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If there's always a fine line between "hilarious" and "offensive," Israeli comics artist Rutu Modan is one heck of a tightrope walker.
This is a woman who managed to edit the Israeli edition of Mad magazine and then continue to have a career afterwards. The two graphic novels she's had published in the U.S. address Israeli and Jewish political issues with masterful balance and compassion. The fact that these balanced, compassionate narratives are told through equally balanced, elegant drawings suggests she may be some kind of multidisciplinary prodigy.
Tunnels is more acerbic than 2007's Exit Wounds and 2013's The Property (both of which won Eisner Awards). What's particularly engaging about Modan's latest turn is how she expresses it: Not in words, but through a change in style. The character designs in Tunnels are absurdly cartoony. Aside from some pointed exceptions, they consist of hasty-seeming — even awkward — clusters of fat lines. Their features jostle for space on their faces, and they almost always have one exaggerated marker like a pointy nose or thick eyebrows. When Modan's characters feel strong emotions, they show it Sunday-funnies style: Their hair might stand on end, or they'll stamp their feet and spew spittle.
Readers unfamiliar with Modan's previous work may not get the joke — not that it's really all that funny. Only cartoon characters, Modan suggests, can possibly reflect the cartoonish levels of greed and self-deceit revealed as her tale unspools. Bobbing clumsily in front of Modan's lacy backgrounds, the characters embody the contrast between human pettiness and the majestic forces of time and nature.
Modan's story focuses on the perennially controversial topic of archaeological exploration of the Holy Land. The book kicks off with Nili, the daughter of a brilliant archaeologist and his halfhearted successor, coming across an ancient tablet she's never seen before. It's been hidden from researchers in the private hoard of Mr. Abuloff, a wealthy collector who buys up crucial relics from ISIS but barely understands their significance. Nili realizes this particular tablet tells the location of that artifact among artifacts, the legendary Ark of the Covenant. She immediately decides she must excavate it, not so much to enjoy the fame that would accompany such a find — and certainly not out of religious commitment — but to complete her father's work. She went along on digs with him when she was a child, and even remembers getting close to the location indicated on the tablet. Since then, though, she's seen the credit for her father's achievements stolen by a greedy rival — the renowned, rapacious Rafi Sarid. Her father has succumbed to dementia.
Rafi discovers what Nili's after and sets out to find it himself. He has a halfhearted partner in Nili's brother Broshi, who hopes the great man can help him get tenure — and also resents his sister for sticking him with the burden of their father's care. Complicating matters, the old dig site that Nili remembers is now located on the other side of one of the arbitrary lines, drawn by the Oslo Accords in the 1990s, that divide the country into Israeli- and Palestinian-controlled zones. There's a terrific illustration of Nili and Abuloff arriving at the site on their map only to gaze up, dwarfed, at a massive border wall.
Soon an array of interested parties discover what Nili and Rafi are up to and lend help to one side or another. (Would-be excavators, take note! To judge from this book, it's practically impossible to dig anywhere in Israel without word leaking out immediately.) With the exception of Nili and Broshi, who are slightly more complex, all the characters broadly symbolize various impure motives: greed (Abuloff), glory (Rafi), zealotry (scripture-quoting activist Shmuel Gedanken, who's accompanied everywhere by a peanut gallery of dimwitted young Zionists), and the need to scrape a living (two Palestinians who hope to use the tunnels for smuggling.)
Tunnels' archaeological story isn't as layered as it could be. Nili in particular isn't a very well-developed protagonist; she's clearly supposed to be an everyperson, but she doesn't have much of an inner life. Actually, the book's most potent character is a red cow that Gedanken brings to the site to be sacrificed. To the humans it's nothing but a symbol, a creature whose color happens to mark it for death according to Chapter 19 of the Book of Numbers. But Modan turns it into a trickster figure and, by the end, arguably the most relatable being there.
Judging Tunnels on its story is beside the point, though. The complexities of Modan's themes are expressed through her art, not her words. The varied styles she employs create a discordant visual rhythm and a sense of constant challenge. Contemplating the shallowness and entitlement of Modan's characters, readers may wind up reflecting on their own.
Etelka Lehoczky has written about books for The Atlantic, The Los Angeles Review of Books and The New York Times. She tweets at @EtelkaL.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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As COVID-19 continues to surge in places across the county, the Food and Drug Administration is curbing the use of two out of three monoclonal antibody treatments available in the U.S. because data shows they aren't effective against the omicron variant, the agency announced Monday.
The two drugs, made by Regeneron and by Eli Lilly, worked well earlier in the pandemic with non-omicron variants, NPR's Pien Huang toldMorning Edition. But data shows they aren't effective against omicron, which accounts for an estimated 99% of U.S. COVID-19 cases.
The drugs are bamlanivimab and etesevimab (which are administered together) and REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab); the FDA has limited their use to patients infected with a variant that is susceptible to these treatments.
"Honestly, I'm shocked that it took them this long to do it because things are bad enough without wasting valuable health care provider time infusing a medicine that is not going to be effective," Erin Fox, a pharmacy director at University of Utah Health, told NPR.
The makers of the drugs acknowledge the medications don't work well against omicron, notes Huang. But some officials aren't on board. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis, who has been an outspoken supporter of monoclonal antibody treatments in Florida, criticized the FDA's move to restrict authorization.
Vaccines and early treatments developed for lessening COVID-19's severity are critical to the U.S.'s response to the ongoing pandemic.
Monoclonal antibody treatments work by infusing COVID-19 patients with laboratory-made proteins that mimic the immune system's processes for fighting off pathogens; they're one type of early treatment that can make COVID-19 less severe.
The FDA reports the monoclonal antibody treatment sotrovimab is still authorized because it is expected to remain effective at lessening the risk of severe disease even against the omicron variant; although it is in short supply across the country. Other therapies are also available including Paxlovid and molnupiravir, two pills patients can take at home to reduce the risk of hospitalization from severe COVID-19, and the antiviral drug remdesivir, for which the FDA recently broadened approval.
The Department of Health and Human Services will no longer distribute the monoclonal antibody treatments for which the FDA has reduced its authorization. The department says that in the future, if people are likely to be infected with a variant that is susceptible to these treatments, use of the drugs may be authorized again.
This story originally appeared on the Morning Edition live blog.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Here is another post featuring Upper Deck Goodwin Champions cards of Dodger players. These cards are a part of the base set and mini inserts of the base set. I hope to grab a few packs in the next few days, so, I'll report what I get when when I do.
Below is a very limited "one-of-one" magenta printing plate of Kuroda. A silver bordered mini insert card of Chad Billingsley.
Here is Manny in both his black bordered and regular mini insert cards.
A large group of Dodger mini cards.


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Every night inside the San Juan Bosco Migrant Shelter in Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, not far from the border of Arizona, there are dozens, sometimes hundreds of people who have found refuge.
Recently, Alma Cota De Yanez stood in front of a packed chapel of men, women, children and the elderly, and asked for a show of hands of where people had traveled from.
"Mexico," she said before just a handful of hands went into the air.
When she called out "Guatemala," nearly every hand in the room was risen.
They are people who have traveled, sometimes on foot, from a country more than 2,000 miles away, with hopes of making it to the United States.
Alma works for Fundación del Empresariado Sonorense A.C. or FESAC, a local nonprofit in the community that supports the shelter.
She says most people at this shelter are from Central American countries like Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.
Many of the migrants are trying to escape poverty and violence in their home country.
Most at the shelter have already tried to enter the U.S. Some are seeking asylum. Others may have tried illegally, but they were unsuccessful.
"These are people that have been under the status of catch and release," Alma said. "They are caught right at the minute they cross, and they are put back. And they usually come here to sleep."
The San Juan Bosco Migrant Shelter first opened in 1982 and they say they've been open every day since.
At the shelter, migrants receive a warm meal, clothes, medical attention and guidance in finding legal advice.
It was founded by Paco Loureiro's parents. His mother, Gilda, still helps run the shelter after his father, Juan Francisco, passed last year.
While the Mayor of Nogales, Arizona, says there is not a "crisis" in his city like what is happening along other parts of the U.S. – Mexico border, Paco says he's seen an increase in migrants coming to his shelter since President Joe Biden has taken office, even though the administration has said the border is closed.
"As this new administration started, there was this call that people felt. This is a new administration, let's go right now," Alma said about the increase in migrants coming towards the border.
Inside the shelter's chapel, a man told us he and his brother left Guatemala in hopes of finding better work. He said their jobs in Guatemala paid the equivalent to six U.S. dollars a day.
Among the faces were young children. Alma says at the shelter, they are all traveling with their parents, unlike the recent spike in unaccompanied minors trying to cross the border.
Alex La Pierre is with Arizona-based Border Community Alliance, a group that helps support the shelter and works to bridge the divide between Mexico and the U.S.
He says for many migrants, there is uncertainty as many on both sides wonder how leaders will handle immigration issues next.
"People think with the new administration, things have switched overnight and that's not the case," Alex said.
Finding the right approach to solving immigration may feel impossible, but Alex would like people, no matter their opinion, to start with what you see and who you see in places like the shelter.
"Have empathy for these people who really have nothing. This is really their last resort is coming here and making this journey. It's something that isn't just a flip of a coin, but it was something that they had no other choice," he said.


