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Diabetes and Kidney Disease
Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure. Info on diabetes kidney disease complications - diagnosis, causes, treatments and diabetes and kidney failure.
- The Burden of Kidney Failure
- The Course of Kidney Disease
- Diagnosis of CKD
- Effects of High Blood Pressure
- Preventing and Slowing Kidney Disease
- Dialysis and Transplantation
- Good Care Makes a Difference
- Points to Remember
- Hope through Research
The Burden of Kidney Failure
Each year in the United States, more than 100,000 people are diagnosed with kidney failure, a serious condition in which the kidneys fail to rid the body of wastes. Kidney failure is the final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure, accounting for nearly 44 percent of new cases. Even when diabetes is controlled, the disease can lead to CKD and kidney failure. Most people with diabetes do not develop CKD that is severe enough to progress to kidney failure. Nearly 24 million people in the United States have diabetes, and nearly 180,000 people are living with kidney failure as a result of diabetes.
People with kidney failure undergo either dialysis, an artificial blood-cleaning process, or transplantation to receive a healthy kidney from a donor. Most U.S. citizens who develop kidney failure are eligible for federally funded care. In 2005, care for patients with kidney failure cost the United States nearly $32 billion.
Source: United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2007 Annual Data Report.
African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanics/Latinos develop diabetes, CKD, and kidney failure at rates higher than Caucasians. Scientists have not been able to explain these higher rates. Nor can they explain fully the interplay of factors leading to kidney disease of diabetes—factors including heredity, diet, and other medical conditions, such as high blood pressure. They have found that high blood pressure and high levels of blood glucose increase the risk that a person with diabetes will progress to kidney failure.
1United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2007 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2007.
2National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Diabetes Statistics, 2007. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008.
The Course of Kidney Disease
Diabetic kidney disease takes many years to develop. In some people, the filtering function of the kidneys is actually higher than normal in the first few years of their diabetes.
Over several years, people who are developing kidney disease will have small amounts of the blood protein albumin begin to leak into their urine. This first stage of CKD is called microalbuminuria. The kidney's filtration function usually remains normal during this period.
As the disease progresses, more albumin leaks into the urine. This stage may be called macroalbuminuria or proteinuria. As the amount of albumin in the urine increases, the kidneys' filtering function usually begins to drop. The body retains various wastes as filtration falls. As kidney damage develops, blood pressure often rises as well.
Overall, kidney damage rarely occurs in the first 10 years of diabetes, and usually, 15 to 25 years will pass before kidney failure occurs. For people who live with diabetes for more than 25 years without any signs of kidney failure, the risk of ever developing it decreases.
Diagnosis of CKD
People with diabetes should be screened regularly for kidney disease. The two key markers for kidney disease are eGFR and urine albumin.
- eGFR. eGFR stands for estimated glomerular filtration rate. Each kidney contains about 1 million tiny filters made up of blood vessels. These filters are called glomeruli. Kidney function can be checked by estimating how much blood the glomeruli filter in a minute. The calculation of eGFR is based on the amount of creatinine, a waste product, found in a blood sample. As the level of creatinine goes up, the eGFR goes down.
Kidney disease is present when eGFR is less than 60 milliliters per minute.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend that eGFR be calculated from serum creatinine at least once a year in all people with diabetes.
- Urine albumin. Urine albumin is measured by comparing the amount of albumin to the amount of creatinine in a single urine sample. When the kidneys are healthy, the urine will contain large amounts of creatinine but almost no albumin. Even a small increase in the ratio of albumin to creatinine is a sign of kidney damage.
Kidney disease is present when urine contains more than 30 milligrams of albumin per gram of creatinine, with or without decreased eGFR.
The ADA and the NIH recommend annual assessment of urine albumin excretion to assess kidney damage in all people with type 2 diabetes and people who have had type 1 diabetes for 5 years or more.
If kidney disease is detected, it should be addressed as part of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of diabetes.
Effects of High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major factor in the development of kidney problems in people with diabetes. Both a family history of hypertension and the presence of hypertension appear to increase the chances of developing kidney disease. Hypertension also accelerates the progress of kidney disease when it already exists.
Blood pressure is recorded using two numbers. The first number is called the systolic pressure, and it represents the pressure in the arteries as the heart beats. The second number is called the diastolic pressure, and it represents the pressure between heartbeats. In the past, hypertension was defined as blood pressure higher than 140/90, said as "140 over 90."
The ADA and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommend that people with diabetes keep their blood pressure below 130/80.
Hypertension can be seen not only as a cause of kidney disease but also as a result of damage created by the disease. As kidney disease progresses, physical changes in the kidneys lead to increased blood pressure. Therefore, a dangerous spiral, involving rising blood pressure and factors that raise blood pressure, occurs. Early detection and treatment of even mild hypertension are essential for people with diabetes.
Preventing and Slowing Kidney Disease
Blood Pressure Medicines
Scientists have made great progress in developing methods that slow the onset and progression of kidney disease in people with diabetes. Drugs used to lower blood pressure can slow the progression of kidney disease significantly. Two types of drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have proven effective in slowing the progression of kidney disease. Many people require two or more drugs to control their blood pressure. In addition to an ACE inhibitor or an ARB, a diuretic can also be useful. Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other blood pressure drugs may also be needed.
An example of an effective ACE inhibitor is lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), which doctors commonly prescribe for treating kidney disease of diabetes. The benefits of lisinopril extend beyond its ability to lower blood pressure: it may directly protect the kidneys' glomeruli. ACE inhibitors have lowered proteinuria and slowed deterioration even in people with diabetes who did not have high blood pressure.
An example of an effective ARB is losartan (Cozaar), which has also been shown to protect kidney function and lower the risk of cardiovascular events.
Any medicine that helps patients achieve a blood pressure target of 130/80 or lower provides benefits. Patients with even mild hypertension or persistent microalbuminuria should consult a health care provider about the use of antihypertensive medicines.
Moderate-protein Diets
In people with diabetes, excessive consumption of protein may be harmful. Experts recommend that people with kidney disease of diabetes consume the recommended dietary allowance for protein, but avoid high-protein diets. For people with greatly reduced kidney function, a diet containing reduced amounts of protein may help delay the onset of kidney failure. Anyone following a reduced-protein diet should work with a dietitian to ensure adequate nutrition.
Intensive Management of Blood Glucose
Antihypertensive drugs and low-protein diets can slow CKD. A third treatment, known as intensive management of blood glucose or glycemic control, has shown great promise for people with diabetes, especially for those in the early stages of CKD.
The human body normally converts food to glucose, the simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body's cells. To enter cells, glucose needs the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. When a person does not make enough insulin, or the body does not respond to the insulin that is present, the body cannot process glucose, and it builds up in the bloodstream. High levels of glucose in the blood lead to a diagnosis of diabetes.
Intensive management of blood glucose is a treatment regimen that aims to keep blood glucose levels close to normal. The regimen includes testing blood glucose frequently, administering insulin throughout the day on the basis of food intake and physical activity, following a diet and activity plan, and consulting a health care team regularly. Some people use an insulin pump to supply insulin throughout the day.
A number of studies have pointed to the beneficial effects of intensive management of blood glucose. In the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), researchers found a 50 percent decrease in both development and progression of early diabetic kidney disease in participants who followed an intensive regimen for controlling blood glucose levels. The intensively managed patients had average blood glucose levels of 150 milligrams per deciliter—about 80 milligrams per deciliter lower than the levels observed in the conventionally managed patients. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, conducted from 1976 to 1997, showed conclusively that, in people with improved blood glucose control, the risk of early kidney disease was reduced by a third. Additional studies conducted over the past decades have clearly established that any program resulting in sustained lowering of blood glucose levels will be beneficial to patients in the early stages of CKD.
Dialysis and Transplantation
When people with diabetes experience kidney failure, they must undergo either dialysis or a kidney transplant. As recently as the 1970s, medical experts commonly excluded people with diabetes from dialysis and transplantation, in part because the experts felt damage caused by diabetes would offset benefits of the treatments. Today, because of better control of diabetes and improved rates of survival following treatment, doctors do not hesitate to offer dialysis and kidney transplantation to people with diabetes.
Currently, the survival of kidneys transplanted into people with diabetes is about the same as the survival of transplants in people without diabetes. Dialysis for people with diabetes also works well in the short run. Even so, people with diabetes who receive transplants or dialysis experience higher morbidity and mortality because of coexisting complications of diabetes—such as damage to the heart, eyes, and nerves.
Good Care Makes a Difference
People with diabetes should
- have their health care provider measure their A1C level at least twice a year. The test provides a weighted average of their blood glucose level for the previous 3 months. They should aim to keep it at less than 7 percent.
- work with their health care provider regarding insulin injections, medicines, meal planning, physical activity, and blood glucose monitoring.
- have their blood pressure checked several times a year. If blood pressure is high, they should follow their health care provider's plan for keeping it near normal levels. They should aim to keep it at less than 130/80.
- ask their health care provider whether they might benefit from taking an ACE inhibitor or ARB.
- ask their health care provider to measure their eGFR at least once a year to learn how well their kidneys are working.
- ask their health care provider to measure the amount of protein in their urine at least once a year to check for kidney damage.
- ask their health care provider whether they should reduce the amount of protein in their diet and ask for a referral to see a registered dietitian to help with meal planning.
Points to Remember
- Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure in the United States.
- People with diabetes should be screened regularly for kidney disease. The two key markers for kidney disease are estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin.
- Drugs used to lower blood pressure can slow the progression of kidney disease significantly. Two types of drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have proven effective in slowing the progression of kidney disease.
- In people with diabetes, excessive consumption of protein may be harmful.
- Intensive management of blood glucose has shown great promise for people with diabetes, especially for those in the early stages of CKD.
Hope through Research
The number of people with diabetes is growing. As a result, the number of people with kidney failure caused by diabetes is also growing. Some experts predict that diabetes soon might account for half the cases of kidney failure. In light of the increasing illness and death related to diabetes and kidney failure, patients, researchers, and health care professionals will continue to benefit by addressing the relationship between the two diseases. The NIDDK is a leader in supporting research in this area.
Several areas of research supported by the NIDDK hold great potential. Discovery of ways to predict who will develop kidney disease may lead to greater prevention, as people with diabetes who learn they are at risk institute strategies such as intensive management of blood glucose and blood pressure control.
Source: NIH Publication No. 08-3925, September 2008
APA Reference
Staff, H.
(2022, January 4). Diabetes and Kidney Disease, HealthyPlace. Retrieved
on 2024, July 15 from https://www.healthyplace.com/diabetes/complications/diabetes-and-kidney-disease


