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We provide shipping service exclusively within Singapore
Shipping Terms and Conditions
At Motherswork, we offer convenient delivery options to ensure your orders reach you efficiently:
Standard Shipping: $8 (3 to 5 working days)
FREE Standard Shipping: Over $60
Standard Delivery Timeline
Standard delivery takes three to five working days for order processing and delivery. Our delivery service operates Monday through Friday. Once items are processed and picked up, our logistics partner (Ninjavan) aims to deliver within the next day.
Orders Placed on weekends and Public Holidays will be processed on the next business day.
*During festive seasons or exceptional circumstances, such as high order volumes or unforeseen events, our team may require an additional 1 to 2 working days to prepare and dispatch your order
For urgent orders, place your order before 12pm to enjoy our Same Day Delivery service at an additional charge of $15. Receive your order between 3pm to 9pm on the same day of purchase.
Kindly note that this the Same-Day delivery service is only available from Mondays to Fridays excluding Public Holidays. A re-delivery fee may apply for unsuccessful delivery attempts that require re-delivery.
At Motherswork, we understand that urgent needs can arise beyond our daily same-day service cut-off times.
Don't fret! We've got you covered with our Priority Express Delivery Service.
How it Works:
If you've missed the daily same-day service cut-off time, simply reach out to our dedicated Customer Service team via WhatsApp Request for our Priority Express Delivery Service at a nominal fee of $40!
Please note: This special service is available exclusively on weekdays after 12pm ensuring your urgent needs are met promptly.
Local Assembly Service via Motherswork Delivery Team
Cots/Cotbeds: $80 per location
Playhouses: $150 per set
Average Booking : 3 to 7 working days
Self-Collection @ Motherswork Great World (Temporarily Unavailable for whole of May 2024)
Self-Collection is available at Motherswork Great World, from 10am to 9pm. We encourage collecting your orders on weekdays so as to minimize waiting time and expedite the process of fulfilling your orders.
1 Kim Seng Promenade
Singapore 237994
Tel: 6738 5886
Please be informed that this location serves solely as a self-collection point. Kindly note that no exchanges will be accommodated during the collection of orders.
Kindly refrain from collecting your order(s) until you've received the self-collection confirmation email.
Kindly arrange to collect your order(s) within 7 days after receipt of the e-mail. In the event orders that are not collected within this period, they will be returned to our warehouse located at 8 Lorong Bakar Batu #05-12 Singapore 348743 with additional 7-days extension.
Please contact our Customer Service team with your Order ID at email@example.com or WhatsApp text at 92987301 before heading to our warehouse.
Self-Collection @ HQ (Orders placed before 12pm) (Temporarily Unavailable for whole of May 2024)
8 Lorong Bakar Batu
Singapore 348743
Collection at our warehouse is available between Mondays and Fridays, excluding Public Holidays, from 9am to 12pm and 2pm to 5.30pm on the same day of order.
For shipping requests outside Singapore, kindly contact us via email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please provide us with the following details:
Email address:
Contact No.
Shipping address:
Our dedicated team will assist you in arranging overseas shipping to your specified address
We only accept returns or exchanges for defective items.
We regret to inform you that exchanges or refunds cannot be processed at our physical store unless specifically stated otherwise.
Should you receive a defective item, kindly contact our Customer Service team at email@example.com.
*Please be aware that all online exchanges and returns must be handled and processed at our warehouse; processing them at our stores is not permitted - unless otherwise stated or arranged by our Customer Service Team.
Please include your Order ID, details regarding the defective product, and attach supporting photos or videos. Returned items must meet the criteria of being in their original condition, packaging, and include all parts and accessories within 7 days of delivery to qualify for eligibility.
Exchanged products must be of equal or higher value, requiring a top-up if the value is higher. For returns, we will issue a refund in the form of a Motherswork online store credit, excluding delivery charges and promotional discounts, upon approval of the return and refund request.
Refunds or exchanges are strictly not allowed for the following items:
Soft toys / plush toys
Books & stationery
Adult swimwear
Adult intimates
Bath and skincare products
All other cleaning products
All other hygiene products
Items on sale
Any other items at the discretion of Motherswork
GST refund is not applicable for all online orders
Please read the instructions below on how to raise a return request.
All returned goods will be inspected upon arrival at our appointed addresses and the buyer will be notified within 3 business days about the return's eligibility. Please remember to include the order number (e.g. #10005) when making the return. All items must be returned in resalable condition in original packaging and exchanged only one time per invoice. Returns that are not in original condition, outside of this time frame or unauthorized returns cannot be accepted.
Instructions for Return(s)
To raise a return, kindly contact our Customer Service team at email@example.com to submit a return request within 7 days from the date of receipt before visiting our Headquarters.
1. Please send an email to our Customer Service Team with the following information:
Full Name
Order Number ID (e.g #10005)
Item(s) to be returned
Reason(s) for the return
A photograph of your purchase
Refunds will be given at the discretion of the Company Management.
Should the return not be accepted, the customer has two options:
Collect the items from Motherswork Headquarters.
Request item return through a Motherswork appointed courier service ($15 fee).
Upon approval of the return, the value of the returned item in Motherswork Points will be refunded through a Motherswork Online Store gift card. The gift card will be sent to the registered email address associated with the order.
Refunds are subject to the discretion of Company Management.
The price of the item I purchased has changed since I received it.
We regret to inform you that our pricing is subject to change based on various factors such as market trends, stock availability, and consumer demand. Unfortunately, we are unable to refund the price difference for items previously purchased.
Is it possible to make changes to or cancel my online order after it has been placed?
Once an order has been successfully placed, our system does not allow modifications to the selected items or the delivery/contact details. If you wish to cancel the entire order, please contact our customer service team via email. It's important to note that all items are subject to availability, and we cannot guarantee their continued availability if you choose to re-place the order.
Motherswork Headquarters
8 Lorong Bakar Batu
Singapore 348743
Operating Hours:
Monday to Friday (excluding Public Holidays)
9am to 5pm (Avoid lunch break: 12pm to 2pm)


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Verbal scores are now down to 1994 levels. This year's mean score on the verbal portion was 502, dropping one point. Math scores also dropped three points to 515.
Did you know that the SAT was recentered back in 1995 to disguise the disturbing fact that scores had plummeted since the high water mark of 1963. Verbal scores had dropped so low that the College Board, which administers the test, boosted scores by 80 points. They boosted math scores by 20 points.
So this year's scores of V502 and M515 equate to a scores of 422 for the verbal portion and 495 for math. Both scores are below the traditional average of 500. Verbal scores are now below the 1994 level. Thank you whole language and balanced literacy. Math is still about 18 points above 1994 levels thanks to calculators whose use is now permitted during the test.
Here is a plot of mean SAT scores from 1951/52 to 1993/94 using the old scale.
Something very bad happened in education between 1963 and 1980. Something we haven't recovered from.
The Times reports some of the excuses being made for the lower scores:
The declines for the class of 2007 were not caused by a single factor, College Board officials said. But the increase in the number of traditionally underrepresented minority and low-income students taking the test played a role, they said. So did a new requirement in Maine that all high school seniors take the exam, including those who would not in the past have viewed themselves as college bound.
Here's the minority group breakdown courtesy of the Times:

subset: commoncrawl


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Veer Cruiser Comfort Seat for Toddlers
Veer's Comfort Seat for Toddlers easily inserts into the Cruiser's standard seat to provide cushioned comfort and support. It is designed for children from 6 months up to 35 lbs. It includes a 5-point harness for safety. Soft, padded fabric creates an ultra-comfortable seat and head rest. Hidden magnets on the side wings ensure an easy, snug fit with the side walls. Two Comfort Seats can be used simultaneously (one on each seat). Cruiser will fold when using one Toddler Seat. Comfort Seats can also be used with Veer's Retractable Canopies.


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Wednesday, April 19
Wild Card Boxing Club, Hollywood, Calif.
Pacquiao-Mosley PPV Fight Saturday, May 7,
At MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nev.
HOLLYWOOD, Calif. (April 19, 2011) – Eight-division world champion Congressman Manny "Pacman" Pacquiao hosted what many in attendance described as boxing's No. 1 pound for pound media day workout.
