text:
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Kitterman Request for Comments: 6652 Agari Updates: 4408 June 2012 Category: Standards Track ISSN: 2070-1721 Sender Policy Framework (SPF) Authentication Failure Reporting Using the Abuse Reporting Format Abstract This memo presents extensions to the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF) and Sender Policy Framework (SPF) specifications to allow for detailed reporting of message authentication failures in an on-demand fashion. This memo updates RFC 4408 by providing an IANA registry for SPF modifiers. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6652. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Kitterman Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6652 SPF Auth Failure Reporting June 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................2 2. Definitions .....................................................3 2.1. Key Words ..................................................3 2.2. Imported Definitions .......................................3 3. Optional Reporting Address for SPF ..............................3 4. Requested Reports ...............................................4 4.1. Requested Reports for SPF Failures .........................5 5. IANA Considerations .............................................5 5.1. SPF Modifier Registration ..................................5 6. Security Considerations .........................................6 6.1. Identity Selection .........................................6 6.2. Report Volume ..............................................6 7. References ......................................................7 7.1. Normative References .......................................7 7.2. Informative References .....................................7 Appendix A. Acknowledgements .......................................8 Appendix B. Examples ...............................................8 B.1. SPF DNS Record for Domain That Sends No Mail but Requests Reports ...........................................8 B.2. Minimal SPF DNS Record Change to Add a Reporting Address ....................................................8 B.3. SPF DNS Record with Reporting Address, Report Percentage, and Requested Report Type ......................8 1. Introduction The Abuse Reporting Format [ARF] defines a message format for sending reports of abuse in the messaging infrastructure, with an eye toward automating both the generation and consumption of those reports. The Sender Policy Framework [SPF] is one mechanism for message sender authentication; it is "path-based", meaning it authenticates the route that a message took from origin to destination. The output is a verified domain name that can then be subjected to some sort of evaluation process (e.g., comparison to a known-good list, submission to a reputation service, etc.). This document extends [SPF] to add an optional reporting address and other parameters. Extension of [ARF] to add features required for the reporting of these incidents is covered in [ARF-AUTHFAIL] and [ARF-AS]. This document additionally creates a an IANA registry of [SPF] record modifiers to avoid modifier namespace collisions. Kitterman Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 6652 SPF Auth Failure Reporting June 2012 2. Definitions 2.1. Key Words The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS]. 2.2. Imported Definitions The [ABNF] token "qp-section" is defined in [MIME]. "local-part" is defined in [MAIL]. "addr-spec" is defined in [MAIL]. 3. Optional Reporting Address for SPF There exist cases in which an ADministrative Management Domain (ADMD) (see [EMAIL-ARCH]) employing [SPF] for announcing sending practices may want to know when messages are received via unauthorized routing. Currently, there is no such method defined in conjunction with standardized approaches such as [ARF]. Similar information can be gathered using a specially crafted [SPF] record and a special DNS server to track [SPF] record lookups. This document defines the following optional "modifier" (as defined in Section 4.6.1 of [SPF]) to SPF records, using the form defined in that specification: ra= Reporting Address (plain-text; OPTIONAL; no default). MUST be a local-part (see Section 3.4.1 of [MAIL]) specifying an e-mail address to which a report SHOULD be sent when mail claiming to be from this domain (see Section 2.4 of [SPF] for a description of how domains are identified for SPF checks) has failed the evaluation algorithm described in [SPF], in particular because a message arrived via an unauthorized route. To generate a complete address to which the report is sent, the Verifier simply appends to this value an "@" followed by the SPF-compliant domain per Section 4.1 of [SPF]. ra= modifiers in a record that was reached by following an "include" mechanism (defined in Section 5.2 of [SPF]) MUST be ignored. ABNF: spf-report-tag = "ra=" qp-section Kitterman Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 6652 SPF Auth Failure Reporting June 2012 rp= Requested Report Percentage (plain-text; OPTIONAL; default is "100"). The value is an integer from 0 to 100 inclusive that indicates what percentage of incidents of SPF failures, selected at random, are to cause reports to be generated. The report generator SHOULD NOT issue reports for more than the requested percentage of incidents. An exception to this might be some out-of-band arrangement between two parties to override it with some mutually agreed value. Report generators MAY make use of the "Incidents:" field in [ARF] to indicate that there are more reportable incidents than there are reports. ABNF: spf-rp-tag = "rp=" 1*12DIGIT "/" 1*12DIGIT rr= Requested Reports (plain-text; OPTIONAL; default is "all"). The value MUST be a colon-separated list of tokens representing those conditions under which a report is desired. See Section 4.1 for a list of valid tags. ABNF: spf-rr-type = ( "all" / "e" / "f" / "s" / "n" ) spf-rr-tag = "rr=" spf-rr-type *( ":" spf-rr-type ) In the absence of an "ra=" tag in the SPF record, the "rp=" and "rr=" tags MUST be ignored, and the report generator MUST NOT issue a report. 4. Requested Reports This memo also includes, as the "rr" tokens defined above, the means by which the sender can request reports for specific circumstances of interest. Verifiers MUST NOT generate reports for incidents that do not match a requested report and MUST ignore requests for reports not included in this list. Kitterman Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 6652 SPF Auth Failure Reporting June 2012 4.1. Requested Reports for SPF Failures The following report requests are defined for SPF results: all All reports are requested. e Reports are requested for messages that produced an SPF result of "TempError" or "PermError". f Reports are requested for messages that produced an SPF result of "Fail". s Reports are requested for messages that produced an SPF result of "SoftFail". n Reports are requested for messages that produced an SPF result of "Neutral" or "None". 5. IANA Considerations As required by [IANA-CONS], this section contains registry information for the new [SPF] modifiers. 5.1. SPF Modifier Registration IANA has created the Modifier Names registry under Sender Policy Framework Parameters, to include a list of all registered SPF modifier names and their defining documents. New registrations or updates are to be published in accordance with the "Specification Required" guidelines as described in [IANA-CONS]. New registrations and updates MUST contain the following information: 1. Name of the modifier being registered or updated 2. The document in which the specification of the modifier is published 3. New or updated status, which MUST be one of the following: Current: The field is in current use Deprecated: The field might be in current use but its use is discouraged Historic: The field is no longer in current use Kitterman Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 6652 SPF Auth Failure Reporting June 2012 An update may make a notation on an existing registration indicating that a registered field is historic or deprecated if appropriate. +------------+-----------------+---------+ | MODIFIER | REFERENCE | STATUS | +------------+-----------------+---------+ | exp | RFC 4408 | Current | | redirect | RFC 4408 | Current | | ra | (this document) | Current | | rp | (this document) | Current | | rr | (this document) | Current | +------------+-----------------+---------+ 6. Security Considerations Inherited considerations: implementers are advised to consider the Security Considerations sections of [SPF], [ARF], [ARF-AS], and [ARF-AUTHFAIL]. In addition to the advice in the Security Considerations section of [ARF-AS], these additional considerations apply to the generation of [SPF] authentication failure reports: 6.1. Identity Selection Preventing an [SPF] failure for SPF authentication failure reports is essential to mitigate the risk of data loops. If the [SMTP] return address to be used will not be the NULL return address, i.e., "MAIL FROM:<>", then the selected return address MUST be selected such that it will pass [SPF] MAIL FROM checks upon initial receipt. If the report is passed to the Message Submission Agent (MSA) (MSA is described in [EMAIL-ARCH] using [SMTP]), the HELO/EHLO command parameter SHOULD also be selected so that it will pass [SPF] HELO checks. 6.2. Report Volume It is impossible to predict the volume of reports this facility will generate when enabled by a report receiver. An implementer ought to anticipate substantial volume, since the amount of abuse occurring at receivers cannot be known ahead of time, and may vary rapidly and unpredictably. Kitterman Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 6652 SPF Auth Failure Reporting June 2012 7. References 7.1. Normative References [ABNF] Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. [ARF] Shafranovich, Y., Levine, J., and M. Kucherawy, "An Extensible Format for Email Feedback Reports", RFC 5965, August 2010. [ARF-AS] Falk, J. and M. Kucherawy, Ed., "Creation and Use of Email Feedback Reports: An Applicability Statement for the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF)", RFC 6650, June 2012. [ARF-AUTHFAIL] Fontana, H., "Authentication Failure Reporting Using the Abuse Reporting Format", RFC 6591, April 2012. [IANA-CONS] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, May 2008. [KEYWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [MAIL] Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322, October 2008. [MIME] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. [SMTP] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321, October 2008. [SPF] Wong, M. and W. Schlitt, "Sender Policy Framework (SPF) for Authorizing Use of Domains in E-Mail, Version 1", RFC 4408, April 2006. 7.2. Informative References [EMAIL-ARCH] Crocker, D., "Internet Mail Architecture", RFC 5598, July 2009. Kitterman Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 6652 SPF Auth Failure Reporting June 2012 Appendix A. Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge the following for their review and constructive criticism of this proposal: Murray Kucherawy, Tim Draegen, Julian Mehnle, and John Levine. Appendix B. Examples B.1. SPF DNS Record for Domain That Sends No Mail but Requests Reports v=spf1 ra=postmaster -all B.2. Minimal SPF DNS Record Change to Add a Reporting Address v=spf1 mx:example.org ra=postmaster -all B.3. SPF DNS Record with Reporting Address, Report Percentage, and Requested Report Type v=spf1 mx:example.org -all ra=postmaster rp=10 rr=e Author's Address Scott Kitterman Agari 3611 Scheel Dr. Ellicott City, MD 21042 US Phone: +1 301 325 5475 EMail: email@example.com Kitterman Standards Track [Page 8]


