text:
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text:
Over the next year we'll make it perfect, and by the time for the run-up to next Hallowe'en I hope it'll be a real resource.
For now, it's a work in progress. But better than nothing.
Click on it and see.
(And if you don't know what or why, it started up here a few days ago at http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2010/10/modest-proposal-that-doesnt-actually.html)
Two book-buying days before Hallowe'en...
Thank you Dan Guy. Thank you Olga.
Labels: All Hallow's Read, Webelf Wonders, webgoblin words

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Our Hours
Tuesday – Thursday – 11:30am – 2:30pm
or by private appointment


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If your buds are not responding, connect the charging clip and USB cable to a power source. This will turn your buds off and perform a soft reset.
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Annual eye exams are vital to maintaining your vision and overall health. Advantage Vision offers the optomap® as an important part of our eye exams. The optomap produces an image that is unique and provides Dr. Sun with a high-resolution 200° image in order to ascertain the health of your retina. This is much wider than a traditional 45° image. Many eye problems can develop without you knowing, in fact, you may not even notice any change in your sight – fortunately, diseases or damage such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinal tears or detachments, and other health problems such as diabetes and high blood pressure can be seen with a thorough exam of the retina.
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text:
Monday 19 July 2010
un dizionario enorme
I imagine I owe this honour to the fact that in the Foreword to LPD I acknowledged the help I had gained from an earlier (and much smaller) edition of this work.
With 133 pages of introduction and 1253 pages of dictionary proper — large pages, almost as big as A4 — it's an enormous work. And this is only the part devoted to Italian: there's also a promised third volume, not yet available, to be devoted to words belonging to other languages.
The two volumes already published are claimed to cover 92,000 voci di lessico e nomi propri della lingua italiana [Italian lexical words and proper names]; the third will cover 37,000 nomi propri e altre voci d'una sessantina di lingue diverse [proper names and other words from some sixty different languages].
All this despite the fact that the pronunciation of Italian words is mostly pretty predictable from the spelling. The chief uncertainties are the placement of the stress in longer words and one or two other things that I discuss below.
In the face of the publisher's generosity in sending me a complimentary copy, it may seem churlish to look a gift horse in the mouth: but nevertheless here goes.
Why oh why don't they use IPA? Instead, they use an idiosyncratic mishmash of a transcription system, of which I reproduce a small part here. At the very least, this makes the dictionary difficult for non-Italian phoneticians to use. Instead of seeing the familiar IPA symbols that we use for the tens or hundreds of other languages in whose pronunciation we may be interested, we have to contend with this set of strange symbols found nowhere else. Not only does DOP not use IPA, it applies familiar IPA symbols in unusual meanings. Thus for example ʃ is used for the voiced alveolar fricative (IPA z). The sound represented in IPA by ɕ, the voiceless alveolopalatal fricative, is shown in DOP as s', which in IPA would be an ejective alveolar fricative. And so on.
You can sort of see the logic behind this. In Italian orthography the letter z stands for an affricate, either ts or dz. So Italians without phonetic training might be confused if a word such as caso 'case' were transcribed as IPA ˈkazo. Writing it as [kàʃo] draws the attention of the naïve reader to the fact that there's something special about this s (compare casa 'house', where the fricative is voiceless). However, the millions of Italians who study or have studied English will be familiar with the use of IPA transcription for English, with ʃɪp standing for ship, busy transcribed ˈbɪzi and so on. And precisely the same arguments would apply in Germany, which hasn't inhibited the Duden Aussprachewörterbuch and other German pronunciation dictionaries from using IPA. Then there's Wikipedia, which insists that its authors use IPA rather than other possible phonetic alphabets or ad-hoc solutions.
The caso example also reveals the strongly normative nature of DOP. Although I am no expert on Italian, I am pretty sure that there are millions of Italians who don't consistently make the distinction between s and z in the prescribed way. The same applies to the mid vowels, as venti 'twenty' ˈventi (DOP "vénti") vs. venti 'winds' ˈvɛnti (DOP "vènti"), not to mention the complexities of the doubling of consonants. (DOP quite sensibly marks those words which are supposed to trigger gemination of the first consonant of a following word by a final raised + sign, thus appiè "appi̯è+", making appiè della croce "[appi̯è ddella króče]", or in IPA apˈpjɛddellaˈkroːtʃe.)
The phonetic terminology is flaky, too. You can see from the above sample that 'voiceless' is rendered as aspro [harsh, sharp], while 'voiced' is rendered dolce [sweet]. The standard Italian terms are added in brackets.
I wonder what it means to say that English/Spanish θ, symbolized by DOP's special barred th symbol, is found in varie sfumature [in various shades].
At the end of the symbol list (not shown above), Arabic 'ayn, IPA ʕ, is defined as faringale, ossia profondamente gutturale [pharyngeal, or rather deeply guttural]. And that's it. Would it be voiceless or voiced? a plosive, a fricative, or an approximant? Or perhaps it's a nasal or a lateral? OK, we can leave it to the specialists to argue whether it's best described as epiglottal rather than pharyngeal, a pharyngealized plosive rather than a fricative or an approximant; but I wouldn't let even an undergraduate get away with no attempt at all at a full VPM label, let alone the author of a work for publication.
25 comments:
The first Italian grammar book that I ever looked into (name and title forgotten, but it was much older than I) did everything with underdot: under e and o, it meant "tense", and under s and z, it meant "voiced". I think the book also used grave to mark all non-penultimate stress, while explaining that Italian normally marks only ultimate stress.
The voicing story, at least, seems to be that the North has the typical intervocalic voicing of Western Romance, whereas the South has pervasive voicing (with lexical exceptions in both directions), so the standard is a mish-mosh of voiced and unvoiced that in practice everyone ignores.- army198719 July 2010 at 13:15
The contrast between /s/ and /z/ only applies between vowels in the same word. (There's only /s/ before voiceless consonants and when geminated, only /z/ before voiced consonants, and only /s/ before vowels at the beginning of words.) The lexical load of it is practically zero -- there are approximately two minimal pairs between them of words I use more often than once per decade. And for practically all speakers outside Tuscany the contrast is dead: everywhere else speakers use only /s/ (in the south), only /z/ (in the north), or freely variate.
As for the contrast between mid-open and mid-closed vowels, Sabev said it all.
The DOP is based on the traditional Tuscanian pronunciation even including features of it which are used nowhere else: for example it says da triggers the gemination of the following vowel but I don't recall having ever heard anyone outside Tuscany pronounce da Vinci with /vv/. I've read harsh criticism of the DOP by Luciano Canepari, and even he is somewhat too prescriptivist for my tastes. - army198719 July 2010 at 13:18
for "everywhere else" read "everywhere else, between vowels". The voicelessness in initial position and the assimilation of voicedness before consonants is followed pretty much throughout Italy, and only between vowels speakers differ.
ReplyDelete Like John, I've been exasperated for years when having to deal with the uniquely tiresome set of symbols of the RAI dictionary and deplore its perpetuation in this new work. I suspect that Piero Fiorelli the original junior collaborator now presumably the senior one, who has been, or at least was until a few years ago, a regular supporter of the IPA, may well have been outvoted on a proposal to use the IPA alphabet.
I do feel that John is being a little unkind in his translation of 'dolce' as applied to consonant pairs differentiated by voicing etc. The word has a different range of applications in Italian from those of our word 'sweet'. As cover terms for the two types I find 'sharp' and 'soft' perfectly acceptable and indeed they are my preferred terms of reference in general parlance for the corresponding pairs of phonemes in English.
I'm afraid I'm inclined to query the statement "The name Bazzi can have either ddʒ or ddz". Surely it shd read "can have either tts or ddz". The parent work had only tts. As for the book's prescriptivist clinging to a sort-of de-localised Florentine "model", I shdnt want to join in any complaints from here with our none too complete harmony about a "received pronunciation".- Clayton Burns19 July 2010 at 20:24
Perhaps, then, the entry on the International Phonetic Alphabet in the Oxford Dictionary of Psychology should be revised:
"The IPA, first published by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 and revised many times since then, is accepted as the standard phonetic alphabet almost universally except in the United States, where it is only slowly gaining acceptance" (Andrew M. Colman, 2009).
The IPA is potentially an extremely powerful tool, but much of that potential is going unrealized. I considered the course that I took in phonetics and phonology to be valuable, but it would be far better if the IPA were linked to an Internet set of 50 carefully chosen lyric poems from 1600 to 1900 so that the sound system(s) of English could be taught in context.
I would choose Shakespeare's sonnet 97 as the first fascinating case--how do specialists in linguistics (phonetics) think about the sound patterns in this poem? In fact, there is no absolutely powerful description of sound symbolism in "Macbeth" or "Hamlet," for that matter. Routinely, in introductions to editions of these plays, what could be the contributions from phonetics and phonology are effectively absent (a prime example is in the new (third series) Arden "Hamlet," a lapse there compounded by the odd sound indifference in some of the editorial choices).
If I were a barn owl, I might make a comment on it. Due to my Heimdallr sensitivity. If (As if) I had it. As a recreational learner of Italian, I had to struggle to find a bilingual dictionary that included IPA for all the Italian words. I eventually got a copy of the large, hard-cover Harper Collins College version.
