text:
The John F. Kennedy assassination: Four unanswered questions
| Washington
Forty-seven years ago today President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. It was an event of only a few seconds, but it was a hinge of history, something of such political and cultural importance that at dusk on Nov. 22, 1963, America was a different country than it had been at sunrise.
Sheer shock was part of it. Almost everyone past preschool age at the time can say where they were when they heard the news, as today a new generation will always remember what they were doing on Sept. 11, 2001.
Given its importance, the Kennedy assassination over the generations has been a subject of unending fascination to historians, filmmakers, novelists, conspiracy theorists, and ordinary citizens alike. Notable works range from director Oliver Stone's "JFK," a dense, purposely chaotic take that depicts the assassination as the work of a conspiracy, to attorney Vincent Bugliosi's 2007 book "Reclaiming History," a massive book of over 2,000 pages that attempts not just to refute conspiracy theorists, but to mock them, so that no one will take them seriously again.
Dissatisfaction with the report of the Warren Commission, the group appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination, has helped keep debate about the killing alive. (The Warren Commission was named after its chairman, Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, and began its work only days after the event.) The Warren Commission conclusion was that a single gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, killed John F. Kennedy, and wounded Texas Gov. John Connally, who was seated directly in front of JFK in an open limousine wending its way through the streets of Dallas.
Many Americans have never accepted the idea that a single man who seemed confused and adrift could carry out an act that wreaked such havoc on the US psyche. A 2003 Gallup poll found that three-quarters of Americans think Mr. Oswald did not act alone. They were split as to who else was guilty, however. A plurality of respondents to the poll, 37 percent, thought the Mafia to blame. In second place was the CIA, the choice of 34 percent of respondents.
That such attitudes have persisted may be due to unanswered questions about the assassination – or, perhaps more properly, questions which may be impossible to answer definitively, given the available evidence. Some of the most well-known of these include:
Were JFK and Connally wounded by a single bullet?
The Warren Commission concluded that JFK, in the back of the limo, and Governor Connally, in the front, were both struck by the same copper-jacketed 6.5mm rifle bullet. This shot hit Kennedy in the back, traveled through his body, and then struck Connally's chest and wrist, according to the commission. It was found on a gurney at Parkland Memorial Hospital.
Many conspiracy theorists say this could not have happened, because the bullet would have had to swerve in mid-air to cause the damage ascribed to it by the Warren report. A second shooter from a different angle had to be involved, according to Warren's critics.
In addition, JFK and Connally were hit at almost the same instant, according to evidence from the famous Zapruder film of the event. Oswald could not have fired fast enough to hit them with two shots. If the single "magic" bullet did not do the damage, a second shooter must have done it, some experts on the assassination say.
Defenders of the single bullet theory point out that it appears from photographic evidence that Connally was not sitting directly in front of JFK. He was positioned to the inside of the car, and Kennedy was nearer the door, meaning the bullet did not in fact have to swerve in mid-air.
Was JFK's coat bunched up over his shoulders?
This question is related to the single bullet question, above. JFK's suit coat had a hole in it about 5 inches below the collar. Many conspiracy theorists argue that this is too low for Oswald to have caused, given the bullet's subsequent path, as Oswald was shooting from the heights of the Texas Book Depository.
However, other investigators, such as Marquette University political science professor John McAdams, have argued that photographic evidence indicates that JFK's suit coat was bunched up around his neck, allowing the geometry to work in this case.
Was there a second gunman on the grassy knoll?
The famous grassy knoll of the JFK assassination is a small, sloping hill inside Dealey Plaza, the small park the president's limo was passing when Oswald fired. Many have theorized it would have been a perfect place to hide a second gunman.
In 1979, the US House Select Committee on Assassinations issued a report concluding that Kennedy was killed by a conspiracy, although members ruled out the involvement of Cuba, the Soviet Union, and the Mafia in the crime. They based their conclusion in part on the evidence of a Dictabelt recording of the event. This recording, judged panel members, indicates that there were four shots, not three, as the Warren Commission concluded – and that one of these shots came from the area of the grassy knoll.
Since then the Dictabelt evidence, which is alleged to be the recording of a police radio positioned along JFK's route, has been the subject of great debate. Some scientists have concluded that the "fourth shot" is in fact just static. Others have pointed out that the faint crosstalk on the recording appears to indicate that it was made before JFK entered the Dealey Plaza area.
Are the Oswald backyard photographs authentic?
Some of the most famous evidence linking Lee Harvey Oswald to the JFK assassination is a series of photographs of Mr. Oswald taken in his backyard in which he holds up Marxist newspapers and a Carcano rifle – a rifle whose markings match those on the Carcano rifle found in the Texas Book Depository after the killing.
Interrogated before he, in turn, was shot by nightclub owner Jack Ruby, Oswald insisted the photos were fake. But Oswald's estranged wife Marina testified that she had taken them. The House Select Committee subjected them to extensive analysis and concluded they were genuine.
That has not stopped some conspiracy theorists from pointing to Oswald's denial, and saying he was right.


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Author: JC Valentine
Genre: New Adult Romance
Release Date: July 8, 2014
Hosted by: Book Enthusiast Promotions
History brought them together. Circumstances may them apart.
Alyson Blake's past left her with scars. Scars that she tried to fix the only way she knew how—by helping others. But actions have consequences, and Alyson is about to find out that being naïve is no excuse.
Fighting is Jamison Weston's passion. Alyson is his obsession. Despite the past and a few lingering concerns, their relationship is as solid as ever. Until a shocking lie is uncovered and all of his plans begin to unravel. Now, Jami is rushing to pick up the pieces, but as relationships are put to the test, will he be strong enough to keep it together, or will it all just fall apart?
Meet the Author:
Best selling author J.C. Valentine is the alter-ego of Brandi Salazar, whose enjoyment of tales of romance spurred her to branch out and create her own.
She lives in the Northwest with her husband, their wild children, and far too many pets. As a university student, she studies literature, which goes well with her dream of becoming an editor. Brandi entertains a number of hobbies including reading and photography, but her first love is writing fiction-in all its forms.
Tonight, as Alyson left the locker room with her gym bag hitched over her shoulder, she came to a sudden stop, the breath sucked from her lungs.
"What is all this?" she breathed, noting the soft amber glow of flickering candles creating a path leading to the boxing ring at the far end of the room where Jami stood waiting. He was dressed in crisp black slacks, a black tie, and a white button up, holding a single red rose at his side. His hair was damp from a recent shower, and the smile he wore was heart-stopping.
Following the given path, she stepped carefully over the crimson rose petals, reaching out to take Jami's hand so he could pull her into the ring.
"This," he said, exchanging her gym bag for the rose, "is me attempting to romance you."
B&N: http://www.barnesandnoble.com/c/j.c.-valentine
Kobo- http://store.kobobooks.com/en-US/ebook/knockout-15
ARe- https://www.allromanceebooks.com/product-knockout-1440966-344.html
Smashwords: https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/425087
iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/knockout/id853938217?mt=11