text:
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This welder features a easy carrying handle, compact design, easy for transportation and storage. MIX GAS can use 0.6/ 0.8/ 0.9/ 1.0mm flux wire. When using 0.6/ 0.8/ 0.9mm wire, it can weld 0.7 3.4mm thickness.
When using 1.0mm wire, it can weld 1.2 6.4mm thickness. GAS (CO2) can use 0.8/ 1.0mm wire. When using 0.8mm wire, it can weld 0.9 4.8mm thickness, when using 1.0mm wire, it can weld 1.2 6.4mm thickness. TIG Function: Can use 1.6mm and 2.4mm tungsten. When using 1.6mm tungsten can weld 0.7 4.8 thickness, using 2.4mm tungsten can weld 1.2 6.4mm thickness. MMA Function: Current 10 170 amp. Can weld 2.5/ 3.2/4.0mm electrode. Using 2.5/ 3.2mm rods, can weld 1.6 3.4mm thickness. Using 4.0mm rods, can weld 3.4mm 8.0mm thickness. Synergy All in One : Support MIG MIX, MIGCO2, MIG WITHOUT GAS LIFT TIG, MMA. Multi-function mode to start your welder's journey. MIG: 15-205A; MMA: 40-170A; TIG lifting: 30-205A.With the synergic function, these parameters can be pre-programmed according to the diameter of the wire and the combination of gas and metal type to facilitate welding and ensure optimal welding. Feeding Roller : HZXVOGEN gasless flux cored wire welder has two wire feeding wheels 0.6/0.8 and 1.0/1.2.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jim Ross has posted another blog on JrsBarBq.com. Here are some highlights.
If he misses broadcasting Raw: When people ask me if I miss broadcasting Raw I always answer yes and being live, live is one of the reasons why. It certainly isn't the travel and TSA Security that I miss interacting with on a regular basis but I do miss the excitement and unpredictability of broadcasting LIVE TV. I'm not saying that I enjoy a good fire occasionally but the overall unpredictability of Monday Night Raw has always been a rush to me.
On CM Punk segment with Jerry Lawler: Some fans demanding @CMPunk to have another pipebomb promo will likely get one down the road but Cincy wasn't the time nor the place. I thought Punk had a great night on air and his verbal jousting with @Jerry Lawler entertained me.
Regarding the WWE Title, Punk told many truths which might not sit well with some. I am an old school believer that nothing in WWE is more important than the WWE Title. Some personal issues are on the same level often times but nothing should be MORE important than the WWE's premier championship. That's my two cents on that matter.
I do think that the potential to build a major issue between @CMPunk and @TheRock is obvious plus a match between the two would be interesting to say the least for many, many reasons.
Daniel Bryan as a WWE asset: Does Daniel Bryan ever have a bad night? Bad match? Bad promo? He certainly hasn't that I can recall. WWE is lucky to have Bryan on their roster and the two entities have formed an amazing fit when, in the early part of Bryan's WWE tenure, I'm sure that some thought the relationship wouldn't last. Now Daniel Bryan is one of WWE's most valuable assets. He's a dream for management to have on their roster. No one that I can recall in recent years has improved their verbal skills and overall on air persona as Daniel Bryan. Plus, never disregard just how legit, physically tough Daniel Bryan is.
If he will take part in the SummerSlam broadcast: Whle there are no plans for me to broadcast at Summerslam, I am excited to be attending the PPV in LA plus doing some THQ work at WWE AXXESS. Actually, I have several THQ, talent development, etc projects on which to focus over the several days that I'm in Los Angeles.
Does WWE need more titles?: Does WWE need MORE titles? Not in my opinion. I'd say that the titles that currently exist need to be enhanced from a perception stand point.


text:
Self Working Coin Magic by Karl Fulves - Book
Self Working Coin Magic by Karl Fulves - Book
92 Foolproof Tricks
Money and magic! A combination that never fails to attract attention. With this helpful and revealing book, even novices can astound friends and relatives with mystifying magical feats requiring little more than common coins and paper currency.
Written by one of today's foremost authorities on self-working magic tricks (those that need no special dexterity or long hours of practice), this how-to book features an impressive array of 92 simple-to-do tricks sure to dazzle any audience.
Clearly worded instructions and 251 illustrations show beginning as well as veteran conjurers how to pluck a seemingly endless number of coins from the air, make a coin penetrate a tabletop and perform psychic tricks with coins and bills. "Quick Print" lets you apparently print a genuine $5 bill on blank paper, while "Bunco Bills" takes the audience behind the scenes to expose the methods of the shortchange artist. Other intriguing illusions include "Metal Bending," "Tower of Nickels," "Balancing Act," "Thru the Ring," "Immovable Object," "Sealed-Box Mystery," and dozens of other phenomenal tricks.
No previous experience is necessary to perform these tricks and apart from the required currency, most call for nothing more than a few easy-to-find items (tabletop, cup , handkerchief, playing cards, etc.). Almost all can be mastered in a short time.
Paperbound, 148 5 3/8" by 8 1/2" pages, 251 illustrations


text:
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I'm a bit confused as to how it works. Is it one area like this? Or is it a bunch of smaller areas like these? If the former, I like it. Although, I would take out the ledge between the pond and the marsh, just for the sake of convenience. If the latter, how would one get from one area to another? Anyway, I like them too, except I do agree with you that the entrance to the cave should be on the cliff in the desert. Also in the desert, the places where you can find Pokemon should be more identifiable. Sorry I can't go into much detail as to what I like about them, but I've never been good at that. Also, sorry I didn't use spoiler tags; for some reason it wouldn't let me.
Hey, I convinced ImmunityBow to lower the voting requirement for dex threads from 5 votes to 4. So if any dex entries have 4 votes currently, you can bump and he'll approve them. Or if they have 3 and need 1 more vote, you can either vote or link me and I will if you already have.
I've been keeping up with it, but haven't felt the need to post since so many other people are taking an interest. If there's anything that I want to say that hasn't been said, I'll post something.
Nah, the ones that were close just got finished
I haven't checked the Pokedex threads lately but leave me a message if any of them need 1 more vote to pass and I'll post.
RPG Administrator


