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So why do all those atheists have to be so vocal? This is a question I know a lot of people have written about, and is certainly a question I've been asked by my own family.
"Why does it matter to YOU what other people believe?"
But you see, I think this is phrasing it the wrong way. It's like me accusing other people of thought crime and I will be swooping in to correct their "incorrect" thinking. That isn't what being a vocal atheist is about at all. Rather, I'm more concerned with myself believing things that are true, and demonstrably true, versus things that simply make me feel good. This doesn't mean that he, or she, or they have to believe the same way I do, but it does mean that I want to live in a society where we value things that are demonstrably true.
We live in a republic so we all get to cast a vote and shape social policy to some extent, so by participating in a society with me and I with others, everyone makes policy calls based on what they believe. If we think that smoking is bad, we make laws that curtail the negative effects of smoking without infringing on people's ability to smoke as they see fit. We look at studies using science and determine which things are harmful and make policies to mitigate that harm. Now, let us move onto larger topics like justice, freedom, and the happiness of our population.
If I believe that the only way to be a good person and a functioning member of society is to believe in god, I'm going to vote that way. Setting aside Constitutional rights and things like that, at its most basic form it comes down to shaping policy in a way that is in line with my world view, which is what voting is kind of supposed to do. But what happens if that belief restricts other citizens' freedom? What if it diminishes their happiness? Well, then we should do what we do with smoking, right? We should look at the effects of our policies and adjust course from there to ensure greater freedom, justice, and happiness for all citizens, right?
Well, just about everyone believes that is true in almost every case except a scant few-those pertaining to their religious belief. Forget legality, forget justice and happiness, forget even freedom; this is one sector of policy for most people that the testability doesn't matter. This policy reduces the freedom of another group? Doesn't matter, my religious beliefs are right and I need to be free to have them at the expense of others. Voting this way is unjust to a large part of our citizenry? This law must stay in place because my religious belief trumps justice. As you can see, when religion and faith are the foundation for policy and belief you inevitably run up against the edges of freedom, justice, and yes, even happiness.
So why are atheists so vocal about this? Well if anyone, even a theist person, takes time to think about their religious belief you can easily see how it will inevitably count some people "in" and some people "out", and they have to figure out a way to make that work. However, secularists and atheists have a better alternative than trying to make these things work within a faith-based framework. Why not drop it all together and return to the consequence based reasoning we (try to) use in every other facet of our society? Why can't we see faith and believing in things without evidence as inherently harmful and just ditch it all together so that our society can flourish for everyone?
This is really the fundamental reason atheists are so vocal about this. Setting aside the persecution, the derogatory remarks, the marginalization, and all of this, atheists are most upset about faith and religion being seen as exempt from serious consideration and somehow not responsible for their negative outcomes. As you can see, other people's religious belief can directly impact their fellow citizens, no matter their level of faith. So yes, I'm vocal, yes I'm going to be out there, and yes, I'm going to ask people why they believe because as can be seen throughout the world, the less faith, and by proxy religion, there is, the more free people are, the more just a society, and the happier they may become. Knowing what is true is always better for everyone than just believing in what makes you feel good.
Jason K.


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Delay in revamping 'cluttered' NHS 111 summaries putting patients at risk, warn LMCs
The Department of Health has been too slow in revising the summaries sent to GPs after calls to NHS 111, which are currently so 'lengthy' and 'obscure' that they jeopardise patient safety, LMC leaders have warned.
A revised template for the summaries produced by the new urgent care service is due to be issued as part of the next release of the NHS Pathways tool in the summer, almost a year after the DH was first warned that the summaries were too long.
Dr Paul Roblin, chief executive of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire LMCs, said: 'Everyone in the Thames Valley moans about the summaries from NHS 111. They are so lengthy and cluttered with irrelevant detail that there will inevitably be an important error at some time in the future.'
'GPs will miss important data. GPs shouldn't have to be reading lengthy, obscure documents. GPs' time is precious and that's not recognized.'
He said he had raised the issue with the DH almost nine months ago.
'The DH is very slow to sort this out despite the pressure we have put them under,' he said. 'Why is it taking until the summer to fix? That's a ridiculous time frame, offered by people in an office who don't see patients and are oblivious to the concerns of people who do see patients.
He added: 'This is about the safety and care of patients. The Francis report is very relevant here. Sort it out.'
Dr Nigel Watson, chief executive of Wessex LMCs, said he had also received reports saying the summaries were 'too long'.
The NHS 111 urgent care number is due to be rolled out nationally from April - despite an independent evaluation of pilots raising doubts over its expected benefits.
A DH spokesperson said: 'Responding to feedback from GPs about the original GP summary, a revised version has been developed and will be available in the next NHS Pathways release due in summer 2013.'
Readers' comments (6)
111 may have limited benefit but poses a great risk as illustrated above, and also for the potential increased demands it will place on ambulances, emergency departments and GP practices. Following the Francis report it seems absurd that the politicans feel able to push ahead with such a potentially dangerous scenario, when they have not been listening to the concerns of patient groups and health professionals. The politicians have a duty to listen to these comments which are made with "candour"
The sheer drivel in these reports is ridiculous - every female from cradle to grave is apparantly likely to be pregnant, and patients frequently pass fresh blood pr in the absence of rectal bleeding.
We receive up to 4 such reports for a single attendance which will clutter the notes for years, yet somewhere if there is one salient point that I miss it will be on my head.
I find it astonishing how much reluctance there is to implement 111. All of a suddden NHS Direct is brilliant (when did that happen? perhaps if you don't work in A&E then it's great) and the system isn't broken. Thank heaven A&Es and ambulances are not currently overrun with people using them inappropriately!
If it's implemented right it will be a great help and if it isn't then it won't. And, like anything, it will not be a panacea on day 1 but should eventually prove to be a useful tool in changing the patient culture of pitching up at A&E with the slightest thing.
And is it likely that someone in a GP consulting room that is about to die of something serious will be given a sugar-pill because the GP found a report a bit long? It is NOT a diagnostic tool, it is a signposting system to get a patient to the right place (i.e. not A&E). Health professionals will still (and always) be the people who make the clinical assessment and refer or treat the patient.
This isn't a fix that is needed! This is development work, having input into what is required by GP colleagues myself it would be unfair to say they are 'cluttered' we moan if there is not enough and we moan there is too much!
I know from experience the summaries are available and fit for my purpose, there is no delay!
It is not so much a reluctance to implement a new service if the service was fit for purpose people would be more likely to embrace it. As the pilot schemes showed the increase in calls to 999 this should have be enough for the powers that be to change the system before rolling out to other areas. The comment about the summaries are not for GP's a lot of patients are being directed to GP's so obviously the summaries are for them as well as other professionals. Far too much irrelevant information is being included from call staff with 6- 8 weeks training ? who are unable to triage but can tell patients they need to see their GP sometimes within 2 hours, how many GP surgeries would be able to accomodate these patients in this time scale.

subset: commoncrawl


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777 Roofing & Construction, LLC specializes in residential roofing throughout the Oklahoma City metro; such as Oklahoma City, Mustang, Yukon, Piedmont, Edmond, Norman, Moore, Choctaw, and surrounding areas. We strive to satisfy our customers by using the highest quality roofing and building materials available. Our crews are experienced and will do everything possible to protect your property during the roofing or construction process. While some jobs are messy, we go the extra mile making sure the construction site is kept as clean as possible and we always clean up after the job is completed. We offer friendly, reliable, and prompt service to all our customers, while providing clear written proposals that specify the products and services we perform on every job.
Our services include, but are not limited to:
Insurance Claim Assistance
Residential Roof Repair
Residential Roof Replacement
Asphalt Shingles
Metal Roofing
Remodels and Room Additions


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Welcome to my website. Here is a platform where I showcase my adventures as a creative and a lover for all things fashion.
Sandra "AmiraaVee" Vainqueur has always been known to push the limits of fashion. The risk taker; She was often the subject of ridicule as a child for setting her own trends and uniquely embracing her individuality. Early on, Amiraa's raw talent and passion proved that style is not only an art, but a reflection of who you are. This in fact helped cultivate this young talent into the fashion genius and the unique model she is today.