Just as a side-note, I've noticed that there appears to be a style of operatic Italian (and Church Latin) in which /e/ and /ɛ/ are merged as [ɛ], and /o/ and /ɔ/ as [ɔ]. Pavarotti appears to have done this, as best I can tell from YouTube.- Tommaso Francesco Borri20 July 2010 at 06:45
I'm, with professor Piero Fiorelli, one of the two authors of this new edition of the "DOP". May I say a few words?
1) "Why don't we use the IPA?" Both Fiorelli and I hold the international phonetic alphabet in high esteem, and do acknowledge its merits and usefulness. Fiorelli was the first, I think, to use it on a large scale in Italy when he gave (with I. Calabresi) the phonematic transcription of all the entries in the tenth edition of the Zingarelli dictionary (1970).
But the "DOP" is intended primarily, though certainly not exclusively, for the Italian public, and Italians are of course familiar with the conventions of Italian orthography. What you say about the symbols for the [z] sound explains the point well: we didn't want to run the risk of confusing, or alienating, many unsophisticated (though probably not uncultivated) Italian readers. (Your idea that "the millions of Italians who study or have studied English will be familiar with the use of IPA transcription" is unfortunately more than a bit optimistic; and what about the other millions?)
The alphabet we use is, with some modifications, the one that was originally contrived by Bruno Migliorini and Piero himself for use in the "Dizionario enciclopedico italiano" (now the "Piccola Treccani").
I don't think that ours is "an idiosyncratic mishmash of a transcription system". In fact, it is simple and straightforward (for an Italian reader at least), but it is also rigorous, founded as it is on the same principles as the IPA: one might easily give a chart with a biunique (one-to-one) correspondence of the symbols of the two alphabets. (We SHOULD have given it, admittedly – and we wanted to give it, but in the end time was too short. We will add it in a new edition or reprint.)
Our judgement about a transcription system should be, I think, a relative one: it depends, in particular, on one's targets and aims. In your admirable "LPD" you write (p. xvii): "This is a specialist dictionary". That's why I find your complex notation, and transcribing conventions, very appropriate: it makes your entries unusually rich, stimulating and thought-provoking. Furthermore, you wrote for foreigners no less than for English-speaking consulters. The "DOP" was written chiefly for the Italian-speaking general public.
Provided that the basic scientific principles that must govern a transcription system are observed, I think we should allow a reasonable freedom, as far as the shape of the symbols, or other more technical particulars, are concerned. After all, the IPA is not a matter of faith!
Mr Windsor Lewis: professor Fiorelli is indeed a supporter of the IPA, as I said, but he's also the main author of the "DOP" alphabet. Nobody has ever been "outvoted", and there's always been agreement among the four authors of the (old and new) dictionary.
As for the phonetic terminology, I agree with Mr Windsor Lewis that using some impressionistic, less technical terms "in general parlance" does no harm – provided they are clear and unambiguous. In the entries themselves we always use the labels "sordo" ("unvoiced") and "sonoro" ("voiced"); the words "aspro" and "dolce" are only added in this introductory section, for the convenience of readers who might be more familiar with them: is it a mortal sin?
I'm sure it isn't, since you yourself use the labels "hard" and "soft G" (see, in "LPD", for example p. 329; in Italian, "g duro" and "g dolce").
(I'm going to write again.) - Tommaso Francesco Borri20 July 2010 at 06:59
2) I don't subscribe to your opinion that the "DOP" has a "strongly normative nature".
I would rather admit that it shows a reasonable respect for tradition, and a certain taste for both literary and popular (standard) language: a respect, and a taste, that I'm sure you share with us.
But its main characteristic is, in my opinion, its critical perspective: we do not only ascertain and register facts (linguistic usages); but, in addition to doing that carefully (Piero has been making enquiries for a lot of years, and we've sent thousands of postcards to prospective informants), we often discuss the different forms (and especially those that are more frequent in the speech of educated central Italians) from both a historical and a structural point of view.
There is a high number of often rather long notes: so, the reader can reflect and decide which pronunciation (or orthographic form) he finds is the better, or he prefers.
As for the opposition of /s/ and /z/, you're quite right that this is a problematic point: it is discussed in the introduction, at pages LIV-LV (in a chapter dealing with "The reference norm, and contemporary trends"). Here I can only mention that even Northeners (like me) use /s/, more or less regularly, in compound words.
The distinction between the two Es and the two Os (p. LIV) is much more vital – there is considerable regional variation, but then it's always been so. The "raddoppiamento sintattico" (as in "appiè della croce"; p. LVI) is well alive, too (though it's not traditionally known in the North).
Sorry! I said I would only say a few words, and I haven't! I might say a good deal more about the "DOP", but I'll stop here. Thank you for your comments: both for what you liked and for what you didn't. Professor Borri,
I see your point about the usability and the danger of alienating laypeople. Was using a simple system of diacritics an option? As John Cowan, I too have seen dictionaries that use underdots for closed vowels (or ę &c. for the open ones), accents for stressed syllables other than the penultimate and underdots again for voiceless esses and zeds. Was the more complex system needed for non-Italianised foreign words?From a purely typographic point of view, the wide 's' symbol for the unvoiced [s] looks like an ordinary 's' that was simply horizontally stretched, and is rather ugly. I agree a system of diacritics like underdots may have been more elegant, from a typographic standpoint at least.
Would it have made sense to provide both an idiosyncratic phonetic respelling for the general Italian readership and the IPA for those who would be better served by it? The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation does something similar.For people who aren't so used to the IPA, the "long s" is a good choice for [z], I think, given that historically it was often used intervocalically, which in not a few Germanic and Romance languages and accents actually was [z]. Anyway, the association tends to be one of alveolar rather than post-alveolar sounds for educated laypeople.
ReplyDeleteDear Professor Borri,
I just can't see why the DOP should only be used by Italians. What are foreign learners of Italian supposed to consult then? After all, there are not many pronouncing dictionaries in Italy (I have the one by Luciano Canepari which does use IPA but is rather prescriptive and does not show accurately how words are really pronounced by Italian speakers!). In accordance with Jongseong, I think it would have made sense to provide both a phonetic respelling for the general Italian public and the IPA notation for foreign learners of Italian.- Tommaso20 July 2010 at 14:56
Thanks to everybody, and sorry for not having been able to answer before.
Lipman: general Italian dictionaries normally use (for headwords) the ordinary spelling with the addition of a few diacritics or other signs to show pronunciation, such as grave and acute accents for open and respectively close Es and Os, underdots (or special long, tailed, letters) for voiced esses and zeds, etc. This is all right. But the "DOP" has always used a phonetic transcription (among square brackets), with a special phonetic alphabet (not a "respelling"!) This is clearly necessary for foreign words, but also permits to show some important subtleties of Italian pronunciation, particularly in sandhi (I'm thinking for instance of the assimilation of nasals before other consonants, or of stress shift in sentences).
Underdots and small tails ("ę", "ǫ" = IPA ɛ, ɔ) are traditionally often used, in Italy, by many Romance philologists and dialectologists. But, since accents and other signs must often be added too, both above and below the basic letters, the results are usually awkward, and transcriptions of this kind are sometimes hardly readable.
The "DOP" normally uses, in transcriptions, the grave and the acute accent, with the value that they have in the orthography of our language: thus, "è", "ò" = IPA 'ɛ, 'ɔ. (The ogonek is only used for unstressed open Es and Os.)
Tommaso (not a professor) - Tommaso20 July 2010 at 15:31
Alex: I didn't say that the "DOP" has been conceived "only" for Italian-speaking people, but "primarily, though certainly not exclusively" for them. Foreign learners of Italian are very important indeed for us. But I think we're entitled to ask them an effort to learn a few new signs and conventions: an effort that may be tiresome for some but I suppose isn't too great, after all. Students and learners of foreign languages are usually (or should be) more linguistically sophisticated, curious and motivated than the general public.
Jongseong, Alex: thank you for your suggestion. It's a very good idea, and we have in fact planned to do so, if not in the book in the online site: we hope we shall be able to create an automatic device that allows consulters to shift, if they wish, from the "DOP" alphabet to the IPA.
(But please don't call our alphabet a "respelling": it isn't, it's an alphabet!) Mr Borri,
Why should foreign learners of Italian make an extra "effort"?
I think clarity and straightforwardness in pronunciation dictionaries are really essential: phonetic/phonemic transcriptions should then be kept as simple as possible. Unfortunately, the bottom line is that most language students don't want to get confused with strange symbols or diacritics - and that's one of the reasons that they never use pronouncing dictionaries!
I've been teaching English phonetics and phonology for some time now and I know how difficult it has been for my students to learn all those IPA symbols. Teaching Italian pronunciation to non-native speakers by means of another alphabet like the one you have devised, I think, would make things even more complicated.
Really, you should consider using IPA as well!- Tommaso20 July 2010 at 18:41
thanks. I can see your point, and we'll certainly consider every useful improvement, both for the book and for the website, carefully.
But may I say that I think the "DOP" alphabet IS clear and straightforward? It is also easy to learn: to read the transcriptions of Italian words, sentences and passages one has only to know some 20 new signs. Is this an excessively hard task? This discussion is starting to resemble the endless disagreements at English Wikipedia over how and whether to use IPA for English pronunciations. Readers of this blog may find some of it interesting.


