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The data on this page are current as of January 2013.
The Conference Board's overarching goal is to measure quality of life for Canada and its peers. But a country must not only demonstrate a high quality of life—it must also demonstrate that its high quality of life is sustainable.
There is growing recognition that gross domestic product (GDP) produced at the expense of the global environment, and at the expense of scarce and finite physical resources, overstates the net contribution of that economic growth to a country's prosperity. Canadians understand that protecting the environment from further damage is not a problem for tomorrow, but a challenge for today. Without serious attention to environmental sustainability, Canada puts its society and its quality of life at risk.
Fourteen indicators are used to assess environmental performance across six dimensions:
These six dimensions were selected based on the common environmental and natural resources policy themes identified in a review of respected national and international environmental reports.
Several changes have made the results from this year's overall Environment report card not comparable to the last one:
Canada ranks 15th out of 17 peer countries and scores a "C" grade on its environmental performance report card. Canada's poor record in several areas—including climate change, energy intensity, smog, and waste generation—drags down its comparative performance. Only Australia and the U.S. rank below Canada.
The top three performers are France, Norway, and Sweden.
The radar diagram below is a snapshot of Canada's environmental performance (and the 17-country average performance) relative to that of the best-performing peer country—the outer ring—for each of the 14 environment indicators. The chart has 14 axes—one for each indicator—that radiate out from the centre. A score of 0 represents the worst performance. A score of 100 represents the best.
Compared with the 17-country average, Canada's performance is above average on five indicators:
Canada's performance is below average on nine indicators:
Use the pull-down menu to compare Canada's performance with that of any of its peers.
Although Canada ranks below the best-performing country on all of the environmental indicators, it does earn "A" grades for four indicators: Water Quality Index, threatened species, use of forest resources, and low-emitting electricity production. Canada receives "D" grades on six indicators: nitrogen oxides emissions, VOC emissions, municipal waste generation, Marine Trophic Index, GHG emissions, and energy intensity.
To enlarge this report card in a new window, click on the report card.
They matter. The three countries that rank lowest in the overall ranking are the U.S., Australia, and Canada. Not only are they among the most resource-intensive economies in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), but they are also the three largest countries in terms of land area. They rank poorly on nitrogen oxide emissions, VOC emissions, Water Quality Index, Marine Trophic Index, GHG emissions, and energy intensity.
It is difficult to target a single cause of their poor environmental performance. But resource extraction and processing industries often use a lot of water and may contribute to greater stresses on local air quality. Further, greater distances mean that greater amounts of energy are required to transport people and to move goods to where they will be consumed, leading to greater GHG emissions.
Geography and industrial structure are hurdles to overcome—through technology, innovation, efficiency, and behavioural changes—in improving Canada's environmental performance.
To understand more about how Canada can integrate economic growth and environmental sustainability:
Sustainability: A Winning Merger of Growth and the Environment, Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada, 2006.
Air quality affects human health, ecosystems, and buildings—often with far-reaching economic and social consequences. Human exposure to air pollution is high in urban areas where economic activities and road traffic are concentrated
Although Canada gets a respectable "B" on the sulphur oxides indicator, its per capita emissions are 26 times those of the top performer, Switzerland. Only relative to Australia does Canada perform well. If the worst performer, Australia, were dropped from the peer group, Canada would receive a "D" grade. Canada does receive a "D" grade on nitrogen oxides emissions.
Increasing air quality concerns include particulate concentrations, toxic air pollutants, and acute ground-level ozone pollution. Canada ranks 8th out of the 17 peer countries for PM10 concentration, and earns a "B" grade. But Canada is the worst performer for VOC emissions. VOCs—produced from vehicle emissions and chemical manufacturing—combine with nitrogen oxides to produce smog and ground-level ozone, resulting in a number of health impacts.
The main challenge for Canada is to further reduce urban and regional air pollutants through pollution control, technological progress, energy savings, and sustainable transportation.1
Municipal waste contributes to environmental problems such as habitat destruction, surface and groundwater pollution, and other forms of air, soil, and water contamination. Canada earns a "D" for municipal waste generated per capita and ranks last among its peers. In 2008, Canada generated 777 kilograms of municipal waste per capita, well above the 17-country average of 578 kg per capita. Compared with Japan, the top-performing country for this indicator, Canada generated more than double the municipal waste per capita.
Of the nearly 34 million tonnes of waste generated in Canada in 2008, 26 million tonnes went to landfills or incinerators. The rest was diverted through recycling or composting.2 Landfilling is the most common way to dispose of waste in Canada. But landfills emit methane (a GHG that contributes to climate change), and the leachate from landfills causes groundwater and surface water contamination. Therefore, reducing the damage to the environment of municipal waste generation in Canada requires minimizing waste, increasing waste recycling and recovery, and disposing of any remaining waste in an environmentally benign manner.
The amount of municipal waste generated in a country is related to the rate of urbanization, the types and patterns of consumption, household revenue, and lifestyle choices. In Canada and across the OECD, real GDP and average household disposable income have been steadily increasing since the 1980s, leading to increasing household consumption rates. Canada cannot keep growing its economy at the expense of the environment. Encouraging sustainable consumption patterns will continue to be a challenge.
The health and well-being of ecosystems depends heavily on the quality and quantity of water resources. Water is essential for agriculture, livestock production, fisheries and aquaculture, municipalities, and industry. Water pollution (eutrophication,3 acidification, toxic contamination) can harm human health and ecosystems, and increase the cost of treating drinking water. The Water Quality Index—which measures dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus—is used as indicator of eutrophication, nutrient pollution, acidification, and salinization.
Canada ranks 4th out of 17 peer countries and earns an "A" for water quality. Sweden, Austria, and Norway rank ahead of Canada and earn "A"s. Canada's water quality is at risk from industrial effluent, agricultural runoff, and municipal sewage. Although waste-water treatment plants have helped to improve water quality, municipal waste-water discharges are still one of the largest sources of pollution in Canadian waters. As a result, eutrophication is a serious water quality issue for the Prairie provinces, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec. The increase in toxic algal blooms in Canadian lakes and coastal water is also a risk to human health. And the drinking water guideline for nitrate has been exceeded in groundwater across Canada.
High water withdrawls are also a key environmental issue; they relate to low river flows, water shortages, salinization of freshwater bodies in coastal areas, human health problems, loss of wetlands, desertification, and reduced food production. Sustainable water management is required to maintain adequate water supplies for people and ecosystems.
Water withdrawls are measured using gross freshwater withdrawals per capita. Canada receives a "C" for water withdrawls—Canada's water withdrawals are nearly double the 16-country average. Canada uses more than nine times the amount of water per capita than Denmark, the top performer in this indicator. Only the U.S. ranks behind Canada on this indicator.
Biodiversity and the habitat and ecosystem services4 that biodiversity provides are increasingly recognized as an important part of sustainable development. Protected areas have grown in most OECD countries; however, pressures on biodiversity and threats to global ecosystems and their species are increasing. Consequently, many natural ecosystems have been degraded, limiting the ecosystem services they provide.
Canada scores an "A" on threatened species as a percentage of total known species in the country. Canada's vast uninhabited forests, wetlands, and tundra regions support a wide range of plant and animal life and will continue to be protected by sheer remoteness. However, the quest for natural resources is increasing in intensity, and developers are looking farther afield for opportunities.
Forests provide habitat for wildlife, clean air, carbon sequestration, clean water, and flood control. Canada's forest cover is key to biodiversity, as it provides habitat for two-thirds of Canada's wildlife. Canada rates a "B" on the forest cover change indicator, which measures the percentage gain or decline in forest cover from 2005 to 2010. Countries such as Ireland, Italy, Denmark, and the U.K., expanded their forest coverage over the same period and earned "A"s. Canada's "B" reflects its ability to maintain (but not increase) its forest cover. It does, however, perform better than Australia, which lost forest cover from 2005 to 2010.
The fact that Canada's forest land inventory has remained constant since 1990 indicates that land use within the forest is not changing. Canada's ability to maintain its forest cover—despite having the most extensive forestry harvests of its peer group—is largely because of the extensive licensing system that oversees the forest industry and because of the industry's own efforts to ensure good practices through forest certification.
Canada's stable forest land inventory also bodes well for habitat preservation, as long as forestry policy ensures the protection of wildlife. Although aggregate numbers indicate healthy biodiversity, the impact of urban sprawl and agricultural land and forest use on wildlife habitat needs to be monitored at a regional level. Protective measures and policy vigilance are particularly important in places where specific species are threatened.
Productive natural resources such as forests, soil (for agriculture), fresh water, and fisheries are crucial to Canada's economic activity. Unsustainable agriculture practices can contribute to soil nutrient depletion, erosion, and water pollution. Fisheries are also being depleted because of unsustainable industrial fishing practices and a lack of a global regulatory framework to support sustainable fishing.
Canada is one of the best performers for the intensity of use of forest resources. It gets an "A" for performance on this indicator. Only Japan ranks ahead of Canada, with a lower percentage of timber cut relative to forest growth. In Canada, 93 per cent of the forest area harvested is clear-cut, and most timber harvesting in Canada occurs in primary or old-growth forests. However, Canada has the world's largest area of forest certified to third-party sustainable forest certification. Sustainability certification means harvesting at a rate that is at or below the rate of regrowth and replacement, suggesting that the harvest can continue over the long term.
The Marine Trophic Index serves as a proxy measure for overfishing. By examining the change in the Marine Trophic Index over time, we can measure the degree to which a county is altering the fish stocks in the marine ecosystem. Canada's fish resources have been declining since the 1970s. Canada receives a "D" because of a decline in the Marine Trophic Index between 2000 and 2006. Belgium is the only OECD country to receive an "A" for its significant improvement in its Marine Trophic Index, although eight other countries also achieve a positive change for this period.
Finding adequate and comparable measures for climate change poses a significant challenge. It is not possible to obtain a reasonable national indicator of the effects of global climate change because it is a major global issue that requires a policy response from Canada and the other peer countries. That is why we use a proxy indicator: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita.
Canada, one of the world's largest GHG emitters, earns a "D" for its GHG emissions per capita. In 2010, Canada's GHG emissions were 20.3 tonnes per capita—significantly higher than the 17-country average of 12.5 tonnes per capita. Between 1990 and 2010, Canada's per capita GHG emissions decreased by nearly 5 per cent, while total GHG emissions in Canada grew by 17 per cent.
The primary reason for the increase is growth in such exports as petroleum, natural gas, and forest products. While these commodities are exported, the GHG emissions resulting from their production are not. Most of our mining, forest, and oil sands products are exported to other countries—which receive implicit CO2 benefits from the highly CO2-intensive production in Canada. Although Canada's total GHG emissions represent only 2 per cent of worldwide GHG emissions, there is significant room for improvement through increased energy efficiency and the use of lower-emitting technologies.
Boosting renewable energy as a share of total energy consumption should be a policy goal for climate change mitigation in Canada. Renewable sources of energy—wind, tidal, solar, biomass, hydroelectric, and geothermal—produce low amounts of GHG emissions. In 2011, almost 78 per cent of Canada's electricity was produced from low-emitting sources (renewable, plus nuclear). Because of Canada's expansive hydro resources, Canada receives a "A" on this indicator. Canada could do more, however, to increase its share of low-emitting electricity production in total electricity production. For example, almost all of Norway's electricity is generated from renewable hydroelectric sources.
Total energy consumption (measured in millions of tonnes of oil equivalent, or toe) per unit of GDP can be used as an indicator of energy efficiency. Canada receives a "D" for its energy intensity in 2009, ranking in last place out of 17 peer countries. That year, Canada used 0.25 toe per US$1,000 of GDP, significantly more than the OECD average of 0.15 toe per US$1,000 of GDP. Ireland is the best performer on this indicator, followed by Switzerland and Italy.
Canada's environmental performance has improved for several of the environment indicators and deteriorated for others. Historical data were available for 13 of the 14 environment indicators, spanning five of the six environment dimensions. The only indicator with no historical data is the threatened species indicator.
The Conference Board ranks the change in performance on each environment indicator as "better," "worse," or "no change" (rather than A-B-C-D) and uses absolute performance (rather than relative performance, as in other main report card categories).
Canada's performance has improved for ten indicators in the overall Environment report card, stayed the same for one indicator, and worsened for two indicators.
Canada's performance on all four air indicators improved between 1990 and 2009:
But compared with the top-performing countries, Canada's reductions are modest. For example, the top country on per capita nitrogen oxides emissions, the U.K., achieved a 62 per cent reduction. Similarly, Canada's 41 per cent reduction in per capita VOC emissions lags Switzerland's 73 per cent reduction.
Canadians have been producing more and more garbage. Canadians generated 777 kg of municipal waste per capita in 2008, up from 654 kg in 1990. Although the quantity of municipal waste generated per capita has been rising across the OECD, the amount of municipal waste generated in Canada has been well above the OECD average.
Canada has improved its performance on both water indicators, reducing water withdrawals from 1990 to 2009 and improving water quality from 2008 to 2010.
Likewise, Canada's performance on all three climate change and energy efficiency indicators has improved:
Canada's historical performance on the natural resource management indicators shows progress is being made to reduce the intensity of use of forest resources. Canada's forest cover has remained fairly constant over the past two decades.
A declining Marine Trophic Index, however, suggests that Canada's fish resources are still diminishing and that unsustainable fishing practices prevail.
1 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Key Environmental Indicators 2007 (Paris: OECD, 2007).
2 Statistics Canada, Waste Management Industry Survey: Business and Government Sectors 2008 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2010), Catalogue no. 16F0023X, 7.
3 Eutrophication is an increase in chemical nutrients in water that encourages the excessive growth and decay of plants, leading to a lower oxygen supply for fish and other animals.
4 Ecosystem services refer to the purification of air and water; detoxification and decomposition of wastes; regulation of climate; regeneration of soil fertility; storage, release, and distribution of carbon; cycling of nutrients; and transfer of energy.