A standing room only crowd of national and international media packed the Wild Card Boxing Club on Wednesday to interview Pacquiao, five-time Trainer of the Year Freddie Roach and Hall of Fame promoter Bob Arum about Pacquiao's May 7 World Boxing Organization (WBO) welterweight title defense, at the sold-out MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nev., against three-division world champion Sugar Shane Mosley.
The Pacquiao vs. Mosley world title fight is the main event of a four-fight telecast that will be produced and distributed live by SHOWTIME PPV® beginning at 9 p.m. ET / 6 p.m. PT. The mega-event will be available in HD-TV for those viewers who can receive HD. For Pacquiao vs. Mosley fight week updates, log on to www.sports.SHO.com or www.toprank.com .
Closed circuit tickets, priced at $50, are on sale and available at all Las Vegas MGM Resorts properties.
The energetic Pacquiao trained for more than two hours immediately following an equally long interview session.
What Pacman, Arum and Roach said Wednesday:
"Nobody can count Shane Mosley out. He is a good, good fighter, especially when he fights an aggressive opponent like Manny Pacquiao.
"Shane Mosley is a dangerous fighter. He is bigger than Manny, strong and he still has his speed. He has never been stopped. He can take anyone's best punch and come back as strong as ever. He's so resilient. You can't hurt him.
"Manny has trained harder than I have ever seen. He's in the same condition as he was before he fought Miguel Cotto.
"My matchmakers said Shane would make the most entertaining fight for the fans. For pure name recognition Shane Mosley is the best fighter for marketability.''
"I'm in top condition for the fight. I'm just excited to fight and beat people up.
"I never compare myself to anybody. I don't look at my accomplishments compared to anyone. I'm happy with what I've accomplished in boxing.
"Shane can still fight. He's fast and he's training hard. It's hard to rate him against the other (opponents). This time he's determined to shock the world. It's going to be a good fight.
"My concern is what fight we can give to the fans. My first concern as a boxer is to try hard and give a good fight for the fans.
"Mosley is bigger than me. He's fast and his hand speed is still there. He's faster than most of my opponents. He's also preparing hard and he's also good, so we never underestimate our opponent.
"I'm just going to punch him and do my best. If the knockout comes, it comes.
"In the ring I can tell right away what his style is and I can adapt to it. I'm adjusting to life as a politician. It's different in training but I can stay focused on both.
"I never distract myself. I'm always in full force in the fight, full force in training. "I'm ready for the fight. I don't want to predict. I just do my best and give a good fight. The way I'm training now I'm only 144 pounds.
"For me, boxing isn't about hurting each other. Boxing is entertainment and making people happy.
"I don't know who I'll fight next. No idea. (Juan Manuel) Marquez is good for me – he's not too big.
(On fighting Floyd Mayweather)
"For me, there's a chance. It's up to him if he wants to fight. He's trying to wait for me to get
"I'm excited about this fight because we know that Shane is going to bring it.
"Manny has had maybe his best camp ever and is in tip-top shape. He's still hungry, and is training harder now than when he first started. There is no way he is taking this fight lightly and he is definitely ready for Sugar Shane.
"His motivation is his concentration. For this fight, he's been able to stay totally focused. Before his last fight he had to worry about campaigning, Congress, music and making movies.
"Since we can't wait for the No. 1 guy – you know who I mean — to stop running away from us, we have to fight who's available. We got this offer to fight Shane and it made sense.
"Mayweather likes to say he is better than Sugar Ray Robinson, but I think it is more important for him to keep the zero on his record than it is to fight Manny. We hope the opportunity comes for a fight with Mayweather, but Manny is going to continue to fight, even if it means moving up in weight to go after nine titles.
"The fight with Sugar Shane will not be easy. But my prediction is that Manny will win by knockout and become the first boxer to stop Mosley.
"I know when I first started working with Manny that he was something special. But eight world titles? No one could have expected that.''
"I'm a big Manny Pacquiao fan. It's a tough call to pick between him and Shane. Sugar Shane is a vet. He asked for this fight and he got this fight, but I think Pacquiao has too much speed and too much power. I'm a big fan of both fighters though. It's going to be a great fight."
Visit www.Ringnews24.com for the latest boxing news, press releases, interviews and fans' own articles, or follow us on twitter @ringnews24


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New Car/Review
The 1999 Oldsmobile Alero, How sweet it is
by Larry Weitzman
When designing a new car its nice to start with a clean sheet of paper. No restrictions or limitations from prior models with respect to chassis, suspension, interior or body design. Brand new. The Alero is more than a new name. It's brand new from that clean sheet of paper.
The Alero replaces the entry level Achieva, or as it was sometimes referred to "under Achieva". The head of the West Coast Zone Office several years ago told me the Achieva reminded him of a "fat lady on roller skates". It wasn't that the Achieva was a bad car, it just wasn't really up to the competition.
The new Alero now adds a new dimension to the compact car wars. The all-new body follows the theme of the beautiful Aurora and the stunning Intrigue. The design is so well executed it is instantly recognized as an Olds. It has a soft tapered wedge shape starting with the very clean front end, very aggressively flared wheel wells to the large gorgeous tail lights. This is one good-looking unit.
Underneath, it rides on an all new underpinnings that is as sophisticated as anything on the market. Besides the new hydroformed extra rigid chassis, the suspension is fully independent state of the art "tri-link" in the rear and McPhearson strut with lower arms in the front that are gorgeous aluminum castings. With gas charged shocks, coil springs all around and stabilizer bars, this is hardly a go to the market for milk automobile, although getting milk will be more fun.
There's more. With the GLS model (which was my test vehicle), the Alero is shod with great looking six spoke 16 inch cast alloys with 225/50 series Goodyear Eagle RS performance rubber. This is some serious stuff.
The steering is new variable assist power rack and pinion. It is quick and precise. Even the turning circle is only 35 feet. We are talking incredible maneuverability.
The size of the new Alero fits nicely above a sub compact and below a midsize. It rides on a long 107 wheelbase with an overall length of 186.7 inches. Width is a wide 70.1 inches. These dimensions allow for a roomy, airy interior.
The only carryover from GM is the motive force. The Alero shares with several other GM products the 3.4L OHV V-6, which pumps out a strong 170 hp at 4,800 rpm and 200 lb-ft of torque at 4,000 rpm. But the peak torque number is misleading. The engine from 2000 rpm all the way to 4,400 rpm produces an almost flat torque curve of 190 lb-ft or more. The base model comes with the venerable 2.4L DOHC four cylinder engine. It manufacturers 150 hp at a lofty 5.600 rpm and a respectable 155 lb-ft of torque at 4,400 rpm.
The V-6 is connected to a silky electronically controlled four-speed automatic, the only shifter available for the V-6 and the DOHC 4. If you want to shift, you'll have to drive a different car. I don't want to shift that badly.
In terms of driveability, the V-6 adds significant additional thrust as well as smoothness. This provides a real sports car feel. How much thrust you ask? Lots. This Alero flat out gets down the road. 0-60 times averaged 7.89 seconds with two runs at 7.70 and 7.63 seconds. This puts the Alero in some very good high performance company. 50-70 passing times are also very quick with an average elapsed time of 4.5 seconds. Going up a steep grade will slow that time to 6.7 seconds. There is some torque steer during aggressive throttle application, but not during normal driving.
Fuel economy is rated at 20/28 mpg city/highway for the V-6. The four will give you a 2 mpg higher rating at 22/30 mpg. I averaged over 22 mpg during my test period and would estimate near 30 mpg a steady legal highway speeds. With its 15 gallon fuel tank, cruising range is in excess of 400 miles.
Standard switchable traction control is almost a necessity. Even with 66/34 percent front to rear weight bias, with the traction control switched off, a strong push of the go pedal will literally light up the front tires. All that smoke can be bad for the environment. But traction control is a nice feature when living in snow country.
Handling will also impress. The Alero simply feels like it's on rails in the twisties. It simply goes where you point it. Green Valley and Bass Lake Road became straight-aways. Nothing like having trick suspension, accurate steering and good rubber. I am sure those meaty Goodyear Eagles have a lot to do with it.
The washboard of Ponderosa Road was nicely controlled and in the bumpy 90 degree tight corners. The rear end stayed firmly planted to the road. The body was drum tight.
On the highway the Alero provides a supple well-controlled ride that is very smooth. Expansion joints and tar strips are non existent and there is no float or wallow. Olds has also done a great job in sound control. There is almost no wind, road or tire noise. At 70 mph the engine turns a lazy 2050 rpm and is inaudible.
