text:
Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg | |
Established | December 1971 (first document posted)[1] |
Collection | |
Size | Over 72,500 documents |
Other information | |
Website | gutenberg |
Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks."[2] It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.[3] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of books or individual stories in the public domain. All files can be accessed for free under an open format layout, available on almost any computer. As of 13 February 2024[update], Project Gutenberg had reached 70,000 items in its collection of free eBooks.[4]
The releases are available in plain text as well as other formats, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, and Plucker wherever possible. Most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that provide additional content, including region- and language-specific works. Project Gutenberg is closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts.
Project Gutenberg is named after the inventor Johannes Gutenberg, whose works in developing printing technology led to an increase in the mass availability of books and other text.
[edit]Michael S. Hart began Project Gutenberg in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence.[5] Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the university's Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with a virtually unlimited amount of computer time; its value at that time has since been variously estimated at $100,000 or $100,000,000.[6] Hart explained he wanted to "give back" this gift by doing something one could consider to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge by the end of the 20th century.[7]
On July 4, 1971, after being inspired by a free printed copy of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, he decided to type the text into a computer, and to transmit it to other users on the computer network.
- — Gregory B. Newby[8]
This particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed one day the general public would be able to access computers and decided to make works of literature available in electronic form for free. He used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project for Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution.
By the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort. He manually entered all of the text until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more available, making book scanning more feasible.[9] Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenberg's finances. As the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the project's day-to-day operations that Hart had run.
Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role (1994–2004), the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in "best of the Web" listings, contributing to the project's popularity.[10]
Starting in 2004, an improved online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access and hyperlink. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois, at the age of 64.[11]
CD and DVD project
[edit]In August 2003, Project Gutenberg created a CD containing approximately 600 of the "best" e-books from the collection. The CD is available for download as an ISO image. When users are unable to download the CD, they can request to have a copy sent to them, free of charge.
In December 2003, a DVD was created containing nearly 10,000 items. At the time, this represented almost the entire collection. In early 2004, the DVD also became available by mail.
In July 2007, a new edition of the DVD was released containing over 17,000 books, and in April 2010, a dual-layer DVD was released, containing nearly 30,000 items.
The majority of the DVDs, and all of the CDs mailed by the project, were recorded on recordable media by volunteers. However, the new dual layer DVDs were manufactured, as it proved more economical than having volunteers burn them. As of October 2010[update], the project has mailed approximately 40,000 discs. As of 2017, the delivery of free CDs has been discontinued, though the ISO image is still available for download.[12]
Scope of collection
[edit]As of August 2015[update], Project Gutenberg claimed over 72,500 items in its collection, with an average of over 50 new e-books being added each week.[13] These are primarily works of literature from the Western cultural tradition. In addition to literature such as novels, poetry, short stories and drama, Project Gutenberg also has cookbooks, reference works and issues of periodicals.[14] The Project Gutenberg collection also has a few non-text items such as audio files and music-notation files.[15]
Most releases are in English, but there are also significant numbers in many other languages. As of April 2016[update], the non-English languages most represented are: French, German, Finnish, Dutch, Italian, and Portuguese.[3]
Whenever possible, Gutenberg releases are available in plain text, mainly using US-ASCII character encoding but frequently extended to ISO-8859-1 (needed to represent accented characters in French and Scharfes s in German, for example). Besides being copyright-free, the requirement for a Latin (character set) text version of the release had been a criterion of Michael Hart's since the founding of Project Gutenberg, as he believed it was the format most likely to be readable in the extended future.[16] Out of necessity, this criterion has had to be extended further for the sizable collection of texts in East Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese now in the collection, where UTF-8 is used instead.
Other formats may be released as well when submitted by volunteers. The most common non-ASCII format is HTML, which allows markup and illustrations to be included. Some project members and users have requested more advanced formats, believing them to be easier to read. But some formats that are not easily editable, such as PDF, are generally not considered to fit with the goals of Project Gutenberg. Also Project Gutenberg has two options for master formats that can be submitted (from which all other files are generated): customized versions of the Text Encoding Initiative standard (since 2005)[17] and reStructuredText (since 2011).[18]
Beginning in 2009, the Project Gutenberg catalog began offering auto-generated alternate file formats, including HTML (when not already provided), EPUB and plucker.[19]
[edit]Michael Hart said in 2004, "The mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: 'To encourage the creation and distribution of ebooks'".[2] His goal was "to provide as many e-books in as many formats as possible for the entire world to read in as many languages as possible".[3] Likewise, a project slogan is to "break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy",[20] because its volunteers aim to continue spreading public literacy and appreciation for the literary heritage just as public libraries began to do in the late 19th century.[21][22]
Project Gutenberg is intentionally decentralized; there is no selection policy dictating what texts to add. Instead, individual volunteers work on what they are interested in, or have available. The Project Gutenberg collection is intended to preserve items for the long term, so they cannot be lost by any one localized accident. In an effort to ensure this, the entire collection is backed-up regularly and mirrored on servers in many different locations.[23]
[edit]Project Gutenberg is careful to verify the status of its ebooks according to United States copyright law. Material is added to the Project Gutenberg archive only after it has received a copyright clearance, and records of these clearances are saved for future reference. Project Gutenberg does not claim new copyright on titles it publishes. Instead, it encourages their free reproduction and distribution.[3]
Most books in the Project Gutenberg collection are distributed as public domain under United States copyright law. There are also a few copyrighted texts, such as those of science fiction author Cory Doctorow, that Project Gutenberg distributes with permission. These are subject to further restrictions as specified by the copyright holder, although they generally tend to be licensed under Creative Commons.
"Project Gutenberg" is a trademark of the organization, and the mark cannot be used in commercial or modified redistributions of public domain texts from the project. There is no legal impediment to the reselling of works in the public domain if all references to Project Gutenberg are removed, but Gutenberg contributors have questioned the appropriateness of directly and commercially reusing content that has been formatted by volunteers. There have been instances of books being stripped of attribution to the project and sold for profit in the Kindle Store and other booksellers, one being the 1906 book Fox Trapping.[24]
The website was not accessible within Germany, as a result of a court order from S. Fischer Verlag regarding the works of Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann and Alfred Döblin. Although they were in the public domain in the United States, the German court (Frankfurt am Main Regional Court) recognized the infringement of copyrights still active in Germany, and asserted that the Project Gutenberg website was under German jurisdiction because it hosts content in the German language and is accessible in Germany.[25] This judgment was confirmed by the Frankfurt Court of Appeal on 30 April 2019 (11 U 27/18[26]). The Frankfurt Court of Appeal has not given permission for a further appeal to the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof), however, an application for permission to appeal has been filed with the Federal Court of Justice. As of 4 October 2020 that application was still pending (Federal Court of Justice I ZR 97/19). According to Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,[27] "In October 2021, the parties reached a settlement agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, Project Gutenberg eBooks by the three authors will be blocked from Germany until their German copyright expires. Under the terms of the settlement, the all-Germany block is no longer in place. Other terms of the settlement are confidential."