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will be best testified by their practice. Juliet, meanwhile, has noticed Romeoand fallen deeply in love. The brief scene in which model essay composition they conclude the transaction supports an important motif: Money can ruin lives. Early next morning we saw from our masthead a numerous body approaching, with apparently but little order, but in close array. It had still a pillar for its support! But we shall now mention a circumstance, which, in the present case, will have more weight than all the arguments which have hitherto been advanced.
Lewis and clark supplemental essay
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So powerful is the love between Romeo and Juliet that it subjugates reason and common sense as guiding forces and causes the lovers to take dangerous risks. They attain them in as short a time as the Europeans, and arrive at a degree of excellence equal to that of their teachers. But if the African kings could be capable of such injustice, what vices are there, that their consciences would restrain, or what enormities, that we might not expect to be committed? Hundreds of words used by Shakespeare have changed meanings or connotations over time. Dryden mentions a tradition, comedy of errors essay which might easily reach his time, of a declaration made by Shakespeare, that "he was obliged to kill Mercutio in the third act, lest he should have been killed by him." Yet he thinks him "no such formidable person, but that. To this consideration we shall add the following, that if men can justly become the property of each other, their children, like the offspring of cattle, must inherit their paternal lot. To decide the first, we may previously observe, that the African servitude comprehends banishment, a deprivation of liberty, and many corporal sufferings. We have seen it, in short, partaking of the fderal nature, as much as it could in a state, which wanted the means of recording its transactions. He may tyrannize, if he can: he may alter the form of his government: he cannot, however, alter its nature and end.
Proverb Etymology: from Latin Pro (forward) verb (word) Evidently, a proverb is collection of words (i.e. A phrase or sentence) that has been put forth, and has become a common saying that elucidates some truth. Dumbo is a 1941 American animated film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio e fourth Disney animated feature film, it is based upon the storyline written by Helen Aberson and Harold Pearl illustrated by Helen Durney for the prototype. The main character is Jumbo., a semi-anthropomorphic elephant who is cruelly nicknamed.


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FARMINGTON — Selectmen accepted $40,886.15 in Federal Emergency Management Agency disaster funds at their meeting Monday night.
The money was accepted by the town following a brief public hearing. Chairman Paula Proulx said the money comes following the federally-declared disaster on March 29 that resulted from a major wind storm.
"This is the federal share of the total approved cost for Hornetown Road," Proulx said.
At its June 29 meeting, the board accepted a total of $38,057.96 as reimbursement for damages caused by the March wind storm. That amount received by the town only covered emergency costs, and the acceptance of funds on Monday night is expected to cover the total cost of the repair.
At that previous meeting, then-Public Works Director Joel Moulton commented that time cards from his employees were extremely helpful in determining the amount they would receive as reimbursement from FEMA, adding it was "a lot of work" to reach the final numbers for reimbursement because of the particulars associated with what could and could not be covered.
Moulton said he went through the long process of assessing damages and their repair costs with an official from FEMA over the last few months.
The sum accepted Monday evening was a portion of the funds expected to come to the town after July 1.
Farmington selectmen accept $40g in FEMA funds
FARMINGTON — Selectmen accepted $40,886.15 in Federal Emergency Management Agency disaster funds at their meeting Monday night.


text: This short video will hep you understand a short sale, one of the most popular options homeowners are using right now to avoid foreclosure. Looking for different options? A real estate consultant can provide answers to your questions. Call me today if you are interested in learning more about this process or any other involving real estate.


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In this paper new materials and substrate approaches are discussed which have potential to provide (Al)GaN buffers with a better crystal quality, higher critical electrical field, or thickness and have the potential to offer co-integration of GaN switches at different reference potentials, while maintaining lower wafer bow and maintaining complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility. Engineered silicon substrates, silicon on insulator (SOI) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)-matched substrates have been investigated and benchmarked with respect to each other. SOI and CTE-matched offer benefits for scaling to higher voltage, while a trench isolation process combined with an oxide interlayer substrate allows co-integration of GaN components in a GaN-integrated circuit (IC).
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this to your organisation's collection.


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Jassen Callender, Director of the Jackson Community Design Center (JCDC), was recently promoted with tenure to Associate Professor. Professor Callender and Ms. Whitney Grant (research assistant at the JCDC) were invited delegates to the National Building Museum's 'Intelligent Cities' Initiative held last summer 2011.
Associate Professor Greg Watson exhibited his paintings + drawings: "Speculative Propositions: Heightened Acuity" at the Acadiana Center for the Arts Symposium in Lafayette LA, where he also was a presentation panelist. Prof. Watson also received the MSU Student Association CAAD Teacher of the Year award for 2011.
Justin Taylor, Assistant Professor, received a ($5,000) grant from Audubon to design a series of free-standing "Bird-Watching Porches" and a master plan for the Audubon Strawberry Plains sanctuary in Holly Springs, Mississippi; an additional $30k was just awarded by National Audubon for construction.
Assistant Professor Hans C. Herrmann, AIA received an honorable mention from the ACSA for his work with the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. The project was recognized in 2011 as part of the Collaborative Practice Awards category. Professor Herrmann also received a Schillig Special Teaching Projects Grant ($1800) from the MSU Provost's office for research in Energy Efficient Design. In addition Prof. Herrmann has also recently completed two funded ($5,000) service-learning projects in collaboration with Gulf States Metal Buildings and the MSU Institute for Golf.
Miguel Lasala, Lecturer, and Anne-Sophie Demare, Architect, Paris, France, won the artistic prize ($10,000) for the their submission (Gather) in the international design competition entitled: Ideas on Edge in Parramatta, Australia.
Jenny Kenne Kivett, LEED AP, Lecturer, contributed a chapter (co-authored with Dan Rockhill) to the book Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human Dignity (Metropolis Books) highlighting the design/build work of Studio 804 (University of Kansas) in their recovery efforts at Greensburg, Kansas. Another of Kivett's collaborations w/ Studio 804, the Springfield Residence, received a 2011 EcoStructure Evergreen Award. Kivett also received an MSU Artist Incentive Grant ($3,500) for the design and fabrication of a student lounge and furniture installation in the Sanderson Recreational Center on the MSU campus.
The Carl Small Town Center (CSTC), endowed by Fred Carl (CEO, Viking Range Corp), under the Direction of John Poros, Associate Professor, is pleased to announce the appointment of Leah Kemp as its new Assistant Director.
The CSTC was awarded the 2011 Jim Segedy Award for Outstanding Student Project for a Small Town or Rural Area by the Small Town and Regional Planning Division of the American Planning Association (APA) at their annual meeting in Boston, MA. The project awarded, the Baptist Town Revitalization Plan, is a master plan for the Baptist Town community in Greenwood, MS, a historic African-American community in the city. The CSTC organized panel sessions on community design centers in rural areas and the challenges of rural community design for the Association for Community Design's National Conference "Design in Action" in Philadelphia, PA.
A team of 5th year S|ARC students took second place in the peer-reviewed international-juried competition: Addressing the Urban Divide. The competition was part of the FORMcities International Urban Design Symposium help at the Mississippi State University, School of Architecture Jackson Center.
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Last year I posted about one of the requirements for landing a record deal in Nashville – or for that matter succeeding as a recording artist in any genre or label city. In that blog I posted about talent as a requirement for success as a recording artist. If it is your desire to get signed, be it at an independent or a major, then your attitude can also be a critical factor.
As a reminder, there are always other artists being looked at (or soon will be) for the same slot at the same label that you hope to fill. They are just as talented as you are—but the label doesn't have the resources to take you both. All other things being equal, do you suppose they will sign the arrogant jerk or the person they find pleasant and that will be the easiest to work with? This is not rocket science!
Part of a good attitude around here is not saying anything negative about anybody. Just be a good guy or gal! You want people to like you! I was once helping an artist procure a recording agreement in Nashville (Back when deals were more plentiful. Translated, before illegal file sharing.) At breakfast with me one morning the Artist made a critical comment about another artist – one already signed and successful. By lunch I had gotten a call from someone considering signing my artist-client. The comment had gotten back to the person calling me! I told the artist. He never did that again. In this town you never know who you are talking to or who is listening to you talk. Even if you don't feel it, act like you are a nice person who is happy for everybody's success!
Attitude is not only important when in getting signed – it is equally important after getting signed. More than you might realize because you've never heard of the artists who sabotaged their careers with their own attitudes. Apparently after getting a deal some artists feel they can then show their true colors. A good friend and very successful manager once told me about a certain male artist he was co-managing. The artist was on a major label and his first album was in the stores (remember stores?) and at least one single had been released. The artist decided he knew more than the label about selling records and announced to management that he was going to have it out with the label president. When the managers warned him that approach might not be so wise, he retorted "They won't drop me because they have too much money invested in me!" So, contrary to the advice of his managers, the Artist made an appointment with the label head and let him have it with both barrels. I probably don't need to tell you what happened next. He was dropped from the label on the spot and kicked out of the building. Who was he? No idea – I never heard of him until his former manager told me the story (surprise, surprise). And I know of other similar occurrences – at least one of which I was involved with as the only attorney this artist used that did not get stiffed (because management paid me).
Burning bridges, being a jerk or an arrogant ass is not going to help you advance your career. If you think you might be one of those then get some therapy before coming to town. It might pay for itself.
Copyright © 2010 C. Stephen Weaver