Olds technological tour de force continues with generously sized four-wheel disc brakes (ventilated in front) with standard ABS. Stops are sure, short and straight. Pedal feel is solid and precise.
On the inside I was surrounded in soft creamy leather, on the seats, the extra meaty steering wheel and the gear shifter. The front seats are on the firm side but are comfortable. The driver's seat is power operated and has lumbar support. The rear seating area is roomy for two and will do in a pinch for three. Legroom is quite livable. I had a chance to sample the rear seating area of a coupe, and I found it unexpectedly roomy. The length and wheelbase of the sedan and coupe are the same.
The dash is well executed and tight. The nicely shaped pod in front of the driver contains a large tach and speedo left and right divided by a gear indicator. They are flanked by a smaller temp and fuel gauge. The center section contains the standard am/fm CD stereo. I really appreciated the size and feel of the volume knob. Nice not to see a rocker switch. The sound from the CD is clean and clear, ZZ Top never sounded better.
Under the radio are the three large, clearly marked rotary switches to control the powerful HVAC. One of the easier and simpler systems that I've used. The center console has the gearshift and well placed emergency brake with a storage console/armrest to the rear.
The entire dash and door paneling is done in a soft touch material. Olds chose to use a European two tone look and they outdid themselves. It's nice not to see the grainy hard plastic look. The whole package is very tasty. Although the trunk is a large 15 cubic feet, split fold down rear seats add to the total cargo capacity.
The best news is the pricing Olds has chosen. My fully loaded GLS Alero test vehicle came with everything standard, no options. Factory list is $20,875 plus $525 for shipping which totals $21,400. About the only options available worth looking at is a power moon roof (a bargain at $650) and an upgraded sound system for $150 (the standard set up is great). Besides a power drivers seat, power amenities include windows, locks and remote entry including trunk. If you don't want leather you can opt for GL model with a V-6 and the rest of the amenities for about $20,000.
A base model GX starts at $16,850 with destination. This is a small car that is reshaping the Olds image for the better and a worthy stable mate to the Intrigue. This is nothing like your father's Oldsmobile. The Alero's refinement will surprise you.
SPECIFICATIONS Price $16,850 to about $22,000 Engines DOHC, 16 valve inline 4 150 hp @ 5,600 rpm 155 lb-ft of torque @ 4,400 rpm OHV V-6 170 hp @ 4,800 rpm 200 lb-ft of torque at 4,000 rpm Configuration Front transverse mounted engine, front wheel drive Transmission 4 speed electronically controlled automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 107 inches Length 186.7 inches Width 70.1 inches Height 54.5 inches Weight 3077 pounds Fuel Capacity 15.0 gallons Performance 0-60 7.89 seconds 50-70 4.5 seconds 50-70 uphill 6.7 seconds Top Speed 112 electronically limited so there is no need to find out for yourself. If you have the need, Black Rock is available for rent for a few thousand a day. Fuel Economy EPA 20/28 mpg city/highway. I estimate 22-24 mpg in El Dorado County and near 30 mpg on the highway.


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Mycotoxin List
Molds can produce other secondary metabolites (See list in table below) such as antibiotics and mycotoxins. Antibiotics are isolated from mold (and some bacterial) cultures and some of their bacteriotoxic or bacteriostatic properties are exploited medicinally to combat infections.
Mycotoxins are also products of secondary metabolism of molds. They are not essential to maintaining the life of the mold cell in a primary way (at least in a friendly world), such as obtaining energy or synthesizing structural components, informational molecules or enzymes. They are products whose function seems to be to give molds a competitive advantage over other mold species and bacteria. Mycotoxins are nearly all cytotoxic, disrupting various cellular structures such as membranes, and interfering with vital cellular processes such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. Of course they are also toxic to the cells of higher plants and animals, including humans.
Mycotoxins vary in specificity and potency for their target cells, cell structures or cell processes by species and strain of the mold that produces them. Higher organisms are not specifically targeted by mycotoxins, but seem to be caught in the crossfire of the biochemical warfare among mold species and molds and bacteria vying for the same ecological niche.
Not all molds produce mycotoxins, but numerous species do (including some found indoors in contaminated buildings). Toxigenic molds vary in their mycotoxin production depending on the substrate on which they grow (Jarvis, 1990). The spores, with which the toxins are primarily associated, are cast off in blooms that vary with the mold's diurnal, seasonal and life cycle stage (Burge, 1990; Yang, 1995). The presence of competitive organisms may play a role, as some molds grown in monoculture in the laboratory lose their toxic potency (Jarvis, 1995). Until relatively recently, mold poisons were regarded with concern primarily as contaminants in foods.
More recently concern has arisen over exposure to multiple mycotoxins from a mixture of mold spores growing in wet indoor environments. Health effects from exposures to such mixtures can differ from those related to single mycotoxins in controlled laboratory exposures. Indoor exposures to toxigenic molds resemble field exposures of animals more closely than they do controlled experimental laboratory exposures. Animals in controlled laboratory exposures are healthy, of the same age, raised under optimum conditions, and have only the challenge of known doses of a single toxic agent via a single exposure route. In contrast, animals in field exposures are of mixed ages, and states of health, may be living in less than optimum environmental and nutritional conditions, and are exposed to a mixture of toxic agents by multiple exposure routes. Exposures to individual toxins may be much lower than those required to elicit an adverse reaction in a small controlled exposure group of ten animals per dose group. The effects from exposure may therefore not fit neatly into the description given for any single toxin, or the effects from a particular species, of mold.
Field exposures of animals to molds (in contrast to controlled laboratory exposures) show effects on the immune system as the lowest observed adverse effect. Such immune effects are manifested in animals as increased susceptibility to infectious diseases (Jakab et al. , 1994). It is important to note that almost all mycotoxins have an immunosuppressive effect, although the exact target within the immune system may differ. Many are also cytotoxic, so that they have route of entry effects that may be damaging to the gut, the skin or the lung. Such cytotoxicity may affect the physical defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract, decreasing the ability of the airways to clear particulate contaminants (including bacteria or viruses), or damage alveolar macrophages, thus preventing clearance of contaminants from the deeper lung. The combined result of these activities is to increase the susceptibility of the exposed person to infectious disease, and to reduce his defense against other contaminants. They may also increase susceptibility to cancer.
Because indoor samples are usually comprised of a mixture of molds and their spores, it has been suggested that a general test for cytotoxicity be applied to a total indoor sample to assess the potential for hazard as a rough assessment (Gareis, 1995).
Toxins and Their Targets in the Human Body
The following summary of toxins and their targets is adapted from Smith and Moss (1985), with a few additions from the more recent literature. While this compilation of effects does not describe the effects from multiple exposures, which could include synergistic effects, it does give a better idea of possible results of mycotoxin exposure to multiple molds indoors.
- Vascular system (increased vascular fragility, hemorrhage into body tissues, or from lung, e. g. , aflatoxin, satratoxin, roridins).
- Digestive system (diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal hemorrhage, liver effects, i. e. , necrosis, fibrosis: aflatoxin; caustic effects on mucous membranes: T-2 toxin; anorexia: vomitoxin.
- Respiratory system: respiratory distress, bleeding from lungs e. g. , trichothecenes.
- Nervous system, tremors, incoordination, depression, headache, e. g. , tremorgens, trichothecenes.
- Cutaneous system : rash, burning sensation sloughing of skin, photosensitization, e. g. , trichothecenes.
- Urinary system, nephrotoxicity, e. g. ochratoxin, citrinin.
- Reproductive system; infertility, changes in reproductive cycles, e. g. T-2 toxin, zearalenone.
- Immune system: changes or suppression: many mycotoxins.
It should be noted that not all mold genera have been tested for toxins, nor have all species within a genus necessarily been tested. Conditions for toxin production varies with cell and diurnal and seasonal cycles and substrate on which the mold grows, and those conditions created for laboratory culture may differ from those the mold encounters in its environment.
Toxicity can arise from exposure to mycotoxins via inhalation of mycotoxin-containing mold spores or through skin contact with the toxigenic molds (Forgacs, 1972; Croft et al. , 1986; Kemppainen et al. , 1988 -1989). A number of toxigenic molds have been found during indoor air quality investigations in different parts of the world. Among the genera most frequently found in numbers exceeding levels that they reach outdoors are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Stachybotrys, and Cladosporium (Burge, 1986; Smith et al. , 1992; Hirsh and Sosman, 1976; Verhoeff et al. , 1992; Miller et al. , 1988; Gravesen et al. , 1999).
