text:
We seek to ensure the health and safety of employees by providing safe working conditions, by developing safe work practices and by providing employee safety training.
All management functions comply with the safety policy and government legislation as they relate to planning, maintenance of facilities and equipment.
We recognize that accidental loss can be controlled through good management in combination with active employee involvement. Safety is the direct responsibility of everyone.
We require all contractors working on our behalf to comply with all government health and safety legislation and Interoute Construction Ltd. Guidelines.
We promote and support the activities of the Safety Committee, whose objective is to encourage participation of employees in the identification, evaluation and solution of health and safety concerns in the workplace through discussion, inspection and education.
All Managers and Supervisors are responsible for providing instruction on appropriate safety policies.
All Managers and Supervisors shall monitor and ensure that employees adhere to the safety policies.
We are committed to an annual review of all safety policy and procedures. This review shall be based on an analysis of all records and statistics of the previous year.
Based on the review and recommendations made by the safety committee, supervisors and workers, management shall improve job procedures and plan for training where needed to promote the safest possible working conditions.


text:
The firm was founded in 2002 in Brussels to help Financial Institutions for their recruitment needs. In 2004, Jonnaert & Partners became the leader in banking recruitment.
Partnerships were signed in Paris, Luxembourg and in Geneva. Known for its excellent results in direct search, Jonnaert & Partners develops long term relations with prestigious financial institutions.
In 2008, we implemented an integrated HR approach with a wide range of services: Career Transition, Mergers & Acquisition, Outplacement and Salary Surveys.
Jonnaert & Partners Banking Recruitment (JP Bank) is the recruitment firm for the banking sector. At JP Bank, we strongly believe in specialist efficiency, and we deliver tailor made services only based on a direct search approach. JP Bank is known for its searching with passion and commitment to quality.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) — Taco Bell, often a late-night indulgence with its inexpensive fare, is going more upscale.
The chain said Wednesday it plans an early July rollout of a menu addition created by celebrity chef Lorena Garcia for its nearly 5,600 U.S. restaurants. New items feature such ingredients as black beans, cilantro rice, citrus- and herb-marinated chicken and cilantro dressing.
The introduction of items that Taco Bell executive Brian Niccol described as "gourmet Mexican," is a venture onto the turf of casual-dining chains such as Chipotle Mexican Grill and Qdoba Mexican Grill known for higher-quality ingredients.
It's a departure from such standards as tacos, burritos and chalupas that Taco Bell's core young-adult customers crave and that will remain mainstays on menu boards.
Introduction of the Cantina Burrito Bowl and Cantina Burrito is part of the Irvine, Calif.-based chain's transformation as its customers increasingly look for more than a quick bite on the go, said Niccol, Taco Bell's chief marketing and innovation officer.
He credits Garcia, who will appear on Bravo's "Top Chef Masters" show this summer, as the force behind the Cantina Bell menu that the chain expects to eventually expand.
"She brought a lot of new thinking, a lot of fresh approaches to our ingredients that change the flavor profile of the brand," Niccol said.
The additions going nationwide July 5 take a bigger bite out of the wallet, but the newcomers are also bigger than the chain's regular burritos. The Cantina Burrito Bowl and Cantina Burrito, offered with chicken or steak, will sell for nearly $5 apiece. A vegetarian option will be offered, also for nearly $5.
Side dishes include chips and pico de gallo or corn salsa, chips and guacamole, or black beans and rice. Each will sell for $1.49.
The goal is to give regular customers more choices and to lure new business.
Niccol acknowledged that the push for quality will draw some skepticism. So the chain said it will refund customers or offer them replacement items if they don't like the new Cantina Bell dishes. The refund or replacement is a long-standing company policy, but now the chain is publicizing it.
"Our experience has been when they try it, nobody's returning them," he said.
The new items were tested for months in Louisville and Bakersfield and Fresno, Calif. The results included improved lunch and dinner business along with an uptick in women customers, he said.
Mark Kalinowski, an analyst with Janney Capital Markets, said the Cantina Bell line could find a niche between Taco Bell's less-expensive core items and the more-expensive fare at Mexican restaurants such as Chipotle and Qdoba.
"Maybe there's room in the market for that type of positioning to do well," he said. "I would bet this will be a winner."
Garcia, a featured guest on NBC's "Today Show" and "The Biggest Loser," started working with Taco Bell in the fall of 2010.
"They were looking to ... expand their food to offer new flavors with great taste," she said. "I saw this as an opportunity to help create diversity to the Taco Bell experience."
The company will put more than $20 million of TV and digital marketing into the first month or so of the rollout, Niccol said.
The rollout is the latest in a series of big developments for a chain that's been on a roller coaster ride.
In March, Taco Bell introduced its Doritos Locos Tacos, with shells made out of Nacho Cheese Doritos. The chain sold 100 million of the tacos in the first 10 weeks of sales, exceeding its expectations, said Taco Bell spokesman Rob Poetsch.
In January, the chain started offering breakfast at nearly 800 restaurants mostly in the Western U.S. Taco Bell hopes to go nationwide with its breakfast burritos, sausage and egg wraps and hash browns by the end of 2014, Niccol said.
Meanwhile, Taco Bell's sales rebounded in the first three months of the year following a nearly yearlong slump stemming from a short-lived lawsuit that raised questions about its meat filling.
Taco Bell accounts for about 60 percent of U.S. profit for Louisville-based Yum Brands Inc., whose chains also include KFC and Pizza Hut.
In its first-quarter earnings this year, Yum said sales at Taco Bell stores open at least a year — an indicator of a restaurant chain's health — rose 6 percent. Yum executives predicted even more robust gains for the chain in the second quarter.


text:
Maximising MicroPython speed¶
This tutorial describes ways of improving the performance of MicroPython code. Optimisations involving other languages are covered elsewhere, namely the use of modules written in C and the MicroPython inline assembler.
The process of developing high performance code comprises the following stages which should be performed in the order listed.
Design for speed.
Code and debug.
Optimisation steps:
Identify the slowest section of code.
Improve the efficiency of the Python code.
Use the native code emitter.
Use the viper code emitter.
Use hardware-specific optimisations.
Designing for speed¶
Performance issues should be considered at the outset. This involves taking a view on the sections of code which are most performance critical and devoting particular attention to their design. The process of optimisation begins when the code has been tested: if the design is correct at the outset optimisation will be straightforward and may actually be unnecessary.
The most important aspect of designing any routine for performance is ensuring that the best algorithm is employed. This is a topic for textbooks rather than for a MicroPython guide but spectacular performance gains can sometimes be achieved by adopting algorithms known for their efficiency.
RAM allocation¶
To design efficient MicroPython code it is necessary to have an understanding of the way the interpreter allocates RAM. When an object is created or grows in size (for example where an item is appended to a list) the necessary RAM is allocated from a block known as the heap. This takes a significant amount of time; further it will on occasion trigger a process known as garbage collection which can take several milliseconds.
Consequently the performance of a function or method can be improved if an object is created once only and not permitted to grow in size. This implies that the object persists for the duration of its use: typically it will be instantiated in a class constructor and used in various methods.
This is covered in further detail Controlling garbage collection below.
An example of the above is the common case where a buffer is required, such as one used for communication with a device. A typical driver will create the buffer in the constructor and use it in its I/O methods which will be called repeatedly.
The MicroPython libraries typically provide support for pre-allocated buffers. For
example, objects which support stream interface (e.g., file or UART) provide read()
method which allocates new buffer for read data, but also a readinto()
to read data into an existing buffer.
Floating point¶
Some MicroPython ports allocate floating point numbers on heap. Some other ports may lack dedicated floating-point coprocessor, and perform arithmetic operations on them in "software" at considerably lower speed than on integers. Where performance is important, use integer operations and restrict the use of floating point to sections of the code where performance is not paramount. For example, capture ADC readings as integers values to an array in one quick go, and only then convert them to floating-point numbers for signal processing.
