your table.
What's on the menu at Willamette Oaks Senior Living Community?
In our dining room, Executive Chef Frank Blanchard and his staff create their menus and meals from scratch, on-site (with plenty of input from residents, of course). They use seasonal herbs, locally grown and from our own garden to add flavor and flair. And they tailor meals to residents' preferences and individual dietary needs. Unlike many national assisted living facility chains, Willamette Oaks' menu is not dictated by a corporate entity. It's dictated by the likes and needs of our residents. The dining staff is sure that there's healthy fare every day (like a full salad bar) and special fare on those special occasions, like your birthday. We want the meals at Willamette Oaks to be nutritional but it's also an important part of the day's social activities as well. And on those occasions where you're a bit under the weather, we've got room service available as well.
Many senior housing or retirement communities offer meals but do not include it as part of the basic services. At Willamette Oaks, we consider our meal program integral to your health and longevity. Having dinner daily in our garden-side dining room is included in your monthly rent. You can use your meals however you like, whenever you like, in any combination. If you miss meals, you're free to "make them up" at any time during the same month. Our dining plan lets you tailor your dining service to fit your life.
Fitness - Body & Mind
Understanding your body and its relationship to nutrition and physical activity is critical to staying active as you age. You must also take responsibility for your health, by instituting good eating and active habits, and paying attention to your body's warning signs.
Older adults who stay physically active live longer have healthy brains. Exercise can also help you avoid those pesky winter cold and flu viruses, while also lowering your likelihood of having more chronic conditions, such as heart disease or Type 2 diabetes. Lots of people want to stay physically active, but making those habits and exercising discipline can be challenging, that's why a senior living or senior apartment community can help! By making exercise structured, convenient, and social, you can meet your daily physical activity goals, enhance your life, and enjoy doing it.
Exercise, it's for more than just your body.
In the same way that physical exercise can enhance your brain function, by exercising your brain, you can help your overall health. By challenging yourself, learning new things, and doing tasks that require active engagement, memory function can be improved and also increase seniors' sense of well-being.
Many older adults find that living in an assisted living or senior housing community greatly enhances their ability to stay active by taking advantage of the senior-focused and structured wellness, fitness and nutritional programs offered by the retirement home.
How can living at Willamette Oaks Senior Living Community help you stay active?
Too often, we're told aging must be a time of diminished expectations, contribution, and exploration. We vigorously disagree. Since we opened our doors as a senior housing and independent living community in 1986, our residents have benefited from a much different approach. We call it LifeMinded. Through it, we help every person who lives at Willamette Oaks create their own personalized program for living a full, satisfying and active life—often a more active life—regardless of their age. Retirement living as it was meant to be lived, full of life.
"A 2017 report from the International Council on Active Aging found that in Life Plan Communities with a wellness program, 91% of residents say their health and wellness is good, very good or excellent." At Willamette Oaks, LifeMinded promotes the benefits of engaged and independent living, using special, proven practices designed for senior living, based on the "Seven Dimensions of Wellness" model endorsed by the International Council on Active Aging.
Living LifeMinded.
We break down Living LifeMinded into five categories, the first being physical fitness. From yoga to dancercise to walking, we offer many different fitness classes and outdoor activities. Keep your routines fresh and your motivation high as you maintain your all-important balance, core strength, heart health and flexibility.
Another category of LifeMinded is brain fitness. We strive to keep you sharp, and science increasingly shows that a honed and vigorous mind is the key to healthy functioning later in life. We mix learning in a social atmosphere with fun physical fitness exercises to help keep your mind limber and lucid.
The third category of LifeMinded is social connections. Living at Willamette Oaks means being embraced by a community. We offer many opportunities to build meaningful new relationships and nurture longstanding ones. We also offer group discussions and other structured support for residents seeking camaraderie and connection.
The fourth category of LifeMinded we term Making a Difference. We encourage our residents to pursue their passions. Your life's work should be for life. We're here to help as you keep making an impact. Willamette Oaks residents redefine retirement by volunteering, mentoring, creating, and more. Share your vision, and we'll make the connections that make it possible.


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The Voices of Our Ancestors
Colm Tóibín, Edmund White, Mark Doty |
00:39:20 |
More than 500 unique presentations by the world's most influential writers are available in our audio vault for use by educators, students, and readers worldwide. You can play many recordings immediately on our site, while others are available by request. Select a name from the index to begin, or browse our featured audio for highlighted selections with full liner notes.

subset: commoncrawl


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NAB 2018: Adobe To Highlight New Creative Cloud Update
Ahead of NAB 2018, Adobe announced a major update in Adobe Creative Cloud, giving video professionals new tools to automate and expedite time-consuming production tasks without sacrificing creative control. The updates include powerful new capabilities for refining color, creating graphics and crafting audio, along with enhanced VR tools, improved collaboration, integration with Adobe Stock and advanced artificial intelligence powered by Adobe Sensei.
With the growing demand for video, the opportunity for content creators has never been greater, but video professionals are faced with new pressure to deliver more work in less time while ensuring content stands out and meets high audience expectations. In addition, creators must optimize for different platforms, ensure accessibility, meet required broadcast standards and deliver numerous versions of content across languages and regions. This tremendous shift in the way video professionals work requires more refined and streamlined workflows to reduce time to production, giving video creators more time to focus on their craft.
"The demands and pace of video content creation are reaching levels we've never seen before. The time pressure on video professionals means the need for powerful and efficient creative tools has never been greater," says Steven Warner, vice president of digital video and audio at Adobe. "Adobe video apps like Premiere Pro and After Effects give them that power which, combined with the services available in Creative Cloud, provides broadcasters, media companies, filmmakers and YouTubers a complete ecosystem to bring their stories to screen faster than ever."
Ranging from Hollywood to Sundance, feature films to premium television channels, a growing number of industry-leading professional editors are using Adobe Premiere Pro CC to bring their creative visions to life. Projects that premiered this year include The Florida Project, The Square, Only the Brave and 6 Below; indie hits RBG, Clara's Ghost and Search; and award-winning series MINDHUNTER and Atlanta.
Attendees at this year's NAB Show can get a closer look at the newly available features and hear from industry experts at the Adobe booth.
Video and Audio Workflows: Streamlined And Fine-Tuned
New feature highlights include:
- Edit More Powerfully With Color And Light In Premiere Pro CC: Powered by Adobe Sensei, Color Match two shots with one click, applying editable Lumetri adjustments from one clip to another to achieve visual consistency in scenes and across whole projects. Compare shots using the new split-view.
- Create Animation And Graphics More Quickly In After Effects CC: Stacked behaviors and effects in combination with timeline-based animation now make the creative process more visual and intuitive. Apply changes to individual effects across multiple versions of a composition with a single adjustment using new Master Properties. Also, complex motions can be made to any surface mesh with the new Advanced Puppet tool.
- Sound Even Better With Sensei-Powered Audio Workflows: Automatically adjust soundtrack audio around dialog, whether for a single clip or an entire project, with Sensei-enabled autoducking, now available in Adobe Premiere Pro.