The website has been blocked in Italy since May 2020.[28]
[edit]This section needs to be updated.(December 2019) |
The text files use the format of plain text encoded in UTF-8 and are typically wrapped at 65–70 characters, with paragraphs separated by a double line break. In recent decades, the resulting appearance and the lack of a markup possibility have often been perceived as bland and as a drawback of this format.[29] Project Gutenberg attempts to address this by making many texts available in HTML, ePub, and PDF versions as well. HTML versions of older texts are autogenerated versions. Another not-for-profit project, Standard Ebooks, aims to address these issues with its collection of public domain titles that are formatted and styled. It corrects issues related to design and typography.[30]
In December 1994, Project Gutenberg was criticized by the Text Encoding Initiative for failing to include documentation or discussion of the decisions unavoidable in preparing a text, or in some cases, not documenting which of several (conflicting) versions of a text has been the one digitized.[31]
The selection of works (and editions) available has been determined by popularity, ease of scanning, being out of copyright, and other factors; this would be difficult to avoid in any crowd-sourced project.[32]
In March 2004, an initiative was begun by Michael Hart and John S. Guagliardo[33] to provide low-cost intellectual properties. The initial name for this project was Project Gutenberg 2 (PG II), which created controversy among PG volunteers because of the re-use of the project's trademarked name for a commercial venture.[34]
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
[edit]In 2000, a non-profit corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc.[35][36] 501(c)(3) EIN: 64-6221541[37] was chartered in Mississippi,[38] United States, to handle the project's legal[39] needs. Donations to it are tax-deductible.[40]
Gregory B. Newby,[41][42][43][44][45][46] while Assistant Professor at UNC School of Information and Library Science, and a long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer,[47] in 2001, became the foundation's first CEO,[34][48] later Arctic Region Supercomputing Center Director, later Compute Canada's Chief Technology Officer.[49][50][51][52][53]
[edit]- Project Gutenberg Consortia Center specializes in collections of collections. These do not have the editorial oversight or consistent formatting of the main Project Gutenberg. Thematic collections, as well as numerous languages, are featured.[54] This is sponsored by worldlibrary.net, which hosts self.gutenberg.org, a self-publishing portal.[55]
- ibiblio, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, now hosts Project Gutenberg[55]
- Distributed Proofreaders: In 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders (DP), which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet. This effort increased the number and variety of texts being added to Project Gutenberg, as well as making it easier for new volunteers to start contributing. DP became officially affiliated with Project Gutenberg in 2002.[56] As of 2018[update], the 36,000+ DP-contributed books comprised almost two-thirds of the nearly 72,500 books in Project Gutenberg.[55]
Sister projects
[edit]All sister projects[55] are independent organizations that share the same ideals and have been given permission to use the Project Gutenberg trademark. They often have a particular national or linguistic focus.[57]
List of sister projects
[edit]- Project Gutenberg Australia hosts many texts that are public domain according to Australian copyright law, but still under copyright (or of uncertain status) in the United States, with a focus on Australian writers and books about Australia.[58][55]
- Project Gutenberg Canada.[59][55] digital library for Canadian public domain texts.
- Projekt Gutenberg-DE claims copyright for its product and limits access to browsable web-versions of its texts.[60][55]
- Project Gutenberg Europe is run by Project Rastko in Serbia. It aims at being a Project Gutenberg for all of Europe, and began posting projects in 2005. It uses the Distributed Proofreaders software to quickly produce etexts.[61]
- Project Gutenberg Luxembourg publishes mostly, but not exclusively, books that are written in Luxembourgish.[62]
- Projekti Lönnrot, started by Finnish Project Gutenberg volunteers, derives its name from the Finnish philologist Elias Lönnrot (1802–1884)[63]
- Project Gutenberg of the Philippines aims to "make as many books available to as many people as possible, with a special focus on the Philippines and Philippine languages".[64]
- Project Gutenberg Russia (Rutenberg) aims to collect public domain books in Slavic languages, particularly in Russian. The discussion of the project and its legal side began in April 2012. The word Rutenberg is a combination of words "Russia" and "Gutenberg".[65]
- Project Gutenberg Self Publishing Portal also known as Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press, by the Project Gutenberg Consortia Center[55][66] Unlike the Gutenberg Project itself, Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing allows submission of texts never published before, including self-published ebooks.[67] Launched in 2012,[66][68] also owns the "gutenberg.us" domain.[69]
- Project Gutenberg of Taiwan seeks to archive copyright free books with a special focus on Taiwan in English, Mandarin and Taiwan-based languages. It is a special project of Forumosa.com[70]
- Projekt Runeberg, Nordic literature[55]
- ReadingRoo.ms, the home of the Project Gutenberg PrePrints[55]
- Distributed Proofreaders Canada, a separate entity, launched in December 2007, by David Jones and Michael Shepard.
- Faded Page Distributed Proofreaders Canada public domain book archive
[edit]- The Internet Archive, previous long-time backup distribution site, and previous main host site.[55]
- Librivox.org, new audioBooks main partner[55]
See also
[edit]- Aozora Bunko
- Chinese Text Project
- Google Books
- HathiTrust
- Internet Archive
- LibriVox—free online audiobook library, with many texts used from Project Gutenberg
- List of digital library projects
- On-line Guitar Archive
- Open Content Alliance
- Project Runeberg, for books significant to the culture and history of the Nordic countries.
- Runivers, for Russian historical documents
- Sefaria, for Jewish texts
- Standard Ebooks
- Virtual volunteering
- Wikisource
[edit]- ^
Hart, Michael S. United States Declaration of Independence by United States. Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 26 January 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
"The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America by Thomas Jefferson" is the bold heading of the linked webpage twelve years later (6 June 2019). No author but Jefferson is identified, nor is Hart otherwise named. Officially this is Project Gutenberg Ebook #1 (assigned December 1993?), or the current index to multiple formats of the same.
What Ebook #1 actually contains is heavily annotated re-release of the first two e-texts that were released in December 1971 (as by Michael S. Hart?). For more information, open the HTML format, for instance, and search for "December" or "Michael". - ^ a b Hart, Michael S. (23 October 2004). "Gutenberg Mission Statement by Michael Hart". Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
- ^ a b c d Thomas, Jeffrey (20 July 2007). "Project Gutenberg Digital Library Seeks To Spur Literacy". US Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programs. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ Preston, Sherry (9 October 2023). "Cover to Cover: Access thousands of books on Project Gutenberg". Star-Herald. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ "Hobbes' Internet Timeline". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
- ^ Hart, Michael S. (August 1992). "Gutenberg:The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg". Archived from the original on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
- ^ Day, B. H.; Wortman, W. A. (2000). Literature in English: A Guide for Librarians in the Digital Age. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. p. 170. ISBN 0-8389-8081-3.
- ^ "Obituary for Michael Stern Hart".
- ^ Vara, Vauhini (5 December 2005). "Project Gutenberg Fears No Google". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
- ^ "Gutenberg:Credits". Project Gutenberg. 8 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
- ^ "Michael_S._Hart". Project Gutenberg. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
- ^ "The CD and DVD Project". Gutenberg. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ According to gutindex-2006 Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, there were 1,653 new Project Gutenberg items posted in the first 33 weeks of 2006. This averages out to 50.09 per week. This does not include additions to affiliated projects.
- ^ For a listing of the categorized books, see: "Category:Bookshelf". Project Gutenberg. 28 April 2007. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg Sheet Music | Manchester-by-the-Sea Public Library". Manchesterpl.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ Various Project Gutenberg FAQs allude to this. See, for example: "File Formats FAQ". Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
You can view or edit ASCII text using just about every text editor or viewer in the world. [...] Unicode is steadily gaining ground, with at least some support in every major operating system, but we're nowhere near the point where everyone can just open a text based on Unicode and read and edit it.
- ^ "The Guide to PGTEI". Project Gutenberg. 12 April 2005. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ The Project Gutenberg RST Manual. Project Gutenberg. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ^ "Help on Bibliographic Record". Project Gutenberg. 4 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg Weekly Newsletter". Project Gutenberg. 10 December 2003. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ Perry, Ruth (2007). "Postscript about the Public Libraries". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ Lorenzen, Michael (2002). "Deconstructing the Philanthropic Library: The Sociological Reasons Behind Andrew Carnegie's Millions to Libraries". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ Walker, Joseph (30 November 2013). Information Technology and Collection Management for Library User Environments. IGI Global. ISBN 9781466647404.
- ^ Pegoraro, Rob (30 November 2010). "Amazon charges Kindle users for free Project Gutenberg e-books". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ "Court Order to Block Access in Germany". Project Gutenberg Library Archive Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- ^ "OLG Frankfurt judgment of 30 April 2019".
- ^ "Lawsuit is Settled". Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
- ^ Caranti, Niccolò. "Project Gutenberg blocked in Italy: many doubts, few certainties". OBC Transeuropa. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Boumphrey, Frank (July 2000). "European Literature and Project Gutenberg". Cultivate Interactive. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
- ^ Partick Lucas Austin (20 June 2017). "Standard eBooks is a Gutenberg Project You'll Actually Use". LifeHacker.com. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
- ^ Michael Sperberg-McQueen, "Textual Criticism and the Text Encoding Initiative", 1994, "Textual Criticism and the Text Encoding Initiative". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015., retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ Hoffmann, Sebastian (2005). Grammaticalization And English Complex Prepositions: A Corpus-based Study (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36049-8. OCLC 156424479.