Consider the use of the various types of array classes as an alternative to lists.
The array
module supports various element types with 8-bit elements supported
by Python's built in bytes
and bytearray
classes. These data structures all store
elements in contiguous memory locations. Once again to avoid memory allocation in critical
code these should be pre-allocated and passed as arguments or as bound objects.
When passing slices of objects such as bytearray
instances, Python creates
a copy which involves allocation of the size proportional to the size of slice.
This can be alleviated using a memoryview
object. The memoryview
is allocated on the heap, but is a small, fixed-size object, regardless of the size
of slice it points too. Slicing a memoryview
creates a new memoryview
, so this
cannot be done in an interrupt service routine. Further, the slice syntax a:b
causes further allocation by instantiating a slice(a, b)
ba = bytearray(10000) # big array
func(ba[30:2000]) # a copy is passed, ~2K new allocation
mv = memoryview(ba) # small object is allocated
func(mv[30:2000]) # a pointer to memory is passed
A memoryview
can only be applied to objects supporting the buffer protocol - this
includes arrays but not lists. Small caveat is that while memoryview object is live,
it also keeps alive the original buffer object. So, a memoryview isn't a universal
panacea. For instance, in the example above, if you are done with 10K buffer and
just need those bytes 30:2000 from it, it may be better to make a slice, and let
the 10K buffer go (be ready for garbage collection), instead of making a
long-living memoryview and keeping 10K blocked for GC.
Nonetheless, memoryview
is indispensable for advanced preallocated buffer
management. readinto()
method discussed above puts data at the beginning
of buffer and fills in entire buffer. What if you need to put data in the
middle of existing buffer? Just create a memoryview into the needed section
of buffer and pass it to readinto()
Identifying the slowest section of code¶
This is a process known as profiling and is covered in textbooks and
(for standard Python) supported by various software tools. For the type of
smaller embedded application likely to be running on MicroPython platforms
the slowest function or method can usually be established by judicious use
of the timing ticks
group of functions documented in time
Code execution time can be measured in ms, us, or CPU cycles.
The following enables any function or method to be timed by adding an
def timed_function(f, *args, **kwargs):
myname = str(f).split(' ')[1]
def new_func(*args, **kwargs):
t = time.ticks_us()
result = f(*args, **kwargs)
delta = time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_us(), t)
print('Function {} Time = {:6.3f}ms'.format(myname, delta/1000))
return result
return new_func
MicroPython code improvements¶
The const() declaration¶
MicroPython provides a const()
declaration. This works in a similar way
to #define
in C in that when the code is compiled to bytecode the compiler
substitutes the numeric value for the identifier. This avoids a dictionary
lookup at runtime. The argument to const()
may be anything which, at
compile time, evaluates to an integer e.g. 0x100
or 1 << 8
Caching object references¶
Where a function or method repeatedly accesses objects performance is improved by caching the object in a local variable:
class foo(object):
def __init__(self):
self.ba = bytearray(100)
def bar(self, obj_display):
ba_ref = self.ba
fb = obj_display.framebuffer
# iterative code using these two objects
This avoids the need repeatedly to look up self.ba
and obj_display.framebuffer
in the body of the method bar()
Controlling garbage collection¶
When memory allocation is required, MicroPython attempts to locate an adequately sized block on the heap. This may fail, usually because the heap is cluttered with objects which are no longer referenced by code. If a failure occurs, the process known as garbage collection reclaims the memory used by these redundant objects and the allocation is then tried again - a process which can take several milliseconds.
There may be benefits in pre-empting this by periodically issuing gc.collect()
Firstly doing a collection before it is actually required is quicker - typically on the
order of 1ms if done frequently. Secondly you can determine the point in code
where this time is used rather than have a longer delay occur at random points,
possibly in a speed critical section. Finally performing collections regularly
can reduce fragmentation in the heap. Severe fragmentation can lead to
non-recoverable allocation failures.
The Native code emitter¶
This causes the MicroPython compiler to emit native CPU opcodes rather than bytecode. It covers the bulk of the MicroPython functionality, so most functions will require no adaptation (but see below). It is invoked by means of a function decorator:
def foo(self, arg):
buf = self.linebuf # Cached object
# code
There are certain limitations in the current implementation of the native code emitter.
Context managers are not supported (the
statement).Generators are not supported.
is used an argument must be supplied.
The trade-off for the improved performance (roughly twice as fast as bytecode) is an increase in compiled code size.
The Viper code emitter¶
The optimisations discussed above involve standards-compliant Python code. The Viper code emitter is not fully compliant. It supports special Viper native data types in pursuit of performance. Integer processing is non-compliant because it uses machine words: arithmetic on 32 bit hardware is performed modulo 2**32.
Like the Native emitter Viper produces machine instructions but further optimisations are performed, substantially increasing performance especially for integer arithmetic and bit manipulations. It is invoked using a decorator:
def foo(self, arg: int) -> int:
# code
As the above fragment illustrates it is beneficial to use Python type hints to assist the Viper optimiser.
Type hints provide information on the data types of arguments and of the return value; these
are a standard Python language feature formally defined here PEP0484.
Viper supports its own set of types namely int
, uint
(unsigned integer), ptr
, ptr8
and ptr32
. The ptrX
types are discussed below. Currently the uint
type serves
a single purpose: as a type hint for a function return value. If such a function returns 0xffffffff
Python will interpret the result as 2**32 -1 rather than as -1.
In addition to the restrictions imposed by the native emitter the following constraints apply:
Default argument values are not permitted.
Floating point may be used but is not optimised.
Viper provides pointer types to assist the optimiser. These comprise
Pointer to an object.ptr8
Points to a byte.ptr16
Points to a 16 bit half-word.ptr32
Points to a 32 bit machine word.
The concept of a pointer may be unfamiliar to Python programmers. It has similarities
to a Python memoryview
object in that it provides direct access to data stored in memory.
Items are accessed using subscript notation, but slices are not supported: a pointer can return
a single item only. Its purpose is to provide fast random access to data stored in contiguous
memory locations - such as data stored in objects which support the buffer protocol, and
memory-mapped peripheral registers in a microcontroller. It should be noted that programming
using pointers is hazardous: bounds checking is not performed and the compiler does nothing to
prevent buffer overrun errors.
Typical usage is to cache variables:
def foo(self, arg: int) -> int:
buf = ptr8(self.linebuf) # self.linebuf is a bytearray or bytes object
for x in range(20, 30):
bar = buf[x] # Access a data item through the pointer
# code omitted
In this instance the compiler "knows" that buf
is the address of an array of bytes;
it can emit code to rapidly compute the address of buf[x]
at runtime. Where casts are
used to convert objects to Viper native types these should be performed at the start of
the function rather than in critical timing loops as the cast operation can take several
microseconds. The rules for casting are as follows:
Casting operators are currently:
.The result of a cast will be a native Viper variable.
Arguments to a cast can be a Python object or a native Viper variable.
If argument is a native Viper variable, then cast is a no-op (i.e. costs nothing at runtime) that just changes the type (e.g. from
) so that you can then store/load using this pointer.If the argument is a Python object and the cast is
, then the Python object must be of integral type and the value of that integral object is returned.The argument to a bool cast must be integral type (boolean or integer); when used as a return type the viper function will return True or False objects.
If the argument is a Python object and the cast is
, then the Python object must either have the buffer protocol (in which case a pointer to the start of the buffer is returned) or it must be of integral type (in which case the value of that integral object is returned).
Writing to a pointer which points to a read-only object will lead to undefined behaviour.