- Bring Art To Life Faster With Character Animator: Animate personas more quickly and efficiently with a library of behaviors and custom triggers. Drag layers from the Puppet panel into the Triggers panel to apply and refine existing behaviors or create new ones with intuitive new drop targets.
- Add 360 Degrees Of Creativity With Improved Tools For Immersive Content: Adobe Immersive Environment is now available in After Effects CC, simplifying the immersive workflow to move more efficiently through clean-up and effects tasks. New support for the Microsoft Windows Mixed Reality platform offers a wider range of headsets to choose the best tools for the job.
- Collaborate More Easily In Team Projects: For the ultimate in project collaboration, real-time presence shows when teammates are online and new badges indicate when a project has been updated.
- Get Content You Need With Adobe Stock: With direct access to millions of curated HD and 4K videos, select clips for establishing shots, fill in the final gaps in projects or enrich storytelling with visual variety. Add sophistication and polish to video content with professionally designed Motion Graphics templates, including animated titling and lower thirds graphics with editable effects and text.
Learn Panel For New Users: Premiere Pro beginners now have a place to start with targeted tutorials that guide them through the foundational steps of video editing. The new Learn panel is just a click away whenever it's needed.


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The rollout plan for the new TV series The Romanoffs is unusual for Amazon — just as the drama series itself is an unusual experiment for the show's creator, Matthew Weiner.
Instead of making the entire season of The Romanoffs available at once, as it does with so many of its exclusive TV series, Amazon Prime Video presents only the first two episodes on the night the series premieres. Subsequent installments will be doled out weekly, as they are on broadcast TV. And unlike the past two drama series on which Weiner worked — his own Mad Men and David Chase's The Sopranos — this new series does not tell a continuing story.
Instead, The Romanoffs is an eight-episode anthology drama. But where such modern anthologies as FX's Fargo and HBO's True Detective tell a new story with a new cast every season, The Romanoffs is an anthology series in the purest sense.
Like The Twilight Zone or Alfred Hitchcock Presents, or such live Golden Age drama anthologies as Playhouse 90 and Studio One, each episode of The Romanoffs stands alone. Mad Men was a novel, delivering one chapter a week. The Romanoffs is a collection of short stories, distributed on the same schedule.
Each episode looks at a different person who is, or claims to be, a descendant of the infamous Romanov clan — the czar and his family who were killed by Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution of 1918.
The stories Weiner tells here, as writer or co-writer and as director of every episode, are set in the modern day but in various locations around the world. I've previewed only the first two episodes, which isn't enough to deliver a final verdict on the series as a whole. But some judgments, certainly, can be made.
Both of the opening, movie-length installments are sharply written, compellingly performed and confidently directed. They're beautifully photographed. And just like anthology shows ought to do, they go in unexpected directions, because none of these characters, or actors, have to show up for the next episode.
And there are some episode-specific quirks as well. The opening installment, The Violet Hour, is set in Paris and features a surprising amount of dialogue in French with English subtitles. And the second episode, The Royal We, manages to turn into some weird sort of mixture of 12 Angry Men and The Love Boat — and, improbably, features more cigarette smoking than Mad Men ever did.
The Romanoffs announces its intention to shake things up and go its own way immediately by starting with a polite instrumental opening theme that shifts suddenly into the defiant lyrics of Tom Petty's "Refugee."
The first story features Marthe Keller, who starred opposite Dustin Hoffman in Marathon Man in the '70s, as Anushka, an elderly woman living in a Romanov family apartment in Paris. She's a pampered, secluded racist whose attitude and outbursts make it impossible for her to hang onto her hired help for long.
The second episode, with an entirely different cast of characters, is set in more familiar American ground. Corey Stoll and Kerry Bishé play a couple going through the motions in a stifling marriage. Before long, they embark on adventures that lead to unanticipated new possibilities — he on jury duty, she on a cruise ship.
But before that, Stoll's character, Michael, is stuck working in a strip mall at a test preparation storefront where his college-bound clients have some very lofty goals regarding their potential SAT scores and their college admission targets. One young man wants to earn a perfect score and attend Harvard, but Michael's advice is to settle for less. "The big secret is," he tells his ambitious young client, "nobody's happy."
Well, I'm happy, because The Romanoffs is another modern series, like Fargo and American Crime Story, that is bringing back the best elements of what the classic old anthology series used to provide.
I don't know quite what the rest of Weiner's new series has in store, except that its upcoming stars include Christina Hendricks, Isabelle Huppert, Diane Lane and Paul Reiser. But I'm looking forward to it — in part because not knowing what to expect is more than half the fun.
Copyright 2020 Fresh Air. To see more, visit Fresh Air.


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The dens of two female snow leopards and their cubs have been located for the first time in Mongolia's Tost Mountains. This is the first known video taken of a mother and cubs.
The research was done by scientists from Panthera, a wild cat conservation organization, and the Snow Leopard Trust (SLT).
The snow leopard is a very secretive and elusive animal. When its nature is combined with the difficult nature of the landscape that it inhabits, it makes for a very difficult animal to track. Snow leopards' dens have been extremely difficult to locate. The discovery is a big one in the field and will provide valuable insight into the life of the snow leopard.
Dr. Tom McCarthy, Executive Director of Panthera's Snow Leopard Program, stated, "We have spent years trying to determine when and where snow leopards give birth, the size of their litters, and the chances a cub has of surviving into adulthood. This is one of those exceptional moments in conservation where after years of effort, we get a rare glimpse into the life of an animal that needs our help in surviving in today's world. These data will help ensure a future for these incredible animals."
Below are videos of the female and her cub in a partially human-made den. The videos were recorded from a distance by Örjan Johansson, Panthera's Snow Leopard Field Scientist and Ph.D. student. The camera used was fixed to an extended pole.
The research team, which included a veterinarian, entered the two dens (the first with two cubs, and the second containing one cub) while the mothers were away hunting. The three cubs were weighed, measured, photographed, and had other details about them recorded. Tiny microchip ID tags the size of a grain of rice were fixed on two of the cubs, under their skin for future identification.
"The utmost care was taken in handling the animals to ensure they were not endangered, which was the top priority of the team at all times. In the following days, the team monitored the mothers' locations to ensure that they returned to their dens and their cubs, which they successfully did."
"Knowledge about the first days and weeks of life is vital to our understanding of how big cat populations work, and how likely it is for a newborn to reach adulthood and contribute to a healthy population. A valid conservation program requires such information, which this new development in snow leopard research provides," said Dr. Howard Quigley, Panthera's Executive Director of both Jaguar and Cougar Programs.
"Referred to by locals as 'Asia's Mountain Ghost,' knowledge of snow leopards in general is quite limited due to the cat's elusive nature, and even less is known about rearing cubs and cub survival in the wild. Until now, what is known has mostly been learned from studying snow leopards in zoos. Although snow leopard litters typically consist of one to three cubs in a captive zoo environment, no information exists regarding litter size in the wild. As wild snow leopard cubs are subject to natural predators, disease, and also human threats such as poaching or capture for the illegal wildlife market, the percentage of cubs which survive to adulthood has until now only been speculated."