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Our latest Heroine-inspired advice column comes from Scarlett O'Hara, the fiery, narcissistic protagonist of Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind. As Mitchell would tell you herself, Scarlett is not really an exemplary person--she's manipulative, selfish, and emotionally immature. But, in the realm of protecting your own self-interest and taking care of yourself, who better to give advice? Take it away, Scarlett.
Dear Scarlett,
This ongoing situation poses a difficult problem for me. We are invited to a wedding and my brother and sister are there as well. They get along and are friends but I am not their favorite person at all. I would prefer to miss this celebration and not attend. They have been deceitful and colluded against me on numerous occasions. Please help me out with this delicate question. Thanks so much for your input.
Dear Sharon,
God's nightgown! Why should you miss out on the season's event while your brother and sister lord it over you? Go, ignore, have fun, and think about it later.
There you have it, straight from the belle of the South herself. For more on Erin Blakemore's The Heroine's Bookshelf, come on out tonight for the Heroines of Literature Walking Tour. "Fiddle-dee-dee," and hope to see you there!


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Tips and tricks
Tips and tricksbusiness Updated: Aug 04, 2007 00:19 IST
1) Develop your individuality
It is important to cultivate traits that distinguish you from others. Take care of details like punctuality and commitments.
2) Build your proposition
Answer why anyone should buy from you. Practice a sales pitch that can be delivered within 30 seconds. If it is a large value sale, break it up.
3) Do your homework
Do not waste the customer's time or your own. Do a complete check on the customer's needs and interests.
4) Meet the right people
Every organisation is a network of relationships where power is distributed. There are ways of identifying who should be met.
5) Learn to open a sales call
Make sure you make the right first impression and relate to the customer's needs. Open your sales call with a benefit statement and a brief intro.
6) Ask the right questions
Success and effectiveness in selling is all about identifying the customer's needs and looking for solutions.
7) Learn negotiating
It involves meeting the other person's needs without compromising your own.
8) Close the call
Whether it is a new pitch, a repeat call, or your final call, leave the customer looking forward for more.
9) Raise your effectiveness
Sales is a science as much as an art. There are researched programmes to help you.
10) Handle rejections well
Do not take it personally. Success also depends on your ability to recover from setbacks.
— Muralidhar Rao,
President, NIS-Sparta
First Published: Aug 04, 2007 00:16 IST


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Much of my fishing adventures is based on my love of the salt water. A big part of my gear involves making sure all my mechanicals are in top shape. This includes outboards, electronics, and safety related items such as up to date flares and fire extinguishers. I had recently swapped out an older T9.9 kicker motor for a new T8 Yamaha motor that is a little longer shaft (XL) versus (L).
This helps the powerhead get higher above the waterline. I really wanted a new motor with power trim as the older Yamaha didn't have that in place. What a process its been to first remove the old motor, de-construct the shifter cables, 7-pin harness, and power leads.
I soon found out that the T8 was in need of a new relay and starter. The new started was $350 from Boats.net, but was able to locate a Taiwanese version that replaces the Hitachi starter for $170 new and free shipping.
Pictured is the kicker with the starter removed. Easily done with two 12 mm bolts and a 10mm positive lead at the bottom of the starter.
Comparision of the Hitachi starter Yamaha (68T-81800-00-00) on the left and the Taiwanese starter on the right sold by OMB Warehouse Part #AE_SHIO131
I was skeptical, but after reading the online reviews of the Arrowhead starter, felt comfortable ordering it as my local marine repair shop quoted me at least $150 to rebuild the worn Hitachi starter. Figure that going new is a better option than trying to fix broken.
It was a quick 15 minute installation and the new starter engaged and spun like it did igniting the powerhead and voila, we're good to go. I'll probably have the old starter rebuilt if the cost is reasonable so I have a backup just in case one of the kickers were to go out in in the future. So far, I've been happy with the Solas 4-blade prop also made in Taiwan which I am using on my Arima. However, will likely go back to the Honda 3-blade for more speed and lower RPM's.
The 'new' to me fly fishing and crabbing boat is almost ready for the Ling opener just about 2 months away. Still have to replace the bildge, figure out the in-operable Lenco Trim Tabs, and possibly mount a digital throttle controller for the T8. It always seems to be something involved and I'm still searching for a Radar dome for the Arima.
It is rewarding to be able to seek out new locations not accessible to the guys walking in a wading or accessing private land. While, it somethings its frustrating, the rewards of the sea are worth it.


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Right Tree, Right Place
By Marilyn Shy, Kalkaska Conservation District
We were all getting spring fever, right? Seeing that bare ground, and just patchy snow in the woods, and then the white stuff hit us yet again. No matter! Spring is still on its way. And spring means it's time once again to think about planting. And the thing you should consider first of all in early spring is planting trees and shrubs.
In our area, trees and shrubs can be successfully planted as bare-root stock or containerized seedlings in late April and early May. The ground will be thawed and it's the time of year when we usually get ample amounts of moisture, so newly planted trees and shrubs can get off to a good start.
There are many reasons to plant trees, but I'll talk about two of them here: plantings to attract wildlife, and plantings that benefit lakes, rivers and streams.
Many people, including myself, are always trying to think of new ways to attract more wildlife to their property. Animals have needs similar to our own, and the important ones are shelter, food, and water. Trees and shrubs can provide for the first two of these needs. And the more plant diversity you have, the more wildlife diversity you will have.
Trees such as American Hazelnut, Black Walnut, and White Oak produce what is called hard mast (think nuts and acorns) and are an important food for some birds and mammals including deer and turkeys. Shrubs such as elderberry, high bush cranberry, red-osier dogwood, serviceberry and crabapple produce soft mast (berries). Many songbirds and some mammals are eager to eat the fruits from these berry-producing plants.
Another reason to plant trees and shrubs for wildlife is that they provide shelter and cover from predators. Conifers can provide shelter year-round. Think about planting trees such as balsam fir, spruces, pines and Northern White Cedar, which will enhance the ability of your property to attract and maintain wildlife populations by producing adequate shelter.
There are a number of trees and shrubs that can benefit the shorelines of rivers, streams, and lakes. Since all wildlife requires water as one of their basic needs, planting trees and shrubs along the shoreline can provide a wildlife corridor. This will ensure animals have escape cover when traveling down to drink at the water's edge. Trees and shrubs also provide thermal cover so that water can stay shaded and provide better habitat for coolwater fish species. And no less important, trees and shrubs provide soil erosion protection for lakeshores and riverbanks, anchoring the soil with their network of roots underground.
Remember, not all species of trees and shrubs will do well in every location. Depending upon your soil type, drainage, amount of shade or sun and other factors, you will want to select the Right Tree for the Right Place. A Conservation Specialist can help you select the appropriate trees for your site. To make an appointment for a site visit, call Renee Penny at the Kalkaska Conservation District at (231)258-3307, or email her at: email@example.com. The District has a wide variety of trees and shrubs available for order this spring, and you can view the complete catalog on their website. Or stop in their office and place your order by April 2, 2018.