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This fourth volume of PISA 2012 results examines how student performance is associated with various characteristics of individual schools and of concerned school systems. It discusses how 15-year old students are selected and grouped into different schools, programmes, and education levels, and how human, financial, educational and time resources are allocated to different schools. The volume also examines how school systems balance autonomy with collaboration, and how the learning environment in school shapes student performance. Trends in these variables between 2003 and 2012 are examined when comparable data are available, and case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are presented throughout the volume.
PISA 2012 Results: What Makes Schools Successful (Volume IV)
Resources, Policies and Practices


text: GETSOCKOPT(2) OpenBSD Programmer's Manual GETSOCKOPT(2) NAME getsockopt, setsockopt - get and set options on sockets SYNOPSIS #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> int getsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t *optlen); int setsockopt(int s, int level, int optname, const void *optval, socklen_t optlen); DESCRIPTION getsockopt() and setsockopt() manipulate the options associated with a socket. Options may exist at multiple protocol levels; they are always present at the uppermost ``socket'' level. When manipulating socket options the level at which the option resides and the name of the option must be specified. To manipulate options at the socket level, level is specified as SOL_SOCKET. To manipulate op- tions at any other level the protocol number of the appropriate protocol controlling the option is supplied. For example, to indicate that an op- tion is to be interpreted by the TCP protocol, level should be set to the protocol number of TCP; see getprotoent(3). The parameters optval and optlen are used to access option values for setsockopt(). For getsockopt() they identify a buffer in which the value for the requested option(s) are to be returned. For getsockopt(), optlen is a value-result parameter, initially containing the size of the buffer pointed to by optval, and modified on return to indicate the actual size of the value returned. If no option value is to be supplied or returned, optval may be NULL. optname and any specified options are passed uninterpreted to the appro- priate protocol module for interpretation. The include file <sys/socket.h> contains definitions for socket level options, described below. Options at other protocol levels vary in format and name; consult the appropriate entries in section 4 of the manual. Most socket-level options utilize an int parameter for optval. For setsockopt(), the parameter should be non-zero to enable a boolean op- tion, or zero if the option is to be disabled. SO_LINGER uses a struct linger parameter, defined in <sys/socket.h>, which specifies the desired state of the option and the linger interval (see below). SO_SNDTIMEO and SO_RCVTIMEO use a struct timeval parameter, defined in <sys/time.h>. The following options are recognized at the socket level. Except as not- ed, each may be examined with getsockopt() and set with setsockopt(). SO_DEBUG enables recording of debugging information SO_REUSEADDR enables local address reuse SO_REUSEPORT enables duplicate address and port bindings SO_KEEPALIVE enables keep connections alive SO_DONTROUTE enables routing bypass for outgoing messages SO_LINGER linger on close if data present SO_BROADCAST enables permission to transmit broadcast messages SO_OOBINLINE enables reception of out-of-band data in band SO_SNDBUF set buffer size for output SO_RCVBUF set buffer size for input SO_SNDLOWAT set minimum count for output SO_RCVLOWAT set minimum count for input SO_SNDTIMEO set timeout value for output SO_RCVTIMEO set timeout value for input SO_TYPE get the type of the socket (get only) SO_ERROR get and clear error on the socket (get only) SO_DEBUG enables debugging in the underlying protocol modules. SO_REUSEADDR indicates that the rules used in validating addresses sup- plied in a bind(2) call should allow reuse of local addresses. SO_REUSEPORT allows completely duplicate bindings by multiple processes if they all set SO_REUSEPORT before binding the port. This option per- mits multiple instances of a program to each receive UDP/IP multicast or broadcast datagrams destined for the bound port. SO_KEEPALIVE enables the periodic transmission of messages on a connected socket. Should the connected party fail to respond to these messages, the connection is con- sidered broken and processes using the socket are notified via a SIGPIPE signal when attempting to send data. SO_DONTROUTE indicates that outgo- ing messages should bypass the standard routing facilities. Instead, messages are directed to the appropriate network interface according to the network portion of the destination address. SO_LINGER controls the action taken when unsent messages are queued on socket and a close(2) is performed. If the socket promises reliable de- livery of data and SO_LINGER is set, the system will block the process on the close(2) attempt until it is able to transmit the data or until it decides it is unable to deliver the information (a timeout period mea- sured in seconds, termed the linger interval, is specified in the setsockopt() call when SO_LINGER is requested). If SO_LINGER is disabled and a close(2) is issued, the system will process the close in a manner that allows the process to continue as quickly as possible. The option SO_BROADCAST requests permission to send broadcast datagrams on the socket. Broadcast was a privileged operation in earlier versions of the system. With protocols that support out-of-band data, the SO_OOBINLINE option requests that out-of-band data be placed in the nor- mal data input queue as received; it will then be accessible with recv(2) or read(2) calls without the MSG_OOB flag. Some protocols always behave as if this option is set. SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF are options to adjust the normal buffer sizes allocated for output and input buffers, respec- tively. The buffer size may be increased for high-volume connections, or may be decreased to limit the possible backlog of incoming data. The system places an absolute limit on these values. SO_SNDLOWAT is an option to set the minimum count for output operations. Most output operations process all of the data supplied by the call, de- livering data to the protocol for transmission and blocking as necessary for flow control. Nonblocking output operations will process as much da- ta as permitted subject to flow control without blocking, but will pro- cess no data if flow control does not allow the smaller of the low water mark value or the entire request to be processed. A select(2) or poll(2) operation testing the ability to write to a socket will return true only if the low water mark amount could be processed. The default value for SO_SNDLOWAT is set to a convenient size for network efficiency, often 1024. SO_RCVLOWAT is an option to set the minimum count for input opera- tions. In general, receive calls will block until any (non-zero) amount of data is received, then return with the smaller of the amount available or the amount requested. The default value for SO_RCVLOWAT is 1. If SO_RCVLOWAT is set to a larger value, blocking receive calls normally wait until they have received the smaller of the low water mark value or the requested amount. Receive calls may still return less than the low water mark if an error occurs, a signal is caught, or the type of data next in the receive queue is different than that returned. SO_SNDTIMEO is an option to set a timeout value for output operations. It accepts a struct timeval parameter with the number of seconds and mi- croseconds used to limit waits for output operations to complete. If a send operation has blocked for this much time, it returns with a partial count or with the error EWOULDBLOCK if no data was sent. In the current implementation, this timer is restarted each time additional data are de- livered to the protocol, implying that the limit applies to output por- tions ranging in size from the low water mark to the high water mark for output. SO_RCVTIMEO is an option to set a timeout value for input opera- tions. It accepts a struct timeval parameter with the number of seconds and microseconds used to limit waits for input operations to complete. In the current implementation, this timer is restarted each time addi- tional data are received by the protocol, and thus the limit is in effect an inactivity timer. If a receive operation has been blocked for this much time without receiving additional data, it returns with a short count or with the error EWOULDBLOCK if no data were received. Finally, SO_TYPE and SO_ERROR are options used only with getsockopt(). SO_TYPE returns the type of the socket, such as SOCK_STREAM; it is useful for servers that inherit sockets on startup. SO_ERROR returns any pend- ing error on the socket and clears the error status. It may be used to check for asynchronous errors on connected datagram sockets or for other asynchronous errors. RETURN VALUES A 0 is returned if the call succeeds, -1 if it fails. ERRORS The call succeeds unless: [EBADF] The argument s is not a valid descriptor. [ENOTSOCK] The argument s is a file, not a socket. [ENOPROTOOPT] The option is unknown at the level indicated. [EFAULT] The address pointed to by optval is not in a valid part of the process address space. For getsockopt(), this error may also be returned if optlen is not in a valid part of the process address space. SEE ALSO connect(2), ioctl(2), poll(2), select(2), socket(2), getprotoent(3), protocols(5) STANDARDS SO_PEERCRED is not supported, see getpeereid(2) instead. HISTORY The getsockopt() system call appeared in 4.2BSD. BUGS Several of the socket options should be handled at lower levels of the system. OpenBSD 3.6 February 15, 1999 3