The following example illustrates the use of a ptr16
cast to toggle pin X1 n
BIT0 = const(1)
def toggle_n(n: int):
odr = ptr16(stm.GPIOA + stm.GPIO_ODR)
for _ in range(n):
odr[0] ^= BIT0
A detailed technical description of the three code emitters may be found on Kickstarter here Note 1 and here Note 2
Accessing hardware directly¶
Code examples in this section are given for the Pyboard. The techniques described however may be applied to other MicroPython ports too.
This comes into the category of more advanced programming and involves some knowledge of the target MCU. Consider the example of toggling an output pin on the Pyboard. The standard approach would be to write
mypin.value(mypin.value() ^ 1) # mypin was instantiated as an output pin
This involves the overhead of two calls to the Pin
instance's value()
method. This overhead can be eliminated by performing a read/write to the relevant bit
of the chip's GPIO port output data register (odr). To facilitate this the stm
module provides a set of constants providing the addresses of the relevant registers.
A fast toggle of pin P4
(CPU pin A14
) - corresponding to the green LED -
can be performed as follows:
import machine
import stm
BIT14 = const(1 << 14)
machine.mem16[stm.GPIOA + stm.GPIO_ODR] ^= BIT14


text:
VANCOUVER, CANADA, June 09, 2022 – (SEAPRWire) – The Gods of Asgard team has announced the imminent launch of its much-anticipated Play-to-Earn (P2E) blockchain game, Gods of Asgard, scheduled for July 2022.
With the global gaming market expected to reach a $315 billion valuation by 2026 and global cryptocurrency adoption surging to new highs every year, Gods of Asgard looks set in being a Web3 frontrunner by effectively combining decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and high quality graphical gameplay to offer top-notch entertainment and a rewarding experience for all gamers.
The Game
Gods of Asgard's main objective is to integrate the utility of NFTs as playable game characters that connect to a robust gaming platform, all while allowing players to retain full control and ownership of their in-game assets and earning rewards on the feats they accomplish in-game.
Set in the realm of the Midgard universe and deeply rooted in Norse mythology, players will be introduced to an expansive open world built on the Unity game engine. Taking inspiration from games like Elden Ring and Fortnite while offering realistic 3D modeling graphics, the platform offers players a fully immersive gaming experience embracing an exhilarating battle royale style Player-versus-Environment (PvE) setting with a simple motto – Battle| Survive | Earn.
Additional features include the ability to breed(summon) new generation NFT characters, sacrifice existing NFTs to upgrade characters into higher tier levels and scholarship programs allowing owners to rent their NFTs to aspiring players new to the game.
Being a highly scalable platform, future expansions will introduce Player-versus-Player (PvP) mode, virtual reality, skill upgrades, crafting and the introduction of new playable characters.
Gods of Asgard will launch with a dual token architecture consisting of $THOR and the in-game native currency, $ASG. Players are rewarded with $ASG tokens from winning individual game sessions or earnings accumulated from scholarship programs. Monetization strategy will come into play for owners who can immediately sell/trade their NFTs/tokens via secondary marketplace and DEX exchanges or choose to summon/sacrifice their NFTs for bigger, future payouts.
A total supply of 19,000 genesis zero NFTs will be available to mint during the month of May. This initial batch of NFTs will be categorized as the only legendary tier status within the game and provide the most earning potential when compared to their summoned counterparts or future batch releases.
Minting and Schedule
- May 5 – Public mint launch / ongoing
- June – Playable Demo
- July – Official Game Launch
Gods of Asgard serves as the first branch of Thor Financial's ecosystem, aiming to bring a brand-new utility and revenue stream while delivering additional innovation to the GameFi sector. Future integration with dedicated Sandbox metaverse plots and constant expansion of their development team assures a guaranteed path in creating interoperability and a unified ecosystem within all of Thor Financial's offerings.
About Gods of Asgard
Gods of Asgard is a P2E blockchain NFT game set in an immersive open world. A project that focuses on GameFi and NFT innovation while envisioning a pioneering role for itself in helping gaming evolve from being a source of entertainment to a legitimate source of income.
Social Links
Twitter: https://twitter.com/GodsofAsgardP2E
Discord: https://discord.com/invite/thornodes
Medium: https://thornodes.medium.com/
Contact Detail:
Company Name: Gods of Asgard
Contact Person: Aaron, Project & Community Manager
Email: Send Email
Country: Canada
Website Url: https://godsofasgardp2e.com/
SOURCE: Gods of Asgard
The article is provided by a third-party content provider. SEAPRWire ( www.seaprwire.com ) makes no warranties or representations in connection therewith. Any questions, please contact cs/at/SEAPRWire.com
Sectors: Top Story, Daily News
SEA PRWire: PR distribution in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines & Hong Kong )


text:
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text: Sprint is a communications services company that creates more and better ways to connect its customers to the things they care about most. Sprint served more than 57 million connections as of March 31, 2015, and is widely recognized for developing, engineering and deploying innovative technologies, including the first wireless 4G service from a national carrier in the United States; leading no-contract brands including Virgin Mobile USA, Boost Mobile, and Assurance Wireless; instant national and international push-to-talk capabilities; and a global Tier 1 Internet backbone. Sprint has been named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) North America for the past four years.


text:
The season of giving is upon us. Of course, that would imply that many video game-related gifts will be the highlight of most college students' holiday.
But not all gifts are full of jolly cheer this holiday season. Over the past month, Microsoft has been giving the gift unforgivable punishment by banning over 1 million Xbox live members from using the service. The reason for this mass ban is to crack down on modded Xbox 360 systems.
Since the beginning of video game time when Microsoft DOS was being run by dinosaurs, there have always been modifications that alter the way we obtain and play games.
A modded Xbox 360 is when someone tampers with an Xbox 360 system, this involves a modification of the inside drivers, bypassing the security system of the hardware.
This allows an Xbox 360 system to play games that are burned from a computer, giving gamers the ability to essentially play any Xbox 360 game for free.
For the sake of my own security, I'm not going to admit that I have partaken in any kind of a modification process on my own system, but I will admit that I'm very, very familiar with the idea and I have several friends who have encountered this process with great interest.
As of writing this article, I have not yet received Microsoft's gift of banning my system, but I do have friends who have felt the strong slap in face when they turn on their system only to find a message that says, their system does not conform to Xbox Live's requirements, therefore it is banned.
Typically on an issue like this, it's a very open and shut case with no real room for argument. When someone mods their system they should understand that they are doing something illegal and know the consequences.
They are basically stealing from all those game developers who create amazing games, and those who create really terrible games.
I don't feel that bad for the latter group. When I received word that Microsoft was going Nazi Germany on modded Xboxes, at first I was angry. Why of all times would they do this right during the launch of "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2?"
Then it occurred to me, Microsoft is not the villain, I am! (Or my friends are. I'm trying to complicate this to protect myself).
It seems that any system can be modded now-a-days. The Nintendo DS, The PSP, the Wii, my computer, my wiener dogs, the ice cream truck, the list is endless.
These modifications are a small minority, but if we've learned anything from the downfall of PC gaming is that torrents and hacks can bring down a market drastically.
I guess as I sit in my room playing "Left for Dead 2" patiently awaiting the moment the guillotine strikes down on my Xbox 360 system, I'm growing more enlightened over the current economic state of the video game industry.
Maybe the fact that over a million users that have modded systems shows that there is something wrong with our current price system for video games.
Or, maybe it could mean that there are a lot of lazy people out there.
The fact remains, that this problem will probably only get worse before it gets better. Soon, once these mass bannings are over, there will be a new way to hack the system and people will take full advantage of it; it's a vicious cycle.
I guess this holiday season Santa is going to get me a big bag of guilt and enlightenment. I'll never steal a game again, or try harder to not get caught, or I don't even know what I'm talking about. What are mods?
Michael Escañuelas, a junior English major, is editorial cartoonist for the Campus Times. He can be reached by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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text:
by Jon Rappoport
The key was handed to me by a colleague and friend.