"The use of PIT tags and observations of snow leopard rearing in the wild will allow our scientists to learn about the characteristics of a typical natal den and speculate how a den is selected, how long snow leopard cubs remain in dens, when cubs begin to follow their mothers outside of the dens, how often and how long the mother leaves the cubs alone to hunt, how many cubs are typically born in the wild, and other valuable data."
The data and gathered through the camera-trapping and GPS collaring will "help to inform effective conservation initiatives undertaken by Panthera across the snow leopard's range."
Source: Panthera
Image Credits: Panthera/Snow Leopard Trust


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Hey All,
So for the past month I've been racking my brain trying to figure out the issue where PiPlay says Could not check for updates. I KNEW it was because of my server move but I couldn't figure it out. I couldn't reproduce it on my end. I really thought that it was because the requests module coudln't do redirects. Tonight I was dealing with a PiPlay issue with a cool teacher in Canada who is making games with her students, and we were troubleshooting a bad wifi card. We got everything working, and then the can't connect to piplay server message came up, and I was going to admit defeat, but I then saw it was going to WWW.pimame.org. I had set up www on piplay.org, but I had never setup the WWW redirect on the old domain. I feel dumb. One DNS change and a 5 minute propagation and everything is working now.
On a side note, I designed this warp pipe planter in OpenSCAD, and printed it out today. I drove out to a local nursery and picked up some venus fly traps, and voila! One Super Mario Bros. "Piranha Plant" in my own home 😀
You can download the STL file at thingiverse, and it will be up on my Etsy as well.


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A Call DB Procedure sounds promising, but as it turns out, you can't use it to retrieve any result sets. Rather, this type of step is meant have an input stream from another source:
- drive stored procedure execution presumably for some useful side-effect
- invoke a database stored function and obtain the scalar result
So, what can we do? The answer is simpler than might be expected.
Just use an ordinary Table input step. Everybody that has used PDI before knows that the Table input step retrieves data based on an SQL statement. However, the SQL statement is not required to be a
statement. Any statement that returns a result set will do, including SHOW
statements, and CALL
.Stay tuned for more tips like these - more will come as Jos and I are completing our "Building Pentaho Solutions" Book.


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Eisenhower Elementary School Receives 2014 Arbor Day Award
Nebraska City, Neb. (April 2, 2014) – Eisenhower Elementary School, in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, is the recipient of a 2014 Arbor Day Award in honor of its outstanding contribution to tree planting, conservation and stewardship, the Arbor Day Foundation announced today.
Eisenhower Elementary School is one of 13 individuals, organizations and companies being recognized by the Arbor Day Foundation at the annual Arbor Day Awards. This year's ceremony will be held at Lied Lodge & Conference Center, located at Arbor Day Farm in Nebraska City, Nebraska, on Saturday, April 26.
Eisenhower Elementary School will receive the Arbor Day Celebration Award.
In 2007, a parent volunteer delivered a "Tree Talk" that eventually evolved into a formal curriculum in which students are taught the important benefits that trees provide to people and the planet, basic tree identification skills, and create a tree-themed craft for general school exhibition.
Each and every year for the past 6 years, more than 300 seedlings are distributed to Eisenhower Elementary School students on Arbor Day, resulting in nearly 2,000 trees planted by students in the community.
Since 1972, the Arbor Day Foundation has recognized the inspiring and life-changing work of leading environmental stewards and tree planters through the annual Arbor Day Awards.
Award winners from previous years include the late Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley, the United States Forest Service, Enterprise Rent-A-Car and Mary Kay, Inc.
About the Arbor Day Foundation: The Arbor Day Foundation is a million member nonprofit conservation and education organization with the mission to inspire people to plant, nurture, and celebrate trees. More information is available at arborday.org.


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Gaia Vince discovers that analysing the genetics of ancient humans means changing ideas about our evolution
The Rock of Gibraltar appears out of the plane window as an immense limestone monolith sharply rearing up from the base of Spain into the Mediterranean. One of the ancient Pillars of Hercules, it marked the end of the Earth in classical times. Greek sailors didn't go past it. Atlantis, the unknown, lay beyond.
In summer 2016, Gibraltar is in the throes of a 21st-century identity crisis: geographically a part of Spain, politically a part of Britain; now torn, post Brexit, between its colonial and European Union ties. For such a small area – less than seven square kilometres – Gibraltar is home to an extraordinarily diverse human population. It has been home to people of all types over the millennia, including early Europeans at the edge of their world, Phoenicians seeking spiritual support before venturing into the Atlantic, and Carthaginians arriving in a new world from Africa.
But I've come to see who was living here even further back, between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago, when sea levels were much lower and the climate was swinging in and out of ice ages. It was a tough time to be alive and the period saw the species that could, such as birds, migrate south to warmer climes, amid plenty of local extinctions. Among the large mammal species struggling to survive were lions, wolves and at least two types of human: our own "modern human" ancestors, and the last remaining populations of our cousins, the Neanderthals.
By understanding more about these prehistoric people, we can learn about who we are as a species today. Our ancestors' experiences shaped us, and they may still hold answers to some of our current health problems, from diabetes to depression.
Everyone of European descent has some Neanderthal DNA in their genetic makeup.
I'm picked up outside my hotel by archaeologists Clive and Geraldine Finlayson, in a car that itself looks fairly ancient. Typical for this crowded little peninsula, they are of diverse origins – he, pale-skinned and sandy-haired, can trace his ancestry back to Scotland; she, olive-skinned and dark-haired, from the Genoese refugees escaping Napoleon's purges. How different we humans can look from each other. And yet the people whose home I am about to visit truly were of a different race.
We don't know how many species of humans there have been, how many different races of people, but the evidence suggests that around 600,000 years ago one species emerged in Africa that used fire, made simple tools from stones and animal bones, and hunted big animals in large cooperative groups. And 500,000 years ago, these humans, known as Homo heidelbergensis, began to take advantage of fluctuating climate changes that regularly greened the African continent, and spread into Europe and beyond.
By 300,000 years ago, though, migration into Europe had stopped, perhaps because a severe ice age had created an impenetrable desert across the Sahara, sealing off the Africans from the other tribes. This geographic separation enabled genetic differences to evolve, eventually resulting in different races, although they were still the same species and would prove able to have fertile offspring together. The race left behind in Africa would become Homo sapiens sapiens, or modern humans; those who evolved adaptations to the cooler European north would become Neanderthals, Denisovans and others whom we can now only glimpse with genetics.
Neanderthals were thriving from Siberia to southern Spain by the time a few families of modern humans made it out of Africa around 60,000 years ago. These Africans encountered Neanderthals and, on several occasions, had children with them. We know this because human DNA has been found in the genomes of Neanderthals, and because everyone alive today of European descent – including me – has some Neanderthal DNA in their genetic makeup. Could it be that their genes, adapted to the northerly environment, provided a selective advantage to our ancestors as well?