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subset: commoncrawl


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Foam Insert for Dead of Winter
Our Dead of Winter box insert holds all the cards for Dead of Winter along with player sheets, location cards, tokens, dice and all the standees. There is enough room in the card bays to configure them however you want - you can have a special bay just for Crossroads cards, and one bay for the item cards for each location - it is up to you. Also, with our Dead of Winter inserts, no assembly is required - installation is optional and takes less than 10 minutes.
Our Dead of Winter box insert holds all the components included in either Dead of Winter, OR Dead of Winter: The Long Night - they can even fit the cards and sleeves if you choose to sleeve them. There is room for more than just the base game though; if you choose to, you can combine the two games into one box to bring some of The Long Night's modules over to the base game. We don't recommend cramming everything from both boxes into one insert, but there is ample room to supplement cards, tokens, and survivors from both games in one insert. If you just have to have all the components from both games, however; it may be best to pick up a second insert.
The Dead of Winter inserts also feature "Standee Slots" around the perimeter of the insert. You can use the slots to place standees for quick access to survivors, additional zombies, special infected, or however else you choose.
Finally, similar to our Cosmic Encounter Insert, our Dead of Winter inserts come with adhesive on the bottom; a unique feature to Mini Foam Studio inserts that allows you to fix them to the bottom of your box. This is permanent, but makes the insert more firm and rigid should you prefer, and it will stay in place as you pack and unpack your game components. Alternatively, you can use the adhesive on a piece of cardboard, poster board, or other materials you choose. This will make the insert removable, but adds a little more time to the installation.
But of course, using the adhesive is completely optional; there is a liner covering the adhesive, so you don't have to use it if you don't want to.


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Baku-APA. The lone U.S. adoption agency accredited in Kyrgyzstan is shutting down due to financial troubles, a sudden new setback for about 15 American families battling since 2008 to complete adoptions there. At the same time, another U.S. agency, which specializes in adoptions from Russia, also is closing, APA reports quoting Associated Press.
"We see no other choice but to close our doors," said Christian World Adoption, which had handled Kyrgyz adoptions, in an e-mail to the waiting families. The agency, based in Fletcher, N.C., said an array of factors, in Kyrgyzstan and elsewhere abroad, had boosted its costs and cut its income to the point where it would file for bankruptcy.
Meanwhile, Adoption ARK, based in Buffalo Grove, Ill., said it would shut down, blaming Russia's recently imposed ban on adoptions by Americans. It said its program in Russia had provided more than half of its income.
The two closures highlight the challenges facing many U.S. agencies that specialize in international adoptions at a time when those are dwindling year after year. Americans adopted 8,668 foreign children in the 2012 fiscal year, down 62 percent from the peak of 22,884 in 2004.
Chuck Johnson, CEO of the National Council for Adoption, said he expected that many more agencies would be closing. Those with the best chance of persevering, he said, would be agencies with professional fundraising operations that have lessened their reliance on client fees.
For the families trying to adopt from Kyrgyzstan, most of whom have spent many thousands of dollars on their quests, the sudden shutdown of Christian World Adoption came as a shock. The families said they had received no prior warnings before getting an e-mail from the agency on Friday announcing that it was ending operations "effective immediately."
There was no immediate response Monday to e-mails and phone messages sent to agency officials seeking further comment.
A Christian World Adoption client, Shannon Fenske of Reeseville, Wis., said she and her husband, Kevin, were dismayed by this latest of many setbacks in their quest to adopt a Kyrgyz girl they were matched with in 2008.
"They did not reach out to us beforehand to allow us time to try and make any sort of arrangements," Fenske said of CWA. "They just dumped it on us on Friday afternoon and ran. We have no idea what the future holds or what our options are at this time."
However, Fenske said she and her husband would not give up their efforts to adopt Kamila, who was afflicted with a severe cleft lip and palate when they were matched with her in July 2008. The Fenskes, who have four other adopted children with special needs, arranged for two operations for Kamila that improved her condition, but pain and speech problems linger.
"We are fighters," Fenske said of how the waiting families would deal with the new setback. "This does not change the fact that our children continue to languish in institutions and that we continue to love them as much as we did yesterday."
Due mostly to corruption-related problems, Kyrgyzstan suspended foreign adoptions in 2008 and again last year after a brief resumption.
Christian World Adoption, founded in 1991, said the expense of trying to cope with these disruptions was among many factors that had depleted its financial resources. It also cited the Russian adoption ban, a continued U.S. freeze on adoptions from Cambodia, and longer time frames for adopting from China and Ethiopia, the two leading countries of origin for children adopted by Americans.
The U.S. State Department, which oversees some aspects of international adoptions by Americans, said it was working to get more information about the situation in Kyrgyzstan.
The State Department also has been active in Russia, trying to help U.S. families affected by the adoption ban. The ban was enacted in December as part of a package of measures retaliating against a new U.S. law allowing sanctions on Russians identified as human-rights violators.
Americans have adopted thousands of Russian children over the past two decades, and the ban is already having an impact on agencies heavily involved in adoptions from there.
Last week, Adoption ARK posted a notice on its Web site, citing the ban and the ensuing loss of revenue as the reasons for its sudden closure.
"The passage of law by both the U.S. and Russia is heartbreaking for the families who were in the process of adopting from Russia and, especially, the children who will remain in orphanages across the country, unable to grow up in the loving arms of a family," the agency said.
Adoption ARK, according to its Web site, was founded in 2003 and had helped place nearly 1,000 children with adoptive families.
Both Adoption ARK and Christian World Adoption were registered as nonprofit organizations.
While the closure of adoption agencies can be jarring — emotionally and financially — for their active clients, there remain enough agencies to the meet the overall demand, according to Kathleen Strottman, executive director of the Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute.
"I do not anticipate that there will ever be a day when a family is looking to hire an agency and cannot find one," she said.