In 1987, when I was researching my book, AIDS INC., I took a side road. It was prompted by a conversation I had with the brilliant hypnotherapist, Jack True. He was telling me about experiences he'd had with his patients under hypnosis.
"Some patients encounter a 'monolith'," he said. "They come across a symbol that is there in the subconscious. Sometimes it looks like a closed door. Sometimes it shows up as a blank wall. Sometimes it's a geometric shape. One patient actually called it a 'brick sky'."
"But in every case, it locked up the patient's ability to recall or explore under hypnosis. It was like a giant obstruction on a road. However, these patients could describe something about the nature of the symbol. They said it was broadcasting a message: 'THIS IS REALITY'."
"The patients were in awe of the symbol. It had a deep emotional effect on them. It was as if many different realities had come together to form this single symbol, like separate pieces clicking into place."
Jack went further. He stated that the symbol induced a profound passivity in his patients…
Jack subsequently devised strategies to take apart the symbol, so these patients could rid themselves of their passivity and access huge amounts of previously blocked energies.
Well, I was shocked, because my research on my book had followed a parallel course. I'll explain.
The AIDS cover story that had been invented by medical researchers was all about One Reality, one disease condition caused by one virus, one label, one symbol for the condition: "AIDS".
When, in fact, that was "the obstruction on the road" which was blocking further investigation. In fact, the whole "Oneness" myth was a lie. A gigantic lie.
A very, very convincing lie. An awesome lie.
The truth was, so-called AIDS was many different conditions (realities) which had been falsely "clicked" together, through massive propaganda.
That was the key to unlocking the puzzle. And it was the key for me to move into new territory with new energy and confidence.
I'd been stalled at the wall, but now I could advance.
The awesome symbol, "AIDS," had been shattered to pieces.
Since the publication of my book, I've of course investigated a number of other subjects, and in each case, there was a symbol, a monolith, an obstruction, and in every case I've taken the monolith apart to discover that it's hiding a plurality of scandals and crimes and deceptions and realities.
The One False Unity concealing The Many.
These monoliths are very, very effective because—and this is vitally important to understand—they mirror the tendency of the subconscious mind to fall to its knees before A Single Symbol.
People gravitate to single causes, single symbols in every area of life, and they don't penetrate further.
This is an aspect of the Matrix.
False Unities are the meat and potatoes of very high-level propaganda. They are launched in politics, economics, organized religion, science, psychology, the military, mind control, in all the academic disciplines.
As an analogy, consider a painting in which the three-dimensional perspective has been radically shortened to eliminate the background. But the background is really where all the action is. The foreground is the false Oneness.
Grasping all of this allowed me to go further than I thought possible in putting together The Matrix Revealed. My method of investigation altered radically, and I hit paydirt.
The Matrix is a multi-layered, multi-dimensional operation, seeded with symbols that broadcast FALSE UNITY.
And these symbols collaborate with the subconscious tendency to buy those UNITIES.
Your freedom and power emerge when the subconscious tendency is made conscious and can be seen in the light of day.
That is the purpose of my collection, The Matrix Revealed.
(To read about Jon's mega-collection, The Matrix Revealed, click here.)
Here are the contents of The Matrix Revealed:
* 250 megabytes of information.
* Over 1100 pages of text.
* Ten and a half hours of audio.
The 2 bonuses alone are rather extraordinary:
* My complete 18-lesson course, LOGIC AND ANALYSIS, which includes the teacher's manual and audio to guide you. I was previously selling the course for $375. This is a new way to teach logic, the subject that has been missing from schools for decades.
* The complete text (331 pages) of AIDS INC., the book that exposed a conspiracy of scientific fraud deep within the medical research establishment. The book has become a sought-after item, since its publication in 1988. It contains material about viruses, medical testing, and the invention of disease that is, now and in the future, vital to our understanding of phony epidemics arising in our midst. I assure you, the revelations in the book will surprise you; they cut much deeper and are more subtle than "virus made in a lab" scenarios.
The heart and soul of this product are the text interviews I conducted with Matrix-insiders, who have first-hand knowledge of how the major illusions of our world are put together:
* JACK TRUE, the most creative hypnotherapist on the face of the planet. Jack's anti-Matrix understanding of the mind and how to liberate it is unparalleled. His insights are unique, staggering. 43 interviews, 320 pages.
* ELLIS MEDAVOY, master of PR, propaganda, and deception, who worked for key controllers in the medical and political arenas. 28 interviews, 290 pages.
* RICHARD BELL, financial analyst and trader, whose profound grasp of market manipulation and economic-rigging is formidable, to say the least. 16 interviews, 132 pages.
Also included:
* Several more interviews with brilliant analysts of the Matrix. 53 pages.
* The ten and a half hours of mp3 audio are my solo presentation, based on these interviews and my own research. Title: The Multi-Dimensional Planetary Chessboard—The Matrix vs. the Un-Conditioning of the Individual.
(All the material is digital. Upon ordering it, you'll receive an email with a link to it.)
Understanding Matrix is also understanding your capacity and power, and that is the way to approach this subject. Because liberation is the goal. And liberation has no limit.
I invite you to a new exploration and a great adventure.
Jon Rappoport
The author of three explosive collections, THE MATRIX REVEALED, EXIT FROM THE MATRIX, and POWER OUTSIDE THE MATRIX, Jon was a candidate for a US Congressional seat in the 29th District of California. He maintains a consulting practice for private clients, the purpose of which is the expansion of personal creative power. Nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, he has worked as an investigative reporter for 30 years, writing articles on politics, medicine, and health for CBS Healthwatch, LA Weekly, Spin Magazine, Stern, and other newspapers and magazines in the US and Europe. Jon has delivered lectures and seminars on global politics, health, logic, and creative power to audiences around the world. You can sign up for his free NoMoreFakeNews emails here or his free OutsideTheRealityMachine emails here.


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2020-03-15 los angeles KIM DO powder brows ESPAÑOL INGLES
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The <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Lower Manhattan Development Corporation announced today that the agency, in conjunction with the September 11th Fund, will fund a large scale tourism and marketing campaign to attract visitors to Chinatown. The campaign will be a creative, effective, and cost efficient tourism and marketing initiative to stimulate regional, national, and international tourism to Chinatown. The campaign will also identify existing short and long term impediments to tourism in Chinatown, identify current marketing initiatives and methods to improve upon them, and propose solutions to both real and perceived challenges to attracting more visitors to the Chinatown area. <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
Governor George Pataki said, "The Chinatown community was deeply affected by the September 11th attacks, and we continue to be committed to identifying initiatives that will bolster the neighborhood's economic recovery. This comprehensive tourism campaign will help put Chinatown back on the map as a local, national, and international attraction for visitors. There is more work to do, but this program is a significant step forward for the revitalization of Chinatown and for the recovery of all of Lower Manhattan."
New York City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg said, "Chinatown has an abundance of historic and cultural amenities making it one of New York City's most vibrant and diverse neighborhoods. This campaign will be an invaluable tool to inform visitors near and far about the global hub of culture, commerce, and history located in the Chinatown area."
LMDC Chairman John Whitehead said, "Chinatown is one of New York City's most important communities, and helping the area regain its economic stability today and its growth in the years ahead is critical to the revitalization of Lower Manhattan."
LMDC President Kevin M. Rampe said, "This comprehensive marketing campaign is a direct response to what we have continuously heard during out outreach to the Chinatown community. With the support of Governor Pataki and Mayor Bloomberg, LMDC will partner with the September 11th Fund to support a campaign that attracts both resident New Yorkers and tourists to Chinatown for its one of a kind shopping, eating and culture."
Carol Kellermann, CEO and Executive Director of The September 11th Fund said "Chinatown was profoundly affected by the tragedy, so we're delighted to be able to coordinate our efforts to help with LMDC. The September 11th Fund is helping people who need jobs, business support, health insurance, and legal assistance. But what Chinatown needs most to get back on its feet is visitors. Visitors who will see that Chinatown is a vibrant, exciting place to dine, will discover great bargains on everything from ceramics to housewares, and who will return with their friends."