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Latest Article|September 3, 2020|Free
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Reply or see more "I Saw You" ads at alibi.com/personals Late night at Ghetto Smith's First spotted you at the ATM; you were wearing a long black coat. Our eyes met when I was at the checkout buying chocolate milk. I ran out into the parking lot to catch you, but almost got hit by a car. Maybe we can meet up? Arlene, Albuquerque's Favorite Octagenerian Crossing Guard We see you, Monday thru Friday, at your job, rain or shine. Arlene, thank you for making sure our kids are looked after and safely crossed at their Albuquerque school crossing. We recently learned you are in your late 80s and have done this for almost 25 years! Word has gotten to us from our kids, and other parents in the school district and we just wanted to say to you: "Who loves ya, baby?!" God bless and keep you! You are a National Treasure. Numbers 6:24-26


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International Craft Biennale 2009
Upon entering the city hall people find their way to the waiting area, to take a seat between community members and city visitors. Strangers and fellow citizens sit alongside each other and wait to be served. Once a seat is chosen in the seating arrangement, it's hard to switch places. Usually these areas are for sitting only, people are squeezed into rows of seats to wait for their turn. These waiting benches offer an escape from this packed unease and time can be used more efficiently. Swiveling seats with small table tops enable the visitor to work at a miniature desk or just politely turn away from someone who's to close for comfort. Waiting is not forced into one posture, it becomes an active pastime. The contrast between the rigid wooden structure and the smooth surface of an Eames seat shows the purpose of these different elements. The curved seat provides comfort while an assembly of slats offers support, and is denser where necessary.


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From 13th July to 15th August 2024 I will be away on holiday. This means that any orders placed during this period will only be processed, made and delivered after I come back.
*This does not affect custom orders already confirmed.
For more information, please feel free to contact me.
SRPD51 Dark Knight (Built to Order)
SRPD51 Dark Knight (Built to Order)
This means that once you place the order, it will take 2-3 weeks for me to source the parts and build the watch, once done, it'll be shipped via your chosen shipping option.
If you like this mod but want to change some of the parts used, you can request design changes. As the watch is built personally for you, you can pick your ideal setup.
Take a look at the build list below, only the highlighted parts (in bold) can be changed to other colours/styles.
Please note your requested changes during the checkout so that I can confirm with you once ordered. Rest assured if your idea doesn't work out your order will be cancelled and refunded. If you are looking for major changes, please get in touch and I can create a custom order for you.
- Base Watch: Seiko SRPD51K2
- Movement: 4R36
- Case: Standard
- Caseback: Standard
- Bezel: Sub Style Steel
- Insert: Dark Knight 12hr Ceramic
- Chapter Ring: Standard
- Dial: Standard
- Hands: Standard
- Crown: Standard
- Crystal: Double Dome Sapphire (Clear AR)
- Others: None
- Bracelet/Strap: Fitted Rubber (Black)
See your watch being built! - I'll send you short video clips of your actual watch being made, a truly unique feature of working with a personal watchmaker.
This watch will be tested for accuracy and water resistance - (to factory specs) once built and will carry my personal 1-year warranty.


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KitchenAid® ice maker and refrigerator ice maker parts and accessories keep your appliances clean and running smoothly. Our cleaners, filters, hoses and other accessories help your ice maker create crystal clear, delicious ice for your favorite beverages. Whether it's water supply kits, cleaning products or touch-up paint, KitchenAid has what you need. Check out our line of ice maker parts or visit our service and support center to schedule service and get more information about your KitchenAid appliance.


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Los Gatos Over 80 DUI Defense
Defending a Driving Over 80 DUI Charge in Los Gatos
Because the punishments for any DUI conviction in Los Gatos are so significant, anyone that has been charged with a DUI should hire the services of the most professional DUI attorneys around ASAP.
This is How Courts Prove Over 80 Charges in Los Gatos
While driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol will always get you into a bit of legal hot water in the state of California, and in Los Gatos in particular, there is a difference between a "standard" DUI or driving while impaired charge in Los Gatos and an Over 80 DUI.
The second offense - the Over 80 charges - are the ones you want to avoid at all costs.
Your standard DUI is going to offer a whole different variety of defense strategies that a competent and experienced DUI attorney can take advantage of to protect you from a conviction. But if you are pulled over and charged with Over 80 DUI charges, you're going to be looking at a very sticky legal situation with penalties and punishments that are a lot more severe.
Anyone charged with Over 80 DUI charges will have been found to be in the care and control or operating any motor vehicle with over 80 mg of alcohol per 100 mL of blood in their system. On top of that, anyone that refuses to provide a breath sample or a field sobriety test will immediately be defaulted to these kinds of charges as well.
If you have been pulled over and are charged with driving 80 DUI charges, it's of the utmost importance that you contact a DUI attorney in Los Gatos ASAP. The faster that professional lawyers like our own go to work on your defense, the better off you are going to be and the more likely it is that you will be able to avoid a conviction.
These kinds of cases get harder and harder to defend against as more time goes by. Contact us today for a free consultation to learn more about how we may be able to best help you moving forward.
Do Not Hesitate To Contact Us If You Have Received A DUI Offense in Los Gatos
Types Of DUI Charges:
Consequences Of A DUI:
The Prosecution Will Look to Establish Proof for Over 80 Charges
DUI situations and driving while impaired court cases are some of the most often litigated situations in Los Gatos, and of them the most frequent type of charge to go to court is the Over 80 charge.
As such, prosecutors are pretty seasoned veterans at looking for and establishing proof of this BAC level and aren't afraid to throw the book at anyone and everyone that "blew" these kinds of figures during the initial sobriety examination.
Of course, there is a very specific procedure that law enforcement officers have to follow to successfully and accurately record your BAC. Prosecutors understand that, which is why they bring in a Drug Recognition Expert to take the breathalyzer results or blood samples and provide them with their baseline of evidence.
Competent DUI attorneys are going to look for any mistakes, any breach of protocol, and any missteps that the arresting or investigating officers, the Drug Recognition Expert, or the prosecution may have made along the way. This is one of the best ways to defend yourself from Over 80 DUI charges.
What Exactly Is the over 80 Charge Criminal Code in Los Gatos?
The laws regarding Driving Over 80 DUI charges are as cut and dry as they get in Los Gatos, with very little "wiggle room" for those looking to prosecute these crimes – or those that have been charged looking to defend themselves.
Above all else, the laws regarding the specific charges are focused entirely on the amount of alcohol in your blood. The science for figuring out these details is incredibly complex and reasonably well understood, but it hasn't yet been totally mastered.
The blood sample collection process is still pretty complex and convoluted, which means that there is plenty of potential for something to have gone wrong procedurally during the collection of your sample. Should that happen, your Los Gatos Over 80 DUI defense attorney is going to be able to present those facts to the judge or jury and give you ample opportunity to avoid a conviction.
Should You Fight Driving Over 80 DUI Charges in Los Gatos?
Of course you should!
With the help of the right DUI attorney, you are going to be able to avoid being convicted for this serious crime.
Your DUI defense attorney is going to work to establish the fact that the blood alcohol content in your body was "on the rise" for a variety of different reasons, none of which had to do with you being in any way impaired or unable to drive.
Secondly, a competent defense attorney is going to look for ways to prove that the investigating or arresting officer did not comply with the very specific and stringent process (as outlined by Title 17 Regulations) pertaining to the collection of BAC information.
More Defense Approaches in Extreme DUI situations
On top of that, your DUI lawyer is going to work to establish the fact that your BAC level was never in the threshold for Over 80 charge criminal code situations, and at the very fact that you have been slapped with these charges in the first place is more than enough to procedurally allow you to have the case thrown out.
Competent lawyers are going to look at the entire base of evidence that the prosecution will be working from to convict you, looking for any holes in the prosecution – especially as far as inconsistencies with evidence are concerned.
Really exceptional DUI defense attorneys (like the ones that work here) are going to cross-examine prosecution witnesses as aggressively as possible, looking to trip them up so that you have every opportunity to avoid a conviction through this approach as well.
At the end of the day, it's of the utmost importance that you have help from only the very best criminal defense attorneys that specialize in DUI law here in Los Gatos when you are up against Over 80 DUI charges.
Any potential violation of the Over 80 charge criminal code is going to inevitably bring about some very serious consequences should you be found guilty and convicted of this crime. You'll end up looking at serious fines, some serious jail time, a loss of your license for at least three years, probation, and a permanent black mark on your criminal record. And that's just the beginning!
To learn a little bit more about how we might be able to best serve you and represent you while you fight back against charges, reach out to us at your earliest convenience to schedule a 100% free and zero obligation consultation with our expert attorneys.
Los Gatos DUI Defense Attorney