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British Beekeepers Association Official Forum
Hang around
By accessing "BBKA Forum" (hereinafter "we", "us", "our", "BBKA Forum", "https://bbkaforum.co.uk"), you agree to be legally bound by the following terms & conditions. If you do not agree to be legally bound by all of the following terms then please do not access and/or use "BBKA Forum". We may change these at any time and we'll do our utmost in informing you, though it would be prudent to review this regularly yourself as your continued usage of "BBKA Forum" after changes mean you agree to be legally bound by these terms as they are updated and/or amended. What the site expects of contributors: • To avoid disagreements and disputes • To have one account only • They do not post anything that: - Brings the BBKA or its staff into disrepute, Breaches confidentiality, data protection or copyright, Offends or insults, Encourages, supports or promotes illegal activity, Uses or encourages derogatory comments, Uses the BBKA's brand or visual identity in a damaging way • Contributors are expected to be polite and respectful towards all forum users including the Forum Moderators and BBKA employees. • That any claimed "facts" are backed up by science/direct experience • An understanding that this is an adult group so is moderated at that level. • The views expressed in this group are those of the individuals who post them and do not represent an "official" BBKA stance unless expressly stated. • All views are welcome, but courtesy is key: avoid the use of derogatory language at all times. The site represents all levels of experience and has a growing group with thousands of members. • Contributors should take every opportunity to educate the general public about honeybees, beekeeping and pollinators, understanding that Beekeeping is an exceptionally complex subject. The site moderators will: • Review, post and respond to comments in a timely manner. • Welcome constructive criticism. • Read all comments posted. • Moderate (delete) negative views without positive suggestions. • Block users who violate the rules as set out. • Have the final say in modifying, interpreting, and enforcing this Code of Conduct. • Act in a professional manner when engaging with users online. We will direct any individual discussions offline using a non-public communication route. You agree not to post any abusive, obscene, vulgar, slanderous, hateful, threatening, sexually-orientated or any other material that may violate any laws be it of your country, the country where "BBKA Forum" is hosted or International Law. Doing so may lead to you being immediately and permanently banned, with notification of your Internet Service Provider if deemed required by us. The IP address of all posts are recorded to aid in enforcing these conditions. You agree that "BBKA Forum" have the right to remove, edit, move or close any topic at any time should we see fit. As a user you agree to any information you have entered to being stored in a database. While this information will not be disclosed to any third party without your consent, neither "BBKA Forum" nor phpBB shall be held responsible for any hacking attempt that may lead to the data being compromised.


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How Number of Windows and Bathrooms Affect Commercial Cleaning Costs
In an office building, windows, bathrooms, and breakrooms or kitchens generally take longer to clean and disinfect than hallways, offices or waiting rooms. The greater the number of windows to be washed and the more higher-traffic areas to be cleaned, the greater the total cleaning cost will be.
Here's a hypothetical breakdown of commercial cleaning costs from The Answer Residential and Commercial Cleaning, and how these types of spaces affect overall cleaning cost:
Standard, 1,000-square-foot doctor's office: $105, including three bathrooms, eight rooms, a receptionist desk, waiting room, hallway and front windows—vacuum, sweep and mop for all. Three hours at $35 per hour.
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According to LNK Cleaning Company ( http://www.servicelincoln.com/ ), cleaning rates of $30–$35 per worker per hour represent an average range. Companies that charge by the hour may provide a free cost estimate based on a walkthrough and the number of hours they think it could take to clean a space. This cost estimate can vary after the job is complete, and the time it takes to clean the same space may vary from cleaning to cleaning, affecting office cleaning prices.
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Is Your Business Getting a Fair Cleaning Quote?
Janitorial services revenue in the U.S reached $61 billion in 2018. Most of this revenue is generated by commercial enterprises such as schools, healthcare establishments, offices, churches and more.
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First, you need to understand that average commercial cleaning prices vary greatly. There are many factors that affect cleaning rates. Read on to find out what those factors are and what a fair quote looks like.
Size of Location
The number one factor that affects the commercial cleaning prices you can expect is the size of your building.
Many times companies base their cleaning cost per square foot. Or if they base it on an hourly rate, larger buildings will obviously take more time than small office spaces.
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The office cleaning rates per hour you get will also depend on how long it will take to clean your space.
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The Number of Windows, Bathrooms, and Kitchens
Commercial cleaning rates also take into account the number of bathrooms, kitchens, and windows at your site.
These features are time-consuming to clean compared to hallways, offices and waiting rooms.
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The Number of Cleaning Tasks
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Other Factors That Affect Commercial Cleaning Services Rates
There are a few other factors that have an impact on the cost of your cleaning rates. Some of them are things you have no control over.
If you live in a large urban metropolis, there is bound to be a lot of competition for cleaning companies.
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Cost of Living in Your Area
The cost of living in your area will also impact your commercial cleaning rates. The higher the cost of living in your city, the more you will get charged.
That's just part of the price of living in certain parts of the country.
Do You Provide Your Own Cleaning Supplies?
Most commercial cleaning companies bring their own cleaning supplies. They build the cost of these materials into their office cleaning rates per hour or square footage.
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Is Your Cleaning Quote Fair?
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Make sure you always get a commercial cleaning quote in writing. Most companies will send someone to inspect your space before giving you a quote. That way the quote is reasonable for the space and amount of work needed.
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You may want to ask about environmentally friendly product use and if you need to sign a contract.
Of course, it's vital to make sure that the cleaning company you hire is licensed and bonded. Make sure to get proof before you use their services.
Commercial Cleaning Services Rates
As there are so many variables, it's hard to list an average price for commercial cleaning.
But these prices will give you a ballpark idea.
If you are paying hourly, you can expect to pay between $20 and $30 an hour for commercial cleaning.
If your service provider charges by square footage, you can expect to pay between 5 and 55 cents per square foot. Generally the larger the office, the lower the cost per square foot.
Most cleaning companies charge separately for extra tasks such as waxing floors and stain removal on carpets.
Medical or health care facilities require specialized cleaning and are usually at the higher end of the price range.
Because commercial cleaning services provide help for a wide variety of property types—offices, restaurants, retail locations, medical facilities, schools, churches and more—the average price for commercial cleaning companies is highly variable. In addition, some customers hire professional cleaners for a one-time service, and others use a cleaning service multiple times a week on an ongoing basis. Let's look at the factors that affect commercial cleaning costs.
What's in this cost guide?
Pros will help clean small storefronts or offices under 1,000 square feet, up to massive warehouse spaces or larger offices over 10,000 square feet. The bigger the space to be cleaned, the higher the cost; cleaning a 10,000-square foot office will take more time, cleaning supplies and a larger cleaning crew than cleaning a small office.
We recommend:
OUR SISTER COMPANIES in EDINBURG MISSION MCALLEN TEXAS 78541 for all your business and household needs:
RGV Household Services
SERVICES: Hauling, Trash Removal, Commercial Residential Cleaning, Junk Removal, Moving, Handyman, Lawn Care, House Cleaning, Home Cleaning, Apartment Cleaning Services, Housekeeping Services, Maids, Deep Home Cleaner, Cleaning Lady
WEB: www.rgvhouseholdservices.com
RGV Janitorial Services:
SERVICES: Office Cleaning, House Cleaning, Building Cleaning, Janitorial Services, Post Construction Cleaning, Maids Service, Move In Out Deep Cleaning, Floor Cleaning, Carpet Cleaning, deep house cleaning
WEB: www.rgvjanitorialservices.com
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(956) 587-9628
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Post Construction Cleaning
Raymondville's Trusted Construction Cleaning Company
RGV Janitorial Services is a new development and new construction cleaning company
Raymondville is home to much new development, construction, and remodeling projects. Every year, new apartment and condo buildings, hotels, homes, offices, and commercial properties are being built. As any developer, architectural firm, or construction company will tell you, new development projects are messy. There's a long way to go between a building being physically complete, and actually being ready for business operations.
RGV Janitorial Services is Raymondville's leader in new development cleaning services. Our professional cleaning teams are uniquely equipped to handle large and complex cleaning projects for new buildings, offices, and commercial properties.
Tackling a major new development cleaning project isn't a simple task that any maid service can complete. It requires experience in managing large projects, a team of cleaners that can operate efficiently as a unit, and industrial cleaning supplies that are suitable for large cleaning projects.
"We scheduled our initial cleaning after a kitchen remodel, which left dust and debris everywhere! RGV Janitorial Services crew did an amazing job. They worked non-stop and thoroughly cleaned everything around the house and left it spotless. I heartily appreciate their willingness to meet my specific needs that day. If you are looking for cleaning companies in Raymondville, go for RGV Janitorial Services!"
Leading Raymondville in New Development Cleaning Experience
RGV Janitorial Services has more than 26 years of experience in large construction cleaning projects. Our expert cleaners and management team have successfully cleaned and organized projects including new hotel launches, new apartment building constructions, and new industrial and commercial property development. Some of the largest and most complex cleaning tasks in Raymondville have been planned and implemented by our professional team of construction cleaners.
Our goal in handling your cleanup project is to work efficiently and effectively, saving you time and money and meeting your deadlines. We understand that as a developer, architect, or builder, you have limited time and many projects to manage. At RGV Janitorial Services, we have the experience needed to handle your entire cleaning project. We will not waste your management time with inexperienced staff or poor planning. We handle all aspects of the cleaning project, including developing a plan, managing our cleaning team, and preparing everything needed to launch your project successfully.
Get Started on Your Construction Cleaning Project Today
Our experienced management team will provide you with a free on-site estimate, including a brief overview of a cleaning plan and timeframe. Our team is available on short notice, 6 days per week, on weekends, holidays, and evenings. Our new development cleaning services are available everywhere in Raymondville TX.
To get started with a free estimate, please contact us today.
COMMERCIAL CLEANING PROFESSIONALS FOR Raymondville TX
A clean and comfortable workplace is key to morale, productivity, and impressing customers. Give your workplace a higher grade of clean by turning to the commercial cleaning experts at RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX. With RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX on the job, your workplace will receive the detailed, high-quality cleanings it needs to tackle your business's biggest cleaning challenges.
SPOTLESS AUTOMOTIVE DEALERSHIP CLEANING CONTRACTORS IN Raymondville
Your commitment to exceeding customer's expectations is what helps your dealership stand out from your competitors. Our commitment to exceeding customers' expectations is what will help make your dealership shine.
At RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville, we pride ourselves on being a cleaning contractor that automotive dealerships rely on for exceptional customer service and spotless cleaning results. We have extensive experience in every facet of dealership cleaning. From streak-free windows to specialized floor care and service bays to showrooms, our professional cleaning contractors are committed to going the extra mile to leave every inch of your Raymondville-area automotive dealership shining.
BANK CLEANING SERVICES IN Raymondville TX
When you run a bank or a financial center, you're not just selling your services – you're also selling an image of security and trust. With RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX's bank cleaning services, you ensure your bank's image is one that inspires confidence; letting your customers know they're in safe hands.
We Offer Specialized Bank Cleaning Services. RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of RaymondvilleTX fully bonded and insured; guaranteeing your peace of mind. We are also one of the few cleaning providers who specifically train our staff in the unique requirements of bank cleaning services. Your bank or financial center will receive its cleaning services from a team of experts: cleaners trained in your institution's needs and in the security protocols that keep your facility safe.
We're Raymondville`s Disinfection Leaders. RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX relies on the patented EnviroShield® system for disinfection. This system is one of the most advanced in the world. EnviroShield not only kills germs on contact, but it also wraps surfaces in a bacteria-fighting shield. Perfect for hard-to-reach spaces, the EnviroShield system is also EPA-tested and has been rated at the safest possible level for human and environmental safety.
We're Invested in Your Security. Part of our specialized bank cleaning service program is ensuring our employees are aware of bank security protocols. With RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX, your cleaning team will be easily identifiable at all times. We wear prominent uniforms, easy-to-spot name tags, and stay in contact with your staff the entire time we're on site.
We're Committed to a Healthier Planet. Whether it's using gentler chemicals, keeping an eye on eco-friendly tech, or training our staff in safer cleaning methods, we're proud of our efforts to keep our world green, clean, and healthy.
We Deliver Cleaner Flooring. RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX provides specialty floor cleaning alongside our bank cleaning services. We tackle everything – from tile to marble, to carpets, and more. No matter what materials you use for your institution's flooring, we'll deliver the experts you need to get your floors looking good-as-new.
We're a Guaranteed Asset. RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX guarantees the quality of cleanings we provide. Not only do we make rigorous, regular inspections of our own work, we also promise that any and all service shortcoming will be addressed within 24 hours or less. If not, we provide free clean to your facility.
OFFICE CLEANING SERVICES BY RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES OF Raymondville TX
A clean and hygienic workplace helps your team stay comfortable, happy, and productive. No one enjoys working in a grimy or germy office, never mind the impression it leaves on potential clients. With office cleaning services from RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX, we take care of everything – from disinfection, to specialty floor care, to OSHA regulations. When you rely on RGV JANITORIAL SERVICES of Raymondville TX, our office cleaning services team has your team covered.
A clean and organized office premises leave an everlasting impression on clients, co-workers and business partners. In order to ensure proper cleaning services within the office premises, many offices hire people to maintain cleanliness in every hook and nook of the official buildings. Despite investing money on cleaning services, many offices fail to have quality cleaning services. The reason might be their negligence while selecting the best Raymondville commercial cleaning crew to do the job for you.
Cleaning the office premises is a careful task and not everyone can perform it properly and efficiently. In order to have a clean atmosphere in the official building, many people hire commercial janitorial services from the cleaning company. Such kind of service is carried out by experienced men and women (janitors) who clean the office premises in the least possible time. Nowadays, many companies have come up to provide cleaning and maintenance services for residential and official buildings. As well as small businesses, retail and hospitals or medical facilities. Commercial cleaning companies like WGE Services is the number one cleaning services and are experts in professional cleaning and assure regular maintenance at affordable rates.
If you are looking for best cleaning and maintenance services, be sure that the services you need are provide at reasonable rates. You might find some companies which provide services like window cleaning, floor matting maintenance, hard floor surface care, floor stripping and refinishing, waste removal, restroom sanitation, carpet cleaning, recycling services and many more.
Furthermore, you might find some commercial cleaning companies which specialize in providing regular scheduled maid services. Besides taking cleaning services for your office, you can also think about hiring maids to make your residence hygienic and ordering paper supplies. Many companies provide green cleaning services that involve using environment-friendly cleaning products and hence, ensure hygiene in the office, hospital or school and its surroundings.
Your decision to hire green cleaning services will help you to experience germ-free atmosphere both in the office and home. In order to have the best cleaning hygienic services in your town, you can consider searching those companies which have online presence. In this age of technology, Internet has become a popular medium for promotion of products/services in the global market and as such, you might find some companies operating their own websites. By browsing a number of authentic websites on commercial cleaning services and janitorial services, you will be able to compare the these services offered by different companies and can make the best choice as per your needs and budget.
A clean environment helps to lead a healthy life. WGE Services are the experts.