The LMDC and the September 11th Fund plan to jointly and equally sponsor this initiative. LMDC will fund up to $1 million. LMDC, in partnership with the September 11th Fund, will request the services of a team through a Request for Proposals (RFP), to provide tourism and marketing services in connection with the Chinatown area of New York City. In order to submit a proposal for the campaign, teams must include one or more Lower Manhattan Chinatown based community organizations and a firm with extensive tourism and marketing experience, to provide tourism and marketing services in connection with the Chinatown area of New York City. The RFP will be issued on August 18, 2003 with the deadline for responses on Monday, September 15, 2003 at 5:00 PM EST. For more information, please visit our website at www.renewnyc.org.
The September 11th Fund was established the day of the terrorist attacks by The New York Community Trust and United Way of New York City to meet the immediate and long-term needs of victims, families and communities affected by the tragic events of September 11. The Fund supports organizations and agencies that provide cash assistance, legal counseling, mental health services, job training and placement, and other services for victims, families, and others directly affected. It also makes grants to assist nonprofits and small businesses as they help communities rebuild.


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Network Working Group P. Srisuresh Request for Comments: 3022 Jasmine Networks Obsoletes: 1631 K. Egevang Category: Informational Intel Corporation January 2001 Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT) Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. Preface The NAT operation described in this document extends address translation introduced in RFC 1631 and includes a new type of network address and TCP/UDP port translation. In addition, this document corrects the Checksum adjustment algorithm published in RFC 1631 and attempts to discuss NAT operation and limitations in detail. Abstract Basic Network Address Translation or Basic NAT is a method by which IP addresses are mapped from one group to another, transparent to end users. Network Address Port Translation, or NAPT is a method by which many network addresses and their TCP/UDP (Transmission Control Protocol/User Datagram Protocol) ports are translated into a single network address and its TCP/UDP ports. Together, these two operations, referred to as traditional NAT, provide a mechanism to connect a realm with private addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses. 1. Introduction The need for IP Address translation arises when a network's internal IP addresses cannot be used outside the network either for privacy reasons or because they are invalid for use outside the network. Network topology outside a local domain can change in many ways. Customers may change providers, company backbones may be reorganized, or providers may merge or split. Whenever external topology changes Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 1]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 with time, address assignment for nodes within the local domain must also change to reflect the external changes. Changes of this type can be hidden from users within the domain by centralizing changes to a single address translation router. Basic Address translation would (in many cases, except as noted in [NAT-TERM] and section 6 of this document) allow hosts in a private network to transparently access the external network and enable access to selective local hosts from the outside. Organizations with a network setup predominantly for internal use, with a need for occasional external access are good candidates for this scheme. Many Small Office, Home Office (SOHO) users and telecommuting employees have multiple Network nodes in their office, running TCP/UDP applications, but have a single IP address assigned to their remote access router by their service provider to access remote networks. This ever increasing community of remote access users would be benefited by NAPT, which would permit multiple nodes in a local network to simultaneously access remote networks using the single IP address assigned to their router. There are limitations to using the translation method. It is mandatory that all requests and responses pertaining to a session be routed via the same NAT router. One way to ascertain this would be to have NAT based on a border router that is unique to a stub domain, where all IP packets are either originated from the domain or destined to the domain. There are other ways to ensure this with multiple NAT devices. For example, a private domain could have two distinct exit points to different providers and the session flow from the hosts in a private network could traverse through whichever NAT device has the best metric for an external host. When one of the NAT routers fail, the other could route traffic for all the connections. There is however a caveat with this approach, in that, rerouted flows could fail at the time of switchover to the new NAT router. A way to overcome this potential problem is that the routers share the same NAT configuration and exchange state information to ensure a fail- safe backup for each other. Address translation is application independent and often accompanied by application specific gateways (ALGs) to perform payload monitoring and alterations. FTP is the most popular ALG resident on NAT devices. Applications requiring ALG intervention must not have their payload encoded, as doing that would effectively disables the ALG, unless the ALG has the key to decrypt the payload. This solution has the disadvantage of taking away the end-to-end significance of an IP address, and making up for it with increased state in the network. As a result, end-to-end IP network level Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 2]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 security assured by IPSec cannot be assumed to end hosts, with a NAT device enroute. The advantage of this approach however is that it can be installed without changes to hosts or routers. Definition of terms such as "Address Realm", "Transparent Routing", "TU Ports", "ALG" and others, used throughout the document, may be found in [NAT-TERM]. 2. Overview of traditional NAT The Address Translation operation presented in this document is referred to as "Traditional NAT". There are other variations of NAT that will not be explored in this document. Traditional NAT would allow hosts within a private network to transparently access hosts in the external network, in most cases. In a traditional NAT, sessions are uni-directional, outbound from the private network. Sessions in the opposite direction may be allowed on an exceptional basis using static address maps for pre-selected hosts. Basic NAT and NAPT are two variations of traditional NAT, in that translation in Basic NAT is limited to IP addresses alone, whereas translation in NAPT is extended to include IP address and Transport identifier (such as TCP/UDP port or ICMP query ID). Unless mentioned otherwise, Address Translation or NAT throughout this document will pertain to traditional NAT, namely Basic NAT as well as NAPT. Only the stub border routers as described in figure 1 below may be configured to perform address translation. \ | / . / +---------------+ WAN . +-----------------+/ |Regional Router|----------------------|Stub Router w/NAT|--- +---------------+ . +-----------------+\ . | \ . | LAN . --------------- Stub border Figure 1: Traditional NAT Configuration 2.1 Overview of Basic NAT Basic NAT operation is as follows. A stub domain with a set of private network addresses could be enabled to communicate with external network by dynamically mapping the set of private addresses to a set of globally valid network addresses. If the number of local nodes are less than or equal to addresses in the global set, each local address is guaranteed a global address to map to. Otherwise, nodes allowed to have simultaneous access to external network are Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 3]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 limited by the number of addresses in global set. Individual local addresses may be statically mapped to specific global addresses to ensure guaranteed access to the outside or to allow access to the local host from external hosts via a fixed public address. Multiple simultaneous sessions may be initiated from a local node, using the same address mapping. Addresses inside a stub domain are local to that domain and not valid outside the domain. Thus, addresses inside a stub domain can be reused by any other stub domain. For instance, a single Class A address could be used by many stub domains. At each exit point between a stub domain and backbone, NAT is installed. If there is more than one exit point it is of great importance that each NAT has the same translation table. For instance, in the example of figure 2, both stubs A and B internally use class A private address block 10.0.0.0/8 [RFC 1918]. Stub A's NAT is assigned the class C address block 188.8.131.52/24, and Stub B's NAT is assigned the class C address block 22.214.171.124/24. The class C addresses are globally unique no other NAT boxes can use them. \ | / +---------------+ |Regional Router| +---------------+ WAN | | WAN | | Stub A .............|.... ....|............ Stub B | | {s=18.104.22.168,^ | | v{s=220.127.116.11, d=184.108.40.206}^ | | v d=126.96.36.199} +-----------------+ +-----------------+ |Stub Router w/NAT| |Stub Router w/NAT| +-----------------+ +-----------------+ | | | LAN LAN | ------------- ------------- | | {s=10.33.96.5, ^ | | v{s=18.104.22.168, d=220.127.116.11}^ +--+ +--+ v d=10.81.13.22} |--| |--| /____\ /____\ 10.33.96.5 10.81.13.22 Figure 2: Basic NAT Operation Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 4]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 When stub A host 10.33.96.5 wishes to send a packet to stub B host 10.81.13.22, it uses the globally unique address 184.108.40.206 as destination, and sends the packet to its primary router. The stub router has a static route for net 184.108.40.206 so the packet is forwarded to the WAN-link. However, NAT translates the source address 10.33.96.5 of the IP header to the globally unique 188.8.131.52 before the packet is forwarded. Likewise, IP packets on the return path go through similar address translations. Notice that this requires no changes to hosts or routers. For instance, as far as the stub A host is concerned, 126.96.36.199 is the address used by the host in stub B. The address translations are transparent to end hosts in most cases. Of course, this is just a simple example. There are numerous issues to be explored. 