Mycotoxins and the Fungi that produce them
Mycotoxin | Organism |
Acetoxyscirpenediol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Acetyldeoxynivalenol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Acetylneosolaniol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Acetyl T-2 toxin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Aflatoxin | Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus |
Aflatrem | Aspergillus flavus |
Altenuic acid | Alternaria alternata |
Alternariol | Alternaria alternata |
Austdiol | Aspergillus ustus |
Austamide | Aspergillus ustus |
Austocystin | Aspergillus ustus |
Avenacein +1 | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Beauvericin +2 | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Bentenolide | Monographella nivalis |
Brevianamide | Aspergillus ustus |
Butenolide | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Calonectrin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Chaetoglobosin | Chaetomium globosum |
Citrinin | Aspergillus carneus, A. terreus, Penicillium citrinum, P. hirsutum, P. verrucosum |
Citreoviridin | Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium citreoviride |
Cochliodinol | Chaetomium cochliodes |
Crotocin | Acremonium crotocinigenum |
Cytochalasin E | Aspergillus clavatus |
Cyclopiazonic acid | Aspergillus versicolor |
Deacetylcalonectrin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Deoxynivalenol diacetate | Fusarium moniliforme, and F. nivale |
Deoxynivalenol monoacetate | Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Diacetoxyscirpenol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti |
Destruxin B | Aspergillus ochraceus |
Enniatins | Fusarium moniliforme, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, F. solani, and F. nivale |
Fructigenin +1 | Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and F. roseum |
Fumagilin | Aspergillus fumigatus |
Fumonisin B1 | Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and F. nivale |
Fusaric acid | Fusarium moniliforme |
Fusarin | Fusarium moniliforme |
Gliotoxin | Alternaria, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium |
HT-2 toxin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and F. nivale |
Ipomeanine | Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and F. nivale |
Islanditoxin | Penicillium islandicum |
Lateritin +1 | Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and F. nivale |
Lycomarasmin +1 | Fusarium moniliforme |
Malformin | Aspergillus niger |
Maltoryzine | Aspergillus spp. |
Moniliformin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Monoacetoxyscirpenol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Neosolaniol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. solani, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and F. roseum |
Nivalenol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
NT-1 toxin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
NT-2 toxin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. , F. solani, avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Ochratoxin | Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium viridictum |
Oxalic acid | Aspergillus niger |
Patulin | Aspergillus clavatus, Penicillium expansum, Botrytis, P. roquefortii, P. claviforme, P. griseofulvum |
Penicillic acid | Aspergillus ochraceus |
Penitrem | Penicillium crustosum |
Roridin E | Myrothecium roridum, M. verrucaria, Dendrodochium spp. , Cylindrocarpon spp. , Stachybotrys spp. |
Rubratoxin | Penicillium rubrum |
Rubroskyrin | Penicillium spp. |
Rubrosulphin | Penicillium viridicatum |
Rugulosin | Penicillium brunneum, P. kloeckeri, P. rugulosum |
Sambucynin +1 | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Satratoxins, F,G,H | Stachybotrys chartarum, Trichoderma viridi |
Scirpentriol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Slaframine | Rhizoctonia leguminicola |
Sterigmatocystin | Aspergillus flavus, A. nidulans, A. versicolor, Penicillium rugulosum |
T-1 toxin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
T-2 toxin | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Triacetoxyscirpendiol | Fusarium moniliforme, F. equiseti, F. avenaceum, F. roseum, and F. nivale |
Trichodermin | Trichoderma viride |
Trichothecin | Trichothecium roseum |
Trichoverrins | Stachybotrys chartarum |
Trichoverrols | Stachybotrys chartarum |
Tryptoquivalene | Aspergillus clavatus |
Verrucarin | Myrothecium verrucaria, Dendrodochium spp. , Stachybotrys chartarum |
Verruculogen | Aspergillus fumigatus, Stachybotrys chartarum |
Viopurpurin | Trichophyton spp. , Penicillium viridicatum |
Viomellein | Aspergillus spp. , Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. crustosum, P. viridicatum |
Viriditoxin | Aspergillus fumigatus |
Xanthocillin | Eurotium chevalieri |
Yavanicin+1 | Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. roseum, F. moniliforme, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, and F. nivale |
Zearalenone | Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. roseum, F. moniliforme, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, and F. nivale |
Fungi are ubiquitous to the environment and primarily saprophytic, using nonliving organic material as a nutrient source for growth and reproduction. Many of these saprophytes can colonize organic water-damaged building materials. During the digestion process fungi secrete enzymes into the nutrient source to break down complex compounds into simpler compounds, which are taken up by the fungi and digested. The digested nutrients are classified into two categories, primary and secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites consist of cellulose and other compounds that are used for energy to grow and reproduce.
The secondary metabolites, called mycotoxins, are produced to give fungi a competitive edge against other microorganisms, including other fungi. There are over 200 recognized mycotoxins, however, the study of mycotoxins and their health effects on humans is in its infancy and many more are waiting to be discovered. Many mycotoxins are harmful to humans and animals when inhaled, ingested or brought into contact with human skin. Mycotoxins can cause a variety of short term as well as long-term health effects, ranging from immediate toxic response to potential long-term carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. Symptoms due to exposure to mycotoxins include dermatitis, cold and flu symptoms, sore throat, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, and impaired or altered immune function, which may lead to opportunistic infection. Historically, mycotoxins have been a persistent problem to farmers and the animal husbandry industry in Eastern Europe and developing countries. Mycotoxins are a known agent in biological warfare as a moderate illness compared to the other biologicals. See Military analysis.
Recently, however, research has implicated many toxin-producing fungi, such as Stachybotrys, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium species, to indoor air quality problems and building related illnesses. Inhalation of mycotoxin producing fungi in contaminated buildings is the most significant exposure, however, dermal contact from handling contaminated materials and the chance of ingesting toxin containing spores through eating, drinking and smoking is likely to increase exposure in a contaminated environment. Recent advances in technology have given laboratories the ability to test for specific mycotoxins without employing cost-prohibitive gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography techniques. Currently, surface, bulk, food and feeds, and air samples can be analyzed relatively inexpensively for the following mycotoxins:
Aflatoxin is one of the most potent carcinogens known to man and has been linked to a wide variety of human health problems. The FDA has established maximum allowable levels of total aflatoxin in food commodities at 20 parts per billion. The maximum level for milk products is even lower at 0. 5 parts per billion. Primarily Aspergillus species fungi produce aflatoxin.
Ochratoxin is primarily produced by species of Penicillium and Aspergillus. Ochratoxin is damaging to the kidneys and liver and is also a suspected carcinogen. There is also evidence that it impairs the immune system.
T-2 Toxin
T-2 Toxin is a tricothecene produced by species of Fusarium and is one of the more deadly toxins. If ingested in sufficient quantity, T-2 toxin can severely damage the entire digestive tract and cause rapid death due to internal hemorrhage. T-2 has been implicated in the human diseases alimentary toxic aleukia and pulmonary hemosiderosis. Damage caused by T-2 toxin is often permanent.
Fumonisin is a toxin associated with species of Fusarium. Fumonisin is commonly found in corn and corn-based products, with recent outbreaks of veterinary mycotoxicosis occurring in Arizona, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia. The animals most affected were horses and swine, resulting in dozens of deaths. Fumonisin toxin causes "crazy horse disease", or leukoencephalomalcia, a liquefaction of the brain. Symptoms include blindness, head butting and pressing, constant circling and ataxia, followed by death. Chronic low-level exposure in humans has been linked to esophageal cancer. The American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) advisory levels for fumonisin in horse feed is 5 PPM.
Vomitoxin or Deoxynivalenol(DON)
Vomitoxin, chemically known as Deoxynivalenol, a tricothecene mycotoxin, is produced by several species of Fusarium. Vomitoxin has been associated with outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illness in humans. The FDA advisory level for vomitoxin for human consumption is 1ppm.
Zearalenone is also a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium molds. Zearalenone toxin is similar in chemical structure to the female sex hormone estrogen and targets the reproductive organs.
