text:
Update: 2018-12-01: Updated BGEP data through 2017
Update: 2018-11-30: Provided Summary files as netCDF 4 files
Update: 2018-11-21: Added IceBridge Quicklook (2017-2018)
Update:2018-11-21: Updated CryoSat-AWI through October 2018, updated to AWI version 2.1
Update: 2018-11-21: Updated USSUB-DG to include SCICEX 2011 and 2014 Data
Update: 2018-11-21: Added USSUB-HI data source to include submarine ULS draft from LeShack 1980
Update:2019-09-20: Added IceBridge-Quicklook 2019, fixed date problem with IceBridge QL 2017/2018
- Introduction
- How is the data set organized?
- Do you have data to submit?
- Citations
- Contact
- Acknowledgement
- Update History
Sea ice thickness is, perhaps, the most important climate state variable that is currently poorly observed, poorly documented, and poorly archived. We as a community can do much better and a unified sea ice thickness data set is an important step forward. This new archive will be a valuable baseline and a continuously growing resource for ongoing work by many groups in understanding, predicting, and adapting to changes in the polar regions.
While ice extent is well measured by satellite, monitoring ice thickness has been and remains a challenge. However the amount of ice draft and satellite data available in the last few years from both polar regions has increased markedly, providing a large and growing resource. Existing observations of ice thickness span a variety of methods, accuracies, and temporal and spatial scales and are archived in a variety of different locations and in different formats. Each has its own strengths in terms of sampling or accuracy. The uncertainties are documented to various levels of detail for the different data sources but the documentation in general is spread throughout the literature.
This new data set is a concerted effort to collect as many observations as possible in one place, with consistent formats, and with clear and abundant documentation. It will allow the community to better utilize what is now a considerable body of observations. With a variety of data in one location and format, it will be much easier to compare the different sources with each other and with model output. The increased space and time coverage of a unified dataset will facilitate improved analyses of how and where sea-ice thickness has changed over the last three decades. This data set targets the wealth of data that are now available from moored and submarine-based upward looking sonar (ULS) instruments, airborne electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments, and satellite laser altimeters (ICESat). These instruments offer adequate sampling dating from 1975 to establish the mean ice thickness and thickness distribution for scales generally appropriate for change detection and climate model validations.
This archive includes, or points to, both point measurements as acquired from the data providers and average values. The average values provide easy access for the change detection and modeling communities and consist of one-month averages of moored ULS data or 50-km averages of submarine, airborne, or satellite data. (Roughly 50 km of ice passes over a typical mooring site in a month and monthly output is commonly saved in model runs.)
The following is a partial list of data sources that are or will be included in the new unified data set:
Submarine ULS data: Over 120,000 km of tracks of ice draft have been processed for the Arctic Ocean since 1960 from both US and UK submarines.
North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO): An oceanographic mooring has been continuously deployed at the North Pole in more than 4000 m of water since the spring of 2001.
Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS): IOS has deployed a series of ULS instruments in and around the Mackenzie Delta, in Nares Strait and in the eastern Beaufort Sea under the direction of Dr. Melling. Also, NOAA supported IOS in the deployment of a ULS-equipped mooring on the Chukchi Shelf in 2004—2005.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI): The Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project, under the leadership of Dr. Proshutinsky, has deployed 3 to 4 moored ULS instruments in the deep water of the Beaufort Sea since 2003.
Alfred Wegener Instititute (AWI): AWI has deployed moored ULS instruments in both the Arctic, primarily in Fram Strait, and in the Antarctic, primarily in or near the Weddell Sea (starting in 1990). AWI is also the source of the CryoSat data.
University of Alberta: Dr. Christian Haas has made a number of helicopter-borne surveys of the ice thickness with an electromagnetic induction (EM) instrument in both the Arctic and in the Antarctic.
ICESat Satellite data: ICESat laser-altimeter freeboard measurements and ice thickness estimates are available sporadically from 2003 to 2009.
How is the data set organized?
As seen above, the ice thickness data comes from many different sources, each with its own measurement and processing methods. Each source has its own page in this web site which can be found under the "sources" button at the top. Each source typically has data from multiple moorings, submarine cruises, or field campaigns, but all are closely related by methodology and processing.
The data from each platform or cruise is averaged into one-month or 50-km samples. Two separate files are made for all the samples from each source, one with a summary of the measurement time and location and the mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation of the basic measurement, be it draft, thickness, or freeboard. Additional statistics are included for the meaurement depth or height and the water temperature. A second file includes the full ice draft or thickness distribution (the probability distribution function, or pdf) of the measurement in 300 bins, each 10 cm wide. Both of these files can be accessed from the source web pages or through the Data Table page.
An archive version of the data is at the National Snow and Ice Data Center. The PSC version (this web site) will be updated as new data becomes available while the NSIDC version will updated about once a year. The NSIDC web site is
Lindsay, R. 2013. Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record Collection Spanning 1947-2012. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. http://dx.doi.org/10.7265/N5D50JXV.
We are looking for any ice thickness observations that provide an estimate of the ice thickness distribution. Please contact us if you have some data you would like to have included here.
Lindsay, R. W., 2010: A new sea ice thickness climate data record, EOS, 44, 405–406.
Data from This Site
Schweiger,A. J., 2017: Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, psc.apl.washington.edu/sea_ice_cdr, digital media, http://psc.apl.uw.edu/sea_ice_cdr, accessed on <date>
For the NSIDC data use
Lindsay, R. 2013. Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record Collection Spanning 1947-2012. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. http://dx.doi.org/10.7265/N5D50JXV.
If you use data from this data set please cite both this data set and the individual data providers, as indicated on each source page.
Axel Schweiger, email: email@example.com
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington
Comments and suggestions are welcome.