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About Arthritis
What is Arthritis?
Arthritis is a term that is defined as inflammation of a joint and used to describe over 100 different conditions that can affect the human body. Arthritis affects millions of Americans each year with symptoms including pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of motion in affected joints.
As joint cartilage wears away, the bones begin to make painful bone-on-bone contact. Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of joint pain. The early stages of osteoarthritis can be treated with a variety of conservative, non-surgical treatments. However, as the joint cartilage continues to wear away and the symptoms of osteoarthritis become more severe, the increased pain and limited movement can affect many everyday activities such as walking, driving, and sitting. Surgery may be recommended to correct the damaged bone and cartilage.
To diagnose your condition, an orthopedic surgeon will observe your movement and review your health history. An x-ray of the affected joint will show signs of cartilage wear, and the severity of the cartilage destruction can help determine the best course of treatment.
Often the cause of arthritis is unknown, but may develop as a result of injury to the joint, excess body weight, or years of wear and tear on the joint cartilage. There is no known cure. The best that doctors can do for patients is to restore motion and reduce pain. Fortunately, partial and total joint replacements have generally proven quite effective at accomplishing these goals.
Arthritis Symptoms
The joints most commonly affected by osteoarthritis are the knees, hips, fingers, and shoulders. Symptoms of osteoarthritis include, but are not limited to:
- Joint pain while standing or moving
- Giving out or locking of joint
- Near constant pain
- Decreased activity
- Abnormal stance or walk
View Our Animations for Cartilage Procedures
Our Physician Articles
Educational Arthritis Links
- Arthritis Foundation – www.arthritis.org
- American College of Rheumatology – www.rheumatology.org
All patient education materials are provided by OrthoPatientEd.com and have been reviewed by our Advisory Board of leading Orthopedic Surgeons to ensure accuracy. All materials are provided for informational purposes only and are not intended to be a substitute for medical advice from your orthopedic surgeon. Any medical decisions should be made after consulting a qualified physician.
This site includes links to other websites. OrthoPatientEd.com takes no responsibility for the content or information contained in the linked sites.