Other mycotoxins of clinical significance are as follows:
Citrinin is a nephrotoxin produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species. Renal damage, vasodilatation, and bronchial constriction are some of the health effects associated with this toxin.
Alternariol cytotoxic compound derived from Alternaria alternata
Satratoxin H
Satratoxin H is a macrocyclic tricothecene produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, Trichoderma viridi and other fungi. High doses or chronic low doses are lethal. This toxin is abortogenic in animals and is believed to alter immune system function and makes affected individuals more susceptible to opportunistic infection.
Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive toxin produced by species of Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus.
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium, Aspergillus and a number of other genera of fungi. It is believed to cause hemorrhaging in the brain and lungs and is usually associated with apple and grape spoilage.
Sterigmatocystin is a nephrotoxin and a hepatotoxin produced by Aspergillus versicolor. This toxin is also considered to be carcinogenic. Other mycotoxins include – Penicillic acid, roquefortine, cyclopiazonic acid, verrucosidin, rubratoxins A and B, PR toxin, luteoskyrin, cychlochlorotine, rugulosin, erythroskyrine, secalonic acid D, viridicatumtoxin, kojic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein, chaetoglobosin C, echinulin, flavoglaucin, versicolorin A, austamide, maltoyzine, aspergillic acid, paspaline, aflatrem, fumagillin nigragillin chlamydosporol, isotrichodermin and many more.
As discussed there are many mycotoxins that can cause adverse health effects and even death in humans. The synergistic effect of exposure to multiple mycotoxins simultaneously is very poorly understood. Even more poorly understood are the by-products of mycotoxin degradation, particularly under the influence of strong oxidizing agents such as sodium hypochlorite and/or ozone, agents frequently used or misused by remediation personnel in the industry. More research is required in this field to better understand the relationship of fungal contamination, mycotoxin production on building substrates and building related disease.
Endotoxin is the name given to a group of heat stabile lipopolysaccharide molecules present in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria that have a certain characteristic toxic effect. The lipid portion of each molecule is responsible for its toxicity and can vary between bacterial species and even from cell to cell. When inhaled, endotoxin creates an inflammatory response in humans that may result in fever, malaise, alterations in white blood cell counts, headache, respiratory distress and even death. It is common to the environment due to the ubiquitous nature of Gram-negative bacteria. Exposure to elevated levels of endotoxin primarily occurs through exposure to aerosols from specific reservoirs such as cotton mills, wastewater treatment facilities, air washers, humidifiers and any other occupational settings where Gram-negative bacteria can flourish.
In addition to their roles as irritants and allergens, many fungi produce toxic chemical constituents (Kendrick, 1992; Miller, 1992; Wyllie and Morehouse, 1977). Samson and co-workers (1996) defined mycotoxins as "fungal secondary metabolites that in small concentrations are toxic to vertebrates and other animals when introduced via anatural route". These compounds are non-volatile and may be sequestered in spores and vegetative mycelium or secreted into the growth substrate. The mechanism of toxicity of many mycotoxins involves interference with various aspects of cell metabolism, producing neurotoxic, carcinogenic or teratogenic effects (Rylander, 1999). Other toxic fungal metabolites such as the cyclosporins exert potent and specific toxicity on the cellular immune system (Hawksworth et al. , 1995); however, most mycotoxins are known to possess immunosuppressant properties that vary according to the compound (Flannigan and Miller, 1994). Indeed, the toxicity of certain fungal metabolites such as aflatoxin, ranks them among the most potently toxic, immunosuppressive and carcinogenic substances known (ibid. ). There is unambiguous evidence that ingestion exposure as well as exposures by the inhalation pathway have been correlated with outbreaks of human and animal mycotoxicoses (Abdel-Hafez and Shoreit, 1985; Burg et al. , 1982; Croft et al. , 1986; Hintikka, 1978; Jarvis, 1986; Norb?ck et al. , 1990; Sorenson et al. , 1987; Schiefer, 1986). Several common mycotoxigenic indoor fungi and their respective toxins are listed.
Volatile Fungal Metabolites
During exponential growth, many fungi release low molecular weight, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as products of secondary metabolism. These compounds comprise a great diversity of chemical structure, including ketones, aldehydes and alcohols as well as moderately to highly modified aromatics and aliphatics. Cultural studies of some common household moulds suggests that the composition of VOCs remains qualitatively stable over a range of growth media and conditions (Sunesson et al. , 1995). Furthermore, the presence of certain marker compounds common to multiple species, such as 3-methylfuran, may be monitored as a proxy for the presence of a fungal amplifier (Sunesson et al. , 1995). This method has been suggested as a means of monitoring fungal contamination in grain storage facilities (B?rjesson et al. , 1989; 1990; 1992; 1993).
Limited evidence suggests that exposure to low concentrations of VOCs may induce respiratory irritation independent of exposure to allergenic particulate (Koren et al. , 1992). Volatile organic compounds may also arise through indirect metabolic effects. A well-known example of this is the fungal degradation of urea formaldehyde foam insulation.
Fungal colonization of this material results in the cleavage of urea from the polymer, presumably to serve as a carbon or nitrogen source for primary metabolism. During this process formaldehyde is evolved as a derivative, contributing to a decline in IAQ (Bissett, 1987).
The present study was conceived with two primary objectives. First, this investigation shall characterize the fungal biodiversity of house dust. This work shall investigate correlations between dustborne fungal species, and examine the ecological similar of positively associated taxa based on the hypothesis that positively associated dustborne fungi are likely to share habitat characteristics. From this, a second hypothesis follows that mechanisms that permit the entry or concentration a given species will tend to facilitate the entry of other positively correlated taxa. A second objective of this research if to assess the extent of genotypic variability in two dustborne Penicillia, P. brevicompactum and P. chrysogenum.
Mycotoxins of Significance Produced by Indoor Fungi
- Mycotoxin Primary health effect Fungal producers
- Aflatoxins Carcinogens, hepatotoxins Aspergillus flavus, As. parasiticus
- Citrinin Nephrotoxin Penicillium citrinum, Pe. verrucosum
- Cyclosporin Immunosuppressant Tolypocladium inflatum
- Fumonisins Carcinogens, neurotoxins Fusarium moniliforme,
- F. proliferatum
- Ochratoxin A Carcinogen As. Ochraceus, Pe. verrucosum
- Patulin Protein synthesis inhibitor, As. Terreus
- Nephrotoxin Paecilomyces variotii
- Pe. expansum
- Pe. griseofulvum
- Pe. roquefortii
- Sterigmatocystin Carcinogen, hepatotoxin As. nidulans


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The Revolt Of The Anxious Class – OpEd
By Robert Reich
The great American middle class has become an anxious class – and it's in revolt.
Before I explain how that revolt is playing out, you need to understand the sources of the anxiety.
Start with the fact that the middle class is shrinking, according to a new Pew survey.
The odds of falling into poverty are frighteningly high, especially for the majority without college degrees.
Two-thirds of Americans are living paycheck to paycheck. Most could lose their jobs at any time.
Many are part of a burgeoning "on-demand" workforce – employed as needed, paid whatever they can get whenever they can get it.
Yet if they don't keep up with rent or mortgage payments, or can't pay for groceries or utilities, they'll lose their footing.
The stress is taking a toll. For the first time in history, the lifespans of middle-class whites are dropping.
According to research by the recent Nobel-prize winning economist, Angus Deaton, and his co-researcher Anne Case, middle-aged white men and women in the United States have been dying earlier.
They're poisoning themselves with drugs and alcohol, or committing suicide.
The odds of being gunned down in America by a jihadist are far smaller than the odds of such self-inflicted deaths, but the recent tragedy in San Bernadino only heightens an overwhelming sense of arbitrariness and fragility.
The anxious class feels vulnerable to forces over which they have no control. Terrible things happen for no reason.
Yet government can't be counted on to protect them.
Safety nets are full of holes. Most people who lose their jobs don't even qualify for unemployment insurance.
Government won't protect their jobs from being outsourced to Asia or being taken by a worker here illegally.
Government can't even protect them from evil people with guns or bombs. Which is why the anxious class is arming itself, buying guns at a record rate.
They view government as not so much incompetent as not giving a damn. It's working for the big guys and fat cats – the crony capitalists who bankroll candidates and get special favors in return.
When I visited so-called "red" states this fall, I kept hearing angry complaints that government is run by Wall Street bankers who get bailed out after wreaking havoc on the economy, corporate titans who get cheap labor, and billionaires who get tax loopholes.