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In April, Avra Estiatorio, the popular New York-based Greek eatery, opened Avra Beverly Hills (233 N Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, CA) marking the brand's first expansion outside of New York City and third location. Restaurateurs Nick Tsoulos, Nick Pashalis, and Marc Packer brought the famed Avra Estiatorio experience and vibrant scene to the west coast, offering diners traditional Mediterranean cuisine with an emphasis on fresh seafood, flown in daily from Europe. The new 11,000-square-foot restaurant with 240 seats, designed by the award-winning architecture and design firm, Rockwell Group, is reminiscent of a classic Mediterranean restaurant with a modern twist.
Avra Beverly Hills features signature dishes from the original locations in New York, including Avra Octapodi, charcoal grilled octopus and Kolokithi, crispy zucchini and eggplant chips served with homemade tzatziki sauce.
An elaborate, market-style seafood display, a nod to the popular display featured within the New York locations, allows guests to select the fish they'd like prepared. Adding to the sea-side atmosphere, a unique 1,500-pound three-piece "salt crystal" sculpture by Brooklyn artist Fernando Mastrangelo will adorn the wall of the restaurants main dining room.
Similar to the design sensibility of the Avra Madison location, Avra Beverly Hills has an expansive floor to ceiling glass entryway complimented by moss covered monumental blocks of stone. Upon entering, guests are surrounded by fresh lemon trees and beautiful greenery transporting them to a serene urban oasis. A bar and lounge is directly ahead, featuring a Dolomiti marble bar, antique mirrors, and cerused white oak walls. The main dining room ceiling is illuminated by a skylight, while ficus trees planted beneath evoke garden dining. In addition to the main dining room, a substantial outdoor dining area sits under a wood-beam trellis covered in vibrant magenta colored flowers.
Avra Beverly Hills features a private dining room elevated above the main dining room, offering guests a view of the entire space. The room can accommodate approximately 40 guests for an intimate sit down dinner and features a glass enclosed wine display with walls covered in a palm tree motif by Arte, adding to the rooms a calming ambiance. A second private space, adjacent to the main dining room, can accommodate larger cocktail parties or sit down dinners for up to 150 guests.
Please reach out to firstname.lastname@example.com for reservations.


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- Created: February 17, 2014
- Updated: September 4, 2018
- DistanceInstructions
- Distance7.49 km
- Time0 s
- Speed0.0 km/h
- Min altitude147 m
- Peak1000 m
- Climb859 m
- Descent6 m
The climb to the summit of Carrauntoohil, Irelands highest mountain at 1,039m is one of the most rewarding in Ireland. This Carrauntoohil trail is a strenuous 4 to 6 hour (12km) walking route via the Devils Ladder on the MacGillycuddys Reeks Mountains, Co. Kerry in the south west of Ireland. The route map below shows the ascent only as the decent is along the same route. This walk is part of the Killarney Walking Festival. Register for the guided trip here www.killarneywalkingfestival.ie. Bring the walk and route map with you on our Free App here on iPhone and Android.
Although the Devils Ladder has been eroded in the past few years, it is still the most popular, direct and shortest route to the summit of Carrauntoohil from the historic starting point of Cronins Yard (Lisleibane is an alternative). The route is not considered the most interesting but it is the most straightforward trail to the summit as the path is obvious on both the ascent and decent. Look out for loose stones on the ladder and keep safe distance from other groups in case of falling stones.
Click here to book a walking guide with Piaras from Kerry Climbing
If you need to Rent a Car to experience Carrauntoohil Mountain then I would suggest visiting www.carhire.ie. If you find a better price elsewhere they will beat it.
From Cronin's Yard, follow the well worn and obvious path into the stunning Hags Glen, passing a number of new steel bridges over the Gaddagh River and some smaller streams. It is difficult to go wrong here as the path is very obvious. Use the large stepping stones to cross the river. At a point just before these stepping stones, you can turn right if you want to do the O'Sheas Gully or other Gully routes.
From the stepping stones continue along the path until you reach the base of the Devils Ladder. At the top of the ladder turn right and follow the well worn path and stone piles to the summit and take care when leaving the summit to retrace your steps and find the path, especially if visibility is poor. Be sure to use your map and compass and don't be afraid to ask others. Click here to see a panoramic photo from the summit
Irish and mountain weather is nothing but unpredictable and weather, visibility and temperature can change in minutes. We started a walk in wind, rain and cloud but on our decent and during our well-deserved cup of tea and toasted sandwich in Cronin's Yard (nice!) the skies were bright blue with temperatures matching the Canary Islands. We got sunburnt while sipping our tea! There are plenty of other routes to suit beginners to advanced walkers in the area, so please find a route that is right for you or your group. Some other popular routes include:
- Coomloughra Horseshoe Loop Walk to Carrauntoohil taking in Caher and Beenkeragh Mtns.
- Carrauntoohil via The Bone and down the Heavenly Gates
- Carrauntoohil via O'Shea's Gully and down the Zig Zags
- MacGillyCuddy's Reeks Entire Mountain Range Walk
- Caher and Carrauntoohil from the Hydro Road
- Carrauntoohil and Caher Mtn's from the Lack Road and Bridia Valley
- Many many more
Plan your walk by checking the weather, sunrise sunset times and our hiking checklist on our website https://www.activeme.ie/useful-info/planning-a-trip/. Please remember that you are only as fast as the slowest member of your group! If the weather is poor don't be afraid to cancel your walk and do some other walk, maybe a low level walk.
Use our Map of Ireland and Sat Nav tool to get directions to the start point and our detailed maps and GPS on our ActiveME iPhone App and Android App to find and follow the walking route live on screen and keep on track (App currently not available 2018). At all times, our maps and App should only be used in conjunction with proper map and compass navigation techniques.