subset: commoncrawl


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RFC3186: MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode
Download in PDF format Download in text formatNetwork Working Group S. Shimizu Request for Comments: 3186 T. Kawano Category: Informational K. Murakami NTT Network Innovation Labs. E. Beier DeTeSystem December 2001 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. IESG Note This memo documents a way of tunneling PPP over Sonet over MAPOS networks. This document is NOT the product of an IETF working group nor is it a standards track document. It has not necessarily benefited from the widespread and in depth community review that standards track documents receive. Abstract This document specifies tunneling configuration over MAPOS (Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH) networks. Using this mode, a MAPOS network can provide transparent point-to-point link for PPP over SONET/SDH (Packet over SONET/SDH, POS) without any additional overhead. 1. Introduction MAPOS [1][2] frame is designed to be similar to PPP over SONET/SDH (Packet over SONET/SDH, POS)[3][4] frame (Figure 1). Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 1] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 a) MAPOS frame header (version 1) +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Address | Control | Protocol | | 8 bits | fixed,0x03| 16 bits | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ b) MAPOS frame header (MAPOS 16) +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Address | Protocol | | 16bits | 16 bits | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ c) PPP frame header +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Address | Control | Protocol | | fixed,0xFF| fixed,0x03| 16 bits | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ Figure 1. Header similarity of MAPOS frame and POS frame This means that a MAPOS network can easily carry POS frames with no additional header overhead by rewriting only 1 or 2 octets. PPP tunneling configuration over MAPOS networks (MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode) provides for efficient L2 multiplexing by which users can share the cost of high speed long-haul links. This document specifies MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode. In this mode, a MAPOS network provides a point-to-point link for those who intend to connect POS equipment. Such link is established within a MAPOS switch, or between a pair of MAPOS switches that converts between POS header and MAPOS header for each L2 frame. Chapter 2 describes the specification in two parts. First part is user network interface (UNI) specification and the second part is operation, administration, management and provisioning (OAM&P) description. Other issues such as congestion avoidance, end-to-end fairness control are out of scope of this document. Implementation issues are discussed in Chapter 3. Security considerations are noted in Chapter 4. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 2] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 2. MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode 2.1 Overview MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode is based on header rewriting. Figure 2. shows an example of MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode. The MAPOS network uses MAPOS 16 [2] in this example. Consider a tunneling path between customer premise equipment (CPE) A and CPE B which are industry standard POS equipment. The ingress/egress MAPOS switches A/B assigns unique MAPOS addresses (0x0203 and 0x0403) to the CPEs. These MAPOS addresses are used in the MAPOS network, for frame forwarding between CPE A and CPE B. NSP [5] will not be running between the CPEs and the switches in this case. MAPOS switch A rewrites the first 2 octets of every frame from CPE A, which are fixed as 0xFF and 0x03, to the MAPOS address of its peer, which is 0x0403. Frames are forwarded by the MAPOS network and arrives at the egress MAPOS switch B which rewrites the first 2 octets to their original values. If MAPOS v1 [1] is used in the MAPOS network, only the first octet is rewritten. +-----+ POS/0x0203 +--------+ +--------+ |CPE A|<---------->|MAPOS | MAPOS |MAPOS |<--- +-----+ --->|switch A|------------------|switch |<--- +--------+\__ Network __/ +--------+ \__ __/ +--------+ +-|-----|-+ POS/0x0403 +-----+ --->|MAPOS |----|MAPOS |<---------->|CPE B| --->|switch | |switch B |<--- +-----+ +--------+ +---------+ Figure 2. MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode The tunneling path between the two CPEs is managed by the ingress/egress MAPOS switches. 2.2 User-Network Interface(UNI) 2.2.1 Physical Layer For transport media between border MAPOS switch and CPE, SONET/SDH signal is utilized. Signal speed, path signal label, light power budget and all physical requirements are the same as those of PPP over SONET/SDH [3]. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 3] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 SONET/SDH overheads are terminated at the ingress/egress switches. SONET/SDH performance monitors and alarms are used for the link management between a CPE and the switch. Inter-switch links are similarly managed by SONET/SDH monitors and alarms. A CPE should synchronize to the clock of the border MAPOS switch. The corresponding port of the MAPOS switch uses its internal clock. When the CPE is connected to the MAPOS switch through SONET/SDH transmission equipment, both should synchronize to the clock of the SONET/SDH transmission equipment. 2.2.2 Link layer Link layer framing between CPE and MAPOS switch also follows the specification of PPP over SONET/SDH [3]. HDLC operation including byte stuffing, scrambling, FCS generation is terminated at the ingress/egress switch. In a MAPOS switch, HDLC frame [4] is picked up from a SONET/SDH payload and the first octet (HDLC address) for MAPOS v1 [1], or the first two octets (HDLC address and control field) for MAPOS 16 [2] are rewritten. The operation inside the border switch is as follows: From CPE (Ingress Switch receiving): SONET/SDH framing -> X^43+1 De-scrambling -> HDLC Byte de-stuffing -> HDLC FCS detection (if error, silently discard) -> L2 HDLC address/control rewriting (0xFF -> MAPOS v1 destination address, or 0xFF03 -> MAPOS 16 destination address) -> MAPOS-FCS generation -> HDLC Byte stuffing -> X^43+1 Scrambling -> SONET/SDH framing To CPE (Egress Switch transmitting): SONET/SDH framing -> X^43+1 De-scrambling -> HDLC Byte de-stuffing -> MAPOS-FCS detection (if error, silently discard) -> L2 HDLC address/control rewriting (MAPOS v1 address -> 0xFF, or MAPOS 16 address -> 0xFF03) -> HDLC FCS generation -> HDLC Byte stuffing -> X^43+1 Scrambling -> SONET/SDH framing Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 4] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 For STS-3c-SPE/VC-4, non-scrambled frame can be used for compatibility with RFC 1619. However, the use of 32bit-CRC and X^43+1 scrambling is recommended in RFC2615 [3] and for MAPOS networks. Maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the link must not be negotiated larger than MAPOS-MTU which is 65280 octets. Figure 3 shows a CPE-side L2 frame and the converted frame in the ingress/egress MAPOS switches. Note that the MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode is not a piggy-back encapsulation, but it is a transparent link with no additional header overhead. <--- Transmission +----------+----------+----------+----------+ | Flag | Address | Control | Protocol | | 01111110 | 11111111 | 00000011 | 16 bits | +----------+----------+----------+----------+ +-------------+---------+----------+----------+----------------- | Information | Padding |HDLC FCS | Flag | Inter-frame Fill | * | * |16/32 bits| 01111110 | or next Address +-------------+---------+----------+----------+----------------- (a) HDLC frame from/to CPE <--- Transmission +----------+----------+----------+----------+ | Flag | MAPOS Destination | Protocol | | 01111110 | 0xxxxxx0 | xxxxxxx1 | 16 bits | +----------+----------+----------+----------+ +-------------+---------+----------+----------+----------------- | Information | Padding |MAPOS FCS | Flag | Inter-frame Fill | * | * |16/32 bits| 01111110 | or next Address +-------------+---------+----------+----------+----------------- (b) Converted MAPOS 16 frame, forwarded in MAPOS networks Figure 3. HDLC frame from/to CPE and its conversion 2.3 Operation, Administration, Management and Provisioning (OAM&P) 2.3.1 MAPOS/PPP mode transition When a port of MAPOS switch is configured to PPP tunneling mode, at least the following operations are performed in the switch. a) Disable NSP [5] and SSP [6] (for the port, same below) b) Disable MAPOS broadcast and multicast forwarding Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 5] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 c) Reset the Path Signal Label (C2) to 0x16 if X^43+1 scrambling is used. The value 0xCF is used for non-scrambled OC3c signal. d) Enable header rewriting function to specified destination address When the port is configured back to MAPOS mode, reverse order of the operations above are performed. That means; a) Disable header rewriting function (for the port, same below) b) Reset the Path Signal Label (C2) to MAPOS default (0x8d) c) Enable MAPOS broadcast and multicast forwarding d) Enable NSP and SSP SONET/SDH alarms (B1/B2/B3 error exceeding, SLOF, SLOS, etc.) should not affect this transition. Figure 4 shows mode transition described above. [MAPOS mode] <----------------------------+ | | (Disable NSP) (Enable NSP) (Disable SSP) (Enable SSP) (Disable Broadcast/ (Enable Broadcast/ Multicast forwarding) Multicast forwarding) (C2-byte setting to 0x16 or 0xcf) (C2-byte setting to 0x8d) (Enable Header Rewriting function) (Disable Header Rewriting | | function) v | [PPP mode] --------------------------------+ Figure 4. MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode state transition diagram 2.3.2 Path Establishment A MAPOS/PPP tunneling path is established by following steps. a) Choose MAPOS address pair on both ingress/egress switches and configure their ports to PPP tunneling mode (see 2.3.1). b) When the routes for both directions become stable, the tunneling path is established. The link between the CPEs may be set up at that moment; PPP LCP controls are transparently exchanged by the CPEs. To add a new path, operators should pick unused MAPOS address-pair. They may be determined simply by choosing switches and ports for each CPE, because there is one-to-one correspondence between MAPOS addresses and switch ports. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 6] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 Then, those ports should be configured to MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode on both of the switches. Frame reachability is provided by SSP [6] in the MAPOS network. When the frame forwarding for each direction are stable, the path is established and frame forwarding is started. Until then, the link between border switches and CPE should be down. A MAPOS/PPP tunneling path should be managed by the pair of MAPOS addresses. It should be carefully handled to avoid misconfiguration such as path duplication. For convenient management, path database can be used to keep information about pairs of MAPOS addresses. Note that the path database is not used for frame forwarding. It is for OAM&P use only. 2.3.3 Failure detection and indication When any link or node failure is detected, it should be indicated to each peer of the path. This is done by PPP [7] keep-alive (LCP Echo request/reply) for end-to-end detection. Consideration is required to handle SONET/SDH alarms. When a link between CPE and the MAPOS switch fails, it is detected by both the MAPOS switch and the CPE seeing SONET/SDH alarms. However, far-side link remains up and no SONET/SDH error is found; SONET/SDH alarms are not transferred to the far end because each optical path is terminated in MAPOS network. In this case, the far end will see 'link up, line protocol down' status due to keep-alive expiration. For example, Figure 5 shows a tunneling path. When link 1 goes down, MAPOS sw A and CPE A detects SONET/SDH alarms but MAPOS sw B and CPE A' do not see this failure. When PPP keep-alive expires, CPE A' detects the failure and stops the packet transmission. The same mechanism is used for failure within the MAPOS cloud (link 2). When a MAPOS switch is down, SSP handles it as a topology change. 1 2 3 CPE A <-x-> MAPOS sw A ---(MAPOS cloud)--- MAPOS sw B <---> CPE A' Figure 5. Link failure 2.3.4 Path removal A MAPOS/PPP tunneling path is removed by following steps. a) Choose the path to remove, configure MAPOS switches on both ends of the path to disable the ports connected to the CPEs. b) Path database may be updated that the path is removed. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 7] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 c) When CPE is detached, port may be reset to MAPOS default configurations. Frames arriving after the destination port was disabled should be silently discarded and should not be forwarded to the port. 2.3.5 Provisioning and Design Consideration Because MAPOS does not have any QoS control at its protocol level, and POS does not have flow-control feature, it is difficult to guarantee end-end throughput. Sufficient bandwidth for inter-switch link should be prepared to support all paths on the link. Switches are recommended to ensure per-port fairness using any appropriate queuing algorithm. This is especially important for over-subscribed configuration, for example to have more than 16 OC12c paths on one OC192c inter-switch link. Although MAPOS v1 can be applied to the MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode, MAPOS 16 is recommended for ease of address management. Automatic switch address negotiation mechanism is not suitable for the MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode, because the path management mechanism becomes much more complex. 3. Implementation 3.1 Service example Figure 6 shows an example of MAPOS network with four switches. Inter-switch links are provided at OC192c and OC48c rate, customer links are either OC3c or OC12c rate. Some links are optically protected. Path database is used for path management. Using MAPOS-netmask with 8 bits, this topology can be extended up to 64 MAPOS switches, each equipped with up to 127 CPE ports. Switch addresses are fixed to pre-assigned values. The cost of optical protection (< 50ms) can be shared among paths. Unprotected link can also be coupled for more redundancy in case of link failure. SSP provides restoration path within few seconds. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 8] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 0x2003+---------+ +---------+ 0x2203 A----->| MAPOS | OC192c(protected) | MAPOS |<-------A' 0x2005| Switch 1|=======================| Switch 2| 0x2205 B----->| 0x2000/8| _________| 0x2200/8|<-------C' +---------+ / +---------+ OC192c| / | / OC48c(backup) +---------+ / +---------+ 0x2603 | MAPOS |_________/ | MAPOS |<-------B' 0x2405| Switch 3|=======================| Switch 4| C----->| 0x2400/8| OC192c(protected) | 0x2600/8| +---------+ +---------+ Path database entries: ----------------------------------------------------------- User : Speed : Mode : Address pair : Status ----------------------------------------------------------- A-A' : OC3c : CRC32, scramble : 0x2003-0x2203 : Up and running B-B' : OC12c : CRC32, scramble : 0x2005-0x2603 : B Down C-C' : OC3c : CRC16, no-scram : 0x2405-0x2205 : C' Down ----------------------------------------------------------- Figure 6. Example Topology and its Path Management 3.2 Evaluation of latency of reference implementation Figure 7 shows evaluation platforms in terms of latency measurement of MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 9] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 Case 1: Base latency measurement Measurement Equipment +---------+ POS Unidirectional Flow, OC12c 30%, FCS 32bits, | IXIA 400| payload-scrambling on (same for all cases) | POS-LM |<--+ | OC12c x2|---+ Loopback +---------+ (Using IxSoftware v3.1.148/SP1d) Case 2: Router latency measurement Measurement Device Under Test +---------+ POS +------------+ | IXIA 400| Unidirectional Flow | Cisco GSR | | POS-LM |<---------------------| 12008/1port| | OC12c x2|--------------------->| OC12cLC x2 | +---------+ +------------+ (Using IOS 12.0(15)S1) Case 3: MAPOS/PPP tunneling switch latency measurement Measurement Device Under Test +---------+ POS +-------------+ | IXIA 400| Unidirectional Flow | CSR MAPOS | | POS-LM |<---------------------| CORESwitch80| | OC12c x2|--------------------->| OC12c x2 | +---------+ +-------------+ Figure 7. Latency measurement of reference platform for MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode There is a PPP connection between port 1 and 2 of the measurement equipment. Traffic comes from measurement equipment (IXIA 400) and forwarded by a device under test back to the equipment. Timestamping and latency calculation are performed by IXIA 400 automatically. Traffic Load is set to 30% of OC12c for offloading router. Results are shown in Table 1. Measurements were taken according to the RFC2544 requirements [8]. We measured 25 trials of 150 seconds duration for each frame size. Results are averaged and rounded to the 20 ns resolution of IXIA. 95% confidence interval (C.I.) value are also rounded. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 10] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Frame size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Latency(ns) -------------------------------------------------------------------- Case 1: Baseline 4060 5640 6940 9840 16420 20700 23340 95% C.I.(+/-) 20 80 60 180 80 100 120 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Case 2: Router 26560 28760 33860 44600 68280 80500 91160 95% C.I.(+/-) 200 100 160 220 100 100 200 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Case 3: Switch 11100 13480 16620 22920 36380 43900 49920 95% C.I.(+/-) 120 120 120 200 100 160 120 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 1. Results of Latency (ns) - Frame size (bytes) This results shows that MAPOS/PPP tunneling mode does not cause any performance degradation in terms of latency view. A POS L2 switch was reasonably faster than a L3 router. 4. Security Considerations There is no way to control or attack a MAPOS network from CPE side under PPP tunneling mode. It is quite difficult to inject other stream because it is completely transparent from the viewpoint of the CPE. However, operators must carefully avoid misconfiguration such as path duplication. Per-path isolation is extremely important; switches are recommended to implement this feature (like VLAN mechanism). In addition, potential vulnerability still exists in a mixed environment where PPP tunneling mode and MAPOS native mode coexists in the same network. Use of such environment is not recommended, until an isolation feature is implemented in all MAPOS switches in the network. Note that there is no source address field in the MAPOS framing, which may make path isolation difficult in a mixed MAPOS/PPP environment. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 11] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 5. References [1] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH Version 1", RFC 2171, June 1997. [2] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "MAPOS 16 - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH with 16 Bit Addressing", RFC 2175, June 1997. [3] Malis, A. and W. Simpson, "PPP over SONET/SDH", RFC 2615, June 1999. [4] Simpson, W., "PPP in HDLC-like Framing", STD 51, RFC 1662, July 1994. [5] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension - Node Switch Protocol," RFC 2173, June 1997. [6] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension - Switch-Switch Protocol", RFC 2174, June 1997. [7] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51, RFC 1661, July 1994. [8] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999. 6. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and thoughtful suggestions of Takahiro Sajima. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 12] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 7. Author's Address Susumu Shimizu NTT Network Innovation Laboratories, 3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8585 Japan Phone: +81 422 59 3323 Fax: +81 422 59 3765 EMail: email@example.com Tetsuo Kawano NTT Network Innovation Laboratories, 3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8585 Japan Phone: +81 422 59 7145 Fax: +81 422 59 4584 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Ken Murakami NTT Network Innovation Laboratories, 3-9-11, Midori-cho Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8585 Japan Phone: +81 422 59 4650 Fax: +81 422 59 3765 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Eduard Beier DeTeSystem GmbH Merianstrasse 32 D-90409 Nuremberg, Germany EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 13] RFC 3186 MAPOS/PPP Tunneling mode December 2001 8. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Shimizu, et al. Informational [Page 14]