It was like Neanderthal City.
After driving through narrow tunnels on a road that skirts the cliff face, we pull up at a military checkpoint. Clive shows the guard our accreditation and we're waved through to park inside. Safety helmets on to protect from rockslides, we leave the car and continue on foot under a low rock arch. A series of metal steps leads steeply down the cliff to a narrow shingle beach, 60 metres below. The tide is lapping the pebbles and our feet must negotiate the unstable larger rocks to find a dry path.
I've been concentrating so hard on keeping my footing that it is something of a shock to look up and suddenly face a gaping absence in the rock wall. We have reached Gorham's Cave, a great teardrop-shaped cavern that disappears into the white cliff face and, upon entering, seems to grow in height and space. This vast, cathedral-like structure, with a roof that soars high into the interior, was used by Neanderthals for tens of thousands of years. Scientists believe it was their last refuge. When Neanderthals disappeared from here, some 32,000 years ago, we became the sole inheritors of our continent.
pause, perched on a rock inside the entrance, in order to consider this – people not so different from myself once sat here, facing the Mediterranean and Africa beyond. Before I arrived in Gibraltar, I used a commercial genome-testing service to analyse my ancestry. From the vial of saliva I sent them, they determined that 1 per cent of my DNA is Neanderthal.
I don't know what health advantages or risks these genes have given me – testing companies are no longer allowed to provide this level of detail – but it is an extraordinary experience to be so close to the intelligent, resourceful people who bequeathed me some of their genes. Sitting in this ancient home, knowing none of them survived to today, is a poignant reminder of how vulnerable we are – it could so easily have been a Neanderthal woman sitting here wondering about her extinct human cousins.
Gorham's Cave seems an oddly inaccessible place for a home. But Clive, who has been meticulously exploring the cave for 25 years, explains that the view was very different back then. With the sea levels so much lower, vast hunting plains stretched far out to sea, letting people higher on the rock spot prey and signal to each other. In front of me would have been fields of grassy dunes and lakes – wetlands that were home to birds, grazing deer and other animals. Further around the peninsula to my right, where the dunes gave way to shoreline, would have been clam colonies and mounds of flint.
It was idyllic, Clive says. The line of neighbouring caves here probably had the highest concentration of Neanderthals living anywhere on Earth. "It was like Neanderthal City," he adds.
Deep inside the cave, Clive's team of archaeologists have found the remains of fires. Further back are chambers where the inhabitants could have slept protected from hyenas, lions, leopards and other predators. "They ate shellfish, pine seeds, plants and olives. They hunted big game and also birds. There was plenty of fresh water from the springs that still exist under what is now seabed," Clive says. "They had spare time to sit and think – they weren't just surviving."
He and Geraldine have uncovered remarkable evidence of Neanderthal culture in the cave, including the first example of Neanderthal artwork. The "hashtag", a deliberately carved rock engraving, is possibly evidence of the first steps towards writing. Other signs of symbolic or ritualistic behaviour, such as the indication that Neanderthals were making and wearing black feather capes or headdresses as well as warm clothes, all point to a social life not so different to the one our African ancestors were experiencing.
Clive shows me a variety of worked stones, bone and antler. I pick up a flint blade and hold it in my hand, marvelling at how the same technology is being passed between people biologically and culturally linked but separated by tens of thousands of years. Other sites in Europe have uncovered Neanderthal-made necklaces of strung eagle talons dating back 130,000 years, little ochre clamshell compacts presumably for adornment, and burial sites for their dead.
These people evolved outside of Africa but clearly had advanced culture and the capability to survive in a hostile environment. "Consider modern humans were in the Middle East perhaps 70,000 years ago, and reached Australia more than 50,000 years ago," says Clive. "Why did it take them so much longer to reach Europe? I think it was because Neanderthals were doing very well and keeping modern humans out."
But by 39,000 years ago, Neanderthals were struggling. Genetically they had low diversity because of inbreeding and they were reduced to very low numbers, partly because an extreme and rapid change of climate was pushing them out of many of their former habitats. A lot of the forested areas they depended on were disappearing and, while they were intelligent enough to adapt their tools and technology, their bodies were unable to adapt to the hunting techniques required for the new climate and landscapes.
"In parts of Europe, the landscape changed in a generation from thick forest to a plain without a single tree," Clive says. "Our ancestors, who were used to hunting in bigger groups on the plains, could adapt easily: instead of wildebeest they had reindeer, but effectively the way of capturing them was the same. But Neanderthals were forest people.
"It could've gone the other way – if instead the climate had got wetter and warmer, we might be Neanderthals today discussing the demise of modern humans."
This is why ancient genetics and ancient genomics are so powerful – you can look at an individual and say, 'Did they have this gene or not?'
Although the Neanderthals, like the Denisovans and other races we are yet to identify, died out, their genetic legacy lives on in people of European and Asian descent. Between 1 and 4 per cent of our DNA is of Neanderthal origins, but we don't all carry the same genes, so across the population around 20 per cent of the Neanderthal genome is still being passed on. That's an extraordinary amount, leading researchers to suspect that Neanderthal genes must be advantageous for survival in Europe.
Interbreeding across different races of human would have helped accelerate the accumulation of useful genes for the environment, a process that would have taken much longer to occur through evolution by natural selection. Neanderthal tweaks to our immune system, for example, may have boosted our survival in new lands, just as we prime our immune system with travel vaccines today. Many of the genes are associated with keratin, the protein in skin and hair, including some that are linked to corns and others that play a role in pigmentation – Neanderthals were redheads, apparently. Perhaps these visible variants were considered appealing by our ancestors and sexually selected for, or perhaps a tougher skin offered some advantage in the colder, darker European environment.
Some Neanderthal genes, however, appear to be a disadvantage, for instance making us more prone to diseases like Crohn's, urinary tract disorders and type 2 diabetes, and to depression. Others change the way we metabolise fats, risking obesity, or even make us more likely to become addicted to smoking. None of these genes are a direct cause of these complicated conditions, but they are contributory risk factors, so how did they survive selection for a thousand generations?
It's likely that for much of the time since our sexual encounters with Neanderthals, these genes were useful. When we lived as hunter-gatherers, for example, or early farmers, we would have faced times of near starvation interspersed with periods of gorging. Genes that now pose a risk of diabetes may have helped us to cope with starvation, but our new lifestyles of continual gorging on plentiful, high-calorie food now reveal harmful side-effects. Perhaps it is because of such latent disadvantages that Neanderthal DNA is very slowly now being deselected from the human genome.
While I can (sort of) blame my Neanderthal ancestry for everything from mood disorders to being greedy, another archaic human race passed on genes that help modern Melanesians, such as people in Papua New Guinea, survive different conditions. Around the time that the ancestors of modern Europeans and Asians were getting friendly with Neanderthals, the ancestors of Melanesians were having sex with Denisovans, about whom we know very little. Their surviving genes, however, may help modern-day Melanesians to live at altitude by changing the way their bodies react to low levels of oxygen. Some geneticists suspect that other, yet-to-be-discovered archaic races may have influenced the genes of other human populations across the world.