text:
Connect With Your Ottawa IT Service Company at (613) 828-1384
Should your Ottawa business be concerned?
Windows XP has less than one year remaining of official support from Microsoft, which doesn't surprise the IT pros. TechRepublic's survey indicates that XP is still being used, and many organizations don't plan on replacing it. So what's going to happen when they continue using Windows XP?
The Dynamic of Windows XP
In the early release of Windows XP, it moved at a fairly quick pace and then it seemed to plateau. Because Microsoft continued to add new, compelling features, and fixed any bugs that arose, they gave XP users six years of an OS that continually worked. Plus they botched the initial Vista rollout badly enough that consumers simply decided to quit using it.
Windows 7 fixed a lot of the problems with Vista and provided increasing performance, while teaching IT pros an important lesson about skipping Microsoft's upgrades. Microsoft's latest OS, Windows 8, is a bold change from the past and far different from XP, which continues to be the main power source for the majority of PCs in the world. When you combine extensive end-user training and a major deployment effort with a consumer community that's already seen two major Windows releases, you see a lot of dissatisfaction among the community.
What Happens if We Stay With XP?
There's a valid argument that staying with XP after Microsoft ends support won't be a big deal. Due to the high cost of Windows 8 and recent rumors of a potential modified release of Windows 8 that may return some of the familiar features people like, it's no wonder they're willing to wait and risk staying with XP.
However, XP still remains one of the biggest targets for hackers due to market share. Malware and targeted exploits will continue to go after systems with a larger user base. And when new exploits occur after Microsoft ends XP support, users will still need their help. Without it, users will have to rely on a third-party product that layers protection on top of Microsoft's code.
Does the OS Even Matter?
Many are questioning the relevance of the desktop OS, as applications move towards web and cloud-based platforms. Some are beginning to see the desktop OS as little more than a terminal to power a web browser. While this is the direction we seem to be moving towards, predictions of the "end of the desktop" have been around since the late 1990s.
A lot of IT pros view staying with Windows XP as "free" compared to the cost of a major OS upgrade; however, using XP will result in rapidly increasing costs for a users once Microsoft ends their support.
So What Should IT Pros Do?
The most compelling option seems to be to use Windows 7 because the OS is stable, the hardware compatibility is mature, the major problems have been identified, and so many organizations have already switched to Windows 7. Plus, Windows 7 doesn't require very much familiarization training and buys you extended support until 2020; this gives Microsoft enough time to perfect their vision for future operating systems.
If you're considering a switch directly to Windows 8, it's suggested that you wait for the rumored "Windows Blue" update, as it's expected to bring back familiar tools such as the start button and clarification of the user interface. In the end, the cost and hassle of staying with XP is likely to be expensive and unappealing.
Do you have questions about upgrading from Windows XP to Windows 7 or Windows 8? Contact your team of Ottawa technology support experts today. We are here to help you.


text:
Sunday 25 January 2009
On holding a speech
Indeed you will - and on the internet too, as you'll quickly discover if you type hold a/the speech into a search engine. What's interesting about these cases is that an adverbial of place or time seems to be obligatory. It's usually a place adverbial:
Obama will hold acceptance speech at football stadium with more seats.
Students hold free speech rally at Danish consulate.
Canadians Hold Free Speech Rally in Toronto.
Merkel opposed the Obama campaign's initial plan to hold the speech at the Brandenburg Gate.
the decision to hold the speech at Invesco was made two months ago.
Sometimes it's a time adverbial:
Sayyed Nasrallah to Hold Speech on Resistance Day.
And sometimes it's both:
Professor David Ray Griffin will hold a speech on 8 September 2006 in the Tropeninstituut in Amsterdam.
By contrast, give a speech is the norm when the focus is non-specific or where the adverbial gives further information about the topic.
Mike gave an excellent speech.
She gave a speech on the environment.
And of course, we can add adverbials of place or time to this:
Mike gave an excellent speech on the environment on Friday last at the Planetarium.
So the generalization seems to be something like this: give a speech is the more general usage; but hold a speech can be used where the focus is explicitly on the event rather than on the subject-matter. Without this focus, I find the usage dubious:
Mike held an excellent speech.
I think I could only use this if I meant 'the arrangements Mike made for the speech were excellent' - analogous to 'Mike held a meeting to talk about the environment' , 'I held a party and nobody came' (The Bee Gees), and so on. I'd be interested to know if others share this feeling.
17 comments:
- baralbion said...
'Hold a speech' is new to me, and it does seem a little odd. It seems to conflate giving a speech and holding an event, two actions which do not inevitably belong together. (A speech clearly needs an audience, but it would be a little pretentious to claim that a speech delivered at, say, a family dinner required the holding of an event.) So it seems to me that in all but two (possibly three) of your examples 'give a speech' could equally well be used. 'Hold' seems to add nothing, given that the context and the adverbial itself explain that the speech will be something of an occasion.
The two exceptions are 'Students hold free speech rally at Danish consulate' and 'Canadians Hold Free Speech Rally in Toronto' where it seems to me that it is the rally that is being held, rather than the speech.
The possible third exception is 'Merkel opposed the Obama campaign's initial plan to hold the speech at the Brandenburg Gate', where Merkel is opposing not Obama's giving the speech, but his campaign's plan to hold the event in a particular place. - 26 January 2009 at 10:06
I thought it sounded odd at first, but came to the same conclusions. Then I wondered why we hold a meeting and thought it was an idiomatic expression. But it isn't: We also hold memorial services and other kinds of ceremonial events.
So there must be a sense of hold with this meaning of planning, scheduling, providing accomodations for, and executing an event. (At least for me, you can't be said to hold the event unless it actually takes place.)
Still, I'm not sure this meaning of hold is generalized to all formal events yet. "Hold a performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony" still sounds odd to me. Maybe this example is evidence of a developing generalization. - 26 January 2009 at 11:39
- Kate said...
That's certainly my intuition. Of the place adverbial examples that you give, it seems relevant to me that two of them are referring to a rally rather than an individual speech. So, as you point out, the focus is on the event.
In the final two examples the subject doing the 'holding' is not necessarily the person 'giving' the speech, but rather organising the event: Obama's campaign (team), and the organisers of the event at Invesco respectively.
I agree that the other examples are dubious unless you take the focus to be on the event. - 26 January 2009 at 16:06
- The Ridger, FCD said...
Honestly, I couldn't "hold" a speech no matter what. "He held a speech" would mean to me that he was holding the physical speech in his hand. The examples all sound weird to me.
- 26 January 2009 at 23:32
- Larry said...
Muchos Gracias!
- 27 January 2009 at 09:23
that's exactly what i though when i first read the example of the "Free Speech Rally". A speech can be "held" in so much as it is considered an event or gathering, not as a linguistic act.
sorry for the commenting spree, just discovered the blog, excellent stuff! - 28 January 2009 at 11:12
- Unknown said...
Presumably the teacher from Germany raised the question in the first place because he had learnt that the German for "give a speech" is eine Rede halten (ie "hold a speech"). I'm assuming from the excerpt you quote that he is a native speaker of English -- not that that makes any difference.
- 1 February 2009 at 20:55
It may be just one of many examples of the broad usage of a word which changes and often goes unnoticed. It therefore performs a wide range of functions and is acceptable in the context of organising an event, 'holding an event', or used where others may prefer to use 'giving'. Maybe to 'hold a speech' is simply an example of a shift in the function of this word, though I agree that elsewhere one of the two does seem out of place as Rick S says. Is this simply an example of where either preference is acceptable?
- 8 February 2009 at 16:58
- KateGladstone said...
To me, "hold a speech" sounds all wrong -- but "hold speech" sounds all right (though it would refer to one person speaking with another, not to one person addressing a group).
- 17 February 2009 at 03:24
Interesting! In Swedish (as well as in German, apparently), the verb is "hålla" ('hold') a speech. The construction "ge ett tal" (give a speech) is not used. Question is, then, if a change of verb is underway in English, are the English influenced by other European languages in this respect?
- 20 February 2009 at 14:23
- DC said...
It's difficult to tell, from Google-type data, whether the writers are L1 or L2. But, as a principle, yes, there's every reason to expect that the usage of L2 speakers will influence the language as a whole, over time, given that they are in the vast majority. This might well be an example of a usage being reinforced by ELF users.
- 20 February 2009 at 15:08
- Unknown said...
Having thought it over, I've also come to a conclusion that "to hold a speech" means not only to pronouce it, but also all the pre-arrangements, as well as the speaker's manner and the attitude of the audience. In my opinion it's applicable when dealing with politics and other suchlike issues.
While "to give" is a sort of generalization, like a side-statement, which has little semantic weight. No need to expand on the core idea of the "speech given". Could this be the case?
And what if one "delivers a speech"? Is it some sort of bookish expression or is it just a narrower case of synonym to "hold a speech". We can hold both "parties" and "speeches", while we can't "deliver a party", can we? - 25 February 2009 at 22:34
- DC said...
Yes, I think give is a 'lighter' verb, in this context.
Deliver is interesting. It's a development of an early reflexive use, where one 'delivered' oneself of' whatever was in one's mind. It then accreted a wide range of collocations, such as 'deliver an answer, judgment, passage, opinion' - usually with a particular emphasis on the mode of delivery. Delivering a speech falls into that pattern. - 26 February 2009 at 19:21
- Larry said...
Nigel - the question was raised by a colleague of mine who is a native German speaker. The question however had nothing to do with the German equivalent phrase, rather my strong assertions that to hold a speech was wrong, and her assertion that she had seen it in a newspaper. (Not the gruniad)
- 6 March 2009 at 17:15
- Robert W. Franson said...
The difference I hear seems to be one of motion:
To give a speech, to deliver a speech, to give a party, is an issuing forth. A gift is given from one to another or to many.
To hold a rally, to hold the fort, is to do something in place, an event.
Trying this on an action that could be expressed subtly either way, we might have:
She gave her lips to be kissed: this is a gift, a hopeful offering.
She held up her lips to be kissed: this is expectant, with the sense of going halfway to the meeting. - 31 March 2009 at 07:57
I have not heard of 'holding' a speech, but it has caused me to consider whether it would be harder to 'hold' a speech than to 'hold'. your tongue
- 1 April 2009 at 17:39
Interesting discussion :-). In Danish we also say to 'hold a speech' (holde en tale) as in other germanic languages like German and Swedish. That can perhaps explain why the expression is used in English too, as English is also a Germanic language.
This leads to another question, namely if 'to hold a speech' is just an expression that has always existed in the English language, and whose use is just growing now due to influence from other languages? One example of this particular phenomenon is for instance to be found in France, where they have begun to use the word "challenge" more and more instead of "défi", both words having always been a part of the French vocabulary.
Furthermore, could it perhaps be that there's a difference between American-English and British-English here? - 18 December 2009 at 18:35