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Researchers have learned that the best way to cure children with ALL is to administer large doses of several chemotherapeutic drugs over a short period of time. The concept is to kill leukemia cells quickly before resistance to the drugs occurs. Therapy is divided into two phases, remission induction and post-remission therapy. Remission induction chemotherapy is administered to produce a complete remission (complete disappearance of detectable leukemia by microscopic examination) in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and central nervous system (CNS). A complete remission is said to occur when less than 5% of leukemia "blasts" remain in the bone marrow, blood counts have returned to normal, and there is no leukemia elsewhere in the body. Currently, over 95% of children with ALL will achieve a complete remission following initial multiagent chemotherapy treatment. The definition of complete remission, however, is changing; detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) by very sensitive tests such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cytogenetic analysis is becoming an important part of determining whether or not patients achieve a true complete remission. This is because patients who have MRD are at high risk of recurrent disease.
Most children receive treatment through government sponsored clinical trials on protocols designed by the Children's Oncology Group. These studies frequently evaluate more intensive therapy for children at high risk of treatment failure and less intensive therapy for better risk patients. It is important that children be treated on these clinical studies whenever possible in order to ensure that all of the therapy is correctly administered and to further the knowledge of treatment of childhood ALL.
Treatment of adolescents and very young adults with ALL is often carried out using pediatric protocols because of data suggesting better outcomes for this group than when treatment is administered using adult protocols.1 Treatment of most adults with ALL is included in a separate section: Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Remission induction therapy for standard-risk children with ALL currently consists of administering three drugs: Oncovin® (vincristine), prednisone or dexamethasone, and Elspar® (L-asparaginase) or Oncaspar® (PEG-L-asparaginase). Elspar and Oncospar are made from E. Coli and either can be used in remission induction. However, current COG protocols use Oncaspar during induction for all children with ALL.2 Patients with an allergic reaction to Oncaspar or Elspar are switched to Erwinia L-asparaginase. Children with ALL also receive drugs such as methotrexate injected into the spinal fluid to prevent relapse in the CNS. The complete remission rate is greater than 95% with this therapy.3
Patients who are deemed at high or very high risk of relapse with standard therapy often receive four or more drugs in the induction regimen. This more intensive induction therapy is more toxic and has more side effects. Such therapy could include an anthracycline such as Cerubidine® (daunorubicin) or Adriamycin® (doxorubicin), Cytoxan® (cyclophosphamide), VePesid® (etoposide) or Cytosar® (cytarabine, ara-C).
Children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL usually receive Gleevec® (imatinib) in the induction regimen. Researchers affiliated with Children's Oncology Group (COG) have reported that the addition of Gleevec administered with induction, reinduction, and intensive maintenance chemotherapy improves outcomes of children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive childhood ALL.4
Induction therapy lasts for approximately 4-6 weeks. Following remission induction, patients typically require 2-3 weeks for bone marrow blood cell production to recover. During this time, patients often require blood and platelet transfusions to maintain red blood cell and platelet levels. In order to reduce the risk of infection, antibiotics and blood cell growth factors that stimulate the bone marrow to produce normal white blood cells (neutrophils) are often given. The white blood cell growth factors Neupogen® (filgrastim) and Neulasta® (pegfilgrastim) have been demonstrated in clinical studies to reduce the severity of neutropenia and shorten hospital stays.5 Current practice would suggest that the prophylactic use of Neupogen and Neulasta is most effective when administered to poor-risk patients receiving an intensive induction regimen and reserving these agents in good-risk patients receiving less intensive therapy for only those who develop prolonged neutropenia.
After blood counts recover following remission induction chemotherapy, a bone marrow examination is repeated to see if a remission has been achieved. If a complete remission is achieved and no further therapy given, over 90% of patients will have a recurrence of leukemia in weeks to months. To prevent recurrence of leukemia, post-remission therapy is initiated immediately after recovery from induction therapy. These treatments are given as close together as possible. The more intensive the chemotherapy and the closer together the courses of therapy are given, the less chance the leukemia has of recurring. It is very important to understand that lower doses of drugs do not work as well as higher doses of drugs.
For patients not in remission, a second remission induction course of treatment can be given immediately or patients can proceed directly to stem cell transplantation, which is currently the most effective way to cure patients failing to achieve a complete remission with initial treatment. To learn more about treatment of patients failing to achieve a complete remission with initial treatment, go to Refractory ALL.
The development of intensive multi-agent chemotherapy induction regimens, improvements in supportive care and patient and physician participation in clinical studies have resulted in steady progress in the safety of induction therapy and higher response and cure rates. The following strategies are currently being evaluated alone or in combination for the purpose of improving the treatment of ALL.
Increased Dose Intensity: Because higher doses of chemotherapy kill more leukemia cells than lower doses, many doctors have advocated increasing the dose or dose intensity of chemotherapy drugs as a way to improve remission and cure rates of patients with ALL. Increasing the dose intensity can be accomplished by increasing the number of doses of drugs in remission induction therapy, increasing the dose intensity of post remission therapy, or by administering very high dose chemotherapy supported with stem cell transplantation as part of the overall treatment strategy. While some investigators have focused on increasing the dose intensity of remission induction therapy, others have focused on increasing the intensity of post remission therapy.
Some studies have suggested that increasing the intensity of remission induction therapy can translate into improved outcomes for patients with ALL. Increasing dose intensity is also associated with increased side effects and should be reserved for patients with a poor prognosis.
New Drug Development: All new drugs for the treatment of patients with ALL are tested first in patients with relapsed or refractory disease. When they are found to be effective, they are then evaluated in remission induction regimens. This is more relevant for adults than children, since over 95% of children achieve a complete remission with existing treatment regimens.
New Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Sprycel® (dasatinib): Sprycel is a newly developed tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is more than 300 times more active than Gleevec for inhibition of Bcr-Abl (the abnormal protein produced by the Philadelphia chromosome). Sprycel is active in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia that is resistant or intolerant to Gleevec, and can also produce complete cytogenetic remissions in patients with ALL who have failed Gleevec.6 In addition, Sprycel has been used to successfully treat patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia that involves the central nervous system (CNS).7 One of the problems with Gleevec is that it does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Researchers involved in the current study stated that preclinical studies have shown that Sprycel is more effective than Gleevec for treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia that involves the CNS. They also report significant drug activity in 11 patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia in the CNS. All patients responded, and seven of 11 had complete, long-lasting responses.
Tasigna® (nilotinib): Tasigna is an agent that inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the BRC-ABL oncogene in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. Tasigna is reported to have greater efficacy than Gleevec in Philadelphia-chromosome positive CML. Tasigna has reported activity in patients with refractory ALL but is still in Phase II testing and has yet to be studied in children.8
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
Monoclonal antibodies directed at tumor antigens have made a major impact in the treatment of cancer over the past two decades. The major advantage of monoclonal antibody therapy is that the toxicities are not the same as for chemotherapy and when added to chemotherapy there is little increase in toxicity. However, there has been little progress in the development of monoclonal antibodies useful for the treatment of childhood ALL. However, this situation may be changing. Researchers from New York University have reported that epratuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD22 antigen, is effective alone or in combination for the treatment of ALL.9 This study showed that epratuzumab could be safely added to chemotherapy with improved responses in patients with advanced ALL. The Childrens Oncology Group plans to add epratuzumab for induction in children with high-risk ALL.
There is emerging evidence that the anti-CD20 antibody Rituxan® (rituximab) has activity in some patients with ALL. A recent study has suggested that CD20 is upregulated in many cases of childhood ALL making this disease a target for Rituxan.10 There are already reports of children with ALL responding to single-agent Rituxan or Rituxan in combination with chemotherapy.11 A study from MD Anderson Cancer Center has reported that the addition of Rituxan to intensive chemotherapy improved the outcomes of adult patients with ALL who were CD20-positive.12 This is expected to be an area of intense research in the near future.
Other Drugs
Arranon® (nelarabine, 506U78): Arranon is a drug which has resulted in a 50% response rate in children with refractory T-cell ALL.13 This drug has now been incorporated into remission induction and consolidation therapy for children with T-cell ALL.14
Clolar® (clofarabine): Clolar is a new drug that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of children who relapsed after primary therapy.15 This agent might be incorporated into induction regimens in poor-risk patients in the future.
Supportive Care: Supportive care refers to treatments designed to prevent and control the side effects of cancer and its treatment. Side effects not only cause patients discomfort, but also may prevent the optimal delivery of therapy at its planned dose and schedule. In order to achieve optimal outcomes from treatment and improve quality of life, it is imperative that side effects resulting from cancer and its treatment are appropriately managed. For more information, go to Managing Side Effects.
Strategies to improve treatment of patients who fail remission induction are also discussed in the section on Allogeneic Stem Cell transplantation.
1 Boissel N, Auclerc M-F, Lhéritier V, et al. Should adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia be treated as old children or young adults? Comparison of the French FRALLE-93 and LALA-94 trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21:774-780.
2 Avramis VI, Sencer S, Periclou AP, et al.: A randomized comparison of native Escherichia coli asparaginase and polyethylene glycol conjugated asparaginase for treatment of children with newly diagnosed standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study. Blood 2002;99: 1986-94.
3 Pui C-H, Evans WE. Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354:166-178.
4 Kirk R, Schultz W, Bowman P, et al. Improved early event-free survival (EFS) in children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (PH+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with intensive imatinib in combination with high dose chemotherapy: Children's Oncology Group (GOG) Study:AALL0031. American Society of Hematology 2007. Blood 2007;110:abstract number 4.
5 Pui Ch, Boyett JM, Hughes WT, et al. Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after induction chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;336:1781-1787.
6 Brave M, Goodman V, Kaminskas E, et al. Sprycel for chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia resistant or intolerant of imatinib mesylate. Clinical Cancer Research 2008;14:252-369.
7 Porkka K, Koskenvesa P, Lundan T, et al. Dasatinib crosses the blood-brain barrier and is an efficient therapy for central nervous system Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemia. Blood 2008;112:1005-1012.
8 Piccaluga PP, Paolini S, Marinelli G, et al. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for Philadelphia chromosome positive adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2007;110:1178-1186.
9 Raetz EA, Cairo MS, Borowitz MJ, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy reinduction with epratuzumab with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in marrow relapse: a Children's Oncology Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008;26:3756-3762.
10 Dworzk MN, Schumich A, Printz D, et al. CD20 up-regulation in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction treatment: setting the stage for anti-CD20 directed immunotherapy. Blood 2008;Epub on September 9.
11 Gokbuget N and Hoelzer D, Treatment with monoclonal antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: current knowledge and future prospects. Annals of Hematology 2004;83:201-205.
12 Thomas DA, Faderl S, O, Brien et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2006;106:1569-1580.
13 Berg SL, Blaney SM, Devidas M, et al. Phase II study of nelarabine (compound 506U78) in children and young adults with refractory T-cell malignancies: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;20:3376-3382.
14 Dunsmore K, Devidas M, Borowitz MJ, et al.: Nelarabine can be safely incorporated into an intensive, multiagent chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children: a report of the Children's Oncology Group (COG) AALL00P2 protocol for T-cell leukemia. Blood 2006;108 abstract 1864.
15 Kearns P, Michel G, Neiken B, et al. BIOV-111 a European phase II trial of aClorarabine (Evoltra® in refractory and relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2006;108: abstract number 1864.
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"For cancer or any kind of illness, if your body is telling you something, listen. Ask for that test because you need to know for sure."