- ^ Executive director of the World eBook Library.
- ^ a b Hane, Paula (2004). "Project Gutenberg Progresses". Information Today. 21 (5). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation". Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "INDEX". PROJECT GUTENBERG. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Schwencke, Ken; Tigas, Mike; Wei, Sisi; Glassford, Alec; Suozzo, Andrea; Roberts, Brandon (9 May 2013). "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Inc Tr". Nonprofit Explorer. ProPublica.
- ^ Stroube, Bryan (September 2003). "Literary freedom". XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students. 10 (1): 3. doi:10.1145/973381.973384. ISSN 1528-4972. S2CID 12606524.
- ^ "Cease and Desist Responses". Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "donate". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Newby, Gregory B. "Curriculum Vitae". petascale.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
Greg Newby's Personal Pages www.supercomputing.guru & www.petascale.org
- ^ "Greg Newby". Wired Next Fest 2021 Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Gregory B Newby". Author profiles. Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Author: Gregory B. Newby". The Interaction Design Foundation. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Gregory B. Newby". The MIT Press. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Gregory B. Newby, University of Alaska System". ResearchGate. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Newby, Gregory B. (18 October 2019). Forty-Five Years of Digitizing Ebooks: Project Gutenberg's Practices. Project Gutenberg.
- ^ "Gregory B. Newby". Open Source Research People. ibiblio. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Programmable Silicon! Don't be afraid, don't be very afraid!". programme.exordo.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Compute Canada Announces New CTO to Lead Upgrades to National Advanced Research Platform". WestGrid. 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "HPCS 2016". CANHEIT. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Mölders, Nicole; Morton, Don; Newby, Greg; Stevens, Eric; Stuefer, Martin (2008). "Nowcasting and Forecasting Alaskan Weather". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 89 (4): 515–519. Bibcode:2008BAMS...89..515M. doi:10.1175/BAMS-89-4-515. ISSN 0003-0007. JSTOR 26216803.
- ^ "Penguin Computing Supplies PACMAN Supercomputer to University of Alaska Fairbanks". Penguin Computing. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg Consortia Center". 2004. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Partners, Sister Projects, Affiliates and Resources". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ "The Distributed Proofreaders Foundation". Distributed proofreaders. August 2007. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
- ^ "Gutenberg:Partners, Affiliates and Resources". Project Gutenberg. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg of Australia". 24 January 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2006.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg Canada". Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ "Projekt Gutenberg-DE". Spiegel Online. 1994. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg Europe". EUnet Yugoslavia. 2005. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ Kirps, Jos (22 May 2007). "Project Gutenberg Luxembourg". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ Riikonen, Tapio (28 February 2005). "Projekti Lönnrot". Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg of the Philippines". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg Russia". Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Partners, Affiliates and Resources". Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press". Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg launches self-publishing library". RT Book Reviews. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ "Domain Availability – Registration Information". GoDaddy. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ "Project Gutenberg of Taiwan". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
External links
[edit]- Official website
- Distributed Proofreaders – a worldwide group of volunteer editors that is now the main source of eBooks for Project Gutenberg
- Project Gutenberg News – Official News for Gutenberg.org. Includes the Newsletter Archives, 1989–present.
- Project Gutenberg Monthly Newsletter
- Project Gutenberg at Curlie
- Works by Project Gutenberg at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Project Gutenberg at Internet Archive
- 1971 establishments in the United States
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text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Echo 650 Series Acoustic Liquid Handlers
- Enables assay miniaturization in a broad range of applications
- Transfer from 384-well and 1536-well microplates
- Accurate, precise, contact-free acoustic transfer in volumes as low as 2.5 nL
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Echo 650 Series Acoustic Liquid Handler Specifications
Drop volume | 2.5 nL |
Volume transfer range | 2.5 nL – 5 µL (dependent on fluid type, assay, and source plate used) |
Reagents supported | DMSO, PCR and qPCR reagents, synthetic biology reagents, NGS reagents, primers and probes, cell culture media, proteins, nucleic acids, up to 50% glycerol, serum, plasma, antibodies, enzymes, and protein crystallography reagents |
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Transfer precision | <8% CV (except protein crystallography fluid class) |
Source labware compatibility | All Echo Qualified 384- and 1536-well Microplates |
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Dimensions | 53.9 cm width x 68.3 cm depth x 92.5 cm height (21.2 x 26.9 x 36.4 inches) |
Weight | 130 kg (286 lbs) |
Working envelope | Additional 25.4 cm (10 inches) on top, 2.5 cm (1 inch) on sides, 7.6 cm (3 inches) at front, 30.5 cm (12 inches) at back |
Electrical | AC 120V, 50/60 Hz, 10 A or AC 230V, 50/60Hz, 5 A |
Operating temperature | 21°C ± 5°C (70°F ± 9°F) |
Vacuum | House supply minimum 200 Torr (266 mbar, 22 inches Hg Vac) OR Standalone vacuum with surge tank, minimum pump speed 2.0 m3/hr, minimum pressure 100 Torr (133 mbar, 26 inches Hg Vac) |
Fluid class calibration | No calibration needed |


text:
Subscribe to Cases that cite 160 U. S. 379U.S. Supreme Court
Kirby v. Tallmadge, 160 U.S. 379 (1896)
Kirby v. Tallmadge
No. 96
Argued December 5, 1895
Decided January 6, 1896
When one party to an action has in his exclusive possession a knowledge of facts which would tend, if disclosed, to throw light upon the transactions which form the subject of controversy, his failure to offer them in evidence may afford presumptions against him.
Where land is used for the purpose of a home and is jointly occupied by husband and wife, neither of whom has title by record, a person proposing to purchase is bound to make some inquiry as to their title.
The possession of real estate in the District of Columbia under apparent claim of ownership is notice to purchasers of the interest the person in possession has in the fee, whether legal or equitable in its nature, and of all facts which the proposed purchaser might have learned by due inquiry. This principle applies with peculiar cogency to a case like the present, where the slightest inquiry would have revealed the facts, and where the purchaser deliberately turned his back upon every source of information, and a purchase made under such circumstances does not clothe the vendee with the rights of a bona fide purchaser without notice.
This was a bill in equity filed by Maria E. Tallmadge against the appellants to set aside and remove, as a cloud upon her title, a deed made by the appellants Richard H. Miller, Elizabeth Houchens, and Ella A. Goudy, claiming to be heirs at law of one John L. Miller, deceased, dated August 30, 1888, and purporting to convey to the appellant Kirby the property therein described. The bill further prayed for the cancellation of a trust deed executed by the appellant Kirby and his wife to the defendants Willoughby and Williamson, and for an injunction against all the defendants except Kirby restraining them from negotiating certain notes given by Kirby for the purchase of said lots, etc.
The facts disclosed by the testimony show that, in 1882, Mrs. Tallmadge, the appellee, purchased of one Bates, for a home, lots Nos. 77 and 78, in square 239, in the City of Washington, with the improvements thereon, for the sum of ten thousand dollars, five thousand of which were paid in cash, the residue to be paid in five installments of one thousand dollars chanrobles.com-red
each. Instead of taking the title to the property in herself, she furnished the money to John L. Miller, a friend of the family, who paid the five thousand dollars cash with the money thus furnished, and at her request took the title in his own name, and executed notes for the deferred payments, which he secured by a deed of trust upon the property. Subsequently, and in June, 1883, Miller also purchased with the funds of Mrs. Tallmadge the adjoining lot, No. 76, taking title in his own name and executing a deed of trust for the deferred payments, amounting to $1,266.
Mrs. Tallmadge took immediate possession of the premises, and has occupied them as her own from that day to the time the bill was filed, paying taxes, improvements, and interest on encumbrances, reducing the principal $2,266, and holding open and notorious possession under her claim of title.