Interbreeding with Neanderthals and other archaic humans certainly changed our genes, but the story doesn't end there.
I am a Londoner, but I'm a little darker than many Englishwomen because my father is originally from Eastern Europe. We are attuned to such slight differences in skin colour, face shape, hair and a host of other less obvious features encountered across different parts of the world. However, there has been no interbreeding with other human races for at least 32,000 years. Even though I look very different from a Han Chinese or Bantu person, we are actually remarkably similar genetically. There is far less genetic difference between any two humans than there is between two chimpanzees, for example.
The reason for our similarity is the population bottlenecks we faced as a species, during which our numbers dropped as low as a few hundred families and we came close to extinction. As a result, we are too homogeneous to have separated into different races. Nevertheless, variety has emerged through populations being separated geographically – and culturally, in some cases – over thousands of years. The greatest distinctions occur in isolated populations where small genetic and cultural changes become exaggerated, and there have been many of them over the 50,000 years since my ancestors made the journey out of Africa towards Europe.
According to the analysis of my genome, my haplogroup is H4a. Haplogroups describe the mutations on our mitochondrial DNA, passed down through the maternal line, and can theoretically be used to trace a migratory path all the way back to Africa. H4a is a group shared by people in Europe, unsurprisingly, and western Asia. It is, the genome-testing company assures me, the same as Warren Buffet's. So what journey did my ancestors take that would result in these mutations and give me typically European features?
There exists an uneasy relationship between biology and culture.
"I was dumped by helicopter in the wilderness with two other people, a Russian and an indigenous Yukaghir man, with our dogs, our guns, our traps, a little food and a little tea. There we had to survive and get food and furs in the coldest place on Earth where humans live naturally – minus 60 degrees."
Eske Willerslev lived for six months as a trapper in Siberia in his 20s. Separately, his identical twin brother Rane did the same. When they were teenagers, their father had regularly left them in Lapland to survive alone in the wilderness for a couple of weeks, fostering a passion for the remote tundra and the people who live there, and they went on increasingly lengthy expeditions. But surviving practically alone was very different. "It was a childhood dream, but it was the toughest thing I have ever done," Eske admits.
These experiences affected the twins deeply, and both have been driven towards a deeper understanding of how the challenge of survival has forged us as humans over the past 50,000 years. It led Eske into the science of genetics, and to pioneering the new field of ancient DNA sequencing. Now director of the Centre for GeoGenetics at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, Eske has sequenced the world's oldest genome (a 700,000-year-old horse) and was the first to sequence the genome of an ancient human, a 4,000-year-old Saqqaq man from Greenland. Since then, he has gone on to sequence yet more ancient humans and, in doing so, has fundamentally changed our understanding of early human migration through Europe and beyond. If anyone can unpick my origins, it is surely Eske.
First, though, I go to meet his twin Rane, who studied humanities, went into cultural anthropology and is now a professor at Aarhus University. He's not convinced that his brother's genetic approach can reveal all the answers to my questions: "There exists an uneasy relationship between biology and culture," he tells me. "Natural scientists claim they can reveal what sort of people moved around, and they are not interested in having their models challenged. But this cannot tell you anything about what people thought or what their culture was."
To put this point to Eske, I visit him in his delightful museum office, opposite a petite moated castle and in the grounds of the botanic gardens – there could scarcely be a more idyllic place for a scientist to work. Greeting him for the first time, just hours after meeting Rane, is disconcerting. Identical twins are genetically and physically almost exactly the same – looking back, many years from now, at DNA left by the brothers, it would be all but impossible to tell them apart or even to realise that there were two of them.
Eske tells me that he is increasingly working with archaeologists to gain additional cultural perspective, but that genetic analysis can answer questions that nothing else can. "You find cultural objects in certain places and the fundamental question is: Does that mean people who made it were actually there or that it was traded? And, if you find very similar cultural objects, does that mean there was parallel or convergent cultural evolution in the two places, or does that mean there was contact?" he explains.
"For example, one theory says the very first people crossing into the Americas were not Native Americans but Europeans crossing the Atlantic, because the stone tools thousands of years ago in America are similar to stone tools in Europe at the same time. Only when we did the genetic testing could we see it was convergent evolution, because the guys carrying and using those tools have nothing to do with Europeans. They were Native Americans. So the genetics, in terms of migrations, is by far the most powerful tool we have available now to determine: was it people moving around or was it culture moving around? And this is really fundamental."
What Eske went on to discover about Native American origins rewrote our understanding completely. It had been thought that they were simply descendants of East Asians who had crossed the Bering Strait. In 2013, however, Eske sequenced the genome of a 24,000-year-old boy discovered in central Siberia, and found a missing link between ancient Europeans and East Asians, the descendants of whom would go on to populate America. Native Americans can thus trace their roots back to Europe as well as East Asia.
And what about my ancestors? I show Eske the H4a haplotype analysed by the sequencing company and tell him it means I'm European. He laughs derisively. "You could be and you could be from somewhere else," he says. "The problem with the gene-sequencing tests is that you can't look at a population and work back to see when mutation arose with much accuracy – the error bars are huge and it involves lots of assumptions about mutation rates.
"This is why ancient genetics and ancient genomics are so powerful – you can look at an individual and say, 'Now we know we are 5,000 years ago, how did it look? Did they have this gene or not?'"
While ancient genomics can help satisfy curiosity about our origins, its real value may be in trying to unpick different health risks
The things that we thought we understood about Europeans are coming unstuck as we examine the genes of more ancient people. For example, it was generally accepted that pale skin evolved so we could get more vitamin D after moving north to where there was little sun and people had to cover up against the cold. But it turns out that it was the Yamnaya people from much further south, tall and brown-eyed, who brought pale skins to Europe. Northern Europeans before then were dark-skinned and got plenty of vitamin D from eating fish.
It is the same with lactose tolerance. Around 90 per cent of Europeans have a genetic mutation that allows them to digest milk into adulthood, and scientists had assumed that this gene evolved in farmers in northern Europe, giving them an additional food supply to help survive the long winters. But Eske's research using the genomes of hundreds of Bronze Age people, who lived after the advent of farming, has cast doubt on this theory too: "We found that the genetic trait was almost non-existent in the European population. This trait only became abundant in the northern European population within the last 2,000 years," he says.
It turns out that lactose tolerance genes were also introduced by the Yamnaya. "They had a slightly higher tolerance to milk than the European farmers and must have introduced it to the European gene pool. Maybe there was a disaster around 2,000 years ago that caused a population bottleneck and allowed the gene to take off. The Viking sagas talk about the sun becoming black – a major volcanic eruption – that could have caused a massive drop in population size, which could have been where some of that stock takes off with lactose."
While ancient genomics can help satisfy curiosity about our origins, its real value may be in trying to unpick some of the different health risks in different populations. Even when lifestyle and social factors are taken into account, some groups are at significantly higher risk of diseases such as diabetes or HIV, while other groups seem more resistant. Understanding why could help us prevent and treat these diseases more effectively.