This project is or has been supported by the NOAA Climate Program Office, Climate Change Data and Detection Program, the NASA Office of Polar Programs, and NSF Arctic Programs


text:
"As you know, I recently visited Gaza. The civilian population has suffered greatly during three weeks of military operations. More than a third of the 6,600 dead and injured were children and women. As a father of three, I was especially troubled by their suffering and the psychological trauma so many families went through.
Help is indeed needed urgently: food, clean water, shelter, medicine, restoration of basic services. Everywhere I went, I saw the evidence of critical humanitarian needs. The population were already vulnerable because of so many months of severely restricted supplies. That is why the Humanitarian Flash Appeal for Gaza that we are announcing today is so timely and so important. With the help of this $ 613 million appeal, the United Nations and other aid agencies can jump into action to help the 1.4 million civilians in the Gaza Strip to recover."
The emphasis on psychological trauma is particularly interesting, especially considering the civilian devastation, destruction of schools and the 2,267 children who were injured or killed in the conflict. Psychological trauma in post conflict situations does not solely affect children. Men in Gaza also face long term psychological trauma following the violence and lack of opportunity.
In the light of the World Economic Forum and the global economic crisis, perhaps the largest long term threat to human rights and humanitarian aid is economic:
"The systemic and perpetual economic hindrances imposed upon the Palestinian economy by the Israeli occupation are viewed by most experts to be the primary impediment to allowing the Palestinian economy to reach its full potential. The World Bank has identified three principal "paralytic effects" of Israeli policies on the Palestinian economy: access to economies of scale, access to natural resources and access to an investment horizon. It also cited physical impediments — road blocks, closures, earth mounds and the ongoing construction of the wall on West Bank land […] — as a 'paralysis confronting the Palestinian economy'."
The paralysis, as UN humanitarian chief John Holmes suggests, is on the border:
"Unless all of them [border crossings] are effectively opened, we're never going to be able to get enough supplies to Gaza."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
Quick Info
St John's Wood, London, England
Cambridge, England
Geoffrey Taylor's father was Edward Ingram Taylor (born Paddington, London, 1855) who was an artist who designed and decorated the public rooms in ocean liners. He was also a painter of landscapes and did exceptional drawings of flowers. His mother, Margaret Boole (born in Ireland about 1859), was the second daughter of George Boole and Mary Boole, so Geoffrey was a grandson of George Boole and Alicia Stott was his aunt. He had a younger brother Julius who was born about 1889.Geoffrey Taylor attended school in Hampstead, and there he began to find his love of science. At the age of 11 he attended a series of children's Christmas lectures on The principles of the electric telegraph and these made a strong impression on him. He was introduced to William Thomson at one of these lectures and Lord Kelvin told him he had been friendly with Geoffrey Taylor's grandfather George Boole.
In 1899 Taylor went to University College School and in 1905 he won a scholarship to study at Trinity College, Cambridge. There he read mathematics, attending lectures by A N Whitehead, Whittaker and G H Hardy. After taking Part I of the Mathematical Tripos he moved towards physics taking Part II of the Natural Sciences Tripos. He then won a scholarship to undertake research at Trinity College.
One of his first pieces of research was a theoretical study of shock waves where he extended work by Thomson. This contribution won him a Smith's Prize. He also undertook experimental work, following a suggestion by J J Thomson, to test quantum theory. In 1910 he was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College. The following year he was appointed to a meteorology post, becoming Reader in Dynamical Meteorology, and his work on turbulence in the atmosphere led to his publication Turbulent motion in fluids which won the Adams Prize at Cambridge in 1915.
The British luxury passenger liner the Titanic sank on 15 April 1912 on its maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York, in the United States. A little before midnight on 14 April the Titanic, which was considered unsinkable, collided with an iceberg about 650 km south of Newfoundland. The ship could float with four of its sixteen watertight compartments flooded but at least five were holed by the iceberg. As a result of the disaster, the first International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea was held in London in 1913. One of its proposals was to establish an International Ice Patrol to warn ships of icebergs in the North Atlantic shipping lanes. The ship the Scotia was the first vessel sent on such a patrol in 1913, and Taylor served as meteorologist on the ship. He took the opportunity to take a whole range of measurements of pressure, humidity and temperature on which he was later to base his theoretical model of turbulent mixing of the air.
The outbreak of World War I saw Taylor offer his services and he was sent to the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough to use his scientific skills in the design and operation of aeroplanes. Here he worked on the stress on propeller shafts. This led him to think about the limiting strengths of materials and this influenced some of his later projects. Taylor did not treat this as an office job for a researcher, however, for he took a very active part learning to fly aeroplanes and make parachute jumps.
After World War I Taylor returned to a lectureship at Trinity College, Cambridge. One of the topics he worked on at this stage was an application of turbulent flow to oceanography. He also worked on the problem of bodies passing through a rotating fluid. In 1923 Taylor was appointed to a Royal Society research professorship as a Yarrow Research Professor. This enabled him to stop teaching which he had been doing for the previous four years. As Batchelor writes in [3]:-
He was not a natural lecturer and not much interested in teaching...At this stage Taylor made a great many fundamental steps in the study of fluids. This period is described in [3]:-
His investigations in the mechanics of fluids and solids covered an extraordinary wide range, and most of them exhibited the originality and insight for which he was now becoming famous.He undertook research on the deformation of crystalline materials, work which led on from his World War I work at Farnborough. Among the many topics he studied was another major contribution to turbulent flow, where he introduced a new approach through a statistical study of velocity fluctuations.
In 1925 Taylor married Stephanie Ravenhill; they had no children. It was a marriage which lasted for 42 years until Stephanie's death in 1967.