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It's tough to be beautiful. There's the curling, the scrubbing, the coloring, the endless work, toil and sweat. It can also be painful. What woman hasn't suffered from a too-hot curling iron or too-sharp razor? But at the top of the list we find waxing. An essential task, to be sure, but also dicey. You want to make sure it's done right, quickly and will be effective with a minimum of pain.
Waxing is a relatively simply process, really. Think "wax on, wax off", and you'll likely get the idea. Hot wax is applied to the area that needs hair removal, then quickly pulled off and unwanted hairs go with the wax. It can be fairly painful, but the pain is quick and the wax process, fortunately, doesn't need to be repeated very often.
Herewith are various types of waxes, from a lesser "ouch" factor to a mighty "ouch"!
*Eyebrow (ouch factor 3) – Eyebrow waxing is a type of waxing you can do yourself at home, though it's never a bad idea to consult a professional. If you are going to wax your eyebrows yourself, you should always wax from below the eyebrow, not above. Take very little hair off at a time, and be careful of the hot wax being so close to your face. Because the skin above the eye is so sensitive, it's really recommended you consult a professional for this task.
*Full Face (ouch factor 2) – This involves removing the facial hair you might have around the mouth, cheeks, jaw and chin. You can do this yourself, perhaps even make the wax yourself, but again, experts recommend using a professional since the facial skin is so delicate.
*Legs (ouch factor 3-4) – This is probably the method of waxing most women are familiar with. In the summer, many women choose leg waxing as the preferred method for hair removal since it is generally considered superior to shaving and saves time in those busy summer months – a good leg wax can last as long as 8 weeks.
*Bikini (ouch factor 8-10+) – The big daddy of waxing, the various types of bikini waxes are not for the faint of heart. They are for women who want clean, cool nether regions for summer, and aren't too modest, since they should only be done by a trained and experienced professional. There are a few different types:
*Bikini – The basic bikini wax involves removing the pubic hair around the bikini panty line. This is delicate territory, so it's recommended you take an ibuprofen an hour or so before getting it done. But since there are more involved bikini waxes, we'll give this one an 8 on the pain scale.
*Full bikini – This is also known as a Brazilian bikini wax and it's the latest, hottest thing in waxes. Seven Brazilian sisters brought this wax to the United States and in a short period of time, this type of wax has overtaken any other bikini wax. In short, it's a full bikini wax, where only the pubic hair just around the labia is left. Otherwise, you're bald as an eagle, which might serve you if you wear a thong in the summer or just want to change your life, which is allegedly what Brazilian wax did for Gwyneth Paltrow. This is a full 10 on the pain scale, but many women claim it's the bomb.
At Fabulous Aesthetics, we know exactly how to reduce your pain and sorrow of waxing. Our professional and well-experience staff will make sure your nightmare of waxing become your most wanted indescribable sensation.


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Slim Fit
Black Box Slim-Net CAT6A patch cables feature a low-profile design that saves space and reduces clutter in crowded telecom rooms, data centers, and other high-density 10G networking applications. When you calculate this 28-AWG physical cable area in bundles and in patching connections, you actually save more than 50 percent space when compared to traditional cables.
Easier Cable Handling
Because there's more space between patched 28-AWG cables, there's more space for your fingers during installs and MACs. An added benefit is improved airflow and port visibility.
Reduced Cable Management
These 28-AWG cables have a small footprint and great flexibility, making it easy to route them without a cable manager. In addition, you can gain more than 50 percent space in vertical cable managers.
Conserve Rack Space
A major benefit of 28-AWG cables is they allow you to put more cables in high-density 1U or 2U patch panels, freeing up valuable rack units. You can also eliminate or reduce the number of horizontal cable managers, opening up even more space.
Big Performance in a Small Cable
Black Box Slim-Net cables meet ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 performance standards, ensuring the transmission of your 10G Ethernet signaling. They feature a robust construction that includes 50-micron gold-plated contacts for superior conductivity. These cables have connectors designed for the insertion and extraction life of 750 cycles, making for an ultra-reliable solution that you can count on to perform. They also feature snagless boots that provide extra strain relief and prevent connector damage due to cable snags during installation. Available in a variety of lengths and colors, Black Box's Slim-Net line of cabling gives you the flexibility to build your install however you want.


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Big news: GlobalPost, the highly respected international news organization launched in 2009 by New England Cable News founder Phil Balboni, is being acquired by WGBH and will be merged with Public Radio International. The announcement is online here.
According to the announcement, the acquisition will be completed later this year. Nine of GlobalPost's 20 full-time journalists will be offered jobs at PRI.
*Note: This post has been corrected.
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BitLocker Drive Encryption Step-by-Step Guide for Windows 7
Applies To: Windows 7
This step-by-step guide provides the instructions you need to use BitLocker™ Drive Encryption in a Windows® 7 test environment. We recommend that you first use the steps provided in this guide in a test lab environment. Step-by-step guides are not necessarily meant to be used to deploy Windows 7 operating system features without accompanying documentation and should be used with discretion as a stand-alone document.
What is BitLocker Drive Encryption?
BitLocker Drive Encryption is an integral security feature in the Windows 7 operating system that helps protect data stored on fixed and removable data drives and the operating system drive. BitLocker helps protect against "offline attacks," which are attacks made by disabling or circumventing the installed operating system or made by physically removing the hard drive to attack the data separately. For fixed and removable data drives, BitLocker helps ensure that users can read the data on the drive and write data to the drive only when they have either the required password, smart card credentials, or are using the data drive on a BitLocker-protected computer that has the proper keys. If your organization includes computers running previous version of Windows, the BitLocker To Go™ Reader can be used to allow those computers to read BitLocker-protected removable drives.
BitLocker protection on operating system drives supports two-factor authentication by using a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) along with a personal identification number (PIN) or startup key as well as single-factor authentication by storing a key on a USB flash drive or just using the TPM. Using BitLocker with a TPM provides enhanced protection for your data and helps assure early boot component integrity. This option requires that the computer have a compatible TPM microchip and BIOS. A compatible TPM is defined as a version 1.2 TPM. A compatible BIOS must support the TPM and the Static Root of Trust Measurement as defined by the Trusted Computing Group. For more information about TPM specifications, visit the TPM Specifications section of the Trusted Computing Group Web site (https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=72757).
The TPM interacts with BitLocker operating system drive protection to help provide protection at system startup. This is not visible to the user, and the user logon experience is unchanged. However, if the startup information has changed, BitLocker will enter recovery mode, and you will need a recovery password or recovery key to regain access to the data.
In this guide
The purpose of this guide is to help IT professionals become familiar with the BitLocker Drive Encryption feature of Windows 7. These steps are for testing only. This guide should not be the only resource you use to deploy Windows Server® 2008 R2 or Windows 7 features. Review the following sections to familiarize yourself with the basic information and procedures that you need to start configuring and deploying BitLocker in your organization.
Scenario 1: Turning On BitLocker Drive Encryption on an Operating System Drive (Windows 7)
Scenario 2: Turning On BitLocker Drive Encryption on a Fixed or Removable Data Drive (Windows 7)
Scenario 3: Upgrading a BitLocker-Protected Computer from Windows Vista to Windows 7 (Windows 7)
Scenario 4: Configuring How BitLocker Is Supported on Previous Versions of Windows (Windows 7)
Scenario 5: Requiring BitLocker Protection on Data Drives (Windows 7)
Scenario 6: Specifying How to Unlock BitLocker-Protected Operating System Drives (Windows 7)
Scenario 7: Specifying How to Unlock BitLocker-Protected Fixed or Removable Data Drives (Windows 7)
Scenario 8: Specifying How BitLocker-Protected Drives Can Be Recovered (Windows 7)
Scenario 9: Configuring the Encryption Method and Cipher Strength (Windows 7)
Scenario 10: Configuring the BitLocker Identification Field (Windows 7)
Scenario 11: Recovering Data Protected by BitLocker Drive Encryption (Windows 7)
Scenario 12: Turning Off BitLocker Drive Encryption (Windows 7)
Scenario 13: Locking a Data Drive with a Smart Card (Windows 7)
Scenario 14: Using a Data Recovery Agent to Recover BitLocker-Protected Drives (Windows 7)
Scenario 16: Using the BitLocker Repair Tool to Recover a Drive
Requirements for BitLocker Drive Encryption
The hardware and software requirements for BitLocker are:
- A computer running Windows 7 Enterprise, Windows 7 Ultimate, or Windows Server 2008 R2.
Windows Server 2008 R2 includes BitLocker Drive Encryption as an optional feature.
A computer that meets the minimum requirements for Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2.
A TPM microchip, version 1.2, turned on for use with BitLocker on operating system drives is recommended for validation of early boot components and storage of the BitLocker master key. If the computer does not have a TPM, a USB flash drive may be used to store the BitLocker key.
A Trusted Computing Group (TCG)-compliant BIOS for use with BitLocker on operating system drives.
A BIOS setting to start up first from the hard drive, not the USB or CD drives.
For any scenario that includes using a USB flash drive to provide a BitLocker key (such as a startup key or a recovery key), your BIOS must support reading USB flash drives at startup.
We strongly recommend that you do not run a kernel debugger while BitLocker is enabled, because encryption keys and other sensitive data can be accessed with the debugger. However, you can enable kernel debugging before you enable BitLocker. If you enable kernel debugging or boot debugging (kernel debugging with the bcdedit /debug option), after you have enabled BitLocker the system will automatically start the recovery process every time you restart the computer.
Additional resources
For help with BitLocker Drive Encryption, choose one of the support options listed on the Microsoft Help and Support Web site (https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=76619).
For additional documentation about BitLocker, see BitLocker Drive Encryption (https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=76553).
For more information about User Account Control, see User Account Control (https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=66018).