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Due to a few last minute things that have come up at work, I have to take an unplanned hiatus from baking and the blog for the next few weeks, making for an unfortunately abrupt holiday post just so the festive season doesn't go by without me wishing y'all a wonderful Christmas. Perhaps this is all for the better anyways-- I spent the last week or so with several food-ography and baking projects, and my studio and kitchen haven't yet completely recovered from the insanity! So while I hate taking time off from the blog, I hope you'll all excuse me for dropping in to quickly wish everyone "Happy Holidays!" before this blog goes on a little sabbatical for the remainder of 2011.
I hope everyone has wonderful holiday celebrations and gets to share this lovely season with the dear people in your lives. Thank you all so, so much for being an incredible community and letting me carry on and share my food and photography and life with you every week here on this little web platform of mine. I am very much looking forward to being back and hearing from everyone in 2012!
Happy Holidays!


text:
REREAD [FILE=handle] [COLUMN=column] [ENCODING='encoding'].
The REREAD
transformation allows the previous input line in a
data file
already processed by DATA LIST
or another input command to be re-read
for further processing.
The FILE
subcommand, which is optional, is used to specify the file to
have its line re-read. The file must be specified as the name of a file
handle (see File Handles). If FILE is not specified then the last
file specified on DATA LIST
is assumed (last file specified
lexically, not in terms of flow-of-control).
By default, the line re-read is re-read in its entirety. With the
subcommand, a prefix of the line can be exempted from
re-reading. Specify an expression (see Mathematical Expressions) evaluating to
the first column that should be included in the re-read line. Columns
are numbered from 1 at the left margin.
The ENCODING
subcommand may only be used if the FILE
subcommand is also used. It specifies the character encoding of the
file. See INSERT, for information on supported encodings.
Issuing REREAD
multiple times will not back up in the data
file. Instead, it will re-read the same line multiple times.


text:
When I took up art again - after many moons learning how to do other things - I wanted to develop my skills as a watercolour artist. I loved watercolours and wanted to be able to be able to reproduce the same results - ideally looking like Turner!
As a result, I went on workshops with watercolour artists and bought a lot of books. A lot of books. In fact my bookshelves are weighed down with books about watercolour.
Despite the fact that I susbsequently decided that I love drawing best and opted to develop most of my art in dry media I still remember which books influenced me the most and which ones I thought were the best.
I'm also thinking about working more in mixed media and incorporating watercolour into my work and am back reviewing my watercolour books again.
As ever when I'm doing research I always think about how best to make this accessible to other people - and then I create a website of resource links!
Working out which are the best books about watercolour painting
As ever I'm a huge believer in the wisdom of crowds. I've developed a couple of listings of books previously based on book reviews and input from art bloggers and people who read this blog. You can see them here:
Plus I like the way that people who are interested in a topic can identify which are the really popular 'forever' art books even if these are not featured by the publishers
Here's what I'm aiming to do - with your help:
- develop a listing of 'The Best Books' of instruction in watercolour painting
- develop a listing of 'The Best Books' about watercolour artists - past and present
Now 'popular' is not always the same as 'best', so in order to construct a listing of the top books (top 10 or top 20?) I'm going take the results of recommendations, reviews and the vote on popularity and from that construct the list of the best book and incorporate that into an information site.
The best watercolour art instruction books
This is how I'd like to 'surface' YOUR RECOMMENDATIONS to create a list for a Making A Mark Poll next month. It looks a bit complicated but it's actually quite simple.
What happens then is I will:
- YOU IDENTIFY your own personal top watercolour art instruction books - the ones you'd be happy to recommend to other people. (Identify as many or as few as you like; come back later with more recommendations if you like)
- YOU RANK each of the books in order of preference. Identify which is your personal #1 etc, then #2 etc
- YOU SCORE each book out of 10 - consistent with your rankings (eg #1 = 9 points; #2 = 8 points)
- YOU COMMENT on this blog with your recommendations and points awarded
- YOU WRITE (optional) about what you've concluded on your blog - explaining in more detail the reasons behind your scoring and why each book is good
- YOU LEAVE A LINK asa comment on this blog post if you've written a review of the books you recommend (this might be an old review which is still relevant today)
- construct a spreadsheet to record the book and the points awarded and work out which ones make it into the top 10.
- use your comments to highlight the reasons why the top books are recommended
- try and work out which are the most popular authors in terms of number of mentions
- work out which books to include in the Making A Mark opinion poll for April
So over to you - tell me which are the best books about watercolour painting - and why.
[Note: This blog post is going to be up all week as I am now going to go and submerge myself in local government strategies, policies and planning documents relating to where I live - we've got Hearings coming up in April and my submission needs to be in next Monday!]


text:
The Munchkin is famous for its short legs, the result of a recessive gene. The rest of the cat's body retains normal proportions.
Munchkins come in both long and shorthaired varieties, and in almost every color and pattern.
Despite their short legs, Munchkins are very mobile cats and can jump onto low tables and couches. They often find their way onto kitchen countertops if they can use smaller furniture to work their way up.
Munchkins are outgoing and playful, and enjoy lots of attention. Because of their mixed breeding, they tend to have a greater variety of personality types than many other recognized cats.
Even though their legs are short, Munchkins can still jump up on furniture.
Longhaired Munchkins need frequent grooming to keep their coats from matting.
The breed is steeped in controversy, and many cat fanciers do not believe Munchkins should be bred.
The modern version of the Munchkin breed was developed in Louisiana in the 1980s. The breed began when a short-legged tomcat named Talouse bred with feral Domestic Shorthairs around the town of Monroe, creating a population of short-legged cat.
By the early 1990s, a group of breeders that had become involved with these cats petitioned The International Cat Association (TICA) for recognition of the breed, which they were calling the Munchkin. Amid much controversy, the Munchkin was recognized by TICA in 1995. The Cat Fanciers Association (CFA) and the American Cat Fanciers Association (ACFA) do not accept the Munchkin breed because of the ongoing controversy centering around its abnormally short legs.


text:
The GW.26 2.4GHz Monopole RP-SMA(M) terminal mount antenna is ideal for 2.4GHz wireless applications such as Bluetooth and Wireless LAN. The connector mount is fully customizable. Many module manufacturers specify peak gain limits for any antennas that are to be connected to that module. Those peak gain limits are based on free-space conditions. In practice, the peak gain of an antenna tested in free-space can degrade by at least 1 or 2dBi when put inside a device.
So ideally you should go for a slightly higher peak gain antenna than mentioned on the module specification to compensate for this effect, giving you better performance. Upon testing of any of our antennas with your device and a selection of appropriate layout, integration technique, or cable, Taoglas can make sure any of our antennas' peak gain will be below the peak gain limits. Taoglas can then issue a specification and/or report for the selected antenna in your device that will clearly show it complying with the peak gain limits, so you can be assured you are meeting regulatory requirements for that module.
For example, a module manufacturer may state that the antenna must have less than 2dBi peak gain, but you don't need to select an embedded antenna that has a peak gain of less than 2dBi in free-space. This will give you a less optimized solution. It is better to go for a slightly higher free-space peak gain of 3dBi or more if available. Once that antenna gets integrated into your device, performance will degrade below this 2dBi peak gain due to the effects of the GND plane, surrounding components, and device housing. If you want to be absolutely sure, contact Taoglas and we will test. Choosing a Taoglas antenna with a higher peak gain than what is specified by the module manufacturer and enlisting our help will ensure you are getting the best performance possible without exceeding the peak gain limits.


text: Rare Earth Magnets - 4 Blocks, 0.250" x 0.250" x 0.100". These little guys will impress you to no end! Great for canopies and access panels. Use against each other for maximum force or put against washers for maximum value. 2.4 lbs pull force each. Sold in packs of 4.


text:
Teen Goes Viral for Looking Exactly Like Michael Jackson in Selfie
Imagine being a teen girl and getting told that you look like Michael Jackson—not just by your friends, but by thousands of people on the internet who you don't even know.
This is exactly what happened to Lorun Elisabeth, a 17-year-old college student from Manchester, U.K.
On August 2, Elisabeth posted a selfie on Twitter with the caption, "Blame it on the boogie." What happened next was beyond what she could have possibly expected: According to The Mirror, she was flooded with more than 109,000 likes, nearly 30,000 retweets and 6,000 comments from Twitter users telling her she looks like the late King of Pop.
But instead of getting offended, upset or even taking the picture down, the teen says she found the reaction to her photo funny... and even agrees with the striking resemblance.
"My reaction to people saying this was always positive," she told the British tabloid. "I saw the funny side. I'm not one to ever be offended by something someone's said online about me, really."
Elisabeth added that "it's quite clear that in that picture I look a lot like Michael Jackson."
"So, I guess people just ran with it and now I'm known as the 'Michael Jackson girl. So many people have been retweeting it with popular Michael Jackson lyrics, which I find hilarious," she added.