It had been thought that resistance to infections like measles, influenza and so on arrived once we changed our culture and started farming, living in close proximity with other people and with animals. Farming started earlier in Europe, which was thought to be why we have disease resistance but Native Americans don't, and also why the genetic risks of diabetes and obesity are higher in native Australian and Chinese people than in Europeans.
"Then," says Eske, "we sequenced a hunter-gatherer from Spain, and he showed clear genetic resistance to a number of pathogens that he shouldn't have been exposed to." Clearly, Europeans and other groups have a resistance that other groups don't have, but is this really a result of the early agricultural revolution in Europe, or is something else going on?
Eske's analysis of people living 5,000 years ago has also revealed massive epidemics of plague in Europe and Central Asia, 3,000 years earlier than previously thought. Around 10 per cent of all skeletons the team analysed had evidence of plague. "Scandinavians and some northern Europeans have higher resistance to HIV than anywhere else in the world," Eske notes. "Our theory is that their HIV resistance is partly resistance towards plague."
It could be that the cultural changes we have made, such as farming and herding, have had less influence on our genes than we thought. Perhaps it is simply the randomness of genetic mutation that has instead changed our culture. There's no doubt that where mutations have occurred and spread through our population, they have influenced the way we look, our health risks and what we can eat. My ancestors clearly didn't stop evolving once they'd left Africa – we're still evolving now – and they have left an intriguing trail in our genes.
At the Gibraltar Museum, a pair of Dutch archaeology artists have created life-size replicas of a Neanderthal woman and her grandson, based on finds from nearby. They are naked but for a woven amulet and decorative feathers in their wild hair. The boy, aged about four, is embracing his grandmother, who stands confidently and at ease, smiling at the viewer. It's an unnerving, extraordinarily powerful connection with someone whose genes I may well share, and I recall Clive's words from when I asked him if modern humans had simply replaced Neanderthals because of our superior culture.
"That replacement theory is a kind of racism. It's a very colonialist mentality," he said. "You're talking almost as if they were another species."
Professor Eske Willerslev is a research associate at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, which is funded by a core grant from the Wellcome Trust, which publishes Mosaic.
This article first appeared on Mosaic.


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Dan + Shay's Shay Mooney Shaved His Beard and We Don't Recognize Him Anymore
Dan + Shay's Shay Mooney is going through his own hair transformation while sheltering at home in Nashville. The singer shaved his beard and mustache, and if we're being honest, we're not 100 percent convinced it's him.
Above is a recent picture of Mooney with duo partner Dan Smyers. Up until now it'd been Smyers who was experimenting with his follicles. He used to be the clean-shaved, short-haired member of the group, but in 2020 he's got something of a dark lion's mane and a man's man kind of beard.
Mooney has more or less been consistent in the hair and wardrobe area. Below, find a picture from when the duo first broke in 2014. Sure, they look like hungry teenagers by comparison, but Mooney's look is very much the same as it is today.
Or we should say, it's very much the same as it was.
On Instagram Stories, Mooney revealed that he was considering taking a Bic to his chin and cheeks. For his part, Smyers seems to be standing pat with his look.
Boredom manifests many strange hobbies, as country fans are learning this time of social distancing, although this may be a rare break for 28-year-old. He and wife Hannah have their hands full with two kids at home, including newborn Ames.
Musically, "10,000 Hours" is Dan + Shay's most recent single from an upcoming album. They were set to tour heavily in 2020, but like all tours and events, their spring dates have been postponed due to coronavirus.
So This Is How Country Music's Biggest Stars Are Living:


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Mysteries of Elizabeth Stride
In researching the life of Elizabeth Stride, the third victim of Jack the Ripper, for my novel, Say Anything But Your Prayers, I discovered several fun mysteries beyond the most obvious one concerning the identity of her murderer. In the process of writing a fictionalized account of her life, I had to make sense of the mysteries, and that meant coming up with reasonable story elements to stand in for missing information. One of the most interesting mysteries involves a misidentification of her body while it was at the mortuary. I will get to that shortly. First a couple of smaller mysteries.
On the surface, Elizabeth and her husband, John Stride, seemed to have had good opportunities. They opened a coffee shop in London in 1870. Although the shop was moved to two other locations within the city over time, they ran it until 1875 when their ownership of the business was sold. John Stride was a carpenter during a time when London was growing in leaps and bounds. Despite these endeavors, in the end, the couple was impoverished and both spent time in the workhouse.
Concerning the coffee shop—the Strides could have been terrible at business. In researching the possibilities, I discovered another likely explanation: The Ceylon coffee crop, which was the main source for the British Empire, was all but destroyed by a fungus known as coffee rust in the early 1870s. As a result of the damage to the crop, the price of coffee might have become too high.
Concerning John's carpentry—yes, London was growing by leaps and bounds, but the industrial revolution had eliminated so many jobs throughout the countryside and the unemployed flooded into the city to find work. Competition for jobs was fierce. Any stain on a worker's reputation might leave him out in the cold, and that could include not making the required "contributions" to organizations that organized carpentry work and workers. Victorian London was a challenging environment in which to live and thrive. The possible reasons for a lack of success for John Stride's carpentry are endless. I chose one that made sense within the context of the tale I was telling and helped further the plot.
Two days after Elizabeth Stride's death, on Tuesday, October 2, during the inquest into her murder, a woman named Mary Malcolm testified that she'd seen the body at mortuary twice and was certain it was that of her sister, Elizabeth Watts. She said that she met with her sister each Saturday on a street corner to give her financial assistance. She'd been meeting her for that purpose for at least three years, yet on the previous Saturday, her sister didn't show up. Mrs. Malcolm recounted a strange experience she'd had that night. "I was in bed, and about twenty minutes past one on Sunday morning, I felt a pressure on my breast and heard three distinct kisses. It was that which made me afterwards suspect that the woman who had been murdered was my sister." This occurrence, coincides approximately with the hour of Stride's death.
Under questioning by the coroner, Detective-Inspector Ried, and the Foreman of the inquest, Mrs. Malcolms said of her sister, Elizabeth Watts, that she'd once had a policeman as a lover, that she'd lived with a man who kept a coffee shop in Poplar, that she'd gone by the nickname Long Liz, that she was a drunkard who had been arrested more than once for public drunkenness, and that she'd gotten released from jail on one occasion by saying that she was subject to epileptic seizures. All six of these descriptions seemed to also hold true for Elizabeth Stride.
Mrs. Malcolm said that in part she could recognize her sister's body because the right leg had a small black mark. "It was from the bite of an adder. One day, when children, we were rolling down a hill together, and we came across an adder. The thing bit me first and my sister afterwards. I have still the mark of the bite on my left hand."
The Coroner had already received information from other borders at the common lodging where Elizabeth Stride had been living that the body was hers. He instructed Mrs. Malcolm to go as usual on the upcoming Saturday to the corner where she met Elizabeth Watts to see if her sister turned up.