2.2. Overview of NAPT Say, an organization has a private IP network and a WAN link to a service provider. The private network's stub router is assigned a globally valid address on the WAN link and the remaining nodes in the organization have IP addresses that have only local significance. In such a case, nodes on the private network could be allowed simultaneous access to the external network, using the single registered IP address with the aid of NAPT. NAPT would allow mapping of tuples of the type (local IP addresses, local TU port number) to tuples of the type (registered IP address, assigned TU port number). This model fits the requirements of most Small Office Home Office (SOHO) groups to access external network using a single service provider assigned IP address. This model could be extended to allow inbound access by statically mapping a local node per each service TU port of the registered IP address. In the example of figure 3 below, stub A internally uses class A address block 10.0.0.0/8. The stub router's WAN interface is assigned an IP address 22.214.171.124 by the service provider. Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 5]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 \ | / +-----------------------+ |Service Provider Router| +-----------------------+ WAN | | Stub A .............|.... | ^{s=18.104.22.168,sport=1024, | v{s=184.108.40.206, sport = 23, ^ d=126.96.36.199,dport=23} | v d=220.127.116.11, dport = 1024} +------------------+ |Stub Router w/NAPT| +------------------+ | | LAN -------------------------------------------- | ^{s=10.0.0.10,sport=3017, | v{s=22.214.171.124, sport=23, | ^ d=184.108.40.206,dport=23} | v d=10.0.0.10, dport=3017} | | +--+ +--+ +--+ |--| |--| |--| /____\ /____\ /____\ 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 ..... 10.0.0.10 Figure 3: Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) Operation When stub A host 10.0.0.10 sends a telnet packet to host 18.104.22.168, it uses the globally unique address 126.96.36.199 as destination, and sends the packet to it's primary router. The stub router has a static route for the subnet 22.214.171.124/16 so the packet is forwarded to the WAN-link. However, NAPT translates the tuple of source address 10.0.0.10 and source TCP port 3017 in the IP and TCP headers into the globally unique 126.96.36.199 and a uniquely assigned TCP port, say 1024, before the packet is forwarded. Packets on the return path go through similar address and TCP port translations for the target IP address and target TCP port. Once again, notice that this requires no changes to hosts or routers. The translation is completely transparent. In this setup, only TCP/UDP sessions are allowed and must originate from the local network. However, there are services such as DNS that demand inbound access. There may be other services for which an organization wishes to allow inbound session access. It is possible to statically configure a well known TU port service [RFC 1700] on the stub router to be directed to a specific node in the private network. Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 6]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 In addition to TCP/UDP sessions, ICMP messages, with the exception of REDIRECT message type may also be monitored by NAPT router. ICMP query type packets are translated similar to that of TCP/UDP packets, in that the identifier field in ICMP message header will be uniquely mapped to a query identifier of the registered IP address. The identifier field in ICMP query messages is set by Query sender and returned unchanged in response message from the Query responder. So, the tuple of (Local IP address, local ICMP query identifier) is mapped to a tuple of (registered IP address, assigned ICMP query Identifier) by the NAPT router to uniquely identify ICMP queries of all types from any of the local hosts. Modifications to ICMP error messages are discussed in a later section, as that involves modifications to ICMP payload as well as the IP and ICMP headers. In NAPT setup, where the registered IP address is the same as the IP address of the stub router WAN interface, the router has to be sure to make distinction between TCP, UDP or ICMP query sessions originated from itself versus those originated from the nodes on local network. All inbound sessions (including TCP, UDP and ICMP query sessions) are assumed to be directed to the NAT router as the end node, unless the target service port is statically mapped to a different node in the local network. Sessions other than TCP, UDP and ICMP query type are simply not permitted from local nodes, serviced by a NAPT router. 3.0. Translation phases of a session. The translation phases with traditional NAT are same as described in [NAT-TERM]. The following sub-sections identify items that are specific to traditional NAT. 3.1. Address binding: With Basic NAT, a private address is bound to an external address, when the first outgoing session is initiated from the private host. Subsequent to that, all other outgoing sessions originating from the same private address will use the same address binding for packet translation. In the case of NAPT, where many private addresses are mapped to a single globally unique address, the binding would be from the tuple of (private address, private TU port) to the tuple of (assigned address, assigned TU port). As with Basic NAT, this binding is determined when the first outgoing session is initiated by the tuple of (private address, private TU port) on the private host. While not a common practice, it is possible to have an application on private host establish multiple simultaneous sessions originating from the Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 7]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 same tuple of (private address, private TU port). In such a case, a single binding for the tuple of (private address, private TU port) may be used for translation of packets pertaining to all sessions originating from the same tuple on a host. 3.2. Address lookup and translation: After an address binding or (address, TU port) tuple binding in case of NAPT is established, a soft state may be maintained for each of the connections using the binding. Packets belonging to the same session will be subject to session lookup for translation purposes. The exact nature of translation is discussed in the follow-on section. 3.3. Address unbinding: When the last session based on an address or (address, TU port) tuple binding is terminated, the binding itself may be terminated. 4.0. Packet Translations Packets pertaining to NAT managed sessions undergo translation in either direction. Individual packet translation issues are covered in detail in the following sub-sections. 4.1. IP, TCP, UDP and ICMP Header Manipulations In Basic NAT model, the IP header of every packet must be modified. This modification includes IP address (source IP address for outbound packets and destination IP address for inbound packets) and the IP checksum. For TCP ([TCP]) and UDP ([UDP]) sessions, modifications must include update of checksum in the TCP/UDP headers. This is because TCP/UDP checksum also covers a pseudo header which contains the source and destination IP addresses. As an exception, UDP headers with 0 checksum should not be modified. As for ICMP Query packets ([ICMP]), no further changes in ICMP header are required as the checksum in ICMP header does not cover IP addresses. In NAPT model, modifications to IP header are similar to that of Basic NAT. For TCP/UDP sessions, modifications must be extended to include translation of TU port (source TU port for outbound packets and destination TU port for inbound packets) in the TCP/UDP header. ICMP header in ICMP Query packets must also be modified to replace the query ID and ICMP header checksum. Private host query ID must be Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 8]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 translated into assigned ID on the outbound and the exact reverse on the inbound. ICMP header checksum must be corrected to account for Query ID translation. 4.2. Checksum Adjustment NAT modifications are per packet based and can be very compute intensive, as they involve one or more checksum modifications in addition to simple field translations. Luckily, we have an algorithm below, which makes checksum adjustment to IP, TCP, UDP and ICMP headers very simple and efficient. Since all these headers use a one's complement sum, it is sufficient to calculate the arithmetic difference between the before-translation and after-translation addresses and add this to the checksum. The algorithm below is applicable only for even offsets (i.e., optr below must be at an even offset from start of header) and even lengths (i.e., olen and nlen below must be even). Sample code (in C) for this is as follows. void checksumadjust(unsigned char *chksum, unsigned char *optr, int olen, unsigned char *nptr, int nlen) /* assuming: unsigned char is 8 bits, long is 32 bits. - chksum points to the chksum in the packet - optr points to the old data in the packet - nptr points to the new data in the packet */ { long x, old, new; x=chksum[0]*256+chksum[1]; x=~x & 0xFFFF; while (olen) { old=optr[0]*256+optr[1]; optr+=2; x-=old & 0xffff; if (x<=0) { x--; x&=0xffff; } olen-=2; } while (nlen) { new=nptr[0]*256+nptr[1]; nptr+=2; x+=new & 0xffff; if (x & 0x10000) { x++; x&=0xffff; } nlen-=2; } x=~x & 0xFFFF; chksum[0]=x/256; chksum[1]=x & 0xff; } Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 9]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 4.3. ICMP error packet modifications Changes to ICMP error message ([ICMP]) will include changes to IP and ICMP headers on the outer layer as well as changes to headers of the packet embedded within the ICMP-error message payload. In order for NAT to be transparent to end-host, the IP address of the IP header embedded within the payload of ICMP-Error message must be modified, the checksum field of the embedded IP header must be modified, and lastly, the ICMP header checksum must also be modified to reflect changes to payload. In a NAPT setup, if the IP message embedded within ICMP happens to be a TCP, UDP or ICMP Query packet, you will also need to modify the appropriate TU port number within the TCP/UDP header or the Query Identifier field in the ICMP Query header. Lastly, the IP header of the ICMP packet must also be modified. 4.4. FTP support One of the most popular applications, "FTP" ([FTP]) would require an ALG to monitor the control session payload to determine the ensuing data session parameters. FTP ALG is an integral part of most NAT implementations. The FTP ALG would require a special table to correct the TCP sequence and acknowledge numbers with source port FTP or destination port FTP. The table entries should have source address, destination address, source port, destination port, delta for sequence numbers and a timestamp. New entries are created only when FTP PORT commands or PASV responses are seen. The sequence number delta may be increased or decreased for every FTP PORT command or PASV response. Sequence numbers are incremented on the outbound and acknowledge numbers are decremented on the inbound by this delta. FTP payload translations are limited to private addresses and their assigned external addresses (encoded as individual octets in ASCII) for Basic NAT. For NAPT setup, however, the translations must be extended to include the TCP port octets (in ASCII) following the address octets. 