Mr. Miller, who claimed no title or right to the premises in himself, on December 27, 1883, by a deed signed by himself and wife, conveyed the legal title to Mrs. Tallmadge; but this deed, through inadvertence or otherwise, was not recorded until October 4, 1888. Mr. Miller died in February, 1888, and by his will, which was dated December 1, 1880, devised his estate to his widow.
On June 16, 1888, defendants Miller, Houchens, and Goudy, collateral heirs of John L. Miller, who had made a contract with the defendants Willoughby and Williamson to give them one-quarter of whatever they could get for them out of the estate of Miller, filed a bill in the Supreme Court of the District against the widow and executor of Miller, the holders of the notes given by him, and the trustees in one of the deeds of trust, praying for a partition or sale of the property, the admeasurement of the widow's dower, and for a charge upon the personal estate of Miller for the unpaid purchase money of the property.
To this bill the widow of John L. Miller made answer that her husband never had any interest in the property in question; that the title was taken in his name for Mrs. Tallmadge, and that, long before his death, he had, by deed, duly conveyed it to her, and that neither she nor his estate had or ever chanrobles.com-red
had any interest in the property. In August, 1888, the pendency of this suit coming to the knowledge of Mrs. Tallmadge, she sent the original deed from Miller to her, then unrecorded, by Mr. Tallmadge, to Willoughby and Williamson, solicitors for Miller's heirs, who examined and made minutes from it.
On August 30, 1888, Houchens, Goudy, and Miller, who had filed the bill for partition, executed a deed conveying the property to the appellant Kirby, subject to the dower rights of Mrs. Miller, for a consideration of $12,000, $3,000 of which was said to have been paid in cash, and $9,000 by notes secured by a mortgage or trust deed upon the property, to Willoughby and Williamson, as trustees. Kirby thereupon claimed the property as an innocent purchaser without notice of the prior deed. He at once gave notice to Mr. Tallmadge that he would demand rent for the property at the rate of $1,000 per annum.
On receipt of this notice, Mrs. Tallmadge filed this bill to cancel and set aside the deed and deed of trust. Answers were filed by the defendants, and testimony taken by the plaintiff tending to show the facts alleged in her bill. Neither of the appellants took proof, nor did they, or either of them, offer themselves as witnesses, but stood upon their answers.
Upon final hearing the court below, in special term, rendered a decree in accordance with the prayer of the bill, setting aside the deed and deed of trust as fraudulent and void, from which decree defendants appealed to the general term, which affirmed the decree of the court below, and further directed that Miller, on the demand of Kirby, return to him the $3,000 which Kirby claimed to have paid, and which Miller admitted to have received. chanrobles.com-red
MR. JUSTICE BROWN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the Court.
The controversy in this case arises from the fact that the deed from John L. Miller to Mrs. Tallmadge, which was given December 27, 1883, was not put upon record until October 4, 1888. In the meantime, and in February, 1888, Miller, in whose name the property had been taken for the benefit of Mrs. Tallmadge, died, and on August 30, 1888, Houchens, Goudy, and Richard Henry Miller, collateral heirs of John L. Miller, executed a deed of the property, subject to the dower rights of Miller's widow, to defendant Kirby, for an expressed consideration of $12,000, of which $3,000 are said to have been paid down in cash, and $9,000 in notes payable to Willoughby and Williamson. Kirby now claims to be an innocent purchaser of the property, without notice of the prior deed from John L. Miller to Mrs. Tallmadge.
There are several circumstances in this case which tend to arouse a suspicion that Kirby's purchase of the property was not made in good faith. Within three months after the probate of the will of John L. Miller, his collateral heirs, Houchens, Goudy, and Richard H. Miller, who had made a contract with Willoughby and Williamson to give them one quarter of whatever they could get for them out of the estate of Miller, filed a bill for the partition of real estate, and to set off the widow's dower. His widow, Lola, answered, admitted that her husband did not purchase the lands described in the bill, and alleged that he had conveyed them away in his lifetime.
Mrs. Tallmadge, hearing of this suit, instead of appearing formally therein, submitted her deed from Miller to the solicitors for the complainants in the partition suit, who did not amend their bill or make her a party, but apparently allowed the suit to drop, inasmuch as the complainants, being heirs of John L. Miller, took only his actual interest in the land, of which, owing to his deed to Mrs. Tallmadge in his lifetime, nothing remained at his death. Shortly thereafter, the complainants chanrobles.com-red
in that suit, who must have been well aware that they had no title to the property, executed a deed to Kirby of all their interest in the land for a consideration of $12,000, subject to the dower right of Mrs. Miller, the debts of John L. Miller, and so much of the notes of $5,000 as were unpaid, after applying his personal estate. Kirby alleges in his answer that he examined the premises twice, and approached the house, but never seems to have entered it, and apparently took up with the first proposition made to him to buy it without any of the bargaining that usually precedes the consummation of a sale of property of that value. While he avers in his answer, and Miller admits, the payment of $3,000 in cash, defendants introduced no testimony whatever in support of their case, but relied solely upon their answers. As they had it in their power to explain the suspicious circumstances connected with the transaction, we regard their failure to do so as a proper subject of comment. "All evidence," said Lord Mansfield in Blatch v. Archer, 1 Cowper 63, 65,
"is to be weighed according to the proof which it was in the power of one side to have produced and in the power of the other side to have contradicted."
It would certainly have been much more satisfactory if the defendants, who must have been acquainted with all the facts and circumstances attending this somewhat singular transaction, had gone upon the stand and given their version of the facts. McDonough v. O'Neil, 113 Mass. 92; Commonwealth v. Webster, 5 Cush. 295, 316. It is said by Mr. Starkie, in his work on Evidence, vol. 1, p. 54:
"The conduct of the party in omitting to produce that evidence in elucidation of the subject matter in dispute, which is within his power and which rests peculiarly within his own knowledge, frequently affords occasion for presumptions against him, since it raises strong suspicion that such evidence, if adduced, would operate to his prejudice."
But the decisive answer to the case of bona fide purchase made by the defendant Kirby is that Mrs. Tallmadge had, ever since the original purchase of the land by Miller in 1882, been in the open, notorious, and continued possession of the property, occupying it as a home. The law is perfectly well chanrobles.com-red
settled both in England and in this country -- except, perhaps, in some of the New England states -- that such possession under apparent claim of ownership is notice to purchasers of whatever interest the person actually in possession has in the fee, whether such interest be legal or equitable in its nature, and of all facts which the proposed purchaser might have learned by due inquiry. 2 Pomeroy's Eq.Juris. § 614; Wade on Notice, § 273. The same principle was adopted by this Court in @ 51 U. S. 375, in which it was held that
"open and notorious occupation and adverse holding by the first purchaser when the second deed is taken is, in itself, sufficient to warrant a jury or court in finding that the purchaser had evidence before him of a character to put him on inquiry as to what title the possession was held under, and that he (the subsequent purchaser) was bound by that title, aside from all other evidence of such possession and holding."
The principle had been steadily adhered to in subsequent decisions. 62 U. S. 236; Noyes v. Hall, 97 U. S. 34; McLean v. Clapp, 141 U. S. 429, 141 U. S. 436; Simmons Creek Coal Co. v. Doran,@ 142 U. S. 417.
Defendants' reply to this proposition is that the occupancy in this case, being that of a husband and wife, is by law referable to the husband alone, as the head of the family; that the purchaser was not bound by any notice, except such as arose from the possession of the husband, and that, as he had no title to the property, Kirby was not bound to ascertain whether other members of the family had title or not. There are undoubtedly cases holding that occupation by some other person than the one holding the unrecorded deed is no notice of title in such third person, and that the apparent possession of premises by the head of a family is no notice of a title in a mere boarder, lodger, or subordinate member of such family, or of a secret agreement between the head of a family and another person. As was said by this Court in Townsend v. Little, 109 U. S. 504:
"Where possession is relied upon as giving constructive notice, it must be open and unambiguous, and not liable to be misunderstood or misconstrued.