text:
Get OrganicFood | Responsive WordPress Theme Download
Version 3.2.6 is out! (03.11.17) Click here to view the Change log
Organic Food is a clean, modern, functional and easy-to-use responsive parallax wordpress theme that has been purposely built for the organic food, organic shop and organic farm industry.
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- jQuery 100% unobtrusive wich degrades gracefully if javascript is turned off
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SEO (Search engine optimization)
The theme is built with SEO best practices in mind. It uses clean, semantical and valid HTML code and CSS so search engines can index the content of your site with ease. Important content is always placed before unimportent in your source code (eg: Blog Post content before Sidebar), Headlines are wrapped in heading tags (h1, h2, h3 etc) to signalise their importance to search engines.
The site also uses heavy internal site linking, which is also of vital for search engines (related posts, primary and secondary navigation menus, footer navigation, etc) With this Wordpress Template you are well equipped to get a high google ranking and attract visitors to show them your fantastic work
This is a responsive theme, able to adapt its layout to the screen size of your visitors. (try resizing the screen and see for yourself) The Slideshows for this theme are also touch enabled and hardware accelerated, which means they are working super sleek on mobile device like ipad or iphone
Fully Customizable Mega Menu
Customize both the standard and mobile menu, create wide or normal sub-menus at the same time, choose wide menu layout with or without icons. Add widgets to one of the columns of the wide menu and create any layout you want. Create awesome one-page web sites using anchors in the menu.
Sticky Header
You can set header to be sticky and control the scroll amount (relative to the top of the page) at which the sticky header will appear. If there is a slider on the page, then the height of the slider is the default "scroll amount" for the appearance of the sticky header.
CSS3 Animations
Choose from our collection of fluid CSS3 animations, carefully designed for a smooth and seamless experience.
Visual Composer for WordPress ($34 value) included free
The drag-and-drop Visual Composer page builder for WordPress will save you tons of time working on your site content. Now you'll be able to create complex layouts within minutes!
Slider Revolution Responsive WordPress Plugin ($19 value) included free
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Section Video Background
Add full width video backgrounds to sections and set different pattern images for each section.
Easy-To-Use Powerful Admin Interface
Our theme comes with an extremely intuitive, easy-to-use admin interface. Add unlimited sliders and slides while you are editing pages/posts/portfolios, add unlimited portfolio images or videos while editing your portfolio items, add unlimited parallax sections to any page, customize typography styles, upload multiple logo versions, and much more. Take complete control over your website.
Much more..
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Support and Documentation
The theme comes with an extensive help file to help you understand how it works. If you encounter any problems or have questions once you purchased the theme feel free to drop us a notice at Support
We have 12000+ registered members that often help out faster than we can. Nevertheless you will always recieve a response from me or my support team. More than 1k+ Posts show that we do care that your site works fine
A short notice: The reasons I have chosen to use my own forum are quite simple:
- Themeforest support threads are not searchable. Since most questions are asked over and over again a searchable forum will greatly enhance your experience since the answer to your question might already be there.
- Second Reason: people can't respond to each other at themeforest to help each other out, which often happens on the support forums.
Hope you are happy with the theme. Have fun editing it
Best regards
Source & Credits
Extensions Credits
- Twitters Bootstrap
- Big Thanks to the guys over at ThemePunch
Graphics & Font Credits
- Some Images & Videos taken from Shutterstock & iStock
- Unsplash
(Images are only for display purposes, they are not supplied with final packages) - Icons (Font Awesome)
- Font – 'Open Sans' by Steve Matteson
Checkout the Popular Wordpress Theme
Changes log and Update
Version 3.5.1 StarPath (30 May, 2019)
Fixed some minor bugs Updated font-awesome 4.7.0
Version 3.5 StarPath (20 May, 2019)
Support Gutenburg Fixed some minor bugs
Version 3.4 StarPath (26 Feb, 2019)
Improved styles Fixed some minor bugs Update demo data
------------ [12 Dec, 2018] ------------ #! Version V3.3 Compatible WP 5.0 Update Rev Slider 5.4.8 Update Visual Composer 5.6 Compatible with WooCommerce 3.5 Fixed some minor bugs Improved styles
------------ [Nov-03-2017] ------------ #! Version V3.2.6 ( New Package ) - Update search form style - Update content data - Fixed issue portfolio filter shortcode
------------ [May-21-2017] ------------ #! Version V3.2.3 ( New Package ) - Update 2 new home - Update sample data
------------ [May-11-2017] ------------ #! Version V3.2.2 ( New Package ) - Update support product gallery lightbox
------------ [May-03-2017] ------------ #! Version V3.2.1 ( New Package ) - Update Essential Grid plugin - VC 5.x Plugins
------------ [April-18-2017] ------------ #! Version V3.2 ( New Package ) - Update Woo commerce 3.x - Update VC 5.3.x - Update child theme
------------ [Feb-25-2017] ------------ #! Version V3.1 ( New Package ) - Update Language files - load_theme_textdomain - Update Sample data files ======= #! Version V2.1 ( Update version 2.x ) - Update Language files - load_theme_textdomain - Update Sample data files
------------ [Jan-25-2017] ------------ #! Version V3.0 - Remove header fixed in page option and theme option - Use "Ef3 Import and Export" plugin for new package support one click demo content - Remove icon font in theme option - Compatible with WP 4.7.x - Compatible with VC 5.x - Compatible with WOO 2.5.x - Compatible With WPML, - Slider Revolution 5.x - Fixed stroke color in Piegraph shortcode - Required Newsletter plugin - Required Regenerate Thumbnails plugin - Remove demo content option - Remove Responsive Options - Remove Favicon Options, it is recommend to use favicon plugin - Add newsletter sidebar - Update google font - Improved Install Sample Data - Improved page load speed
------------ [Jan-25-2017] ------------ #! Version V2.0.8 ( This version for update theme only, We will support version 2.x until June- 2017 ) - Compatible with WP 4.7.x - Compatible with VC 5.x - Compatible with WOO 2.5.x - Update google font
------------ [July-05-2016] ------------ #! Version 2.0.7 - Compatible With WooCommerce 2.6 - Update Active category layout
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Special Exhibition
13 March – 13 July 2001
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Arnold Schönberg's death, the fifth special exhibition at the Arnold Schönberg Center will be dedicated to the composer's compositional, theoretical and pedagogical influence in America from 1933 to 1951. The special exhibition "Arnold Schönberg in America" will show original manuscripts, among them the autographs of the "Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte," and "A Survivor from Warsaw," biographical documents and memorabilia from Schönberg's legacy, such as his polemic with Thomas Mann concerning "Doctor Faustus." These documents not only provide insight into Schönberg's artistic world but also highlight his connections to the émigré community in Los Angeles. A cross-section of the artistic works which originated in America, as well as pictures and musical selections, will provide an overview of Schönberg's American period, documenting his exile and the reflections of a politically engaged artist.


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Sellers: The Benefits of Staging Your Home
Your home might be beautiful. Maybe it is immaculate, stylishly appointed to suit your tastes or highly upgraded with the finest materials and features. Perhaps it is all of these things. But, unless you are one in a thousand, it is not "staged."
Staging a home for sale is not a new concept, but it is a practice that has gained steam with our more challenging market. I see many home sellers confuse staging with decorating and consequently resisting the process and the recommendations of the staging professional. But the reality is that the moment you commit to marketing your home for sale, you need to commit to transforming your home into a place that potential buyers can easily picture as their home. This means that you need to be prepared to emotionally detach.
Your home speaks to you, but what is it saying to your potential buyer? Most sellers we encounter tend to take the staging process personally, and this is precisely the point. Our homes are personal, yet how we live is not how we sell. Our homes represent who we are; they are life-sized memory books of our travels, they trumpet our likes, our dislikes and our beliefs. They showcase our stuff -- all that stuff we have accumulated over time that speaks to us. The goal of staging is to make the home speak to everyone else, in a compelling and positive way.
You are proud of your Hummel collection. Each piece acquired over time has a special meaning, but to your buyer, it is a collection of your things which serves only to draw his attention away from the main event. Likewise the personal photos, the too-tall centerpiece, the overstuffed china cabinet and the bookcase filled with National Geographic magazines dating back to the Paleozoic Era -- these are all treasures to be sure, but they serve only to sidetrack a buyer from the task at hand.
Buyers tend to label the homes they see, as do agents. So, you can either be the "house with the beautiful arched doorways" or the "house with the Elvis throw rug and a bunch of office furniture where the dining room should be." Both evoke emotional reactions, but unless the buyer is one who spends his annual vacations at Graceland, you will be far better served by eliminating distractions.
Clutter may suggest your home doesn't measure up.
Most of us, if honest, will admit that our daily lives involve a certain amount of clutter. The little stack of mail and car keys and loose change next to the telephone, the "junk drawer" which has been busy propagating the species while no one was looking, and a bathroom with enough toiletries on display to groom the entire population of Northern Ireland are all examples. OK, I'm talking about my home here, but we all have our own flavors of clutter.
True, clutter is just another perpetrator of distraction. More importantly, though, your clutter may be sending a message that you don't have enough space. My own kitchen counter top is at this moment permanent home to a toaster, a toaster oven, a coffee pot, a butcher block of knives, a canister of utensils and a bowl of random items of fruit origin, the latter living out their golden years in a decorative bowl. This arrangement (except for the brown bananas) is functional, but to another person it might suggest I lack the cabinet space to properly store these everyday items. And, if I'm hoping that this other person will buy my home, I need to clean up my act.
Don't shoot the stager.
The primary goal of staging is not to transform your home into the eighth wonder of the world. For most of us, this simply isn't realistic. Rather, the best stagers will work with what you have, rearranging and reallocating all of your belongings, in order to present the property in its best light. Sometimes this means reallocating some of those belongings to the garage.
Too often the tendency is take the process personally, but you shouldn't. Staging is not a do-it-yourself sport, and only a third party specialist can bring the neutrality and objectivity needed to accomplish the goal. You may interpret the message that your favorite painting would look much better above the fireplace -- in your neighbor's house -- as an indictment on your style and tastes. OK, maybe it is, but most likely it is not. Rather, it is probably the stager's attempt to ensure that your appointments don't upstage the home itself. That's his/her job.
Make no mistake -- professional staging is an inconvenience. Your daily routine will be turned, at least temporarily, on its head. And it can be unsettling as you watch your life rearranged to suit the tastes of others. But if selling your home in the shortest amount of time and for the most money is your goal, it is precisely those "others" who should be your focus.