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Patient discussion about option
!!! The questions and answers on this page are written by patients and are not reviewed by health professionals.
Q. What Are the Surgical Options for Treating Obesity?
I would like to find out more about the surgery that is performed on obese people for weight reduction. What surgical options are available?
|The main two surgical approaches for obesity treatment are gastric banding and gastric bypass. Band surgery is reversible, while bowel shortening operations (bypass) are not. Here is more information about being a candidte for surgery- http://www.5min.com/Video/Weight-Loss-Surgery-To-Be-a-Surgical-Candidate-5007
|Here are tips about the weight loss surgery ("bariatric surgery")-
|Bariatric surgery (or "weight loss surgery") is regarded as a last resort when dietary modification and pharmacological treatment have proven to be unsuccessful. It relies on various principles, the most common approaches are reducing the volume of the stomach, producing an earlier sense of satiation (for example by adjustable gastric banding) while others also reduce the length of bowel that food will be in contact with, directly reducing absorption.
Q. Snacks for kids – is there a healthy option?
My 8 years-old son eats snacks every day, and although he's not fat by any means, I still want to give him good eating habits. Do you have any idea for healthy snacks? Is there any chance he'll give up his chocolate and coke for fruits???
|fruit or peanut butter and jelly,peanut butter provides protein,jelly is a fruit.
|You can read about healthy options for snacks and how to get your child to eat them here: http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/HQ/00419.html
Hope I helped…
|In addition to fresh fruit, which are often high in fiber and Vitamin C, low in fat, and have no added sugar, other healthy snacks that are quick and easy for kids to eat can include:
*fresh fruit, such as apples, bananas, grapes, oranges, strawberries, watermelon, etc.
*dried fruits, including raisins and prunes, although these are considered sticky foods that can put kids at increased risk for cavities, so consider having your kids brush and floss after eating
*fruit cups or canned fruit in water, 100% fruit juice or light syrup
*raw vegetables, including carrots, celery, or broccoli, that can be served with a low-fat dip or dressing
For the full article: http://pediatrics.about.com/od/nutrition/a/0208_hth_snacks.htm
These may be useful also:
Hope this helps.
Q. Anyone know what my best option would be to maintain my fitness?
hello all……….I have a problem…. I live in countryside and without proper roads to run on so I have to run on a dirt mix gravel road and now during winter we get a lot of snow. Both the condition makes my jogging very difficult and my legs pain lot. Anyone know what my best option would be to maintain my fitness?
|I have a solution a very simple one. First have a good shoe for your summer to run on those dirty and gravel roads. During winter days if you run on snow it itself will make you endurance good and if you feel with some difficulty then try some time on a treadmill and get heated up and then run on the snow. Try this……….. All the best.
Q. i am allergic to a milk products.what are my other options with out giving up the taste and the nutrition?
|try cutting down on your intake of dairy products first, to see if that helps, if not try soy milk,i"m also allergic to milk i can drink about 8 ounces every 8 hours and it doesnt mess with me too bad,and i love milk.
|The alternatives for dairy products consist mainly of Soy milk products. The taste is similar but not quite the same. Nutrition-wise the replacements are rather good, however at older age it may be helpful to take calcium supplements.
Q. Hand tremors, 22 yrs. Meds have not worked. Is brain surgery the only option left?
After taking medication I get about 2 1/2 hours of reduced tremors. After that I can't write my name. Eating is becoming a greater problem and there are times I need help even getting dressed. Frustration has caused me to get counseling. I've been on every medication authorized for the treatment of essential tremors. Increased dosages reduced the effect of the medicine.
|Have you tried combination treatment with two drugs? It's considered more effective than treatment with one drug only.
Surgery is indeed a treatment option for severe, disabling tremor. However, all I can give you is a general advice - there's really no substitution for consulting a professional (e.g. a neurologist).
Take care,
Q. how do you treat being allergic to sort ofood but still have the option to enjoy the food you are allergic to?
|Severe allergic reaction (e.g. life threatening like anaphylaxis) usually require strict avoidance of the food that causes allergy. In other cases of allergy, there are treatments called immunotherapy in which the body is exposed to increasing amounts of the allergen that eventually makes the body tolerant to it. I heard it's done for bee allergy, but maybe it's done for food allergy - anyway, if you have any question regarding this subject, you may consult your doctor (this treatment is done by a specific doctor).
You may read more here:
Q. I am 65 Years old and i am diabetic ... what are my options for making my life easier with the insulin shots
and all the other treatments like dialyze and diet and other things i should be aware of ?
|a women i worked with had type 1 diabetes. she moved around with a small machine attached to her that injected her insulin and measured blood sugar. she said it's a big help and give her a peace of mind.
This content is provided by iMedix and is subject to iMedix Terms. The Questions and Answers are not endorsed or recommended and are made available by patients, not doctors.


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Joseph Daul, President of the European People's Party called on members of the EPP Group in the Committee of the Regions to support a newly introduced investment plan and to make use of it in combatting challenges faced by Europe's regions and cities during the EPP Statutory Congress in Madrid. Daul commented:
The local and regional message needs to be heard loud and clear, 'Together'"
Daul's words did not fall on deaf ears, as the rallying cry was picked up by Markku Markkula, President of th...
This story is part of New Europe's Premium content.
|To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In from the ↑ Top of the Page ↑


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Getting through scopes and PAOs during medical school and residency...read at your own risk
Monday, May 6, 2013
Between a Rock and a Hard Place
I have 10 days before my appointment with a new surgeon. I am basically freaked out...maybe I'll ask for a Xanax the day before from the residents! (hehehe) --I won't actually do this! I feel like I'm stuck: darned if I do and darned if I don't. I realize my pain is abnormal, but if I do find out what is wrong, that may mean more surgery. Surgery that cannot fit into my life right now. I have hurt this badly in the past and I have tried to get it fixed, and look how wonderful that turned out for me. It makes me very weary about seeing yet another surgeon. Every single doctor I have seen for my hips ends up saying that they can't help me. What makes this one any different? I shouldn't be so skeptical, but I can't help it. With so many failures over the last 7 years, how can I trust that things are going to get better? I have to, or else I will end up going crazy...it's just amazingly difficult.
So next Thursday I will have my appointment with a local surgeon. I am basically going there for some direction, for some pain relief. I have ended up with no doctor willing to write me a single script for pain or inflammation. This is my main reason (in addition to the fact that I'd like to know what is going on with my hip and to get a fresh set of eyes on my case). In any event, I'm nervous.
5 comments:
Things will get better, you just have to find the right surgeon and get the correct diagnosis. Do you know what your going to tell him? With everything you been through, you might want to think about going in with just a few key talking points, in order to minimize overwhelming past issues and tailor a new treatment plan. I would think a MRI would be in order too.ReplyDelete
Yes, my main point of interest is managing the pain to get through school...whether it be pain meds, NSAIDs, injection, etc. I don't have anybody who is willing to write me a script for anything related to hips. Secondly, I do want to know why I hurt so much and whether or not a PAO vs. THR would be a reasonable option in the future. I would need a lot of convincing to go through with a PAO though. I can def see how this new dude would want to rehash my crappy history, which will be necessary to a certain degree, but I def don't want to get caught up in that...I need to focus on the future.ReplyDelete
I had a consultation with Dr Sampson in San Francisco, he spent at least an hour with me and my wife going over my hip issues and going over my MRI. So if you want a consultation it might be worth seeing him. He doesn't take insurance, and the consultation cost me about $500, but my wife and I came out of his office and said that was probably the best $500 ever spent. He was extremely thorough. I'm sure you don't want another hip scope, but he could probably tell you what he believes is wrong and what the next step could be.ReplyDelete
You're young, so maybe you might be a candidate for a hip resurface instead of a THR if it comes to that?
From the studies I have read, the resurfacing yields less than ideal results in women. From what I read, due to the smaller bone structure. Although I may run this past the new surgeon, I don't think that I am convinced by the literature that it would be a feasible option for myself.ReplyDelete
I wish I had the money to get out there to CA, but the flight, time off from school, then the consult fee would not be possible. Here's hoping I get some answers next week!
Thanks so much for the suggestions and comments though! I do appreciate it! :)
Thanks Vicky...keep up your blog and let us know how your apt goes.ReplyDelete


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The winner of last week's Marble-ito giveaway is Cathie!!
Many, many thanks for your kind messages! You guys sure know how to give the love!
Marble-itos are still for sale in the shop. I just framed one of my favorites and couldn't be happier with it.
Marbled on hand-torn (deckled edges), thick and dreamy creamy, 100% cotton rag paper, Marble-itos measure approximately 4"x6". Each one is signed and numbered (1/1) on the back.
I'm still giving away a BONUS GIFT with each Marble-ito purchased. Pick yours up in my shop for $15 + FREE SHIPPING + the surprise bonus gift!!