text:
Splits the string EXPR into a list of strings and returns the list in list context, or the size of the list in scalar context. (Prior to Perl 5.11, it also overwrote @_
with the list in void and scalar context. If you target old perls, beware.)
If only PATTERN is given, EXPR defaults to $_
Anything in EXPR that matches PATTERN is taken to be a separator that separates the EXPR into substrings (called "fields") that do not include the separator. Note that a separator may be longer than one character or even have no characters at all (the empty string, which is a zero-width match).
The PATTERN need not be constant; an expression may be used to specify a pattern that varies at runtime.
If PATTERN matches the empty string, the EXPR is split at the match position (between characters). As an example, the following:
my @x = split(/b/, "abc"); # ("a", "c")
uses the b
in 'abc'
as a separator to produce the list ("a", "c"). However, this:
my @x = split(//, "abc"); # ("a", "b", "c")
uses empty string matches as separators; thus, the empty string may be used to split EXPR into a list of its component characters.
As a special case for split
, the empty pattern given in match operator syntax (//
) specifically matches the empty string, which is contrary to its usual interpretation as the last successful match.
If PATTERN is /^/
, then it is treated as if it used the multiline modifier (/^/m
), since it isn't much use otherwise.
and any of the other pattern modifiers valid for qr
(summarized in "qr/STRING/msixpodualn" in perlop) may be specified explicitly.
As another special case, split
emulates the default behavior of the command line tool awk when the PATTERN is either omitted or a string composed of a single space character (such as ' '
or "\x20"
, but not e.g. / /
). In this case, any leading whitespace in EXPR is removed before splitting occurs, and the PATTERN is instead treated as if it were /\s+/
; in particular, this means that any contiguous whitespace (not just a single space character) is used as a separator.
my @x = split(" ", " Quick brown fox\n");
# ("Quick", "brown", "fox")
my @x = split(" ", "RED\tGREEN\tBLUE");
Using split in this fashion is very similar to how qw//
However, this special treatment can be avoided by specifying the pattern / /
instead of the string " "
, thereby allowing only a single space character to be a separator. In earlier Perls this special case was restricted to the use of a plain " "
as the pattern argument to split; in Perl 5.18.0 and later this special case is triggered by any expression which evaluates to the simple string " "
As of Perl 5.28, this special-cased whitespace splitting works as expected in the scope of "use feature 'unicode_strings'"
. In previous versions, and outside the scope of that feature, it exhibits "The "Unicode Bug"" in perlunicode: characters that are whitespace according to Unicode rules but not according to ASCII rules can be treated as part of fields rather than as field separators, depending on the string's internal encoding.
If omitted, PATTERN defaults to a single space, " "
, triggering the previously described awk emulation.
If LIMIT is specified and positive, it represents the maximum number of fields into which the EXPR may be split; in other words, LIMIT is one greater than the maximum number of times EXPR may be split. Thus, the LIMIT value 1
means that EXPR may be split a maximum of zero times, producing a maximum of one field (namely, the entire value of EXPR). For instance:
my @x = split(//, "abc", 1); # ("abc")
my @x = split(//, "abc", 2); # ("a", "bc")
my @x = split(//, "abc", 3); # ("a", "b", "c")
my @x = split(//, "abc", 4); # ("a", "b", "c")
If LIMIT is negative, it is treated as if it were instead arbitrarily large; as many fields as possible are produced.
If LIMIT is omitted (or, equivalently, zero), then it is usually treated as if it were instead negative but with the exception that trailing empty fields are stripped (empty leading fields are always preserved); if all fields are empty, then all fields are considered to be trailing (and are thus stripped in this case). Thus, the following:
my @x = split(/,/, "a,b,c,,,"); # ("a", "b", "c")
produces only a three element list.
my @x = split(/,/, "a,b,c,,,", -1); # ("a", "b", "c", "", "", "")
produces a six element list.
In time-critical applications, it is worthwhile to avoid splitting into more fields than necessary. Thus, when assigning to a list, if LIMIT is omitted (or zero), then LIMIT is treated as though it were one larger than the number of variables in the list; for the following, LIMIT is implicitly 3:
my ($login, $passwd) = split(/:/);
Note that splitting an EXPR that evaluates to the empty string always produces zero fields, regardless of the LIMIT specified.
An empty leading field is produced when there is a positive-width match at the beginning of EXPR. For instance:
my @x = split(/ /, " abc"); # ("", "abc")
splits into two elements. However, a zero-width match at the beginning of EXPR never produces an empty field, so that:
my @x = split(//, " abc"); # (" ", "a", "b", "c")
splits into four elements instead of five.
An empty trailing field, on the other hand, is produced when there is a match at the end of EXPR, regardless of the length of the match (of course, unless a non-zero LIMIT is given explicitly, such fields are removed, as in the last example). Thus:
my @x = split(//, " abc", -1); # (" ", "a", "b", "c", "")
If the PATTERN contains capturing groups, then for each separator, an additional field is produced for each substring captured by a group (in the order in which the groups are specified, as per backreferences); if any group does not match, then it captures the undef
value instead of a substring. Also, note that any such additional field is produced whenever there is a separator (that is, whenever a split occurs), and such an additional field does not count towards the LIMIT. Consider the following expressions evaluated in list context (each returned list is provided in the associated comment):
my @x = split(/-|,/ , "1-10,20", 3);
# ("1", "10", "20")
my @x = split(/(-|,)/ , "1-10,20", 3);
# ("1", "-", "10", ",", "20")
my @x = split(/-|(,)/ , "1-10,20", 3);
# ("1", undef, "10", ",", "20")
my @x = split(/(-)|,/ , "1-10,20", 3);
# ("1", "-", "10", undef, "20")
my @x = split(/(-)|(,)/, "1-10,20", 3);
# ("1", "-", undef, "10", undef, ",", "20")


text:
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3. How long is the sample lead time?
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5. What format of the file do you need if I want to print my own design?
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Giant fire-breathing robot
Sure, it looks like Astro Boy with heartburn, but Kenji Yanobe's Giant Torayan is not the kind of toy you leave with just any kid.
This GIANT TORATAN doll is the ultimate child's weapon, as it sings, dances, breathes fire, and follows only those orders given by children.
Masterminded at Nagoya Institute of Technology, its Command Device uses voice-recognition technology to differentiate between instructions given by adults versus those given by younger evil geniuses.
Half-dragon, half-Mary Poppins, all awesome.


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Women Leggings
Stay fit and fashionable in these Sexy Fitness High Waist Leggings. Crafted with polyester and spandex, this lightweight...
Showing: 1 -1 of 1
About Us
Welcome to HiannFashion. Probably we are the youngest source all around the world of nice clothes for women and men, like dresses, tops pants shorts, shoes, bags etc. At the same time we are planning in the near future to provide the same service for kids. We're dedicated to giving you the very best of these Categories, with a focus on quality, well-made clothes, not just to be dressed in fashion but to feel comfortable, as well as on dependability, good customer service and uniqueness.
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Automakers around the world, from Japan to Texas, are grappling with a global shortage of computer chips.
Volkswagen sounded the alarm about the growing problem last month. Now more automakers are reporting problems, including a Ford plant in Kentucky that shut down temporarily, a Jeep plant in Mexico that extended its holiday shutdown and other factories that are trimming production plans based on their supply of semiconductors.
Semiconductors are at the heart of our phones and computers, but they're critical components for new cars, too — and not just in fancy touchscreens and infotainment modules.
"They're controlling the engine and the emissions and [they're] even in the switches for raising and lowering your windows," says Kristin Dziczek, the vice president of industry, labor and economics at the Center for Automotive Research.
Last year, when auto manufacturing was suspended for the pandemic, everyone predicted a prolonged slowdown in car sales. The global semiconductor industry planned accordingly, and arranged to sell more computer chips to other buyers.
But then, much to everyone's surprise, shoppers were still eager to buy new cars. A lot of new cars. As soon as they reopened, plants resumed normal production at a remarkable speed.
At the same time, demand for chips from other sectors — like consumer electronics — was also increasing.
"Every school district in the country had to buy new computers," Dziczek says. "And the consumer electronics industry, as I understand it, pays a little better than the auto industry for these chips."
Ann Kim, the head of the Frontier Technology Group at Silicon Valley Bank, says rising demand for cloud services and Internet access is also pushing data centers to snap up more semiconductors. "The average consumer probably has seven or eight devices that are all connected to the Internet," she says. "As everyone stays home longer, everyone needs more access to data."
Chip manufacturers are working to increase production to meet all this demand. But computer chips are very complicated to manufacture. The fabrication plants where they are made can cost tens of billions of dollars to build, Kim says.
According to Continental, a major supplier of auto parts to carmakers, the global supply chain simply couldn't keep up.
"With lead times of six to nine months, the semiconductor industry has not been able to scale up fast enough to meet this unexpected growth in automotive demand," a Continental spokeswoman says. "The bottlenecks from the semiconductor industry are expected to continue well into 2021."
For car shoppers, this could mean some vehicle models are harder to find for the next few months. (Supply was tight even before this, as carmakers are still trying to catch up after last year's production halts.)
For auto workers, a Ford spokeswoman says the issue affects the entire global auto industry and "could have a significant knock-on effect on jobs and the economy given the importance of auto manufacturing." So far, the consequences have been uneven. Ford and Fiat Chrysler have entire plants on pause, while General Motors says its manufacturing operations have not been affected, and Toyota does not expect any impact to employment.
The United Auto Workers, which represents factory workers at Ford, GM and Fiat Chrysler plants, notes that its contracts include "unemployment and supplemental pay" for workers affected by production downtimes.
Meanwhile, for semiconductor manufacturers, this crunch presents new opportunities.
The semiconductor industry "hasn't been as trendy to talk about" in recent years, Kim says, but suddenly everyone is paying attention.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Web Service Documentation / Categories / Target Finder Services
Target Finder Services allows you to retrieve the estimated annual energy consumption associated with specific property design characteristics, and an energy performance goal expressed as either an ENERGY STAR score or % Better than Median. Conversely, you may also retrieve the ENERGY STAR score and % Better than Median associated with the estimated annual energy consumption of a specific property design. These metrics allow you to estimate how much energy your property would need to consume annually to reach your design energy goal, or conversely, determine the ENERGY STAR score that would be associated with your design estimated energy consumption. Target Finder Services does require user authentication but the property design information that you submit will not be saved for later reference. Your results can be returned in the set of units that you specify.
Method | REST URI * | Description |
POST | /targetFinder?measurementSystem=(measurementSystem) | Returns a list of metric values based on a specified property design. User authentication is required to use this web service. |
* For the TEST environment, relative to the base URI: https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/wstest
** Web services are only available in the TEST environment.