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text: As announced at the TeX Users Group meeting (Summer 1997), a group of highly experimental packages will has (somewhat belated) been released to allow experienced TeX programmers to experiment with, and comment on, a proposed set of syntax conventions and basic data-types that might form the basis for programming large scale projects in TeX. They are located in this CTAN directory: CTAN:macros/latex/packages/expl3 The documentation of this material is as follows: individual package files provide outline, draft documentation; there is an article that gives an overview of the syntax and related concepts; there is a readme.txt file containing a brief description of the collection. All aspects of these packages are liable, indeed likely, to change. They should not be used at this stage for anything that requires a stable system. However, we do encourage people to experiment with these packages, and to send comments on them to the LaTeX-L mailing list. To subscribe to this list, mail to: [log in to unmask] the following one line message: subscribe LATEX-L <<first-name>> <<second-name>> We are sorry that it has taken so long to prepare this for distribution. The LaTeX Team


text:
Harvard Business Review: Excellent Data Breach Case Study…
I read the Harvard Business Review frequently and find that the quality of writing and insight it provides is excellent. This month's (September 2007) edition is no exception as it features a timely data breach case study written by Eric McNulty titled "Boss, I think Someone Stole Out Customer Data."
The format of the HBR case studies are well framed because they ultimately ask you, the reader, to conclude what you would do in the situation and provide many — often diametrically opposed — opinions from industry experts.
This month's commentators were Bill Boni (CISO, Motorola,) James E. Lee (SVP ChoicePoint,) John Coghlan (former President & CEO of Visa,) and Jay Foley (Executive Director of the Identity Theft Resource Center)
The fictitious company profiled is Flayton Electronics, a regional electronics chain with 32 stores across six states. The premise of the fictitious data breach focuses on the manner in which Flayton Electronics decides what to do, how to interact with LEO, and how/if to communicate the alleged data breach consisting of potentially thousands of their customer's credit cards.
What I liked about the article are the classic quote gems that highlight the absolute temporal absurdity of PCI compliance and the false sense of security it provides to the management of companies — especially in response to a breach.
You know, "We're compliant, thus we're secure, ergo we're at less risk."
Now, I'm not suggesting that compliance initiatives don't make things "better," in some sense, but they don't necessarily make a company more "secure." I think the case study demonstrates that well enough and the readership of this blog certainly doesn't need to be convinced.
So, why write about it then? The quote snippets below illustrate reality — sometimes hysterically. You'll have to read the entire story to gain true context and to appreciate the angst this sort of thing brings, but I chuckled a couple of times when reading these quotes:
"What's our potential exposure?" Brett inquired matter-of-factly.
Quietly he wondered whether the firm's PCI compliance would provide
sufficient protection."Why do we have to notify customers at all?" Brett asked, genuinely
puzzled. "Haven't the banks already informed them that their accounts
have been compromised?""What about some kind of coincidence?" Brett was grasping at straws.
"Perhaps 1,500 of our customers just had the same bad luck?""We're still trying to determine what happened," the CIO offered meekly.
"But we are sure that our PCI systems were working, right?" Brett pushed.
"Becoming PCI compliant is
complicated," Sergei hedged, "especially when you're constantly
improving your own technology." He ran through a laundry list of the
complexities of recent improvements. At any given moment, Sergei had
three or four high-priority tech projects in various stages of
implementation. It was a constant juggling act.Brett, in a rare display of anger, pounded his fist on Sergei's
desk. "Are you saying, Sergei, that we're not actually PCI compliant?"Sergei stiffened. "We meet about 75% or so of the PCI requirements.
That's better than average for retailers of our size." The response was
defensive but honest."How have we been able to get away with that?" Brett growled. He
knew that PCI compliance, which was mandated by all the major credit
card companies, required regular scans by an outside auditor to ensure
that a company's systems were working—with stiff penalties for failure."They don't scan us every day," Sergei demurred. "Compliance really is up to us, to me, in the end."
Sergei reported finding a hole—a disabled firewall that was supposed to
be part of the wireless inventory-control system, which used real-time
data from each transaction to trigger replenishment from the
distribution center and automate reorders from suppliers."How did the firewall get down in the first place?" Laurie snapped.
"Impossible to say," said Sergei resolutely. "It could have been
deliberate or accidental. The system is relatively new, so we've had
things turned off and on at various times as we've worked out the bugs.
It was crashing a lot for a while. Firewalls can often be problematic."
Sounds like a typical Monday morning staff meeting to me…I think you could be a fly in the wall in many mid-size (or large, for that matter) companies and hear this same set of quotes — regardless of how many millions of dollars the company may have spent on compliance initiatives. It is indeed sad to see how many of these folks don't realize that "compliance" is merely the floor, not the ceiling. <sigh>
If you pay close attention to the dynamics of the management team within the story, you'll bear witness to all seven distinct stages of the data breach grieving process:
Shock or Disbelief
Acceptance and Hope
I'm not really aiming for a punchline here, but I will suggest that you read the entire story to appreciate the tale in the grandest of its context. The commentary from the industry experts is also very interesting…
P.S. I think it's very cool the HBR allows you to access these stories without paying or registering and allows one to use up to 500 words on blogs and the like for the non-commercial purpose of summarizing the story. Nice policy.