It must be sufficiently distinct and unequivocal so as to put the purchaser on his guard."
In this case, one James Townsend bought and took possession of a public house in Salt Lake City, and lived in it with his lawful wife and a plural or polygamous wife, the latter, who was the appellant, taking an active part in conducting the business of the hotel. He subsequently ceased to maintain relations with the appellant as his polygamous wife, but, being desirous of having the benefit of her services, both concealed this fact. He made a secret agreement with her that if she would thus remain, she should have a half interest in the property. He afterwards acquired his legal title to the property without a disclosure of the secret agreement. His interest therein having subsequently passed into the hands of innocent third parties for value, without notice of appellant's claim under the secret agreement, it was held that the joint occupation of the premises by herself and Townsend, under the circumstances, was not a constructive notice of her claim, and that she had no rights in the premises, as against a bona fide purchaser without notice. There were evidently two substantial reasons why appellant's possession was not notice of her rights: first, James Townsend took the legal title to himself in 1873, and held it until 1878, when the purchase was made, and second, his agreement with the appellant was not one with his lawful, but his polygamous, wife, and was also a secret one. The case is obviously not one of a joint occupation by a husband and his lawful wife, neither of them having any title thereto.
In the case of Thomas v. Kennedy, 24 Ia. 397, it was held that where real estate is ostensibly as much in the possession of the husband as the wife, there is no such actual possession by the wife as will impart notice of an equitable interest possessed by her in the land to a purchaser at execution sale under a judgment against her husband, in whom the legal title apparently was at the time of the rendition of the judgment. This case is also a mere application of the rule that if there be any title to the land in one who is in possession of it, the possession will be referred to that title, or, as chanrobles.com-red
said in 2 Pomeroy's Eq.Juris. § 616,
"Where a title under which the occupant holds has been put upon record, and his possession is consistent with what thus appears of record, it shall not be a constructive notice of any additional or different title or interest to a purchaser who has relied upon the record, but has had no actual notice beyond what is thereby disclosed."
That the court did not intend to hold that a joint occupation by a husband and wife is in no case notice of more than the occupation of the husband is evident from the subsequent case of Iowa Loan & Trust Co. v. King, 58 Ia. 598, in which the court said,
"It cannot, we think, be doubted that possession of real property by a husband and wife together will impart notice of the wife's equities, as against all persons other than those claiming under the husband, their possession being regarded as joint by reason of the family relation."
In this case, the occupation was by a husband and wife, and it was held that such possession was notice of a title in the wife to a life estate in the property, as against the holder of a mortgage given by a son, who was a member of the family as a boarder, lodging a part of the time in his mother's house and a part of the time elsewhere, the legal title being in the son.
In the case of Lindley v. Martindale, 78 Ia. 379, the title to the lands was in a son of the plaintiff, who resided on a portion of them, while plaintiff and her husband resided on another portion. The lands had for a long time been cared for either by the husband or the son, and it was held that one who, upon being told that the title was in the son, took a mortgage from him to secure a loan which was used for the most part to pay off prior encumbrances placed on the land by the son, was not charged with the alleged equities of plaintiff by reason of her claimed possession of the land, the court holding that her possession was not such as the law requires to impart notice. The case is not entirely reconcilable with the last.
In Harris v. McIntyre, 118 Ill. 275, a widow furnished her bachelor brother money with which to buy a farm for their joint use; the title to be taken to each in proportion to chanrobles.com-red
the sums advanced by them respectively. He however took a conveyance of the entire estate to himself, and they both moved upon the place, he managing the land, and she attending to the household duties. The deed was recorded, and he borrowed money, mortgaged the land to secure the loan, and appeared to the world as the owner for a period of over ten years, during which time the sister took no steps to have her equitable rights enforced or asserted. It was held that her possession under such circumstances was not such as would charge a subsequent purchaser from her brother with notice of her equitable rights. Here too the record title was strictly consistent with the possession.
In Rankin v. Coar, 46 N.J.Eq. 566, 572, a widow who occupied part of a house in which she was entitled to dower, while her son, the sole heir at law, occupied the rest of the house, released her dower therein to her son by deed duly recorded. It was held that her continued occupation thereafter would not give notice to one who took a mortgage from the son, of a title in her to a part of the house occupied by her, acquired by an unrecorded deed to her from her son contemporaneous with her release of dower. "Possession," said the court,
"to give notice or to make inquiry a duty must be open, notorious, and unequivocal. There must be such an occupation of the premises as a man of ordinary prudence, treating for the acquisition of some interest therein, would observe and, observing, would perceive to be inconsistent with the right of him with whom he was treating, and so be led to inquiry."
So, in Atwood v. Bearss, 47 Mich. 72, the title to property, upon the record, appeared to be in the wife. Her husband's previous occupation had been under her ownership and in right of the marital relation, and nothing had transpired to suggest that she had made the property over to him. She had, however, given him a deed, which was not put upon record. It was held that his continuance in possession was no notice of this deed, since it was obviously consistent with the previous title in herself.
Indeed, there can be no doubt whatever of the proposition chanrobles.com-red
that where the land is occupied by two persons, as for instance by husband and wife, and there is a recorded title in one of them, such joint occupation is not notice of an unrecorded title in the other. In such case, the purchaser, finding title in one, would be thrown off his guard with respect to the title of the other. The rule is universal that if the possession be consistent with the record title, it is no notice of an unrecorded title. But where the land is used for the purpose of a home, and is jointly occupied by husband and wife, neither of whom has title by record, we think that in view of the frequency with which homestead property is taken in the name of the wife, the proposed purchaser is bound to make some inquiry as to their title.
The case of Phelan v. Brady, 119 N.Y. 587, is an instance of this. In this case, a suit was brought to foreclose a mortgage upon certain premises given by one Murphy, who held an apparently perfect record title to the property. It appeared, however, that before the execution of the mortgage, Murphy had conveyed the premises to one Margaret Brady, who was in possession, and, with her husband, occupied two rooms in the building on the premises. She also kept a liquor store in a part thereof. The other rooms she leased to various tenants; claiming to be the owner, and collecting the rents. Her deed was not recorded until after the giving of the mortgage. It was held that her actual possession under her deed, although unrecorded and its existence unknown to plaintiff, was sufficient notice to him of her rights to defeat any claim under the mortgage. This case goes much further than is necessary to justify the court in holding that Mrs. Tallmadge's possession was notice in the case under consideration, as the actual occupation of the wife was only of two rooms in a tenement house containing forty-three apartments.
If there be any force at all in the general rule that the possession of another than the grantor puts the purchaser upon inquiry as to the nature of such possession, it applies with peculiar cogency to a case like the present, where the slightest inquiry either of the husband or wife would have revealed the actual facts. Instead of making such inquiry, Kirby turns chanrobles.com-red
his back upon every source of information, does not even enter the house, makes no examination as to whether the property was in litigation, and buys it of collateral heirs of Miller, subject to his widow's dower if he had had the title, to an unpaid mortgage, and to the chances of the property being required for the payment of Miller's debts. It is clear that a purchase made under such circumstances does not clothe the vendee with the rights of a bona fide purchaser without notice.
We see no reason for impeaching the original purchase of the land by Mrs. Tallmadge. Her account of the transaction is supported by the testimony of all the witnesses, as well as by the receipts and other documentary evidence. Her failure to cause the deed to be recorded is not an unusual piece of carelessness, nor is it an infrequent cause of litigation. Under the circumstances of the case, it raises no presumption of fraud. What motives she may have had for taking the title to the property in the name of Mr. Miller is entirely immaterial to the present controversy, although it appears from her testimony that she was possessed of money in her own right, and took this method of investing it.
The decree of the court below is therefore


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Revelation Place
This Surah takes its name from v. 27.
As this Surah contains the characteristics of both the Makki and the Madani Surahs, the commentators have differed as to its period of revelation, but in the light of its style and themes we are of the opinion that a part of it (vv. 1-24) was sent down in the last stage of the Makki life of the Holy Prophet a little before migration and the rest (vv. 25-78) during the first stage of his Madani life. That is why this Surah combines the characteristics of both the Makki and the Madani Surahs.