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You are here
News Release
Wednesday, September 27, 2006
Clinical Trial Shows Islet Transplantation is a Promising Procedure For Certain Patients with Severe Type 1 Diabetes
The first international, multicenter trial of the Edmonton Protocol — a standardized approach to the transplantation of insulin-producing islets — demonstrates that this may be an appropriate therapy that can dramatically benefit certain patients with severe complications of Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
As described in the September 28, 2006 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, 36 adult volunteers at nine clinical trial sites in North America and Europe received up to three infusions of islets, which are non-functioning in people with Type 1 diabetes. The trial was designed to gauge how well the transplanted islets would function in regulating blood sugar levels.
Led by James Shapiro, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and involving an international team of islet transplant researchers, this trial was conducted by the Immune Tolerance Network (ITN). Headquartered at the University of California, San Francisco, the ITN is an international consortium of clinical investigators supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF). NIAID and NIDDK are both components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
"The results of the trial show the feasibility and reproducibility of islet transplantation using the Edmonton Protocol and has promising implications for the future of treating type 1 diabetes," says NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D.
A year after the final treatment, 44 percent of the transplant recipients no longer needed insulin injections, and an additional 28 percent had partial islet function, which was associated with resolution of hypoglycemic unawareness — a severe complication of diabetes in which people can no longer recognize early symptoms of low blood sugar. Insulin independence did not persist indefinitely in most cases, and less than a third of the people who had been freed from insulin after one year remained so by two years. However, individuals with functioning islets had improved control of their diabetes, even though they still needed to take insulin shots. Further research will be needed to improve and prolong the beneficial effects of the procedure, the researchers say.
"Dr. Shapiro and the ITN research team have improved our understanding of the potential of islet transplantation for certain patients with Type 1 diabetes," says NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "Ongoing studies will further define the clinical utility of this approach."
"This really shows that islet transplantation can be tremendously successful in protecting against hypoglycemic unawareness," says Dr. Shapiro.
About five to ten percent of the estimated 21 million Americans with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes — an autoimmune disease in which the body loses its ability to make insulin due to destruction of islets. Islets are clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone the body requires to use glucose (sugar) as a source of energy. This is different from the more common Type 2 diabetes, in which the body produces insulin but has a reduced ability to use it properly. Without insulin, very high levels of glucose accumulate in the blood, causing injury to nerves and blood vessels; at the same time, the glucose is unable to enter cells where the body can use it. Without insulin shots, this condition is fatal. Even with insulin shots, people with Type I diabetes cannot achieve perfectly normal control of their blood sugar. As a result, most people with Type 1 diabetes eventually develop one or more complications, such as heart disease and damage to the eyes, nerves and kidneys.
Healthy individuals and most people with Type 1 diabetes know when their blood sugar is low. Over time, however, some people with Type 1 diabetes develop hypoglycemic unawareness. This condition may make them vulnerable to sudden and severe confusion, fainting and even death if untreated. People with this condition may be unable to perform routine tasks such as driving.
In the last few decades, doctors have been able to treat Type 1 diabetes with pancreas transplantation. The transplanted pancreas senses blood sugar and produces insulin. Many people with diabetes who have taken daily insulin injections for years have achieved total insulin independence after pancreas transplantation — often for years after the transplant. About 1,500 pancreas or pancreas/kidney transplants are performed every year in the United States, and nearly 20,000 of these operations have been performed in the last two decades.
Despite this success, pancreas transplants are not routinely done in patients with Type 1 diabetes because it is a major surgery that carries associated surgical and anesthetic risks. Even without complications, it requires several weeks of recovery at home. In addition, a transplant recipient must stay on immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of the transplanted pancreas. These drugs can have serious side effects, such as kidney damage and vulnerability to infection. For these reasons, pancreas transplantation is almost always reserved for patients who are already undergoing kidney transplantation.
Since the 1970s, doctors have been experimenting with a less invasive procedure, islet transplantation. Islets can be isolated from the pancreas of a deceased donor and then infused into a patient's portal vein, a large vessel that carries blood into the liver. Once in the liver, the islets settle in small blood vessels and begin sensing blood sugar content and producing insulin to control it. This is a safer procedure than a pancreas transplant and can be done in a few hours. Islet transplantation is not as effective as pancreas transplantation, however, in eliminating the need for insulin shots.
In 2000, Dr. Shapiro and his colleagues reported data on seven patients who achieved insulin independence after islet transplantation following a standardized procedure that he designed, which became known as the Edmonton Protocol. The Edmonton Protocol standardizes the procedure for preparing high-quality islets for infusion, testing the function of these islets and transplanting them into the recipient. It also makes use of a regimen of newer immunosuppressants that are less toxic to islets than some older drugs. However, toxicity remains a problem. Some patients in the trial stopped taking their immunosuppressants because of side effects, and as a result, they lost their transplanted islets.
The 36 participants in the clinical trial (mean age 41) had lived with diabetes for an average of 27 years. Each received between one and three infusions of islets. The majority of them had at least partial islet function one year after their final islet infusion, and almost all who did had resolution of hypoglycemic unawareness even if they were not freed from daily insulin injections.
"Even a small number of functioning islets seems sufficient for them to be able to detect low blood sugar and be cured of hypoglycemic unawareness," says Nancy D. Bridges, M.D., chief of the Transplant Immunobiology Branch at NIAID.
The nine clinical sites participating in the trial are: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; University of Miami; University of Minnesota; Harvard Medical School; Pacific Northwest Research Institute; Washington University, St. Louis; Justis-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; University of Milan, Italy; and University Hospital of Geneva.
News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at http://www.niaid.nih.gov.
NIAID is a component of the National Institutes of Health. NIAID supports basic and applied research to prevent, diagnose and treat infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria and illness from potential agents of bioterrorism. NIAID also supports research on basic immunology, transplantation and immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®


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07 Oct Caramelized Apple Bread Pudding
A simple dessert to warm you up on chilly nights, there is no better way to celebrate the comforting flavors of fall than with this bread pudding. Sweet caramelized apples and toasted bread cubes sing in a warm cinnamon-laced custard. The cider caramel sauce itself is divine, but particularly so when generously poured over the voluptuous pudding.
Find this recipe in our Gilded Fork Cookbook!
Serves 8-10
For the bread pudding:
4 apples (Braeburn, Gala, Fuji or Empire recommended), peeled, cored and coarsely chopped
1/4 cup butter
1/2 vanilla bean, split and seeds scraped
pinch of salt
1/3 cup light brown sugar, firmly packed
1 loaf of Brioche or Challah bread, cut into 1-inch pieces
1 1/2 cups milk
1 1/2 cups heavy cream
1/2 vanilla bean (optional)
1 teaspoon vanilla (increase to 1 tablespoon if omitting the vanilla bean)
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon nutmeg
1 cup sugar
1/2 cup light brown sugar
4 whole eggs
3 egg yolks
1 cup pecans or walnuts, toasted
For the cider caramel sauce:
1 cup apple cider
3/4 cup sugar
1/4 cup light corn syrup
1/4 cup water
1/4 teaspoon lemon juice
3/4 cup heavy cream, warmed
4 tablespoons (1/4 cup) butter, room temperature
1/2 teaspoon salt
8×8 baking dish
Large saucepan
Non-stick baking spray
Pastry brush
Rubber spatula
Tall non-reactive metal pot
Wooden spoon
For the bread pudding:
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Toast the bread cubes in the oven until they are crispy, but not burnt, about 10-15 minutes. Place in a large bowl and set aside.
Melt the butter over medium-high heat in a large saucepan. Add the vanilla bean, brown sugar and salt, stir until the sugar is dissolved and then add the apples. Sauté the apples until caramelized and the sugar becomes a thick syrup consistency. Set aside to cool.
Combine the heavy cream, milk, vanilla and salt in a medium saucepan. Bring to a simmer over medium heat. Meanwhile, in a large bowl, mix together the eggs, yolks and sugar. Remove the milk from the heat and slowly temper the eggs with the hot milk, whisking as you combine the two. Whisk in the cinnamon and nutmeg and remove the vanilla bean. Pour the liquid over the bread cubes in a large bowl; add the caramelized apples, walnuts or pecans and mix to combine. Let sit for about 1 hour to completely soak all of the bread with the liquid.
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Grease a baking dish with either non-stick baking spray or butter. Place the soaked bread cubes into the prepared baking dish and gently press to create and even layer on the top. Bake in the preheated oven until the custard is set and bread is puffed and golden brown on top, about 45 minutes.
For the cider caramel:
Place the apple cider in a small saucepan. Bring to a low boil over a medium flame and simmer until the liquid has reached a dense syrup-like consistency and has reduced to approximately 1/4 cup. Set aside to cool slightly.
Combine the sugar, corn syrup, water and lemon juice in a tall non-reactive metal saucepan. With one hand work these two ingredients together until it feels like wet sand. With a wooden spoon, stir the sugar constantly over low heat only until the sugar is completely dissolved. This step prevents the caramel from becoming grainy. Remove from heat and using either a pastry brush or your hand, clean the insides of the pan so that there are no stray granules of sugar on the sides. Do not stir.
Return the pot to the stove and bring to a boil over moderate heat. Cook, without stirring but swirling the pan occasionally, until a golden caramel color is reached. In a separate pan or in the microwave, heat the cream to slighlty warmer than room temperature. Remove the caramelized sugar from the heat and carefully whisk in the warmed cream. It will spatter and boil up, so it is best to stand back when adding the cream. Place back on the heat and whisk to remove any remaining lumps of sugar. Quickly pour into a clean glass or metal bowl to cool. Whisk in the butter, salt and reduced apple cider. Let cool to room temperature.
[Chef's Note: We use the "wet method", which when just enough water is added to sugar to make it a sandy texture, to make caramel in this recipe. During the boiling process, any excess liquid evaporates, causing the syrup to thicken, the sugar concentration to increase, and eventually the color to change from opaque to a rich, golden brown. This method takes longer than the "dry method", cooking sugar without the addition of water, but is easier to control and does not burn as easily.
When making caramel, there is always a danger of crystallization, which can give the finished caramel a grainy texture and cause it to cook unevenly. If the pan or spoon is not completely clean, if the syrup is stirred once it boils, or if the sugar is not properly dissolved, you are bound to get lumps of sugar that will agitate and crystallize in the caramel. However, this is easy to avoid by using a clean pot, adding a pinch of an acidic ingredient such as cream of tartar or lemon juice, and taking caution not to stir the sugar once it boils. Swirling the pan during cooking also helps to evenly distribute heat and color to the sugar without stirring.]
Serve the bread pudding warm, drizzled with caramel sauce. Bread pudding is delicious eaten cold, too. For easier slicing, refrigerate the bread pudding for a few hours and then reheat before serving.
Bread pudding adapts well to improvisation. Try using a variety of breads, if available, and other flavorings such as grated lemon zest, cardamom or star anise. Pears and other fruits can also be substituted for the apples.
Recipe by Monica Glass
Photo by Andrea Meyers