subset: commoncrawl


text:
RFC6583: Operational Neighbor Discovery Problems
Download in PDF format Download in text formatInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF) I. Gashinsky Request for Comments: 6583 Yahoo! Category: Informational J. Jaeggli ISSN: 2070-1721 Zynga W. Kumari Google, Inc. March 2012 Operational Neighbor Discovery Problems Abstract In IPv4, subnets are generally small, made just large enough to cover the actual number of machines on the subnet. In contrast, the default IPv6 subnet size is a /64, a number so large it covers trillions of addresses, the overwhelming number of which will be unassigned. Consequently, simplistic implementations of Neighbor Discovery (ND) can be vulnerable to deliberate or accidental denial of service (DoS), whereby they attempt to perform address resolution for large numbers of unassigned addresses. Such denial-of-service attacks can be launched intentionally (by an attacker) or result from legitimate operational tools or accident conditions. As a result of these vulnerabilities, new devices may not be able to "join" a network, it may be impossible to establish new IPv6 flows, and existing IPv6 transported flows may be interrupted. This document describes the potential for DoS in detail and suggests possible implementation improvements as well as operational mitigation techniques that can, in some cases, be used to protect against or at least alleviate the impact of such attacks. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6583. Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 1] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................3 1.1. Applicability ..............................................3 2. The Problem .....................................................3 3. Terminology .....................................................4 4. Background ......................................................5 5. Neighbor Discovery Overview .....................................6 6. Operational Mitigation Options ..................................7 6.1. Filtering of Unused Address Space ..........................7 6.2. Minimal Subnet Sizing ......................................7 6.3. Routing Mitigation .........................................8 6.4. Tuning of the NDP Queue Rate Limit .........................8 7. Recommendations for Implementors ................................8 7.1. Prioritize NDP Activities ..................................9 7.2. Queue Tuning ..............................................10 8. Security Considerations ........................................11 9. Acknowledgements ...............................................11 10. References ....................................................11 10.1. Normative References .....................................11 10.2. Informative References ...................................11 Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 2] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 1. Introduction This document describes implementation issues with IPv6's Neighbor Discovery protocol that can result in vulnerabilities when a network is scanned, either by an intruder or through the use of scanning tools that perform network inventory, security audits, etc. (e.g., "nmap"). This document describes the problem in detail, suggests possible implementation improvements, as well as operational mitigation techniques, that can, in some cases, protect against such attacks. The RFCs generally describe the behavior of protocols, that is, "what" is to be done by a protocol, but not exactly "how" it is to be implemented. The exact details of how best to implement a protocol will depend on the overall hardware and software architecture of a particular device. The actual "how" decisions are (correctly) left in the hands of implementors, so long as implementation differences will generally produce proper on-the-wire behavior. While reading this document, it is important to keep in mind that discussions of how things have been implemented beyond basic compliance with the specification is not within the scope of the Neighbor Discovery RFCs. 1.1. Applicability This document is primarily intended for operators of IPV6 networks and implementors of [RFC4861]. The document provides some operational considerations as well as recommendations to increase the resilience of the Neighbor Discovery protocol. 2. The Problem In IPv4, subnets are generally small, made just large enough to cover the actual number of machines on the subnet. For example, an IPv4 /20 contains only 4096 address. In contrast, the default IPv6 subnet size is a /64, a number so large it covers literally billions of billions of addresses, the overwhelming majority of which will be unassigned. Consequently, simplistic implementations of Neighbor Discovery may fail to perform as desired when they perform address resolution of large numbers of unassigned addresses. Such failures can be triggered either intentionally by an attacker launching a denial-of-service attack (DoS) [RFC4732] to exploit this vulnerability or unintentionally due to the use of legitimate operational tools that scan networks for inventory and other Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 3] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 purposes. As a result of these failures, new devices may not be able to "join" a network, it may be impossible to establish new IPv6 flows, and existing IPv6 transport flows may be interrupted. Network scans attempt to find and probe devices on a network. Typically, scans are performed on a range of target addresses, or all the addresses on a particular subnet. When such probes are directed via a router, and the target addresses are on a directly attached network, the router will attempt to perform address resolution on a large number of destinations (i.e., some fraction of the 2^64 addresses on the subnet). The router's process of testing for the (non)existence of neighbors can induce a denial-of-service condition, where the number of necessary Neighbor Discovery requests overwhelms the implementation's capacity to process them, exhausts available memory and replaces existing in-use mappings with incomplete entries that will never be completed. A directed DoS attack may seek to intentionally create similar conditions to those created unintentionally by a network scan. The resulting network disruption may impact existing traffic, and devices that join the network may find that address resolution attempts fail. The DoS as a consequence of network scanning was previously described in [RFC5157]. In order to mitigate risk associated with this DoS threat, some router implementations have taken steps to rate-limit the processing rate of Neighbor Solicitations (NS). While these mitigations do help, they do not fully address the issue and may introduce their own set of issues to the Neighbor Discovery process. 3. Terminology Address Resolution: Address resolution is the process through which a node determines the link-layer address of a neighbor given only its IP address. In IPv6, address resolution is performed as part of Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861], Section 7.2. Forwarding Plane: The part of a router responsible for forwarding packets. In higher-end routers, the forwarding plane is typically implemented in specialized hardware optimized for performance. Steps in the forwarding process include determining the correct outgoing interface for a packet, decrementing its Time To Live (TTL), verifying and updating the checksum, placing the correct link-layer header on the packet, and forwarding it. Control Plane: The part of the router implementation that maintains the data structures that determine where packets should be forwarded. The control plane is typically implemented as a "slower" software process running on a general purpose processor and is responsible for such functions as communicating network Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 4] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 status changes via routing protocols, maintaining the forwarding table, performing management, and resolving the correct link-layer address for adjacent neighbors. The control plane "controls" the forwarding plane by programming it with the information needed for packet forwarding. Neighbor Cache: As described in [RFC4861], the data structure that holds the cache of (amongst other things) IP address to link-layer address mappings for connected nodes. As the information in the Neighbor Cache is needed by the forwarding plane every time it forwards a packet, it is usually implemented in an Application- specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Neighbor Discovery Process: The Neighbor Discovery Process (NDP) is that part of the control plane that implements the Neighbor Discovery protocol. NDP is responsible for performing address resolution and maintaining the Neighbor Cache. When forwarding packets, the forwarding plane accesses entries within the Neighbor Cache. When the forwarding plane processes a packet for which the corresponding Neighbor Cache Entry (NCE) is missing or incomplete, it notifies NDP to take appropriate action (typically via a shared queue). NDP picks up requests from the shared queue and performs any necessary discovery action. In many implementations, the NDP is also responsible for responding to router solicitation messages, Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD), etc. 4. Background Modern router architectures separate the forwarding of packets (forwarding plane) from the decisions needed to decide where the packets should go (control plane). In order to deal with the high number of packets per second, the forwarding plane is generally implemented in hardware and is highly optimized for the task of forwarding packets. In contrast, the NDP control plane is mostly implemented in software processes running on a general purpose processor. When a router needs to forward an IP packet, the forwarding plane logic performs the longest match lookup to determine where to send the packet and what outgoing interface to use. To deliver the packet to an adjacent node, the forwarding plane encapsulates the packet in a link-layer frame (which contains a header with the link-layer destination address). The forwarding plane logic checks the Neighbor Cache to see if it already has a suitable link-layer destination, and if not, places the request for the required information into a queue, and signals the control plane (i.e., NDP) that it needs the link- layer address resolved. Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 5] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 In order to protect NDP specifically and the control plane generally from being overwhelmed with these requests, appropriate steps must be taken. For example, the size and fill rate of the queue might be limited. NDP running in the control plane of the router dequeues requests and performs the address resolution function (by performing a neighbor solicitation and listening for a neighbor advertisement). This process is usually also responsible for other activities needed to maintain link-layer information, such as Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD). By sending appropriate packets to addresses on a given subnet, an attacker can cause the router to queue attempts to resolve so many addresses that it crowds out attempts to resolve "legitimate" addresses (and in many cases becomes unable to perform maintenance of existing entries in the Neighbor Cache, and unable to answer Neighbor Solicitation). This condition can result in the inability to resolve new neighbors and loss of reachability to neighbors with existing NCEs. During testing, it was concluded that four simultaneous nmap sessions from a low-end computer were sufficient to make a router's Neighbor Discovery process unusable; therefore, forwarding became unavailable to the destination subnets. The failure to maintain proper NDP behavior whilst under attack has been observed across multiple platforms and implementations, including the largest modern router platforms available (at the inception of work on this document). 5. Neighbor Discovery Overview When a packet arrives at (or is generated by) a router for a destination on an attached link, the router needs to determine the correct link-layer address to use in the destination field of the Layer 2 encapsulation. The router checks the Neighbor Cache for an existing Neighbor Cache Entry for the neighbor, and if none exists, invokes the address resolution portions of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] protocol to determine the link-layer address of the neighbor. [RFC4861], Section 5.2, outlines how this process works. A very high-level summary is that the device creates a new Neighbor Cache Entry for the neighbor, sets the state to INCOMPLETE, queues the packet, and initiates the actual address resolution process. The device then sends out one or more Neighbor Solicitations, and when it receives a corresponding Neighbor Advertisement, completes the Neighbor Cache Entry and sends the queued packet. Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 6] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 6. Operational Mitigation Options This section provides some feasible mitigation options that can be employed today by network operators in order to protect network availability while vendors implement more effective protection measures. It can be stated that some of these options are "kludges", and can be operationally difficult to manage. They are presented, as they represent options we currently have. It is each operator's responsibility to evaluate and understand the impact of changes to their network due to these measures. 6.1. Filtering of Unused Address Space The DoS condition is induced by making a router try to resolve addresses on the subnet at a high rate. By carefully addressing machines into a small portion of a subnet (such as the lowest numbered addresses), it is possible to filter access to addresses not in that assigned portion of address space using Access Control Lists (ACLs), or by null routing, features which are available on most existing platforms. This will prevent the attacker from making the router attempt to resolve unused addresses. For example, if there are only 50 hosts connected to an interface, you may be able to filter any address above the first 64 addresses of that subnet by null-routing the subnet carrying a more specific /122 route or by applying ACLs on the WAN link to prevent the attack traffic reaching the vulnerable device. As mentioned at the beginning of this section, it is fully understood that this is ugly (and difficult to manage); but failing other options, it may be a useful technique especially when responding to an attack. This solution requires that the hosts be statically or statefully addressed (as is often done in a datacenter), and they may not interact well with networks using [RFC4862]. 6.2. Minimal Subnet Sizing By sizing subnets to reflect the number of addresses actually in use, the problem can be avoided. For example, [RFC6164] recommends sizing the subnets for inter-router links so they only have two addresses (a /127). It is worth noting that this practice is common in IPv4 networks, in part to protect against the harmful effects of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request flooding. Subnet prefixes longer than a /64 are not able to use stateless auto- configuration [RFC4862], so this approach is not suitable for use with hosts that are not statically configured. Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 7] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 6.3. Routing Mitigation One very effective technique is to route the subnet to a discard interface (most modern router platforms can discard traffic in hardware / the forwarding plane) and then have individual hosts announce routes for their IP addresses into the network (or use some method to inject much more specific addresses into the local routing domain). For example, the network 2001:db8:1:2:3::/64 could be routed to a discard interface on "border" routers, and then individual hosts could announce 2001:db8:1:2:3::10/128, 2001:db8:1:2: 3::66/128 into the IGP. This is typically done by having the IP address bound to a virtual interface on the host (for example, the loopback interface), enabling IP forwarding on the host and having it run a routing daemon. For obvious reasons, host participation in the IGP makes many operators uncomfortable, but it can be a very powerful technique if used in a disciplined and controlled manner. One method to help address these concerns is to have the hosts participate in a different IGP (or difference instance of the same IGP) and carefully redistribute into the main IGP. 6.4. Tuning of the NDP Queue Rate Limit Many implementations provide a means to control the rate of resolution of unknown addresses. By tuning this rate, it may be possible to ameliorate the issue, as with most tuning knobs (especially those that deal with rate-limiting), the attack may be completed more quickly due to the lower threshold. By excessively lowering this rate, you may negatively impact how long the device takes to learn new addresses under normal conditions (for example, after clearing the Neighbor Cache or when the router first boots). Under attack conditions, you may be unable to resolve "legitimate" addresses sooner than if you had just left the parameter untouched. It is worth noting that this technique is worth investigating only if the device has separate queues for resolution of unknown addresses and the maintenance of existing entries. 7. Recommendations for Implementors This section provides some recommendations to implementors of IPv6 Neighbor Discovery. At a high-level, implementors should program defensively. That is, they should assume that attackers will attempt to exploit implementation weaknesses, and they should ensure that implementations are robust to various attacks. In the case of Neighbor Discovery, the following general considerations apply: Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 8] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 Manage Resources Explicitly: Resources such as processor cycles, memory, etc., are never infinite, yet with IPv6's large subnets, it is easy to cause NDP to generate large numbers of address resolution requests for nonexistent destinations. Implementations need to limit resources devoted to processing Neighbor Discovery requests in a thoughtful manner. Prioritize: Some NDP requests are more important than others. For example, when resources are limited, responding to Neighbor Solicitations for one's own address is more important than initiating address resolution requests that create new entries. Likewise, performing Neighbor Unreachability Detection, which by definition is only invoked on destinations that are actively being used, is more important than creating new entries for possibly nonexistent neighbors. 7.1. Prioritize NDP Activities Not all Neighbor Discovery activities are equally important. Specifically, requests to perform large numbers of address resolutions on non-existent Neighbor Cache Entries should not come at the expense of servicing requests related to keeping existing, in-use entries properly up to date. Thus, implementations should divide work activities into categories having different priorities. The following gives examples of different activities and their importance in rough priority order. If implemented, the operation and priority of these should be configurable by the operator. 1. It is critical to respond to Neighbor Solicitations for one's own address, especially for a router. Whether for address resolution or Neighbor Unreachability Detection, failure to respond to Neighbor Solicitations results in immediate problems. Failure to respond to NS requests that are part of NUD can cause neighbors to delete the NCE for that address and will result in follow-up NS messages using multicast. Once an entry has been flushed, existing traffic for destinations using that entry can no longer be forwarded until address resolution completes successfully. In other words, not responding to NS messages further increases the NDP load and causes ongoing communication to fail. 2. It is critical to revalidate one's own existing NCEs in need of refresh. As part of NUD, ND is required to frequently revalidate existing, in-use entries. Failure to do so can result in the entry being discarded. For in-use entries, discarding the entry will almost certainly result in a subsequent request to perform address resolution on the entry, but this time using multicast. Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 9] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 As above, once the entry has been flushed, existing traffic for destinations using that entry can no longer be forwarded until address resolution completes successfully. 3. To maintain the stability of the control plane, Neighbor Discovery activity related to traffic sourced by the router (as opposed to traffic being forwarded by the router) should be given high priority. Whenever network problems occur, debugging and making other operational changes requires being able to query and access the router. In addition, routing protocols dependent on Neighbor Discovery for connectivity may begin to react (negatively) to perceived connectivity problems, causing additional undesirable ripple effects. 4. Traffic to unknown addresses should be given lowest priority. Indeed, it may be useful to distinguish between "never seen" addresses and those that have been seen before, but that do not have a corresponding NCE. Specifically, the conceptual processing algorithm in IPv6 Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] calls for deleting NCEs under certain conditions. Rather than delete them completely, however, it might be useful to at least keep track of the fact that an entry at one time existed, in order to prioritize address resolution requests for such neighbors compared with neighbors that have never been seen before. 7.2. Queue Tuning On implementations in which requests to NDP are submitted via a single queue, router vendors should provide operators with means to control both the rate of link-layer address resolution requests placed into the queue and the size of the queue. This will allow operators to tune Neighbor Discovery for their specific environment. The ability to set, or have per-interface or per-prefix queue limits at a rate below that of the global queue limit might restrict the damage to the Neighbor Discovery processing to the network targeted by the attack. Setting those values must be a very careful balancing act -- the lower the rate of entry into the queue, the less load there will be on the ND process; however, it will take the router longer to learn legitimate destinations as a result. In a datacenter with 6,000 hosts attached to a single router, setting that value to be under 1000 would mean that resolving all of the addresses from an initial state (or something that invalidates the address cache, such as a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Topology Change Notification (TCN)) may take over 6 seconds. Similarly, the lower the size of the queue, the higher the likelihood of an attack being able to knock out legitimate traffic (but less memory utilization on the router). Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 10] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 8. Security Considerations This document outlines mitigation options that operators can use to protect themselves from denial-of-service attacks. Implementation advice to router vendors aimed at ameliorating known problems carries the risk of previously unforeseen consequences. It is not believed that these mitigation techniques or the implementation of finer- grained queuing of NDP activity create additional security risks or DoS exposure. 9. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ron Bonica, Troy Bonin, John Jason Brzozowski, Randy Bush, Vint Cerf, Tassos Chatzithomaoglou, Jason Fesler, Wes George, Erik Kline, Jared Mauch, Chris Morrow, and Suran De Silva. Special thanks to Thomas Narten and Ray Hunter for detailed review and (even more so) for providing text! Apologies for anyone we may have missed; it was not intentional. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, September 2007. [RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007. [RFC6164] Kohno, M., Nitzan, B., Bush, R., Matsuzaki, Y., Colitti, L., and T. Narten, "Using 127-Bit IPv6 Prefixes on Inter- Router Links", RFC 6164, April 2011. 10.2. Informative References [RFC4732] Handley, M., Rescorla, E., and IAB, "Internet Denial-of- Service Considerations", RFC 4732, December 2006. [RFC5157] Chown, T., "IPv6 Implications for Network Scanning", RFC 5157, March 2008. Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 11] RFC 6583 Operational ND Problems March 2012 Authors' Addresses Igor Gashinsky Yahoo! 45 W 18th St New York, NY USA EMail: email@example.com Joel Jaeggli Zynga 111 Evelyn Sunnyvale, CA USA EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Warren Kumari Google, Inc. 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain View, CA USA EMail: email@example.com Gashinsky, et al. Informational [Page 12]