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Immerse yourself in the glittering world of
Hamburg's world famous red light district.
Here in St. Pauli can real men
lay down their careers.
You've had enough! Day after day, hour after hour you're standing in your fries stand. The same drudgery day in, day out. While you're slaving away, the pimps with their big cars cruise around, passing your stand. These guys have it all: money, women, lots of fun. And you? You stink of old grease.
This has to change!
Turn the Kiez into your territory and sex it up with the ultimate erotic business: The deluxe brothel!
Too bad that you can't get the building permit that easily.
The building committee of the senate says no and just won't give you the license. This requires creativity. Because behind every white-bread politician's facade there is some sinful secret.
With the right leverage you will get your building permit. Guaranteed!


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Don't Panic. Fear Is Al-Qaeda's Real Goal
By Fareed Zakaria
In responding to the attempted bombing of an airliner on Christmas Day, Sen. Dianne Feinstein voiced the feelings of many when she said that to prevent such situations, "I'd rather overreact than underreact.†This appears to be the consensus view in Washington, but it is quite wrong. The purpose of terrorism is to provoke an overreaction. Its real aim is not to kill the hundreds of people directly targeted but to sow fear in the rest of the population. Terrorism is an unusual military tactic in that it depends on the response of the onlookers. If we are not terrorized, then the attack didn't work. Alas, this one worked very well.
The attempted bombing says more about al-Qaeda's weakened state than its strength. In the eight years before Sept. 11, al-Qaeda was able to launch large-scale terrorist attacks on several continents. It targeted important symbols of American power — embassies in Africa; a naval destroyer, the USS Cole; and, of course, the World Trade Center. The operations were complex — a simultaneous bombing of two embassies in different countries — and involved dozens of people of different nationalities who trained around the world, moved significant sums of money and coordinated their efforts over months, sometimes years.
On Christmas an al-Qaeda affiliate launched an operation using one person, with no special target, and a failed technique tried eight years ago by "shoe bomber†Richard Reid. The plot seems to have been an opportunity that the group seized rather than the result of a well-considered strategic plan. A Nigerian fanatic with (what appeared to be) a clean background volunteered for service; he was wired up with a makeshift explosive and put on a plane. His mission failed entirely, killing not a single person. The suicide bomber was not even able to commit suicide. But al-Qaeda succeeded in its real aim, which was to throw the American system into turmoil. That's why the terror group proudly boasted about the success of its mission.
Is there some sensible reaction between panic and passivity? Philip Zelikow, the executive director of the 9/11 Commission and later a senior State Department official in the Bush administration, suggests that we should try to analyze failures in homeland security the way we do airplane catastrophes. When an airliner suffers an accident, major or minor, the National Transportation Safety Board convenes a group of nonpartisan experts who methodically examine what went wrong and then issue recommendations to improve the situation. "We approach airline security with the understanding that it's a complex problem, that we have a pretty good system, but that there will be failures — caused by human beings, technology, or other factors. The point is to constantly fix what's broken and keep improving the design and execution,†says Zelikow.
Imagine if that were the process after a lapse in homeland security. The public would know that any attack, successful or not, would trigger an automatic, serious process to analyze the problem and fix it. Politicians might find it harder to use every such event for political advantage. The people on the front lines of homeland security would not get demoralized as they watched politicians and the media bash them and grandstand with little knowledge.
Overreacting to terrorist attacks plays into al-Qaeda's hands. It also provokes responses that are likely to be large-scale, expensive, ineffective and possibly counterproductive. More screening for every passenger makes no sense. When searching for needles in haystacks, adding hay doesn't help. What's needed is a larger, more robust watch list that is instantly available to all relevant government agencies. Almost 2 million people travel on planes in the United States every day. We need to isolate the tiny percentage of suspicious characters and search them, not cause needless fear in everyone else.
As for the calls to treat the would-be bomber as an enemy combatant, torture him and toss him into Guantanamo, God knows he deserves it. But keep in mind that the crucial intelligence we received was from the boy's father. If that father had believed that the United States was a rogue superpower that would torture and abuse his child without any sense of decency, would he have turned him in? To keep this country safe, we need many more fathers, uncles, friends and colleagues to have enough trust in America that they, too, would turn in the terrorist next door.
Fareed Zakaria is editor of Newsweek International. His e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Riprap Shoreline Protection
Rugged, reliable and resilient, riprap shorelines are the ultimate solution for preventing erosion and ice damage on the shores of lakes, rivers and ponds. These structures have gained popularity in recent years due to their durability and longevity, making them a popular choice for property owners looking to protect their shoreline investments.
The benefits of riprap shorelines are numerous; they provide excellent protection against waves, currents and ice flows while also offering an attractive aesthetic appeal that blends well with natural surroundings.
What riprap shorelines are, the benefits they offer, how they are designed and constructed, their potential environmental effects as well as maintenance requirements. By exploring these aspects of riprap shorelines in greater depth we aim to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of this important protective structure that has become increasingly relevant in today's changing climate conditions.
What is Riprap?
The construction of durable and aesthetically pleasing barriers along the water's edge to prevent erosion and ice damage is a specialized service offered by this company. These barriers are known as riprap shorelines, which involve the use of large rocks or boulders placed along the shoreline in a specific pattern to absorb wave energy and protect against erosion. There are different types of riprap shorelines available, including traditional rock-filled structures, gabions (wire baskets filled with rocks), concrete blocks, and other materials. The cost of installing riprap shorelines varies depending on several factors such as the size of the project, type of material used, accessibility to the site, and labor costs. However, it is important to note that while initial installation costs may be higher compared to other methods like vegetation planting or wooden walls, riprap shorelines offer long-term benefits such as durability and low maintenance requirements. Installation requires expertise in planning and execution since proper positioning and compaction techniques must be observed for optimum performance. In fact, the use of it instead of natural shorelines can take habitat away from critters such as turtles, shallow-water fish, otters, and other shoreline-reliant animals. Source: lakeleelanau.org
Benefits of Riprap Shorelines
One of the most durable and aesthetically pleasing options for protecting shorelines from erosion and ice damage is riprap. Riprap shorelines offer a solution that combines durability with beauty, making it a popular choice among homeowners, businesses, and municipalities alike. The cost effectiveness of riprap shorelines is one of its many benefits. It provides long term durability while also adding aesthetic appeal to any property. This makes it an attractive option for those who want to protect their shoreline investment without sacrificing its visual appeal. With proper installation and maintenance, riprap can withstand harsh weather conditions and remain intact for decades, making it a smart investment for those looking for a permanent solution to shoreline protection.
Benefits of Riprap
Riprap has several benefits that make it an attractive option for shoreline protection. One of the most significant benefits is its natural-looking appearance. Riprap can blend in with the surrounding environment, making it a more aesthetically pleasing option than other methods.
Riprap is also effective at controlling erosion. The rocks absorb the energy of waves and currents, reducing their impact on the shoreline. This can help prevent soil erosion and protect the property from damage.
Design and Construction of Riprap Shorelines
In the realm of waterfront protection, there exists a meticulous process for designing and constructing a durable and visually appealing solution. The design of riprap shorelines takes into account the specific needs of each project, including rock placement and shoreline stabilization. The construction process involves careful planning to ensure that erosion prevention measures are in place and that the final product meets the highest standards.
Rock placement is a critical aspect of riprap shoreline design. Rocks must be placed in a specific pattern to create a stable barrier against water erosion. In addition, the size and shape of individual rocks must be carefully considered to ensure that they fit together tightly and provide maximum strength.
Shoreline stabilization involves creating a solid foundation for the rocks by excavating soil and compacting it to create an even surface. This process ensures that the riprap will remain in place over time, even under adverse conditions such as high winds or heavy rainstorms.
By following this meticulous process, riprap shorelines can provide long-lasting erosion prevention while enhancing the natural beauty of waterfront properties.
Professional rip rap installation can be a significant investment, but, you want something to last decades and that protects your shoreline property and home.
Source: wlddi.com
Proper rip rap installation includes: shaping the slope of the area to a specific angle, covering the slope with the right textile fabric, securing the fabric from movement, covering that with rock of a particular size to the right depth.
Rip rap is a popular form of shoreline restoration used to protect the integrity of shorelines. When properly installed, rip rap can help prevent erosion and reduce damage from flooding and wave action. To ensure that rip rap is properly installed, certain steps must be taken to ensure its effectiveness.