Last year two highly-respected political scientists, Martin Gilens and Benjamin Page, took a close look at 1,799 policy decisions Congress made over the course of over twenty years, and who influenced those decisions.
Their conclusion: "The preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy."
It was only a matter of time before the anxious class would revolt.
They'd support a strongman who'd promise to protect them from all the chaos.
Who'd save jobs from being shipped abroad, slam Wall Street, stick it to China, get rid of people here illegally, and block terrorists from getting into America.
A strongman who'd make America great again – which really means make average working people safe again.
It was a pipe dream, of course – a conjurer's trick. No single person can do this. The world is far too complex. You can't build a wall along the Mexican border. You can't keep out all Muslims. You can't stop corporations from outsourcing abroad.
Nor should you even try.
Besides, we live in a messy democracy, not a dictatorship.
Still, they think maybe he's smart enough and tough enough to pull it off. He's rich. He tells it like it is.
He makes every issue a test of personal strength. He calls himself strong and his adversaries weak.
So what if he's crude and rude? Maybe that's what it takes to protect average people in this cruelly precarious world.
For years I've heard the rumbles of the anxious class. I've listened to their growing anger – in union halls and bars, in coal mines and beauty parlors, on the Main Streets and byways of the washed-out backwaters of America.
I've heard their complaints and cynicism, their conspiracy theories and their outrage.
Most are good people, not bigots or racists. They work hard and they have a strong sense of fairness.
But their world has been slowly coming apart. And they're scared and fed up.
Now someone comes along who's even more of a bully than those who for years have bullied them economically, politically, and even violently.
The attraction is understandable, even though misguided.
If not Donald Trump, then it will be someone else posing as a strongman. If not this election cycle, it will be the next one.
The revolt of the anxious class has just begun.


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Marriage in this World and the Next
By Dr. Jeff Mirus ( bio - articles - email ) | Nov 13, 2012
I could have gone in one of two directions in this second installment on marriage and church in Scripture—which are two sides of a priceless coin in the currency of evangelization. Going in one direction, I might have devoted this installment to the evils, including estrangement from God, which follow the departure from the Divine understanding of marriage. But before we look at what we might call the world without marriage, it is probably better to strengthen our conception of marriage by going a step beyond the basic natural and supernatural outline I presented in There is the World, and there is the World with Marriage.
That outline was rooted in a recognition of man's conjugal nature, by which he most perfectly mirrors God and through which men and women are most clearly called to walk with God. But there was a possible misunderstanding in this initial recognition. It might almost seem that if God so values marriage between a man and a woman, then each man or woman is called to marriage. But as a Catholic I do not believe this, given the Church's teachings on the single state, the consecrated life, and the desirability of a celibate priesthood. What stops me from seeing a conflict between what I have already outlined and Catholic teaching?
In the very first place, it is the Song of Songs.
The Song of Songs or Canticle of Canticles or Song of Solomon, which the best scholarship suggests was composed in the fifth or fourth century before Christ, must be interpreted very carefully. On its literal level, it is a somewhat lascivious love poem, so it is not surprising that exploration of the book has often been reserved for mature Christians under expert guidance, such as that of St. Bernard of Clairvaux in his Talks on the Song of Songs. But Jewish tradition has always regarded the Song as an ecstatic love poem about the relationship of God and Israel, and Christian exegesis has consistently regarded it as dealing with the relationship of Christ and the Church on the one hand, and God and the individual soul on the other.
I will take up the relationship of Christ to the Church in a future commentary drawing on the New Testament. The relationship of God to the individual soul will occupy us here, for by focusing on it we can see not only that God enjoins spousal love between men and women as an integral part of His saving plan, but also that He Himself espouses each person, each soul. This is the first, and to us very probably the most obvious, meaning of the Song of Songs.
The Song is a very short Scriptural book, containing just eight chapters. Without doing justice to its depth and richness, we can summarize those chapters as recounting the following:
- The desperate seeking of the soul for God;
- The ardent seeking of God for the soul;
- A brief foretaste of union followed by a comparison to the glory of Solomon;
- God's reflection on the beauty of the soul he so ardently seeks;
- The soul's sluggish response to God (the beloved), such that she finds Him gone when she opens to Him;
- God's renewed passion in seeking union with the soul, which He has known since she was the "darling of her mother" (how much is packed into the text here!);
- God's proclamation of the beauty of the soul, and His ravishing union with the soul amid all the good things of the earth;
- A closing reflection on the immature and mature states of the soul, ending in the typology of the perfect vineyard, which is more to be prized than all the riches of Solomon himself (cf. 3).
The Song of Songs is not a systematic treatise but a love poem. It therefore presents the interpretive difficulties of poetry. But as soon we understand, in the context of the inspired books of the Jewish and Christian Scriptures, that the Song can be properly understood only in a spiritual sense, its portrayal of love revolutionizes our understanding of our relationship with God.
Three brief passages will highlight this point. The opening lines begin with the soul's desire and expectation for union with God.
O that you would kiss me with the kisses of your mouth! For your love is better than wine, your anointing oils are fragrant, your name is oil poured out; therefore the maidens love you. Draw me after you, let us make haste. The king has brought me into his chambers. We will exult and rejoice in you; we will extol your love more than wine; rightly do they love you. (Song 1:2-4)
Here the union appears about to be consummated, but there are many passages which express the confusion of this desire, the difficulty of finding and holding on to God, or even of recognizing Him properly:
Upon my bed by night I sought him whom my soul loves; I sought him, but found him not; I called him, but he gave no answer. "I will rise now and go about the city, in the streets and in the squares; I will seek him whom my soul loves." I sought him but found him not. The watchmen found me, as they went about in the city. "Have you seen him whom my soul loves?" (Song 3:1-3)
In a similar way, we find many passages in which God expresses an even more ardent (and far more knowledgeable) love of the soul:
You have ravished my heart, my sister, my bride, you have ravished my heart with a glance of your eyes, with one jewel of your necklace. How sweet is your love, my sister, my bride! (Song 4:9-10)
Under the apple tree I awakened you. There your mother was in travail with you, there she who bore you was in travail. Set me as a seal upon your heart, as a seal upon your arm; for love is strong as death. (Song 8:5-6)
Again, there are many interpretive possibilities in this poem: God and Israel; Christ and the soul; Christ and the Church; Christ and Mary; and certainly all four at once. But in any case we receive here valuable instruction about one fundamental fact of human life: The destiny of the human person is a destiny of nuptial union with God.
This is why some may be called to be celibate, to be eunuchs or virgins for the Kingdom of God, without in the least derogating from the honor due to marriage in God's plan. We begin to see human marriage not only as a natural end in itself but as a sign and foreshadowing of an even deeper union, as both a means and a prefiguring of an even greater nuptial end. In this sense, as we will see more clearly later in this series, marriage points to the ultimate meaning of church, and church to the ultimate meaning of marriage, in the ecstatic union of both the individual soul and of all the saved with Christ himself.
This confirms our extraordinary dignity, noted in several verses of the Song of Songs, as both sister and bride. And in this we see a hint of glories yet to come.
Previous in series: There is the World, and There is the World without Marriage
Next in series: The World without Marriage
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As a very high value constituent of quality steels, manganese represents an industrial challenge and a tradeoff must be found between the positive strength and ductility properties and the financial implications of high levels of this element.
Much work has been done to use lower levels of Mn yet still be able to replicate and take advantage of the honed properties which can be attained through careful heat treatment and other technological processes.
High-manganese steel, in which the austenite phase is sufficiently stabilized by the addition of significant amounts of Mn and carbon, is usually referred to as Hadfield steel (e.g., Fe–(10–15)%Mn–(0.9–1.4)%C alloy, wt.%). These types of steel have been used as wear-resistant steels through the years because of their high strain hardenability. The characteristic high strain hardenability of the austenite phase is essentially attributed to both low stacking fault energy and dynamic strain aging. For automotive steel sheets, a specialized high-Mn steel with a moderate amount of Al and Si has been developed, in which the stacking fault energy is controlled so as to form deformation twinning during cold working (e.g., Fe–(15–30)%Mn–Al–Si–C alloy).
This new class of high-Mn steel is called twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel. TWIP steel is characterized by an excellent strength–ductility balance compared with conventional high-strength automotive steel sheets, such as dual-phase steel and low-alloy TRIP steel.