During World War II Taylor again worked on applications of his expertise to military problems such as the propagation of blast waves, studying both waves in the air and underwater explosions.
Taylor continued his research after the end of the War, taking the opportunity to complete some more thorough investigations into problems where previously the pressure of finding solutions had prevented him from taking his study further. He retired in 1952 but, still supported by the Royal Society, he continued his work at Cambridge with little evidence that his status had in any way changed until 1972. In that year he suffered a stroke from which he only partially recovered. During his last three years he suffered the frustrations of wanting to get back to scientific work although his physical condition would not allow it.
Taylor received many honours during his life. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1919, winning its Royal Medal in 1933 and its Copley Medal in 1944:-
... for his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications.Also in 1944 he was knighted and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1969. He was elected to membership of academic societies in many countries including the United States, France, Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, India, Poland, and the USSR. He received honorary degrees from more than a dozen universities throughout the world and over twenty Medals for his outstanding contributions to applied mathematics. He published over 250 papers in his long career on applied mathematics, mathematical physics and engineering. His contribution is summed up in [3] as follows:-
Taylor's work is of the greatest importance to the mechanics of fluids and solids and to their application in meteorology, oceanography, aeronautics, metal physics, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering. The nature of his thinking was like that of Stokes, Kelvin and Rayleigh, although he got more from experiments than any one of these three. He had the rare honour of seeing his scientific papers, some previously unpublished, gathered together and published in four thick volumes during his lifetime.No biography of Geoffrey Taylor would be complete without describing some of his interests outside mathematics. We have already mentioned his voyage on the Scotia when he was a young man, but his love of boats went back earlier than this; it went back to his boyhood. He loved messing about in small boats as a boy and his passion continued in later life when he owned a 19 ton cutter in which he sailed with his wife to the Shetlands, to Norway, and to the Lofoten Islands [1]:-
Travel always appealed to him, especially if it took him to strange places unknown to tourists and "unspoiled" by material development. With his wife he explored Borneo in 1929 after attending a Pacific Science Congress. He was a keen and perceptive botanist, and took a great pleasure in the familiar plants of his well-stocked garden in Cambridge and in what he saw elsewhere and abroad.
References (show)
- Obituary in The Times
See THIS LINK - G K Batchelor, The life and legacy of G I Taylor (Cambridge, 1996).
- G K Batchelor, Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London 22 (1976), 565-633.
- G K Batchelor, Taylor, Sir Geoffrey Ingram, Dictionary of National Biography 1971-1980 (Oxford-New York, 1986), 833-834. See THIS LINK.
- G K Batchelor, An unfinished dialogue with G I Taylor, J. Fluid Mech. 70 (4) (1975), 625-638.
- G K Batchelor, G I Taylor as I knew him, in Advances in applied mechanics 16 (New York, 1976), 1-8.
- G K Batchelor, Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, 7 March 1886-27 June 1975, J. Fluid Mech. 173 (1986), 1-14.
- M Roy, Notice nécrologique sur Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, correspondant pour la section de mécanique, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Vie Académique 281 (20) (1975), 80-82.
- Sir Geoffrey I Taylor, Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verslag Afd. Natuurk. 84 (7) (1975), 112.
- G Taylor, Aeronautics before 1919, Bull. Inst. Math. Appl. 10 (9-10) (1974), 363-366.
- J S Turner, G[eoffrey] I[ngram] Taylor [1886-1975] in his later years, Annual review of fluid mechanics 29 (Palo Alto, CA, 1997), 1-25.
Additional Resources (show)
Other pages about Geoffrey Taylor:
Other websites about Geoffrey Taylor:
Honours (show)
Cross-references (show)
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update October 2003
Last Update October 2003


text:
Before it became China's capital in 1949, Beijing was a fairly provincial little city of 2 million people.
Today, it has grown into a megalopolis of some 18 million people.
I've recently returned to the city after a few years away, the first thing that strikes me is: Who the heck are all of these 20-somethings and how did they get to be driving all these Ferraris and Maseratis?
I'm standing outside a shopping mall full of clothing stores, and it just so happens that there are two Ferraris, one red and one white parked outside. And sure enough there's a very young looking guy getting his handbag out of the trunk of the Ferrari.
I ask him a couple of questions and find out that this guy's family name is Zhang, that he's from China's Inner Mongolia region and builds roads there, and that at age 25, he can afford a Ferrari 458 Spider, which he says cost him $912,000, all taxes and fees included.
That's about all he'll tell me, so I've got only a sketchy answer to my questions.
Not far from the Ferraris, a blind man plays his musical instrument for spare change.
The sound reminds me of the old Beijing neighborhoods where I used to live. Now I'm living another life in a new part of the city, where I hear very few Beijing accents and there is probably more Thai food and sushi than Beijing-style dumplings and noodles. It reminds me of Manhattanites complaining that, before you know it, you'll have to go to Brooklyn to get a slice of pizza.
Out in the suburbs, I met a violin maker named Guan Zheng. He was born in Beijing in 1959. Some residents have been exiled to the city's fringes, their homes demolished by developers. But Guan says his life is much improved since he moved from a crowded old courtyard in the city center four years ago.
"Now we have more than 2,000 square feet for our family of three. I feel that's already pretty good," Guan says. "But we don't have the same atmosphere. Neighbors don't ask after each other in the same ways: 'Have you eaten yet?' 'How are you?' People are cut off from each other, living in these concrete shells."
Qi Xin, a researcher at Beijing's Academy of Social Sciences, says that younger, richer people are moving into Beijing's center, while older, poorer residents move out.
He also explains that, for most of the second half of the last century, China's cities didn't really have neighborhoods based on income levels. The state decided where everybody lived.