4.5 DNS support Considering that sessions in a traditional NAT are predominantly outbound from a private domain, DNS ALG may be obviated from use in conjunction with traditional NAT as follows. DNS server(s) internal to the private domain maintain mapping of names to IP addresses for Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 10]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 internal hosts and possibly some external hosts. External DNS servers maintain name mapping for external hosts alone and not for any of the internal hosts. If the private network does not have an internal DNS server, all DNS requests may be directed to external DNS server to find address mapping for the external hosts. 4.6. IP option handling An IP datagram with any of the IP options Record Route, Strict Source Route or Loose Source Route would involve recording or using IP addresses of intermediate routers. A NAT intermediate router may choose not to support these options or leave the addresses untranslated while processing the options. The result of leaving the addresses untranslated would be that private addresses along the source route are exposed end to end. This should not jeopardize the traversal path of the packet, per se, as each router is supposed to look at the next hop router only. 5. Miscellaneous issues 5.1. Partitioning of Local and Global Addresses For NAT to operate as described in this document, it is necessary to partition the IP address space into two parts - the private addresses used internal to stub domain, and the globally unique addresses. Any given address must either be a private address or a global address. There is no overlap. The problem with overlap is the following. Say a host in stub A wished to send packets to a host in stub B, but the global addresses of stub B overlapped the private addressees of stub A. In this case, the routers in stub A would not be able to distinguish the global address of stub B from its own private addresses. 5.2. Private address space recommendation [RFC 1918] has recommendations on address space allocation for private networks. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has three blocks of IP address space, namely 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16 for private internets. In pre-CIDR notation, the first block is nothing but a single class A network number, while the second block is a set of 16 contiguous class B networks, and the third block is a set of 256 contiguous class C networks. An organization that decides to use IP addresses in the address space defined above can do so without any coordination with IANA or an Internet registry. The address space can thus be used privately by Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 11]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 many independent organizations at the same time, with NAT operation enabled on their border routers. 5.3. Routing Across NAT The router running NAT should not advertise the private networks to the backbone. Only the networks with global addresses may be known outside the stub. However, global information that NAT receives from the stub border router can be advertised in the stub the usual way. Typically, the NAT stub router will have a static route configured to forward all external traffic to service provider router over WAN link, and the service provider router will have a static route configured to forward NAT packets (i.e., those whose destination IP address fall within the range of NAT managed global address list) to NAT router over WAN link. 5.4. Switch-over from Basic NAT to NAPT In Basic NAT setup, when private network nodes outnumber global addresses available for mapping (say, a class B private network mapped to a class C global address block), external network access to some of the local nodes is abruptly cut off after the last global address from the address list is used up. This is very inconvenient and constraining. Such an incident can be safely avoided by optionally allowing the Basic NAT router to switch over to NAPT setup for the last global address in the address list. Doing this will ensure that hosts on private network will have continued, uninterrupted access to the external nodes and services for most applications. Note, however, it could be confusing if some of the applications that used to work with Basic NAT suddenly break due to the switch-over to NAPT. 6.0. NAT limitations [NAT-TERM] covers the limitations of all flavors of NAT, broadly speaking. The following sub-sections identify limitations specific to traditional NAT. 6.1. Privacy and Security Traditional NAT can be viewed as providing a privacy mechanism as sessions are uni-directional from private hosts and the actual addresses of the private hosts are not visible to external hosts. The same characteristic that enhances privacy potentially makes debugging problems (including security violations) more difficult. If a host in private network is abusing the Internet in some way (such Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 12]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 as trying to attack another machine or even sending large amounts of spam) it is more difficult to track the actual source of trouble because the IP address of the host is hidden in a NAT router. 6.2. ARP responses to NAT mapped global addresses on a LAN interface NAT must be enabled only on border routers of a stub domain. The examples provided in the document to illustrate Basic NAT and NAPT have maintained a WAN link for connection to external router (i.e., service provider router) from NAT router. However, if the WAN link were to be replaced by a LAN connection and if part or all of the global address space used for NAT mapping belongs to the same IP subnet as the LAN segment, the NAT router would be expected to provide ARP support for the address range that belongs to the same subnet. Responding to ARP requests for the NAT mapped global addresses with its own MAC address is a must in such a situation with Basic NAT setup. If the NAT router did not respond to these requests, there is no other node in the network that has ownership to these addresses and hence will go unresponded. This scenario is unlikely with NAPT setup except when the single address used in NAPT mapping is not the interface address of the NAT router (as in the case of a switch-over from Basic NAT to NAPT explained in 5.4 above, for example). Using an address range from a directly connected subnet for NAT address mapping would obviate static route configuration on the service provider router. It is the opinion of the authors that a LAN link to a service provider router is not very common. However, vendors may be interested to optionally support proxy ARP just in case. 6.3. Translation of outbound TCP/UDP fragmented packets in NAPT setup Translation of outbound TCP/UDP fragments (i.e., those originating from private hosts) in NAPT setup are doomed to fail. The reason is as follows. Only the first fragment contains the TCP/UDP header that would be necessary to associate the packet to a session for translation purposes. Subsequent fragments do not contain TCP/UDP port information, but simply carry the same fragmentation identifier specified in the first fragment. Say, two private hosts originated fragmented TCP/UDP packets to the same destination host. And, they happened to use the same fragmentation identifier. When the target host receives the two unrelated datagrams, carrying same fragmentation id, and from the same assigned host address, it is unable to determine which of the two sessions the datagrams belong to. Consequently, both sessions will be corrupted. Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 13]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 7.0. Current Implementations Many commercial implementations are available in the industry that adhere to the NAT description provided in this document. Linux public domain software contains NAT under the name of "IP masquerade". FreeBSD public domain software has NAPT implementation running as a daemon. Note however that Linux source is covered under the GNU license and FreeBSD software is covered under the UC Berkeley license. Both Linux and FreeBSD software are free, so you can buy CD-ROMs for these for little more than the cost of distribution. They are also available on-line from a lot of FTP sites with the latest patches. 8.0. Security Considerations The security considerations described in [NAT-TERM] for all variations of NATs are applicable to traditional NAT. References [NAT-TERM] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations", RFC 2663, August 1999. [RFC 1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G. and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996. [RFC 1700] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700, October 1994. [RFC 1122] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989. [RFC 1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989. [RFC 1812] Baker, F., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC 1812, June 1995. [FTP] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)", STD 9, RFC 959, October 1985. [TCP] Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Information Processing Techniques Office, "TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP) SPECIFICATION", STD 7, RFC 793, September 1981. Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 14]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001 [ICMP] Postel, J., "INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE (ICMP) SPECIFICATION", STD 5, RFC 792, September 1981. [UDP] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol (UDP)", STD 6, RFC 768, August 1980. [RFC 2101] Carpenter, B., Crowcroft, J. and Y. Rekhter, "IPv4 Address Behaviour Today", RFC 2101, February 1997. Authors' Addresses Pyda Srisuresh Jasmine Networks, Inc. 3061 Zanker Road, Suite B San Jose, CA 95134 U.S.A. Phone: (408) 895-5032 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Kjeld Borch Egevang Intel Denmark ApS Phone: +45 44886556 Fax: +45 44886051 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com http: //www.freeyellow.com/members/kbe Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 15]
RFC 3022 Traditional NAT January 2001
Full Copyright Statement
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Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
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Srisuresh & Egevang Informational [Page 16]


text:
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There's a high profile congressional race going on in South Carolina and last night the two candidates met in their first - and only - debate. For the Republican, former South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford. This is an attempted political comeback, but it's being hindered by new allegations by his ex-wife that reminds some voters of how Sanford left office in the first place.