However, there is a serious problem in terms of mass production of this steel: adding a significant amount of Mn markedly raises the costs not only of the raw materials, but also of the production process. For this reason, the Mn content in these types of steel needs to be reduced to an industrially appropriate level. Indeed, medium-Mn steel containing 5–8% Mn has been getting much more attention lately. Since the reduction in the Mn content leads to an increase in the martensite-start temperature Ms, a medium-Mn steel never exhibits an austenitic single-phase structure at ambient temperature.
Therefore, the microstructure of this steel is usually controlled to be a α + γ dual-phase structure by heat treatment in order to concentrate Mn and carbon into the austenite phase. To achieve this, there are two approaches. One is ferrite formation during continuous or isothermal cooling after austenitization (γ→α transformation) and the other is austenite formation during partial reversion after quenching (α'→γ transformation). However, the difference in transformation behavior between both approaches, especially in terms of their kinetics, is unclear.
As mentioned above, one of the new chemical composition strategies to obtain high-strength steels at reasonable plasticity is Mn alloying but to lesser extent than in high-Mn steels. Its content in recently investigated medium-Mn steels covers a range between 3 and 13%, which is enough for retention from 15 to 30% of retained austenite. Heat treatment of medium-Mn steels comprises intercritical annealing after cold rolling or intercritical annealing and isothermal holding of steel at a bainitic transformation range to stabilize a high fraction of retained austenite with the optimal stability against strain-induced martensitic transformation. The thermomechanical processing, microalloying with Nb, Ti, V, reverse martensitic transformation and quenching and partitioning processing are another examples to obtain fine-grained bainite-based complex microstructures containing high amount of austenitic phase.
It is well known that a medium Mn steels have been designed to achieve an excellent combination of strength and ductility based on the TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) concept for automotive applications. In the paper N.Nakada et al. following six passes of hot rolling at 850°C, the Fe-7.9Mn-0.14Si-0.05Al-0.07C (wt.%) steel was warm-rolled at 630°C for seven passes and subsequently air cooled to room temperature. The sample was subsequently intercritically annealed at various temperatures for 30 min to promote the reverse transformation of martensite into austenite. The obtained results show that the highest volume fraction of austenite is 39% for the sample annealed at 600°C. This specimen exhibits a yield stress of 910 MPa and a high ultimate tensile stress of 1600 MPa, with an elongation-to-failure of 0.29 at a strain rate of 1 × 10-3/s.
The enhanced work-hardening ability of the investigated steel is closely related to martensitic transformation and the interaction of dislocations. Especially, the alternate arrangement of acicular ferrite (soft phase) and ultrafine austenite lamellae (50–200 nm, strong and ductile phase) is the key factor contributing to the excellent combination of strength and ductility. On the other hand, the as-warm-rolled sample also exhibits the excellent combination of strength and ductility, with elongation-to-failure much higher than those annealed at temperatures above 630°C.
Figure 1 shows the schematic illustration of steps in rolling and heat treatment processes of medium-manganese steels in N. Nakada work.
The warm rolling was conducted at a relatively high temperature to make the rolling process more easily operable by inhibiting crack/void initiation which is prone in cold rolling. In addition, the reduction of rolling forces with the increase in rolling temperature is also beneficial in prolonging the service life of rollers. To determine the start point of martensitic transformation, cylindrical dilatometric samples with 3 mm-diameter and 10 mm-length were tested with a push-rod L78-RITA dilatometer (Linseis Messgeraete, Selb, Germany). The sample's temperature is measured by a thermocouple welded to its surface using a precision welder and the jig supplied by the dilatometer manufacturer. The heating and austenitization treatments were carried out under a vacuum of 5 × 10-2 Pa, and the cooling was achieved using argon gas.
As N. Nakada et al. concluded, a medium Mn steel has 39% austenite in its microstructure, and its high ductility originates from the ultra-fine lamellar austenite and acicular ferrite structure, which have been obtained by warm rolling and subsequent intercritical annealing at a temperature of 600°C. Meanwhile, the warm-rolled steel exhibits an ultimate tensile strength (σUTS) of 1670 MPa, high yield strength, and a comparable elongation-to-failure (εf) of 0.24. This result is extremely inspiring in comparison with the traditional three-stage processes including the hot rolling, cold rolling, and the annealing treatments.
The increasing annealing temperature results in decreased ductility due to the increasing martensite volume fraction of the obtained steels. While deformation-induced martensitic transformation of the high volume fraction austenite definitely contributes to the high strength and good ductility, contributions from grain size and morphology have also been estimated. Transformation-induced martensite provides an evolving composite structure with a hard secondary martensite phase within the soft ferrite matrix, while the ultra-fine lamellar microstructures result in a hardening effect following the classical Hall-Petch relationship.


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... Nightrider


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Why I've Started to Fear My Fellow Social Justice Activists
Callout culture. The quest for purity. Privilege theory taken to extremes. I've observed some of these questionable patterns in my activist communities over the past several years.
As an activist, I stand with others against white supremacy, anti-blackness, cisheteropatriarchy, capitalism, and imperialism. I am queer, trans, Chinese American, middle class, and able-bodied.
Holding these identities scattered across the spectrum of privilege, I have done my best to find my place in the movement, while educating myself on social justice issues to the best of my ability. But after witnessing countless people be ruthlessly torn apart in community for their mistakes and missteps, I started to fear my own comrades.
I started to fear my own comrades.
As a cultural studies scholar, I am interested in how that culture—as expressed through discourse and popular narratives—does the work of power. Many disciplinary practices of the activist culture succeed in curbing oppressive behaviors. Callouts, for example, are necessary for identifying and addressing problematic behavior. But have they become the default response to fending off harm? Shutting down racist, sexist, and similar conversations protects vulnerable participants. But has it devolved into simply shutting down all dissenting ideas? When these tactics are liberally applied, without limit, inside marginalized groups, I believe they hold back movements by alienating both potential allies and their own members.
In response to the unrestrained use of callouts and unchecked self-righteousness by leftist activists, I spend enormous amounts of energy protecting my activist identity from attack. I self-police what I say when among other activists. If I'm not 100 percent sold on the reasons for a political protest, I keep those opinions to myself—though I might show up anyway.
On social media, I've stopped commenting with thoughtful push back on popular social justice positions for fear of being called out. For example, even though some women at the 2017 women's march reproduced the false and transmisogynistic idea that all women have vaginas, I still believe that the event was a critical win for the left and should not be written off so easily as it has been by some in my community.
I spend enormous amounts of energy protecting my activist identity from attack.
Understand, even though I am using callouts as a prime example, I am not against them. Several times, I have been called out for ways I have carelessly exhibited ableism, transmisogyny, fatphobia, and xenophobia. I am able to rebound quickly when responding with openness to those situations. I am against a culture that encourages callouts conducted irresponsibly, ones that abandon the person being called out and ones done out of a desire to experience power by humiliating another community member.
I am also concerned about who controls the language of social justice, as I see it wielded as a weapon against community members who don't have access to this rapidly evolving lexicon. Terms like "oppression," "tone policing," "emotional labor," "diversity," and "allyship" are all used in specific ways to draw attention to the plight of minoritized people. Yet their meanings can also be manipulated to attack and exclude.
Furthermore, most social justice 101 articles I see online are prescriptive checklists. Although these can be useful resources for someone who has little familiarity with these issues, I worry that this model of education contributes to the false idea that we have only one way to think about, talk about, and ultimately, do activism. I think that movements are able to fully breathe only when there is a plurality of tactics, and to some extent, of ideologies.
I am not the first nor the last to point out that these movements for liberation and justice are exhibiting the same oppressive patterns that we are fighting against in larger society. Rather than wallowing in critique or walking away from this work, I choose a third option—that we as a community slow down, acknowledge this pattern and develop an ethics of activism as a response.
I believe it's sorely needed as we struggle to mobilize in a chaotic and unjust world.
What might an ethics of activism look like?