"At that time, people did not have the freedom to choose their homes," Qi says. "Everyone belonged to work units, and that is what determined your work and life."
Qi says that in recent years, Beijing's population has been growing at an unprecedented rate of more than 10 percent a year.
But like other great cities, Beijing has always been able to absorb and assimilate the newcomers.
So just as there's still plenty of pizza in Manhattan, I'm not too worried that I'll have to go to the suburbs just to buy a plate of dumplings.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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It is designed with latest so it can be left outdoors all year round. Comes with soft high-quality cushions. Tempered Glass Table Top for protection. 1 x sofa: 103 cm (W) x 60 cm (D) x 82 cm (H) 2 x armchairs: 58 cm (W) x 60 cm (D) x 82 cm (H) 1 x table: 71 cm (W) x 41 cm (L) x 39 cm (H) With 5mm milk glass(safety) inside the top.We Will provide best costumer service to our costumers. We will deal with your issue on priority. Welcome to XEO Home, where you'll find only the highest quality products along with outstanding customer service and professional guidance from by our energetic and dynamic team.
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The opinion piece below was sent to dorjeshugden.com for publication. We accept submissions from the public, please send in your articles to [email protected].
By: Heinrich Hauff
For most of the 60 years after the Dalai Lama fled Tibet when the uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule on March 10, 1959 failed, the day has been commemorated as one of Tibetan national pride and solidarity. Dubbed "Tibetan Uprising Day", March 10 is observed by Tibetan communities living in-exile in India and around the world such as in the United States, Germany, France, Taiwan, Switzerland, Canada, and Australia which are but some of the countries where thousands of Tibetans have migrated to seek better education, employment and improved standards of living.
A decade ago, the day would have seen hundreds of Tibetans demonstrating and large gatherings of Tibetan support groups, often in front of local parliament or legislative buildings and even outside the Chinese consulate of their respective countries, to voice out for a free and independent Tibetan nation.
A non-event
This year marks the 60th year of the Tibetan Uprising but planned demonstrations were held in only 23 locations worldwide — a far cry from the 336 cities in 2008. The biggest event took place in New Delhi, the capital city of India. As a country, India, which hosts the most Tibetans in-exile — now estimated to be 85,000 — could only produce barely 1,000 demonstrators. In Dharamsala, where the Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) are based, the official event to observe Tibetan Uprising Day took place with only a few hundred people attending.
Even though reports in the media claim a "huge crowd" turned out for the events, there were no supporting pictures of the events showing a "huge crowd". All of the pictures published in various articles across news platforms were close-ups. The truth is there was no "huge crowd".
The weak response for Tibetan Uprising Day 2019 is a clear indication that the support by Tibetans for Tibetan Uprising Day, and by defacto, support for the Tibetan Cause, has declined. For political insiders and observers, this is not surprising as the Tibetan leadership is severely afflicted with infighting and scandals and have not made any progress with the Tibetan Cause.
As the Tibetan leadership is disconnected and doing little for their countrymen living in poor conditions in the Tibetan settlements in India, a large percentage of Tibetans in-exile have migrated to the United States, Canada, Australia and elsewhere where there are better opportunities. From the 150,000 Tibetans who escaped to India, 65,000 have already left.
Many of those Tibetans who remain in India are seeing how the situation in Tibet has improved with the current Chinese leadership under Xi Jinping, and are now choosing to return to Tibet. The prosperity in Tibet in the present is also attracting many Tibetans in-exile in the West to return and find fortune.
A consequence of the Tibetan leadership's failure is that common everyday Tibetans no longer regard Tibetan Uprising Day in the same way they used to. The planned demonstrations are viewed as merely a show, and a waste of time and money. For the Tibetans in-exile in India, the scarce resources they have are better used to keep up with their living expenses than spent on travelling to Delhi to join a protest that will achieve nothing.
Declining international support
At this year's official Tibetan Uprising Day event celebrated in Dharamsala, the guest of honor was the Former President of Botswana Serêtsê Khama Ian Khama. For an affair which carries so much historical weight and importance, it is a shame that the Tibetan leadership was only able to obtain the attendance of a former head of state and not the current head of any government to attend. Surely, with the Dalai Lama still at the forefront of the Tibetan movement, one would think that many dignitaries would be honored to grace the event and be in the company of a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
In the last 12 months, the CTA has organised "gratitude" events in the United States, Canada and Europe to offer their thanks to those countries that had supported the Tibetan Cause in the past and the communities of Tibetans who have migrated there. The countries that were represented in the events consisted of MPs from lobby groups opposing China's rise as a global super power but whose governments, with the exception of Canada (which is in a trade war with the Chinese), have recognized China as a partner for development and progress.
Speaking at the main event in Dharamsala were representatives from the German Bundestag, South African Parliament, Slovak National Council and a few of other countries who have actually benefited from Chinese investments. Recently Germany overturned a US-led proposal to ban Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei from installing their next generation 5G telecoms infrastructure within their borders. So if the countries who attended the event actually show support for Chinese endeavors, surely their attendance was simply a show rather than actual affirmation of support for Tibetans getting their country back. After all, none of these countries have taken tangible steps to expedite or even facilitate the return of Tibetans to Tibet, but they have taken physical steps to ensure that China benefits, as in the Huawei case.
By settling for a dignitary from an African nation that has neither historical or present links to Tibet, nor the Tibetan communities in-exile or the cause for an independent Tibet, it is evident that the Tibetan leadership is no longer favored by the current heads of governments of developed countries and even by other developing countries.