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Researchers have discovered another lock screen bug in iOS 6.1, which allows someone to get past your lock screen without a passcode and view that phone's data after plugging it into a computer.
Hackers recently found an iOS 6 bug that let thieves into your phone, but they could only access the Phone app and the features contained within. This new bug, however, is a bit more open, allowing attackers to plug in the phone via USB and access its data (like contacts, voicemails, photos, and more) without needing a passcode. The trick is remarkably similar to the other lock screen bug in iOS 6, but involves using the screenshot tool as well as the emergency call button to get in. Check out the video above to see it in action, and watch out for the loud annoying music.
Apple promises to close this bug with the next version of iOS, 6.1.3. However, 6.1.3 also breaks the latest jailbreak, so it's a tradeoff. Once again, this is a good reason to enable Find My iPhone, so if your phone does get lost or stolen, you can wipe your data and protect it from ne'er-do-wells.
Apple iOS v6.1 (10B143) - Code Lock Bypass Vulnerability #2 | Seclists.org via Ars Technica


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His new book is American Emperor: Aaron Burr's Challenge to Jefferson's America.
Earlier this month I asked Stewart what he was reading. His reply:
Reading great narrative histories helps get me through the fretful days surrounding the launch of my new book, American Emperor, and I have enjoyed several excellent books in this stretch. Adam Goodheart's 1861 offers a terrific view of how a nation goes to war, assembling fascinating scraps of social history into a powerful mosaic. I've read a lot of Civil War history, but 1861 taught me a great deal I did not know.Visit David O. Stewart's website and blog.
Three other recent books have focused on America at the turn of the last century. James McGrath Morris's Pulitzer gives a fascinating, three-dimensional look at that brilliant, hopelessly neurotic, blind newspaper czar. The Five of Hearts by Patricia O'Toole tracks Henry Adams (a favorite of mine) and his circle. Her portrayal of the bookish and waspish Adams makes him a most sympathetic character. The Spanish-American War is the subject of Evan Thomas' excellent The War Lovers, a wonderful portrait of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge.
I loved the first 600 pages of John Sayles' new historical novel set in the same era -- Moments in the Sun -- but I couldn't make it through the last 350 pages. Books that long do ask a good deal of the reader; more than I had to give, in this instance.
The Page 99 Test: Impeached.
My Book, The Movie: American Emperor.
--Marshal Zeringue


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Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria Sickened 167, Hospitalized 47 in 2011
Rampant use of antibiotics in animal agriculture means foodborne illnesses are likely to become longer, more serious, and harder to treat, according to the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest.
In three major outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant foodborne illness in 2011, 167 Americans became sick, 47 were hospitalized, and one died, according to a white paper released by the group today. Two of those outbreaks were connected to ground turkey, one contaminated with Salmonella Hadar and one with Salmonella Heidelberg, and one outbreak was connected to ground beef contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium. All of those bacteria were resistant to treatment from several antibiotics that are critically important to human medicine, including drugs in the penicillin, cephalosporin, and tetracycline families.
"Antibiotics are the crown jewels of modern medicine, and they are critical to treating diseases in both humans and farm animals," said CSPI food safety director Caroline Smith DeWaal. "We must not continue to jeopardize the effectiveness of these drugs by using them recklessly for non-therapeutic uses on farms and in animal factories. Otherwise, consumers may face longer illnesses, more hospitalizations, and more fatalities when exposed to resistant strains of common foodborne pathogens."
Antibiotic resistance is an inevitable consequence of antibiotic use, according to the CSPI report. The more antibiotics are used, the more bacteria will develop resistance—often to more than one drug at a time. Pigs, chickens, and cattle are often administered antibiotics in their feed or water, to promote growth or to prevent diseases caused by overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, according to CSPI. Exacerbating the problem is that farmers in the U.S. can obtain and administer antibiotics without prescriptions or veterinary oversight.
The drug industry produced more than 29 million pounds of antimicrobial drugs approved for use in food animals, according to the Food and Drug Administration. CSPI says that food animals consume 80 percent of all antibiotics used in the United States and that 65 percent of those antibiotics are similar or identical to those used in human medicine.
CSPI's review of antibiotic-resistant foodborne illness outbreaks shows that outbreaks were most common in dairy products, with 12 such outbreaks since 1973, and ground beef, with 10 outbreaks. Four outbreaks were linked to poultry, with ground turkey appearing for the first time as a source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria with the two 2011 outbreaks linked to Jennie-O and Cargill products.
CSPI presented its findings at a series of briefings for House and Senate staff in Washington along with several leading infectious-disease physicians and health experts, including Drs. Jim R. Johnson of the University of the Minnesota School of Medicine, Stuart Levy of Tufts University School of Medicine and the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Lance Price of the TGen Center for Food Microbiology and Environmental Health, and Tara Smith of the University of Iowa College of Public Health.