Elizabeth Watts—who had taken the name of her current husband and was named Elizabeth Stokes—did turn up. When the inquest reconvened on Tuesday, October 23, the woman became a witness, declared herself very much alive, and said many things meant to discredit Mary Malcolm.
Still, there are the six elements of description Mrs. Malcolm gave that fit Elizabeth Stride. I found only weak explanations for this mystery. Applying the principle of Occam's razor, the simplest explanation is that Mary Malcolm lied, but coincidentally offered up so many descriptions that actually fit Elizabeth Stride that she might have been believed if Elizabeth Stokes had not shown up.
The solution to the mystery that I chose seems to be the next-simplest, and helped me to further develop the character of Elizabeth Stride. I had a lot of fun fitting my solution into the greater puzzle of her life.
Say Anything But Your Prayers, was released by Lazy Fascist Press in 2014. The novel is the second book in my Jack the Ripper Victims series, the first being Of Thimble and Threat, about the life of Catherine Eddowes—Lazy fascist Press in 2011. Exploring the long gone, but not lost world of Victorian London has been an immense pleasure for me as I perform research for the books. The first two volumes within the series are also available in one ebook titled Jack the Ripper Victims Series: The Double Event.
The third novel, A Brutal Chill in August, about the life of the first victim, Mary Ann "Polly" Nichols, was released on August 31st, 2016, the 128th anniversary of her death.
—Alan M. Clark
Eugene, Oregon
The artwork with this post: "Her Client" copyright © 2014 Alan M. Clark.
Author and illustrator, Alan M. Clark grew up in Tennessee in a house full of bones and old medical books. His awards include the World Fantasy Award and four Chesley Awards. He is the author of seventeen books, including ten novels, a lavishly illustrated novella, four collections of fiction, and a nonfiction full-color book of his artwork. Mr. Clark's company, IFD Publishing, has released 44 titles of various editions, including traditional books, both paperback and hardcover, audio books, and ebooks by such authors as F. Paul Wilson, Elizabeth Engstrom, and Jeremy Robert Johnson. Alan M. Clark and his wife, Melody, live in Oregon. www.alanmclark.com


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TouchRight Utilities
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GoodRVfood Recipes Tagged: Jalapeno
All of our recipes are specifically written for preparation in the small galley kitchens found in recreational vehicles (RV) including motor homes, 5th wheels, trailers, and boats. We are continually looking for new and exciting ways to prepare food that tastes good and is good for you without requiring too many accessories and without leaving a huge mess to clean up. This is where you can help. Please tell us about your favorite recipe that can be prepared in a small kitchen.
Some recipes use additional cooking equipment which is noted above the ingredients on the recipe itself.
Recipes tagged with Jalapeno.
- Jalapeno Green Onion Quesadilla - by Cathy Lea. (Entrees)
Attributes: Jalapeno, Cheese, Stovetop - Migas - by Cathy Lea. (Breakfasts)
Attributes: Eggs, Tomatoes, Onions, Jalapenos, Cheese, Stovetop, Photo - Salsa Verde with Avocado - by Cathy Lea. (Snacks)
Attributes: Jalapeno, Tomatillos, Onions, Avocados, Lime, Food_Processor, No-Cook - Spicy Cucumber Salad - by Cathy Lea. (Salads)
Attributes: Cucumbers, Cilantro, Vinegar, Sugar, Jalapenos, No-Cook, Photo
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Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland, center) faces his final conflict this season on 24. Photo by Kelsey McNeal and copyright of Fox.
Now in its eighth season with Kiefer Sutherland starring as the heroic Jack Bauer, the inventive and suspenseful 24 has been nominated for a total of 68 Emmy Awards - winning for Outstanding Drama Series in 2006. Over the course of seven seasons, Sutherland garnered seven Emmy nominations and a win for Outstanding Lead Actor - Drama Series. While the series gained global recognition, Sutherland's portrayal of the legendary character penetrated the American psyche like no other dramatic television character to become part of the English lexicon.
Premiering on November 6th, 2001, 24 employed a pioneering, split-screen, fast-paced format with complex interweaving storylines as viewers followed anti-terrorism agent Jack Bauer through pulse-pounding episodes, each covering one hour and presented in real time. On Monday, May 24th, the show's eighth and last season will conclude with a two-hour finale airing on Fox from 8:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. EST/PST. Last Friday, 24 showrunner and executive producer Howard Gordon chatted with myself and other journalists about the series and his work on it. The following is an edited version of that Q & A - enjoy!
There is a huge online and Twitter fan base for this show that has been upset about the death of Annie Wersching's character, Renee. Was there another choice you had been pondering, or was killing the character off the idea from the beginning?
HOWARD GORDON - Typically we come upon these things as more of improvisations, but this was one that we had come up with at the very beginning of the season and stuck with for reasons that I think everybody is seeing right now, which is obviously motivating Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland) to this very final, climactic confrontation and taking him to a place he has never been before. I have to say that I'm taking peoples' outrage as a measure of interest, and their indifference would have been far more hurtful than their outrage. But we have a history of doing that. I remember when that happened with Edgar (Louis Lombardi) we got a fair bit of angry e-mail, but, yes, this is something that we've thought about and thought about very carefully, and hopefully did it well.
I was wondering if the decision that this would be 24's last season came early enough that you could do any adjustments in the show, or is this the way you were going to end this no matter what?
HG - It's a good question, and it was one that the network asked as well. To me, the show was always going to end the way it was going to end, whether there was a ninth season or a movie because the story has been told. What I think changed, though, was the context of it all. In other words, it really took on a different meaning. I've said this in the past that I think any number of seasons in years past – season four, season five, I think even last year – could have been a really cool series finale. Only the fact that this was our series finale did it really have the kind of context that, wow, we're really saying goodbye to this character. And there is a final moment that is very specific to the series finale. It's not so much a plot moment, but it's a punctuation mark that I think is unique to the series finale. But the answer is really no. We told the story the way it was going to be told and would have no matter what.
Are there any hints you can give about what people might expect in the series finale? Also, was there an emotional place you wanted to leave Jack as you wrapped up the show?
HG - We tried on a couple of very different endings for size and the one we came to at the end is the one that felt just right. So it was not for lack of trying a couple of different ways. But we knew it when we saw it, that this was the right way to do it. One thing we tried and didn't work was happily ever after for Jack. Forgetting for a moment about the last eight seasons, what he does in these last few episodes, which you haven't seen yet, leaves him once again in a very compromised place morally, ethically and emotionally. This show is a tragedy, so to give Jack a happy ending just didn't feel authentic. We gave him a happy beginning, and I really am very pleased with the way we started and, of course, gave him something to care about with Annie Wersching (Renee Walker) and his own family. And of course, circumstances and the story dictated a kind of very complex confrontation.