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Me & Clemmie are showing off our FLUFFY Tails today!!
Wanna join us!!
Have a wonderful Friday!!
Your TX furiends,
Great floofy tails! Happy Friday. xoxo
Clemmie, you look a little like something startled you!
Hello there!
Nice captures. I so love the fluffy tails here. :D Have a pawsome Friday!
Dog Fence
Ooo so floofy for friday! Love it!
Those are two bootiful, floofy tails.
You have a fluffy tails!!!!
Such pretty floofs you have!
Awesome tails!! Happy weekend!!
Floofalicious, that's what they are!
hello there..i like your pictures..here's my cats pictures..you might like it also..cheers..
What's not to love about a Saturday?


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Ochoa will succeed Michael L. Coats when he retires at the end of the year after leading Johnson since 2005. She has been the deputy director at JSC since September 2007.
"Ellen's enthusiasm, experience and leadership, including her superb job as deputy director, make her a terrific successor to Mike as director of JSC," Bolden said. "I am especially sad to see Mike leave, as he and I have been close friends and allies since coming together in the summer of 1964 as new plebes in the great Naval Academy Class of 1968. He is a true patriot and an American hero, and we wish him and his lovely wife, Diane, the very best. His expertise and dedication will be sorely missed, not only at JSC, but across the entire agency."
Ochoa, who considers La Mesa, Calif., to be her hometown, became the first Hispanic woman to go to space when she served on a nine-day mission aboard the space shuttle Discovery in 1993. She has flown in space four times, logging nearly 1,000 hours in orbit. Prior to her astronaut career, she was a research engineer and inventor, with three patents for optical systems.
Ochoa earned a bachelor's degree in physics from San Diego State University and a master's degree and doctorate in electrical engineering from Stanford University in Palo Alto, Calif. She managed the Intelligent Systems Technology Branch at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., before being selected as an astronaut in 1990. She flew on shuttle missions STS-56 in 1993, STS-66 in 1994, STS-96 in 1999, and STS-110 in 2002, logging a total of 978 hours in space.
Ochoa served as deputy director of flight crew operations at JSC in December 2002 and director of flight crew operations in September 2006. She will be JSC's first Hispanic director and its second female director. Dr. Carolyn L. Huntoon served as JSC director from 1994-95.
Coats, also a former astronaut, became JSC's 10th director in November 2005. He is concluding a 44-year career that includes 20 years with NASA, including seven as center director. He is a retired U.S. Navy captain.
Coats' NASA career began in 1978 when he earned a spot in the first astronaut class specifically selected to fly the space shuttle. He flew three shuttle missions, the first as pilot for the maiden flight of Discovery in 1984. He commanded two subsequent shuttle missions, logging more than 463 hours in space.
For Ochoa's full biography, visit:
For Coats' full biography, visit:
For information about NASA and agency programs on the Web, visit:
– end –
text-only version of this release
James Rostohar
Johnson Space Center, Houston
Michael Cabbage
Headquarters, Washington


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Questions about the temperature of something in space are often very hard to pin down (example), since there is radiative transfer to/from many different regions in the field of view at dramatically different temperatures - leading to different answers depending on an object's position and radiative properties. I want to ask about the most simple case of an object in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) I can think of.
Let's ignore the fact that an object in orbit on the night side of Earth will eventually move to the sunny side. Let's say there is a black-body at an orbital altitude above Earth on the opposite side as the sun. No internal heat production. Completely steady state. What would the temperature of the object be?
Some initial thinking:
For simplicity, we'll make it a plate. From this point, I don't know where to go exactly. The Earth occupies an even $2 \pi$ solid angle of the field of view. We know $T$ of the Earth and space, but do we need more information? The answer would probably be a function of the emissivity of the Earth.
Alternatively, maybe we would find $\dot{Q}$ from the Earth and assume that all outgoing radiation from the satellite is lost. This last argument is certainly true, but is a source of my confusion.
Why I ask, my confusion (not needed to answer the question):
What does it mean that the greenhouse effect insulates the earth radiatively? We have the surface at a given $T$, then some of the outgoing thermal radiation is blocked. What does that mean? Is the outgoing radiation then the $T$ of the colder upper atmosphere? Is that how it reduces the thermal radiation? Or is the thermal radiation the same average $T$, but at a lower intensity? This last explanation would seem to violate the 2nd law. If we consider the plate above the night side of Earth, and the far side of the plate is perfectly insulated from the rest of space... then it must reach equilibrium at the $T$ of Earth (be it the surface or upper atmosphere $T$, either is possible). Or did I interpret the law wrong? This is a common contradiction I run into with thinking about radiative heat transfer, and any correct solution to this problem should clear it up.
The concept of emissivity $<1$ makes sense to me. But that's only allowed because the surface will also proportionally reflect more light. Thus, a neighboring object absorbs less light from it, but it will then absorb more of its own reflection, leading to thermal equilibrium again, with the two objects at the same $T$. But that approach doesn't work for the Earth. As far as a satellite is concerned, any radiation it emits is gone, because the Earth is very very big. Would insulation via the greenhouse effect then just cause greater coupling between the satellite and the vacuum of space? You can imagine a $T$ of Earth and a temperature of space, with the object falling in-between them. Is the correct conclusion then that the object's temperature then lies closer to the temperature of space?


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Hello, and welcome.
Our Herb Garden began with the research materials our family compiled when building our own herb garden. It has since become a site where gardeners can find information on growing herbs, the history of many common culinary herbs and our own gardening notes.
The most popular part of our site are the companion planting guides. We were among the first to put the focus on growing herbs with other herbs and plants.
Growing Herbs…from seeds to harvest
Nothing fancy here, just some old-fashioned techniques for growing culinary and ornamental herbs in your own garden.
While catnip, may not be a delicacy for humans, we thought it was only fair to include something for pets too in Our Herb Garden. It also makes a great companion plant and attracts honeybees.
Companion Planting With Herbs
Our companion planting guide covers most of the yummy herbs we talk about. It contains information on which plants can be grown together and which ones should perhaps be kept apart like two naughty children.
The planting guide also covers attracting beneficial and detering harmful insects.
Herb History
Did you know that some of our favorite culinary herbs were once thought to be too bitter to eat? Or that some were thought to cause horrible maladies? Historical uses of herbs go from the sublime to the ridiculous but they sure make interesting reading. Visit History of Herbs to learn which herbs were thought to be effective against snakes in the head, scorpions, fickle lovers and a whole host of other maladies, real or imagined.
What's New in Our Herb Garden
Creeping thyme, silver-edged lemon thyme and golden lemon thyme are the latest editions to Our Herb Garden. As the outdoor gardening season starts drawing to a close for 2014, we've been working more with our indoor gardens. Don't miss our other gardening site – Tiny Green Gardens where we talk about terrariums, fairy gardens and other small gardens.