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The thrushes are a large family of songbirds found worldwide. The eight species found regularly in Washington have a diet that varies seasonally between insects and other invertebrates in the summer, and berries in the winter. Most are short-distance migrants, but some migrate to the tropics. Many of the thrushes forage primarily on the ground. The thrushes are known for their beautiful, flute-like songs, and are considered some of the best songsters in Washington.
Species Found In Washington
- Northern WheatearOenanthe oenanthe
- Western BluebirdSialia mexicana
- Mountain BluebirdSialia currucoides
- Townsend's SolitaireMyadestes townsendi
- VeeryCatharus fuscescens
- Gray-cheeked ThrushCatharus minimus
- Swainson's ThrushCatharus ustulatus
- Hermit ThrushCatharus guttatus
- Dusky ThrushTurdus naumanni
- RedwingTurdus iliacus
- American RobinTurdus migratorius
- Varied ThrushIxoreus naevius


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Graff: First Amendment Doesnt Apply to Junk Food Marketing to Kids
Every year food and soft drink marketers spend billions of dollars tempting children with junk, fueling an obesity crisis that's already reached epidemic proportions.
Why aren't policymakers stepping in to help protect our kids? In part because food and media companies are successfully using the First Amendment as a shield.
But new research paves the way for government to take action to protect children from junk food marketing, building a strong case to establish that much of this advertising falls outside the scope of First Amendment protection.
The controversy over whether government has the right to regulate food marketing to kids came to a head last summer, after a group of federal agencies proposed a set of voluntary recommendations suggesting how food companies could market to kids more responsibly. Food, entertainment and advertising lobbyists launched a massive campaign to derail the recommendations, arguing that the First Amendment protects industry from any government action involving food marketing to children.
A coalition of legal scholars stepped in to point out that because companies would be free to ignore the recommendations, no one's First Amendment rights were at stake. Still, industry has succeeded in stalling, if not quashing, the proposed guidelines.
For the first 200 years of our country's history, the First Amendment had nothing to do with advertising. It wasn't until about 35 years ago that the Supreme Court expanded the concept of free speech to apply to advertising, recognizing that the unimpeded flow of commercial information is important for our market economy.
But the court made it clear that false and "inherently misleading" advertising does not qualify for First Amendment protection. In two research articles published this month, I joined with leading scientists on this issue to line the evidence up against the law.
A substantial body of research on children's cognitive development shows that any advertising targeted at children under 12 is by definition inherently misleading. In an article released Feb. 8 in "Health Affairs," I joined colleagues to look at the three levels of understanding it takes to comprehend advertising: distinguishing advertising from other media content; recognizing the selling intent of advertising messages and recognizing that the selling intent leads to inherent bias in advertising. Children generally don't master all three levels of understanding until they're 11 or 12 years old because, even if they can identify an ad and its selling intent, they don't have the critical thinking capacity to grasp the embellishment in marketing messages.
There is no plausible way to advertise to a young child without being misleading. So the government should be able to set limits on all advertising directed primarily at children under 12 — or, if it chooses, to restrict a subcategory (such as junk food advertising) that is particularly harmful to children — without violating the First Amendment.
Food marketing to adolescents raises similar concerns. For an article in this month's issue of the "American Journal of Public Health," my co-author and I show how food marketers exploit many of the vulnerabilities inherent in adolescence. Marketers now frequently disguise promotions as video games and other entertainment; track young people online and through cell phones; follow conversations on Facebook and Twitter; and collect personal data to tempt youth with junk food promotions.
Psychological research consistently shows that adolescents are much more vulnerable than adults to advertising messages because the part of the brain that directs impulse control and maturity of judgment does not fully develop until adulthood. And these high-tech marketing tactics are specifically designed to trigger subconscious, emotional behavior such as mindless snacking and the surrender of personal data.
To be sure, parents bear responsibility for teaching their kids healthy habits. But what parent, no matter how well-intentioned, can compete with aggressive and sophisticated multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns? Kids are bombarded all day long with ads countering the messages their parents try to impart.
And while food companies have pledged — with great fanfare — to scale back unhealthy food marketing to kids, studies show these efforts have been woefully inadequate. For instance, on Nickelodeon, the most popular children's TV station, ads for foods of poor nutritional quality went down from about nine in 10 of all food ads (in 2005, before self-regulation) to eight in 10 (in 2009, after the self-regulation initiative was implemented).
Federal policymakers are legally free to pursue a range of strategies to help protect children and teens from dangerously deceptive marketing, as long as the regulations are tailored to the appropriate age group. They could bar online junk food "advergames" aimed at children and teens. They could cap the number of junk food ads on children's TV. They could limit the use of product placement in programming and licensed characters in ads directed to children.
It's only politics, not law, that's standing in the way.
Samantha Graff is director of legal research at Public Health Law & Policy.


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Wonder Woman is here to save the world, and, possibly the future of Warner Bros. DC Comics universe.
New footage featuring actress Gal Gadot's lasso-wielding superhero stole the show Wednesday night at CinemaCon, which also featured some peeks at "Aquaman" and "Justice League." It also marked Ben Affleck's first public appearance since acknowledging he'd recently completed rehab for alcohol addiction.
The "Batman" star didn't say anything, but just stood alongside his "Justice League" director Zack Snyder and co-stars Henry Cavill, Jason Momoa and Ezra Miller.
But it was Wonder Woman's show, even though Gadot wasn't in Las Vegas. The sepia-soaked extended clips highlighted the World War I espionage thrills as Diana/Wonder Woman adjusts to life with mortals.
Co-star Chris Pine, who plays an American soldier, said the Patty Jenkins-directed film had a "Casablanca" feel.
Even the new "Justice League" footage spotlighted Gadot's Wonder Woman as she breaks into Affleck's supposedly secured bat cave with ease and informs the caped crusader that they would need to assemble to defeat a threat.
"Wonder Woman" hits theaters June 2 and "Justice League" bows Nov. 17.


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Following on the success of last year's SoundLink Bluetooth Mobile Speaker II, Bose did the next logical thing. Go small. Coming in at a svelte 1.5 pounds, the SoundLink Mini, while diminutive, manages to belt out some of the best sounding audio we've ever heard from a device this size.
From a design perspective there's not much we didn't like about the SoundLink Mini. Made entirely of brushed aluminum the diminutive speaker manages to straddle the fence between retro and modern.
While other manufacturers are opting for crazy colors the SoundLink Mini would look cool in pretty much any environment. Additionally, being made almost entirely of aluminum the SoundLink Mini feels relatively heavy. While "heavy" is usually somet hing we eschew in a portable device, in the case of the SoundLink Mini it makes the speaker feel nice and solid.
We easily paired the SoundLink Mini to several devices including an HTC One, Samsung Ativ S, an iPhone 5 and the Nokia Lumia 1020. The SoundLink Mini is designed to remember connections to up to six devices, so once we paired a device, we had no problem making a connection later.
The controls o n the SoundLink Mini are super simple. The controls are all on the top and are rubberized. There you'll find the volume up and down buttons, the power button as well as the mute button and two more for Bluetooth and an auxiliary button for use with devices that don't boast Bluetooth support.
According to Bose, the speaker boasts a range of about 30 feet as well an auxiliary port that lets you connect non-Bluetooth devices. In our tests we were able to maintain a connection to the speaker when we left the audio source in a house and walked outside. Of course, the downside to this is that you won't be able to control the music. So while this "works" we don't really see the point.
We played a variety of music and everything from R&B and hip hop, replete with all of the deep bass th at you'd expect, to acoustic music from the likes of Ray LaMontagne and Damien Rice, all sounded crisp and clear. Kudos aside however, when it comes to audio performance you can never really get past simple physics. While the SoundLink Mini is able to get plenty loud the fact remains that while the mids and highs were excellent, achieving truly amazing bass requires that you move a lot of air, and while Bose has done a good job of that considering the size of the device, it can't compete with larger speakers.
The SoundLink Mini sports a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and, according to Bose, users can expect up to seven of hours of continuous play. In our tests we had no problem achieving this kind of battery life.
Bose offers two charging methods with the SoundLink Mini. There's a stylis h charging cradle that's great for when you're at home. If you're on the go, a wall charger that plugs into the charging cradle can also plug into the speaker itself. The thing is, the current trend with truly portable Bluetooth speakers is their ability to be charged via a MicroUSB port. The great thing about this is that nearly every phone, save the iPhone, uses MicroUSB so in the case of the SoundLink Mini you'll have yet another charging solution to carry around. On the plus side the SoundLink Mini can be fully charged in around three hours.
With the SoundLink Mini, Bose created a very stylish piece of gear. The guts are encased in a single piece of aluminum and while this looks and feels great, we worry about scratches. To that end, Bose is offering a plethora of protection options for the S oundLink Mini including a variety of soft covers that come in several covers as well as a nifty carrying case. Expect to pay around $ 25 for the soft covers and $ 45 for the carrying case.
We liked
Boasting excellent sound quality and a beautiful design, there wasn't much we didn't like about the SoundLink Mini. Add to that Bose pedigree, seven solid hours of music playback and anyone who picks this speaker up will no doubt be pleased with their purchase.
We disliked
There isn't much to dislike about the SoundLink Mini. Its major drawback is its size. Because of how small it is, don't expect the kind of bass response you would from a larger speaker. That said, it's still far superior to the Beats Pill or even the BoomBot Rex we reviewed earlier. Additionally, the brushed aluminum while great to look at is susceptible to scratches and s crapes. We highly recommended dropping an extra $ 25 for one of the soft cases.
If there's one thing Bose is known for it's quality audio products. And to that end the SoundLink Mini Bluetooth speaker upholds that tradition. Sure the Bluetooth portable speaker scene is crowded with the likes of Jambox, Monster and Beats, but anyone who's interested in portable audio would be remiss to not give the SoundLink Mini Bluetooth speaker a serious listen.