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Air filters are an important part of vehicle maintenance. What many people don't realize is you actually have two filters; one for your engine and a cabin filter to filter the air coming into your car. Both of them function the same way but have entirely different purposes. They are often neglected, particularly the cabin filter, and yours may need to be changed right now. This guide, provided by Double C Service Center in Seymour, highlights the importance of filters, symptoms of an overused one, and how to maintain them.
Engine Air Filter
This filter does exactly what its name suggests; it filters air going into the engine. Therefore, a clogged filter is also a choke point for your engine. Dirty filters impede the flow of air, which is one of the fundamental aspects of how well your engine runs. A slight reduction in airflow will make your car run inefficiently, wasting gas and causing carbon build-up which can damage or block up other systems. Severely dirty filters will cause more of the aforementioned, on top of hard starting, poor acceleration, stuttering or hesitation, your engine dying randomly, or a slew of other potential issues. It also forces your engine to work harder and can be harmful to expensive sensors like your Mass Air Flow sensor. Every vehicle has a different schedule for how often the air filter needs to be changed, just refer to your owner's manual. Keep in mind the environment you drive in, as that also affects how frequently your filter needs maintenance; dirt roads or high pollen areas will soil an air filter much more rapidly, for example. If you think your filter needs to be changed, know it needs to be changed, or don't remember the last time it was replaced, it's a good idea to ask one of our technicians to check it out next time you come by for an oil change or other maintenance.
Cabin Air Filter
The cabin air filter cleans the air entering your car, typically when the air conditioner is on. Your owner's manual details how often you should have it changed, but it never hurts to take a look at it. Typically, it is located behind the glove box and accessed from inside the car. One major sign of a clogged cabin air filter is an AC that doesn't blow as cold as it used to. Often, people think they are experiencing a major problem with their AC and forget completely about the cabin filter. Since it's not typically inspected during routine maintenance, like an engine air filter is, it tends to get overlooked altogether. If your AC isn't blowing as cold as it should, you definitely want to have this filter examined before taking any further action. If you have no idea when it was replaced last, you may want to have it changed as well...it's possible your AC could be working much better.
While there are reusable air filters on the market, typically a filter is simply replaced with a new one once they become dirty. It's a quick and inexpensive process on almost all vehicles. Next time you come in for a repair or scheduled maintenance, ask us to check your air filters. Our technicians will know right away if it's time for a replacement. If you are having AC or engine problems similar to those described above, or any other issues you would like to have looked at, contact us at Double C Service Center or drop by anytime!
Thank you for visiting Double C Service Center in Seymour, TX. Count on our automotive repair technicians to keep your car, truck, suv, or van on the roads longer and safer.
Schedule your appointment today BOOK NOW | CALL: (940) 888-3466