The sudden change of the style from v. 25 shows that probably vv. 25-78 were sent down in the month of Zul-Hijjah in the very first year after Hijrah. This is indicated by vv. 25-41 and confirmed by the occasion of the revelation of vv. 39-40. It appears that the month of Zul-Hijjah must have brought to the immigrants nostalgic memories of their homes in Makkah and naturally they must have thought of their Sacred City and of their Hajj congregation there, and grieved to think that the mushrik Quraish had debarred them from visiting the Sacred Mosque.
Therefore, they might even have been praying for and expecting Divine permission to wage war against those tyrants who had expelled them from their homes, and deprived them of visiting the House of Allah, and made it difficult for them to follow the way of Islam. It was at this juncture that these verses were revealed and the purpose for which Masjid-al- Haram was built.
It has been made plain that Hajj(pilgrimage) had been enjoined for the worship of One Allah, but ironically it had been dedicated to the rituals of shirk and the worshipers of One Allah debarred from it.
Therefore, permission for waging war against those tyrants has been given to oust them from Makkah and to establish the righteous way of life and eradicating evil. According to Ibn Abbas, Mujahid, Urwah bin Zubair, Zaid bin Aslam, Muqatil bin Hayyan, Qatadah and other great commentators, v. 39 is the first verse that grants the Muslims permission to wage war. Collections of Hadith and books on the life of the Holy Prophet confirm that after this permission actual preparations for war were started and the first expedition was sent to the coast of the Red Sea in Safar A.H. 2, which is known as the Expedition of Waddan or Al- Abwa.
This Surah is addressed to: (1) The mushriks of Makkah, (2) the wavering Muslims, and (3) the True Believers. The mushriks have been warned in a forceful manner to this effect: "You have obdurately and impudently persisted in your ideas of ignorance and trusted in your deities instead of Allah, though they possess no power at all and you have repudiated the Divine Messenger. Now you will meet the same end as has been the doom of those like you before. You have only harmed yourselves by rejecting Our Prophet and by persecuting the best element of your own community; now your false deities shall not be able to save you from the wrath of God". At the same time, they have been admonished time and again for their creed of shirk and sound arguments have been given in favor of Tauhid and the Hereafter.
The wavering Muslims, who had embraced Islam but were not yet prepared to endure any hardship in its way, have been admonished to this effect: "What is this faith of yours? On the one hand, you are ready to believe in Allah and become His servants provided you are given peace and prosperity but, on the other, if you meet with afflictions and hardships in His Way, you discard your Allah and cease to remain His servant. You should bear in mind that this wavering attitude of yours cannot avert those misfortunes and losses which Allah has ordained for you."
As regards the true Believers, they have been addressed in two ways: (1) in a general way so as to include the common people of Arabia also, and (2) in an exclusive way:
It will be worth while to keep in view the introductions to Chapters II (Al-Baqarah) and VIII (Al Anfal).


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As a summary, just to get a short overview, I elected together with an eight-year-old boy his ten favourites, also to focus on what´s most interesting for the younger generation and how they interact with media art.
"Otamatone"- Novmichi Tosa, Maylsa Denki: musical-note-shaped electric instrument
"Gear Box"- Ulrich Brandstätter & Oliver Buchtala: kind of musical loop-sequencer
"Paro"- Aist : Therapeutic Robot with 5 kinds of sensors: tactile, light, audition, temperature and posture sensors. It can learn to behave in a way that the user prefers and simulates interaction between patients and caregivers.
"TalkTorque-2″- Hideaki Kuzuoka, Hiroshi Kasai, Ikkaku Kawaguchi, Toshimasa Yamanaka: guide robot that utilizes human skills
"Is there a horizon in the deep water?" -HEHE: Helen Evans, Heiko Hansen: Installation, Performance which works through the ecological tragedy, the explosion of the oil platform Deep Horizon in 2010, by reconstructing the event minutely.
"Six-Fourty by Fourty-Eghty"- Jamie Ziegelbaum, Marcelo Coelo: Installation, handy magnetic pixels as an interpretation of the touchscreen principle, by touching they change the color or copy it onto another
"Shadows"- Jyun-ya Kataoka: Installation, device, consisting of a turntable, found at a garage dump, and strobes from instant cameras attached to a circle, by rotating the turntable you manipulate the shadows
"Paricles"- Daito Manabe, Motoi Ishibashi: On a construction that resembles a rollercoaster, lightballs can be orchestrated via control-screen to whiz about in all directions and grouped into moving patterns.
"Running through the fog" at the roof of the O.K.-house: just a part of the "Hoehenrausch"
"CCD-me-not-Umbrella"- Mark Shepard: of sentient city survival kit: An umbrella studded with infrared Leds visible only to CCD surveillance cameras, designed to frustrate object-detection-algorithms used in computer vision surveillance systems


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Kamari 3 Set Adjustable Plated Ring - 2 Colour Options
- Set of three silver-plated and adjustable rings
- Preciosa crystals provide the perfect finishing touch
- Size 53 and can be adjusted 1-2 sizes up and down
- Shiny, glossy surface and dainty expression
- Style the three rings on the same hand for a cool look
Hypoallergenic. Lead & Nickle Free.
Shipping & Delivery
We offer free contactless delivery to all orders in Strathroy & London and surrounding areas. If you have questions about our free delivery zones please contact us through the Contact Us page.
Strathroy deliveries will be same day/ next day and London deliveries occur every other week. Date for London deliveries are subject to change without notice. If your order is impacted we will contact you.
Free shipping is offered on orders equaling to $150 or more before tax within Canada.
A standard $13.00 shipping charge will apply to all other orders either below $150 or outside of our delivery area and within Canada.
Don't love it? We are happy to provide a refund within 15 days of purchase and exchange or store credit within 30 days of purchase on items that have not been worn, altered or washed. All tags must be attached and have the receipt.
If your order was shipped to you, it is the customers responsibility to ship it back to Orchard Clothing at their cost. To process a return please contact us for instructions and we will provide an RA number as well as the address for return. Once we receive it in the condition stated above we will process the items. Items eligible for a store credit or exchange minus the cost of shipping. Shipping costs will not be reimbursed. If you qualified for free shipping on your part our total cost of shipping the product to you will be deducted from the refund.
If you received the items through contactless delivery it is the responsibility of the customer to bring it back within the timeframe stated above.
Please feel free to contact us should you have any questions.


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For market value and the comfort of a home's occupants, home security is just as important as energy-efficiency. Innovation in smart home technology focuses on both of these areas.
Here are some tips about things a homeowner can do to make a home more secure and a few pitfalls to look out for, which may not be obvious.
Smart View Doorbell
No matter how reinforced the front door of a home is, it is not secure if it is opened by someone inside without first knowing who is there. Additionally, smart doorbells allow the homeowner to view the front of their home using a smartphone application, even when they are not home.
These systems use motion sensors and video cameras. When someone approaches the front door, the motion sensors trigger and the camera captures the images of what is happening. The smartphone application notifies the homeowner that there is physical activity at the front door.
It may be a neighbor's cat passing by or a burglar trying to steal a package or attempt a break in. The homeowner can trigger a response through some systems to send a security guard to the premises or has the option to call law enforcement.
Biometric Door Locks
Biometric door locks use fingerprints, iris (eye) scans, and/or facial recognition along with passwords to control who is authorized to enter a home. These systems improve door security and eliminate any problems caused by lost keys or unauthorized duplication of keys.
Improved Remote Garage Door Opener
These are convenient systems, especially when driving up to a home in bad weather and not wanting to get out to open the garage door. They do expose the home to vulnerabilities because the wireless signal that triggers their operations is hackable.
The newest systems use a password-protected system with a two-part security authorization that includes entering a password and responding to a text message sent to the homeowner's smartphone. The wireless communications of the most innovative systems are encrypted, which makes them impenetrable to hacking.
Automatic Lighting
Smart home lighting can turn on and off automatically. This is useful to save energy and turn things off when a room is not in use. It is also useful to give the appearance that the home is in use even when the occupants are away. Lights and television sets can be turned off and on in the home, based on a pre-determined schedule as if done by occupants, which discourages burglars.