Knowing when to be hard and when to be soft
I believe that when confronting unjust situations and unjust people, sometimes hardness is necessary, and other times softness is appropriate. Gaining the discernment to know when to use each is a task for a lifetime. I have often seen a burning anger at the core of activism, especially for newer activists. Anger can be righteous, and it often is when stemming from marginalized peoples weary of being mistreated. And yet, I want to use my anger as a tool for reaching the deeper, healing powers I possess when carving out a path of sustainable activism. Black social justice facilitator and doula adrienne maree brown writes of her oppressors, "What if what's needed isn't sexy, intimidating or violent? What if what is needed is forgiveness?" I've spent a good deal of energy exercising my ability to speak truth to power and boldly naming my enemies. Perhaps it is time to massage my heart so that I can choose to be soft toward someone in community who is hurting me, and open up the possibility of mutual transformation.
Adopting a politics of imperfection and responsibility
I have been mulling over sociologist Alexis Shotwell's call for the left to adopt a "politics of imperfection and responsibility" as one way to move forward toward action and away from purity. A politics of imperfection asks me to openly acknowledge the ways in which my family and I have benefited and continue to benefit from oppressive systems such as slavery, capitalism, and settler colonialism. This is an ongoing investigation into my own complicity. I am a Chinese American with immigrant parents, and my family has built economic stability by buying into the model minority myth, which is based largely in anti-blackness. As uninvited guests and visitors to this part of the world, we have claimed our new home on lands stolen from indigenous peoples. A politics of responsibility means that as I am complicit in harmful systems, I also possess full agency to do good. This allows me to commit to dismantling these systems and embracing centuries-long legacies of resistance. It means I am accountable in community spaces and do not destroy myself when others call me out on my errors. It means I practice a generosity of spirit and forgiveness towards myself and others. To do all this, I must publicly claim both imperfection and personal responsibility as an activist.
Tapping into our shared humanity
Marginalized people ask that privileged people look at them and see a human being, not a lesser-than being. Oppressive systems operate by systemically dehumanizing some groups for the benefit of others. On the flip side, I believe people with privilege are dehumanized when internalizing their societal supremacy over others. For example, the ethnographic studies that have been conducted to explain the election of Donald Trump have revealed the mass identity crisis in white America. We have seen poor and working class white Americans denounce people of color and diversity efforts because, sadly, they perceive them as threats to their historically established power and access. Rather than base cultural identities solely on power, could we tap into what we all have in common: our humanity, no matter how trampled it is? Black public theologian Christena Cleveland practices envisioning the humanity in those who challenge and attack her. According to her, training herself to cultivate love for her enemies makes it more effective for her to communicate and speak her truth into their hearts. She is as concerned about her well-being as she is about transforming antagonistic people in her life into "liberated oppressors." Black elder activist Ruby Sales firmly tells her oppressors, with unyielding love in her voice: "You can't make me hate you."
These are suggestions that have aided me in navigating toxic social justice environments. In testing them out, I try to stay open to new tactics while understanding that I must remain flexible and responsive to the variable stages of justice work. If we as activists do not feel safe in our experimental microcosms of justice and liberation, what can we attempt to replicate across larger society?


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Best iPhone 6s Cases, Covers & Skins
Mophie Juice Pack Reserve iPhone 6s Battery Case | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Mophie Juice Pack Reserve is a thin iPhone 6s battery case that adds 60% battery life and is more affordable than most iPhone 6s battery cases. With a pretty thin design and enough battery to get us through a busy day that would leave the normal iPhone 6s battery dead. There is a small lip that can protect the iPhone if you drop it and a small push button to quickly turn the power on and off to charge the iPhone. With pass through charging the iPhone will charge first and then the case. This includes a 1,840mAh battery that delivers about six extra hours of use. It earns a Gotta Be Mobile Editor's Choice award. Read our review for more details. $59.95 at Mophie | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
This new speck clear case has some production/design issues. The speck logo on the back is right on top of apple logo of the phone and the inside of the case is sticky.
I tested so many different cases. And I must tell you that my favorite brands are JETech, Spigen and Obliq. I highly recommend you to see very very interesting list at: https://ofme.net/beautiful-iphone-cases
Beautiful cases. Thanks.
Agreed ! And I tried to wipe the sticky film off but rather ruined the finish instead… Looks like crap now. Good protection though.
If you want good protection and extra power too. Get the Phonesuit Elite. Its as thin as a case and doubles your battery. Just upgraded to the iPhone 6S and I was able to use my case for the 6. Works great and looks great!
I bought the Apple silicone case for my iPhone 6, and was very disappointed; the color is only painted on, and after three months started peeling off. I had thought it was solid silicone.
0=26 my neighbor's ex-wife makes $68 /hr on the laptop . She has been fired for 6 months but last month her pay was $18404 just working on the laptop for a few hours.
navigate to this site… See More
The iphone 6s and iphone 6s plus are both very slippery phones to hold in the palm of your hand with smooth backs and edges. A nice case with some grip on it is essential otherwise you will more often drop your phone. This is a custom designed iphone 6s case on amazon https://goo.gl/vFrLOe
The best part about most of these cases is that they work with my favorite screen protector http://www.get-z.com
Thanks for the cases. You can check these cases and covers : https://gearhall.com/best-iphone-6s-and-iphone-6-cases/
I'm a big fan of imela cases, I use one on my iPad and iPhone 5 and my wife has this one https://www.imela.co.uk/collections/iphone-6 on her iPhone 6S.
I purchased an iPhone 6S Plus and SKECH, see thru case. VERY LIGHT AND CLEAR, SOFT AND SHOCK ADSOREANT. I like it and get many compliments.
203=1my best friend's half-sister makes $87 /hr on the laptop . She has been out of a job for eight months but last month her check was $16467 just working on the laptop for a few hours.
find more info… See More -
This is a great 2 piece bumper case on amazon that im using. Its slim and light weight and I have enjoyed using it https://www.amazon.com/Fliptroniks-Iphone-Bumper-Matrix-Absorbent/dp/B00G2B38V4/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1459177619&sr=8-2&keywords=fliptroniks+iphone
wao …!Super and Easiest 0nl!nee Home opportunity for all. make 87 Dollars per hour and Make 2512 Dollars per month.All you just Need an Internet Connection and aComputer To Make Some Extra cash.
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I want insurance of my iPhone 6s
Mob 8147410792 -
I ordered iphone 6s case for my holiday in Spain and it worked great. very recommend https://uviyo.com/
Beautiful case for iPhone 6S! But the battery capacity of iPhone 6s is 1715mAh, a little bit lower. I watched the battery comparison video between iPhone 6S and Oukitel k6000, iPhone 6S loose the competition.
Great designs. But there's also an online store called Madanyu also has tough phone cases with premium HD designs. Visit https://www.madanyu.com for best iphone and samsung tough cases
Hi everyone! We made Unique Anti-tapping iPhone case. Agent case here https://agentcase.ru/en Hello Facebook and NSA :)
We are a group of 3 people from New Jersey who just made a brand new iPhone case that will look really good on every iPhone out there – the SkinCase! The phone case, which scales only 0.01inch in thickness, almost invisible to the eye, completely brand free AND it comes with two cases. We did this for the people who really loves the original design of their iPhone.
Let me know should you be interested to feature it on 9to5mac too! Check out: https://www.SkinCase.com
If you are looking for the most SAFE iPhone 6 case, you need to check out this one:
This is what I used, a pretty good wallet case for my iPhone 6S, the case feel soft, l Love it so much https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01FVTGY5Y
99 $ for batery case? Xdd its why apple is so stupid. They want to make money on everything. Where you can buy a pretty good powerbank for 20-30 $… I wouldnt never buy an iphone : )
This article is garbage. This person doesn't know anything about android devices. My phone does everything he says it doesn't. My s7 has better resolution, a better camera, more ram, a better gpu a better cpu, and is easier to us, and it's cheaper. Also why did you put a regular s7 next to an iPhone+? My s7 is bigger then an iPhone 7. If you're gonna compare show the s7 edge. IPhone used to be way better than android..that ended years ago. Both platforms are great. You can't even compare iPhone to android anyways. IOS is only available on an apple. Android shares it's platform with many manufacturing companies. Yes some phones are shit. If you get a cheap phone it's going to suck. Buy a samsung, or an LG. And yes I have owned an iPhone. I prefer android, and some people prefer iphone.
The cases used are made of Polycarbonate providing maximum protection to the phone. Using the state of the art printing techniques, they are able to print all around the 3D surface of the case – including the sides, edges, and corners. This unique process offers significant advantage over traditional flat – surface printing, both in terms of visual appeal and end customer experience. for more info visit https://bit.ly/2g04yEh
I like all the black cases!