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Jessica Simpson Reveals She Was Sexually Abused as a Child
Jessica Simpson revealed that she was sexually abused as a child.
The 39-year-old businesswoman, who details her past struggles in her upcoming memoir, Open Book, shared with People that she was "killing" herself with alcohol and pills because of her past trauma.
The alleged abuse began when Simpson was six years old, when she shared a bed with a family friend's daughter.
"It would start with tickling my back and then go into things that were extremely uncomfortable," she recalls in an excerpt from the book.
At twelve years old, Simpson finally told her parents about the abuse while they were on a road trip.
"I told you something was happening," Simpson's mother, Tina, told her father, Joe. "Dad kept his eye[s] on the road and said nothing," Simpson writes in the memoir. "We never stayed at my parents' friend's house again but we also didn't talk about what I had said."
After struggling for years, Simpson got sober in November 2017 after she revealed her addictions to alcohol and pills with friends while at a Halloween party. She has since been going to therapy twice a week.
"Giving up the alcohol was easy," Simpson shared with the publication. "I was mad at that bottle. At how it allowed me to stay complacent and numb." She added that therapy was the hardest part for her, which allowed her to feel her past trauma.
"When I finally said I needed help, it was like I was that little girl that found her calling again in life," she explained. "I found direction and that was to walk straight ahead with no fear."
Open Book also includes an audio book version and six previously unreleased songs. "It's been a long hard deep emotional journey," she told the outlet. "One that I've come through the other side with pure happiness and fulfillment and acceptance of myself. I've used my pain and turned it into something that can be beautiful and hopefully inspiring to people."
Open Book is available February 4.


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By Ayren Jackson-Cannady
Deep lines around your mouth (also called nasolabial folds) become more visible as we age. That's because the ligaments around the mouth and chin loosen, allowing fatty tissue in cheeks to sag.
"If you look at your mom, dad, or older sibling and they have them, there is a great chance you will also develop them," says Elie Levine, MD, a New York plastic surgeon. "Secondary factors that can lead to deep puppet lines include loss of collagen and elastin (the building blocks of the skin), weight fluctuations, smoking, and sun exposure." Before you vow to never smile again, try one of these doctor-recommended treatment options.
Preventing Deep Lines in Your 30s and Early 40s
You may be a candidate for a filler like Juvederm or Restylane. These hyaluronic acid treatments last 12 to 18 months. The fillers push up and support the folds that create deep lines.
Preventing Deep Lines in Your Mid-40s and 50s
Botox prevents or slows the development of deeper lines. Its active ingredient, botulinum toxin, relaxes small muscles around the mouth that help create frowns, Levine says. Fewer frowns equal fewer frown lines.
When You Have Lines in Your 60s and Beyond
You may see results from a face or neck lift to tighten loose skin. Laser techniques that treat fine lines and tighten skin are also a great option.
What You Can Do at Home
The best at-home treatment is prevention. That means protecting your skin from the sun and eating lots of antioxidant-rich foods such as berries, broccoli, and carrots. This helps keep the collagen and elastin below the surface of your skin strong.
It's also important to maintain your weight -- significant weight shifts can contribute to lines around your mouth, Levine says. Of course, you should also avoid smoking, since chemicals in smoke can destroy collagen and elastin.
Using a retinol or retinoid cream can help, too. "Retinol slowly thickens the deeper layers of the skin, while thinning out the superficial layers," says Levine. "This softens fine marionette lines, making the skin look more youthful."


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You want to travel fast and comfortably in a private jet? Worldwide and at competitive prices? You can now charter a private aircraft via a simple app! JetApp is innovative, flexible and reliable – and we are available 24/7.
In a globalist world, efficient travel is the key to success and traveling in luxury is a privilege. As professional private jet brokers, we combine the two. Anyone, who needs to attend meetings around the world – for business or pleasure – needs flexibility and planning reliability. JetApp literally puts all control squarely in your hands.
A quick one way flight from Paris to Nice, a sightseeing flight from Geneva across the majestic Swiss Alps, or a multi-city trip from London via Amsterdam to Moscow: We get you to the right place at the right time. For business or pleasure: Time is money – and your time is precious. JetApp gets you where you want to go on the fastest route – while you relax.
Due to their low weight class and compact size, private jets can fly to small airfields that are subject to strict geographic or construction-related restrictions. You can set off on your charter flight whenever you want from an airfield nearby, and land much closer to your destination than with commercial flights. Enjoy privacy, comfort and utmost security on board – and reduce wait times to a minimum from arrival to take-off. Say good-bye to annoying queuing and hectic. Your private jet won't take off without you, even if you are late arriving at the airport. VIP service before, during and after the flight are standard if you book a JetApp private aircraft.
Short or long haul, business flights, holidays, weekend trips or a romantic get-away – last minute bookings are no problem: With JetApp, you can book various aircraft sizes and types to suit your requirements. You are flying on your own? With friends or family? With your club or your entire staff? We leave nothing to chance and make sure that you will enjoy every minute of your trip without any problems end to end.
For the request, you simply enter your travel information in the search fields. We will get back to you as soon as possible via email with the best currently available offer, including prices and options. You will generally be able to choose from various aircraft types (e.g. Cessna, Citation X, Challenger 300, etc.) for the requested route and can then book the flight directly.
The act of booking a private jet is a conscious decision in favor of exceptional and exclusive service. In order for us to ensure this service, we coordinate highly complex logistics and technical processes – individually and for each jet flight. Only then can we ensure a memorable experience for you.
Our work not only requires the use of excellent resources, but also an all-round high level of expertise – especially when it comes to calculations – to ensure that you will enjoy the very best product and service quality. After all: our main objective is to make you feel comfortable and completely at ease t the time of your departure, during your flight and when you arrive at your destination. You can always rest assured that booking a private flight with JetApp will get you where you want to go in complete comfort.
Please click the following link regarding costs to get detailed information about the individual items included in private jet flights. There you will find an itemized overview of all cost elements.
In the DACH region (Germany, Austria and Switzerland) and in any European countries like Italy, France, Spain or Great Britain – the same principles apply around the world: We leave nothing to chance – especially when it comes to security. All private aircraft booked via JetApp comply with all guidelines and highest quality standards. We work exclusively with licensed carriers and pilots with many years of experience.
A private jet from London Biggin to Malaga? From Jersey to Ibiza? From Guernsey to Tenerife? Or from London Farnborough to Amsterdam? Or from Manchester to Nice? Not a problem with JetApp. With us, you can take off and land virtually anywhere you like.
Chartering flights via JetApp means that you benefit from highest safety standards, excellent comfort and the highest possible reliability on business, as well as private trips. JetApp's key features are its 100 percent flexibility, complete professionalism in every detail and it is always just a swipe away on your mobile device. We are looking forward to receiving your flight inquiry!


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BALTIMORE (AP) — The parents of a toddler who died after consuming methadone have been charged with manslaughter.
Baltimore police announced in a news release Wednesday that Alvin Thompson and Sinead McNair, both 25, were arrested and charged Tuesday. Online court documents show that they also face child abuse, neglect and reckless endangerment charges.
Police say officers responded to the University of Maryland Medical Center's pediatrics unit on Aug. 13 for a report of a child who was brought in unconscious. Police say 2-year-old Korri Thompson was revived and transferred to intensive care, where she died on Aug. 24. Police say homicide detectives determined through their investigation that the girl had ingested methadone, which caused her system to fail.
Thompson is being held without bail and McNair is being held on $250,000 bail.
The post Police: Girl dies after consuming methadone, parents charged appeared first on WTOP.