Sarah Sewell who was the special coordinator on Tibetan issues during the Obama Administration, confirms this. "Increasingly, we see that countries that have typically spoken out on behalf of Tibet are now shying away from doing so," she said in a recent interview. "Heads of state, leaders of parliament, are more reluctant to meet with His Holiness the Dalai Lama. This means that the symbolic act of visibly, for example, having the president or the secretary of state welcome His Holiness the Dalai Lama into official meeting rooms is really important diplomatic symbolism. That's absent right now."
Judging from the poor turnout at Tibetan Uprising Day events, even the ordinary Tibetan can see how poorly the Tibetan leadership's standing is with the international community.
More embarrassingly, the Dalai Lama who was in Dharamsala on the day also snubbed the event. For an event as important as this made even more so by it being the 60th anniversary, the Tibetan freedom movement would have greatly benefited from the Dalai Lama's presence. The Dalai Lama who is admired by everyone in the Free Tibet struggle would have given the movement a much-needed boost at this crucial juncture.
International Tibetan Uprising Day solidarity events did not fare better. Adding salt to the wound of a limping Tibetan freedom movement on its final leg, there were no prominent dignitaries or celebrities from the countries the events were held in who came to lend support. Even the number of Tibetans who attended are pale compared with the tens of thousands of Tibetans who are now living in those countries. The Dalai Lama who is the face of the Free Tibet movement is now in his 80′s, but how long more can he live? When the movement for Free Tibet is dramatically waning while he's alive, imagine when he is no more? The movement will be dead.
The Tibetan leaders in-exile have completely failed. Tibet is no closer to getting its freedom than it was 60 years ago when Tibet was lost to China due to the incompetency and extremely corrupt nature of the medieval Tibetan government. The predictions of their state protector Nechung's oracle have been wrong and ineffective for the last 60 years. The ageing Dalai Lama has been promising Tibetans in-exile that he will return to Tibet and his people in-exile will return to Tibet. None of those promises have fruitioned. Tens of thousands of Tibetans in Tibet and in-exile have died waiting. The Tibetans silently lose hope, give up and simply integrate into their adoptive countries while losing their personal cultural identities. On the other hand, China rises and its assimilation of Tibet is uncontested throughout the world as everyone from the UN downwards subscribe to the One-China policy. Tibetans whisper that the Dalai Lama and his government in-exile have failed.
In the past, demonstrations in the United States, United Kingdom, Europe and Australia were highly visible both on the ground and in the media, giving exposure as well as gathering sympathy for the plight of Tibetans. Just as India, who provide exiled Tibetans with the land for a temporary home, the United States is equally important for being the most significant source of funding for the Tibetan Cause. Previously, demonstrations, especially in Washington DC, were heavily promoted and attended to show US lawmakers in Congress how vital the Tibetan Cause is. If demonstrations had so few participants, as it was this year, it tells not only President Trump and the US Congress but also the entire world that for Tibetans, the Tibet issue is no longer relevant.


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A couple months ago, Marvel Studios announced that Patty Jenkins, director of Monster, would be in charge of Thor 2, which was very exciting as it was only the second time a woman would be in charge of a superhero tent pole project (Lexi Alexander was the first to do so with Punisher: War Zone—this would've been the first time a woman was in charge of a superhero movie with the potential to actually be good). Last week, however, it was announced that Jenkins was leaving Thor 2, and now THR is reporting that Jenkins was, in fact, sacked and Natalie Portman, the female star of Thor, is "furious" with her firing.
Portman advocated for Jenkins—who directed Charlize Theron to an Oscar—and, though she'd been considering taking a break from acting in order to be home with her baby, was excited by the prospect of collaborating with Jenkins. Now that Jenkins is out, Marvel is attempting to placate Portman by giving her a say in the hiring of the new director. Thor himself, Chris Hemsworth, isn't mentioned anywhere in this mess which makes me wonder if he's just keeping his head down (Chris Evans took a similar tack through his own director issues with Captain America) or if he actually doesn't care who helms his franchise sequel. Given that he knew he would always be dealing with different directors between the Thor movies and The Avengers, that could well be it.
THR and other outlets are making a big deal out of Portman's participation in this process, and about how studios backing successful franchises hold all the power etc, but what I'm stuck on is the word "difficult". One of THR's sources—and THR is not inclined to printing bullsh*t—is quoted as saying that the studio was concerned about the creative process and worried that Jenkins would be "difficult". Marvel supposedly worried that she wasn't moving quickly enough, that she "lacked clarity", but another source says she has an extremely detailed vision for the project. Also, Jenkins had nothing to do with the scripting process and her supporters say any lack of decision-making on her part was due to not having a final script from which to work. In her statement upon exiting the project, Jenkins said they all parted on "very good terms" and she was "looking forward to working with them again", which is the classic face-saving move all fired directors get to use. This was the biggest opportunity of her career-no way was Jenkins actually okay with leaving the project, but when this happens the only thing you can do is put a good face on it so as not to alienate other studio execs.
I just can't shake the feeling that the subtext here is "difficult = bitch". Maybe I'm being sensitive, maybe I'm being paranoid. But a female director was fired from a project for not making decisions when she didn't even have a SCRIPT. Jenkins never really got a chance to do anything. Marvel's developed a bit of a reputation for being bullies and it looks like Jenkins is their latest victim. Marvel had some issues on Captain America and yet they made it through with Joe Johnston. Thor, too, had some hiccups with Kenneth Branagh (who elected not to reteam with Marvel), but again—he didn't get fired. Jon Favreau didn't get fired—he got to film Iron Man without a completed script. Of course creative differences do really occur, but it seems like in Hollywood a female director is on a much shorter leash.
It bothers me that Jenkins didn't really get a chance. That she was canned before she ever had a final script to work from. And I'm really, really uncomfortable with that word—"difficult"—being thrown around. Given that Marvel has had similar issues in the past with male directors and no one got fired, I can't help but think that they just…didn't trust a woman with their franchise. Again, maybe I'm being too sensitive. Or maybe filmmaking remains a profession in which women really are not getting equal opportunities.