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Poised to blow the cobwebs off life and unleash some
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and apathy with their inimitable, scabrous sense of
'Spare Ribs', featuring Amy Taylor of Melbourne punks
Amyl and the Sniffers and the British newcomer Billy
Nomates, finds the duo charged with ire at the UK government's sense of entitlement, epitomized by its devil-
may-care approach to the coronavirus crisis.
Commenting on the new album, Jason says, "Our lives are
expendable under most governments, secondary under a
system of monetary rule. We are stock if you like, parts on
a shelf for the purposes of profit, discarded at any moment
if fabricated or non-fabricated crisis threatens productivity.
This is constant, obviously and notably in the current
pandemic. The masses cannot be present in the minds of
ill-fitting leaders, surely? Or else the realisation of their
catastrophic management would cripple their minds. Much
like the human body can still survive without a full set of
ribs we are all 'spare ribs', preservation for capitalism,
through ignorance and remote rule, available for parts."
The New Brick
Nudge It (feat. Amy Taylor)
Out There
Top Room
Mork n Mindy (feat. Billy
Spare Ribs
All Day Ticket
Thick Ear
I Don't Rate You


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Innovate with us!
At BASF, we strive to find solutions to the global challenges we face on a daily basis. This objective requires thinking outside the box and seeking integrated results. Collaboration is key in creating solutions. To achieve this goal, we consistently join forces with experts from different sectors with diverse backgrounds and a broad variety of know-how. With that in mind, we invite you to innovate with us!
Join us in our efforts to innovate for a sustainable future: we welcome you to bring in your expertise to help with our ongoing challenges. Beyond that, we regularly offer opportunities for external collaboration in temporary campaigns. Additionally, in our open collaborations, you may find a perfect match with your profile. Take initiative and get in touch with us.
Ongoing Challenges
In temporary collaborations, BASF works on finding solutions for specific questions. Here you find the running campaigns.
Open Collaboration
While the world's population and the resulting demands continue to grow, the planet's resources are limited. Chemistry is an enabler; it provides solutions for current and future societal needs. This is particularly true for our core topics such as Urban Living, Smart Energy, Food and Digitalization. To find the best solutions, we collaborate with excellent minds from start-ups, industry and academia. Join in and innovate with us.
BASF Venture Capital
BASF Venture Capital has been investing worldwide in young, fast-growing companies and funds related to current and future businesses of BASF. These industries include chemistry, new materials, sustainability, digitalization and new, disruptive business models.
Let's shape the future together.


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The folks down at Cupertino are very happy today I'd bet. Apple just issued a press release stating that they have sold 2 million copies of Leopard in the first weekend of the operating system's release. This far out paces the sales of Tiger, and should easily lead Leopard to being the biggest OS release in Apple's history.
"Early indications are that Leopard will be a huge hit with customers," said Steve Jobs, Apple's CEO. "Leopard's innovative features are getting great reviews and making more people than ever think about switching to the Mac."
You can read my review of Leopard by clicking here.


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Custom-Fit RV Cover, Sunbrella, 38'1" to 39'
Adco ProductsCustom-Fit RV Cover, Sunbrella, 38'1" to 39' total RV length--enter your actual measurement.
» Features:
If you plan to own your RV for more than a few years, you will save time and money in the long run by investing in a Custom-fit RV Cover. They come with longer warranties than Universal-fit options, fit better and look amazing next to your house (or in the storage lot). The Sunbrella model featured here is ADCO's top-of-the-line Custom-fit cover. Spend a few extra dollars and it will go a long way!
- Protect your RV with ADCO's Custom-Fit Sunbrella RV Cover.
- Designed for all climates and long term storage.
- Significantly reduces premature aging of RV and helps maintain resale value.
- Keeps Roof clean to reduce black-streaks from forming on sides of RV.
- Reduces need for washing, waxing and roof treatments.
- Protection against harmful UV rays that can cause unwanted cracking and fading on your RV.
- Color is 100% Tan or Gray (your choice).
- Features ADCO's 5 year manufacturer warranty.
- Made in the USA.
» Includes:
- Storage bag.
- FREE SHIPPING from RvSupplyWarehouse.com.
» Why Sunbrella®?
- Sunbrella® is the premier name in durable long life outdoor fabrics.
- The name and product has an unsurpassed reputation worldwide.
- Sunbrella® not only looks terrific, but will also last outdoors for years.
- Sunbrella® is solution dyed which means the color is placed into the fibers as it is extruded.
- Sun, wind or rain will never diminish the color intensity.
- Sunbrella® is made out of acrylic so that unlike many other fibers, it resists moisture/mildew, and won't harden or crack.
- For protective covers, Sunbrella® is soft, promotes breathability and can be fabricated into a product that you can be proud to own for years.
- Sunbrella is a registered trademark of Glen Raven Mills.
» What you need to know about your RV to place a Custom-fit order?
- Measure from the longest two points including bumpers and ladder but excluding hitch. This length will be used to calculate your total product cost.
- You will need your RV's Year, Make and Model#.
- Chances are, ADCO has already made several custom-fit covers for your RV's exact model and therefore ADCO already has your vehicle's specs. If for some reason your RV is new to their database, they may ask for a few simple measurements to make sure the cover fits extremely well.
- Last, you will want to note which door you will want to have zipper door access to. Second zipper doors can be added for an extra fee.
- Custom-Fit covers are produced by hand one at a time to your RV's exact specifications.
- Lead time is about 3 to 6 weeks.
- Click here to view the RVSW Terms for Special Order.
» External Accessories
If you have any of the following external accessories, please describe them in the comments:
- Awning(s)
- Spare Tire
- Ladder
- Racks
- AC Unit
- Horns
- Spot Light
- Rear Bumper
- Storage Pods
- Folded Satellite Dish
- Domed Satellite Dish
- Toy Hauler Back
You may also upload a sketch showing your measurements and placement of doors and external accessories.
**Please note--these Custom-Fit RV Covers are made to order and ship directly from the manufacturer (California) and we are currently experiencing about a 3-4 week processing period from date-of-order to date-shipped. Click here to view the RVSW Terms for Special Orders.


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First time here? Welcome! We have a lot of fun stuff to play with like our
Motivational Poster maker, Magazine Cover maker, Pop Art poster, and much more!
Play as much as you like—everything is free. We also sell awesome custom-printed products.
Create a slideshow from images anywhere on the internet. Create a show of your last vacation or screenshots of that game you're playing or of that time your best friend did that thing at that party. Then share it with your friends.
Hockneyizer, Wallpaper, Movie Poster, Cube, Mosaic Maker, Lolcat Generator, Motivator, Color Palette Generator, Calendar, Framer, Photobooth, Map Maker, Magazine Cover, Badge Maker, Bead Art, Mat, Pop Art Poster, Trading Card, Billboard, FX, CD Cover, Pocket Album, Jigsaw,
I know, right? It's a lot to take in. Go slow.


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However, we are committed to providing you with the quality service that you deserve.
Please contact us today
and a Kids Karpet representative will respond to you shortly
or you may call us at :
Toll Free:1 (800) 2GARICK or 1 (800) 242-7425 x310
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The standard response correctly says that none of this matters. The atmospheric GHE is what it is, and is no less true if it turns out that the allusion to greenhouses is inaccurate. Wikipedia takes this approach, with a refreshing brevity and directness.
However, there is a little more to the story (which still says nothing about the truth of the GHE). Greenhouses do work mainly by blocking heat loss through convection. But IR flux blocking is not totally insignificant.
Wood's experiment
The description of this in the 1909 Philosophical Magazine is indeed brief. Some people give the impression that he built a greenhouse out of rock salt, but the geometry seems to be simpler and on a much smaller scale. Still, he concluded:It seems to me very doubtful if the atmosphere is warmed to any great extent by absorbing the radiation from the ground, even under the most favourable conditions.
This final statement is little emphasised, but seems to be amply justified by the sketchiness of the note:
I do not pretend to have gone very deeply into the matter, and publish this note merely to draw attention to the fact that trapped radiation appears to play but a very small part in the actual cases with which we are familiar.
Indeed he didn't.
Modern Greenhouses
Ironically, the situation that forced Wood to use rock salt as an IR-permeable material is now reversed. In his day, greenhouses were always made of IR-blocking glass. Now they are often made of IR-permeable plastic. And, in support of Wood, they do work. They block convective heat transport, and also provide an insulating effect to limit conduction through the boundary.A real greenhouse issue
A covering that blocks IR actually makes a real improvement to greenhouse efficiency. It is more expensive, and people are willing to pay for it. Here are some industry observations:NSW Ag Dept:
For example, films may be used to exclude ultra violet (UV) light for chemical free pest control or reflect long wave infra red (IR) radiation to improve heat retention at night. ... Long wave radiation (2500-40000 nm) absorbers reduce the loss of heat radiated from materials and objects (including plants) inside the greenhouse.
Or this advice
You can also buy a plastic film with an infrared inhibitor; it cuts heat loss inside the greenhouse by up to 20% on a cloudless night.
Actually, it would also cut loss on a clear day.
And here is a pamphlet which describes the practicality in some detail (for heated greenhouses, but the principle is the same).
The IR / anti-condensation treated films cost about $0.015 per square foot more than untreated films but reduce energy use by 15 to 20%.
Scale Issues
The main thing wrong with the Wood's style reasoning is scale. IR blocking is a minor effect on the scale of a greenhouse because convection is relatively much more effective. The temperature gradients are huge compared to what is maintained in the atmosphere. Wood compounded this by experimenting on a much smaller scale again.In the atmosphere, IR transport is more important than convection, so the blocking effect of GHG's matters much more.