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WALNUT CREEK/BERKELEY, Calif.—From the North Pole to the Arctic Ocean, the frozen soils within this region keep an estimated 1,672 billion metric tons of carbon out of the Earth's atmosphere. This sequestered carbon is more than 250 times the amount of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the United States in the year 2009. As global temperatures slowly rise, however, so too do concerns regarding the potential impacts upon the carbon cycle when the permafrost thaws and releases the carbon that has been trapped for eons. Like so many of the planet's critical environmental processes, the smallest players—microbes—have the most significant influence over the eventual outcome.
To answer this question, researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), the Earth Sciences Division (ESD) within Berkeley Lab, and the U.S. Geological Survey collaborated to understand how the microbes found in permafrost respond to their warming environment. Among the findings, published online November 6 in the journal Nature, is the draft genome of a novel microbe that produces methane, a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. This microbe, not yet named, lives in the permafrost, and was assembled out of the collection of genomes—the metagenome—isolated from the frigid soil. The assembly challenge is similar to building one complete jigsaw puzzle from a large collection of pieces from many different puzzles.
"The permafrost is poised to become a major source of greenhouse gases as the temperature in the Arctic is expected to increase dramatically compared to the expected temperature increase in many other regions of the world," said ESD's Janet Jansson, corresponding author and initiator of the study (first supported by a grant to her from DOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development funds). "By applying metagenomics to study microbial community composition and function, we can help to answer questions about how the currently uncultivated and unstudied microbial species residing in permafrost cycle organic carbon and release greenhouse gases during thaw," Jansson said. "This will provide valuable information that could lead to improved carbon cycle models and eventual mitigation strategies."
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in 2009 fossil fuel combustion accounted for 5.2 billion metric tons of the nation's carbon dioxide emissions, a tiny fraction (about 3/10 of 1 percent) of the carbon dioxide trapped in the Arctic permafrost. Understanding the microbial processes in the frozen soils and the impacts of microbial activity on carbon dioxide processes, has been a project of study co-author and USGS researcher Mark Waldrop, whose 2010 Community Sequencing Program project, another with the DOE JGI (in collaboration with Jansson), focuses on comparing the short-term microbial response of the thawing permafrost to the longer-term processes.
Waldrop cored meter-deep permafrost samples from a peaty black spruce forest along Hess Creek, Alaska. Each sample was then divided to distinguish between the seasonally thawed "active" layer, which comprised the top third of the core, and the permanently frozen "permafrost" horizon underneath. The samples were incubated during thaw at 5°C and then sent to the Jansson lab for DNA extraction and analyses At the DOE JGI, the team led by Director Eddy Rubin and his postdoctoral fellow Rachel Mackelprang, (now at California State University-Northridge) sequenced microbial DNA from the samples. "These microbial communities are extremely diverse," said Mackelprang. "A single gram of soil may contain thousands of different bacterial species and billions of cells. Additionally, most of these microbes cannot be grown in the laboratory, making this an extremely difficult area to study." The data were then analyzed in collaboration with Jansson and her team at ESD, including Kristen DeAngelis, Maude David, and Krystle Chavarria.
At DOE JGI, Mackelprang and her colleagues generated nearly 40 billion bases of raw DNA sequence, necessary due to the high microbial diversity of the soil. They identified several microbes that produced methane as a byproduct, and were able to assemble a draft genome of a novel methanogen. "This is the first example of a successful assembly of a draft genome from a highly complex soil metagenome," the authors wrote. "The abundance of this novel methanogen suggests that it may be an important player in methane production under frozen conditions." Additionally, the genomic data revealed that the microbe had genes for nitrogen fixation, making this study also the first to describe a potentially nitrogen-fixing methanogen in permafrost soil.
The researchers identified many genes involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling in the metagenomic data, and found that their levels of abundance shifted in response to their thawing habitat. "These detailed analyses reveal for the first time the rapid and dynamic response of permafrost microbial communities to thaw," they concluded. "The thaw-induced shifts that we detected directly support conceptual models of carbon and nitrogen cycling in arctic soils, in which microbes play a central role in greenhouse gas emissions and destabilization of stored permafrost carbon."
The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, supported by the DOE Office of Science, is committed to advancing genomics in support of DOE missions related to clean energy generation and environmental characterization and cleanup. DOE JGI, headquartered in Walnut Creek, Calif., provides integrated high-throughput sequencing and computational analysis that enable systems-based scientific approaches to these challenges. Follow DOE JGI on Twitter.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory addresses the world's most urgent scientific challenges by advancing sustainable energy, protecting human health, creating new materials, and revealing the origin and fate of the universe. Founded in 1931, Berkeley Lab's scientific expertise has been recognized with 13 Nobel prizes. The University of California manages Berkeley Lab for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. For more, visit www.lbl.gov.


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The Tribunal was established in 1992 as an institution of the treaty establishing the Southern Africa Development Community's (SADC) and was sworn in November 2005. By Article 4 of that treaty, SADC and its member states are obliged to act in accordance with the principles of human rights, democracy and the rule of law. This is the basis of the SADC Tribunal's interpretation of its own role. The Tribunal's seat is Windhoek, Namibia.
In the period of actual existence, from 2005 until 2012, the court had jurisdiction over disputes between SADC member states – as well as on disputes between legal or natural persons and member states. However, in order for a person to bring a case before the court, all internal legal remedies of the member state concerned had to be exhausted.
In this period, it was possible for individuals to bring a case against another person under Community law directly to the Tribunal if the other party so agreed. Persons were able to sue the Community over the legality, interpretation or application of Community law. From 2005 to 2012 no state, but twelve individuals had approached the court.
The Tribunal's first verdict at the end of 2008 was already a landmark case. Zimbabwe had enforced a highly controversial land redistribution policy in the early 1990s. The Tribunal decided that the government's seizure of land owned by white farmers was indirect or "de facto" discrimination and therefore unconstitutional – and that the plaintiffs were entitled to compensation (Mike Campbell (Pvt) Ltd and Others v Republic of Zimbabwe).
Only a month after a similar ruling in 2010 (Louis Karel Fick & Others v Republic of Zimbabwe) a SADC summit was held, which then ordered to "review of the role, responsibilities and terms of reference of the SADC Tribunal". Since 2012, the Tribunal's role has been reduced to jurisdiction over disputes between SADC member states, which deprives the Tribunals powers to a great extent and makes complaints by citizens against their governments impossible. This is the first time globally that an international instrument for individual complaints against human rights violations has been abolished.
Last change: 08.03.13 - 15:49


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Digital Potentiometers are three-terminal devices, two fixed end terminals and one wiper terminal which are used to vary resistance.
A digital potentiometer also known as a digipot, is similar to a standard analogue potentiometer, which is a variable type resistor except the digital potentiometer has an IC (integrated circuit) that can take a signal input rather. Potentiometers physically change the resistance value whereas digital potentiometers modify the resistance value via digital inputs rather than a rotary wheel or a slider.
Digital potentiometers would be beneficial where environmental factors would impact a mechanical potentiometer in areas where there is vibration, dust, moisture or grease as digital potentiometers are encapsulated they offer better protection, they are also less vulnerable to vibration Digital potentiometers are used to calibrate system tolerances or control system parameters.
Digital potentiometers can be operated in a closed control loop and don't need physical access to be adjusted. . They offer better stability and reliability and as digital will offer additional functionality, some even have on - chip memory