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Generics are an off-patented drug that is pharmaceutical equivalents to branded medicines in term of administrative dosage, quality, effect, intended use and side effects. In the United States, generic drug production has increased because it is cheaper than any branded medicine. From the last 3 decades, U.S generic drug market has transformed from less than 20% of generic drug prescription to 80% of dispensing generic medicine prescriptions. As per the Renub Research report, United States Generic Drugs Market will be US$ 239.5 Billion by 2026.
Generic medicines help maintain the country's healthcare system, from curing patients to saving money. Currently, the price of off-label drugs is 70% to 80% lower than branded medicines. In the United States, the decline in medicine price works as the biggest catalyst for the generic drug market growth. These generic medicines prices sometimes declined to 85% less than patented drugs; this happens when various generic drug companies target a single patented drug. Our research findings suggest that the United States Off-Label Drugs market will grow with a CAGR of 5.69% in future from 2020 to 2026.
Request a Free Sample Copy of the Report: https://www.renub.com/request-sample-page.php?gturl=united-states-generic-drugs-market-p.php
The United States government awareness for the use of generic drugs reduces overall health expenditure in the country. The FDA's Office of Generic Drugs (OGD) within the Center for Drug Evaluation in Research ensures access to safe, high quality and affordable drugs to Americans. The U.S government made a law regarding the generic drug, allowing a new player to enter the market. Besides factors like the rising number of patients for diabetes, Alzheimer, cardiac diseases, an increasing number of drug patent expirations and government initiatives expected to drive the generic drugs industry. As per this research study, the United States Off-patent Drugs Market was US$ 171.8 Billion in the year 2020.
Generic Drug Companies Deals
On July 6, 2020, Endo announced that it had received FDA approval of Qwo® (collagenase clostridium histolyticum-aaes). Another company, named Lupin Limited manufactures generic drug Abacavir& Lamivudine, whose combination is being used together with other medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We have covered companies' initiatives that sell various generic drugs in the United States. Companies covered in the report are Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Mylan N.V, Sandoz Inc, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Lupin Limited, Dr Reddy's and Sun pharma.
Renub Research report title "United States Generic Drugs Market'' By Segment (Generic, Branded), Therapy Area (CNS, Cardiovascular, Dermatology, Genitourinary/Hormonal, Respiratory, Anti – infective, Oncology and Others), Pharmaceutical (Branded Pharmaceutical, Generics Pharmaceutical), Company (Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Mylan N.V, Sandoz Inc, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Lupin Limited , Dr Reddy's and Sun pharma)" provides an all-encompassing analysis on the US Generic Drug Industry.
Follow the link for the full report with detailed TOC and list of figures and tables: https://www.renub.com/united-states-generic-drugs-market-p.php
Segment: Market breakup from 2 viewpoints
• Generic
• Branded
Therapy Area: Market breakup from 8 viewpoints
2. Cardiovascular
3. Dermatology
4. Genitourinary/Hormonal
5. Respiratory
6. Anti – infective
7. Oncology
8. Others
Pharmaceutical: Market breakup from 2 viewpoints
• Branded Pharmaceutical
• Generics Pharmaceutical
All the Company Analysis have covered 3 Viewpoints
• Overview
• Recent Developments
• Revenue Analysis
Company Analysis
1. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
2. Mylan N.V
3. Sandoz Inc.
4. Endo Pharmaceuticals
5. Lupin Limited
6. Dr Reddy's
7. Sun pharma
Industry Related Opportunity:
Hepatitis C Drugs Market: https://www.renub.com/hepatitis-c-market-and-forecast-hepatitis-c-pipeline-drugs-sales-and-forecast-clinical-trials-global-466-p.php
China Cancer Drugs Market: https://www.renub.com/china-cancer-drugs-market-p.php
About the Company:
Renub Research is a Market Research and Consulting Company. We have more than 10 years of experience especially in international Business-to-Business Researches, Surveys and Consulting. We provide a wide range of business research solutions that helps companies in making better business decisions. We partner with clients in all sectors and regions to identify their highest-value opportunities, address their most critical challenges, and transform their businesses. Our wide clientele comprises major players in Healthcare, Travel and Tourism, Food & Beverages, Power & Energy, Information Technology, Telecom & Internet, Chemical, Logistics & Automotive, Consumer Goods & Retail, Building and Construction, & Agriculture. Our clients rely on our market analysis and data to make informed knowledgeable decisions. We are regarded as one of the best providers of knowledge. Our pertinent analysis helps consultants, bankers and executives to make informed and correct decisions.
Our core team is comprised of experienced people holding graduate, postgraduate and PhD degrees in Finance, Marketing, Human Resource, Bio-Technology, Medicine, Information Technology, Environmental Science and many more. Our research helps to make business decisions: on strategy, organization, operations, technology, mergers & acquisitions etc. We support many blue chip companies by providing them with findings and perspectives across a wide range of markets. Our research reports offer a blend of information insight, analysis and forecasting that is essential in today's ultra-competitive markets.
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This week rogue flamingo Pink Floyd was spotted in Texas, Linda Holmes shared the wonders of Netflix's new game show Is It Cake?, and we tried our best to avoid the unending discourse about The Slap.
Here's what NPR's Pop Culture Happy Hour crew was paying attention to — and what you should check out this weekend.
I have recently discovered this game called Q-Less. It is designed by Tom Sturdevant – I found it on his TikTok page. The game starts with it twelve dice with different letters on them. You roll them all and then have to piece all twelve letters to make words that connect – so you make a crossword. It's like a word solitaire game. The words need to have at least three letters, and you can't use proper nouns or names.
This game is taking over my life, but in a good way. I used to spend my lunch break eating my sandwich and looking at my phone, and now I spend it eating my sandwich and playing this puzzle game. It's just been a delight. So shout out to my guy Tom and Q-Less. —Andrew Limbong
Box Office Game
There are all these -dle games: there's wordle, there's chordal, there's hurdle. But there is also a different game that I have become obsessed with called Box Office Game. It's similar to wordle in that every day everyone gets the same game on the website, and there is only one game a day. But this game is a little bit more complicated.
Every day the game presents you with a particular weekend of movie releases from the past, except most of the details — including the name of the movies — are blank. So with the limited number of clues they give you and your knowledge of movie release calendars you have to guess the names of the top five films. Since the clues they give you are like how much it grossed, you can also choose to reveal certain clues until you can figure out the name of the movie, but each reveal costs a certain number of points. So it's all a little bit complicated, but I really enjoy it, even though my streak is terrible. —Aisha Harris
'Why Sailor Moon is beloved by so many, 30 years later' on NPR's All Things Considered
Sailor Moon debuted in Japan 30 years ago on March 7, 1992. To celebrate, NPR's Juana Summers talked to Briana Lawrence, fandom editor at The Mary Sue, about Sailor Moon about why the show still endures. The segment aired on All Things Considered last week.
The two of them have such good rapport, and Brianna talks about revisiting Sailor Moon as an adult and how differently you empathize with the characters. She spoke about how when she was younger, Usagi Tsukino – Sailor Moon – was just an annoying crybaby, but revisiting it as an adult, Lawrence realized that, oh yeah, this is a 14-year-old with the weight of the world on her shoulders – of course, she's going to cry. They also talk about the idea of queerness within the show. In the English dub, Sailor Neptune and Sailor Uranus are cousins, but in the original Japanese version, it's made very clear they are together, which would have been revolutionary for me to see when I was younger, instead of these...really close cousins. It was just such an enjoyable conversation revisiting and exploring new emotions and layers of this show I love. I would highly recommend it. —Mallory Yu
More recommendations from the Pop Culture Happy Hour newsletter
NPR intern Fi O'Reilly adapted the Pop Culture Happy Hour segment "What's Making Us Happy" into a digital page. If you like these suggestions, consider signing up for our newsletter to get recommendations every week.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Citizenship in most cases relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at the subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as «citizens» of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of Swiss citizenship is citizenship of an individual commune, from which follows citizenship of a canton and of the Confederation.
USA has a federal system in which a person is a citizen of their specific state of residence, such as NJ or Cal, as well as a citizen of the US. State constitutions may grant certain rights above and beyond what are granted under the US Constitution and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service; each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to nationalization.