text: Jesús Guzmán, a second-year graduate student at UC Berkeley, talks about how growing up in California as an undocumented resident inspired him to pursue a career in public policy and social equity. Guzman was the featured student speaker at the Board of Advisors Dinner at Berkeley's Goldman School of Public Policy. Recorded on 04/18/2018. (#33621)


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When Princeton senior Maryanne Wachter visited Chicago on a recent class trip, she returned to a childhood fascination.
"I grew up in Louisiana but used to visit my grandmother in Chicago," said Wachter, a civil and environmental engineering major. "That's where I first saw tall buildings and where I decided to be a civil engineer."
Chicago was one of three American cities known for their iconic towers that Wachter and her classmates toured as part of a new Princeton engineering class devoted to the study of the relations of buildings, space, time and societal dynamics. Called "A Social and Multi-dimensional Exploration of Structure," the course was taught for the first time this past fall with a theme of tall buildings. It was developed with funding from Princeton's 250th Anniversary Fund, which supports innovation in undergraduate education, and will be offered at least every other year with a new theme each time.
Taught by Maria Garlock and Sigrid Adriaenssens, both assistant professors of civil and environmental engineering, last fall's class took a holistic approach to the design and construction of soaring towers. In addition to learning about the technical aspects of designing and constructing tall buildings, the students explored how buildings fit into the political, social and economic conditions of their time.
The students learned, for instance, that construction of many of Chicago's skyscrapers was driven by a desire to bring people back into the city in the 1950s and 1960s, while Houston's towers resulted from the city's booming business environment in the 1960s and 1970s.
"A tall building doesn't just come out of nowhere," Adriaenssens said. "There are political and economic forces at work and trends that influence design and construction."
The class focused on the buildings of Fazlur Khan, a Bangladeshi-American engineer who designed some of America's most famous skyscrapers, including the John Hancock Center and Willis Tower (formerly known as the Sears Tower), both in Chicago.
The 11 students in the class -- all civil and environmental engineering majors -- visited buildings built by Khan and others in Chicago, New York and Houston to see the towers firsthand and learn about the circumstances in which they were built and how they've fared over time.
The class also toured engineering firms and interviewed influential tall building designers, including Bill Baker, who designed Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest building in the world, and Leslie Robertson, one of the chief engineers who designed New York's World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the Sept 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
"The students got to see what they would be doing after graduation," Garlock said. "They also got some good career advice. Everyone kept telling them that they needed to go to graduate school if they want to design tall buildings."
Based on their research, the students wrote essays that Adriaenssens and Garlock plan to use as chapters in a book about Fazlur Khan as a structural artist. Professor Emeritus David Billington will co-write the book with them. The students also built scaled models of iconic buildings as a final project for the course, and Adriaenssens and Garlock are organizing these models into an exhibit to be displayed in the Friend Center Library and to be used in precepts of another course, "Structures in the Urban Environment."
"The idea of the models is to begin to learn the process of how we build things," Garlock said. "You should never design something when you have no idea how to build it."
For her model, Wachter worked with another senior, Michaela Glaeser, to build a small version of the Willis Tower. However, Wachter said the class visit to Chicago confirmed that the John Hancock Center, with its crisscrossed outer beams, is still her favorite.
"You can see how the structure works from the outside," she said. "I love that it's so visually distinctive in the Chicago skyline."


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Compare prices for Rat Control in Greenwich
Prices below for Greenwich Council. Not your council? Click here.
Our Price: | Greenwich Council Price: | You Save: |
£70 | £131.4 |
£61.4 |
Thats 47%* less than your council charges!
Information on Rat Control:
Rats are long-tailed rodents, sometimes mistaken for mice even though they are a lot bigger and heavier. In some cases they can weigh over 500grams but most only live for about a year. Rats are attracted to the smell of food in the home , however they are nocturnal and are rarely seen in daylight.
Gnaw marks on wood, food boxes gnawed open, and droppings are signs that you have a rodent problem in your home. Also, rats can be found hiding in the back of cabinets because its a small dark place.
Rats can be very dangerous to have in the home as they may carry diseases which are dangerous to humans. They have also been the cause of electrical fires in the home from gnawing through electrical wires.


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What drives collective innovation? The impact of motivations on the attraction of innovation roles in open innovation web-based platforms
The recent history of innovation has shown a progressive change in collaboration models enabled and facilitated by the Internet, from models such as distributed resources, shared mails and discussion groups to allowing multiple individuals to have access to web page content, portals and intranets, to more advanced models such as open source, peer to peer, wikis, crowdsourcing, virtual communities and web-based platforms. A large number of new innovative enterprises engaged in different competitive markets by promoting innovation both in products and in services through open innovation web-based platforms, which allow for the collaboration of individual users and companies and for so-called crowdsourcing. A key issue concerns the identification of the most important motivations that could attract users with a specific role to proactively participate and contribute to the open and collaborative innovation processes. During the seminar, after highlighting the theoretical background, grounded on large body of psychology and sociology literature on the motivation behind collaboration, I'll discuss the results of the analysis of 26 open innovation web-based platforms based on a multiple research methodology (qualitative empirical study, factor analysis and multi-dimensional scaling). I will also analyze the effects of 'motivational systems' and platform models on the attraction of the individuals characterized by different innovation roles.
Fabio Nonino is an Assistant Professor in Management Engineering at Sapienza University of Rome (Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering). In 2014 he got the National Scientific Qualification for the position of Associate Professor in Management Engineering. He is actually the national secretary of Italian Scientific Association of Engineering Management. He got a Master Degree in Management Engineering at the University of Udine in 2002 and, until December 2005, he was employed as a research fellow at the Department of Electrical, Management and Mechanical Engineering of University of Udine and at the Department of Mechanical, Electrical and Management Engineering of University of Padua. In the academic year 2007/2008 he obtained a Ph.D. in Management Engineering from the University of Padua (XX cycle). From academic year 2010/2011 he is Assistant Professor at Sapienza University of Rome where he is also senior lecturer in Project Management at the Master of Science Course in Management Engineering. He is principal investigator for the Sapienza research unit within the European project COLLECTIVE (Emerging communities for collective innovation: ICT tools and supporting Operational Methodologies for SME Associations). He has conducted researches in other projects funded by European Commission: International Operations Management (IOM), Virtual Enterprise for Supply Chain Management (V-CHAIN), Advanced Strategies and Tools for Supply Chain Management Asian Virtual Environment (V-CHAIN ASIA), Extended Collaborative Selling Chain Management (ECOSELL). He authored and coauthored over 70 publications on topics of Operations and Supply Chain Management, Innovation Management, Project Management and Knowledge Management and he is the author of the Italian book "The Guide to Project Management" edited by Il Sole 24 Ore.