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The first Reform temple opened its doors more than 200 years ago in the town of Seesen, Germany. At the inaugural ceremony on July 17, 1810, a parade of rabbis, Christian ministers, and political dignitaries passed under a chiming bell-tower and entered the sanctuary, while an adult choir, accompanied by a pipe organ, sang hymns in German and Hebrew. The businessman and philanthropist who had founded this temple, Mr. Israel Jacobson (1768-1828), delivered the sermon while draped in a black clerical robe. Standing behind a pulpit at the front of the sanctuary, the man who had also established an egalitarian, religiously pluralistic boarding school for 40 Jewish and 20 Christian children told the august assembly: "On all sides enlightenment opens up new areas for religious development. Why should we Jews be left behind?"
Jacobson's call struck a responsive chord. In the decades that followed, Reform Judaism spread through Europe and then to North America.
Reform Judaism has now surpassed its 200th anniversary. Looking back, I believe it is possible to identify three stages through which our Movement has evolved and to see the beginnings of a fourth. These stages pivot on a common theme: how our predecessors confronted two opposing tendencies in their search to feel a sense of belonging within the general culture. The universalist tendency stressed the common values and behaviors they shared with their non-Jewish neighbors. The particularist tendency stressed the more introspective features of Jewish identity that made them unique among the peoples of the world. The interplay between these two factors underlies each stage of our Movement's evolution.
Stage One: Emancipation to the Creation of the Jewish State
Even before the Seesen synagogue set Reform Judaism in motion, Jews had entered modernity. Decades earlier, Napoleon had thrown open the doors of medieval ghettos. As Jews freely mingled with fellow Europeans, they were exposed to the cosmopolitan bustle of cities, the sophistication of theaters and opera houses, the rational inquiry of universities.
Eager to participate and demonstrate to their neighbors what loyal and productive citizens they could be, many Jews decided to jettison kashrut and other traditional laws and practices which prohibited them from eating at the homes of their gentile friends or attending social gatherings at cafés. They were embarrassed, too, should neighbors accustomed to the decorum of the Protestant or Catholic church visit the synagogue and witness a spectacle of men wrapped in strange prayer shawls noisily davening a repetitive liturgy while children tore up and down the aisles.
Determined to bring Jewish life into the modern age, the early German-Jewish reformers of the mid-19th century emphasized the universalist ethical teachings of biblical prophets. They no longer viewed ritual observance as ordained by God and inviolate, but as a means to reinforce the prophetic ideals of justice, freedom, and peace.
In synagogue worship, they began to pray in unison and introduced a professional choir and organ to render their hymns. The rabbi led services covered in ministerial robes as bareheaded worshipers listened in solemn silence. Later in the century, when Reform Judaism spread to North America, the main Shabbat service shifted to Friday night, allowing Jews to pursue their occupations on Saturdays, in concert with many of their gentile compatriots.
Thus, in this first stage of Reform Judaism's development-a period of adaptation to the wider gentile community-Reform Jews abandoned codes of diet, dress, and ritual practices which set them apart from fellow citizens.
These changes in Jewish practice were accompanied by a new theology, which also led to amendments to Reform prayer books. Traditionally, Jews had prayed for the coming of the Messiah, who would usher in a universal age of peace, resurrect the dead, and lead all Jews back to the restored Kingdom of Israel, where the Temple would be rebuilt and sacrifices once again offered upon its altars. The early reformers changed the focus of this national restoration to what they called the "Mission of Israel": the Jews' historic task to bring social justice to the world from within the lands where they lived. Now that the Jews of Europe or America had finally become prosperous, they had little desire to leave their "new homeland" for an uncivilized, swamp-ridden land halfway around the globe. They taught instead that "the Messianic Age," rather than the Messiah, would come to all enlightened nations-and, better still, it was just around the corner.
Reform Jews were now able to express their particularism on their own terms and to connect with growing numbers of like-minded compatriots. The adaptations to modern culture, however, entailed sacrificing a Jewish identity that had defined the Jewish people for generations. When freed from the yoke of halachah (religious law), Judaism was recast from an all-encompassing way of life to simply a religion. Just as Christians worshiped in a church, Jews worshiped in a synagogue, but in all other respects Jews were just as European or American as their non-Jewish neighbors next door.
This optimistic, universalist attitude was severely shaken by the Holocaust. In the 1930s and '40s Jews came to the grim realization that, despite their having blended into the general culture, they were still regarded as other. As a result, the Reform pendulum swung away from universalism toward particularism. Reform Jews began to reconsider their opposition to Zionism, the movement calling for the creation of a Jewish state. Reform support for Zionism-which the Central Conference of American Rabbis had endorsed in the Columbus Platform of 1937 by only a single vote-continued to gain momentum in the post-Holocaust years.
When the State of Israel was born in 1948, Reform Jews worldwide celebrated its creation and rejoiced in its achievements. Still, for the first two decades of Israel's existence, the Jewish State was a world away from the daily life of Reform Jews in Manhattan or Montreal. It would take an extraordinary event to bring Israel closer to home.
Stage Two: The Six-Day War to Saving Soviet Jewry
In the 1960s, ethnic pride was on the rise throughout North America. African-Americans were asserting a proud identity with the slogan "Black is beautiful." In Canada, French-Canadian nationalism gained momentum as the Québecois sought to become "maîtres chez nous" ("masters in our own house," promoting French language and culture). Then, suddenly, Israel's lightning victory in the Six-Day War of June 1967 sparked a similar pride among Jews. The muscular, confident sabra erased the lingering stereotype of the spineless ghetto Jew. Hebrew school students learned Israeli pop songs along with the traditional z'mirot (songs). People who had never affiliated with the Jewish community suddenly joined synagogues and Jewish community centers. Jewish students flocked to newly-established Jewish studies courses on university campuses. Jewish summer camps flourished. Young adults began sporting colorful knit kipot and/or chai pendants. Jewish charitable organizations received record contributions. In short, Reform's second stage was characterized by a rebirth of particularism manifested in a pride in Jewish peoplehood. Belonging to the Jewish people enhanced one's personal ethnic identity.
At the same time, Jews participated actively in universal causes of social action. North American Jewish youth joined the Civil Rights Movement at home and protested against the war in Indo-China. Many of the same activists, aroused by the mitzvah to redeem captives, organized campaigns to free their fellow Jews in the Soviet Union, and later in Ethiopia. Jews were now comfortable enough in their own skin to take the universal ideal of freedom and advocate it for their own people.
In the religious sphere, Jewish ethnicity sparked a trend "back to tradition." The Jewish Catalog, which taught its readers how to tie their own tzitzit and write a scroll for a homemade mezuzah, became a bestseller. Both children and adults were receiving a higher quality Jewish education because of the increasing professionalism of the field. As congregants became more ritually sophisticated, many Reform synagogues included more Hebrew in services.
It felt good to be Jewish-and to share one's Jewish pride with others.
Stage Three: Innovation and Interfaith
By the 1980s, Jews were interacting confidently as equals with their non-Jewish friends, while at the same time spending more time and energy in Jewish pursuits. In this and other ways, Reform's third stage manifested a complementary interplay between both universalism and particularism, like two weights swaying on a scale and eventually finding equilibrium.
On the universalist side of the scale, Reform congregations sought to share common principles with their neighbors by becoming increasingly active in interfaith dialogue. Jewish and Christian clergy exchanged pulpits and congregants arranged visits to each other's houses of worship. People of many faiths worked side by side in soup kitchens and food banks, and supported aid projects overseas. The feminist revolution brought more women onto the bimah as rabbis and cantors, and as lay leaders around the temple board table.
On the particularist side, Reform Jews brought fresh creativity to ritual. Recognizing the growing diversity of their membership, they widened the circle of belonging by introducing new lifecycle events, including brit (covenantal naming) ceremonies for newborn girls, rituals for adopting children, and Mi Shebeirach blessings for healing. As new definitions of family developed, Reform synagogues opened their arms to single parents as well as gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered Jews. To accommodate those who were not born Jewish or had not been educated in Jewish tradition, experimental prayer books in the 1980s added transliteration to the Hebrew liturgy.
To address the increasing number of Reform Jews who married outside the faith, in the late 1970s the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now Union for Reform Judaism) launched an ambitious and successful Outreach program. Interfaith families were welcomed to join Reform congregations and non-Jewish spouses were encouraged to consider taking courses on conversion. If the female partner decided not to choose Judaism, the 1983 CCAR resolution on Patrilineal Descent acknowledged Jewish identity through the father when the child was Judaically educated and identified as a Jew.
Musically, cantorial solos were gradually replaced with new songs everyone could sing, many of them infused with a distinctly North American motif. Debbie Friedman's "Not By Might" became an anthem for youth, and songs by the Kol B'Seder duo Cantor Jeff Klepper and Rabbi Daniel Freelander such as " Shalom Rav" spread to synagogues and camps throughout the continent. This new music strengthened the sense of belonging to the Reform Movement: worshiping at your temple or far away from home, you could sing the same melodies.
As services became more accessible, congregants began to explore inner, spiritual quests. More time was devoted to silent prayer. New services incorporated Eastern meditation techniques; others focused upon text study as a form of prayer. In this third stage, Judaism not only clothed Reform Jews with a distinct ethnic identity; it also became more personally meaningful for many.
By the 1990s, the Reform Movement was becoming increasingly aware that the trend toward individualism posed a threat to the institution of the synagogue. Many young Jews seemed to be saying: "My religion teaches values that are essentially no different from those held by the majority of my fellow citizens; and if the most important of those values is to live an ethical life, then why do I need the rest of the baggage? Why be different? Wouldn't it be easier to assimilate? This would give me a much wider choice for a future marriage partner. Besides, now that Judaism can be an individual choice as well as a communal one, I can still express my ethnic Jewish identity without it becoming a barrier in my relationships. By choosing Judaism for myself-and which aspects of it I wish to practice-while at the same time allowing my partner to make his or her own choices, I can have it all!"
Stage Four: A Paradoxical State
Reform Jews are in a paradoxical state today. On the one hand, most of the barriers that kept us from "fitting in" and "being like everyone else" have come down; on the other, our ancestral roots still nourish us and we want to preserve our differences. Our sense of belonging is becoming simultaneously wider and narrower.
Our expression of universalism now embraces the entire world, for global culture has become increasingly homogenized: people from Toronto to Tokyo drink Coca Cola, listen to the same musicians, wear identical brand-name clothes, and engage in instant technology-driven communication.
At the same time, our understanding of particularism has shrunk from peoplehood to self. Two hundred years ago, one's personal identity was essentially defined through one or two primary groups to which one belonged-usually country and religion. Today, identity is more fractionalized and complex, determined by such factors as country, language, gender, profession, socioeconomic status-and religion. Each of these components make up our identity like pieces of a pie.
For many, identifying the Jewish piece of that pie or its importance among the other components has become increasingly difficult. What is the binding agent that connects us to the Jewish people? Our personal theological beliefs are far more divergent now than in stage one, and therefore connect us less strongly with Reform (or any branch of) Judaism. Our ethnic ties still draw us together, but nowadays ethnicity lacks the impetus it did in the second stage-perhaps, in part, because today's synagogues have many more members who were not born into Judaism and cannot share the commonalities of cultural heritage. Loyalty to the Reform Movement may be waning among younger generations of Jews, who tend to dislike labels and prefer more fluid lifestyles. They may seek out the Jewish community to fulfill current needs, such as a lifecycle ceremony or the education of their children, rather than regarding synagogue membership as a lifetime commitment.
Even the State of Israel no longer confers the sense of belonging it once did. We no longer respond instinctively to the "crisis mentality"-that either Israel is in danger and we must save her, or that Diaspora Jewry is vulnerable and only Israel can save us. Instead, our relationship with Israel has become more nuanced, as we have come to understand that the Israeli government-just like our own-sometimes makes unwise decisions, and that we Diaspora Jews, who hold a variety of perspectives about such policies, are free, even duty-bound, to express them.
How Reform Jews confront the paradoxical nature of universalism and particularism will determine the character of the Reform Jewish future.
To infuse Jews with a sense of belonging in this fourth stage, our Movement will need to develop a more flexible type of community. Even as we draw sustenance from members who make a lifelong commitment, it is incumbent upon us to also provide something of value for those just passing through. Nor can we wait for everyone to come to us; we also have to meet Jews wherever they happen to gather-restaurants, living rooms, internet chat rooms. And we have to make better creative use of electronic media for communication and online study.
At the same time, if Reform Judaism is to survive in this fourth stage, we will have to go somewhat against the stream in a society in which the only constant is change, by creating a community that stands for something timeless. As in the previous stages, our message is twofold. The universalist Mission of Israel teaches that our lives have meaning beyond the immediate present, beyond the aims and ambitions that we assign to ourselves. It reminds us that we must settle for nothing less than tikkun olam -repair of the world-in our continuous quest to bring justice, peace, freedom, and enlightenment to the world. The particularist side of the coin is that the Jewish people has a unique contribution to make in this effort. Our uniqueness derives from a blend of ethical, spiritual, educational, and cultural elements-a blend that is different for each individual, but can be shared with fellow Jews in community.
Adapting to new conditions while maintaining ancient traditions is part and parcel of the Jewish historical experience. In the Mishnah, at the end of Tractate Berakhot, the rabbis quote Psalm 119:126: "It is time to act for Adonai; they have nullified Your Torah." While most of the rabbis interpret this to mean that Jewish tradition must be preserved despite trends toward apostasy or assimilation, Rabbi Natan offers a different interpretation. He reverses the two parts of the verse: "Nullify Your Torah" because "it is time to act for Adonai."
In Rabbi Natan's view, one way to preserve tradition is to transform it. This is precisely what Reform Judaism, at its best, has been doing at every stage for the past 200 years.