Attached - Patty Jenkins in September at the Lifetime Five screening.


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Klopreis, Johann (d. 1535)
Johann Klopreis (Kloprijs), one of the outstanding Wassenberg preachers, was born in Bottrop parish near Recklinghausen, Westphalia, Germany, studied theology at the University of Cologne 1518-1521, became a vicar at Wesel, Bislich, and Büderich, where he became a friend of Clarenbach, was summoned to court on account of his evangelical sermons and forced to recant. When he nonetheless continued his Protestant preaching, he was summoned to Cologne the second time. Clarenbach accompanied him. Both were imprisoned. Klopreis was sentenced to "eternal prison" and Clarenbach to death; he was executed on 28 September 1529. Klopreis escaped on New Year's night with the aid of Dietrich Fabricius and found refuge in Wassenberg on the Roer with bailiff Werner von Pallant who employed him as chaplain. Later the gates of the city church were opened to him; here he served a large congregation in an evangelical manner, using bread and wine during the observance of the Lord's Supper. In the surrounding territory he found numerous like-minded preachers, one of whom was Heinric Rol, who exerted a great influence on Klopreis. Through him he was led beyond the initial Lutheran influence to some Zwinglian and early Anabaptist views. For four years Klopreis labored here without disturbance. When Pallant lost his office through the Cleve government on account of his evangelical innovations, he sent Klopreis to Philip of Hesse about Christmas of 1532 to intercede for him.
Klopreis went first to Büderich and proceeded to meet his friend Rol, who had meanwhile gone to the city of Münster. In February 1532 Klopreis arrived in Münster at the moment when this city was going through a significant transformation. The evangelical movement had been victorious and had reached an agreement with the bishop and ruler regarding the Reformation in the city. Klopreis was urged to stay. He accepted the position as minister and had his wife and children join him. With the transformation of Münster from an evangelical city to an Anabaptist Jerusalem, Klopreis underwent some additional changes. He was baptized on 5 January 1534, and became an Anabaptist evangelist. The book Bekentnisse van beyden Sacramenten Doepe und Nachtmaele, published 8 November 1533 was signed by Rothmann, Rol, Klopreis, Vinne, Staprade, and Stralen. This fact puts Klopreis in the front line of the early Anabaptist movement in Münster. C. A. Cornelius says that Klopreis opposed some of the radical developments such as polygamy.
With Gottfried Stralen, Klopreis was sent as an "apostle" to Warendorf on 13 October 1534 to preach and baptize. The council of the city accepted the Anabaptist message. On 21 October 1534 the bishop besieged the city and the council had to turn the "apostles" over to him. The co-workers were put to death while Klopreis was sent to the archbishop of Cologne. On 29 January 1535 he was subjected to an examination on the rack. His "confessions" were published by J. Niesert (102 pages). On 1 February 1535 he was burned at the stake at Brühl.
Klopreis was no doubt one of the most significant of the "Wassenburg predikanten." His association with and a letter he wrote to Clarenbach during his imprisonment reveal that he was a deeply religious, evangelically minded, and well-educated man, and worthy of a better fate. The stages of his development demonstrate that he was willing to accept the full truth and that in Münster he was unable to stop the development of a movement which was taking a course which he did not approve. What his attitude would have been when the city of Münster was defended by the sorely oppressed radical wing of Anabaptism is hard to tell. He died as a peaceful witness to the truth he had received. He greeted the stake at which he was to die with a prayer of praise.
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Leipzig, 1875-1912: XVI, 209.
Bax, W. Het Protestantisme in het bisdom Luik I. The Hague, 1937: 46 ff.
Cornelius, C. A. Geschichte des Münsterischen Aufruhrs. Leipzig, 1855.
Ernstliche handlung zwischen den hochgelerten Doctorn inn der gotheyt . . . unnd eynem gefangnen genant, Adolph Clarenbach . . . 1528.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 513.
Mellink, Albert F. De Wederdopers in de noordelijke Nederlanden 1531-1544. Groningen: J.B. Wolters, 1954.
Niesert, J. Münsterische Urkundensammlung. I, Coesfeld, 1826.
Rembert, Karl. Die "Wiedertäufer" im Herzogtum Jülich. Berlin: R. Gaertners Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1899: 311 ff.
Zeitschrift des Bergischen Geschichtsvereins 9 (1873): 144 ff.
Author(s) | Christian Neff |
Cornelius Krahn | |
Date Published | 1957 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Neff, Christian and Cornelius Krahn. "Klopreis, Johann (d. 1535)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 25 Jul 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Klopreis,_Johann_(d._1535)&oldid=145585.
APA style
Neff, Christian and Cornelius Krahn. (1957). Klopreis, Johann (d. 1535). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 25 July 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Klopreis,_Johann_(d._1535)&oldid=145585.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 206-207. All rights reserved.