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Ezekiel in Babylon
1 aIn the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, on the fifth day of the month, as I was among the exiles by bthe Chebar canal, cthe heavens were opened, and I saw dvisions of God.1 2 On the fifth day of the month (it was ethe fifth year of fthe exile of King Jehoiachin), 3 the word of the Lord came to Ezekiel gthe priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by bthe Chebar canal, and hthe hand of the Lord was upon him there.
The Glory of the Lord
4 As I looked, behold, ia stormy wind came jout of the north, and a great cloud, with kbrightness around it, and fire flashing forth continually, and in the midst of the fire, las it were gleaming metal.2 5 And from the midst of it came the likeness of mfour living creatures. nAnd this was their appearance: they had a human likeness, 6 obut each had four faces, and each of them had four wings. 7 Their legs were straight, and the soles of their feet were like the sole of a calf's foot. And they sparkled plike burnished bronze. 8 Under their wings qon their four sides rthey had human hands. And the four had their faces and their wings thus: 9 their wings touched one another. sEach one of them went straight forward, qwithout turning as they went. 10 As for the likeness of their faces, teach had a human face. The four had the face of a lion on the right side, the four had the face of an ox on the left side, and the four had the face of an eagle. 11 Such were their faces. And their wings were spread out above. Each creature had two wings, each of which touched the wing of another, while utwo covered their bodies. 12 sAnd each went straight forward. vWherever the spirit3 would go, they went, without turning as they went. 13 As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was wlike burning coals of fire, wlike the appearance of torches moving to and fro among the living creatures. xAnd the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning. 14 And the living creatures ydarted to and fro, zlike the appearance of a flash of lightning.
15 aNow as I looked at the living creatures, I saw a wheel on the earth beside the living creatures, one for each of the four of them.4 16 aAs for the appearance of the wheels and their construction: their appearance was like bthe gleaming of beryl. cAnd the four had the same likeness, their appearance and construction being as it were a wheel within a wheel. 17 dWhen they went, they went ein any of their four directions5 fwithout turning as they went. 18 And their rims were tall and awesome, gand the rims of all four were full of eyes all around. 19 hAnd when the living creatures went, the wheels went beside them; iand when the living creatures rose from the earth, the wheels rose. 20 jWherever the spirit wanted to go, they went, and the wheels rose along with them, jfor the spirit of the living creatures6 was in the wheels. 21 hWhen those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; iand when those rose from the earth, the wheels rose along with them, jfor the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels.
22 Over the heads of the living creatures there was kthe likeness of an expanse, shining like awe-inspiring lcrystal, spread out above their heads. 23 And under the expanse their wings were mstretched out straight, one toward another. nAnd each creature had two wings covering its body. 24 And when they went, I heard the sound of their wings olike the sound of many waters, like pthe sound of the qAlmighty, a sound of tumult rlike the sound of an army. When they stood still, they let down their wings. 25 And there came a voice from above sthe expanse over their heads. When they stood still, they let down their wings.
26 And above the expanse over their heads there was tthe likeness of a throne, tin appearance ulike sapphire;7 and seated above the likeness of a throne was va likeness with a human appearance. 27 And wupward from what had the appearance of his waist I saw as it were xgleaming metal, like the appearance of fire enclosed all around. And downward from what had the appearance of his waist I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and ythere was brightness around him.8 28 Like the appearance of zthe bow that is in the cloud on the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness all around.
Such was the appearance of the likeness of athe glory of the Lord. And when I saw it, bI fell on my face, and I heard the voice of one speaking.
Ezekiel's Call
2 And he said to me, c"Son of man,1 dstand on your feet, and I will speak with you." 2 And as he spoke to me, ethe Spirit entered into me and fset me on my feet, and I heard him speaking to me. 3 And he said to me, "Son of man, I send you to the people of Israel, to gnations of rebels, who have rebelled against me. hThey and their fathers have transgressed against me to this very day. 4 The descendants also are iimpudent and stubborn: I send you to them, and you shall say to them, 'Thus says the Lord God.' 5 And jwhether they hear or refuse to hear (for they are ga rebellious house) kthey will know that a prophet has been among them. 6 And you, son of man, lbe not afraid of them, nor be afraid of their words, mthough briers and thorns are with you and you sit on nscorpions.2 Be not afraid of their words, nor be dismayed at their looks, for they are a rebellious house. 7 And you shall speak my words to them, jwhether they hear or refuse to hear, for they are a rebellious house.
8 "But you, son of man, hear what I say to you. oBe not rebellious like that rebellious house; open your mouth and peat what I give you." 9 And when I looked, behold, qa hand was stretched out to me, and behold, ra scroll of a book was in it. 10 And he spread it before me. And it had writing son the front and on the back, and there were written on it words of lamentation and mourning and woe.
3 And he said to me, c"Son of man, eat whatever you find here. tEat this scroll, and go, speak to the house of Israel." 2 So I opened my mouth, and he gave me this scroll to eat. 3 And he said to me, "Son of man, feed your belly with this scroll that I give you and fill your stomach with it." uThen I ate it, and it was in my mouth vas sweet as honey.
4 And he said to me, w"Son of man, go to the house of Israel and speak with my words to them. 5 For you are not sent to a people of foreign speech and a hard language, but to the house of Israel— 6 not to many peoples of foreign speech and a hard language, whose words you cannot understand. xSurely, if I sent you to such, they would listen to you. 7 yBut the house of Israel will not be willing to listen to you, for they are not willing to listen to me: because all the house of Israel zhave a hard forehead and a stubborn heart. 8 aBehold, I have made your face as hard as their faces, and your forehead as hard as their foreheads. 9 Like bemery harder than flint have I made your forehead. cFear them not, nor be dismayed at their looks, for they are a rebellious house." 10 Moreover, he said to me, "Son of man, dall my words that I shall speak to you receive ein your heart, and hear with your ears. 11 And go to the exiles, fto your people, and speak to them and say to them, g'Thus says the Lord God,' hwhether they hear or refuse to hear."
12 iThen the Spirit1 lifted me up, and I heard behind me the voice2 of ja great earthquake: "Blessed be the glory of the Lord from its place!" 13 It was the sound of the wings of kthe living creatures as they touched one another, and the sound of the wheels beside them, and the sound of la great earthquake. 14 mThe Spirit lifted me up and took me away, and I went in bitterness in the heat of my spirit, the nhand of the Lord being strong upon me. 15 oAnd I came to the exiles at Tel-abib, who were dwelling oby the Chebar canal, and I sat where they were dwelling.3 And pI sat there qoverwhelmed among them rseven days.
A Watchman for Israel
16 sAnd at the end of seven days, the word of the Lord came to me: 17 t"Son of man, uI have made you a watchman for the house of Israel. Whenever you hear a word from my mouth, you shall vgive them warning from me. 18 wIf I say to the wicked, x'You shall surely die,' vand you give him no warning, nor speak to warn the wicked from his wicked way, in order to save his life, that wicked person yshall die for4 his iniquity, zbut his blood I will require at your hand. 19 aBut if you warn the wicked, and he does not turn from his wickedness, or from his wicked way, he shall die for his iniquity, bbut you cwill have delivered your soul. 20 dAgain, if a righteous person turns from his righteousness and commits injustice, eand I lay a stumbling block before him, he shall die. vBecause you have not warned him, he shall die for his sin, dand his righteous deeds that he has done shall not be remembered, zbut his blood I will require at your hand. 21 But if you warn the righteous person not to sin, and he does not sin, he shall surely live, because he took warning, and you will have delivered your soul."
22 fAnd the hand of the Lord was upon me there. And he said to me, "Arise, go out into gthe valley,5 and hthere I will speak with you." 23 So I arose and went out into the valley, and behold, ithe glory of the Lord stood there, like the glory that I had seen jby the Chebar canal, iand I fell on my face. 24 kBut the Spirit entered into me and set me on my feet, and he spoke with me and said to me, "Go, shut yourself within your house. 25 And you, O son of man, behold, lcords will be placed upon you, and you shall be bound with them, so that you cannot go out among the people. 26 And I will make your tongue cling to the roof of your mouth, so that myou shall be mute and unable to reprove them, nfor they are a rebellious house. 27 oBut when I speak with you, I will open your mouth, and you shall say to them, p'Thus says the Lord God.' qHe who will hear, let him hear; and he who will refuse to hear, let him refuse, for they are a rebellious house.
The Siege of Jerusalem Symbolized
4 "And you, rson of man, stake a brick and lay it before you, and engrave on it a city, even Jerusalem. 2 tAnd put siegeworks against it, uand build a siege wall against it, vand cast up a mound against it. Set camps also against it, wand plant battering rams against it all around. 3 And you, take an iron griddle, and place it as an iron wall between you and the city; xand set your face toward it, yand let it be in a state of siege, and press the siege against it. This is za sign for the house of Israel.
4 "Then lie on your left side, and place the punishment1 of the house of Israel upon it. For the number of the days that you lie on it, ayou shall bear their punishment. 5 For I assign to you a number of days, b390 days, cequal to the number of the years of their punishment. aSo long shall you bear dthe punishment of the house of Israel. 6 And when you have completed these, you shall lie down a second time, but on your right side, and ebear fthe punishment of the house of Judah. gForty days I assign you, a day for each year. 7 hAnd you shall set your face toward the siege of Jerusalem, iwith your arm bared, and you shall prophesy against the city. 8 And behold, jI will place cords upon you, so that you cannot turn from one side to the other, till you have completed kthe days of your siege.
9 "And you, take wheat and barley, beans and lentils, millet and emmer,2 and put them into a single vessel and make your lbread from them. mDuring the number of days that you lie on your side, n390 days, you shall eat it. 10 And your food that you eat shall be oby weight, ptwenty shekels3 a day; from day to day4 you shall eat it. 11 And water you shall drink oby measure, the sixth part of a hin;5 from day to day you shall drink. 12 And you shall eat it as a barley cake, baking it qin their sight on human dung." 13 And the Lord said, "Thus shall the people of Israel eat rtheir bread unclean, among the nations where I will drive them." 14 Then I said, s"Ah, Lord God! Behold, I have never defiled myself.6 tFrom my youth up till now I have never eaten uwhat died of itself or was torn by beasts, nor has vtainted meat come into my mouth." 15 Then he said to me, "See, I assign to you cow's dung instead of human dung, on which you may prepare your bread." 16 Moreover, he said to me, w"Son of man, behold, xI will break the supply7 of bread in Jerusalem. They shall eat bread oby weight and with anxiety, and they shall drink water oby measure and in dismay. 17 I will do this that they may lack bread and water, and ylook at one another in dismay, and zrot away because of their punishment.
Jerusalem Will Be Destroyed
5 "And you, aO son of man, take a bsharp sword. Use it as ca barber's razor and dpass it over your head and your beard. Then take balances for weighing and divide the hair. 2 eA third part you shall burn in the fire fin the midst of the city, gwhen the days of the siege are completed. And a third part you shall take and strike with the sword all around the city. hAnd a third part you shall scatter to the wind, and iI will unsheathe the sword after them. 3 jAnd you shall take from these a small number and bind them in the skirts of your robe. 4 kAnd of these again you shall take some and cast them into the midst of the fire and burn them in the fire. From there a fire will come out into all the house of Israel.
5 "Thus says the Lord God: lThis is Jerusalem. I have set her min the center of the nations, with countries all around her. 6 And she has rebelled against my rules by doing wickedness nmore than the nations, and against my statutes more than mthe countries all around her; for they have rejected my rules and have not walked in my statutes. 7 Therefore thus says the Lord God: Because you are omore turbulent than the nations that are all around you, pand have not walked in my statutes or obeyed my rules, qand have not1 even acted according to the rules of the nations that are all around you, 8 therefore thus says the Lord God: Behold, I, even I, ram against you. sAnd I will execute judgments2 in your midst tin the sight of the nations. 9 And because of all your abominations I will do with you uwhat I have never yet done, and the like of which I will never do again. 10 Therefore vfathers shall eat their sons in your midst, and sons shall eat their fathers. sAnd I will execute judgments on you, wand any of you who survive I will scatter to all the winds. 11 Therefore, xas I live, declares the Lord God, surely, ybecause you have defiled my sanctuary zwith all your detestable things and with all your aabominations, btherefore I will withdraw.3 cMy eye will not spare, and I will have no pity. 12 dA third part of you shall die of pestilence and be consumed with famine in your midst; da third part shall fall by the sword all around you; dand a third part I will scatter to all the winds and will unsheathe the sword after them.
13 e"Thus shall my anger spend itself, and I will vent my fury upon them and satisfy myself. And they shall know that fI am the Lord—that I have spoken in my jealousy—ewhen I spend my fury upon them. 14 Moreover, I will make you ga desolation and han object of reproach among ithe nations all around you and in the sight of all who pass by. 15 You shall be4 a reproach and a taunt, a warning jand a horror, to ithe nations all around you, kwhen I execute judgments on you in anger and fury, and lwith furious rebukes—I am the Lord; I have spoken— 16 when I send against you5 mthe deadly arrows of famine, arrows for destruction, which I will send to destroy you, and when I bring more and more famine upon nyou and break your supply6 of bread. 17 I will send famine and owild beasts against you, pand they will rob you of your children. Pestilence and qblood shall pass through you, and I will bring the sword upon you. I am the Lord; I have spoken."