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Edmmond Studios
The Mens Edmmond Studios Collective LS T-Shirt in White. Please choose 'Buy Now' above for more Edmmond Tee information, or to select a size at BOMBINATE.
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Shop official Edmmond Studio 's products and discover the best Edmmond T Shirts and provisions; surf clothing, motorcycle accessories, designer homewares, outdoor adventure gear reviews, sale or UK outlet at SEIKK Magazine // The Mens Lifestyle Destination.
Product code: 4032202050595814
Established in Madrid in 2014, Edmmond Studios is a fashion and lifestyle clothing brand. Signature Edmmond clothes include their duck hunt t shirts, sweatshirts or caps as well as classic jackets and mens knitwear. The design ethos of Edmmond Studio 's is inspired by the worlds of surf and motorcycling.
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Spring opening soft textured PU pouch with comic strip design. The perfect accompaniment to our readers, blue blockers and sunglasses.
Squeeze the top of the pouch to open. It springs shut once you let go.
* Our pouches are made to fit London Mole. They will fit some other brands of narrow glasses, but please check before purchasing as our pouches are quite compact.
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Student Spotlight: Nathan Roberts – Enabling the Internet of Things
Instead of a battery, the chip Nathan is engineering uses two solar cells that look like they belong on a calculator.
Nathan Roberts
5th year PhD candidate
Specialty: Ultra-low-power receivers
Advisor: Prof. David Wentzloff
Recent Honor: Best Paper Award
After graduating from the University of San Diego with his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, Nathan Roberts landed a good job at a semiconductor firm in Oregon, bought a house – and then a boat. He gave it all up to return to graduate school, and is now a PhD candidate conducting research in one of technology's hottest new fields – ultra-low-power circuits for the Internet of Things (IoT).
IoT refers to the technological state in which all of the objects that constitute our world, from the thermostats in our homes to the roads we drive on, become an interconnected network of shared information and control.
It is estimated that 50 billion devices will constitute the IoT by 2020. "That's a lot of batteries," Nathan said. "We are working from the circuits side to lower the power devices need to run."
Instead of a battery, the chip Nathan is engineering uses two solar cells that look like they belong on a calculator. "It's not all that impressive to look at, but the technology that went into this chip is really exciting," Nathan said. "A Bluetooth chip requires more than 30mW to communicate, whereas our chip can communicate at 120nW."
The first generation of this chip, which earned Nathan a Best Paper Award at the 2012 IEEE Subthreshold Microelectronics Conference, was a simple wake-up radio that toggled on when it detected a signal. The problem was, since the chip was programmed to detect any energy, it could potentially wake up at odd times, such when someone nearby started microwaving popcorn.
He solved that problem by programming the chip to "wake up" only when it sensed a specific 15 bit pulsed code. The chip is now in its third iteration and capable of scanning up to four different pulsed codes.
Nathan is a member of Prof. David Wentzloff's research group. Last summer he interned at a startup company co-founded by Prof. Wentzloff calledPsiKick, which is developing next-generation ultra-low-power wireless sensing devices for the IoT. Examples of these devices include MEMS radios and sensors for wearable devices that will be capable of EKG and hydration monitoring, and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that will power devices from body heat alone.
Nathan may not get to do as much snowboarding and boating as he once did in Oregon, but he doesn't seem to mind. "My work and hobbies are now very similar," said Nathan. "When you like what you do it's not that hard to focus on one thing. I'm just a techy type guy."
The resources available at U-M blow him away. "I came from industry," said Nathan, "and this lab is better equipped than what we had. Also, much of the equipment is identical to what I worked on in my last job."
He appreciates the environment here as well, saying, "I've never felt it was my peers' goal to beat me. Despite the natural competition to excel, there are always nice people around who are willing to work with you. I also really like how smart people are here. It's motivating to try to do something good to prove yourself."
Nathan is getting close to graduating, and will have many career options open to him. One thing he's certain of is he wants to make an impact.
"Batteries don't get better at the speed that circuits do," said Nathan. "I think there is a market for my research. People don't want to charge their gizmos every day. If we can enable, instead of a day, maybe a year or two years or even ten years, then this thing can take off exponentially."


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WASHINGTON (AP) — The peanut industry executive whose filthy processing plants were blamed in a salmonella outbreak two years ago that killed nine people and sickened hundreds more is back in the business.
Stewart Parnell, former president of the now-bankrupt Peanut Corp. of America, is working as a consultant to peanut companies as the federal government's criminal investigation against him has languished for more than 18 months, The Associated Press has learned.
Parnell, who invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid testifying before Congress in February 2009, once directed employees to "turn them loose" after samples of peanuts had tested positive for salmonella and then were cleared in a second test, according to e-mails uncovered at the time by congressional investigators.
In an interview with the AP, Parnell expressed exasperation and said he wants the pending criminal investigation resolved — one way or another.
"They just say we're still investigating," Parnell said. "I feel like I wish they'd come on and do what they're going to do. I'd like to get this behind me."
Parnell also said he has been directed by his lawyers not to discuss his case with family members of the nine people who died in the salmonella outbreak blamed on his processed peanuts.
"My lawyers will not let me say anything or I'd be in front of every one of them personally," Parnell said.
Family members of some of the victims who died say they are eager to see Parnell behind bars.
"My God, when are we going to hold anyone responsible?" said Jeff Almer, whose mother, Shirley Almer, was the first known death from the outbreak in Minnesota. "So far to this day, nothing's happened to this man. I think every person in America who was affected by this, every family who lost someone, deserves to hear the truth from this guy."
A federal judge in Virginia earlier this month approved a $12 million insurance settlement for Almer's family and more than 100 other salmonella victims.
Randy Napier's mother died in Ohio after eating peanut butter linked to Parnell's peanuts.
"He's still walking the streets almost two years later, whereas my mother is lying 6 feet under," Napier said. "It's just not fair. If the (Food and Drug Administration) does not go after Stewart Parnell, the message they are sending to the industry is don't worry about it, ship it. He should not be anywhere near the food industry."
There is nothing illegal about Parnell's return to the food industry since the FDA's criminal investigation has yet to bring any charges against him or his associates. The FDA referred questions about the case to the Justice Department, which declined to comment.
FDA inspectors found remarkably bad conditions inside Parnell's processing plant in Blakely, Ga., linked to the salmonella outbreak, including mold and roaches.
Parnell's lawyer, William Gust, says Parnell's consulting began when Lynchburg, Va.-based Peanut Corp. of America sold its peanut-making equipment after filing bankruptcy. Investors who bought the equipment asked for Parnell's advice about where to resell it, and he has advised peanut companies too, brokering equipment sales. One company he has consulted for is Citation Snack Processors in Greensboro, N.C.
Parnell said he isn't paid for the consulting, though his lawyer said he is "trying to earn a living" with the work.
"He has been in the business a long time, a lot of people know him, not withstanding the salmonella issue," Gust said. "This salmonella issue has basically destroyed his whole family."
It's unclear why the government probe has taken so long or whether it is still in the hands of the FDA or the Justice Department, which would prosecute the case. The FDA traditionally conducts investigations and then hands such cases over to Justice Department prosecutors.
Parnell's legal limbo comes amid a congressional debate over a bill that would give the FDA more power and more money to inspect food manufacturers, trace illnesses back to their source and take action against unscrupulous food manufacturers. The House passed the bill last year, but the legislation has stalled in the Senate and few measures are expected to be signed into law before the November elections.
While the agency would not comment on the case, Deputy Commissioner for Foods Michael Taylor said in a statement that the FDA is trying to use the tools it has to prevent future outbreaks.
"The peanut outbreak serves as a harsh reminder of why food safety legislation is so vital," Taylor said.


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We've all been there: we color our hair, then a few days or weeks later, we need to do it all over again. As we age, the appearance of gray hair can make our hair coloring regimen even harder. Learning the right techniques for coloring gray hair is the first step to creating a healthy, youthful look.
Gray strands can pop up at any age. However, evaluating your gray hair situation is important before coloring. If you have less then 40% gray, then you can color your hair at home. Use permanent or semi-permanent hair color without alcohol or peroxide to avoid dry, brittle, colored hair. This will result in faster fading and more frequent hair color sessions.
For ladies with curly, kinky or wavy hair and significant gray coverage, a hair stylist can offer highlights to help mask your gray hair. Whether it's a simple transformation of color where there is gray, or a glaze that makes hair look shiny and natural, both hair coloring options are effective, but hard to maintain. Highlights most likely will need to be redone in a few week's time, so it's important to commit to coloring gray hair regularly.
Lastly, for those who are completely gray, a full head color is recommended with the use of color wands as hair grows out.
Tips for Coloring Gray Hair
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- Shampoo: Blended Beauty Soy Cream
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- Make sure the color sits for the correct amount of time. Since gray hair is difficult to cover, it's important to keep hair dye on long enough to let the color take. Oftentimes, gray is resistant to color altogether, so there may be trouble spots on your head if you do not follow the coloring instructions properly. Timing is crucial!
- Choose darker colors. To create a natural look, choose a shade that is no more then two or three shades lighter then your natural hair color. Going overboard on bleaching can cause extreme damage to your locks.
- Always use sulfate-free products. We recommend Bed Head shampoos, conditioners and styling products. Also, color-enhancing shampoos, such as those from Pantene Pro-V, will prevent fading and/or changing of hair color tones between color treatments.
- Rinse hair with cool water. Always rinse your hair with cool or lukewarm water since hot water makes the hair lose its color faster. Extended exposure to the sun as well as to chlorine water can also damage the color.
- Let a professional help. If you're looking to bleach your gray hair for a lighter hair color or simply for highlights, let a professional help. Gray hair can be extremely difficult to bleach and tone, and can take on a yellowish hue if colored improperly.
Gray is Beautiful!
Coloring gray isn't your only option, you know. Gray hair rocks, and comes in just as many shades as any other color. Take some inspiration from these silver sirens as they explain why they refuse to color their locks.
Final thoughts
Master these techniques for coloring gray hair, and you'll be able to get the fresh look you want, and keep it for weeks to come. Let us know how it turns out!