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Using herb and flower infusions in soap can add a little something extra special to your soap. I love using both chamomile and calendula (marigold) infusions in my soap. Both impart a pretty butter yellow to the finished soap. There is a slight scent in the oils, too, but I find that scent doesn't usually survive the saponification process, and I have used fragrances and essential oils successfully in soaps with infused oils.
There are a couple of techniques you can use for infusing oils. You can put the flowers or herbs in a jar, pour your oil over them, and let them infuse for several weeks, but I like the slow cooker method, mainly because it's quicker, and I'm impatient.
I purchased these handy "tea bags" from Bramble Berry (who is not sponsoring me; I just like the product). While you can pour the oils directly over the botanicals, I have found it is pretty messy, and you have to strain the oil later. The tea bags allow the botanicals to infuse the oil without making a mess. I try to use about ½ to 1 ounce of botanicals (which is a lot more than you'd think—they are light). I put the botanicals in the tea bags and seal them closed with an iron. Then I put them in a jar, I pour olive oil over the filled tea bags. I put a few inches of water in my slow cooker, turn it on low, and gently lay my jar in the water. I let the oil infuse in the heat of the slow cooker for about five hours, turning the jar over every once in a while (be careful; it's very hot). The jars can be hard to open afterward, but I have a nice infused olive oil to use in my soap when I'm done.
If you want to try out infused oils in your own soap, check out this recipe for a one-pound batch.
- 162 grams distilled water
- 59 grams lye
- 170 grams olive oil
- 106 grams coconut oil
- 106 grams palm oil
- 22 grams shea butter
- 21 grams castor oil
- 25-28 grams fragrance or essential oil optional
- 2 large tea bags
- 1/2 ounce dried calendula petals
- Put the calendula petals in the tea bags and iron edges to close.
- Place the calendula bags into a large jar.
- Put the jar on a scale and tare the scale. Add a bit more olive oil than you need. This recipe calls for 170 grams, but some of the oil will be soaked up by the calendula petals and the bags; it will be hard to get every last drop out again.
- Screw the lid tightly on the jar and place it in a slow cooker on low. Let the oil infuse from 2-5 hours.
- Set the infused oil aside to cool. It will be too hot to soap with right after the infusion.
- When your infused oil is cool, prepare your water and lye. Measure out 162 g distilled water and set aside. Measure out 59 g lye in a separate container and set aside. Carefully add the lye to the water and stir until it is dissolved. Set the lye solution aside to cool.
- Measure out your hard oils (106 g coconut, 106 g palm, and 22 g shea butter) and melt them down.
- Add 170 g infused olive oil and 21 g castor oil to the melted hard oils.
- Once your lye water has cooled (I usually combine my oils and lye water at about 100ºF), add the lye water to the oils and blend to a light trace.
- Add your fragrance (optional) and either whisk in or stick blend carefully.
- You can add calendula petals to your top for extra decoration. Calendula petals keep their color in cold process soap, so you can even add it to the soap itself.
Whether or not the soothing qualities of calendula survive the saponification process is up for debate, but the infusion does impart a nice, light color to the soap. Why not try it and see if it works for you?


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Rocky Davies – Rockstar Heroes & Villains
Rocky Davies visually mashes iconic heroes & villains and music hits of the 80s & 90s
We love the work of artist Rocky Davies who has created these awesome visual mashups of iconic pop cultural heroes & villains and music hits from the 1980s and 90s. So very cool! 🙂


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Garrett Fort
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Garrett Elsden Fort (June 5, 1900 - October 26, 1945) was an American short story writer, playwright, and Hollywood screenwriter.
[edit]- Why, even when I was innocent her hatred of me hurt a good deal. Now that I'm guilty, her belief in me would hurt even more.
- The Devil-Doll, talking to Toto at the end of the movie (1936).
Frankenstein (1931)
[edit]- I think it will thrill you. It may shock you. It might even horrify you. So if any of you feel that you do not care to subject your nerves to such a strain, now is your chance to—Well, we warned you.
- Prologue; Edward Van Sloan actually comes out from behind an on-screen curtain to deliver this speech.
- Have you never wanted to do anything that was dangerous? Where should we be if nobody tried to find out what lies beyond? You never wanted to look beyond the clouds and the stars, or to know what causes the trees to bud, and what changes a darkness into light? But if you talk like that, people call you crazy. Well, if I could discover just one of these things—what eternity is, for example—I wouldn't care if they did think I was crazy.
- Frankenstein, trying to explain to his fiancee why he experiments the way he does
- You do not quite get what I mean. Herr Frankenstein was interested only in human life. First to destroy it, then recreate it. There you have his mad dream.
- Explaining why Dr. Frankenstein left the University
- Look, it's moving. It's alive, it's alive, it's alive. It's moving. It's alive, it's alive, it's alive, it's alive, it's alive!
- Dr. Frankenstein, when the monster first comes to life
- I made him with these hands, and with these hands I'll destroy him.
- Frankenstein, when it becomes apparent that the monster has run amok
- You have created a monster and it will destroy you.
- Frankenstein, when it becomes apparent that the monster has run amok
- The Abbey always reminds me of that old toast, 'Above lofty timbers, the walls around are bare, echoing to our laughter, as though the dead were there.'
- On the house Count Dracula has just leased
- They're all crazy. They're all crazy except you and me. Sometimes I have me doubts about you.
- Watching the inhabitants of the house trying to ward off the vampire
- I never drink...wine.
- Dracula, to Renfield, at his castle
- I am Dracula.... I bid you welcome.
- Dracula, welcoming Renfield to his castle
- Listen to them. Children of the night, what music they make.
- Dracula, in his castle, when he hears wolves howling
- The spider spinning his web for the unwary fly. The blood is the life, Mr. Renfield.
- Dracula, speaking to Renfield at his castle
- To die, to be really dead, that must be glorious.... There are far worse things awaiting man than death.
- Dracula, talking to Lucy and Mina at the opera
- The strength of the vampire is that people will not believe in him.
- Van Helsing, trying to convince Mina's father and fiancé that vampires do exist
- For one who has not lived even a single lifetime, you are a wise man, Van Helsing.
- Dracula, to Van Helsing, who has discovered his secret
Dracula's Daughter (1936)
[edit]- My mind is just as open as it ever was, professor. But it's a scientific mind, and there's no place in it for superstitions.
- Skeptical of Von Helsing's story of vampires
- Do you believe that the dead can influence the living?... Could you conceive of a superhuman mentality influencing someone from the other side of death?... There is such a one.... Someone, something that reaches out from beyond the grave and fills me with horrible impulses.
- Dracula's Daughter, trying to explain her situation to Dr. Garth
- Possibly there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in your psychiatry, Mr. Garth.
- Dracula's Daughter, telling Garth that she believes Von Helsing's story of vampires Unbeknownst to Garth, the Countess is a vampire.
- You can't murder a man who's been dead for five centuries.
- Prof. Von Helsing, defending himself against the charge of having murdered Count Dracula
- She was beautiful when she died—a hundred years ago.
- Prof. Von Helsing (Edward Van Sloan)


text: It's you against the evil Mother Brain in the thrilling battle of Metroid! You're inside the fortress planet Zebes. The planet of endless secret passageways where the Metroid are multiplying. Left alone the Metroid are harmless. But in the wrong hands they could destroy the galaxy. It's up to you to prevent the Mother Brain that controls Zebes from using the Metroid for evil purposes. But that won't be easy. You'll have to use your spacesuit to absorb valuable energy for your search to gain the use of power items like the Ice Beam, Wave Beam, High Jump Boots and Varia. If you survive, it will be you and your acquired powers against the Mother Brain.


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Berg Rally Orange Go Karts
The BERG Rally Orange is a light and compact go-kart you can play with anywhere outdoors. Explore your neighbourhood or organise a race – it's all possible with this go-kart. What's unique and safe about this go-kart is the BFR system, letting you brake with the pedals, and when you have come to a halt, you can immediately pedal backwards. Because the seat and steering wheelboth adjustable, the BERG Rally Orange is suitable for children aged 4 to 12. You can make playing outside even more fun with the BERG Junior Trailer.


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This BMS was built with Integrated Management solution with 15A or 20A constant discharge current for 13S li ion Battery
1) the Dimension of this Board is :50*60*8mm
2) Constant discharge current :15A or 20A
3) They share the same charge and discharge port
4) Temperature detection protection : with
5) Application : for 13S Li ion Battery application
Specification reference as below :
1) Shipment : we will ship the item timely when got the buyer payment online within 3~4 Working days in according to the shipment methods selected by Buyer . we will inform the client in advance for the shipment date arrangement if there is any stock
problems . Post shipment will takes around 7~45 days to almost of all countries , we will select the best shipment methods to
different country in according the work efficiency records of the logistics , Usually , the Parcel can arrived at buyer hand within one week if you select the shipment By express .
2) Quality warranty time : we will afford the responsibility for the quality defects if it occurs due to our defect production and design ,quality warranty time will be 12 months since the order placement . we will not afford the responsibility for any misuse or slavery application with our BMS products . we can offer the repair service for the buyer in according to such reasons if the Product does not damage seriously . any wrong connection and application will be buyer responsibility , so Buyer should have enough skills of making battery connection ,otherwise it will be nightmare for both buyer and seller , thanks for your kindly understanding .
3) Import duty and tax cost will not covered with this cost I offered online . client should take full responsibility to make custom clearance and pay the import duty if necessary , we will offer support to our buyer to make sure the custom clearance will be smoothly . we will not afford any extra fee for the import of our product on the buyer side .
4) Return policy : If Buyer does not need our items when got it , please contact us and return them in good conditions without
problems . buyer should pack them well and return goods to us in good situation by affording the shipment cost from buyer side to our side .
5) we will not explain how to make connection in details , it will be big jobs for us if we do it one by one ,we will offer connection diagram to the buyer , buyer just follow the instructions clearly to build the battery system . if you have some parts not clearly , you can contact us via this email : firstname.lastname@example.com ,we will give you reply within 24hours except holiday seasons in china . please understand it kindly .