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By David R Mole
Volcanic eruptions are as old as the planet itself. They inspire awe, curiosity and fear and demonstrate the dynamic internal activity of the Earth. However, the impact of modern volcanoes pales in comparison to those that graced our planet millions (even billions) of years ago.
These include "supervolcanoes", volcanic eruptions a thousand times more powerful than the 1980 eruption of Mt St Helens; and large igneous provinces (LIPs), which consist of rapid outpourings of more than one million cubic kilometres of basaltic lava, such as the Siberian Traps in Russia.
In a paper published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, my colleagues and I set out to find how the hottest and rarest type of volcanoes – the ancient komatiites – were formed.
Knowing how and why komatiites are concentrated in specific belts could help discover new ore deposits, potentially worth billions of dollars.
Komatiite lava flows date back around 1.8 to 3.4 billion years and formed when Earth's mantle (the layer between the crust and the outer core) was much hotter.
They erupted at temperatures exceeding 1,600C and produced hose-like fire fountains and lava flows that travelled at more than 40km/h as bluish-white, turbulent lava rivers.
These crystallised to form some of the world's most spectacular igneous rocks – as well as a number of giant nickel deposits, found mainly in Western Australia and Canada.
Komatiites have been studied for more than 60 years and are fundamental in developing our knowledge of the thermal and chemical evolution of the planet, but until recently we didn't understand why they formed where they did.
So how are komatiites formed?
Komatiites are found in ancient pieces of crust, or cratons, preserved from the Archean Eon (2.5 to 3.8 billion years ago). These cratons contain greenstone belts – preserved belts of volcanic and sedimentary material that often contain deposits of precious metals.
Many cratons exist worldwide. One of the largest is Western Australia's Yilgarn Craton, which hosts most of the gold and nickel mined in Australia. This craton has only a few specific belts that contain major komatiite flows.
Previous research shows that komatiites were formed from mantle plumes – upwelling pipes of hot material that stretch from the outer core to the base of the crust.
Around 2.7 billion years ago in a huge global event referred to as a "mantle turnover", multiple mantle plumes formed, and one hit the base of the early Australian continent – the Yilgarn Craton, forming some of the hottest lavas ever erupted on Earth.
When plumes first hit the base of the lithosphere – the 50-250km-thick rigid outer shell of the Earth – they spread out into discs of hot material more than 1,000km in diameter.
Today there is evidence of this in places such as the huge Deccan basalts that cover much of India.
Despite this spread, komatiite belts are sparse and only found in certain areas. One of our research goals was to find out why.
Mapping the early Australian continent
We used specific isotopes of the element hafnium to determine the age of the crust that formed the granites (the material which makes up the cratons) and if it had a mantle or a crustal source.
Mapping out the isotopic compositions of the granites revealed a jigsaw pattern in the crust, and regions where the granites formed by melting pre-existing, much older crustal rocks.
It also showed younger areas where the crust was newly created from sources in the deeper mantle.
By collecting samples of Archean granites from all over the Yilgarn Craton, we were able to map the changing shape of the Archean continent through time.
When we compared the nature and shape of the continent with the location of the major komatiite events, we found a remarkable correlation. The maps showed that the major komatiite belts and their ore deposits were located at the edge of the older continental regions.
This is due to the shape at the base of the ancient Australian continent. As the plume rises, it impacts the older, thick lithosphere first.
As a result the plume cannot generate much magma so it flows upwards along the base of the lithosphere into the shallower, younger areas. Here huge volumes of magma are generated at the boundary between the old, thick and young, thin areas of the lithosphere, so komatiites and their nickel deposits are located at the margins of Earth's early continents.
Some research questions remain. The origin of the continents imaged in our study and the tectonic system that formed them is still unknown.
What our work shows is that continent growth significantly affects the location, style and type of later volcanism, as well as the location of major ore deposit areas.
We hope that this work will help unravel the volcanic history of other ancient geological terranes, as well as aid in the search for mineral deposits in relatively unexplored cratons such as those in West Africa and central Asia.
This project was funded by Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Grants LP0776780 and LP100100647 with BHP Billiton Nickel West, Norilsk Nickel, St Barbara, and the Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA). The Lu-Hf analytical data were obtained using instrumentation funded by Department of Education Science and Training (DEST) Systemic Infrastructure grants, ARC Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment and Facilities (LIEF), National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), industry partners, and Macquarie University. The U-Pb zircon geochronology was performed on the sensitive high resolution ion microprobes at the John de Laeter Centre of Mass Spectrometry (Curtin University).
This article was originally published on The Conversation.
Read the original article.


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ZTW Seal 120A High Voltage Marine ESC, OPTO version, no built-in BEC unit. Overview We all know that that boaters crave for more power than cars and airplanes and ZTW has come up with a whole new way to put the power to the water – The new SEAL line water-cooling brushless speed controls for marine applications.
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