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Madison Starke Perry
Madison Starke Perry
Fourth governor
October 5, 1857 to October 7, 1861
Oil over photograph, Claribel Jett, ca. 1960
Madison Perry was born in Lancaster District, South Carolina, in 1814. He came to Florida in the 1830s and became a leader among the area's plantation owners.
As governor, Perry helped bring about the settlement of a long-standing boundary dispute with Georgia and encouraged the building of railways. During the years before the Civil War, Governor Perry foresaw the possibility that Florida might secede from the Union, and in 1858 urged the reestablishment of the state's militia. Florida did secede three years later, on January 11, 1861.
After his term as governor ended, Perry served as colonel of the 7th Florida Regiment until illness forced his retirement. He died at his Alachua County plantation in March 1865.


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Patient Forms
We are genuinely pleased that you have chosen Summit Dental Center for your dental care. We are always excited to see new smiles coming through our door! In order to provide you with the best level of care, we need to get some information from you. Please fill out your new patient forms below, or plan to arrive 15 minutes early to your appointment to complete them in the office.


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The fifth in a seven-part series
"I don't see why my son has any right to fancy himself a square peg ... when his father, and his grandfather, and his great-grandfather, have been round pegs; and it is agin' nature for any creature not to take after its own kind." —Edward Bulwer-Lytoon, Kenneth Chillingly, His Adventures and Opinions (1873)
The teacher-quality debate today is something of an absurdist's delight. On the one hand are union leaders who insist that we shouldn't expect miracles from teachers already doing their best to inspire, mentor, design and align lessons, differentiate instruction, craft assessments, analyze data, grade homework, connect with parents, enforce discipline, promote fitness, cultivate a love of learning, write individualized education programs, and so on. We're told that the job is what it is, and that all we can usefully do is pay, support, and appreciate teachers more. Anything else is to rail against nature's course.
To those of us unmoved by this appeal, would-be reformers argue that many teachers are "ineffective," and they propose plans to replace them with a couple of million all-stars via the skillful manipulation of value-added assessment, new evaluation systems, and merit pay. Meanwhile, the professional-development gurus insist, against all evidence and a couple of compelling Institute of Education Sciences studies, that if we'd just embrace new preparation models, they could dramatically boost the quality of teaching.
We find the remedies proffered by both the would-be reformers and the professional developers to be lacking. The first envisions a death-defying search for elusive round pegs and the second a grand scheme to shave square pegs until they're round. It strikes us that there's a third, generally ignored, option. We've got a slew of square pegs that don't seem to fit cleanly into their round holes. Perhaps, rather than search madly for round pegs, we might start asking how to alter the shape of the holes.
We might tackle the teacher-quality problem not by finding more superheroes able to master a hugely demanding job, or by placing boundless faith in training and professional development, but by rethinking the job so that more people might do it well. This entails unbundling the teaching job so that each teacher isn't asked to excel at so many different things, and reimagining the job in a manner that permits individual teachers to spend more time doing what they're best at.
The notion of the do-everything teacher once made good sense, when talent was cheap and plentiful and when our demands on teachers were pretty basic. A century ago, academic expectations were minimal, public schools were intended largely to keep kids off the streets and teach them to behave, and even highly educated women enjoyed few career paths beyond teaching.
Today, however, our expectations have skyrocketed, and the talented women who filled our classrooms through the 1960s are now found more often in law firms than in schools. The job market, too, has changed. Whereas a half-century ago employees would stay in the same occupation for most of their working lives, today's professionals are much more mobile. Meanwhile, new tools, such as distance learning and computer-assisted instruction, make it possible to deliver instruction and professional support in ways that were once unthinkable.
We might tackle the teacher-quality problem by rethinking the job so that more people do it well."
Given these shifts, rethinking the teaching job seems less a bold move than a no-brainer. We don't have to look far to find at least three ways to start rethinking the job.
One, rethinking geographical limitations. Virtual-learning options like Tutor.com can offer families online tutoring in a variety of subjects, 24 hours a day, from expert tutors around the world. Instead of relying on full-time, in-classroom teachers, this arrangement makes it possible for students to have access to high-quality supplementary instruction either at school or from home. Fundamentally, this means it's at least conceivable that we can provide quality calculus instruction to students in west Texas or rural Kentucky even if it's tough to get a terrific math teacher to move there.
Two, rethinking tasks. Rocketship Education is a high-performance charter school that uses a hybrid model of classroom instruction, real-time assessments, and customized, supplementary services in its "learning lab." The result is that each teacher has any given student for only about 75 percent of the school day, as the student spends the other quarter receiving computer-assisted instruction or small-group tutoring from local college students. This division of labor allows classroom instructors to delegate substantial amounts of remediation, basic skill-building, assessment and analysis, and activity-materials management to the tutors, so that they can focus on cultivating expert-level skills in coaching and motivation, instruction and discussion, classroom management, and problem-solving around student issues and needs.
Three, rethinking who can teach. Boston-based Citizen Schools, for example, provides highly regarded after-school instruction and career-based learning by arranging for local volunteers to work with students on a regular basis. Rather than simply serve as mentors or once-a-week "reading buddies," participants teach weekly modules that tackle complex projects with interested students. Citizen Schools leverages the expertise of local professionals on a part-time (and cost-free) basis and points to the promise of approaches that do not wholly depend on full-time, career-long staffing.
A working group on the "Futures of School Reform," organized by the Harvard Graduate School of Education and led by Robert B. Schwartz and Jal D. Mehta of Harvard and Frederick M. Hess of the American Enterprise Institute, includes more than two dozen researchers, policymakers, and practitioners from around the country. The group is seeking to engage a wider audience in an "urgent" conversation—one that it hopes can advance the national dialogue on improving public education for all children. The working group has received convening support from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the Spencer Foundation.
Education Week is running a seven-part series of Commentary essays expressing visions of members of the "Futures" group. The series, which concludes in the May 25 issue, is accompanied by a blog, The Futures of School Reform, written by the group. Readers are invited to participate by posting comments on the blog, or writing letters to the editor.
Such developments suggest opportunities to expand and then better use the pool of teaching talent through smart differentiation and specialization. These changes make it newly possible to pipe in instructional support from New Delhi or Singapore, or more systematically possible to use cheap talent and computer-assisted models to provide intensive remediation or enrichment opportunities.
Despite the inertia that prevails in K-12 schooling, we don't have to start from scratch. We can gaze at models of practice in other professions, such as law or medicine, which arrange work relationships rather differently. For instance, in the field of medicine, the first specializations were proposed a century ago; today, the American Medical Association recognizes roughly 200 specialties.
Consequently, while the Census Bureau reports around 7 million medical professionals in the United States today, fewer than 10 percent of them are M.D.s. The rest are trained practitioners with complementary skills. The trick is figuring out how to mesh and coordinate skills in a smooth, cooperative fashion. This is not easy work, but we posit it's more manageable than asking each and every medical practitioner to be a gifted cardiovascular surgeon, nurse, pediatrician, urologist, and on and on.
We would think it bewildering if we walked into a hospital and saw elite cardiovascular surgeons, novice residents, and bookkeepers taking turns conducting heart surgery and handling administrative duties. Yet that is standard practice in schools, where all teachers—regardless of skill or demonstrated performance—take equal turns monitoring the lunchroom, supervising bus loading, patrolling the hallways, filling out stacks of mandated paperwork, and the rest.
The authors of this commentary and other members of the Futures of School Reform Group will expand upon and discuss their visions for the future of schools in an Education Week blog. Visit the The Futures of School Reform blog.
In fact, if one walks into a local elementary school and asks the principal to identify the school's best 4th grade math teacher and the school's worst, it's almost certain that each will be teaching the same amount of math to the same number of students each day. Each teacher is instructing his or her bundle of 20-odd students in math, reading, science, history, and everything else, regardless of skill or expertise. This is a profoundly careless use of talent, yet it is unexceptional today.
Teacher preparation and licensure will need to change accordingly. Today, they're designed around the assumption that everyone is doing a version of the same job. However, for those who are only tutoring online, say, or for the Citizen Schools-style instructors, the traditional full-time-teacher preparation and credential model seems a poor fit. A more personalized, segmented approach to teacher training could meet educators at their own levels of need, providing the tools and training they need relative to their positions; no more, no less.
Just as we need to rethink preparation to acknowledge a diversity of training needs, our current pay and evaluation systems need to be rethought to recognize smart differentiation. We've turned a corner in recognizing that some teachers add more value than do others, due to their roles, workloads, or skills, and they should be rewarded accordingly. However, in their championing of heavy reliance on value-added scores as measures of performance, today's would-be reformers are promoting mechanistic systems tightly bound to the one-size-fits-all status quo, crafting systems that seem calculated to stifle hybridization, specialization, and use of virtual or computer-assisted learning.
Here's the bottom line: If most people can't do a job well most of the time, you can make the job easier, or split it into multiple pieces, or lean more heavily on tools. Any of those strike us as a more promising route than holding a casting call for 3 million superheroes.