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At some point or another, most parents will leave their child in the care of another person. And doing so can actually have numerous benefits: day care and preschool help children's personal, social, economical, and emotional development. And, although some academic learning can take place in preschool, children benefit primarily from the social aspects of early educational settings. However, leaving your child in the care of another isn't always easy and choosing child care for your child, such as a preschool, is perhaps one of the most important choice you will ever make as a parent, especially in regards to early child care. Interestingly, a two year old child is generally more active than at any other point in their life and adds around 5 new words to their vocabulary every day. And overall, during the first few years of life, a human being is capable of absorbing more information at a time than they will ever be able to again. Therefore, at this stage in life, proper care and stimulation is critical. When looking into different options for child care jackson mi, such as Jackson day care or preschool Jackson MI, there are several things to consider.
Perhaps most importantly, when considering preschools or daycares, such as day care Jackson MI or preschool Jackson MI, you will want to find out about the center's accreditation; ideally it should be accredited at the state or national level. Secondly, you need to carefully consider the adult to child ratio. The less number of children per an adult, the more individualized one on one attention he or she will receive. Prior to making any choices you should visit a number of daycares and preschools, such as preschool jackson mi, in order to get a feel for different places. Make sure you look around a bit an examine things. One thing you will want to pay attention to is cleanliness. You want your child to be in an environment that is clean and hygienic, Also make sure you talk with different care takers and watch how they interact with the children.
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Dinosaur Alphabet Pinboard
Use one of our pinboards to corral and stylishly display children's school art, candid photos, wedding, graduation or birth announcements and anything else you can stick a pin through! Our printed cork adds an element organization and extra style to your family spaces.
Dimensions: 24" x 36"


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Ooops, a couple of weeks turned into several. Writers block, losing my mojo? Or just not being in the mood....... Apologies, anyway.
The cross season for me has been a productive and engrossing one - more of which later. For now, it is only appropriate to indulge in that yearly pursuit of 'predict the Wereldkampion'.
As a (relatively) well informed watcher of the Euro scene via a constant stream of self generated DVDs, I've enjoyed this season more than previous ones. Racing has been on the whole tighter, less predicatable and not dominated by the patron Nys, more shared between some evenly matched protaganists. Nys at the top of his game is unbeatable. But his conditie hasn't been top all the time. Either deliberate, or age induced, others have been allowed in on a regular basis, so much so that he relinquished his World Cup crown to Stybar on Sunday at Hoogerheide and has not had the same crushing tally of victories as previously.
Albert was always going to thrust his prodigious talent to the fore after the Worlds triumph last January, and for a time, in the early season, I was in danger of losing interest as he looked likely to be running away with the season as a whole, courtesy of numerous definitive victories. However, the others, notably Nys and Stybar wised up or shaped up and he has not been able to ride away with impunity so often. Sure, his attacks are usually devastating, but not always conclusive of late. I have been amazed by his lack of mental strength at times - more than once a bit of bad luck or minor mechanical has had him losing the plot, most famously launching a bike at his pit crew in the middle of a tantrum. Compare that with Nys who has had some crucial crashes or mechanicals and made the best of the situation with great determination and fortitude.
Superb photos including this one can be found at www.cyclephotos.co.uk
Stybar for me, has been the most exciting rider. Sure he has not dominated in the way Albert has at times, nor Nys with his treademark late surge, but he has raced in a savvy and consistent way, picking up good placings and going for the wins when his confidence and condition came together. I love his style, all effort and commitment from gun to tape. The Belgians like him too, particularly now he speaks pretty good Flemish.......
Bart Wellens has been largely absent and hugely missed by me - some recent promising results still won't be enough to salvage a ruined season. Next year, Bart!
And to the Worlds? Here's my prediction:
Nys wins, only just, ahead of Stybar and de Knecht – dramatic last lap, Nys with one of his awesome do or die efforts gets in just ahead of a charging Stybar who has been aggressive all race.
De Knecht has been consistent all season and it pays off with a podium place. Well deserved.
Albert? Gets a bad start (again), chases up to leading group, bobbles or has minor mechanical, throws a tantrum and finishes off the podium.
There you have it.
And so to domestic matters........
A select dose of racing this season yielded some gratifying results in a couple of races and the following information, to be filed away for future seasons:
Green Michelin Mud on FMB casings rock - better grip, better handling in atrocious conditions than even a Rhino (which I still love). When, oh when, will someone bring back the Michelin tread of old. Simply the best mud tread ever.
Play with your pressure and learn to go as low as you dare. Though I dont know the true accuracy of my track pump, it was reading 20psi for the ice and 23/24psi for grassy and muddy conditions. I weigh 12 1/2 stone, but if I can go this low then you little 9 1/2 stoners definitely can. Try it. It's the future.
Cross is about skillsets - running, cornering, hurdles/obstacles and knowing when to do what and in what order. If you get my drift. Practice, practice, practice.
Run - short runs, hill runs, steady runs. Do what you fancy most, but above all do it. It works, and well.
Deep section carbon wheels are for pros or museums - braking, handling, reliability are all compromised over even an average alloy rim, let alone a good pair of alloys, particularly on the kind of rough and muddy courses we get in the NW. Maybe it is the fact that I have cheap carbon rims (not the high end wheels the pros have), but my Bontrager X Lites consistently felt better in deep mud despite what they say about carbons cutting through it. I love the bling of carbons as much as the next crossista, but my mud tires are going to be mounted on alloys next year with a sole pair of carbons for fast and dry courses. When we get them, which is like, never. Oh, and for ice which we may get more of now.......
Form your own team - I/we did it and it has been a blast from start to finish. On second thoughts, join us! We haven't graced the podium, nor won any team prizes but we've raced each other hard and done our best. We are road legal, licenced up and looking for a cross and cobble experience near you. Of course it helps if you have a talented designer type on board to design everything from team strip to stickers to beer mats to underwear. Well, not yet underwear but it is only a matter of time...
Happy Worlds watching but remember, the Classics are but a month round the corner.


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2325 S Ocean Boulevard, Delray Beach
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