©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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text: Chicago - How should a society treat its youngest criminal offenders? And the families of victims of those offenders? Half a dozen states are now weighing these questions anew, as they consider whether to ban life sentences for juveniles that don't include a option for parole -- and whether those now serving such sentences should have a retroactive shot at parole. Here in Illinois, proposed legislation would give 103 people -- most convicted of unusually brutal crimes -- a chance at parole hearings, while outlawing the sentence for future young perpetrators. The proposal has victims' families up in arms, angry that killers they had been told were in prison for life might be given a shot at release and that they'd need to regularly attend hearings in the future, reliving old traumas, to try to ensure that these criminals remain behind bars. Advocates of legislation, meanwhile, both in Illinois and elsewhere, note that the US is the only country in the world with anyone -- nearly 2,400 across the nation -- serving such a severe sentence for a crime committed as a juvenile. They criticize the fact that the sentence is often mandatory, part of a system devoid of leniency for a teenager's lack of judgment, or hope that youth can be reformed. "Kids should be punished, and held accountable. The crimes we're talking about are very serious crimes," says Alison Parker, deputy director of the US program of Human Rights Watch and author of a report on the issue. "But children are uniquely able to rehabilitate themselves, to grow up and to change. A life-without-parole sentence says they're beyond repair, beyond hope." The sentence is automatic for certain crimes in more than half of all states, part of a wave of "get tough" laws aimed at cracking down on rising crime rates during the 1980s and '90s. Which means judges often have little to no discretion when they mete out punishment. In many instances, they are prohibited from considering age or even whether the juvenile was the one who pulled the trigger. About a quarter of the juveniles serving life without parole sentences nationally were convicted of what is known as "felony murder," says Ms. Parker. They participated in a felony in which murder was committed, but they weren't the ones who did the actual killing. In Illinois, that list includes Marshan Allen, a 15-year-old who accompanied an older brother and some friends on a drug-related mission, and says he didn't know they were going to kill several people. In California, another state considering doing away with the sentence, it includes Anthony, a 16-year-old painting graffiti with a friend when the friend produced a gun and decided to rob an approaching group of teenagers. His friend pulled the trigger, but Anthony -- who turned down a plea bargain because he couldn't imagine paying for a crime he didn't feel he'd committed -- got a life-without-parole sentence. "There are people in prison for crimes they committed as juveniles that should never see the light of day," says Rich Klawiter, a partner at the law firm DLA Piper and part of the Illinois Coalition for the Fair Sentencing of Children, which produced a report on the issue last month and advocates reform. "But those that show themselves worthy of redemption ought to be given an opportunity before a parole board." The frequent citing of cases like Allen's bothers supporters of the sentence, who say such examples are hardly representative. Generally, the mandate is saved for such extreme offenses as multiple murders, killing of a police officer, aggravated sexual assault, and murder of a child. "These guys are the worst of the worst," says Jennifer Bishop-Jenkins, whose pregnant sister and brother-in-law were murdered by a 16-year-old in their Winnetka, Ill., townhome in 1990. She acknowledges automatic sentencing has probably punished a few juveniles unfairly, but notes that such individuals can always appeal for clemency. What she doesn't understand is bringing offenders back for hearings that, in her mind, would only unearth the past for the families of victims who thought they'd seen their loved ones' killers put away forever. Ms. Bishop-Jenkins and her sister, Jeanne Bishop, are both prominent victim activists against the death penalty, and helped in the case that got the juvenile death penalty overturned by the Supreme Court three years ago. Now, they both say, they feel betrayed by the same allies with whom they fought against the death penalty, who never sought their input on this issue. "Once you say this person could get out someday through this mechanism, you've just placed a crushing burden on the hearts and minds of the victims' families," says Jeanne Bishop, a Cook County public defender who has also defended juveniles. She and her sister both support getting rid of the mandatory sentencing and giving judges more discretion, but worry that in all the talk of the human rights of juvenile offenders, the rights of victims are being forgotten. The current legislation in Illinois is unlikely to go anywhere, with its key sponsor backing away last week and saying more time is needed to dialogue with victims. Reform advocates hope to have new legislation introduced in the near future. Colorado outlawed juvenile life without parole in 2006, and legislation is pending in Michigan, Florida, Nebraska, and California, while a few other states are experiencing grass-roots efforts. Some activists against the sentence say they hope they can work with victims' families to take their concerns into account even as they do away with the sentence. In Michigan, where a set of bills is before both the Senate and the House, activists have had some success building dialogue with victims, says Deborah LaBelle, a human rights attorney based in Ann Arbor and director of the ACLU's Juvenile Life Without Parole Initiative. "We need to allow both voices to be heard," says Ms. LaBelle. But she feels strongly that the sentence is inappropriate for youth. "As every parent knows and as every social scientist understands, this is a time of ill-thought-out, impulsive lack of judgment, problematic years To throw them away and say you're irredeemable as a child is a disturbing social concept." |


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What is…
Greek: Λύστρα —transliteration: Lustra
This is a town of Lycaonia in the Roman province of Galatia, in Asia Minor, in a wild district and among a rude population.
Here Paul preached the gospel after he had been driven by persecution from Iconium (Acts 14:2-7).
Here also he healed a lame man (Acts 14:8), and thus so impressed the ignorant and superstitious people that they took him for the god Mercury, because he was the "chief speaker," and his companion Barnabas for Jupiter, probably in consequence of his stately, venerable appearance; and were proceeding to offer sacrifices to them (Acts 14:13), when Paul earnestly addressed them and turned their attention to the true source of all blessings.
But soon after, through the influence of the Jews from Antioch in Pisidia and Iconium, they stoned Paul and left him for dead (14:19).
On recovering, Paul left for Derbe; but soon returned again, through Lystra, encouraging the disciples there to steadfastness.
He in all likelihood visited this city again on his third missionary tour (Acts 18:23).
Timothy, who was probably born here (2 Tim. 3:10-11), was no doubt one of those who were on this occasion witnesses of Paul's persecution and his courage in Lystra.
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Problems such as the high threshold for individuals to participate in mining, the difficulties in communicating with custodians of mining machines, and the daily operation and maintenance of mining machines have discouraged many entry-level investors. The mining costs and difficulty level for ordinary participants have increased significantly, and the era of exponential growth in the mining industry is gone forever.