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Ben Gurion University of the Negev – Beer-Sheva, 6 November, 2017
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Many thanks for your words of greeting and your warm welcome at Ben Gurion University of the Negev. I am here for the first time in my life, but having been a professor in Switzerland I feel very comfortable in academic circles. I wish to extend my gratitude for your kind invitation and, of course, especially for bestowing upon me the Ladislaus Laszt Ecumenical and Social Concern Award. I am deeply honored and delighted to have been chosen as somebody who is committed to ecumenical and Jewish-Catholic dialogue. In expressing my gratitude for this great honor I would like to refer briefly to the theological foundations of the Jewish-Catholic dialogue.
The Uniqueness of Jewish-Christian Relations
For Christians, Judaism is not just one religion among many, as the relationship between Christianity and Judaism involves an individual and unique connection. The history of this relationship has undoubtedly been very complex, oscillating between proximity and distance, between familiarity and alienation, between love and hate – and it has been so from the very beginning. On the one hand Jesus cannot be understood without Judaism; in fact, the early Christian congregation quite naturally participated in the Jewish liturgy in the temple. On the other hand, the schism between synagogue and church formed the first split in the history of the church, which the Catholic theologian Erich Przywara defined as the "primal rift".1
Even though contemporary research tends to accept that the process of estrangement and dissociation between Judaism and Christianity extended over a longer period than previously assumed and surely only gradually took shape during the first centuries after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, there is nevertheless no question that this process of alienation was set in place at the very beginning of Jewish–Christian relations, and the relationship between Jews and Christians was marked by conflict already at an early stage. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger outlined that conflict in these words: "The church was regarded by her mother as an unnatural daughter, while the Christians regarded the mother as blind and obstinate."2 While this image reminds us that the conflicts between Jews and Christians were still like family quarrels, the relationship between Jews and Christians deteriorated progressively as the awareness of belonging to the same family was gradually lost. It has therefore in the course of history been exposed to great strain and hostility, which has in many cases unfortunately led to anti–Jewish attitudes involving outbreaks of violence and pogroms against the Jews.
The distinctive uniqueness of Jewish–Christian relations in its negative aspect is permanently connected with its history in the past century. The mass murder of European Jews, planned and executed with industrial perfection by the National Socialists, had a unique impact on the Jewish–Christian relationship. The Shoah must be judged as the lowest possible nadir of that primitive racist anti–Semitist of Nazi ideology which had developed already in the 19th century. This thoroughly racist anti–Semitism is of course fundamentally alien to Christianity, and was repeatedly sharply condemned by Popes Pius XI and Pius XII above all. The Shoah can and should not, however, be attributed to Christianity as such: it was in fact led by a godless, anti–Christian and neo–pagan ideology. If the Shoah must be judged as the horrific nadir of a neo–pagan worldview which intended to annihilate not only Judaism but also the Jewish heritage in Christianity, one can also understand that Pope Benedict XVI during his visit to the extermination camp Auschwitz–Birkenau wished to give expression to this fatal connection: "By destroying Israel they ultimately wanted to tear up the taproot of the Christian faith and to replace it with a faith of their own invention: faith in the rule of man, the rule of the powerful."3 In these words one should recognise the conviction that Christianity is most profoundly rooted in Judaism, and that Christianity could not exist without these vital Jewish roots.4 Yet we Christians cannot dismiss our complicity in the horrific developments, and above all to confess that Christian resistance to the boundless inhuman brutality of the ideologically and racially based National Socialism did not display that vigour and clarity which one should by rights have expected. Resistance by Christians may well have also been so inadequate because a theological Christian anti–Judaism had been in effect for centuries, fostering a widespread anti–Semitic apathy against the Jews. Thus an ancient anti–Jewish legacy was embedded in the furrows of the souls of not a few Christians. We Christians must therefore sincerely regret that only the unparalleled crime of the Shoah was able to bring about a genuine re–thinking in our relationship with Judaism.
A New Beginning in the Relationship between Jews and Christians
In this regard the fourth chapter of the Second Vatican Council declaration "Nostra aetate", which the German Cardinal Augustin Bea was commissioned to prepare and which was promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1965 after controversial discussions during the last session of the Council, enabled a fundamental new beginning in the relationship between Jews and Christians.5 With this declaration the Second Vatican Council not only repudiated and condemned all outbreaks of hatred, persecutions, slanders and manifestations of force directed against the Jews on the part of so–called Christians. In a positive sense the Council also affirmed the shared patrimony of Jews and Christians, and pointed to the Jewish roots of Christianity. Finally the Council expressed the ardent desire that the reciprocal understanding and the resulting mutual respect of Jews and Christians be fostered. This demands above all that the unique and distinctive individual relationship between Christianity and Judaism must be recalled into Christian consciousness and remain present there, as it was expressed by Pope John Paul II in the vivid and impressive words: "The Jewish religion is not something 'extrinsic' to us but in a certain way is 'intrinsic' to our own religion. With Judaism we therefore have a relationship we do not have with any other religion. You are our dearly beloved brothers and in a certain way it could be said, our elder brothers."6 These instructions contained in "Nostra aetate" (no.4) have been reaffirmed and reinforced on a number of occasions by the popes in the period since the Council, not least through the visits to the Great Synagogue in Rome by Pope John Paul II on 13 April 1986, by Pope Benedict XVI on 17 January 2010 and by Pope Francis on 17 January 2016. This declaration remains the crucial compass of all endeavours towards Jewish–Catholic dialogue, and after more than fifty years we can claim with gratitude that this theological re–definition of the relationship with Judaism has directly brought forth rich fruits throughout its reception history. It seems that as far as content is concerned the Council Fathers at that time took into consideration almost everything which has since proved to be significant in the history of the dialogue. On the Jewish side it has been particularly positively emphasised that the Conciliar Declaration took up an unambiguous position against every form of anti–Semitism. It is not least on that basis that Jews are and remain borne up by the hope that they can rest assured that in the Catholic Church they have a reliable ally in the struggle against anti–Semitism.
With regard to the reception history of Conciliar documents, one can without doubt dare to assert that "Nostra aetate" (no.4) is to be reckoned among those Council texts which have in a convincing manner been able to effect a fundamental re–orientation of the Catholic Church following the Council. This of course only becomes clear to us when we consider that previously there was in part a great reluctance regarding contacts between Jews and Catholics, arising in part from the history of Christianity with its discrimination against Jews extending even to forced conversions. The fundamental principle of respect for Judaism expressed in "Nostra aetate" (no.4) has over the course of recent decades made it possible for groups which initially confronted one another with scepticism to step by step become reliable partners and even good friends, capable of coping with crises together and overcoming conflicts positively.
Israel and the Church, the Old and the New Testament
The discourse of Jewish roots is indeed to be understood in a strictly theological sense, as already demonstrated by the expressive image of Saint Paul, who spoke of the root of Israel into which the wild branches of the Gentiles have been grafted (cf. Rom 11:16–20). This image represents for Paul the key to thinking of the relationship between Israel and the church in the light of faith: "Nothing but a single olive tree. God's whole history with humanity is like an olive tree with sacred roots and branches cut out and grafted in and artificially ennobled in this way. All God's dealings are like his way of dealing with this tree."7 With this image Paul gives expression to a duality with regard to the unity and divergence of Israel and the church: on the one hand the image is to be taken seriously in the sense that the grafted wild branches have not grown out of the root itself and or sprung from it but represent a new reality and a new work of salvation by God, so that the Christian church cannot merely be understood as a branch or a fruit of Israel. On the other hand, the image is also to be taken seriously in the sense that the church is only able to survive when it draws nourishment and strength from the root of Israel, and that the grafted branches would wither or even die if they were cut off from the root of Israel. Speaking literally rather than metaphorically, this means that Israel and the church are related to and interdependent on one another, precisely because they exist in a state not only of unity but also of difference. Israel and the church thus remain to that extent bound up with one another, and indeed both unmixed yet undivided.
Unity and difference between Judaism and Christianity come to the fore in the first instance with the testimonies of divine revelation. Because Israel is the beloved people of God's covenant which has never been revoked or repudiated, Israel's book of the covenant, the Old Testament, is part of the lasting heritage of the Christian church. With the existence of the Old Testament as an integral part of the one Christian bible, there is a deeply rooted sense of the intrinsic inseparability and kinship between Judaism and Christianity. The roots of Christianity lie in the Old Testament, and Christianity constantly draws nourishment from this Old Testament root. On the other hand the existence of the New Testament also brings with it a fundamental tension into the relationship of the two faith communities insofar as Christians read the Old Testament in the light of the New, in the conviction expressed by Augustine in the indelible formula: "In the Old Testament the New is concealed and in the New the Old is revealed".8 The New Testament sees itself as the fulfilment of what is promised in the Old, but fulfilment cannot mean substitution. This crucial distinction is evident already from the historical fact that Judaism too found itself compelled to adopt a new reading of the Old Testament after the catastrophe of the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70. Since only the Pharisees survived the catastrophe of the destruction of the temple, they developed their particular mode of reading and interpreting the Old Testament in a period during which there was no temple, taking the Torah as its centre. Since the Christian church and post–biblical rabbinical and Talmudic Judaism developed in parallel and since both modes each involved a new interpretation of the Old Testament, the crucial new question must be precisely how these two modes are related to one another. Regarding the different interpretations of the Holy Scriptures the Pontifical Biblical Commission formulated in its 2001 document: "The Jewish People and Their Sacred Scriptures in the Christian Bible", that Christians can and must admit "that the Jewish reading of the Bible is a possible one, in continuity with the Jewish scriptures of the Second Temple period, analogous to the Christian reading which developed in parallel fashion"; it then draws the conclusion: "Both readings are bound up with the vision of their respective faiths, of which the readings are the result and expression. Consequently, both are irreducible."9
God's covenant with Israel never revoked
A promising future for Jewish–Christian dialogue must take into account the fact that God concluded with Abraham a covenant which is of fundamental significance for Jewish–Christian dialogue. For Abraham is not only the father of Israel but also the father of the faith of Christians. In this covenant community it must be evident for Christians that the covenant that God concluded with Israel has never been revoked but remains valid on the basis of God's unfailing faithfulness to his people, and consequently the New Covenant which Christians believe in can only be understood as the surpassing affirmation and fulfilment of the Old, and never as a replacement. Pope Francis in his Apostolic Exhortation "Evangelii Gaudium" confirms this theological statement: "We hold the Jewish people in special regard because their covenant with God has never been revoked, for 'the gifts and the call of God are irrevocable' (Rom 11:29). The Church, which shares with Jews an important part of the sacred Scriptures, looks upon the people of the covenant and their faith as one of the sacred roots of her own Christian identity (cf. Rom 11:16-18)" (n. 247).
We as Christians are also convinced that through the new covenant the Abrahamic covenant has obtained that universality for all peoples which was originally intended. Israel and the church remain bound up with one another according to the covenant and interdependent on one another, by accepting one another in a profound internal reconciliation drawn from the depths of their respective faiths, thus becoming a sign and instrument of reconciliation to the world.
In this conviction, I renew my gratitude for the conferral of the Ladislaus Laszt Ecumenical and Social Concern Award, and I extend to the Ben Gurion University of the Negev my best wishes for further fruitful scholarly work and the blessing of the Almighty.
"The rift between the Eastern and the Western church, the rift between the Roman church and the pluriversum of the Reformation (the countless churches and sects) form part of the primal rift between Judaism (the non–Christian Jews) and Christianity (the 'Gentiles' in the language of the Pauline letters)." Cf. E. Przywara, Römische Katholizität – All–christliche Ökumenizität, in: J. B. Metz u.a. (Hrsg.), Gott in Welt. Festgabe für K. Rahner. Band 2 (Freiburg i. Br. 1964) 524–528, zit. 526.
Cardinal Ratzinger, Das Erbe Abrahams, in: Ders., Weggemeinschaft des Glaubens. Kirche als Communio (Augsburg 2002) 235-238, zit. 237.
Benedict XVI, "I could not fail to come here". Auschwitz–Birkenau: Visit to the Auschwitz Camp on 28 May 2006.
Cf. C. Sedmak, Europa und eine Ethik des Gedächtnisses: Papst Benedikt und der Holocaust, in: Ders. / St. O. Horn (Hrsg.), Die Seele Europas. Papst Benedikt XVI. und die europäische Identität (Regensburg 2011) 155–183.
Cf. A. Cardinal Bea, Die Kirche und das jüdische Volk (Freiburg i. Br. 1966), esp. 21–25: Hinweise zur Geschichte und Entwicklung des Konzilsdokuments.
John Paul II, Ringraziamo il Signore per la ritrovata fratellanza e per la profonda intesa tra la Chiesa e l´Ebraismo. Allocuzione nella Sinagoga durante l´incontro con la Comunità Ebraica della Città di Roma il 13 aprile 1986, in: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II IX, 1 1986 (Città del Vaticano 1986) 1024–1031, cit. 1027.
Cf. K. Berger, Gottes einziger Ölbaum. Betrachtungen zum Römerbrief (Stuttgart 1990) 229.
Augustinus, Quaestiones in Heptateuchum 2, 73.