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Original Research ARTICLE
Identification of Reliable Sulcal Patterns of the Human Rolandic Region
- 1Department of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
- 2University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- 3Imaging Biomarkers of Brain Development and Disorders, INSERM, UMR 894, Paris, France
- 4Department of Radiology, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec, Ville de Québec, QC, Canada
- 5Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS, UMR 8240, Paris, France
- 6Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
A major feature of the human cortex is its huge morphological variability. Although a comprehensive literature about the sulco-gyral pattern of the central region is available from post-mortem data, a reliable and reproducible characterization from in vivo data is still lacking. The aim of this study is to test the reliability of morphological criteria of the central region sulci used in post-mortem data, when applied to in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Thirty right-handed healthy individuals were included in the study. Automated segmentation and three dimensional (3D) surface-based rendering were obtained from clinical 3D T1-weighted MRI. Two senior radiologists labeled the three sulci composing the central region (precentral [PreCS], central [CS] and postcentral [PostCS]) and analyzed their morphological variations using 47 standard criteria derived from Ono's atlas based on post-mortem data. For each criterion, inter-rater concordance and comparison with the occurrence frequency provided in Ono's atlas were estimated. Overall, the sulcal pattern criteria derived from MRI data were highly reproducible between the raters with a high mean inter-rater concordance in the three sulci (CS: κ = 0.92 in left hemisphere/κ = 0.91 in right hemisphere; PreCS: κ = 0.91/κ = 0.93; PostCS: κ = 0.84/0.79). Only a very limited number of sulcal criteria significantly differed between the in vivo and the post-mortem data (CS: 2 criteria in the left hemisphere/3 criteria in the right hemisphere; PreCS: 3 in the left and right hemispheres; PostCS: 3 in the left hemisphere and 5 in the right hemisphere). Our study provides a comprehensive description of qualitative sulcal patterns in the central region from in vivo clinical MRI with high agreement with previous post-mortem data. Such identification of reliable sulcal patterns of the central region visible with standard clinical MRI data paves the way for the detection of subtle variations of the central sulcation associated with variations of normal or pathological functioning.
Sulci and gyri provide a natural topographic partition of the cortical anatomy. A huge inter- and intra-individual variability in the morphology of the cortical gyri and sulci—including size, shape and spatial pattern—has been previously reported (Ono et al., 1990; Rademacher et al., 1993; Rajkowska and Goldman-Rakic, 1995; Bartley et al., 1997; Blanton et al., 2001). Such variability raises methodological issues for functional brain mapping (Hunton et al., 1996) as well as for lesion localization in neurosurgical planning (Signorelli et al., 2001; Quiñones-Hinojosa et al., 2003). Difficulties in disentangling normal from abnormal morphological variations affect the detection of subtle dysmorphology associated with neurological or psychiatric conditions, e.g., neurodevelopmental impairments, schizophrenia (Yücel et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2007a; Plaze et al., 2011, 2015; Cachia et al., 2015) or malformation of cortical development (Barkovich et al., 2012).
The central region, located between the precentral sulcus (PreCS) and the postcentral sulcus (PostCS) and centered on the central sulcus (CS), provides major anatomo-functional landmarks. For instance, the CS hand knob is a stable morphological landmark (Yousry et al., 1997) and limits the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus and the primary somatosensory area in the postcentral gyrus. Descriptions of the central region and its variations have been based on visual inspection of post-mortem brains (Broca, 1888; Campbell, 1905; Cunningham, 1905). More recently, the sulcal anatomy from 25 post-mortem brains provided standardized morphological criteria to define and identify each sulcus of the human brain (Ono et al., 1990). This atlas provided by Ono introduced 47 criteria to characterize the central region sulci (PreCS, CS and PostCS). It is unclear, however, whether these criteria from post-mortem data can be transposed to in vivo data obtained from clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To this end, we evaluated the inter-rater concordance of each Ono criterion estimated from three dimensional (3D) reconstructions of brain surface (Mangin et al., 2004) obtained from anatomical MRI from 30 control subjects and compared their occurrence frequency with that from post-mortem data in Ono's seminal study (Ono et al., 1990). Only the standard Ono atlas was used in this study as it is the only atlas that provides quantitative description (i.e., distribution percentage) of the morphological sulcal pattern variations.
Materials and Methods
Thirty healthy, right-handed individuals (14 men, 16 women; median age = 30 years, range = 22–50 years) were participants in the study. Imaging was performed with the informed written consent of the participants and the approval of the ethics committee Ile-de-France III.
MRI Acquisition
In all the subjects, images were acquired on a 1.5 T Signa MR scanner (Signa 1.5T, General Electrics Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) using an inversion recovery 3D T1-weighted fast-spoiled gradient recalled acquisition (repetition time/echo time/flip angle: 10/2 ms/15°, 1.2 mm slice thickness, no gap, in-plane resolution: 0.93 × 0.93 mm, acquisition time: 6 min 14 s).
Image Analysis
In order to generate 3D images of the sulci, the raw MRI data were subjected to automatized segmentation (Mangin et al., 2004) and 3D surface-based rendering using BrainVisa software1 using standard parameters. Briefly, an automated pre-processing step skull-stripped T1-weighted MRI, segmented the brain tissues (cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, and white matter), separated the two hemispheres and reconstructed the 3D surfaces corresponding to the gray–white matter and gray matter–cerebrospinal fluid interface. The cortical folds were then automatically segmented throughout the cortex from the skeleton of the gray matter–cerebrospinal fluid mask, with the cortical folds corresponding to the crevasse bottoms of the "landscape", the altitude of which is defined by the intensity on MRI. This definition provides a stable and robust sulcal surface definition that is not affected by variations of the gray–white matter contrast. The cortical folds were then converted to a graph-based representation of the cortex containing information relating to shape (area, depth and length) and spatial organization (position and orientation). No spatial normalization was applied to the MRI data to overcome potential bias due to the sulcus shape deformations induced by the warping process.
Sulcal Characterization
The three sulci of the central region (preCS, CS and postCS) were manually labeled and analyzed independently by two senior radiologists (CM and M-NL) based on the presence or absence of the 47 morphological criteria used in Ono's atlas (Ono et al., 1990). Only anatomical landmark derived from standard clinical MR images were used to identify the sulci. Table 1 provides a description of the 16 criteria defining the CS, Table 2 the description of the 18 criteria defining the PreCS and Table 3 the description of the 13 criteria defining the PostCS.
Statistical Analysis
For each of the 47 Ono's criteria in the left and right hemispheres, we estimated: (1) the inter-rater concordance (kappa index); and (2) the difference with the data obtained by Ono from post-mortem data (Chi square tests).
Inter-Rater Concordance for In Vivo Data
The mean inter-rater concordance (kappa index) was calculated for all sulcal pattern criteria.
For the CS, mean inter-rater concordance was excellent in both left (κ = 0.92, range: 0.77–1.0) and right (κ = 0.91, range: 0.77–1.0) hemisphere (Table 4). The concordance was good only for the number of sulcal branches over the precentral gyrus (κ = 0.77).
Table 4. Mean occurrence frequency and inter-rater concordance of each criterion of the CS in the left and right hemispheres.
For the PreCS, mean inter-rater concordance was also excellent in both left (κ = 0.91, range: 0.76–1.0) and right (κ = 0.93, range: 0.61–1.0) hemisphere (Table 5). It was good only for the left medial and superior segment variation and the right inferior end variation (κ < 0.8).
Table 5. Mean occurrence frequency and inter-rater concordance of each sulcal criterion of the preCS in the left and right hemispheres.
Finally, for the PostCS, the mean inter-rater concordance was globally excellent with κ = 0.84 (range: 0.59–1.0) for the left hemisphere and 0.79 (range: 0.60–1.0) for the right hemisphere (Table 6), even though the concordant was good only for several criteria (left number of segments, superior end variation, side branches over postcentral gyrus and right number of segments, inferior and superior end variation, and number of side branches over postcentral gyrus and inferior parietal lobule).
Table 6. Mean occurrence frequency and inter-rater concordance of each criterion of the postCS in the left and right hemispheres.
Comparison of In Vivo and Post-Mortem Data
Overall, 80% of the criteria in the in vivo analysis did not differ from the analysis based on Ono's data regarding their frequency of occurrence. Only a limited number of sulcal criteria significantly differed (p < 0.05) between the in vivo and the post-mortem data: there were 3 (18%) (resp. 2 [12%]) in the left (resp. right) CS (Table 4), 3 (13%) (resp. 3 [13%]) in the left (resp. right) PreCS (Table 5) and 3 (20%) (resp. 5 [33%]) in the left (resp. right) PostCS (Table 6).
The criteria that differed between Ono's post-mortem data and in vivo MRI data were:
– for the CS: inferior end straight shape, inferior end T-shape and the number of connections with small free sulcus in the left precentral gyrus;
– for the preCS: extension to the left Sylvian fissure (SF), number of connections with left CS, right superior segment anastomosis, inferior end arcuate form and connections with right frontal sulcus (FS);
– for the post CS: left and right superior end variations, right inferior end variation and right double parallel pattern.
Details of features that showed excellent inter-rater concordance (κ > 0.80; Landis and Koch, 1977) and that did not differ from Ono's post-mortem values are represented in Figure 1 for the CS, Figure 2 for the Pre-CS and Figure 3 for the Post-CS.
Figure 1. Morphological features of the central sulcus (CS) with an excellent inter-rater concordance (κ > 0.80) and with values (frequency occurrence) that did not differ from Ono's post-mortem values. The CS (in red) is represented on a three dimensional (3D) mesh-based reconstruction of the cortex surface. Continuous (A) or interrupted (B, arrow) CS. Connection with the precentral sulcus (PreCS; C, arrow). Inferior end without (D) or with extension to the sylvian fissure (SF; E, arrow). Inferior end "Y" shape (F). Superior end: "T" shape (G) or "Y" shape (H).
Figure 2. Morphological features of the precentral sulcus (PreCS) with an excellent inter-rater concordance (κ > 0.80) and with values (frequency occurrence) that do not differ from Ono's post-mortem values. The PreCS (in green) represented on a 3D mesh-based reconstruction of the cortex surface. PreCS with two (A) or three (B) segments (arrows). PreCS superior end patterns (C) with marginal PreCS (arrow heads) and medial PreCS (arrow). PreCS superior segment shape with arcuate termination with Y-shaped end (D, arrow). Pre-CS inferior segment patterns with arcuate form (E), ramified form (F), bayonet form (G) and Y-shaped end (H, arrow). PreCS connections (I) with superior frontal sulcus (arrow), intermediate frontal sulcus (double arrow) or inferior frontal sulcus (arrow head).
Figure 3. Morphological features of the postcentral sulcus (PostCS) with an excellent inter-rater concordance (κ > 0.80) and with values (frequency occurrence) that do not differ from Ono's post-mortem values. The PostCS (in green) represented on a 3D mesh-based reconstruction of the cortex surface. PostCS with one (A), two (B) or three (C) segments. PostCS double parallel pattern (D, arrows). PostCS connections with intraparietal sulcus (E, arrow) or with superior temporal sulcus (F, arrow).
The present MRI study on the sulcal variability in the central region confirms the sulcal pattern distributions reported in Ono's atlas and its applicability to MRI studies. It provides two main findings: (1) most of the 47 sulcal criteria characterizing the sulcal morphology of the central region, initially developed by Ono for post-mortem data (Ono et al., 1990), can be used for in vivo MRI data; (2) analysis of in vivo (MRI) and ex vivo (post-mortem) data provide similar variations of the normal sulcal anatomy of the CS, preCS and postCS. The most noticeable difference between the analysis based on 3D MR images and the analysis based on post-mortem data concerns the number of side branches and sulcal connections, with more indentations in the post-mortem description than in the MRI analysis. Such differences likely result from a lower spatial resolution in MRI data compared to ex vivo data, and from a post-processing regularization step (spatial pruning in the sulcal skeleton of small folds) used to limit the effect of a minor segmentation error (Mangin et al., 1995).
Relevance for Clinical Studies
By providing reference data on normal variations of MRI-derived sulcal features of the central area, this work has important clinical applications as it allows clinicians detecting unusual sulcal patterns. This may be useful, for instance, in patients referred for intractable epilepsy and suspected of having focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) in the central region with a normal MRI based on conventional analysis. Up to 50% of such dysplasia affect the central region (Mellerio et al., 2012). Sulcal abnormalities have been reported in FCD, such as abnormally deep sulci (Besson et al., 2008). Such features are difficult to be detected by the human eye and are likely underestimated due to the absence of standard criteria to disentangle normal from abnormal sulcal patterns. Based on the visual analysis of the 3D surface rendering MR images, one study describes a specific sulcal pattern associated with the presence of an FCD in the central region (Mellerio et al., 2015) even in patients with "normal" MRI. The present study could provide reference data for such an individual sulcal-based analysis. For instance, in a patient referred for intractable epilepsy and suspected of having cortical dysplasia in the central region, the presence of an unusual value for one or several morphological criteria could help to detect an underlying lesion, even in the case of negative MRI.
In addition to neurological conditions, the analysis of the central region sulcation may also be of interest in psychiatric disorders, notably in schizophrenia. Indeed, motor impairments have been reported in schizophrenia (Strube et al., 2014), but it is still not clear to what extent they can be attributed to the anatomy of the central region. Hence, neurological soft signs—i.e., observable defects in motor coordination, motor integration and sensory integration—have been reported at all stages of schizophrenia, including in first episode psychosis patients and in antipsychotic naïve patients (Bombin et al., 2005). A recent study of schizophrenia patients detected an association between the presence of neurological soft signs and the sulcal surface area in several cortical regions but not in the central region (Gay et al., 2013). It will be interesting to test whether some sulcal descriptors of the central region identified in the present study, which are more reliable than a simple measure of surface area, can pinpoint abnormal sulcal patterns of CS, preCS or postCS associated with neurological soft signs.
Investigating the Long Term Effect of Sulcal Region Ontogenesis
The sulcal pattern results from early processes during fetal life that shape the cortex anatomy from a smooth lissencephalic structure to a highly convoluted surface (Mangin et al., 2010). Several genetic and environmental factors (Dehay et al., 1996; Molko et al., 2003; Rakic, 2004; Barkovich et al., 2012) contribute to the neurodevelopmental processes that influence the shape of the folded cerebral cortex, including structural connectivity through axonal tension forces (Van Essen, 1997; Hilgetag and Barbas, 2006). These mechanical constraints lead to a compact layout that optimizes the transmission of neuronal signals between brain regions (Klyachko and Stevens, 2003) and thus brain network functioning. This association between cortical folding and network functioning may explain why the sulcal pattern is an early marker of later functional development (Dubois et al., 2008).
The qualitative features of the sulcal pattern, like the 47 criteria of the central region investigated in the current study, are markers of early brain development (Welker et al., 1988). Indeed, as opposed to quantitative measures of the cortex anatomy—such as the Gyrification Index (Armstrong et al., 1995; White et al., 2010; Zilles et al., 2013) or the thickness, surface, and volume of the cortex (Gogtay et al., 2004; Giedd et al., 2009) that vary from childhood through early adulthood—the sulcal pattern is a stable feature of the brain anatomy not affected by brain maturation occurring after birth (Sun et al., 2012; Cachia et al., 2016). The analysis of the qualitative features of the sulcal pattern therefore raises new possibilities to investigate the long term effect of fetal life on symptom variability in neurological (Kim et al., 2008; Régis et al., 2011; Roca et al., 2015) and psychiatric (Yücel et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2007b; Cachia et al., 2008; Plaze et al., 2015) disorders and also on normal variability in cognitive efficiency in healthy subjects (Cachia et al., 2014; Borst et al., 2016).
The exact link between the folding pattern and functional competence is a complex issue (Welker et al., 1988; Zilles et al., 2013). However, strong correspondences between cortical folding features and functional activations have been found not only in primary areas but also in higher level areas, including the visual areas (Watson et al., 1993; Dumoulin et al., 2000), the paracentral sulcus (Grosbras et al., 1999), the PreCS (Sun et al., 2015), the frontal operculum (Amiez et al., 2016), the midcingulate cortex (Amiez et al., 2013), the dorsal premotor region (Amiez et al., 2006) and the fusiform gyrus (Weiner et al., 2014). The main difficulty limiting the investigation of such sulcal morphology/function correspondence is the variability of the folding pattern (Ono et al., 1990; Régis et al., 2005; Petrides et al., 2012). A critical issue is therefore the possible identification of reliable sulcal patterns from MRI data.
The results of this study are best understood in the context of some methodological issues. Firstly, only right-handed subjects were selected in this study in order to optimize the sample homogeneity and limit the reported handedness-related bias on the sulcal anatomy, notably in the central region (Amunts et al., 2000; Klöppel et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2012). Further studies, investigating sulcal patterns in left-handed as well as mixed-handed subjects are needed. Secondly, the so-called "plis de passage"–small gyri deeply buried in the main sulci (Gratiolet, 1854; Broca, 1888; Cunningham, 1892) associated with U-shaped white matter fibers—are important landmarks to characterize the sulcal patterns (Régis et al., 2005) but were not used in this study because their detection from structural MRI is difficult (Cachia et al., 2003). Future multimodal analyses, combining 3D reconstruction of the cortical surface from structural MRI with white-matter bundle tractography from diffusion MRI, should help to clarify the interactions between the sulcal patterns and the underlying white matter connectivity (Van Essen, 1997; Hilgetag and Barbas, 2006). In addition, it would be interesting to investigate the use of microstructural information (e.g., cortical myelination Glasser et al., 2014; Lutti et al., 2014) along with morphological features of the cortical surface for sulcal identification. Furthermore, comparison of in vivo and ex vivo data is a critical issue for translating the findings obtained from cadaver to living human brain. Hence, recent brain imaging approaches for "in vivo Brodmann mapping" allowing direct correlations between microstructure and function in living human brains (Geyer et al., 2011) would represent a major step forward for the brain mapping of human brain.
In conclusion, our study provides a description of sulcal patterns in the central region from in vivo clinical MRI which is in high agreement with previous ex vivo data. Such identification of reliable sulcal patterns of the central region visible with standard clinical MRI data paves the way for the detection of subtle variations of the central sulcation associated with variations of normal or pathological functioning.
Author Contributions
CM, CO and AC contributed to the conception of the work. CM, CO, M-NL, LL, J-FM participated in the acquisition of the data. CM, AC, CO, PR, SC participated in the analysis and interpretation of the data. CM, CO and AC drafted the work. M-NL, PR, SC, LL, J-FM revised the work critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version of the article and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: central sulcus, pre-central sulcus, post-central sulcus, magnetic resonance imaging, cortex, sulcal patterns
Citation: Mellerio C, Lapointe M-N, Roca P, Charron S, Legrand L, Meder J-F, Oppenheim C and Cachia A (2016) Identification of Reliable Sulcal Patterns of the Human Rolandic Region. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 10:410. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00410
Received: 11 May 2016; Accepted: 02 August 2016;
Published: 17 August 2016.
Edited by:Mikhail Lebedev, Duke University, USA
Reviewed by:Robert Turner, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany
Ricardo Insausti, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Spain
Copyright © 2016 Mellerio, Lapointe, Roca, Charron, Legrand, Meder, Oppenheim and Cachia. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Charles Mellerio, email@example.com;
Arnaud Cachia, firstname.lastname@example.com
† These authors have contributed equally to this work.