Many cloud computing platforms have emerged in recent years. Users no longer need to purchase mining machines. They can enjoy mining income just by purchasing hashrate contracts. However, due to insufficient information disclosure by the platforms about mines, mining machines, teams, etc., it is difficult for users to judge the hashrate quality, real-time operation status, and real income data, thereby exposing themselves huge risks.
To solve the problems mentioned above, EHash dares to be the first. The team integrates industrial resources and adopts intelligent operation and tripartite model of supervision to effectively solve the challenges faced by individual miners like information asymmetry, channel monopoly of mining machine, and industry disorder. EHash issues hashrate tokens and establishes a standardized system for hashrate tokens.
The paradigm revolution for standard hashrate token
Starting from the high-level design, EHash is different from other hashrate tokens on the market.
EHash is the native standard hashrate token of Ethereum, and it is also the first DeFi project to reform Ethereum's hashrate.
As the blockchain's foundation, the mining industry has created a new operation approach, profit mechanism, and wealth creation model through the Ethereum standard hashrate token EHash in 2021.
The minute EHash was launched on Gateio, and it became a phenomenal DeFi project. The superior market premium demonstrated the wide recognition of its leading model by the entire industry and investors.
EHash is a token that anchors the hashrate of Ethereum's PoW. Each EHash corresponds to 0.01 MHash/s of Ethereum PoWhashrate.
All token data such as total volume, holding distribution, daily income are transparent and available on the Ethereum network. The actual hashrate that supports the EHash value is also transparent and available in mining pools, such as F2Pool, one of the world's largest Ethereum mining pools.
The EHash mining income is automatically transferred to the user's address every day through the smart contract. EHash holders do not need to purchase mining machines like traditional Ethereum miners.
The above design is the underlying logical support for EHash's "high market premium + double income" mechanism, the perpetual motion machine model.
Staking EHash is equivalent to mining with an Ethereum mining machine. Therefore, holders will get double income: the net profit of Ethereum mining and the liquidity premium of EHash itself.
As for the expectable premium for the EHash, on the one hand, token holders can trade tokens at any time and enjoy the high liquidity of Gateio, and the resulting liquidity premium may be very high; on the other hand, as the true value of Ethereum supports EHash. Thus it will rise following the value of Ethereum. In this sense, its premium ability is self-evident.
Execution through smart contract, and profit distribution through decentralized financial method.
The key reason for EHash far surpasses traditional cloud mining and other so-called "hashrate token" is its innovative attempt of "DeFi speculative mining."
EHash holders can go to the DeFi lending platform to mortgage EHash to obtain loan income while borrowing other stablecoins at low-interest rates and then swap them into EHash. At this time, users' income from holding EHash is EHash APR×Leverage Ratio + Mortgage EHash APR. In other words, their incomes are increased. We seek to launch EHash on the mainstream DeFi lending platform, and it is expected that there will be good news soon.
Simultaneously, to create sufficient liquidity for the circulation of EHash, we will also start EHash's liquidity mining for other tokens.
Therefore, EHash can avoid accidental losses, like the common risks of uncancellable orders and black box operations in cloud mining, to the greatest extent while generating a steady income.
The long-term vision of EHash is not only to provide a convenient way for ordinary users to obtain the Ethereum hashrate and to bridge the gap between the token circle and the mining circle. More importantly, it aims to create a liquid asset for EHash holders to benefit from the entire DeFi boom.
Highlights of Ehash
- The hashrate token can lower the threshold for users to participate in mining and enjoy mining income without building their own mines.
- Unlike ordinary mining, mining machines have problems like a high price, short life expectancy, and maintenance difficulties. The hashrate token, on the other hand, can guarantee stable income all the time, once and for all.
- If the token price is expected to rise, the hashrate price will increase, and the hashrate token will also have a premium. Users can get benefits from the liquidity of the hashratetoken. The hash rate token maps valuable assets and stable future income, and it will gain better liquidity after opening the transaction.
- The hashrate token and the physical mining machine are anchored 1:1, all the hashrates are issued with the token, and it can check the real-time hashrate data of the third-party mining pool any time. The transparent user-supervision mechanism guarantees the safety and reliability of investment and fundamentally eliminates false mining and false hashrate.
Aims to create a transparent mining environment where everyone can participate, supervise, and benefit, to enrich the mining industry ecology, and help the healthy development of the blockchain industry, EHash will always be committed to promoting the integration of the real economy and blockchain technology and implementing the integrated application of blockchain technology in industrial reforms.
There is another good news that EHash is about to be launched on the MXC digital currency exchange platform. Speaking of the MXC exchange, I believe everyone is familiar with it. The core concept of the MXC exchange is: develop potential tokens and enable traders and investors to share the wealth brought by blockchain technology and get richer, safer, and more reliable transaction services. MXC is also a community-based, highly efficient, and secure digital asset exchange platform that has emerged on the top of the wave.
It will perfectly integrate the advantages of centralized and decentralized transactions, with strong liquidity, high security, credibility, and transparency. It considers fairness, transparency, and efficient development and has created one after one hot projects.
In this round of DeFiboom, the MXC exchange is likely to find the most potential projects in the current trading market.
EHash's launch on Max confirms that EHash's core technology is cutting edge and its consensus is strong.
In the future, EHash is very likely to become the main entrance for people to enter the world of blockchain mining, which would have high industry significance and value.
In any case, no one can stop the wheel of the blockchain from rolling forward. The future of blockchain will become more and more prosperous and blossoming. The current innovative mining model of EHash will surely lead to the blockchain mining trend.
Official link: www.ehash.co
Twitter: https://twitter.com/EHashDeFi
English Telegram: http://t.me/EHashGlobal
EHash Turkey: https://t.me/ehashturkey
EHash Philippines: https://t.me/Ehash_Philippines