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Today, June 28, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision upholding the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the "ACA" or "Act"). The decision marks the culmination of a legal battle and public debate that began soon after the ACA was enacted. The Court upheld the individual mandate, perhaps the most controversial provision of the ACA, but limited the expansion of Medicaid under the ACA. All provisions of the ACA will continue to be in effect, with some limits on the Medicaid expansion. In order to prevent a constitutional violation due to the Medicaid expansion portion of the ACA, the Court held that the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services ("Secretary") is not permitted to apply §1396c of the Act to withdraw existing Medicaid funds to a state for failing to comply with the requirements set out in the expansion provisions. Though today's decision will have far-reaching effects in political discourse, the Court emphasizes its deference to Congress and its sensitivity to its judicial role: "We do not consider whether the Act embodies sound policies. That judgment is entrusted to the Nation's elected leaders. We ask only whether Congress has the power under the Constitution to enact the challenged provisions."
Key points from decision:
- Individual mandate not supported by Commerce Clause or Necessary and Proper Clause
- Individual mandate must be construed as a tax, which is upheld under Congress's taxing power
- Expansion of Medicaid program constitutional, but HHS may not penalize states that choose not to participate in the expansion of Medicaid
- Decision strikes a balance between principles of federalism and judicial restraint
I. Background
On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the ACA into law. The 2700-page Act contained numerous provisions that, when implemented, would alter the health insurance and health care delivery systems in the United States more significantly than any federal law since the creation of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in 1965. Significant ACA provisions include the expansion of coverage under federal health care programs, such as Medicaid; the creation of new programs to integrate and reform health care delivery, such as the Medicare Shared Savings Program; and the minimum coverage provision at §1501 of the ACA that requires, with limited exceptions, individuals to maintain minimal essential health care coverage as of 2014 (commonly referred to as the "individual mandate") or make a "shared responsibility payment". After the enactment of the ACA, individuals, organizations, and 26 states brought suit against the federal government alleging, among other things, that the individual mandate and Medicaid expansion were unconstitutional. After multiple federal appeals court decisions with diverging opinions, the Supreme Court granted review.
This article will discuss the four main issues at play during the oral arguments, highlights of the Court's decision, and implications of the Court's decision.
II. The Issues At Play
In March 2012, the Supreme Court heard three days of oral arguments focusing on four issues: (1) whether the Court could even hear arguments about the constitutionality of the ACA; (2) whether the individual mandate was unconstitutional; (3) if so, whether the individual mandate, and potentially other provisions of the ACA, could be "severed" from the remaining portions; and (4) whether the Medicaid expansion provisions of the ACA were constitutional.
1. Could the Supreme Court Even Hear the Case?
Before the Court addressed the constitutionality of the individual mandate and Medicaid expansion, the Court determined that the Anti-Injunction Act ("AIA") did not apply to the lawsuits challenging the ACA. Under the AIA, courts may not hear lawsuits that attempt to restrain the imposition or collection of a tax. If the AIA did apply to the ACA lawsuits, the Court would have been prevented from hearing the case until the parties had exhausted other remedies.
The Court held that the AIA did not prevent the Court from hearing the challenge to the individual mandate because the mandate is not a "tax" for purposes of the AIA. This decision is not surprising given that during oral argument, the Court expressed skepticism about whether the AIA applied to the case and whether the case could be considered an exception to the AIA.
Today's decision is interesting in that it distinguishes between whether a law is a "tax" for purposes of Congress's taxing power versus the Court's jurisdiction under the AIA. The government argued that the mandate was not a tax for purposes of the AIA but that it was a tax for purposes of Congress's constitutional authority. At oral argument, Justice Alito noted to the Solicitor General "[t]oday you are arguing that the penalty is not a tax. Tomorrow you are going to be back and you will be arguing that the penalty is a tax." Justice Scalia also questioned the Solicitor General regarding the labeling of the mandate as a "penalty" rather than a "tax": "The President said it wasn't a tax, didn't he?"
Despite these exchanges, Chief Justice Roberts ultimately focused on whether Congress intended for the AIA to apply. The Court agreed with the government and held that Congress's decision to describe the shared responsibility payment in §5000A(b)(a) as a "penalty" and not a "tax" demonstrates that Congress did not intend for the AIA to prohibit jurisdiction.
2. Is the Individual Mandate Constitutional?
The central issue in the case was whether Congress had the power under the Constitution to mandate that individuals purchase health insurance and assess a tax or penalty against those individuals who refuse or fail to purchase such insurance. As a general principle of the U.S. federalist system, the federal government may only pass laws under those powers that are enumerated in the Constitution, such as the Commerce Clause. All other powers remain with the individual states. The ACA lawsuits challenged the individual mandate as an unconstitutional use of the Commerce Clause.
The Court telegraphed its skepticism with the Commerce Clause justification during oral argument in March. The justices questioned whether the government was "creating commerce" and whether the penalty associated with the individual mandate was actually a proper exercise of the taxing power.
In a 5-4 decision (with Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan joining Chief Justice Roberts), the Court concluded that the individual mandate was constitutional and could be upheld under Congress's taxing power as the imposition of a tax on those who do not have insurance. However, the individual mandate could not be sustained under the Commerce Clause or the Necessary and Proper Clause.
• "Creating" Commerce.
A key issue involved whether Congress was creating commerce by requiring individuals to purchase health insurance. During oral argument, Justice Kennedy questioned the government on whether it could "create" commerce by requiring an individual to perform an affirmative act and then regulate that act under the Commerce Clause. The government argued that health care is unique since nearly all persons will be in the health care market at some point, many times the choice to be in the market is uncontrollable and unpredictable, and the result of being uninsured shifts costs to the insured.
In today's opinion, the Court emphasized that Congress's broad power to regulate commerce "presupposes the existence of commercial activity to be regulated." Roberts noted that the mandate creates activity to "compel individuals to become active in commerce by purchasing a product" rather than regulating existing commercial activity. Consequently, the individual mandate cannot be upheld under the Commerce Clause.
The dissent also rejected the use of the Commerce Clause to support the constitutionality of the individual mandate. Justice Scalia wrote "[t]he Federal Government can address whatever problems it wants but can bring to their solution only those powers that the Constitution confers, among which is the power to regulate commerce… Article I contains no whatever-it-takes-to-solve-a-national-problem power."
• Necessary and Proper Clause.
The Court also assessed whether the individual mandate was constitutional under Congress's power under the Necessary and Proper Clause because the mandate was integral to the guaranteed issue and community rating provisions of ACA. The Court rejected the government's argument, concluding that this would give Congress the "extraordinary ability" to create the predicate necessary to the exercise of its power.
• Is the Individual Mandate Actually a Tax?
Despite holding that the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause do not support the constitutionality of the individual mandate, the Court found that the mandate could be sustained under Congress's taxing power. The Court held that "Congress had the power to impose the exaction in §5000A under the taxing power, and that §5000A need not be read to do more than impose a tax. That is sufficient to sustain it." Consequently, while the ACA's description of the shared responsibility payment as a "penalty" and not a "tax" is "fatal" to the application of the AIA, Congress's choice of words does not "control whether an exaction is within Congress's constitutional power to tax." Instead, the "mandate can be regarded as establishing a condition—not owning health insurance—that triggers a tax—the required payment to the IRS."
The Court then offered a straightforward analysis of its taxing power: "[t]hose subject to the individual mandate may lawfully forgo health insurance and pay higher taxes, or buy health insurance and pay lower taxes. The only thing they many not lawfully do is not buy health insurance and not pay the resulting tax."
Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan joined Justice Roberts's majority opinion holding the mandate constitutional under Congress's taxing power. The Court's liberal justices would have held the individual mandate constitutional under the Commerce Clause as well, but avoided issuing a concurring opinion that would support a constitutional differentiation but make no practical difference in the implementation of ACA.
Justice Scalia's dissent is also not surprising, as it echoes his comments at oral argument. The dissent notes, "[w]hat is absolutely clear… is that there are structural limits upon federal power—upon what it can prescribe with respect to private conduct... Whatever may be the conceptual limits upon the Commerce Clause and upon the power to tax and spend, they cannot be such as will enable the Federal Government to regulate all private conduct…"
3. Is the Individual Mandate Severable from the Rest of the ACA?
When a statute or law is held unconstitutional, the Court may eliminate certain provisions of the statute (severing it) or strike the entire statute. At issue with regard to the severability issue was whether other ACA provisions could and/or should be severed from the individual mandate provision if the individual mandate was found unconstitutional. Since the individual mandate was found constitutional, the Court did not address the severability of other ACA provisions.
4. Is Medicaid Expansion Under the ACA Constitutional?
Perhaps the most unexpected component of today's decision is the limitation imposed on the ACA's Medicaid expansion. Medicaid funds medical care for needy individuals through a federal and state partnership under which the federal government provides matching funds to states that agree to comply with federal requirements. Congress may change Medicaid requirements, and participating states must amend state Medicaid plans to comply with changes in federal law. Under the ACA, Congress expanded Medicaid eligibility to certain individuals under age 65 who do not receive Medicare and who have an income up to 133% of the federal poverty level. The ACA requires states to provide limited Medicaid coverage to these newly eligible individuals beginning in 2014. Funding of the expansion will not follow traditional matching guidelines; instead 100% of the expansion will be paid for by the federal government through 2016, with the federal share decreasing to 90% by 2020.
Congress's authority under the Constitution includes spending funds, and setting conditions on the spending of those funds, in order to promote the general welfare. However, Congress's spending power is limited such that it cannot use the power to compel states to adopt federal policies. At issue was whether the ACA unconstitutionally compels states to expand Medicaid by making expansion of Medicaid eligibility a requirement for receipt of federal Medicaid funds despite increased federal funding to subsidize the expansion.
The majority concluded that the Medicaid expansion is constitutional. However, the Court held that it would be an unconstitutional expansion of Congress's authority under the Spending Clause for the federal government to withhold Medicaid funding to the states for non-compliance with the ACA's expansion provisions. Writing for the Court, Chief Justice Roberts noted that "Nothing in our opinion precludes Congress from offering funds under the ACA to expand the availability of health care, and requiring that states accepting such funds comply with the conditions on their use. What Congress is not free to do is to penalize States that choose not to participate in that new program by taking away their existing Medicaid funding."
Rather than invalidate the Medicaid expansion in its entirety, the Court adopted a more limited remedy of severing the penalty provisions from the ACA. Section 1396c gives the Secretary the authority to withhold all further Medicaid payments to the state if the Secretary determines the state is out of compliance with any Medicaid requirement, including those contained in the expansion. The Court ruled that the Secretary could not use this section to withdraw existing Medicaid funds for failure to comply with the requirements set out in the expansion. However, §1396c remains applicable to the existing Medicaid program, and it could be used by the Secretary to withdraw funds provided under the ACA if a state that has chosen to participate in the expansion fails to comply with the requirements of the ACA.
III. Impact of the Decision
Whether denominated as a mandate or a tax, the Court's validation of Section 1501 avoids much of the uncertainty that would have resulted if the ACA was struck down. Providers may proceed, for now, with the assumption that the ACA will reduce the burden of providing care to uninsured and underinsured individuals. The Court's ruling also relieves providers of the need to re-think, or undo, other operational and strategic planning that was implemented under the ACA, such as the move away from fee-for-service to value-based and quality-based reimbursement in an accountable care environment; bundling; bonuses; incentives for various ACA initiatives in areas such as electronic medical records, public health, preventive care, and others; physician quality reporting initiatives; requirements for tax-exempt hospitals such as community health needs assessments, financial assistance, and billing and collection policies; and many other areas of the ACA that might have collapsed with the whole ACA house of cards if the ACA had been struck down in its entirety. Hospital stocks surged ahead on the initial news of the Court's decision while insurance company stocks fell, suggesting the market's assessment of the winners and losers from the case.
From a constitutional law perspective, the path taken by the Court in reaching its decision is extremely important. On the one hand, the Court's conclusion that the individual mandate could not be justified under either the Commerce Clause or the Necessary and Proper Clause confirms that the Court will continue to police the boundaries of Congressional power in a federalist system. Congress may have the power to regulate commerce – what people do – but it does not have the power to compel commerce – what people do not do. In a similar vein, the Court concluded that the Medicaid penalty provisions ran counter to the nation's "system of federalism" as Congress improperly went beyond pressure to compulsion.
On the other hand, in upholding the individual mandate under Congress's power under the Taxing Clause (even notwithstanding statements by the President and the Congress that this was not a tax), the Court gave deference to Congress in searching for any reasonable construction of the law in order to save the ACA from unconstitutionality. The Court also found the means to preserve the expansion of Medicaid by severing only the penalty provisions. In so doing, the Chief Justice remained true to his philosophy of judicial restraint rather than judicial activism, placing himself firmly in the company of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Justice Felix Frankfurter.
The Medicaid ruling is significant for states – and for providers. This means that each state will have the ability to determine whether or not to accept the Medicaid expansion terms, without the risk of losing all of its Medicaid programs should the state decide not to agree with expanded eligibility requirements. The ACA was structured so that most everyone had health care coverage – either through employer-provided plans, insurance purchased by individuals, or government-provided programs. The ACA expanded eligibility for Medicaid to provide health care for poor persons who do not have employer-sponsored insurance and who would be unable to pay for their own health insurance. If a state declines to enact the expansion, there will be a gap. The size of the gap—or the number of uninsured individuals—will depend on how eligibility standards are set. For providers, this likely translates into uncompensated care.
In Wisconsin, Medicaid eligibility has been more expansive than required by the federal government. Therefore, the question about what carrots and sticks apply to the Wisconsin Medicaid program is not clearly answered in the decision. This will likely be the subject of consideration and potential debate as the Wisconsin legislature develops the next biennial budget.
Perhaps the greatest impact from the ACA decision will be felt in the upcoming elections. The Court's characterization of the individual mandate as a "tax" will shape the political debates in the months to come. House Speaker John Boehner, presidential candidate Mitt Romney, and their supporters have already vowed to repeal the ACA following the decision, using the ACA "tax" as their rallying cry. As a result, some uncertainty will remain through and beyond the fall as elected officials sort out what provisions should remain and what should be modified or eliminated. Some of the provisions have proven popular with voters; other provisions have not. And, absent a Republican sweep in November, a total repeal of the Act is not likely. Nonetheless, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker indicated that the state would not take action to implement provisions of the ACA until after the November elections and that he is counting on the next president and Congress to repeal it.