text:
why does a magnet slow down in a copper tube
Ahh, Physics, you never cease to astound me. Today s awesome science demo is brought to you by Lenz s Law. was a German physicist that formulated a law of electromagnetic induction back in 1833. The most stripped down
of the law is that when a current is induced in a conductor, a magnetic field is generated that opposes the action that produces the current. Check out a In sum: the magnet induced a current in the copper pipe, which in turn produced a magnetic field. The direction of this current then opposed the change in the magnet s field, resulting in the magnet being repelled and thus falling more slowly. Neat. This is a really simple experiment to try out. All you need is a neodymium magnet and a copper tube.
Any size will work, just make sure that the neodymium magnet is smaller in diameter than the copper tube so that it can free-fall. You can actually just get a magnet you like (either from an online magnet store or our ) and take a trip to the hardware store. There are different sizes of copper pipes you can try out. What happens for different diameters? Can you try a copper pipe that has thicker walls? Does it speed or slow the magnet s descent? What do you think is happening? You probably noticed that if you try to stick the magnet to the copper pipe, it just falls Pto the floor. If the copper is non-magnetic, how could it possibly slow the magnet as it falls to the ground?
The explanation is really cool! Lets demonstrate what s going on with our trusty explorabot. First we re going to magnetize him. We can draw his magnetic field lines in green. Next lets take the explorabot and drop him into the copper pipe. You ll notice that as he falls, the magnetic field lines pass through the pipe at different locations. It turns out that when this changing magnetic field passes through the copper, it creates electricity (called eddy currents). This is calledP inductance because we areP inducing an electrical current in the copper. When these eddy currents flow through our copper pipe, they create a magnetic field of their own.
This magnetic field always opposes the field of our magnet according to Lenz s Law. Brainiacs can read more. So now we have two forces on our magnet! POne is from gravity (pointing down), but now we have another one from our eddy currents (pointing up). This slows our magnet down, making it seem like the magnet is floating. How do you think you can slow the magnet in a copper pipe even more? One way is to have a thicker pipe so that there is less resistance to the eddy currents. Another way is to cool the copper to lower its electrical resistance. See whatPhappens when you cool the copper using liquid nitrogen -185 C (-300 degrees F)!