NPR's Kathy Lohr reports that Sanford and his opponent, Elizabeth Colbert Busch clashed over immigration, abortion, and over support Colbert Busch has had from national Democrats.
KATHY LOHR, BYLINE: Sanford went on the attack, arguing his opponent, Elizabeth Colbert Busch is tied to liberal Washington Democrats. Sanford linked her to President Obama and especially to House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. The former governor continued to hammer on that point, saying he doesn't believe Colbert Busch when she says she would not vote in lock step with the Democrats.
MARK SANFORD: Nancy Pelosi is running hundreds of thousands of dollars in ads. This is an important point.
SANFORD: Hundreds of thousands of dollars in ads...
LOHR: Colbert Busch is a political newcomer known best as the sister of comedian, Stephen Colbert. She responded to Sanford quickly and forcefully.
ELIZABETH COLBERT BUSCH: I want to be very clear, Mark, nobody tells me what to do.
BUSCH: Except the people of South Carolina's first district.
LOHR: The two continued to battle with Sanford mentioning Pelosi more than half a dozen times. Colbert Busch brought up the former governor's travel outside the country in 2009 at taxpayer's expense. Sanford had an affair with an Argentine woman and lied to cover it up, saying he was hiking the Appalachian Trail. He paid more than $70,000 in ethics fines. But last night, Sanford ignored the barb.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: She went there, Governor Sanford.
SANFORD: I couldn't' hear what she said.
LOHR: Sanford won the GOP runoff to face Colbert Busch and he seemed to be gaining momentum. Then, Sanford's ex-wife accused him of repeatedly trespassing at her home. After that, the former governor lost the support of the national Republicans. He continues to frame the election as a debate over whether South Carolina voters want another supporter of former speaker Pelosi in Congress.
He even campaigns with a life size cardboard cutout of Pelosi and pretends to debate her. Here, he asks the cutout about federal spending.
SANFORD: And so, you know, I would ask you Nancy, where do you stand on stimulus?
LOHR: This is a Republican district. It runs along the coast from Charleston south to Hilton Head. GOP presidential nominee Mitt Romney won it by 18 points. But observers say it's not as solidly Republican as it once was. And what's more, Colbert Busch has outraised Sanford nearly two to one in the most recent fundraising report. And that national Democratic support is showing up in a barrage of negative TV ads that target Sanford.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: Mark Sanford walked out on us, violated our trust. Secretly used thousands of taxpayer dollars flying to Argentina and then lied about it, was charged with 27 counts of using his office for private gain.
LOHR: A Democratic firm, Public Policy Polling, recently showed Colbert Busch with a nine point lead over Sanford. But the special election isn't gaining widespread attention. Wes Love, who's in his 20s, says he's been following the race, but when I ask specifics...
So do you know when the election is?
WES LOVE: I assume it is the first Tuesday of - no, wait, wait, wait. No, that's not right. No, I don't.
LOHR: The special election is next Tuesday and will likely come down to who can get more of their supporters to turn out. Kathy Lohr, NPR News, Charleston.
INSKEEP: This is NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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The story was meant as an illustration of cooperation and respect for seniority.
The scene refers to a legend which tells that four animals were trying to find out who was the oldest. The elephant said that the tree was already fully grown when he was young, the monkey that the tree was small when he was young, the hare that he saw the tree as a sapling when he was young and the bird claimed that he had excreted the seed from which the tree grew. So the bird was recognized by the other animals as the oldest, and the four animals lived together in co-dependence and cooperation, helping each other to enjoy the fruits of the tree.


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"Overeating healthy foods is still overeating. That was the "a-ha moment" I had when I watched one of my clients eat a salad for lunch that could have fed a family.
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Stay with me and I will be on your side, motivating you every step of the way! I'd be honored to support you in your health and weight loss journey. I welcome all sizes - we are all important!


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Rectilinear Projection
Rectilinear is a type of projection for mapping a portion of the surface of a sphere to a flat image. It is also called the "gnomic", "gnomonic", or "tangent-plane" projection, and can be envisioned by imagining placing a flat piece of paper tangent to a sphere at a single point, and illuminating the surface from the spheres' center. Mathworld's page has an example and describes the mathematics underlying this projection.[1]
This is a fundamental projection in panoramic imaging, because most ordinary (non-fisheye) camera lenses produce an image very close to being rectilinear over their entire field of view. Pin-hole cameras, in fact, provide exactly a tangent-plane mapping of the sphere onto their detector planes, and most simple imaging systems (consumer cameras with non-fisheye lenses among them) approximate this quite well. Thus it is the most common source image projection for partial panoramas.
The rectilinear projection also has the fundamental property that straight lines in real 3D space are mapped to straight lines in the projected image. This property makes the rectilinear image very useful for printed panoramas which do not cover an excessively large range of longitude or latitude (e.g. <120 degrees). Many Panorama Viewers which show only a portion of a scene at a time do so using the rectilinear projection (regardless of what projection the full sphere source image was in).
The Cubic Projection is a special sub-case of the rectilinear projection, in which 90 by 90 degree rectilinear sub-projections are made onto 6 faces of a cube.


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I have one final strip quilt to show you (finished before Max was born, but never blogged) — hopefully you're not too tired of seeing strip quilts! This is the last of the Flea Market Fancy strip series – the first was in green, the second using the blue prints, and this last one using the reds and pinks. I really like the way the red and pink prints go together, especially when paired with a bit of gray and some browns.
There's also a few complementary basic prints – some Kei dots and a few stripes, as well as a number of coordinating solids in red, pink and brown.
I used a few extra strips for the backing, using a large piece of solid pink and the FMF pink posies along with a couple narrow strips of solids. It's quilted with straight lines again – this time using a variation on this quilting pattern. The binding is a great solid red.
It measures about 39″ x 55″ and is now listed in the shop!


text: These electrical outlet covers let you put your mobile phone on the wall as it recharges. The antlers for all three types of deer are already the perfect shape to hold things, so we hardly had to modify the forms at all. The tough urethane rubber we used for the cover holds handsets tightly, and also protects the antlers from breakage should you bump into them. Socket-deer can also be used as a cover for light switches, and the antlers make an excellent hook for keys or accessories.