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The Strava map can also be used to find popular treks, bike trails, and other popular routes in various areas. For example, here is a zoom into the Tiger's Nest area, arguably Bhutan's "hottest" tourist destination. We can see that hikers often detour to the cafeteria -- probably on the way up. One can also see some shortcuts that people are taking. And there's an alternative route that reaches Taktsang from the North-East.
Here's a map of all Bhutan. Can you locate trails that follow the Druk Path? The notorious Snowman Trek?
To play around and zoom in on your favorite locations, click here.
Did you find something interesting? Feel free to leave a comment :-)


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$0.84 $1.05
DMC Floss is ideal for stitching on all types of fabric, this superior quality thread is made from 100% long staple Egyptian cotton and double mercerized for a brilliant sheen. It is comprised of 6, size-25 strands that can be easily separated. Allowing you to adjust the thickness of your stitching thread, with colors that are 100% colorfast and fade resistant.
Color: Very Dark Lavender
Number: 208
Size: 25
Made of: 100% Cotton
Size: 8.7yds per skein
Care and Washing: DMC Embroidery Floss can be washed frequently without fading. It can be washed at a high temperature ( 95° C/203° F). Be sure to pay attention to the washing instructions on the fabric on which the thread was embroidered.
1-3 business days
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Diversity, Equity & Inclusion
Bain & Company is proud of its long and visible support of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, trans and intersex (GLBTI) community. Today, we take another step in advancing the cause for equality by committing to uphold the United Nations' Standards of Conduct for Business.
These standards, aimed at tackling discrimination against LGBTI people, are closely aligned with the firm's goals to defend against discrimination and unconscious bias and to create a culture in which individuals can bring their authentic selves to work every day – no matter where in the world they are.
Diversity and inclusion are imperative to Bain & Company's success. We work with some of the world's leading companies to solve their most complex business problems, and we firmly believe that the most innovative solutions often come from bringing together different perspectives, experiences, and points of view. As such, we take many measures to attract and develop a team that both represents and fully embraces this diversity. This approach results in more breakthrough client results and more fulfilling, rewarding experiences for Bain employees.
The UN's LGBTI standards serve as important and valuable guidelines that will enable Bain & Company and more than 200 other supporters to be the engines of change, continuing to foster diversity and promote a culture of respect and equality – both in the workplace and in the communities where we operate.
Read more about our commitment to diversity and inclusion and our long-held values that ensure a broad set of diverse and talented people can succeed at Bain & Company.


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Mulling the marijuana munchies: How the brain flips the hunger switch
The "munchies," or that uncontrollable urge to eat after using marijuana, appear to be driven by neurons in the brain that are normally involved in suppressing appetite, according to a new study by Yale School of Medicine researchers in the Feb. 18 issue of the journal Nature.
Lead author Tamas Horvath and his colleagues set out to monitor the brain circuitry that promotes eating by selectively manipulating the cellular pathway that mediates marijuana's action on the brain, using transgenic mice.
"By observing how the appetite center of the brain responds to marijuana, we were able to see what drives the hunger brought about by cannabis and how that same mechanism that normally turns off feeding becomes a driver of eating," said Horvath, the Jean and David W. Wallace Professor of Neurobiology and of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, director of the Yale Program in Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, and chair of the Section of Comparative Medicine.
"It's like pressing a car's brakes and accelerating instead," he said. "We were surprised to find that the neurons we thought were responsible for shutting down eating, were suddenly being activated and promoting hunger, even when you are full. It fools the brain's central feeding system."
In addition to helping explain why you become extremely hungry when you shouldn't be, Horvath said, the new findings could provide other benefits, like helping cancer patients who often lose their appetite during treatment.
Researchers have long known that using cannabis is associated with increased appetite even when you are full. It is also well known that activating the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) can contribute to overeating. A group of nerve cells called pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are considered as key drivers of reducing eating when full.
"This event is key to cannabinoid-receptor-driven eating," said Horvath, who points out that the feeding behavior driven by these neurons is just one mode of action that involves CB1R signaling. "More research is needed to validate the findings." Whether this primitive mechanism is also key to getting "high" on cannabis is another question the Horvath lab is aiming to address.
Other authors on the study include Marco Koch, Luis Varela, Jae Geun Kim, Jung Dae Kim, Francisco Hernandez, Stephanie E. Simonds, Carlos M. Castorena, Claudia R. Vianna, Joel K. Elmquist, Yury M. Morozov, Pasko Rakic, Ingo Bechmann, Michael A. Cowley, Klara Szigeti-Buck, Marcelo O. Dietrich, Xiao-Bing Gao, and Sabrina Diano.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (DP1 DK098058, R01 DK097566, R01 AG040236 and P01 NS062686), the American Diabetes Association, The Klarmann Family Foundation, the Helmholtz Society (ICEMED) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB 1052/1 (Obesity Mechanisms).
Citation: Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature14260
(Illustration by Michael S. Helfenbein)
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Karen N. Peart: firstname.lastname@example.com, 203-980-2222


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Last summer, KFC changed the game for bite-sized chicken with its successful introduction of Original Recipe Bites. Barely a year later, the brand is turning up the heat with the launch of Hot Shot Bites, 100 percent whole white breast meat bites, seasoned in a hot and spicy marinade and then hand breaded in KFC's Extra Crispy breading.
"KFC fans are always looking to us for new and innovative ways to experience the authentic taste of their favorite chicken – and for many of them 'more spice' has been at the top of their wish list," says Jason Marker, chief marketing officer for KFC U.S. "We're providing customers with new flavors and menu options that fit into how they enjoy food and live their life today."
The latest launch continues a trend of product innovation from the world's most famous chicken restaurant chain, including Original Recipe Bites and Original Recipe Boneless. It also addresses the continued popularity of hot and spicy foods.
For a limited time, a six-piece Hot Shot Bites Combo is available for only $3.99 plus tax, and comes with a side item and a medium drink. An eight-piece Boneless Bucket includes Original Recipe Boneless (four pieces of dark meat and four pieces of white meat), along with 10 Hot Shot Bites for just $15.99 plus tax. (Pricing and participation may vary by restaurant.)
TV Commercial: Like a Slap to Your Taste Buds
KFC's TV commercial for Hot Shot Bites illustrates the product's spicy kick in a humorous way. The spot features a young man who meets a young woman at a party, and instead of breaking the ice with a corny pick-up line, he simply offers her one of his Hot Shot Bites. Things start to "heat up" when she tastes the hot and spicy product and her response is quite literally a slap in the face, after which she takes the remaining Bites from him.
KFC and Adult Swim Partner to Let Fans Pick the Next Pilot
KFC and Adult Swim have partnered to give fans of the TV network the chance to hand-pick its next pilot. The fan-controlled "Adult Swim Pilots brought to you by KFC" contest features six prospective plots—a mix of animation, live action, and stop-motion animation—that are being made available for fans to preview at www.adultswim.com/pilots. Two pilots are featured on the site each week and fans can watch and rate them. The highest-rated and most-watched pilots will then go head-to-head during the week of August 12, with the full episode of the overall most-liked program debuting on Adult Swim the following week.