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An XBee wireless modem adapter that doesn't suck!
XBee modems are one of the easiest ways to create a wireless point-to-point or mesh network. They have error correction, are configured with AT commands, come in multiple flavors and can create a wireless serial link out of the box! I wanted to make a wireless Arduino project but all the adapter boards on the market made me unhappy. So I designed what I think is an excellent low-cost adapter board.
Yes it can act as a breakout board, but it also has...
- Onboard 3.3V regulator to cleanly power your XBee, up to 250mA
- Level shifting circuitry means that its trivial to connect it to 5V circuitry such as an Arduino without risk of damage
- Two LEDs, one for activity (RSSI), the other for power (Associate)
- 10-pin 2mm sockets included to protect the modem and allow easy swapping, upgrading or recycling
- All the commonly used pins are brought out along the edge, making it easy to breadboard or wire up
- For use with any XBee/Pro pin-compatible module (check your module datasheet to verify power needs) Works with XBee series 1 and 2!
- Specifically created for use with an FTDI cable to connect to a computer via USB. This means that you can use, configure or upgrade the adapter painlessly simply by plugging in a cable:


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About the Game
Developer: Robot Entertainment, Inc
Editor: Robot Entertainment, Inc
Genre: Action, Adventure
Orcs Must Die! 3 ushers orc-slaying mayhem to a previously unimaginable scale. Solo or with a friend by your side, arm yourself with a massive arsenal of traps and weapons. Slice, burn, toss and zap hordes of repugnant orcs in this long-awaited successor to the award-winning series.
New to the series, War Scenarios pit players against the largest orc armies ever assembled. Mountable War Machines give players the essential firepower to heave, stab, carbonize, and disarticulate the abominable intruders.
More of Everything – Orcs Must Die! 3 is everything fans loved about the first two games and more. More orcs, more traps, more weapons, more upgrades and even better looking. It's cranked up to at least eleven.
New Story – Play through a brand new story set more than 20 years after Orcs Must Die! 2, where the War Mage and Sorceress have rebuilt the order and trained new young apprentices.
War Scenarios – All new War Scenarios deliver on the promise of massive scale first set out in Orcs Must Die! Confront overwhelming armies of orcs outside on the battlefields surrounding the castles. Thin out waves of orcs hundreds strong before they breach the walls and crash your rift.
War Machines – You're going to need new weapons of death and destruction to handle these hordes. War Machines are traps on an oversized scale. Lay down your mega flip trap and launch dozens of ragdolling orcs. Mount your mega boom barrel launcher and unleash pyrotechnic glory.
It Never Stops – The legions of orcs keep coming long after the story is completed. Etch your name into the orc-slaying hall of fame through Weekly Challenges or see how long you can survive in Endless Mode.
Take Drastic Steps – Orcs Must Die! 3 comes with the Drastic Steps campaign and content for free, including terrifying flying enemies, heroic war guardians and of course more tools for orc destruction!
Scramble to Survive – The new Scramble Mode pits you against vile orcs who evolve with increasingly difficult and sinister tricks up their chunky sleeves. But each level you survive, you collect your own modifiers to fight back with!


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Resource Directory
E-News Spring 2010
06/11/10 14:59 Filed in: E-News
Here's What's Below!
Winter Bypass
Winter Wins Award
Tell-Tale Tiles & Fractured Fantasies
Tile Heritage Theater at Coverings
Tile Partners Services Humanity
New Books and more
CERF's Studio Protector
Tiles Needed for Doylestown
Save the Date: Sept. 12th!
Gardiner's Ceramic Creativity
Link to E-News prior to Spring 2010


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Contact Details for diagnosticscansedu.info
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You can contact us by Email at: [email protected]
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Normal Office hours are Monday through Friday 9:00am to 4:00pm Central, excluding public holidays.


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Actuating roller lever
Actuating roller lever, AT4, 30 mm, With roller from insulated material, l 50 mm, For use with R-AT4
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