text:
Kayle Walkus-Williams
Community: Tsulquate, (Port Hardy), BC
Nation: Mowachet and Gwa'sala-'Nakwaxda'xw
Bio: Kayle is 17 and in grade 11 at Eke Me-Xi Learning Centre. He resides in Tsulquate with his family. He has many fond memories of the Tsulquate River. One time he caught 10 chum with his cousin Dominic in the mouth of the Tsulquate River. Learning about the origin stories and history of the Tsulquate River brought back childhood memories around growing up on the river. This is Kayle's first film and he would love to make another one.
Film(s): The Legend of The Tsulquate River


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All the Senses/
My new home is an unending sensory experience.
That line of hills, the colors of the flowers, the graceful lines of the house. We have moved into something that someone else has built, cultivated, planted. It is the very definition of grace, to live among work we have not done with our own hands.
The wood smell in our bedroom. Making candles, cooking food. Coffee in the morning. The flowering tree opening its scent at night. Jasmine. Wafts of pig smell, all day, from the neighboring field. The septic tanks that don't work properly for some reason. Incense. Dogs. The smell of rain. One after the other, breezes bring smells, one pleasant, the next one unpleasant. A meditation on transience.
I harvested eggplant from the garden and made a Keralan curry. Long beans. Mangoes and coffee in the morning, green tea with honey. Instant noodles. Rice. Pasta and black beans and tomatoes and salsa.
Birds all day long, from the earliest light, to the end of the day. Roosters. Frogs, cicadas, and crickets. Owls. The whine of mosquitoes. The trucks that go by, playing music from their loudspeakers, selling ladders and brooms, or awnings, or fruit. Motorbikes. Announcements from the nearby temple. The chanting of monks during the funeral over the last few days. A boy rides up to the gate on a bicycle and asks if we can play ball. Kids running and jumping, laughing and yelling. Piano and trumpet, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, singing, rapping, beatboxing, tapping on tables, boxes, and chairs.
Sweat on the upper lip. Dirt on my hands and under my fingernails. Flies everywhere, landing on our skin. Spiders. June bugs dashing themselves against our faces. A wind picking up just before the rain. Mosquitoes biting. Red ants biting. Humid air. More gentle breeze. Sweaty kids coming for a quick hug. Kisses. Dogs coming close to be pet or scratched. Fans whirring. Heat building. Dough under my hands as I bake bread. Rain on the face, soaking driving home on the chariot in the night.


text:
Alexie [aa-lex-ee] = आलेक्सी
10 March 2012
English to Sanskrit Tattoos Name Translation for Tim Bennett
Posted by Kiran Paranjape at 3:27 PM
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Alexie [aa-lex-ee] = आलेक्सी
Posted by Kiran Paranjape at 3:27 PM


text:
New Star Soccer is an arcade puzzle game where you get a crash course in some ball physics. New Star Soccer will give you a glimpse of the factors soccer player have to take into account when shooting.
The idea is to get the ball in the back of the net from a free kick spot. You drag the ball to choose direction and power then click on the larger ball to decide where to place your foot.
This lets you take account of wind and the placement allows you to chip the ball over the wall.
The game has an arcade mode or you can play through the career.
Looks pretty basic but New Star Soccer grows on you and is a bit of a classic.


text:
1086 Pt. Cloxson, Dadeville, AL 36853 ~ Lake Martin ~ Contract Pending
Celebrate each day in your very own lake home, waking up to lake and sunrise views, boats humming in the background or water splashing at the lake's edge! This 3BD/2BA one level, low maintenance brick home is waiting for your family. Galley kit. opens to dining/FR and has sunroom surrounded by windows on lakeside. Brick FP w/gas logs, hardwood flooring, new paint. Nice pier and floating dock, concrete block seawall, boat ramp w/boat house storage. Also has detached two-car garage w/storage. Very nice, level spacious lot.