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Fresh after finding buckyballs around an aging star, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has now detected these intriguing, miniature-soccer-ball-shaped molecules in interstellar space for the first time.
With these new results, the buckyball claims the record for the largest molecule ever discovered floating between the stars. The unique properties of buckyballs that have made these rounded particles such a hot area of research here on Earth also offer up some exciting possibilities for cosmic chemistry.
"Buckyballs are carbon molecules in the shape of a cage and they are very tough and hard to destroy," said Kris Sellgren, a professor of astronomy at The Ohio State University in Columbus, OH. She noted that although life forms, let alone a single molecule of DNA, absolutely dwarf a buckyball, "single atoms or small molecules can become trapped and can survive inside the cage while the buckyball safely travels through the harsh conditions of space."
In this way, buckyballs can provide chemical "messages in a bottle," preserving records of gas present in stellar or interstellar environments. Buckyballs with extraterrestrial gases trapped inside them, for example, have previously been found in meteorites that have slammed into Earth. Spotting buckyballs in interstellar space also reveals that relatively big molecules can persist and maybe even form in the diffuse, unforgiving voids between the stars.
The particular variety of buckyball newly spied by Spitzer is made of 60 carbon atoms arranged in hexagons and pentagons like the panels of a soccer ball. Scientists created these spherical molecules in the lab 25 years ago and - noting their resemblance to geodesic domes - named them buckminsterfullerenes after the domes' inventor, Buckminster Fuller. The patterned orb of a geodesic dome will appear familiar to visitors to Disney World's Epcot Center in Florida, for instance, and halves of these domes are popular as jungle gyms on playgrounds.
Astronomers had long expected to find buckyballs in outer space, especially after the tiny structures turned up in meteorites and in more everyday materials such as soot. Sellgren and her team, while on the hunt for buckyballs in infrared data collected by Spitzer, looked at two nebulae. The first, NGC 2023, is located near the well-known Horsehead Nebula in the constellation of Orion, and the second, NGC 7023, known as the Iris Nebula, appears in the constellation Cepheus.
Hints of interstellar buckyballs had first come in 1994, when Foing and Ehrenfreund detected absorption lines they attributed to buckyballs missing an electron. Then, in 2004, Sellgren and her colleagues serendipitously detected two light signatures indicative of the faceted mini-globes. The researchers knew they had caught a buckyball for sure this time around when they saw a predicted third signature in infrared light from the nebulae.
Although these hefty spaceborne molecules have now been identified in two different places in space, their ultimate origin remains sketchy.
One scenario starts with the abundance of carbon atoms that typical stars like our Sun produce late in their lifetimes. As aging stars' atmospheres swell, carbon sloughs off into the surrounding region known as circumstellar space. Researchers believe the high concentration of carbon-rich gas there allows complex molecules such as buckyballs to form. Such circumstellar buckyballs have been detected with Spitzer. The molecules cooked up around the dying star then waft away after its death, mingling with other gases and molecules between the stars.
Just how long buckyballs and other carbonaceous molecules can survive in rough interstellar conditions is a bit of a mystery. Shock waves from energetic particles streaming off stars, called stellar winds, supernovae blasts, and far-flung ejections of mass by newborn stars might break big molecules apart. Buckyballs are hardy, but if shattered, they would need to be somehow remade or reintroduced to interstellar space in order to explain their existence in such rugged climes.
Another proposed route for constructing buckyballs in space is to bombard carbon-rich dust grains with ultraviolet light from a star. Earthbound experiments have demonstrated that this can cause grains to shed carbon-containing molecules, including pure-carbon buckyballs. The nebulae Sellgren and colleagues studied - plentiful in ultraviolet starlight and carbon-rich dust - fit the bill in this manner as potential buckyball factories.
Not all of these generated buckyballs have to end up battered and drifting through the cosmos, however. Some could join the dust, gas and other materials in the so-called circumstellar disks that fan out from young stars and eventually give rise to solar systems.
"If you have all these buckyballs floating around, it's possible they are getting incorporated into the circumstellar disk, and from there into planetary formation," Sellgren said. She and her team found buckyballs within a mere comet's throw from newly forming solar systems in the two nebulae.
Carbon is the key building block for life as we know it; the possibility exists that some of the very carbon in ours or even extraterrestrials' bodies might well have been balled up once as a buckyball crafted in space.
"Now that there are buckyballs confirmed in the interstellar medium and in circumstellar space, it's likely that chemists will get more interested in the astrobiological implications of these fascinating molecules," Sellgren said.
Sellgren and her colleagues detail the new results in a paper published in the October 10 issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.


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A few years back, I got a beginner's SLR and spent easily well over the cost of a digital SLR in film development costs. I've decided to go digital, but I'm waiting for a kick-ass price on a D40.
The thing that finally made me change my mind was taking a photography class. We had to be so careful with the chemicals in the dark room - all kinds of warnings about ventilation and burns and whatnot - but then learned that the throwaway water drained right back int our water supply!


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An advanced level qualification for professionals working with sake or sake enthusiasts.
For individuals seeking to develop their expertise in sake, this qualification will provide you with a detailed understanding of the production methods that affect the style, quality and price of sake. Upon completion you will be able to assess sakes accurately, and use this information and your understanding of sakes to make authoritative recommendations. Upon successful completion you will receive a WSET certificate and lapel pin, and will be able to use the associated WSET certified logo.
This is a very well organised and detailed sake education course. You will gain valuable insights into the world of sake from many different angles.
What you'll learn
Unit 1
- The main techniques that are used in the production of sake and how they influence style and quality
- The principal and specialty categories of sake
- The sake industry and the commercial importance of sake in the Japanese and export markets
- The principles behind the storage, selection and service of sake
Unit 2
- How to taste sake, and evaluate quality, identity and price, using the WSET Level 3 Systematic Approach to Tasting Sake® (SAT)
Course delivery
This qualification has a minimum requirement of 42.25 hours of study time, including 16 hours of classroom or online delivery time with a WSET course provider.*
Available to study in these languages:
* Delivery will vary by course provider, however, this is the minimum requirement that should be met.
Unit 1 is assessed by a closed-book exam of 50 multiple-choice questions and a paper of short written answers. Unit 2 is assessed by a blind tasting of two sakes.
This qualification is regulated by Ofqual.
Entry requirements
There are no entry requirements for this qualification; however, candidates are required to complete a two-week online pre-study programme before attending the course. You must be of legal drinking age in the country where you are attending the course to participate in any alcohol tasting; however, this is not a barrier to successfully completing Unit 1. Requirements may vary by course provider.
Course Information
For more information and full details on the course requirements, please download the Specification.


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While it's always a bit sad when Christmas comes to an end each year, there is one silver lining — the amazing sales.
From holiday decor to winter items, despite the crowds of people returning unwanted gifts, it's a seriously great time to go shopping.
It is also the time of year for one of Bath & Body Works' semi-annual sales , where you can save up to 75 percent on select items. You'll find 50 percent off some three-wick candles and 50–75 percent off select body care products, along with deals on wallflower fragrance refills, handsoaps and even retired fragrances.
Even better, just print this coupon and take it to the store or use code TNFTYJS at checkout online and you'll save another $10 off an order of $40 or more. While there are no free shipping deals with this sale, it's only $5.99 for your entire order.
Take a look at the best deals you'll find during this semi-annual sale.
Select 3-Wick Candles
Originally $22.50–$24.50, select three-wick candles are now just $11.25–$12.25. You'll find winter and holiday scents like
hot cocoa and cream
cinnamon caramel swirl
twisted peppermint
, but also fun summer scents like
island margarita
watermelon lemonade
Select Body Care Items
You'll find select shower gels, lotions and fragrance mists for 50–75 percent off, including winter and holiday scents. Regularly $12.50, some shower gels are now only $3.12, so it's the perfect time to stock up. Winter fragrances also make great gifts for next year, and you'll find plenty of them on sale, like
winter candy apple
vanilla bean noel
merry cherry cheer
. Body creams range from $3.37 to $6.25 and include scents like
spiced gingerbread swirl
and year-round scents like
wild honeysuckle
Select Wallflower Fragrance Refills And Plugs
Bath & Body Works' wallflowers are my absolute favorite way to make my house smell amazing. Regularly $6.50, many of them are now just $3 for one, $6.25 for two or $18 for six. You'll also find deals on the plugs themselves, ranging from $9.37 to $18.97. Many of the scents on sale are for the holidays, like
frosted cranberry
crushed candy cane
, but you'll also find more warm-weather scents, like
coconut lime breeze
. With the exception of
this one that says "I Love You a Latte,"
all the plugs included in the sale are winter-themed.
Select Handsoaps
Regularly $6.50, you can now get a single handsoap for $3 or a five-pack for $15. Choose from new scents like
sunshine & lemons
to help you dream of summer or stick to winter soaps like
marshmallow flurries
winter citrus wreath
Discontinued Fragrances And Retired Scents
If you have a particular Bath & Body Works scent you've always loved but have a hard time finding, you may want to check out their section of
discounted fragrances and retired scents
. Now 50–60 percent off, you'll find sprays, lotions and gels in scents like
brown sugar and fig
sparkling limoncello
sun-ripened raspberry
for as low as $4.
We were not paid to write this story. The products and services mentioned below were selected independent of sales and advertising. However, Simplemost may receive a small commission from the purchase of any products or services through an affiliate link to the retailer's website.