Remote Home Monitoring
Many systems exist that allow a homeowner to remotely monitor a home. "Nanny" cams allow parents to use a smartphone application to view their baby at home when in the care of a babysitter. Other systems allow viewing the entire home.
Be cautious when implementing wireless systems. It is very important to use point-to-point encryption technology to protect the wireless transmission from hacking. It is critical to understand that having a wireless view of the interior of the home creates a security risk if hacked by unauthorized users. As an alternative, the home can be hard-wired (not use a wireless signal) and encryption used to send data to the homeowner's smartphone.
Improved home security is a value-added thing to have for a property to protect the occupants and may also improve the home's resale value. Just be careful not to create new security vulnerabilities by using systems with unprotected wireless communications.
If you are looking for a new home or interested in refinancing your current property, be sure to contact your trusted home mortgage professional.


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The more you regularly rely on something external to lift you up, relax you, or help you feel better, the closer you move toward addiction. If you decide you are on the path to addiction, you can take action to change your behavior. And you can find caring people to help you.
Eating is pleasant and relaxing. It satisfies hunger and is needed to keep you alive. But compulsive overeaters eat even when they are not hungry. And as eating increases, so does the risk for obesity, heart disease, and other health problems. Read the following statements and check yes or no. Answering yes to 3 or more questions may be a signal that food is taking over your life.
If you are concerned about your eating habits, contact the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) Helpline at www.nationaleatingdisorders.org or call 800-931-2237. NEDA also provides online chat and text message support at 800-931-2237.
Do you turn to food when you're depressed or as a reward?
Do you have a history of failed attempts at dieting?
Do you think a party or social gathering isn't fun unless there's lots of food around?
Do you think about food throughout the day?
Do you ever eat out of control, quickly and without pleasure?
Do you often talk or think about food (or refuse to discuss it)?
Do you eat when you're feeling rejected or lonely?
Do you have a fear of not being able to stop eating once you start?
Do you continue to eat even when you're not really hungry?
Are you more than 10% over your ideal weight?
Do you get short of breath during minor exercise, such as walking?
Do simple movements like bending over make you feel uncomfortable?


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Discover the Finest Selection of Gold and Diamond Pendants at FluenceDiamonds.com
Discover the Finest Selection of Gold and Diamond Pendants at FluenceDiamonds.com
Blog Article
When it comes to adorning oneself with elegance and sophistication, nothing quite compares to the timeless allure of gold and diamonds. At FluenceDiamonds.com, we pride ourselves on offering a curated collection of the finest jewelry pieces, ranging from classic to contemporary designs. Whether you're in search of the perfect accessory for a special occasion or looking to elevate your everyday style, our selection of pendants is sure to impress.
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Elevate your style with our exquisite range of gold pendants and lockets. Our collection features a variety of designs, from intricately detailed filigree patterns to sleek and modern minimalist styles. Crafted from the finest quality gold, each pendant is a testament to craftsmanship and luxury. Whether you prefer yellow gold, white gold, or rose gold, you'll find the perfect piece to complement your personal taste and style.
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OCG Originals brings the Men's Mosaic Sleeveless Cycling Jersey so you can roll up to your next ride staying cool and rocking a unique style.
We are proving an eye-catching, breathable sleeveless jersey that doesn't cost more than the bike you ride on.
We design, manufacture, and dispatch all of our own gear letting us concentrate on producing a functional, soft-feel, moisture-wicking jersey you can fill your wardrobe with and not break the budget.
Leave those awkward money talks behind forever, and expand your range guilt-free.
The Men's Mosaic Sleeveless Cycling Jersey features a moisture-wicking LEMBO 140 GSM polyester, cooling 110GSM mesh side panels, and reinforced stitched back pockets to go with the cooling sleeveless design.
Add a zippered back pocket, change up the front zip or request it in a different size or gender with our exclusive customization options.
Better yet, you can try all of the gear at Online Cycling Gear risk-free with a 60-day money-back guarantee, and free shipping worldwide.
Wear a bike shirt that is truly unique this season and see just how much comfort you can get at a bargain price.
Men's Mosaic Sleeveless Cycling Jersey Details
- Gender: Men
- Main Material: Durable LEMBO 140 GSM moisture-wicking polyester
- Side Panel Material: Cooling 110 GSM 88% Polyester, 12% Elastane lightweight mesh
- Pockets: Three reinforced stitched back pockets
- Zipper: Full-length hidden zip
- Collar: O-Neck zippable collar
- Gripper: No-irritant Silicon waist gripper
- Features: Quick Dry, Breathable, Anti-Pilling, Anti-Shrink, Anti-Wrinkle
- Print: Full-sublimation heat transfer printing ensuring long-lasting designs
- Care: Machine wash 30C, do not dry clean or iron
Free Standard Shipping
In-Stock items are in our global warehouse and will be sent in 24-48 hours. Made-To-Order items are manufactured by us from start to finish and generally dispatch in 3-5 days.
Free shipping items are delivered by your local postal service. In the US this is USPS, in Canada, Canadian Post, and in the UK, Royal Mail.
Street or PO Boxes are accepted. Adding a phone number to your order is recommended to ensure the fastest possible delivery, but not required.
Region |
Shipping Time |
United States (except Alaska and Hawaii), United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Puerto Rico | 5-10 |
Alaska, Belgium, Canada, Hawaii, Australia, Canada, France, Spain, Ukraine, Japan, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Alaska, Hawaii | 9-16 |
Austria | |
Brazil (Tax ID required), Russia, Italy, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and most of South America | 15-35 |
All Other Countries | 10-20 |
South Africa | Not Available |
Express Shipping
In-Stock items are in our global warehouse and will be sent in 24-48 hours. Made-To-Order items are manufactured by us from start to finish and generally dispatch in 3-5 days.
Delivered by courier. No PO Boxes or Parcel Lockers. A phone number is required to ensure courier delivery.
Region |
Shipping Time |
United States | 2-5 |
Canada | 3-6 |
Australia & NZ | 3-6 |
United Kingdom, France, Germany, Denmark, Belgium | 2-6 |
Rest of Europe, Asia, Africa & South America | Unavailable |
Important Notes:


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Export 4 results:
Author [ Title] Type Year Filters: Author is Javier Portillo-Garcia [Clear All Filters]
"A novel Markovian formulation of the correspondence problem in stereo vision", Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 34, no. 3: IEEE, pp. 428–436, 2004.
, "Markov random fields and the disparity gradient constraint applied to stereo correspondence", Image Processing, 1999. ICIP 99. Proceedings. 1999 International Conference on, vol. 3: IEEE, pp. 901–905, 1999.
, "Hypothesis testing for coarse region estimation and stable point determination applied to Markovian texture segmentation", Image Processing, 1996. Proceedings., International Conference on, vol. 3: IEEE, pp. 169–172, 1996.
, "Efficient multispectral texture segmentation using multivariate statistics", IEE Proceedings-Vision, Image and Signal Processing, vol. 145, no. 5: IEE, pp. 357–364, 1998.


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Seal values family ahead of cash, says Seal
Seal is happy to make sacrifices for his family, but does want you to know that's the reason he isn't working and nothing to do with lack of demand:
"It's successful only because we make it successful. It's not rocket science, it really isn't. It's work but it's fun. It's only hard work when you allow it to be so. You've just got to prioritise, that's all.It's true. Heidi Klum has said no to various lucrative modelling and presenting assignments, while Seal has told Reg that he won't drive double shifts at the weekend, not even the airport runs.
"Both of us have turned down huge money-making opportunities because family is more important. You have to do that as you only get one crack at this."