As far as what can expect in the finale has to do with the things that were aligning, which were basically Chloe (Mary Lynn Rajskub) versus Jack versus President Taylor (Cherry Jones). We're taking all these characters to places that we've never seen them before. We knew it constituted a risk and one that was frankly challenging to write and, among the actors, pretty challenging to play. But it was one really we think was worth taking and I think it pays off really well in the end. In the spirit of trying to take the series to a place where it hasn't been before, we've done this thing. It's certainly not playing it safe, but it is very emotionally climactic and, we think, we're pretty excited by it.
A lot of fans absolutely hated the whole Dana Walsh (Katee Sackhoff) character and sub-plot; I wanted to sort of get your defense of how that whole thing played out.
HG - Every season there is something that people seem to fixate on. You know, I got it and I guess all I kept telling people was to please wait until the story had been told before they commented. To me, I think episode 20 answered that question. I'm really, really proud of that episode and what I liked about it, too, was that for the first time, this very complex and admittedly very confused and crazy character, this onion of a character, got peeled down to the nub and you finally really understand a little bit, anyway, who she is. Now, of course, she is a sociopath and it's kind of an insane story. But we also saw that Dana really cared about Cole (Freddie Prinze, Jr.); that she really had done this all to get out of a situation she got herself into.
Look, it's crazy, the fact that there is a girl from Rock Springs who somehow manages to get in to CTU as an analyst under an alias. And the fact that the Russians had sponsored her and put her in there made it make some sense. I think it was a pretty wild roller coaster of a character which Katee pulled off, I think, beautifully. What I liked about it was that what felt unnatural or weird and maybe what didn't resonate with people at the beginning was that very fact that Dana wasn't authentic, that she was this counterfeit personality in the midst of our heroes.
I'm happy with the way it resolved. I really haven't gone online to see how people reacted or whether they are even more upset. But I think in the end, Dana acquitted herself pretty well and her story turned out to be very interesting.
About a month or two ago there was some talk on the business side of whether the show might be shopped around elsewhere (another network). Was there ever really anything to that? Would that have been something you wanted to do?
HG - You know, it wasn't something I wanted to do. It was something that I was willing to entertain as a loyal Fox employee - to help Fox find new personnel to run the show, and maybe even recruit some of the guys who had been with me. But when we really looked at each other, Kiefer included, I think we all felt that we were really telling our final season. We kind of knew that at the beginning of the year, and we always kept the door open. Fox may have had different conversations that didn't share entirely the same concerns we had in terms of that fact that we had really come to the creative conclusion of the story and wanted to end as close to the top as we can. But we did have some real conversations, and I certainly was insinuated into them. However, when we really sat down and considered it, it was something that just never caught fire.
I guess you're taking Jack to a place he's never been before, but he's been pretty far down already in the episodes. Can he get so low, though, that he can't come back? And can he come back?
HG - That's a great question; that was really the question we asked ourselves and certainly the studio asked us. The answer is no. The good part about Jack's character, and I really believe what has been a good part of the show, is that we never press reset. In other words, Jack is a character and you feel the accumulated scars of his experience and the weight of his actions for eight years. Jack has never been able to sort of snap back, even when he is happy, even when we introduced Audrey (Kim Raver) in season five. It wasn't like that didn't discount all the tragedy that had preceded it. Like in the beginning of this year, Jack allowed himself a moment of joy or possibility of human contact with his own daughter and her husband and his granddaughter, but it doesn't discount what has happened before.
So I don't think Jack is ever going to recover from what has gone on. It just adds to the weight as well as the complexity and darkness of his character. Jack has never gone happily-ever-after; that's just not in his wheel house. The show is ultimately a tragedy and you have to really play that and you have to honor that.
When you cast Katee Sackhoff, what exactly in her past body of work did you see as potential for the Dana character and how you wanted to develop it?
HG - Honestly, when we cast her, all the writers were just all fans of hers from Battlestar Galactica. We met Katee, sat down with her and just liked her as a person. We knew that Dana was a character with a past and we knew that she was a really interesting actor. But in all honesty, we weren't sure where the character was going to go and were just sort of willing to proceed in good faith that we'd find something. It really, really was a challenging part and Katee was completely game for everything we threw at her. And again, particularly in episode 20, I think that was her greatest moment. She gave a phenomenal and nuanced performance.
This season, what moment are you most proud of, most satisfied with? And conversely, is there anything you wish you had done differently but just couldn't because of time, resources or budget?
HG - I'll start with the first question. The moment I'm most proud of, frankly, is the very last one, which obviously you haven't seen yet. I'd kind of been obsessing for a while about what was going to be the last image or the last second on a real-time show, and I think that maybe it has a little more weight than any other moment of any other season finale. So for me, that was really something I was very, very happy with. Otherwise, I think we had some phenomenally exciting moments, one being when Renee took off Ziya's thumb. I loved that moment and the way she played it. It was just a beautiful performance and one that wasn't necessarily in the script. The way she sort of sexualized the character was a great moment. I loved Hassan's death, too. I thought that was really moving as well as surprising and sad. I'd say those are my two favorite moments except for the last one.
As far as regrets, I have remarkably few regrets, or none. I'd say the only thing was that the budget was rolled back a bit this year as it was across the board for all Fox shows. Hopefully it was invisible to the audience, but we didn't have what in years past was a real ability to re-shoot or enhance some of the production. So we had to do a little bit of belt-tightening.
When you look back at the legacy of 24, I know that everybody is going to remember the innovative concept. I'm just curious, are you happy with that being the legacy of the show, or would you prefer it to be something else?
HG - I think you're right. One of the legacies of the show, and perhaps the most important one, is the revolutionary concept. But I think the legacy of the show is also, having been here from the beginning, is the fact that we just never let go of the reins and truly never let down our guard. I'm just proud of the effort that everybody put into the show from our end creating the show. The audience stayed with us by and large, and I think that is a measure of the fact that we kept the story interesting to us to create it. Consequently, it was interesting to write it.
The legacy of the show, too, we certainly seemed to have an interesting dance with the culture and with our society and with the world after 9/11. So I think we very much were part of the first decade of this century; we played a role in it somehow and I think that legacy is a significant one as well. But hopefully we just put on a really good TV show that people will continue to watch on DVD and in reruns.
What have you enjoyed most, would you say, about your 24 experience and what has been perhaps the most creatively fulfilling for you, working on the show?
HG - Getting to work with such talented people is a privilege, and you have to have been doing it for long enough and be of a certain age to really appreciate it. First of all, starting with my colleagues, my fellow writers were just brilliant. I got to work with, I think, some of the best writers and producers in the business. The entire crew, because of the culture we created, everybody really was a stakeholder in the show so whether it was hair and make-up or wardrobe or props, people all were involved. And our editors, our editors are some of the best storytellers I've ever met. Not that it was a democracy, but it certainly was a collective effort. It was a team, and a lot of these people have been on this team now for nine years, so getting to work with people – I'll never have the chance to work with this many talented people ever again. I can't really describe any great moment, but it was just a great nine years and an amazing privilege.
As noted above, photo by Kelsey McNeal and copyright of Fox Television, so please no unauthorized copying or duplicating of any kind. Thanks!