Additionally, riprap is durable and long-lasting. It can withstand the elements and requires minimal maintenance, making it a cost-effective option in the long run.
Environmental Effects of Riprap Shorelines
The environmental impact of using hard structures, such as riprap shorelines, to protect waterfront properties warrants further investigation. While these structures are effective in preventing erosion and ice damage, they may unintentionally contribute to shoreline degradation in other areas and have negative consequences on the natural ecosystem. For instance, riprap shorelines can alter the flow of water and sediments along the shoreline, which affects aquatic habitats and may lead to increased erosion elsewhere. Additionally, hard structures can impede beach access for wildlife and interfere with natural processes like wave action that help maintain healthy ecosystems.
Potential solutions to mitigate the ecological impact of riprap shorelines include exploring alternative options such as living shorelines or soft engineering techniques that incorporate vegetation or natural materials instead of hard structures. It is also important to carefully consider the placement and design of riprap shorelines to minimize their impact on surrounding habitats. To ensure long-term sustainability, regular monitoring should be conducted to evaluate any changes in the ecosystem due to the presence of hard structures. Ultimately, balancing human needs with environmental conservation is crucial when designing coastal protection measures like riprap shorelines.
Own A Lakefront Property?
According to the Watershed Council, losing just one foot of shore on a lakefront property can amount to more than $9,000 in decreased property value.
Unlike other erosion control methods, rip rap retaining walls absorb wave energy as opposed to diverting it to cause damage elsewhere.
Our watershed and shoreline have everything from natural woodlands, aquatic vegetation, and beaches to man-made control structures (i.e., riprap) to combat soil erosion.
Source: lakeleelanau.org
With over a decade of lakefront restoration experience, we'll assess your property and correct any existing shoreline issues as well as customize a plan to address future problems so you can enjoy your home away from home worry-free for years to come.
Maintenance of Riprap Shorelines
This section focuses on the maintenance of hard structures used to protect waterfront properties, exploring ways to ensure their long-term sustainability while minimizing negative ecological impact. Riprap shorelines are a popular choice for preventing erosion and ice damage, but they require regular maintenance to remain effective.
Repair methods vary depending on the severity of the damage and may include adding new rocks or repairing existing ones. It is important to address any damage as soon as possible to avoid further erosion and potential safety hazards.
Cost analysis is also an important factor in riprap shoreline maintenance. While it may seem costly upfront, regular upkeep can save money in the long run by preventing more extensive repairs or even complete replacement.
Best practices for maintaining riprap shorelines include regularly inspecting for damage, removing debris that can trap water and cause erosion, and avoiding heavy equipment on the shoreline whenever possible. By following these practices and addressing any issues promptly, riprap shorelines can continue to provide durable protection while minimizing negative environmental impacts.
Shoreline Erosion?
If your shoreline is suffering from erosion, riprap can provide a lasting solution. Riprap, sometimes referred to as a riprap wall, seawall, revetment, or hard stabilization, is a barrier of stones installed on an aquatic filter fabric. This prevents further erosion while adding beauty to your waterfront property. It can also increase the value of your home or cabin!
Riprap should always be installed by experienced and knowledgeable shoreline experts like us – otherwise you risk doing more harm than good. We know exactly how to lay the stones in accordance with geological and environmental considerations. That means no disruption to the natural environment and no risks posed by muskrats or other rodents! Plus, because we use fieldstone when possible, you get beautifully natural looking results that add confidence in their durability and resilience.
Frequently Asked Questions
When considering shoreline protection options, cost comparison is an important factor to consider. While some materials may have a lower upfront cost, it's crucial to also consider material durability and maintenance requirements over time. One example that illustrates this point is the analogy of purchasing a cheap umbrella versus a high-quality one. Sure, the cheaper option may save money in the short-term, but it won't last as long or be as effective in protecting you from the elements. Similarly, while riprap shorelines may have a higher upfront cost than some alternatives, they provide unparalleled durability and require minimal maintenance over time, ultimately saving money in the long run compared to constantly repairing or replacing less durable options.
The installation of shoreline protection on steep and rocky coastlines presents significant challenges due to the terrain's unique characteristics. The natural slope of the land can make it difficult to establish a stable base for any structure, including shoreline protection. Additionally, the presence of rocks and other obstacles can impede installation efforts, making it challenging to achieve a consistent and effective solution. However, with careful planning and expert know-how, these challenges can be overcome, allowing for successful installation of shoreline protection on even the most challenging terrain.
When considering the installation of any shoreline protection, there are various timeframe considerations that must be taken into account. Riprap shorelines, in particular, require careful planning and execution to ensure that the project is completed within a reasonable amount of time. The environmental impact of riprap shorelines is also an important factor to consider during installation, as they can disrupt natural habitats and cause water quality issues if not properly managed. Additionally, maintenance requirements should be considered when choosing this type of shoreline protection as regular upkeep may be necessary to ensure its effectiveness over time. By carefully considering these factors before beginning a riprap shoreline installation project, property owners can ensure the success and longevity of their investment.
Before installing any shoreline protection or restoration, it is crucial to determine if there are any permit requirements that need to be met. Depending on the location and environmental impact of the project, permits may need to be obtained from local, state, or federal agencies. Failure to obtain necessary permits can result in fines and legal issues. Additionally, it is important to consider the potential impact on shoreline property values and surrounding ecosystems when undertaking a shoreline project. Proper planning and consideration of all factors can ensure a successful installation that benefits both the property owner and the environment.
When it comes to shoreline protection, property owners may wonder if they can customize their options to fit their aesthetic preferences. Customization options may include choosing the size and color of rocks used in riprap shorelines or incorporating vegetation into the design. However, it is important to consider durability considerations and environmental impact when making these decisions. While customization may enhance the visual appeal of a shoreline, it should not compromise its effectiveness in preventing erosion and ice damage. Ultimately, finding a balance between aesthetics and functionality will ensure that the shoreline remains both beautiful and protected for years to come.
While it is possible for homeowners to install riprap, professional installation is recommended. Proper installation is essential for the effectiveness and longevity of the riprap.
Riprap can provide habitat for marine life, including fish and invertebrates. The rocks can provide shelter and food sources, improving the overall health of the ecosystem.
Riprap is a natural-looking and effective method of shoreline protection that can be more cost-effective than other methods in the long run. Its durability and minimal maintenance requirements make it an attractive option for property owners. If you are interested in learning more about riprap and how it can benefit your shoreline, please contact us for more information.
Riprap shorelines have many benefits that make them the best choice for preventing erosion and ice damage on the shorelines of lakes, rivers, and ponds. Their durability and toughness are unmatched, making them a cost-effective option in the long run. The design and construction process of riprap shorelines require expertise, attention to detail, and knowledge of environmental regulations.
However, it is important to consider the potential environmental effects of these structures. Riprap shorelines can impact aquatic habitats and water quality if not properly designed and built according to DNR-approved guidelines. Regular maintenance is also crucial to ensure their effectiveness over time.
Overall, as the idiom goes 'an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.' Investing in a high-quality riprap shoreline can save property owners from costly repairs down the line while protecting our natural resources for future generations.
Services offer in Grey Cloud Island Minnesota:
• • Google map


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LatestFolks expect a certain kind of behavior when your name is David "SexToy Dave" Levine. And so Levine, the CEO of a leading Internet adult product distributor, is leading a team that will launch the first vibrator into space.
According to reports,
The Vibrating Bullet brand product making the mission is no ordinary vibrator. The toy had to be developed to withstand temperatures of -75 degrees Fahrenheit, conditions 10 times beyond normal cosmic radiation and the elements that are present at an altitude of 100,000 feet, which is three times higher than the cruising altitude of a typical jetliner.
The vibrator will ascend into space via a solar-powered helium balloon outfitted with trackind devices and GPD, and should travel 100 miles before SexToy Dave and his friends get it back. Interested parties can follow the vibe's progress on the company's blog.
And if you're wondering why our civilization needs a vibrator that can withstand space travel, I mean, come on. If I had to choose between the regular vibrator and the one built to withstand cosmic radiation and extreme temperatures, I'd take the latter, thanks.