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Great Games Incoming for the Nintendo 3DS Family of Systems
New Games in the Metroid, Pokémon and Pikmin Franchises All Coming This Year
REDMOND, Wash.–(BUSINESS WIRE)– With the E3 video game conference in the rear-view mirror, Nintendo is now looking ahead to all the great games coming to Nintendo 3DS this year. This includes games in some of gaming's most popular and long-running franchises. Nintendo is highlighting many of these upcoming Nintendo 3DS games, including Metroid: Samus Returns, Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions, Pokémon Ultra Sun, Pokémon Ultra Moon, Hey! PIKMIN and LAYTON'S MYSTERY JOURNEY: Katrielle and the Millionaire's Conspiracy, the next game in the popular Layton series starring a new super-smart detective.
With the E3 video game conference in the rear-view mirror, Nintendo is now looking ahead to all the great games coming to Nintendo 3DS this year. (Photo: Business Wire)
"Throughout the rest of the year and into 2018, the Nintendo 3DS family of systems will see the launch of some great games in a variety of different genres starring all sorts of fan-favorite characters," said Doug Bowser, Nintendo of America's Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing. "With new entries into an already robust library of more than 1,000 games in some of gaming's most iconic franchises, Nintendo 3DS owners new and seasoned have something to look forward to this year."
Highlights of the upcoming Nintendo 3DS games include:
- Metroid: Samus Returns: A modern reimagining of the adventure Metroid II: Return of Samus, Metroid: Samus Returns for Nintendo 3DS features immersive 3D visuals, an enhanced arsenal for bounty hunter Samus Aran, a redesigned map, and new moves and abilities, like Melee Counter and 360 degree aiming. The game launches on Sept. 15 alongside two new Metroid series amiibo available as a two-pack: Samus Aran and Metroid.
- Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions: This enhanced remake of the first game in the Mario & Luigi series contains updated visuals, touch-screen controls and helpful game-play upgrades. The newly added mode, Minion Quest: The Search for Bowser, stars an unlikely hero, Captain Goomba, who journeys with many of Bowser's familiar minions, like Boo and Shy Guy. The robust mode provides a different perspective on some of the events of the original game, and gives players insight into what was happening behind the scenes. Nintendo revealed that two new amiibo figures would be introduced: Goomba and Koopa Troopa. The new amiibo and the existing Boo amiibo figure will be compatible with the game. The amiibo and the game are scheduled to launch separately on Oct. 6.
- Pokémon Ultra Sun / Pokémon Ultra Moon: With new story additions, new Pokémon and enhanced features, Pokémon Ultra Sun and Pokémon Ultra Moon offer a fresh adventure through the tropical Alola region. The games launch on Nov. 17.
- LAYTON'S MYSTERY JOURNEY: Katrielle and the Millionaire's Conspiracy: Join Katrielle Layton, our new hero, in a casual, comical, quizzical quest. Full of ingenious challenges, charming characters and clever plot twists, the newest Layton installment will prove that "The truth is stranger than fiction!" The game launches for the Nintendo 3DS family of systems this fall.
- Ever Oasis: This beautiful and mystical role-playing action-adventure game from Koichi Ishii, the creator of the Mana series, launches on June 23. The game takes place in a vast desert full of dynamic characters and towering bosses. In between exploring the desert and conquering puzzling dungeons, players can build up their own personal oasis. A free demo is available in Nintendo eShop now.
- Hey! PIKMIN: The first Pikmin game for Nintendo 3DS finds Captain Olimar crashing on an unknown planet and embarking on an adventure where he encounters the adorable but fierce Pikmin. In a new type of Pikmin game, players use different types of Pikmin's powers with intuitive touch control to solve puzzles, overcome challenges and defeat enemies through a side-scrolling adventure. The Hey! PIKMIN game is only playable in 2D and launches exclusively for the Nintendo 3DS family of systems on July 28, the same day as the New Nintendo 2DS XL system and a new Pikmin amiibo figure (both sold separately).
- Miitopia: Fans have never played an RPG quite like Miitopia. By casting Mii characters in roles across the world of Miitopia, players set off on an adventure to battle enemies, hunt for treasure and open up new areas of the map. The turn-based battles are straight out of an RPG, but allies have a mind of their own. The relationships they build affect their performance in battle. This Nintendo 3DS RPG launches on July 28, the same day as the New Nintendo 2DS XL system. Try out the game by downloading a free demo currently available in Nintendo eShop.
- Monster Hunter Stories: Prepare to embark on an RPG adventure unlike anything the Monster Hunter series has ever known. In Monster Hunter Stories, become a rider and bond with monsters to raise their potential and unleash powerful combos. Players can fly, swim and crash into new areas of the map; discover eggs to collect and hatch; and participate in turn-based battles with a team of monsters. Monster Hunter Stories launches this fall.
- YO-KAI WATCH 2: Psychic Specters: Whether players missed it the first time or want to fall in love again, the definitive version of YO-KAI WATCH 2 is here! The YO-KAI WATCH 2: Psychic Specters game delivers the same full YO-KAI WATCH 2 experience, but adds new Yo-kai to befriend, exclusive quests and the ability to hop on the Hexpress to a new resort area. Players can even befriend Wicked and Boss Yo-kai from previous games, learn about the origin of the mysterious feline Yo-kai, Darknyan, and experience a revamped Blasters co-op mode to beat powerful new bosses. YO-KAI WATCH 2: Psychic Specters launches this fall.
- Etrian Odyssey V: Beyond the Myth: Starting with the creation of a party to exploring the uncharted labyrinth of the Yggdrasil Tree, Etrian Odyssey V: Beyond the Myth is all about players choosing how their adventures unfold. The fifth main installment in the loved RPG series contains the epic turn-based battles, challenging exploration and beautiful art styles fans have come to love. Etrian Odyssey V: Beyond the Myth launches this fall.
- RPG Maker Fes: RPG Maker Fes makes it easy to develop any RPG you can imagine without any programming knowledge. Simple but powerful tools let you bring to life the amazing stories in your head. Customize characters, stories, combat and more to become the next great developer. RPG Maker Fes launches on June 27.
- Culdcept Revolt: As the Culdcept series celebrates its 20th anniversary, the addictive card game-meets-board game is back and bigger and better than ever with hundreds of new cards, inventive boards and exciting multiplayer. Build your book, create new strategies and dominate the board in Culdcept Revolt. The game launches in 2017.
- Radiant Historia: Perfect Chronology: The original Radiant Historia on Nintendo DS is a beloved RPG classic. In this expanded version of the game, players will experience new story content, enhanced gameplay and an updated presentation. Radiant Historia: Perfect Chronology launches in early 2018.
- Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey Redux: When Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey returns on Nintendo 3DS, expect it to do so with new story content, additional endings, a new dungeon to explore and more fun surprises. This enhanced version of the essential RPG launches for Nintendo 3DS in early 2018.
For more information about Nintendo 3DS, visit http://www.nintendo.com/3ds/. For more information about the upcoming New Nintendo 2DS XL, which launches on July 28, visit http://www.nintendo.com/2ds/new-nintendo-2ds/.
Remember that the Nintendo 3DS family of systems feature parental controls that let adults manage the content their children can access. For more information about other features, visit http://www.nintendo.com/3ds.


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In 2016, Thinkers50, the pre-eminent listing of management thinkers, included Alf Rehn on their Guru Radar, a list of "the 30 management thinkers most likely to shape the future". He is recognized as a global thought-leader in innovation and creativity, has been profiled in international media (including, but not limited to, Italian fashion magazines and Brazilian arts journals), and is coming up to his 1000th keynote. Alf is 47, the Professor of Innovation, Design, and Management at the University of Southern Denmark, sits on numerous boards of directors, and is in addition a bestselling author and a strategic advisor for everything from hot new startups to Fortune 500-companies.
Currently, Alf distributes his time between academic work, corporate advisory, keynote speaking and his lifelong love of trashy popular culture. His academic work focuses on issues of power, exclusion, creativity and innovation, and often builds on counter-intuitive analyses of core assumptions within management thinking. As a strategic advisor, Alf's roles have included (but haven't been limited to) being the chairman of an international advertising agency, sitting on the board of directors of a billion-dollar corporation, and advising an artisanal and prize-winning distillery. As a speaker, Alf is known for his entertaining yet challenging keynotes and workshops, as well as for being one of the consistently best-rated speakers at any event he appears at.